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Iron Dome Air Defence System: Israel

Why in News Israel used its Iron Dome air defence system in recent violent clashes over Jerusalem. Key Points About: It is a short-range,...

13 May 2021 Defence Technology
Tejas Adds Python-5 Air to Air Missile Capability

Why in News Recently, India’s Indigenous Light Combat Aircraft Tejas has added capability of firing Israeli-origin Python-5 air-to-air missile...

30 Apr 2021 Defence Technology
Advanced Chaff Technology

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has developed an Advanced Chaff Technology to safeguard the naval ships against...

28 Apr 2021 Defence Technology
Dhruv MK III: Advanced Light Helicopter

Why in News Recently, Indian Naval Air Squadron (INAS) 323, the first unit of the indigenously built ALH (Advanced Light Helicopter) Dhruv Mk III...

20 Apr 2021 Defence Technology
Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted the test of the Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR)...

06 Mar 2021 Defence Technology
NAVDEX 21 and IDEX 21: UAE

Why in News Indian Naval Ship (INS) Pralaya arrived at Abu Dhabi, UAE to participate in the NAVDEX 21 (Naval Defence Exhibition) and IDEX 21...

20 Feb 2021 Defence Technology
Arjun MBT MK-1A

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister of India has handed over the indigenously developed Arjun Main Battle Tank (MBT) MK-1A to the Indian...

16 Feb 2021 Defence Technology
Three New Fighter Jets

Why in News According to the Ministry of Defence, three new fighter jets will be flying by 2026, of which two will be for the Air Force and one for...

06 Feb 2021 Defence Technology
Smart Walls For Borders

Why in News Recently, an alternative Smart Wall has been proposed to replace the physical and armed patrolling with advanced surveillance technology...

05 Feb 2021 Defence Technology
Smart Anti Airfield Weapon

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted a successful trial of the indigenously developed Smart...

23 Jan 2021 Defence Technology
S-400 Triumf Missile System

Why in News The first group of Indian military specialists are scheduled to depart for Moscow (Russia) soon to undergo training courses on the S-400...

21 Jan 2021 Defence Technology
UAV Procurement by Indian Army

Why in News The Indian Army has signed a contract to buy high-altitude drones from ideaForge for USD 20 million. ideaForge is a start-up founded...

16 Jan 2021 Defence Technology
LCA Tejas

Why in News The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) has recently cleared a deal worth Rs. 48,000 crore for the acquisition of 83 Tejas Light Combat...

14 Jan 2021 Defence Technology
Boost to Defence Exports

Why in News The Union Cabinet has recently approved export of the Akash surface-to-air missile to “friendly countries” and constituted a...

01 Jan 2021 Defence Technology
Kamov-226T : Utility Helicopters

Why in News The Indian Army is going to approach the Defence Ministry for a waiver to take the Kamov-226T (Ka-226T) utility helicopters with...

26 Dec 2020 Defence Technology
Army Variant of MRSAM

Why in News Recently, the maiden test of the Medium Range Surface to Air Missile (MRSAM) for the Indian Army has been conducted. Key...

24 Dec 2020 Defence Technology
Systems Handed Over to Defence Services

Why in News Recently, the Defence Minister has handed over the Indian Maritime Situational Awareness System (IMSAS), ASTRA Mk-I and Border...

19 Dec 2020 Defence Technology
Land-attack Version of BrahMos Missile

Why in News Recently, India has successfully test-fired a land-attack version of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile from the Andaman and Nicobar...

25 Nov 2020 Defence Technology
Enhanced Version of Pinaka Mk-1 Missile

Why in News Recently, an enhanced version of the Pinaka Mark (Mk)-1 missile was successfully flight-tested from the Integrated Test Range in...

05 Nov 2020 Defence Technology
Media Registrations for Aero India 2021

Why in News Recently, the online media registration for the 13th edition of Aero India has been started, which will be held at Air Force Station,...

03 Nov 2020 Defence Technology

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		'article_id' => (int) 8368,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Iron Dome Air Defence System: Israel',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Israel</strong> used its <strong>Iron Dome air defence system</strong> in recent <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ai-aqsa-mosque-sheikh-jarrah-israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">violent clashes over Jerusalem</a>.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>short-range, ground-to-air, air defence system</strong> that includes <strong>a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/doppler-weather-radars" target="_blank" rel="noopener">radar</a></strong> and <strong>Tamir interceptor missiles</strong> that track and neutralise any rockets or missiles aimed at Israeli targets.</li>
<li>It is <strong>used for countering</strong> rockets, artillery &amp; mortars as well as aircraft, helicopters and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is capable of being <strong>used in all weather conditions</strong>, including during the day and night.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was <strong>developed by the state-run Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries </strong>and was<strong> deployed in 2011.</strong></li>
<li>Rafael claims a <strong>success rate of over 90%, with more than 2,000 interceptions</strong>, however experts agree the <strong>success rate is over 80%.</strong></li>
<li>It can <strong>protect</strong> deployed and manoeuvring forces, as well as the <strong>Forward Operating Base (FOB)</strong> and urban areas, against a wide range of indirect and aerial threats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Iron Dome has <strong>three main systems that work together</strong> to provide a shield over the area where it is deployed which are:</li>
<li><strong>Radar:</strong> It has a detection and tracking radar to spot any incoming threats.</li>
<li><strong>Weapon Control:</strong> It has a battle management and weapon control system (BMC),</li>
<li><strong>Missile Fire:</strong> It also has a missile firing unit. The <strong>BMC basically liaises between the radar and the interceptor missile.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1620900934_Image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1620900934_Image 1.png" width="400" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Alternatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>S-400 TRIUMF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/s-400-triumf-missile-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>S-400 TRIUMF</strong></a>, which also caters to the three threats (rockets, missiles and cruise missiles). But they have <strong>much longer range.</strong></li>
<li>It has a much <strong>larger air defence bubble</strong> to knock off threats.</li>
<li>It is a mobile, surface-to-air missile system (SAM) <strong>designed by Russia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range &amp; Effectiveness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The system can<strong> engage all types of aerial targets</strong> within the <strong>range of 400km, at an altitude of up to 30km.</strong></li>
<li>The system can <strong>track 100 airborne targets and engage six of them simultaneously.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prithvi Air Defence and Advance Air Defence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>double-tiered system consisting of two land and sea-based interceptor missiles</strong>, namely the <strong>Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)</strong> missile for high altitude interception, and the <strong>Advanced Air Defence (AAD)</strong> Missile for lower altitude interception.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is able to <strong>intercept any incoming missile launched 5,000 kilometres away.</strong> The system also <strong>includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars</strong>, as well as command and <strong>control posts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ashwin Advanced Air Defence Interceptor Missile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is also an indigenously produced Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptor missile developed by <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It is the advanced version of the low altitude supersonic ballistic interceptor missile.</li>
<li>The missile also <strong>has its own mobile launcher, secure data link for interception, independent tracking and homing capabilities and sophisticated radars.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It uses an endo-spheric (within the Earth&rsquo;s atmosphere) interceptor that knocks out ballistic missiles at a maximum<strong> altitude of 60,000 to 100,000 feet, and across a range between 90 and 125 miles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-israels-iron-dome-intercepts-rockets-7312743/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8268,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Tejas Adds Python-5 Air to Air Missile Capability',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India&rsquo;s Indigenous <strong>Light Combat Aircraft Tejas</strong> has added capability of firing <strong>Israeli-origin Python-5 air-to-air missile (AAM)</strong> after concluding successful tests.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The same set of tests were also aimed to validate the enhanced capability of the already integrated Israeli-origin <strong>Derby beyond visual range AAM</strong> on Tejas.</li>
<li>The tests were conducted by <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Python-5 Missile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been <strong>developed by the Israeli defence company Rafael Advanced Defense Systems.</strong> It is the <strong>newest member of the Python family.</strong></li>
<li>This <strong>fifth generation air-to-air missile</strong> provides the pilot engaging an enemy aircraft with a revolutionary full sphere launch capability.</li>
<li>It can be <strong>launched from very short to beyond-visual ranges</strong> with greater kill probability, excellent resistance to countermeasures, irrespective of evasive target manoeuvers or deployment of countermeasures.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>dual use missile suitable for air-to-air and surface-to-air missions.</strong></li>
<li>It is powered by a solid propellant <strong>rocket engine.</strong> The propulsion system provides a <strong>speed of Mach 4</strong> and an operational<strong> range of more than 20 km.</strong></li>
<li>It is also equipped with<strong> lock-on-before launch (LOBL)</strong> and <strong>lock-on-after launch (LOAL) capabilities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Light Combat Aircraft Tejas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas</strong></a> is a <strong>single engined, light weight, highly agile, multi-role supersonic fighter.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> indigenously-developed aircraft</strong> has been <strong>manufactured at the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)</strong> and <strong>designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA)</strong> for the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy.</li>
<li>It is <strong>designed to carry</strong> a range of air-to-air, air-to-surface, precision-guided, weapons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Beyond Visual Range AAM</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A beyond-visual-range missile (BVR) is an air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) that is <strong>capable of engaging at ranges of 37 km or beyond.</strong> This range has been achieved using dual pulse rocket motors or booster rocket motors and ramjet sustainer motors.</li>
<li>In addition to the range capability, the missile is also capable of tracking its target at this range or of acquiring the target in flight.</li>
<li>Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) technology enables the fighter-pilots to shoot precisely at the enemy targets which are beyond their visual range.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/astra-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Astra missile</strong></a> works on BVRAAM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1714563" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8257,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Advanced Chaff Technology',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has developed an <strong>Advanced Chaff Technology </strong>to<strong> safeguard the naval ships against enemy missile attack.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is another step towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chaff is an <strong>electronic countermeasure technology</strong> used by militaries worldwide <strong>to protect naval ships</strong> or other sensitive targets <strong>from radar and radio frequency (RF)</strong> guiding mechanisms<strong> of the enemy missile.</strong></li>
<li>The chaff rockets deployed in the air<strong> reflect as multiple targets for the missile guidance systems</strong> and deflecting adversary missiles, thus protecting their own assets.</li>
<li><strong>DRDO</strong> has<strong> indigenously developed</strong> three variants of the critical technology namely <strong>Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR), Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR) and Long Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR). </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Difference between Chaff and Flares:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both <strong>chaff and flares are defensive countermeasures</strong> deployed by military aircraft. The purpose is<strong> to confuse radar-guided or infrared-guided anti aircraft missiles</strong> fired so that they could be diverted.</li>
<li><strong>Chaff</strong> is<strong> composed of many small aluminium or zinc coated fibres</strong> stored on-board the aircraft in tubes. In case the aircraft feels threatened by any radar tracking missiles, chaff is ejected into the turbulent wake of air behind the plane.</li>
<li><strong>Flares</strong> on being fired <strong>provide an alternate strong IR (Infrared) source</strong> to heat-seeking anti-air missiles so that they are lured away from the aircraft.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DRDO works under the <strong>administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.</strong></li>
<li>It is working to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1958</strong> after combining Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</li>
<li>It is responsible for carrying out <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Some Recent Tests by DRDO</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hypersonic-technology-demonstrator-vehicle-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/abhyas-high-speed-expendable-aerial-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Abhyas High-speed Expendable Aerial Target</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nag-missile-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Laser-Guided Anti Tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-attack-version-of-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BrahMos Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-system-drdo#:~:text=About%3A%20SMART%20is%20a%20missile,like%20a%20regular%20supersonic%20missile." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) system</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-radiation-missile-rudram-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rudram</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1709617" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8188,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Dhruv MK III: Advanced Light Helicopter',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Indian Naval Air Squadron (INAS) 323, the first unit of the indigenously built <strong>ALH (Advanced Light Helicopter) Dhruv Mk III aircraft</strong>, was commissioned into the Indian Navy.</p>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618905427_image%202.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618905427_image 2.png" width="450" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The indigenously designed and developed Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH-DHRUV) is a <strong>twin engine, multi-role, multi-mission new generation helicopter in the 5.5 ton weight class.</strong></li>
<li>It is a multi-role chopper with the <strong>Shakti engine</strong> manufactured by <strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>HAL is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defence company, headquartered in Bangalore, India. It is governed under the management of the Ministry of Defence.</li>
<li>HAL <strong>conceptualised the Advanced Light Helicopter programme</strong> in 1984. The major variants of Dhruv are classified as Dhruv Mk-I, Mk-II, Mk-III &amp; Mk-IV.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The aircraft, a step up from Mk 1, will be able to <strong>mitigate low visibility during search and rescue operations even at night.</strong></li>
<li>It has a 0.7 mm gun, which will give a huge capability from a <strong>LIMO (low intensity maritime operations)</strong> standpoint.</li>
<li>The <strong>automatic flight control system</strong> is hugely superior to the previous one.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mk III version of the ALH has an all glass cockpit and will be <strong>used for search and rescue, special operations and coastal surveillance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/first-unit-of-indigeneously-built-chopper-alh-inducted-into-navy-7280793/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7864,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has successfully conducted the test of the <strong>Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) technology,</strong> which is crucial for the indigenous development of long range air-to-air missiles.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) Technology:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SFDR technology is a missile propulsion system based on the concept of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hypersonic-technology-demonstrator-vehicle-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ramjet Engine</strong> </a>principle.</li>
<li>The system utilises a<strong> solid fuelled</strong> air-breathing ramjet engine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Unlike solid-propellant rockets, the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight. Thus, it is light in weight and can carry more fuel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>DRDO began developing SFDR first in 2017 and had conducted successful tests in 2018 and 2019 as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Successful demonstration of SFDR technology will enable DRDO to <strong>develop indigenous long range air-to-air missiles.</strong></li>
<li>At present, such technology is available only with a <strong>handful of countries in the world.</strong></li>
<li>Air-to-air missiles which use SFDR technology can <strong>achieve longer ranges</strong> as they <strong>do not require oxidisers</strong> (take oxygen from the atmosphere).</li>
<li>The missile based on SFDR <strong>fly at supersonic speeds and high manoeuvrability ensures</strong> the target aircraft cannot get away.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) works under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Defence, Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>It is working to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>It was established in 1958 after combining<strong> Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army</strong> and the<strong> Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP)</strong> with the <strong>Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</strong></li>
<li>It is responsible for carrying out <strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</strong></li>
<li>Some of the recent tests conducted by DRDO:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/helina-and-dhruvastra-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Helina and Dhruvastra: Anti-tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-anti-airfield-weapon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Anti Airfield Weapon</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/army-variant-of-mrsam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Army Variant of MRSAM</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-attack-version-of-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Land-attack Version of BrahMos Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile System</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/enhanced-version-of-pinaka-mk-1-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Enhanced Version of Pinaka Mk-1 Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nag-missile-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NAG Missile: Anti Tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ramjet</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A ramjet is a form of air-breathing jet engine that uses the vehicle&rsquo;s forward motion to compress incoming air for combustion without a rotating compressor.</li>
<li>Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds but they are not efficient at hypersonic speeds.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IGMDP was the brainchild of renowned scientist <a href="/blog/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was intended to <strong>attain self-sufficiency</strong> in the field of missile technology.</li>
<li>After keeping in mind the requirements of various types of missiles by the defense forces, the program recognized the need to develop five missile systems.</li>
<li>The IGMDP formally got the approval of Indian government on 26<sup>th</sup> July, 1983.</li>
<li>The missiles developed under IGMDP are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile &ndash; <strong>Prithvi</strong></li>
<li>Intermediate-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile &ndash; <strong>Agni</strong></li>
<li>Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile &ndash;<strong> Trishul</strong></li>
<li>Medium-range surface-to-air missile &ndash; <strong>Akash</strong></li>
<li>Third generation anti-tank missile &ndash; <strong>Nag</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1702670" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7739,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NAVDEX 21 and IDEX 21: UAE',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Indian Naval Ship (INS) Pralaya</strong> arrived at Abu Dhabi, UAE to participate in the <strong>NAVDEX 21 (Naval Defence Exhibition)</strong> and <strong>IDEX 21 (International Defence Exhibition),</strong> scheduled from 20 to 25 February 2021.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>INS Mysore</strong> (an indigenously built guided missile destroyer deployed in the Persian Gulf) is also participating in the exhibition.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About NAVDEX 21 and IDEX 21:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>IDEX</strong> and <strong>NAVDEX,</strong> and the <strong>International Defence Conference</strong> are<strong> organised by the Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company (ADNEC),</strong> in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense and the General Command of the UAE Armed Forces.</li>
<li>IDEX/NAVDEX <strong>takes place biennially.</strong> The exhibitions<strong> showcase the latest technologies and innovation</strong> in the global defence sector, support the growth of UAE&rsquo;s defence industry, and forge new relationships between major international companies.</li>
<li><strong>IDEX</strong> is the only international defence exhibition and conference in the<strong> MENA region</strong> demonstrating the latest technology across land, sea and air sectors of defence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>MENA Region:</strong> MENA is an acronym for the <strong>Middle East and North Africa region</strong> and includes <strong>approximately 19 countries.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The MENA region accounts for approximately 6% of the world's population, 60% of the world's oil reserves, and 45% of the world's natural gas reserves.</li>
<li>Countries are Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>INS Pralaya:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>INS Pralaya, a ship of the indigenously built <strong>Prabal Class Missile Vessels,</strong> was commissioned in the Indian Navy in 2002.</li>
<li>The ship, built indigenously at Goa Shipyard Limited, bears testimony to capabilities of the Indian shipbuilding industry and is a versatile platform capable of performing a wide variety of surface warfare missions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India and UAE Defence Relations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Defence relations between <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-uae-meet-on-investments" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and UAE</strong></a> have been steadily growing since the upgradation of bilateral relations to a<strong> &lsquo;Comprehensive Strategic Partnership&rsquo;</strong> in 2017. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the <strong>Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi</strong> (capital of UAE), was a <strong>Chief Guest at India&rsquo;s Republic Day celebrations</strong> in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Towards enhancing interactions between the two navies, the inaugural edition of<strong> Indian &amp; UAE Navy bilateral exercise GULF STAR-1</strong> was conducted in March 2018. The <strong>next edition</strong> of the exercise is likely to be conducted in <strong>2021.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India's Defence Exhibitions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>DefExpo:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defexpo-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>11<sup>th</sup> edition of DefExpo</strong></a> was held for the first time in Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) in 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It's a flagship biennial event of the Ministry of Defence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aero India:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aero-india-2021-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>13<sup>th</sup> edition of the Aero India</strong> </a>show was held at Bengaluru&rsquo;s Yelahanka Air Force Station (Karnataka).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aero India is a biennial international military and civil airshow.</li>
<li>It is a premier event that draws international and Indian military and civil aircraft makers, their support industries, military brass and government dignitaries, and business visitors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1699469" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7697,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Arjun MBT MK-1A',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India has handed over the indigenously developed <strong>Arjun Main Battle Tank (MBT) MK-1A</strong> to the Indian Army.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613463528_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613463528_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> The Arjun MBT Project was initiated by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong> </a><strong>(DRDO)</strong> in 1972 with the <strong>Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE)</strong> as its lead laboratory.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To create a &ldquo;state-of-the-art tank with superior fire power, high mobility, and excellent protection".</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of the Arjun Tank:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Arjun MBT is equipped with an indigenously developed <strong>120mm main rifled gun</strong> with <strong>Fin Stabilised Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS)</strong> ammunition.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>FSAPDS</strong> is capable of destroying all known tank armour up to direct shooting range.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also has a <strong>computer-controlled integrated fire control system</strong> with stabilised sighting that works in all lighting conditions.</li>
<li>The secondary weapons include a coaxial 7.62-mm machine gun for anti-personnel and a 12.7-mm machine gun for anti-aircraft and ground targets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mk1A and MkII:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The development of Arjun Mk1 was followed by improved variants - Mk1A and MkII.</li>
<li>Arjun Mk1A, which features improved<strong> firepower and transmission systems,</strong> completed the final integration tests in 2019 and was cleared for production.</li>
<li>The Arjun MkII variant is a light-weight <strong>Futuristic Main Battle Tank (FMBT)</strong> with electro-optical sensors and high-power lasers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of Mk-1A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mk-1A version has 14 major upgrades on the earlier version. It is also supposed to have<strong> missile firing capability</strong> as per the design.</li>
<li>However, the biggest achievement with the latest version is<strong> 54.3% indeginous content</strong> against the <strong>41% in the earlier model.</strong></li>
<li>The newly developed <strong>Kanchan</strong> modular composite armour gives all-round protection to the tank from anti-tank ammunition. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kanchan has been manufactured by <strong>Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL)</strong> - a DRDO Laboratory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DRDO works to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides India&rsquo;s Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>DRDO was established in 1958 after combining Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</li>
<li>DRDO works under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-arjun-main-battle-tank-mk-1a-7188226/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7628,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Three New Fighter Jets',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the Ministry of Defence, <strong>three new fighter</strong> jets will be flying by 2026, of which <strong>two will be for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air Force</a></strong> and <strong>one for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navy-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Navy</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This includes a new <strong>LCA (the Mk-2 version)</strong> and <strong>AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft)</strong> for the Air Force and the <strong>TEDBF (Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter)</strong> for the Navy.</li>
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS)</strong></a> had cleared a deal worth Rs. 48,000 crore for the acquisition of 83 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas Light Combat Aircraft</strong></a> (Mk-1A and Mk-1 versions) for the Indian Air Force.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mk-2:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595762_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595762_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>4.5 generation aircraft</strong> which will be used by the<strong> Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a replacement for the <strong>Mirage 2000 class of aircraft.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has got a bigger engine and can carry <strong>6.5 tonnes of payload.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The technology is already developed in<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-medium-combat-aircraft" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)</a>.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme began in the 1980s</strong> to replace India's ageing MiG-21 fighters.</li>
<li><strong>Following the Mk-1A is the Mk-2</strong> which will provide a high degree of manoeuverability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The roll-out is planned for 2022 and first flight by 2023 and production of the Mk-2 version by 2026.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595798_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595798_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="500" height="624" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> fifth generation aircraft.</strong> And will be used by the <strong>Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> stealth aircraft,</strong> i.e. designed for stealth and unlike the LCA, which is designed for maneuverability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has a <strong>unique shape to achieve low radar cross-section</strong> and has got internal carriage of weapons.</li>
<li>When the external weapons are removed, this aircraft has enough fuel and weapons inside to do a very capable operational role in stealth mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have a range from over<strong> 1,000 km up to 3,000 km</strong> in different modes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Variants and Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has<strong> two variants Mk-1 and Mk-2,</strong> While <strong>AMCA Mk-1 will have an imported engine,</strong> same as LCA Mk-2, the <strong>AMCA Mk-2 will have an indigenous engine. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first flight is expected in 2024-25, followed by trials and tests. It will be in full production by 2029.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TEDBF):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595836_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595836_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This fighter will be manufactured for the Navy.</li>
<li>It will replace the Navy's <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-defence-weapons-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MiG-29</a>K.</strong></li>
<li>It will be the<strong> first twin engine aircraft project in India</strong> that too for dedicated carrier based operations.</li>
<li>It will operate from the <strong>INS Vikramaditya</strong> and the upcoming indigenous aircraft carrier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weapons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The aircraft will be equipped<strong> predominantly with domestic weapons. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Size and Capacity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have<strong> a maximum mach number of 1.6,</strong> service ceiling of 60,000 feet, maximum<strong> take off weight of 26 tons,</strong> unfolded wing span of 11.2 meters, folded wing span of 7.2 and and a <strong>length of 16.3 meters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While the engine configuration has not been disclosed, it could well use the same engines that power the <strong>LCA Tejas aircraft.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Induction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be induced in the Navy by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>INS Vikramaditya</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INS Vikramaditya is the country&rsquo;s<strong> most powerful aircraft carrier.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>built in 1987.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Indian navy purchased the vessel in 2004</strong> and commissioned it in November 2013 at Severodvinsk in Russia.</li>
<li>It was retrofitted with a<strong> Barak missile</strong> system under joint development with Israel.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7615,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Smart Walls For Borders',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an alternative <strong>Smart Wall</strong> has been proposed to replace the physical and armed patrolling with advanced surveillance technology at the <strong>USA-Mexico border</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in 2019, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-emergency-declared-in-united-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>USA declared a national emergency</strong></a> to fund construction of a border wall along the USA-Mexico Border citing "invasion" of drugs and criminals from Mexico.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612504380_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612504380_image1.png" style="float: right; margin: 10px;" caption="false" width="416" height="212" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Smart Wall:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is no one single definition for this recently-conceived solution, however It is <strong>a collection of discrete technologies</strong> that work together to prevent illegal entry, smuggling, and all the various threats posed by a porous border.</li>
<li>It uses <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sea-guardian-drones-from-us" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drones</a>, scanners,</strong> and <strong>sensors</strong> to create a <strong>technological barrier</strong> too high to climb over, too wide to go around, and too deep to burrow under.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Using <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet-of-Things</a> (IoT)</strong> technologies like in-ground sensors, security cameras and software solutions, a smart wall could <strong>empower border officials with enhanced situational awareness</strong> to prevent illicit activity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of Smart Wall:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduces Cost:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A smart wall can accomplish the same goals as a physical wall with a much smaller price.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decreases Deployment Time:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Physical boundaries take years to build but smart border technology is ready to go.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Maintenance Costs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Unlike a physical barrier, a smart wall would <strong>allow border security officials to continuously adjust tactics to changing conditions</strong>.</li>
<li>Ground sensors and IoT devices are <strong>quick and easy to deploy and inexpensive to move and update</strong>.</li>
<li>They require only a <strong>fraction of the costs to maintain,</strong> and can be implemented gradually and as needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decreases Environmental Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A smart wall raises <strong>minimal environmental concerns,</strong> allowing wildlife and rainwater to pass freely through the area.</li>
<li>Most smart devices can tell the difference between people and animals, <strong>alerting officers when a human attempts to cross the border illegally</strong> while leaving wildlife alone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overcomes the Limitations of Terrain:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rough terrain is difficult to patrol, which could leave portions of the wall vulnerable to breaches.</li>
<li>Digital technology, however, allows for <strong>enhanced surveillance across vast terrain</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Devices</strong> like cameras and in-ground sensors <strong>allow patrolmen to survey hundreds of miles at once,</strong> and take informed action should the need arise.</li>
<li><strong>Real-time alerts</strong> make it easy to respond to activity from immigrants approaching the border or to a lost hiker looking for supplies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduces Land Requirement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To construct a border wall, the government would need to seize property from local landowners.</li>
<li>However, Small and relatively non-invasive, smart wall technologies would require far fewer land seizures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612504653_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612504653_image2.png" width="557" height="346" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need of Smart Wall in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A critical factor that must be considered to enable the usage of such a system along Indian borders is that the<strong> terrain in the region is rugged, and, furthermore, not even clearly defined</strong>.</li>
<li>Such a system, even if not feasible for India&rsquo;s long boundaries, may still be <strong>deployed to enhance critical security establishments</strong> of the country and complement the already existing physical fencing and walls.</li>
<li>It is <strong>imperative for Indian armed forces to be well equipped and simultaneously have the latest technological</strong> advantage over its enemies.</li>
<li>Experts should explore this idea to <strong>effectively counter the problem of border infiltration</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Smart Fencing in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two pilot projects covering about 71 Kms on Indo-Pakistan Border (10 Kms) and Indo-Bangladesh Border (61 Kms) of <strong>Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS)</strong> have been completed.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CIBMS involves deployment of a range of state-of-the-art surveillance technologies &mdash; <strong>thermal imagers, infra-red and laser-based intruder alarms, aerostats for aerial surveillance, unattended ground sensors</strong> that can help detect intrusion bids, <strong>radars, sonar systems</strong> to secure riverine borders, <strong>fibre-optic sensors</strong> and a command and control system that shall receive data from all surveillance devices in real time.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bold-qit-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BOLD-QIT</a></strong> (Border Electronically Dominated QRT Interception Technique) under CIBMS on Indo- Bangladesh border in Dhubri district of Assam is also being used.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/smart-walls-for-indian-borders/article33744239.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7531,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Smart Anti Airfield Weapon',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has conducted a successful trial of the<strong> indigenously developed Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW)</strong> off the Odisha coast from the Hawk-I jet of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This was the<strong> ninth successful test</strong> of the system<strong> conducted over the last five years.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> The system <strong>belongs to the glide bomb category</strong> and its <strong>development began around 2012-13,</strong> with crucial inputs from the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Air Force (IAF)</strong></a> and the <strong>first test</strong> was carried out in<strong> 2016. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Manufactured by:</strong> DRDO&rsquo;s Research Centre Imarat (RCI) Hyderabad.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The weapon is designed to strike ground targets, especially adversary airfield infrastructure or similar strategically important installations.</li>
<li>This is a <strong>125-kilogram</strong> class smart weapon, capable of engaging ground enemy airfield assets such as radars, bunkers, taxi tracks, and runways, up to a <strong>range of 100 kilometres.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> high precision guided bomb is lightweight</strong> compared to weapon systems of the same class.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Development:</strong> The test of SAAW comes months after<strong> another weapon system designed to target enemy radar and communication assets, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-radiation-missile-rudram-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rudram</a>,</strong> was tested in October 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rudram,</strong> an air-to-surface missile, has been developed <strong>to primarily to enhance the Suppression of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD) capability of the IAF</strong> and can detect, track and neutralise the radar, communication assets and other radio frequency sources belonging to the adversary, which are generally their air defence systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1691176" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7518,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'S-400 Triumf Missile System',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The first group of Indian military specialists are scheduled to depart for Moscow (Russia) soon to undergo training courses on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-going-ahead-with-purchase-of-S-400-air-defence-systems" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>S-400 Triumf missile defence system.</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611225126_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611225126_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In October <strong>2018, India signed a 5.43 billion USD deal with Russia</strong> for the<strong> S-400 Triumf missile system despite</strong> objections from the US and the threat of sanctions under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/u-s-a-s-position-on-caatsa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Countering America&rsquo;s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</strong> </a>(CAATSA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the S-400 Triumf Missile System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The S-400 Triumf is a mobile, surface-to-air missile system (SAM) designed by Russia. It is the most dangerous operationally deployed modern long-range SAM (MLR SAM) in the world, considered much ahead of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-opposition-to-thaad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>US-developed Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system (THAAD)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The system<strong> can engage all types of aerial targets</strong> including aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and ballistic and cruise missiles within the range of 400km, at an altitude of up to 30km.</li>
<li>The system <strong>can track 100 airborne targets and engage six of them simultaneously.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>From India&rsquo;s point of view,<strong> China is also buying the system.</strong> In 2015, China signed an agreement with Russia to purchase six battalions of the system. Its delivery began in January 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China&rsquo;s acquisition of the S-400 system has been viewed as a &ldquo;game changer&rdquo; in the region. However, its effectiveness against India is limited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s acquisition is <strong>crucial to counter attacks in a two-front war,</strong> including even high-end F-35 US fighter aircraft.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India Russia Defence Cooperation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Important Pillar:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Defence cooperation is an important pillar of the<strong> India-Russia strategic partnership. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regular Meetings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> two Defence Ministers meet annually,</strong> alternately in Russia and India, to discuss and review the status of ongoing projects and other issues of military technical cooperation.</li>
<li>In 2008, the <strong>High Level Monitoring Committee</strong> (HLMC) was set up with<strong> Defence Secretary</strong> from the Ministry of Defence (India) and <strong>Director of Federal Service</strong> for Military Technical Cooperation (FSMTC - Russia) as its co-chairs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Downturn:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While India and Russia&rsquo;s economic relationship has been a weak point in the <strong>post-Cold War period,</strong> the US emerged as the top arms supplier to India, pushing Russia to the second position based on data for the years 2011-13.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The low of 2013-14 has since been corrected and the crucial deal of S-400 Triumf Air Defence Missile System was initiated despite fears of sanctions under CAATSA.</li>
<li>As India has been spreading its supplier base with Israel, US and France, Russia still remains a major supplier. This is indicated by following latest developments:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has approved proposals to acquire<strong> Mig29</strong> and <strong>Su30 MKI</strong> fighter aircraft from Russia for 2.4 billion USD.</li>
<li>The two sides are successfully moving towards the implementation of a <strong>AK-203 rifle contract</strong> and <strong>200 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kamov-226t-utility-helicopters" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ka-226T utility helicopters</a></strong> supplies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-military-equipment-of-russian-origin#:~:text=Stockholm%20International%20Peace%20Research%20Institute,India%20in%20the%20same%20period." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>According to a paper published</strong></a> by<strong> Stimson Center,</strong> 86% of the equipment, weapons and platforms currently in military service in India are of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/recalibration-of-india-russia-ties" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Russian</a></strong> origin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>From Imports to Joint Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the years, cooperation in the military technical sphere has evolved from a <strong>purely buyer-seller relationship to joint research, design development and production</strong> of state of the art military platforms. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Production of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Brahmos cruise missile</strong></a> is an example of this trend.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Joint Exercises:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indra-2020-to-be-held-in-andaman-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exercise INDRA</strong></a>, is a joint, tri services exercise between India and Russia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Russia's Military Equipment Deployed by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Navy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Navy's only active aircraft carrier<strong> INS Vikramaditya</strong> is from Russia. A <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-russia-nuclear-attack-submarine-deal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">nuclear attack submarine</a> Chakra II</strong> is also in service.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Army:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Army&rsquo;s<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mine-ploughs-on-t-90-tanks" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> T-90</strong></a> and <strong>T-72</strong> main battle tanks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Air Force:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IAF&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sukhoi-30-mki-equipped-with-the-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Su30</strong></a> MKI fighter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-military-personnel-for-moscow-soon-for-s-400-training/article33612314.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7479,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'UAV Procurement by Indian Army',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Indian Army</strong> has signed a contract to buy <strong>high-altitude <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-unmanned-aircraft-system-uas-rules-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drones</a> from ideaForge for USD 20 million.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ideaForge is a start-up founded and incubated by the alumni of<strong> Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IIT-B).</strong></li>
<li>The contract is for<strong> a high-altitude variant of SWITCH UAV,</strong> an indigenous system used in surveillance operations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of the Contract:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It marks a <strong>strategic shift of focusing on indegenous technologies</strong> in the Indian defence procurement process.</li>
<li>This is an example of <strong>how government-funded <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener">start-ups</a></strong> can help the country grow.</li>
<li>This is the<strong> biggest such order</strong> in terms of the contract value,<strong> for any Indian equipment manufacturer for drones.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of UAV for the Army:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Army has placed an order for the <strong>advanced high-altitude version of SWITCH UAV,</strong> a vertical take-off and landing drone. It is a fixed-wing hybrid Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Its features include:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610798270_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1610798270_image8.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Advanced flight time</strong> with a range of 15 km.</li>
<li>Around 2.6m long and 1.8m wide and <strong>weighs less than 6.5 kg.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Higher safety and simple operation</strong> with additional fail-safe redundancies.</li>
<li>Used for long-duration operations in harsh environments for day and night surveillance in<strong> Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Used in Photogrammetry -</strong> the technology of <strong>obtaining reliable information</strong> about physical objects and the environment<strong> through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images</strong> and patterns of electromagnetic radiant imagery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Uses:</strong> Crowd Monitoring, Disaster Management, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/session-on-precision-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Precision Agriculture</strong></a>, Mining, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/army-inks-20-mn-deal-with-ideaforge-for-uav/article33583294.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7456,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'LCA Tejas',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Security</strong></a> (CCS) has recently cleared a deal worth Rs. 48,000 crore for the acquisition of<strong> 83 Tejas Light Combat Aircraft</strong> for the Indian Air Force.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>83 Tejas includes <strong>73 LCA Tejas Mk-1A fighter aircraft</strong> and <strong>10 LCA Tejas Mk-1 trainer aircraft. MK-1A variant</strong> is a improved version of MK-1 with an <strong>electronic warfare system, advanced electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, beyond visual range (BVR) missiles and</strong> a network warfare system comprising<strong> software defined radio</strong> (SDR)</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cabinet Committee on Security</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CCS is chaired by the <strong>Prime Minister</strong> of India.</li>
<li>Major decisions with respect to the <strong>significant appointments, issues of national security, defence expenditure of India are taken by the Cabinet Committee on Security</strong> (CCS).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-medium-combat-aircraft" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Light Combat Aircraft</strong></a> (LCA) programme was started by the<strong> Government of India in 1984</strong> when they established the <strong>Aeronautical Development Agency</strong> (ADA) to manage the <strong>LCA programme.</strong></li>
<li>It replaced the ageing <strong>Mig 21 fighter planes.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Designed by:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Aeronautical Development Agency</strong> under the <strong>Department of Defence Research and Development.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manufactured by:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>State-owned <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited</strong> </a>(HAL).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> lightest, smallest and tailless multi-role supersonic fighter</strong> aircraft in its class.</li>
<li>Designed to <strong>carry a range of air-to-air, air-to-surface, precision-guided,</strong> weapons.</li>
<li><strong>Air to air refuelling capability.</strong></li>
<li>Maximum <strong>payload capacity of 4000 kg.</strong></li>
<li>It can attend the maximum speed of <strong>Mach 1.8.</strong></li>
<li>The range of the aircraft is <strong>3,000km</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Variants of Tejas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tejas Trainer:</strong> 2-seater operational conversion trainer for training air force pilots.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/naval-variant-of-lca-tejas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>LCA Navy</strong></a>: Twin- and single-seat carrier-capable for the Indian Navy.</li>
<li><strong>LCA Tejas Navy MK2:</strong> This is phase 2 of the LCA Navy variant.</li>
<li><strong>LCA Tejas Mk-1A:</strong> This is an improvement over the LCA Tejas Mk1 with a higher thrust engine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=GGT85USP4.1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7380,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Boost to Defence Exports',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has recently approved export of the <strong>Akash surface-to-air missile to &ldquo;friendly countries&rdquo;</strong> and constituted a<strong> committee, headed by the Defence Minister,</strong> for faster approval of export of defence platforms.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This committee would <strong>authorise subsequent export of major <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">indigenous platforms</a></strong> to various countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The export version of Akash, will be <strong>different from the system currently deployed with the Indian armed forces.</strong></li>
<li>The Cabinet approval will facilitate Indian manufactures to participate in<strong> RFI/RFP issued by various countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>request for information</strong> (RFI) is used when the owner wants several contractors to provide potential solutions, while a<strong> request for proposal</strong> (RFP) is used in a<strong> bidding process to solicit offers for a project.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>So far, Indian defence exports included parts/components etc. The export of big platforms was minimal. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This initiative of the Cabinet would help the country<strong> improve its defence products and make them globally competitive.</strong></li>
<li>It would be a significant step under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat</strong></a>,</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides Akash, there is interest in other major platforms like the<strong> coastal surveillance system, radars and air platforms.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Akash Missile</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Akash is India&rsquo;s<strong> first indigenously produced medium range Surface to Air missile</strong> that can engage multiple targets from multiple directions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The all-weather missile can engage targets at a speed <strong>2.5 times more than the speed of sound</strong> and can detect and destroy targets flying at <strong>low, medium and high altitudes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Akash missile system has been designed and developed as part of India&rsquo;s 30-year-old <strong>integrated guided-missile development programme</strong> (IGMDP) which also includes other missiles like <strong>Nag, Agni, Trishul and Prithvi.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Range and Capability:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>nuclear-capable missile</strong> can fly at a speed of up to <strong>Mach 2.5</strong> (nearly 860 meter per second) at a maximum height of <strong>18 km.</strong></li>
<li>It can strike enemy aerial targets like fighter jets, drones, cruise missiles, air-to-surface missiles as well as ballistic missiles from a distance of <strong>30 km.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unique features of Akash:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The missile is unique in the way that it can be launched from <strong>mobile platforms like battle tanks or wheeled trucks.</strong> It has nearly 90% kill probability.</li>
<li>The missile is supported by the <strong>indigenously developed radar</strong> called <strong>'Rajendra'</strong> that can handle <strong>highly-manoeuvring multiple targets from multiple directions in group or autonomous mode.</strong></li>
<li>The missile is reportedly cheaper and more accurate than US&rsquo; Patriot missiles due to its solid-fuel technology and high-tech radars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manufactured by:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The missile system is designed and developed by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong> </a>(DRDO)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India's Defence Exports</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the data published by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-among-top-military-spenders-sipri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</strong></a>, or SIPRI, in March 2020, India is <strong>ranked 23<sup>rd</sup> in the list of major arms exporters</strong> for 2015-2019 and 19<sup>th</sup> for 2019. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Defence&rsquo;s annual report</strong> 2018-19 records that the defence exports were worth Rs <strong>10,745 crore,</strong> a growth of more than 100% from 2017-18 (Rs 4,682 crore) and over 700 % since 2016-17 (Rs 1,521 crore).</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s share of global arms exports is only <strong>0.17%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The current government has been laying emphasis on defence manufacturing in India to build up the country's manufacturing base, ensure jobs for its youth and to bring down India&rsquo;s arms import bill.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s target was to export <strong>5 billion USD</strong> worth of military hardware by 2025</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to create an environment for<strong> greater participation of private industry,</strong> a stable macro-economic and political environment, and a transparent business environment which encourages<strong> fair competition.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/akash-missile-export-india-army-7127000/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7308,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kamov-226T : Utility Helicopters',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Indian Army is going to approach the Defence Ministry for a waiver to take the <strong>Kamov-226T (Ka-226T) utility helicopters with Russia.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>2015, India and Russia</strong> concluded an <strong>Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA)</strong> for 200 <strong>Ka-226T helicopters</strong> estimated to cost over USD 1 billion.</li>
<li>The<strong> Kamov-226T</strong> is meant to<strong> replace</strong> the ageing and obsolete <strong><a href="/printpdf/apache-helicopters-for-indian-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cheetah</a> and Chetak</strong> fleets of the Indian Army and the Air Force.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Kamov-226T helicopter:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608974407_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608974407_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Design:</strong> The Ka-226T is a design of Russia's famed Kamov design bureau.</li>
<li><strong>Assembling:</strong> A joint venture <strong>India Russia Helicopters Limited (IRHL)</strong> has been set up between <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)</a> and Russian Helicopters (RH)</strong> which will assemble the helicopters in India.</li>
<li><strong>Payload Capacity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> light helicopter,</strong> with a<strong> maximum take-off weight of over 3.5 tonnes</strong> and can carry a<strong> payload of up to 1 tonne.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ka-226T uses <strong>coaxial rotors,</strong> that is, it has two sets of rotors mounted one on top of the other and <strong>typically no tail rotor.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Coaxial rotors</strong> give a helicopter <strong>improvements in lift and payload capacity over conventional choppers.</strong></li>
<li>This is especially <strong>advantageous in high-altitude environments</strong> where an aircraft's performance at take-off tends to diminish due to the lower air density.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Ka-226T</strong> also has a unique, <strong>detachable 'mission' compartment instead of a conventional cabin.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This allows the helicopter to be adapted for different roles such as <strong>surveillance and cargo delivery.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with the Old Fleet of Helicopters:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About <strong>75%</strong> of the Army&rsquo;s fleet of <strong>Cheetah and Chetak</strong> helicopters is over <strong>30 years old.</strong> Some of them are about <strong>50 years old</strong> and they need<strong> urgent replacements.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Operational capability has been impacted due to <strong>deficiencies and non-availability of replacement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Requirement of Helicopters in Indian Army:</strong> There is a requirement of around 400 such helicopters in the army.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-to-seek-waiver-from-defence-ministry-to-expedite-helicopter-deal/article33418788.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7294,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Army Variant of MRSAM',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the maiden test of the <strong>Medium Range Surface to Air Missile (MRSAM) for the Indian Army</strong> has been conducted.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Army Variant of MRSAM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>surface to air missile developed jointly</strong> by <a href="/pdf/1594614912-defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a>, India and <strong>Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI)</strong>, Israel for use by the Indian Army.</li>
<li>It <strong>consists of</strong> a command and control post, multi-function radar and mobile launcher system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MRSAM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a high response, quick reaction, <strong>vertically launched supersonic missile,</strong> designed to <strong>neutralize enemy aerial threats</strong> &ndash; missiles, aircraft, guided bombs, helicopters. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Supersonic missiles</strong> exceed the speed of sound (Mach 1) but they are not faster than Mach-3.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>used by the Army, Navy and Air Force</strong> as different variants.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>May 2019, Indian Navy, DRDO and IAI</strong> conducted the maiden co-operative engagement firing of the naval version of the MRSAM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>land based variant of the Barak Air and Missile Defence System</strong> (AMD).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India-Israel Defence Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Israel has been <strong>among the top four arms suppliers to India</strong> for almost two decades now, notching <strong>military sales worth around USD 1 billion every year</strong>.</li>
<li>Indian armed forces are inducting the <strong>next-generation Barak-8 surface-to-air missile systems</strong> under three joint DRDO-IAI projects worth over Rs. 30,000 crore.</li>
<li>The Indian armed forces have inducted a wide array of Israeli weapon systems over the years, which range from <strong>Phalcon AWACS</strong> (airborne warning and control systems) and <strong>Heron, Searcher-II</strong> and <strong>Harop drones</strong> to <strong>Barak anti-missile defence systems</strong> and <strong>Spyder</strong> quick-reaction anti-aircraft missile systems.</li>
<li>The acquisitions also include a host of Israeli missiles and precision-guided munitions, from <strong>Python and Derby</strong> air-to-air missiles to <strong>Crystal Maze</strong> and <strong>Spice-2000 bombs</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608796424_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608796424_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="464" height="564" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-successfully-conducts-maiden-launch-of-the-army-version-of-medium-range-surface-to-air-missile-7117326/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7253,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Systems Handed Over to Defence Services',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Defence Minister</strong> has handed over the<strong> Indian Maritime Situational Awareness System</strong> (IMSAS), <strong>ASTRA Mk-I</strong> and <strong>Border Surveillance System</strong> (BOSS) to the Navy, Air Force and Army respectively.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong> </a>(DRDO) laboratories have <strong>indigenously developed these three systems</strong> which will lead to higher self-reliance in defence technologies.</li>
<li>The Defence Minister has also given away <strong>awards to DRDO scientists for outstanding contributions</strong> in various categories.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Maritime Situational Awareness System (IMSAS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> state-of-the-art and high performance intelligent software system</strong> that provides <strong>Global Maritime Situational Picture, marine planning tools</strong> and <strong>analytical capabilities</strong> to Indian Navy.</li>
<li>It also provides<strong> Maritime Operational Picture</strong> from naval headquarters to each individual ship in sea to enable naval command and control.</li>
<li><strong>Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics</strong> (CAIR), Bengaluru and Indian Navy has<strong> jointly conceptualised</strong> and developed the product and <strong>Bharat Electronics Limited</strong> (BEL), Bengaluru has implemented it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>ASTRA Mk-I:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the indigenously developed <strong>first Beyond Visual Range</strong> (BVR) <strong>Missile,</strong> which can be launched from <strong>Sukhoi-30, Light Combat Aircraft</strong> (LCA), <strong>Mig-29</strong> and <strong>Mig-29K.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Globally, very few countries have expertise and capabilities to design and produce this class of weapon system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The missile is <strong>designed to engage and destroy highly manoeuvring supersonic aircraft.</strong> The missile has<strong> all weather day and night capability.</strong></li>
<li>Successful development of ASTRA weapon system by <strong>Defence Research and Development Laboratory</strong> (DRDL) Hyderabad and production by <strong>Bharat Dynamics Limited</strong> (BDL), Hyderabad is a major contribution towards <strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Border Surveillance System (BOSS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an <strong>all-weather electronic surveillance system</strong> successfully designed and developed by<strong> Instruments Research and Development Establishment</strong> (IRDE), Dehradun.</li>
<li>The system has been <strong>deployed at Ladakh border</strong> area for day and night surveillance and facilitates monitoring and surveillance by <strong>automatically detecting the intrusions in harsh high-altitude sub-zero temperature areas</strong> with remote operation capability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Awards for Outstanding Contributions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>DRDO Lifetime Achievement Award, 2018:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Awarded to N V Kadam for his contributions for developing control and guidance schemes for missiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Excellence awards</strong> were given to<strong> academia and industry</strong> for technology absorption.</li>
<li>Besides, individual awards, team awards, technology spin-off awards, techno managerial awards and<strong> awards in other categories were also given.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1681732" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7063,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Land-attack Version of BrahMos Missile',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India has successfully <strong>test-fired a land-attack version of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile</strong> from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The test by the Army comes over a month after the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/naval-version-of-brahmos-tested#:~:text=A%20naval%20version%20of%20the,Navy%20in%20the%20Arabian%20Sea." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Naval version of BrahMos</a> was successfully test fired</strong> from Indian Navy&rsquo;s indigenously-built stealth destroyer INS Chennai.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of New Land-attack Version:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>range</strong> of the missile has been <strong>extended to 400 km</strong> from the original 290 km but its <strong>speed</strong> has been maintained at<strong> 2.8 Mach or almost three times the speed of sound.</strong></li>
<li>The test was done in a <strong>&ldquo;top-attack&rdquo;</strong> configuration.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most modern missiles, including BrahMos,<strong> can be fired in both top-attack and direct attack modes.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>top attack</strong> mode, the missile is required to climb sharply after launch, travel at a certain altitude and then fall on top of the target.</li>
<li>In<strong> direct attack</strong> mode, the missile travels at a lower altitude, directly striking the target.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Test:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These tests <strong>are a display of India&rsquo;s tactical cruise missile triad,</strong> i.e. launch capability from land, sea and air platforms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has <strong>already deployed a sizable number of the original BrahMos missiles</strong> and other key assets in several strategic locations along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict#:~:text=China%20views%20India%27s%20assertions%20regarding,due%20to%20Covid%2D19%20pandemic." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China</strong></a> in Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The test marks the achievement of a critical milestone in <strong>enhancing India&rsquo;s capability of engaging enemy&rsquo;s vitally important targets</strong> in depth areas.</li>
<li>In the last two-and-half months, <strong>India has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nag-missile-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener">test fired a number of missiles</a></strong> including<strong> an anti-radiation missile named Rudram-1</strong> which is planned to be inducted into service by <strong>2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>BrahMos Missile:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1606289537_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1606289537_image2.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" height="168" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An <strong>amalgamation of the names of Brahmaputra river and Moskva river (Russia),</strong> BrahMos missiles are <strong>designed, developed and produced by BrahMos Aerospace.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>BrahMos Aerospace is a<strong> joint venture</strong> company set up by the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong></a> (DRDO) and <strong>Mashinostroyenia of Russia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>medium-range supersonic cruise missile</strong> which can be<strong> launched from submarines, ships, aircraft or land.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Cruise missiles</strong> are defined as &ldquo;an unmanned self-propelled guided vehicle that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path and whose primary mission is to place an ordnance or special payload on a target.&rdquo;</li>
<li>Depending upon the<strong> speed,</strong> such <strong>missiles are classified as Subsonic (around 0.8 Mach), Supersonic (2-3 Mach) and Hypersonic</strong> cruise missiles (more than 5 Mach).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the <strong>world&rsquo;s fastest supersonic cruise missile,</strong> as well as the <strong>fastest anti-ship cruise missile in operation.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> operates on the "Fire and Forget" principle,</strong> i.e it does not require further guidance after launch.</li>
<li>The missile has a <strong>flight range upto 290-km.</strong> However, <strong>India's entry into the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Missile Technology Control Regime</a></strong> (MTCR) has extended the range of the BrahMos missile to reach 450-600 km.</li>
<li><strong>Various versions of BrahMos,</strong> including those that can be fired from land, warships, submarines and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sukhoi-30-mki-equipped-with-the-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sukhoi-30 fighter jets</strong></a>, have already been developed and successfully tested in the past.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>hypersonic version</strong> of the missile, capable of reaching <strong>a speed of 5 Mach,</strong> is under development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-successfully-launches-brahmos-supersonic-cruise-missile-7063865/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6925,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Enhanced Version of Pinaka Mk-1 Missile',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an enhanced version of the Pinaka Mark (Mk)-1 missile was<strong> successfully flight-tested</strong> from the Integrated Test Range in Chandipur, off the coast of Odisha.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1604564260_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1604564260_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> The enhanced version of the Pinaka Mk-1 system was taken up to achieve longer-range performance compared to the earlier design with lesser length.</li>
<li><strong>Development:</strong> The design and development has been <strong>carried out by Pune-based <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation)</a> laboratories -</strong> Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) and High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL).</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Enhanced Pinaka Mk-1 will eventually<strong> replace the Pinaka Mk-1 missiles,</strong> which are currently used by regiments of the Indian Army along India&rsquo;s frontiers with China and Pakistan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While the <strong>Mark-1</strong> has a range of<strong> 38 km,</strong> the <strong>enhanced version</strong> of Mark-1 has <strong>a range of 45 km</strong> and some key additional features.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The latest test is in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nag-missile-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>continuation of a number of missile trials conducted by the DRDO in the last two months.</strong> </a></li>
<li>The test comes <strong>months after the Ministry of Defence (MoD) announced</strong> that its acquisition wing signed contracts with three Indian private companies for supply of six regiments of Pinaka Rocket System, to be deployed along borders with Pakistan and China. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The MoD had said that the <strong>induction would be completed by 2024.</strong> These six Pinaka Regiments would comprise 114 Launchers with Automated Gun Aiming and Positioning System (AGAPS), 45 command posts and 330 vehicles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pinaka Missile</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Development:</strong> The development of the Pinaka multi-barrel rocket systems was <strong>started by the DRDO in the late 1980s,</strong> as an <strong>alternative to the Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher systems of Russian make</strong> called the &lsquo;Grad&rsquo;, which are still used by some regiments.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After successful tests of Pinaka Mark-1 in the late 1990, it was <strong>first used successfully</strong> in the battlefield during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kargil-vijay-diwas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>1999 Kargil War.</strong> </a>Subsequently, multiple regiments of the system came up over the 2000s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Pinaka, a <strong>multi-barrel rocket-launcher (MBRL) system</strong> named after Shiva&rsquo;s bow, can fire a salvo of 12 rockets over a period of 44 seconds.</li>
<li>One battery of Pinaka system <strong>consists of six launch vehicles,</strong> accompanied by loader systems, radar and links with network-based systems and a command post. One battery <strong>can neutralise an area of 1 km by 1 km.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As a key tactic of long-range artillery battle, the launchers have to &lsquo;shoot and scoot&rsquo; to ensure they themselves do not become the targets, especially being detectable due to its back blast.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multiple Variants:</strong> DRDO has also developed and successfully tested the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pinaka-missile-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mk-II</strong></a> <strong>and guided variants of the Pinaka,</strong> which has a range of around 60 km, while the Guided Pinaka system has a range of 75 km and has integrated navigation, control and guidance system to improve the end accuracy and enhance the range. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The navigation system of Guided Pinaka missile is also <strong>aided by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navic" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1670104" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6907,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Media Registrations for Aero India 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> online media registration</strong> for the <strong>13<sup>th</sup> edition of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aero-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aero India</a></strong> has been started, which will be held at <strong>Air Force Station, Bengaluru</strong> (Karnataka) in <strong>February 2021.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Aero India is a <strong>biennial international military and civil airshow.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a premier event that draws <strong>international and Indian military and civil aircraft makers,</strong> their support industries, military brass and government dignitaries and business visitors.</li>
<li>It provides a <strong>unique opportunity for the exchange of information, ideas and new developments</strong> in the aviation industry, in addition to giving a fillip to the domestic aviation industry furthering the cause of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Yelahanka air base,</strong> about 30 km from the city centre Bengaluru, has been hosting the air show in February since it was<strong> started in 1996.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>2019,</strong> it was organised by <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.</strong></a> (HAL) and in <strong>2021,</strong> it will be organised by the <strong>Defence Exhibition Organisation, Ministry of Defence.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DEO is an<strong> autonomous organisation</strong> of the Indian Government<strong> established in 1981,</strong> to <strong>promote the export potential</strong> of the Indian defence industry.</li>
<li>It is responsible for organising international exhibitions such as <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defexpo-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DefExpo</a></strong> and Indian participation at overseas exhibitions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1669441" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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