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Exercise INDRA-21

Why in News The 12th Edition of Indo-Russia joint military Exercise INDRA will be held at Volgograd, Russia in August 2021. Key Points About...

28 Jul 2021 Defence Technology
Exercise Cutlass Express

Why in News Recently, Indian Naval Ship Talwar participated in a multinational training exercise Cutlass Express 2021, being conducted along the...

27 Jul 2021 Defence Technology
Akash-NG & MPATGM: DRDO

Why in News Recently, the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully flight-tested the New Generation Akash Missile...

22 Jul 2021 Defence Technology
The Big Picture: Draft Drone Rules: Impetus to Future Tech

Why in News Recently, the Union Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) released the Draft Drone Rules, 2021, based on “trust, self-certification...

21 Jul 2021 Defence Technology
Draft Drone Rules, 2021

Why in News The Ministry of Civil Aviation has unveiled the Draft Drone Rules, 2021 based on “trust, self-certification and non-intrusive...

16 Jul 2021 Defence Technology
Agni-P (Prime)

Why in News Recently, a new generation nuclear capable ballistic missile Agni-P (Prime) was successfully test-fired by the Defence Research and...

29 Jun 2021 Defence Technology
Jammu Drone Attacks

Why in News Recently, Drones were used for the first time to drop explosive devices, triggering blasts inside the Air Force Station’s...

28 Jun 2021 Defence Technology
Krivak Stealth Frigates

Why in News Recently, the Vice-Chief of the Naval Staff has inaugurated the construction of the second frigate of the Krivak or Talwar class. The...

22 Jun 2021 Defence Technology
Project 75 India

Why in News The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has approved the issuance of a Request For Proposal (RFP) for the construction of six conventional...

07 Jun 2021 Defence Technology
Iron Dome Air Defence System: Israel

Why in News Israel used its Iron Dome air defence system in recent violent clashes over Jerusalem. Key Points About: It is a short-range,...

13 May 2021 Defence Technology
Tejas Adds Python-5 Air to Air Missile Capability

Why in News Recently, India’s Indigenous Light Combat Aircraft Tejas has added capability of firing Israeli-origin Python-5 air-to-air missile...

30 Apr 2021 Defence Technology
Advanced Chaff Technology

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has developed an Advanced Chaff Technology to safeguard the naval ships against...

28 Apr 2021 Defence Technology
Dhruv MK III: Advanced Light Helicopter

Why in News Recently, Indian Naval Air Squadron (INAS) 323, the first unit of the indigenously built ALH (Advanced Light Helicopter) Dhruv Mk III...

20 Apr 2021 Defence Technology
Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted the test of the Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR)...

06 Mar 2021 Defence Technology
NAVDEX 21 and IDEX 21: UAE

Why in News Indian Naval Ship (INS) Pralaya arrived at Abu Dhabi, UAE to participate in the NAVDEX 21 (Naval Defence Exhibition) and IDEX 21...

20 Feb 2021 Defence Technology
Arjun MBT MK-1A

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister of India has handed over the indigenously developed Arjun Main Battle Tank (MBT) MK-1A to the Indian...

16 Feb 2021 Defence Technology
Three New Fighter Jets

Why in News According to the Ministry of Defence, three new fighter jets will be flying by 2026, of which two will be for the Air Force and one for...

06 Feb 2021 Defence Technology
Smart Walls For Borders

Why in News Recently, an alternative Smart Wall has been proposed to replace the physical and armed patrolling with advanced surveillance technology...

05 Feb 2021 Defence Technology
Smart Anti Airfield Weapon

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted a successful trial of the indigenously developed Smart...

23 Jan 2021 Defence Technology
S-400 Triumf Missile System

Why in News The first group of Indian military specialists are scheduled to depart for Moscow (Russia) soon to undergo training courses on the S-400...

21 Jan 2021 Defence Technology

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		'article_id' => (int) 9002,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Exercise INDRA-21',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> 12<sup>th</sup> Edition of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-indra-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indo-Russia joint military Exercise INDRA</a></strong> will be held at <strong>Volgograd, Russia</strong> in August 2021.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627465106_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627465106_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Exercise INDRA:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The exercise will entail<strong> conduct of counter terror operations</strong> under the <a href="/printpdf/unsc-condemns-pulwama-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations mandate</strong></a> by a joint force against international terror groups.</li>
<li>The<strong> INDRA series of exercises began in 2003</strong> and was conducted as a bilateral naval exercise alternately between the two countries. However, the <strong>first joint Tri-Services Exercise was conducted in 2017.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> last joint, tri-services</strong> exercise between India and Russia was conducted in <strong>India in December 2019.</strong> It was held <strong>simultaneously at Babina (near Jhansi), Pune, and Goa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Military Exercises:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the domain of international relations, <strong>military diplomacy</strong> has, in recent years, emerged as a major tool to further diplomatic interests of nations.</li>
<li>Participation in international level military exercises is an <strong>indication of the highest level of trust and confidence</strong> between the member nations.</li>
<li>On the operational side, <strong>military exercises enable militaries to understand each other&rsquo;s drills</strong> and procedures, overcome language barriers, and facilitate familiarisation with equipment capabilities.</li>
<li>This is particularly useful in the event of joint operations whether in war or in <strong>operations other than war (OOTW)</strong> like, humanitarian aid, disaster relief, anti-piracy, etc &ndash; when nations come together for a common cause.</li>
<li>Perhaps, the most important advantage of joint military exercises is<strong> &lsquo;strategic signalling&rsquo;.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A joint exercise with one or more nations serves the purpose of signalling to a third country the influence we have in the region and a demonstration of our resolve to further our diplomatic objectives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the intangible side, <strong>military exercises promote brotherhood and camaraderie</strong> between soldiers and militaries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Besides goodwill, it is a tool for <strong>projection of a nation&rsquo;s soft power</strong> &ndash; culture, language, customs, beliefs, food habits and lifestyle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; text-align: center; height: 19px; background-color: #0a0d2b;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Joint Military Exercises of India with Other Countries</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #abbcff;"><strong>Name of Exercise</strong></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #abbcff;"><strong>Country</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Garuda Shakti</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Indonesia</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Ekuverin</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Maldives</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Hand-in-Hand</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">China</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Kurukshetra</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Singapore</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Mitra Shakti</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Sri Lanka</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Nomadic Elephant</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Mongolia</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Shakti</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">France</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Surya Kiran</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Nepal</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">Yudh Abhyas</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; background-color: #edefff;">USA</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1739351" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8986,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Exercise Cutlass Express',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/krivak-stealth-frigates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Naval Ship Talwar</strong></a> <strong>participated in a multinational training exercise Cutlass Express 2021,</strong> being conducted along the East Coast of Africa.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Exercise Cutlass Express:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The exercise is <strong>an annual maritime exercise</strong> conducted to promote national and regional maritime security in <strong>East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean.</strong></li>
<li>The 2021 edition of the exercise <strong>involves participation of 12 Eastern African countries, US, UK, India and various international organisations</strong> like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/international-maritime-organization-and-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Maritime Organisation (IMO)</strong></a>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-world-drug-report-2021-unodc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)</a></strong>,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/interpol-notices" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Interpol</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/in-eunavfor-joint-naval-exercise" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union Naval Force (EUNAVFOR)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eu-indo-pacific" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Critical Maritime Routes Indian Ocean (CRIMARIO)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The exercise is designed to assess and<strong> improve combined maritime law enforcement capacity, promote national and regional security and increase interoperability</strong> between the regional navies.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-sharing-maritime-data" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s Information Fusion Centre &ndash; Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR)</strong> </a>is also participating in the exercise.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s participation is in accordance with India's stated policy towards maritime cooperation in the Indian Ocean region and vision <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-sagar" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Western Indian Ocean:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Western Indian Ocean is where the <strong>Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea meet.</strong> It <strong>connects North America, Europe and Asia,</strong> and as such is of global strategic importance.</li>
<li>The<strong> Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region comprises 10 countries:</strong> Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa, Comoros, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, and the French overseas territory of R&eacute;union.</li>
<li>Its<strong> rich natural resource profile</strong> has pushed global players to view the region with increasing interest in recent years.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s compulsions for<strong> energy security and its dependence on overseas resources</strong> has been the biggest pull drawing it closer to the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627373547_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627373547_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="600" height="417" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nature of Inter-regional Cooperation in WIO region:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Programme to Promote Regional Maritime Security (MASE):</strong> The MASE Programme was adopted in 2010 in Mauritius, and is jointly run by the European Union (EU) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The programme&rsquo;s primary objective is to strengthen the maritime security capacity of Eastern and Southern Africa and the WIO region in order to implement the Regional Strategy and Action Plan against Piracy.</li>
<li>Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) is a part of it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/djibouti-code-of-conduct" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC)</a>:</strong> It provides a framework for capacity building in the WIO region and Gulf of Aden in order to counter the threat of piracy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is the first such code to be operational in the Western Indian Ocean waters. The code was signed in <strong>January 2009.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/djibouti-code-of-conduct" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jeddah amendment to the Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC+)</a>:</strong> It was made <strong>in 2017</strong> to cover other illicit maritime activities, including human trafficking and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and to build national and regional capacity to address wider maritime security issues, as a basis for sustainable development of the maritime sector.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India has joined</strong> the Djibouti Code/Jeddah amendment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sagar-vision" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Ocean Commission</a>:</strong> The IOC is an intergovernmental organisation <strong>founded in 1982</strong> comprises<strong> five small-island states</strong> in the Western Indian Ocean: the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, R&eacute;union (a French department), and Seychelles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India has been accepted as an observer</strong> of the IOC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a>:</strong> It was<strong> established in 1997</strong> and is a regional forum that seeks to build and expand understanding and mutually beneficial cooperation through a consensus-based, evolutionary and non-intrusive approach.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IORA has 22 member states, including Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, UAE, and Yemen.</li>
<li>Its Secretariat is based in <strong>Cyber City, Eb&egrave;ne, Mauritius.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>INS Talwar</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INS Talwar is the<strong> lead ship of the Talwar-class frigates or Krivak class stealth ships</strong> of the Indian Navy.</li>
<li><strong>New Frigates:</strong> The Krivak class stealth ships are being <strong>built with technology transfer from Russia by Goa Shipyard Ltd. (GSL)</strong> under<strong> &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Make in India</a>&rsquo;.</strong> Engines for the ships are supplied by Ukraine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In October 2016, India and Russia signed an <strong>Inter-Governmental Agreement</strong> <strong>(IGA)</strong> for four Krivak or Talwar stealth frigates.</li>
<li>The first two frigates will be built in Yantar Shipyard, in Kaliningrad, Russia. The following two will be built in GSL.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Existing Frigates:</strong> The navy <strong>already operates six Krivak III frigates.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new Krivak frigates that joined the fleet between April 2012 and June 2013<strong> are</strong> <strong>INS Teg, Tarkash and Trikand.</strong></li>
<li>The first three that joined the fleet between June 2003 and April 2004, are <strong>INS Talwar, INS Trishul, INS Tabar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use:</strong> They are primarily used to accomplish a wide variety of naval missions such as finding and eliminating enemy submarines and large surface ships.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1739270" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8941,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Akash-NG & MPATGM: DRDO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Defence Research &amp; Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong> </a>successfully flight-tested the<strong> New Generation Akash Missile (Akash-NG)</strong> and the <strong>Man Portable Anti Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>June 2021</strong> a new generation nuclear capable ballistic missile <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agni-p-prime" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Agni-P (Prime)</strong> </a>was successfully test-fired by the DRDO.</li>
<li>In <strong>February 2021</strong> India also successfully test-fired indigenously-developed anti-tank guided missile systems<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/helina-and-dhruvastra-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Helina&rsquo; and &lsquo;Dhruvastra&rsquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Research &amp; Development Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the<strong> Research &amp; Development wing of the Ministry of Defence, Govt of India,</strong> with a vision <strong>to empower India with cutting-edge defence technologies.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1958</strong> after combining the Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Akash Missile (Akash-NG):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626945925_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626945925_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>surface-to-air Missile.</strong> It is a <strong>new variant of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/boost-to-defence-exports" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Akash missile</a></strong> that can <strong>strike targets at a distance of around 60 km</strong> and fly at a <strong>speed of up to Mach 2.5.</strong></li>
<li>Once deployed, the Akash-NG weapon system will <strong>prove to be a force multiplier for the air defence capability of the Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development &amp; Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Developed by <strong>Defence Research &amp; Development Laboratory (DRDL),</strong> Hyderabad in collaboration with other<strong> DRDO laboratories.</strong></li>
<li>It is being produced by <strong>Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Akash Missile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Akash is <strong>India&rsquo;s first indigenously produced medium range Surface to Air missile</strong> that can engage multiple targets from multiple directions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The missile is unique in the way that it can be <strong>launched from mobile platforms</strong> like battle tanks or wheeled trucks. It has nearly 90% kill probability.</li>
<li>The missile is supported by the<strong> indigenously developed radar called 'Rajendra'.</strong></li>
<li>The missile is <strong>reportedly cheaper and more accurate than US&rsquo; Patriot missiles</strong> due to its solid-fuel technology and high-tech radars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can <strong>engage targets at a speed 2.5 times more than the speed of sound</strong> and can detect and destroy targets flying at low, medium and high altitudes.</li>
<li>The Akash missile system has been <strong>designed and developed as part of India&rsquo;s 30-year-old <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/successful-test-firing-of-agni-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Integrated Guided-Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Man Portable Anti Tank Guided Missile:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626945950_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626945950_image7.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an<strong> indigenously-developed</strong> anti-tank guided missile.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Anti Tank guided missile</strong> is a <strong>medium or long-range missile</strong> whose primary purpose is <strong>to destroy tanks</strong> and other armoured vehicles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>low weight, fire and forget</strong> missile. It is incorporated with state-of-the-art <strong>Miniaturized Infrared Imaging Seeker</strong> along with <strong>advanced avionics.</strong></li>
<li>It is launched using a tripod designed for a<strong> maximum range of 2.5 km</strong> with a launch <strong>weight of less than 15 Kg.</strong></li>
<li>Its successful test marked a major boost for the government&rsquo;s <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a> campaign</strong> and would strengthen the Indian Army.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Integrated Guided-Missile Development Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was conceived by <strong>Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam</strong> to enable India attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. b</li>
<li>The 5 missiles <strong>(P-A-T-N-A)</strong> developed under this program are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>P</strong>rithvi: Short range surface to surface ballistic missile.</li>
<li><strong>A</strong>gni: Ballistic missiles with different ranges, i.e. Agni (1,2,3,4,5)</li>
<li><strong>T</strong>rishul: Short range low level surface to air missile.</li>
<li><strong>N</strong>ag: 3<sup>rd</sup> generation anti-tank missile.</li>
<li><strong>A</strong>kash: Medium range surface to air missile.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1737529" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8924,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Draft Drone Rules: Impetus to Future Tech',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rCuoCDDx_GU" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA)</strong> released the <strong>Draft Drone Rules, 2021,</strong> based on<strong> &ldquo;trust, self-certification and non-intrusive monitoring&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The updated draft Drone Rules, 2021 will replace the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-unmanned-aircraft-system-uas-rules-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Rules, 2021.</strong></a></li>
<li>The focus of the rules here is to give push to a new age technology and its implementation on the ground.</li>
<li>The cumulative market potential for the drone sector in India by the next 8-10 years is expected to grow as much as three lakh crore rupees.</li>
<li>The rules make it much easier for the individuals and companies to go ahead and operate drones.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It makes the <strong>certification process simpler</strong> for manufacturers and other stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Drone Technology Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Drone:</strong> It is a layman terminology for <strong>Unmanned Aircraft (UA).</strong> There are three subsets of Unmanned Aircraft- <strong>Remotely Piloted Aircraft, Autonomous Aircraft</strong> and <strong>Model Aircraft.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Remotely Piloted Aircraft</strong> consists of remote pilot station(s), the required command and control links and any other components, as specified in the type design.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Application of Drone Technology:</strong> Drones are a transformative technology. They have been and can be used in various significant areas:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Defence:</strong> Drone system can be used as a symmetric weapon against terrorist attacks.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The unmanned aircraft systems or drones can be integrated into the national airspace system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SVAMITVA Scheme:</strong> The drone technology in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/svamitva-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SVAMITVA scheme</strong> </a>launched by the Government of India, within less than a year, has helped about half a million village residents to get their<strong> property cards</strong> by mapping out the abadi areas.</li>
<li><strong>Delivery Purposes:</strong> Recently, the Ministry of Civil Aviation has approved a project with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/medicine-from-the-sky-project-telangana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Telangana government for using drone technology to deliver vaccines</strong></a> in remote areas.</li>
<li><strong>Agriculture:</strong> In the agriculture sector, micronutrients can be spread with the help of drones.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can also be used for performing surveys for identifying the challenges faced by the farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Commercial Purposes:</strong> Commercial opportunities are also there for drone technology:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The railways are using drones for track monitoring.</li>
<li>Telecom companies are using drones for monitoring the tower.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Purposes:</strong> Drones are also significant for the law enforcement agencies, the fire and emergency services wherever human intervention is not safe and the healthcare services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>R&amp;D in Drone Sector:</strong> Drones are<strong> one of the 24 sectors that are taken care of by the Government of India</strong> under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-commerce-industry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry</strong></a> as the area where the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat scheme</strong></a> <strong>can be well implemented.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India not only has a very extensive <strong>R&amp;D being carried out at institutions</strong> like IIT-Kanpur, IIT-Bombay, IIT-Delhi etc but also at the same time the <strong>research is being transformed into products.</strong></li>
<li>India has<strong> more than 130 startups</strong> registered with IITs and other companies for introducing drones in multiple application areas.</li>
<li>The end users are also<strong> eager to adopt drone technology</strong> because it helps them <strong>generate significant value</strong> not only in<strong> reducing costs</strong> but also in increasing the opportunity to leverage drones in their<strong> digital value chains.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Draft Drone Rules, 2021</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unique Identification Number:</strong> Each drone has been specified to have a <strong>unique identification number</strong> with the transmission of their location, altitude, speed etc.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any drone missing a unique id number with the other details will be a rogue drone.</li>
<li>Every flight of the drone will be monitored in the <strong>digital sky platform</strong> so when any remote pilot tries to fly a drone, its fly path will automatically be registered in the platform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Sky Platform:</strong> It is an initiative by MoCA to provide a secure and a scalable platform that supports drone technology frameworks, such as <strong>NPNT</strong> <strong>(no permission, no take-off)</strong>, designed to enable flight permission digitally and manage unmanned aircraft operations and traffic efficiently.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There will be minimal human interface on the digital sky platform and most permissions will be self-generated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Simplified Requirements:</strong> Requirements for granting permission for acquisition and usage of drones have been simplified.</li>
<li><strong>Prototypes:</strong> Requirements for manufacturers and other stakeholders have been eased for getting prototypes.</li>
<li><strong>Ease of Doing Business:</strong> The new draft rules provide the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong></a> for the industries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier there used to be 25 forms to be filled up which now has been reduced to 5.</li>
<li>Clarity about registration and remote-pilot licensing have been given.</li>
<li>Insurance of drones has also been taken care of.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Division of Country in Zones:</strong> The digital sky platform will have an interactive airspace map dividing the country into<strong> green, yellow,</strong> and red<strong> zones.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While the yellow zone has been reduced from 45 km to 12 km from nearby airport perimeter, no flight permission is required up to 400 feet in green zones and up to 200 feet in the area between 8 and 12 km from the airport perimeter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increased Risk of Armed Attacks:</strong> Operation of drones without any adequate legal backing can pose several security threats.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Incidents of arms being dropped by drones are also there such as the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jammu-drone-attacks" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu drone attacks.</strong></a></li>
<li>They can be put to destructive use, to slam into critical targets, destroy infrastructure and so on.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Paramilitary Not Exempted from the Rules:</strong> As per the new draft, the rules and regulations are not applicable to the army, navy or the airforce.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it still includes paramilitary forces. BSF is suffering a lot of issues due to the drones coming across the lines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cheaper Cost Enables a Larger Population to Procure Drones:</strong> Drones are relatively cheaper in comparison to conventional weapons and yet can achieve far more destructive results which is the primary reason for increased number of drone attacks.</li>
<li><strong>Delivery of Mass Destruction Weapons:</strong> What makes combat drones most dangerous is the threat of them being used to deliver weapons of mass destruction.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Procurement of combat drones by <strong>non-state actors</strong> poses serious threats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Training Programs:</strong> There has to be training programs for drone pilots. The drone technology alone will not be enough, there have to be a few more aspects to take care of for using the technology to its fullest.</li>
<li><strong>Balancing Security and Benefits:</strong> We need to ensure that the guidelines are in such a manner that the security concerns are not at all compromised but the drone technology is also used to the maximum of its advantages.</li>
<li><strong>Developing Anti-Drone System:</strong> The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DRDO</strong></a> has started developing an anti-drone system, one is already in place. There are soft kill and hard kill options available.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Soft kill options include jamming the drone.</li>
<li>Hard kill options include the laser technology, missiles or other drones to shoot it down the drone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Investments:</strong> India needs to invest in its own <strong>Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems</strong> and <strong>counter-drone technology</strong> to detect and track threats, especially around critical assets.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The drone technology in India has immense significance and potential. The security concerns should be dealt with judiciously and not just be allowed to restrict us from adopting the technology.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, security concerns must not be compromised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In years to come, drone technology is expected to be the most cost effective choice and the most utilised system in the civilian as well as militarian domain.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8891,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Draft Drone Rules, 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Civil Aviation</strong> has unveiled the<strong> Draft Drone Rules, 2021</strong> based on <strong>&ldquo;trust, self-certification and non-intrusive monitoring&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new rules would replace the existing <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-unmanned-aircraft-system-uas-rules-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Rules</a>, notified in March, 2021.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To create a <strong>&ldquo;digital sky platform&rdquo;</strong> as a business-friendly single-window online system for procuring various approvals. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There will be minimal human interface on the digital sky platform and most permissions will be self-generated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Approvals:</strong> Abolish the need for various approvals, including certificate of conformance, certificate of maintenance, import clearance, acceptance of existing drones, operator permit, authorisation of R&amp;D organisation and student remote pilot licence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fee reduced to nominal levels. No linkage with the size of the drone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Sky Platform:</strong> The government will be developing a digital sky platform that will have an interactive airspace map dividing the country into<strong> green, yellow, and red zones.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will provide a<strong> secure and a scalable platform</strong> that supports drone technology frameworks, such as NPNT (no permission, no take-off), designed to enable flight permission digitally and manage unmanned aircraft operations and traffic efficiently.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduced Airport Perimeter:</strong> The draft rules reduced the airport perimeter from 45 km to 12 km.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The rules state that <strong>no flight permissions would be required to fly</strong> upto 400 feet in green zones and upto 200 feet in the area between 8 and 12 km from the airport perimeter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pilot License: No pilot licence would be needed for micro drones</strong> for non-commercial use, nano drones and for R&amp;D organisations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There would be <strong>no restriction on drone operations by foreign-owned companies</strong> registered in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Drone Corridor:</strong> The Ministry will also facilitate development of drone corridors for cargo deliveries and a drone promotion council will be set up to facilitate a business-friendly regulatory regime.</li>
<li><strong>Safety Features:</strong> The draft rule also provides for safety features such as real-time tracking beacon, and geo-fencing, which are expected to be notified in future and a six-month lead time will be provided for compliance.</li>
<li><strong>Increased Coverage of Drones:</strong> The coverage has been<strong> increased from 300 kg to 500 kg and will cover drone taxis,</strong> while the Issuance of Certificate of Airworthiness has been delegated to Quality Council of India and certification entities authorized by it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decision to liberalize the drone policy even after the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jammu-drone-attacks" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>drone incidents in Jammu</strong></a> showcases the government&rsquo;s bold approach to<strong> promote the use of the drone and focus on the development of counter-drone technology</strong> to address the threat posed by rogue drones.</li>
<li>The current draft is a welcome move and will go a long way in <strong>facilitating investments</strong> in drone technology in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rules for Drone Regulations in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-unmanned-aircraft-system-uas-rules-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Rules, 2020.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-anti-drone-guidelines" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Counter Rogue Drones Guidelines 2019.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drone</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Drone is a layman terminology for <strong>Unmanned Aircraft (UA).</strong> There are three subsets of Unmanned Aircraft- Remotely Piloted Aircraft, Autonomous Aircraft and Model Aircraft.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Remotely Piloted Aircraft</strong> consists of remote pilot station(s), the required command and control links and any other components, as specified in the type design.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Remotely piloted aircraft have been<strong> divided into five categories based on their weight</strong> (existing rules)-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nano : Less than or equal to 250 grams.</li>
<li>Micro : From 250 grams to 2kg.</li>
<li>Small : From 2 kg to 25kg.</li>
<li>Medium : From 25kg to 150kg.</li>
<li>Large : Greater than 150kg.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-drafts-simpler-drone-rules-cargo-corridor-7406145/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8729,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Agni-P (Prime)',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>a new generation nuclear capable ballistic missile Agni-P (Prime)</strong> was successfully test-fired by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong> </a>from <strong>Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam island</strong> off the coast of Odisha, Balasore.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624961874_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624961874_image 0.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a>Agni-P is a new generation <strong>advanced variant of the Agni class</strong> (under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/successful-test-firing-of-agni-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IGMDP - Integrated Guided Missile Development Program</strong></a>).</li>
<li>It is a <strong>canisterised missile</strong> with range capability between 1,000 and 2,000 km.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Canisterisation of missiles reduces the time required to launch the missile while improving its storage and mobility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many<strong> advanced technologies</strong> including composites, propulsion systems, innovative guidance and control mechanisms and state-of-the-art navigation systems have been introduced. The Agni-P missile <strong>would further strengthen India's credible deterrence capabilities.</strong></li>
<li>In comparison to other Agni class missiles, Agni-P has improved parameters including manoeuvring and accuracy.</li>
<li><strong>Agni Class of Missiles:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are the mainstay of India&rsquo;s nuclear launch capability.</li>
<li>Range of other Agni Missiles:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Agni I:</strong> Range of 700-800 km.</li>
<li><strong>Agni II:</strong> Range more than 2000 km.</li>
<li><strong>Agni III:</strong> Range of more than 2,500 Km</li>
<li><strong>Agni IV:</strong> Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher.</li>
<li><strong>Agni-V:</strong> The longest of the Agni series, <strong>an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)</strong> with a range of over 5,000 km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile Development Program)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was conceived by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam to enable India attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. It was approved by the Government of India in 1983 and completed in March 2012.</li>
<li>The 5 missiles <strong>(P-A-T-N-A) developed under this program</strong> are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prithvi:</strong> Short range surface to surface ballistic missile.</li>
<li><strong>Agni:</strong> Ballistic missiles with different ranges, i.e. Agni (1,2,3,4,5)</li>
<li><strong>Trishul:</strong> Short range low level surface to air missile.</li>
<li><strong>Nag:</strong> 3<sup>rd</sup> generation anti-tank missile.</li>
<li><strong>Akash:</strong> Medium range surface to air missile.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Canister Based Launch System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Canister based launch system- serves as a <strong>container for transportation;</strong> a housing during<strong> storage aboard</strong> a vessel; provides<strong> operational flexibility.</strong></li>
<li>A canister launch system can be either hot launch, where the missile ignites in the cell, or cold launch, where the missile is expelled by gas produced by a gas generator which is not part of the missile itself, and then the missile ignites.</li>
<li><strong>Cold launch</strong> is safer than hot launch as the ejection system will eject the missile by itself even if there is a missile failure. In case of <strong>Agni V, it will be a cold launch.</strong></li>
<li>In case of hot launches, the problem is the heat produced by the missile at the time of launch. The <strong>hot launch</strong> is better for small missiles as the ejection part itself will be done by using the missile's own engine.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nuclear Triad:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nuclear triad, a three-sided military-force structure consisting of<strong> land-launched</strong> nuclear missiles, <strong>nuclear-missile-armed submarines,</strong> and strategic <strong>aircraft (e.g. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-french-rafale-aircrafts-in-iaf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rafale</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Brahmos</a>) with nuclear bombs</strong> and missiles.</li>
<li>DRDO had in January 2020 successfully test-fired a 3,500-km range <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/submarine-launched-ballistic-missile-k-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>submarine-launched ballistic missile, K-4</strong></a>, from a submerged pontoon off the Visakhapatnam coast.</li>
<li>Once inducted, these missiles will be the mainstay of the <strong>Arihant class of indigenous ballistic missile nuclear submarines (SSBN)</strong> and will give India the stand-off capability to launch nuclear weapons submerged in Indian waters. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>INS Arihant, the only SSBN in service, is armed with K-15 missiles with a range of 750 km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the past few years, India has been able to complete its nuclear triad. This is especially important given India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indias-nuclear-triad-complete" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>No-First-Use policy</strong> </a>while reserving the right of massive retaliation if struck with nuclear weapons first.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-successfully-tests-new-generation-nuclear-capable-missile-agni-p/article35013208.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8720,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Jammu Drone Attacks',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-unmanned-aircraft-system-uas-rules-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drones</strong></a> were used for the <strong>first time to drop explosive devices,</strong> triggering blasts inside the Air Force Station&rsquo;s technical area in Jammu.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drone</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Drone is a layman terminology for <strong>Unmanned Aircraft (UA).</strong> There are three subsets of Unmanned Aircraft- <strong>Remotely Piloted Aircraft, Autonomous Aircraft and Model Aircraft.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Remotely Piloted Aircraft consists of remote pilot station(s), the required command and control links and any other components, as specified in the type design.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides <strong>combat use,</strong> drones are used for <strong>a range of purposes </strong>like package delivery, in agriculture (spraying pesticides etc), monitoring environmental changes, aerial photography, and during search and relief operations, among others.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Drone Attacks and Concerns:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624878005_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624878005_image5.jpg" style="float: right;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the past two years, <strong>drones have been deployed regularly by Pakistan-based outfits</strong> to smuggle arms, ammunition and drugs into Indian territory.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Drones fly low and therefore <strong>cannot be detected by any radar system.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to government figures, <strong>167 drone sightings were recorded along the border with Pakistan in 2019,</strong> and in<strong> 2020, there were 77 such sightings.</strong></li>
<li>With the <strong>rapid proliferation of drone technology and exponential growth</strong> of its global market in recent years, the possibility of a drone attack cannot be ruled out even in the safest cities in the world.</li>
<li>Drones are <strong>becoming security threats particularly in conflict zones</strong> where non-state actors are active and have easy access to the technology.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For example: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saudi-aramco-drone-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2019 twin drone attacks</a></strong> on Aramco crude oil production in Saudi Arabia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>What makes combat drones in the hands of non-state actors most dangerous is the <strong>threat of them being used to deliver weapons of mass destruction.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Weapons of mass destruction</strong> are weapons with the<strong> capacity to inflict death and destruction on such a massive scale</strong> and so indiscriminately that its very presence in the hands of a hostile power can be considered a grievous threat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the military domain,<strong> small drones have been proliferating at a rate that has alarmed</strong> battlefield commanders and planners alike. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In certain incidents, the <strong>small drones were also armed with explosive ordnance,</strong> to convert them into potentially lethal guided missiles, thus demonstrating the growing sophistication with which these potent warriors have found relevance in combat zones.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Increasing Drone Attacks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Cheap:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The primary reason for this proliferation is that <strong>drones are relatively cheaper in comparison to conventional weapons</strong> and yet can achieve far more destructive results.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Remotely Controlled:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The biggest advantage that comes with using a drone for combat purposes is that <strong>it can be controlled from a remote distance</strong> and does not endanger any member of the attacking side.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Easy to Operate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is this <strong>easy-to-procure, easy-to-operate,</strong> and proven damage potential that makes it important for any country to equip its forces with anti-drone combat technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rules for Drone Regulations in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-unmanned-aircraft-system-uas-rules-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Rules, 2020</a>:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a set of rules notified by the government that aims <strong>to regulate the production, import, trade, ownership, establishment of the drone ports (airports for drones) and operation of UAS.</strong></li>
<li>It also seeks to <strong>create a framework for drones use by businesses.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-anti-drone-guidelines" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Counter Rogue Drones Guidelines 2019</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The guidelines had suggested a <strong>number of measures to counter rogue drones</strong> depending on the vitality of assets being protected.</li>
<li>For places of critical national importance, the rules called for deployment of a model that consists of primary and passive detection means like radar,<strong> Radio Frequency (RF) detectors, electro-optical and infrared cameras.</strong></li>
<li>In addition to this, soft kill and hard kill measures like <strong>RF jammers, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-visual-positioning-system#:~:text=region%20under%20navigation.-,Global%20Positioning%20System,to%20civilian%20and%20military%20users." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Global Positioning System (GPS)</a> spoofers, lasers, and drone catching nets</strong> were also suggested to be installed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Directed-Energy Weapon:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has developed two <strong>anti-drone <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/havana-syndrome" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Directed-Energy Weapon (DEW) systems</a>,</strong> with a 10-kilowatt laser to engage aerial targets at 2-km range and a compact tripod-mounted one with a 2-kilowatt laser for a 1-km range. But they are yet to be productionized in large numbers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Smash-2000 Plus:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The armed forces are now also importing a limited number of other systems like Israeli <strong>'Smash-2000 Plus&rsquo; computerized fire control and electro-optic sights,</strong> which can be mounted on guns and rifles to tackle the threat from small hostile drones in both day and night conditions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the backdrop of the drone attack, the <strong>Ministry of Civil Aviation</strong> could potentially look at<strong> making the existing regulations for unmanned aircraft systems more stringent.</strong></li>
<li>Current drone rules are sufficient to get information into the system about drones from the manufacturer or importer to end users. However,<strong> rogue drones will always be non-compliant. But yes, tightened regulations are required to create deterrence.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drones-favoured-tool-of-pakistan-based-terror-outfits/article35001883.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8668,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Krivak Stealth Frigates',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Vice-Chief of the Naval Staff has inaugurated the construction of the <strong>second frigate of the Krivak or Talwar class.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The construction of the first ship was laid in January, 2021. It would be<strong> delivered in 2026 and the second ship after six months.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624363329_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624363329_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="576" height="302" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Krivak class stealth ships are <strong>being built with technology transfer from Russia by Goa Shipyard Ltd. (GSL)</strong> under &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>&rsquo;. Engines for the ships are supplied by <strong>Ukraine.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In October 2016, <strong>India and Russia signed an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA)</strong> for four Krivak or Talwar stealth frigates.</li>
<li>The<strong> first two frigates will be built in Yantar Shipyard, in Kaliningrad, Russia.</strong> The following two will be built in GSL.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The new Krivak frigates will have the <strong>same engines and armament configuration as Yantar&rsquo;s last three frigates -</strong> INS Teg, Tarkash and Trikand. These will be armed with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BrahMos</strong></a> anti-ship and land attack missiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are primarily <strong>used to accomplish a wide variety of naval missions</strong> such as finding and eliminating enemy submarines and large surface ships.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Existing Frigates:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The navy already<strong> operates six Krivak III frigates.</strong> The first three joined the fleet between June 2003 and April 2004, followed by another three between April 2012 and June 2013. With the <strong>current contract, the navy will operate 10 Krivak frigates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India-Russia Defence Relation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Defence cooperation is an important pillar of the <strong>India-Russia strategic partnership.</strong></li>
<li>The two <strong>Defence Ministers meet annually,</strong> alternately in Russia and India, to discuss and review the status of ongoing projects and other issues of military technical cooperation.</li>
<li>As India has been spreading its supplier base with Israel, US and France, <strong>Russia still remains a major supplier.</strong></li>
<li>The two sides are successfully moving towards the implementation of an AK-203 rifle contract and 200 Ka-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kamov-226t-utility-helicopters" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>226T utility helicopter</strong></a> supplies.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-military-equipment-of-russian-origin#:~:text=Stockholm%20International%20Peace%20Research%20Institute,India%20in%20the%20same%20period." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>According to a paper</strong></a> published by Stimson Center, 86% of the equipment, weapons and platforms currently in military service in India are of Russian origin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Joint Exercises:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Exercise <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indra-2020-to-be-held-in-andaman-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>INDRA</strong></a>, is a joint, tri services exercise between India and Russia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Russia's Military Equipment Deployed by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Navy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Navy's only active aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya is from Russia. A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-russia-nuclear-attack-submarine-deal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>nuclear attack submarine</strong></a> Chakra II is also in service.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Army:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Army&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mine-ploughs-on-t-90-tanks" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>T-90</strong></a> and T-72 main battle tanks.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/s-400-triumf-missile-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>S-400 Triumf missile system.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Air Force:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IAF&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sukhoi-30-mki-equipped-with-the-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Su30</strong></a> MKI fighter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624363789_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624363789_image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="576" height="890" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/work-begins-on-krivak-class-frigate/article34875289.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8543,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Project 75 India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defence-acquisition-council-s-plans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Acquisition Council (DAC)</strong></a> has approved the issuance of a <strong>Request For Proposal (RFP)</strong> for the construction of <strong>six conventional submarines</strong> under <strong>Project-75I (India).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>RFP</strong> is a project announcement posted publicly by an organization indicating that bids for contractors to complete the project are sought.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This project envisages <strong>indigenous construction of submarines equipped with the state-of-the-art <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/air-independent-propulsion-for-diesel-electric-submarines" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air Independent Propulsion system</a></strong> at an estimated cost of <strong>Rs. 43,000 crore.</strong></li>
<li>Project 75 (I),<strong> approved in 2007, is part of the Indian Navy&rsquo;s 30 year Plan for indigenous submarine construction.</strong></li>
<li>It will be the <strong>first under the strategic partnership model</strong> which was <strong>promulgated in 2017 to boost indigenous defence manufacturing.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dac-approves-strategic-partnership-guidelines" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strategic partnership model</strong> </a>allows domestic defence manufacturers to join hands with leading foreign defence majors to produce high-end military platforms to reduce import dependence.</li>
<li>Acquisitions under the Strategic Partnership model refer to <strong>participation of private Indian firms along with foreign OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;</a></strong> in defence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>One of the Largest &lsquo;Make in India&rsquo; Projects:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will serve to facilitate faster and more significant absorption of technology and create a tiered industrial ecosystem for submarine construction in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Ensure Self-Reliance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From a strategic perspective, this will help reduce current dependence on imports and gradually ensure greater self-reliance and dependability of supplies from indigenous sources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Protect Indo-Pacific:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is keeping in mind the rapid increase of nuclear submarine arsenal by People&rsquo;s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) (CHINA) and to protect the Indo-Pacific from future domination by the adversary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About 30-year Submarine Plan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Cabinet Committee on Security, in June 1999</strong>, had approved a 30-year submarine-building plan which included <strong>construction of 24 conventional submarines indigenously by 2030.</strong></li>
<li><strong>P75I succeeded the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-karanj" target="_blank" rel="noopener">P75</a></strong> under which six diesel-electric attack submarines of the Kalvari class, based on the Scorpene class, were being built at MDL (Mazagon Dock Limited) &ndash; the third submarine, INS Karanj, was commissioned in March 2021.</li>
<li>Of the total <strong>24 submarines</strong> to be built in India, <strong>six</strong> will be <strong>nuclear-powered.</strong></li>
<li>India has <strong>only one nuclear submarine, INS Arihant</strong>, at the moment. The <strong>INS Arighat</strong>, also a nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, is to be commissioned soon.</li>
<li><strong>INS Chakra</strong>, a nuclear submarine, which is taken on lease from Russia, is believed to be on its way back to the country of origin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Acquisition Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DAC is the <strong>highest decision-making body in the Defence Ministry</strong> for deciding on new policies and capital acquisitions for the three services (Army, Navy and Air Force) and the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icgs-sachet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Indian Coast Guard</a>.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Minister of Defence is the Chairman</strong> of the Council.</li>
<li>It was formed, after the Group of Ministers recommendations on 'Reforming the National Security System', in 2001, post Kargil War (1999).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-clears-deal-for-6-submarines/article34725695.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8368,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Iron Dome Air Defence System: Israel',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Israel</strong> used its <strong>Iron Dome air defence system</strong> in recent <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ai-aqsa-mosque-sheikh-jarrah-israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">violent clashes over Jerusalem</a>.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>short-range, ground-to-air, air defence system</strong> that includes <strong>a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/doppler-weather-radars" target="_blank" rel="noopener">radar</a></strong> and <strong>Tamir interceptor missiles</strong> that track and neutralise any rockets or missiles aimed at Israeli targets.</li>
<li>It is <strong>used for countering</strong> rockets, artillery &amp; mortars as well as aircraft, helicopters and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is capable of being <strong>used in all weather conditions</strong>, including during the day and night.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was <strong>developed by the state-run Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries </strong>and was<strong> deployed in 2011.</strong></li>
<li>Rafael claims a <strong>success rate of over 90%, with more than 2,000 interceptions</strong>, however experts agree the <strong>success rate is over 80%.</strong></li>
<li>It can <strong>protect</strong> deployed and manoeuvring forces, as well as the <strong>Forward Operating Base (FOB)</strong> and urban areas, against a wide range of indirect and aerial threats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Iron Dome has <strong>three main systems that work together</strong> to provide a shield over the area where it is deployed which are:</li>
<li><strong>Radar:</strong> It has a detection and tracking radar to spot any incoming threats.</li>
<li><strong>Weapon Control:</strong> It has a battle management and weapon control system (BMC),</li>
<li><strong>Missile Fire:</strong> It also has a missile firing unit. The <strong>BMC basically liaises between the radar and the interceptor missile.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1620900934_Image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1620900934_Image 1.png" width="400" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Alternatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>S-400 TRIUMF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/s-400-triumf-missile-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>S-400 TRIUMF</strong></a>, which also caters to the three threats (rockets, missiles and cruise missiles). But they have <strong>much longer range.</strong></li>
<li>It has a much <strong>larger air defence bubble</strong> to knock off threats.</li>
<li>It is a mobile, surface-to-air missile system (SAM) <strong>designed by Russia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range &amp; Effectiveness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The system can<strong> engage all types of aerial targets</strong> within the <strong>range of 400km, at an altitude of up to 30km.</strong></li>
<li>The system can <strong>track 100 airborne targets and engage six of them simultaneously.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prithvi Air Defence and Advance Air Defence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>double-tiered system consisting of two land and sea-based interceptor missiles</strong>, namely the <strong>Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)</strong> missile for high altitude interception, and the <strong>Advanced Air Defence (AAD)</strong> Missile for lower altitude interception.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is able to <strong>intercept any incoming missile launched 5,000 kilometres away.</strong> The system also <strong>includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars</strong>, as well as command and <strong>control posts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ashwin Advanced Air Defence Interceptor Missile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is also an indigenously produced Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptor missile developed by <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It is the advanced version of the low altitude supersonic ballistic interceptor missile.</li>
<li>The missile also <strong>has its own mobile launcher, secure data link for interception, independent tracking and homing capabilities and sophisticated radars.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It uses an endo-spheric (within the Earth&rsquo;s atmosphere) interceptor that knocks out ballistic missiles at a maximum<strong> altitude of 60,000 to 100,000 feet, and across a range between 90 and 125 miles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-israels-iron-dome-intercepts-rockets-7312743/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8268,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Tejas Adds Python-5 Air to Air Missile Capability',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India&rsquo;s Indigenous <strong>Light Combat Aircraft Tejas</strong> has added capability of firing <strong>Israeli-origin Python-5 air-to-air missile (AAM)</strong> after concluding successful tests.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The same set of tests were also aimed to validate the enhanced capability of the already integrated Israeli-origin <strong>Derby beyond visual range AAM</strong> on Tejas.</li>
<li>The tests were conducted by <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Python-5 Missile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been <strong>developed by the Israeli defence company Rafael Advanced Defense Systems.</strong> It is the <strong>newest member of the Python family.</strong></li>
<li>This <strong>fifth generation air-to-air missile</strong> provides the pilot engaging an enemy aircraft with a revolutionary full sphere launch capability.</li>
<li>It can be <strong>launched from very short to beyond-visual ranges</strong> with greater kill probability, excellent resistance to countermeasures, irrespective of evasive target manoeuvers or deployment of countermeasures.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>dual use missile suitable for air-to-air and surface-to-air missions.</strong></li>
<li>It is powered by a solid propellant <strong>rocket engine.</strong> The propulsion system provides a <strong>speed of Mach 4</strong> and an operational<strong> range of more than 20 km.</strong></li>
<li>It is also equipped with<strong> lock-on-before launch (LOBL)</strong> and <strong>lock-on-after launch (LOAL) capabilities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Light Combat Aircraft Tejas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas</strong></a> is a <strong>single engined, light weight, highly agile, multi-role supersonic fighter.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> indigenously-developed aircraft</strong> has been <strong>manufactured at the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)</strong> and <strong>designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA)</strong> for the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy.</li>
<li>It is <strong>designed to carry</strong> a range of air-to-air, air-to-surface, precision-guided, weapons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Beyond Visual Range AAM</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A beyond-visual-range missile (BVR) is an air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) that is <strong>capable of engaging at ranges of 37 km or beyond.</strong> This range has been achieved using dual pulse rocket motors or booster rocket motors and ramjet sustainer motors.</li>
<li>In addition to the range capability, the missile is also capable of tracking its target at this range or of acquiring the target in flight.</li>
<li>Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) technology enables the fighter-pilots to shoot precisely at the enemy targets which are beyond their visual range.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/astra-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Astra missile</strong></a> works on BVRAAM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1714563" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8257,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Advanced Chaff Technology',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has developed an <strong>Advanced Chaff Technology </strong>to<strong> safeguard the naval ships against enemy missile attack.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is another step towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chaff is an <strong>electronic countermeasure technology</strong> used by militaries worldwide <strong>to protect naval ships</strong> or other sensitive targets <strong>from radar and radio frequency (RF)</strong> guiding mechanisms<strong> of the enemy missile.</strong></li>
<li>The chaff rockets deployed in the air<strong> reflect as multiple targets for the missile guidance systems</strong> and deflecting adversary missiles, thus protecting their own assets.</li>
<li><strong>DRDO</strong> has<strong> indigenously developed</strong> three variants of the critical technology namely <strong>Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR), Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR) and Long Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR). </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Difference between Chaff and Flares:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both <strong>chaff and flares are defensive countermeasures</strong> deployed by military aircraft. The purpose is<strong> to confuse radar-guided or infrared-guided anti aircraft missiles</strong> fired so that they could be diverted.</li>
<li><strong>Chaff</strong> is<strong> composed of many small aluminium or zinc coated fibres</strong> stored on-board the aircraft in tubes. In case the aircraft feels threatened by any radar tracking missiles, chaff is ejected into the turbulent wake of air behind the plane.</li>
<li><strong>Flares</strong> on being fired <strong>provide an alternate strong IR (Infrared) source</strong> to heat-seeking anti-air missiles so that they are lured away from the aircraft.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DRDO works under the <strong>administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.</strong></li>
<li>It is working to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1958</strong> after combining Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</li>
<li>It is responsible for carrying out <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Some Recent Tests by DRDO</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hypersonic-technology-demonstrator-vehicle-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/abhyas-high-speed-expendable-aerial-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Abhyas High-speed Expendable Aerial Target</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nag-missile-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Laser-Guided Anti Tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-attack-version-of-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BrahMos Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-system-drdo#:~:text=About%3A%20SMART%20is%20a%20missile,like%20a%20regular%20supersonic%20missile." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) system</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-radiation-missile-rudram-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rudram</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1709617" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8188,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Dhruv MK III: Advanced Light Helicopter',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Indian Naval Air Squadron (INAS) 323, the first unit of the indigenously built <strong>ALH (Advanced Light Helicopter) Dhruv Mk III aircraft</strong>, was commissioned into the Indian Navy.</p>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618905427_image%202.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618905427_image 2.png" width="450" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The indigenously designed and developed Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH-DHRUV) is a <strong>twin engine, multi-role, multi-mission new generation helicopter in the 5.5 ton weight class.</strong></li>
<li>It is a multi-role chopper with the <strong>Shakti engine</strong> manufactured by <strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>HAL is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defence company, headquartered in Bangalore, India. It is governed under the management of the Ministry of Defence.</li>
<li>HAL <strong>conceptualised the Advanced Light Helicopter programme</strong> in 1984. The major variants of Dhruv are classified as Dhruv Mk-I, Mk-II, Mk-III &amp; Mk-IV.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The aircraft, a step up from Mk 1, will be able to <strong>mitigate low visibility during search and rescue operations even at night.</strong></li>
<li>It has a 0.7 mm gun, which will give a huge capability from a <strong>LIMO (low intensity maritime operations)</strong> standpoint.</li>
<li>The <strong>automatic flight control system</strong> is hugely superior to the previous one.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mk III version of the ALH has an all glass cockpit and will be <strong>used for search and rescue, special operations and coastal surveillance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/first-unit-of-indigeneously-built-chopper-alh-inducted-into-navy-7280793/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7864,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has successfully conducted the test of the <strong>Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) technology,</strong> which is crucial for the indigenous development of long range air-to-air missiles.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) Technology:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SFDR technology is a missile propulsion system based on the concept of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hypersonic-technology-demonstrator-vehicle-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ramjet Engine</strong> </a>principle.</li>
<li>The system utilises a<strong> solid fuelled</strong> air-breathing ramjet engine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Unlike solid-propellant rockets, the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight. Thus, it is light in weight and can carry more fuel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>DRDO began developing SFDR first in 2017 and had conducted successful tests in 2018 and 2019 as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Successful demonstration of SFDR technology will enable DRDO to <strong>develop indigenous long range air-to-air missiles.</strong></li>
<li>At present, such technology is available only with a <strong>handful of countries in the world.</strong></li>
<li>Air-to-air missiles which use SFDR technology can <strong>achieve longer ranges</strong> as they <strong>do not require oxidisers</strong> (take oxygen from the atmosphere).</li>
<li>The missile based on SFDR <strong>fly at supersonic speeds and high manoeuvrability ensures</strong> the target aircraft cannot get away.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) works under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Defence, Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>It is working to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>It was established in 1958 after combining<strong> Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army</strong> and the<strong> Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP)</strong> with the <strong>Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</strong></li>
<li>It is responsible for carrying out <strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</strong></li>
<li>Some of the recent tests conducted by DRDO:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/helina-and-dhruvastra-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Helina and Dhruvastra: Anti-tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-anti-airfield-weapon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Anti Airfield Weapon</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/army-variant-of-mrsam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Army Variant of MRSAM</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-attack-version-of-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Land-attack Version of BrahMos Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile System</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/enhanced-version-of-pinaka-mk-1-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Enhanced Version of Pinaka Mk-1 Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nag-missile-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NAG Missile: Anti Tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ramjet</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A ramjet is a form of air-breathing jet engine that uses the vehicle&rsquo;s forward motion to compress incoming air for combustion without a rotating compressor.</li>
<li>Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds but they are not efficient at hypersonic speeds.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IGMDP was the brainchild of renowned scientist <a href="/blog/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was intended to <strong>attain self-sufficiency</strong> in the field of missile technology.</li>
<li>After keeping in mind the requirements of various types of missiles by the defense forces, the program recognized the need to develop five missile systems.</li>
<li>The IGMDP formally got the approval of Indian government on 26<sup>th</sup> July, 1983.</li>
<li>The missiles developed under IGMDP are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile &ndash; <strong>Prithvi</strong></li>
<li>Intermediate-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile &ndash; <strong>Agni</strong></li>
<li>Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile &ndash;<strong> Trishul</strong></li>
<li>Medium-range surface-to-air missile &ndash; <strong>Akash</strong></li>
<li>Third generation anti-tank missile &ndash; <strong>Nag</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1702670" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7739,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NAVDEX 21 and IDEX 21: UAE',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Indian Naval Ship (INS) Pralaya</strong> arrived at Abu Dhabi, UAE to participate in the <strong>NAVDEX 21 (Naval Defence Exhibition)</strong> and <strong>IDEX 21 (International Defence Exhibition),</strong> scheduled from 20 to 25 February 2021.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>INS Mysore</strong> (an indigenously built guided missile destroyer deployed in the Persian Gulf) is also participating in the exhibition.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About NAVDEX 21 and IDEX 21:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>IDEX</strong> and <strong>NAVDEX,</strong> and the <strong>International Defence Conference</strong> are<strong> organised by the Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company (ADNEC),</strong> in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense and the General Command of the UAE Armed Forces.</li>
<li>IDEX/NAVDEX <strong>takes place biennially.</strong> The exhibitions<strong> showcase the latest technologies and innovation</strong> in the global defence sector, support the growth of UAE&rsquo;s defence industry, and forge new relationships between major international companies.</li>
<li><strong>IDEX</strong> is the only international defence exhibition and conference in the<strong> MENA region</strong> demonstrating the latest technology across land, sea and air sectors of defence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>MENA Region:</strong> MENA is an acronym for the <strong>Middle East and North Africa region</strong> and includes <strong>approximately 19 countries.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The MENA region accounts for approximately 6% of the world's population, 60% of the world's oil reserves, and 45% of the world's natural gas reserves.</li>
<li>Countries are Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>INS Pralaya:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>INS Pralaya, a ship of the indigenously built <strong>Prabal Class Missile Vessels,</strong> was commissioned in the Indian Navy in 2002.</li>
<li>The ship, built indigenously at Goa Shipyard Limited, bears testimony to capabilities of the Indian shipbuilding industry and is a versatile platform capable of performing a wide variety of surface warfare missions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India and UAE Defence Relations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Defence relations between <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-uae-meet-on-investments" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and UAE</strong></a> have been steadily growing since the upgradation of bilateral relations to a<strong> &lsquo;Comprehensive Strategic Partnership&rsquo;</strong> in 2017. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the <strong>Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi</strong> (capital of UAE), was a <strong>Chief Guest at India&rsquo;s Republic Day celebrations</strong> in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Towards enhancing interactions between the two navies, the inaugural edition of<strong> Indian &amp; UAE Navy bilateral exercise GULF STAR-1</strong> was conducted in March 2018. The <strong>next edition</strong> of the exercise is likely to be conducted in <strong>2021.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India's Defence Exhibitions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>DefExpo:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/defexpo-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>11<sup>th</sup> edition of DefExpo</strong></a> was held for the first time in Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) in 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It's a flagship biennial event of the Ministry of Defence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aero India:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aero-india-2021-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>13<sup>th</sup> edition of the Aero India</strong> </a>show was held at Bengaluru&rsquo;s Yelahanka Air Force Station (Karnataka).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aero India is a biennial international military and civil airshow.</li>
<li>It is a premier event that draws international and Indian military and civil aircraft makers, their support industries, military brass and government dignitaries, and business visitors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1699469" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7697,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Arjun MBT MK-1A',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India has handed over the indigenously developed <strong>Arjun Main Battle Tank (MBT) MK-1A</strong> to the Indian Army.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613463528_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1613463528_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> The Arjun MBT Project was initiated by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong> </a><strong>(DRDO)</strong> in 1972 with the <strong>Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE)</strong> as its lead laboratory.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To create a &ldquo;state-of-the-art tank with superior fire power, high mobility, and excellent protection".</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of the Arjun Tank:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Arjun MBT is equipped with an indigenously developed <strong>120mm main rifled gun</strong> with <strong>Fin Stabilised Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS)</strong> ammunition.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>FSAPDS</strong> is capable of destroying all known tank armour up to direct shooting range.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also has a <strong>computer-controlled integrated fire control system</strong> with stabilised sighting that works in all lighting conditions.</li>
<li>The secondary weapons include a coaxial 7.62-mm machine gun for anti-personnel and a 12.7-mm machine gun for anti-aircraft and ground targets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mk1A and MkII:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The development of Arjun Mk1 was followed by improved variants - Mk1A and MkII.</li>
<li>Arjun Mk1A, which features improved<strong> firepower and transmission systems,</strong> completed the final integration tests in 2019 and was cleared for production.</li>
<li>The Arjun MkII variant is a light-weight <strong>Futuristic Main Battle Tank (FMBT)</strong> with electro-optical sensors and high-power lasers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of Mk-1A:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Mk-1A version has 14 major upgrades on the earlier version. It is also supposed to have<strong> missile firing capability</strong> as per the design.</li>
<li>However, the biggest achievement with the latest version is<strong> 54.3% indeginous content</strong> against the <strong>41% in the earlier model.</strong></li>
<li>The newly developed <strong>Kanchan</strong> modular composite armour gives all-round protection to the tank from anti-tank ammunition. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kanchan has been manufactured by <strong>Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL)</strong> - a DRDO Laboratory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DRDO works to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides India&rsquo;s Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>DRDO was established in 1958 after combining Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</li>
<li>DRDO works under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-arjun-main-battle-tank-mk-1a-7188226/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7628,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Three New Fighter Jets',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the Ministry of Defence, <strong>three new fighter</strong> jets will be flying by 2026, of which <strong>two will be for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Air Force</a></strong> and <strong>one for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navy-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Navy</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This includes a new <strong>LCA (the Mk-2 version)</strong> and <strong>AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft)</strong> for the Air Force and the <strong>TEDBF (Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter)</strong> for the Navy.</li>
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS)</strong></a> had cleared a deal worth Rs. 48,000 crore for the acquisition of 83 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lca-tejas-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tejas Light Combat Aircraft</strong></a> (Mk-1A and Mk-1 versions) for the Indian Air Force.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mk-2:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595762_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595762_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>4.5 generation aircraft</strong> which will be used by the<strong> Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a replacement for the <strong>Mirage 2000 class of aircraft.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has got a bigger engine and can carry <strong>6.5 tonnes of payload.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The technology is already developed in<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-medium-combat-aircraft" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)</a>.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme began in the 1980s</strong> to replace India's ageing MiG-21 fighters.</li>
<li><strong>Following the Mk-1A is the Mk-2</strong> which will provide a high degree of manoeuverability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The roll-out is planned for 2022 and first flight by 2023 and production of the Mk-2 version by 2026.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595798_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595798_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="500" height="624" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> fifth generation aircraft.</strong> And will be used by the <strong>Indian Air Force.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> stealth aircraft,</strong> i.e. designed for stealth and unlike the LCA, which is designed for maneuverability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has a <strong>unique shape to achieve low radar cross-section</strong> and has got internal carriage of weapons.</li>
<li>When the external weapons are removed, this aircraft has enough fuel and weapons inside to do a very capable operational role in stealth mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Range:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have a range from over<strong> 1,000 km up to 3,000 km</strong> in different modes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Variants and Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has<strong> two variants Mk-1 and Mk-2,</strong> While <strong>AMCA Mk-1 will have an imported engine,</strong> same as LCA Mk-2, the <strong>AMCA Mk-2 will have an indigenous engine. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first flight is expected in 2024-25, followed by trials and tests. It will be in full production by 2029.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Twin-Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TEDBF):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595836_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612595836_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This fighter will be manufactured for the Navy.</li>
<li>It will replace the Navy's <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-defence-weapons-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MiG-29</a>K.</strong></li>
<li>It will be the<strong> first twin engine aircraft project in India</strong> that too for dedicated carrier based operations.</li>
<li>It will operate from the <strong>INS Vikramaditya</strong> and the upcoming indigenous aircraft carrier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weapons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The aircraft will be equipped<strong> predominantly with domestic weapons. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Size and Capacity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will have<strong> a maximum mach number of 1.6,</strong> service ceiling of 60,000 feet, maximum<strong> take off weight of 26 tons,</strong> unfolded wing span of 11.2 meters, folded wing span of 7.2 and and a <strong>length of 16.3 meters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Engine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While the engine configuration has not been disclosed, it could well use the same engines that power the <strong>LCA Tejas aircraft.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Induction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be induced in the Navy by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>INS Vikramaditya</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INS Vikramaditya is the country&rsquo;s<strong> most powerful aircraft carrier.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>built in 1987.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Indian navy purchased the vessel in 2004</strong> and commissioned it in November 2013 at Severodvinsk in Russia.</li>
<li>It was retrofitted with a<strong> Barak missile</strong> system under joint development with Israel.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7615,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Smart Walls For Borders',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an alternative <strong>Smart Wall</strong> has been proposed to replace the physical and armed patrolling with advanced surveillance technology at the <strong>USA-Mexico border</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in 2019, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-emergency-declared-in-united-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>USA declared a national emergency</strong></a> to fund construction of a border wall along the USA-Mexico Border citing "invasion" of drugs and criminals from Mexico.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612504380_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612504380_image1.png" style="float: right; margin: 10px;" caption="false" width="416" height="212" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Smart Wall:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is no one single definition for this recently-conceived solution, however It is <strong>a collection of discrete technologies</strong> that work together to prevent illegal entry, smuggling, and all the various threats posed by a porous border.</li>
<li>It uses <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sea-guardian-drones-from-us" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drones</a>, scanners,</strong> and <strong>sensors</strong> to create a <strong>technological barrier</strong> too high to climb over, too wide to go around, and too deep to burrow under.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Using <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet-of-Things</a> (IoT)</strong> technologies like in-ground sensors, security cameras and software solutions, a smart wall could <strong>empower border officials with enhanced situational awareness</strong> to prevent illicit activity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of Smart Wall:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Reduces Cost:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A smart wall can accomplish the same goals as a physical wall with a much smaller price.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decreases Deployment Time:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Physical boundaries take years to build but smart border technology is ready to go.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Maintenance Costs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Unlike a physical barrier, a smart wall would <strong>allow border security officials to continuously adjust tactics to changing conditions</strong>.</li>
<li>Ground sensors and IoT devices are <strong>quick and easy to deploy and inexpensive to move and update</strong>.</li>
<li>They require only a <strong>fraction of the costs to maintain,</strong> and can be implemented gradually and as needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decreases Environmental Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A smart wall raises <strong>minimal environmental concerns,</strong> allowing wildlife and rainwater to pass freely through the area.</li>
<li>Most smart devices can tell the difference between people and animals, <strong>alerting officers when a human attempts to cross the border illegally</strong> while leaving wildlife alone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overcomes the Limitations of Terrain:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rough terrain is difficult to patrol, which could leave portions of the wall vulnerable to breaches.</li>
<li>Digital technology, however, allows for <strong>enhanced surveillance across vast terrain</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Devices</strong> like cameras and in-ground sensors <strong>allow patrolmen to survey hundreds of miles at once,</strong> and take informed action should the need arise.</li>
<li><strong>Real-time alerts</strong> make it easy to respond to activity from immigrants approaching the border or to a lost hiker looking for supplies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduces Land Requirement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To construct a border wall, the government would need to seize property from local landowners.</li>
<li>However, Small and relatively non-invasive, smart wall technologies would require far fewer land seizures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612504653_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1612504653_image2.png" width="557" height="346" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need of Smart Wall in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A critical factor that must be considered to enable the usage of such a system along Indian borders is that the<strong> terrain in the region is rugged, and, furthermore, not even clearly defined</strong>.</li>
<li>Such a system, even if not feasible for India&rsquo;s long boundaries, may still be <strong>deployed to enhance critical security establishments</strong> of the country and complement the already existing physical fencing and walls.</li>
<li>It is <strong>imperative for Indian armed forces to be well equipped and simultaneously have the latest technological</strong> advantage over its enemies.</li>
<li>Experts should explore this idea to <strong>effectively counter the problem of border infiltration</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Smart Fencing in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two pilot projects covering about 71 Kms on Indo-Pakistan Border (10 Kms) and Indo-Bangladesh Border (61 Kms) of <strong>Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS)</strong> have been completed.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>CIBMS involves deployment of a range of state-of-the-art surveillance technologies &mdash; <strong>thermal imagers, infra-red and laser-based intruder alarms, aerostats for aerial surveillance, unattended ground sensors</strong> that can help detect intrusion bids, <strong>radars, sonar systems</strong> to secure riverine borders, <strong>fibre-optic sensors</strong> and a command and control system that shall receive data from all surveillance devices in real time.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bold-qit-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BOLD-QIT</a></strong> (Border Electronically Dominated QRT Interception Technique) under CIBMS on Indo- Bangladesh border in Dhubri district of Assam is also being used.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/smart-walls-for-indian-borders/article33744239.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7531,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Smart Anti Airfield Weapon',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has conducted a successful trial of the<strong> indigenously developed Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW)</strong> off the Odisha coast from the Hawk-I jet of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This was the<strong> ninth successful test</strong> of the system<strong> conducted over the last five years.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> The system <strong>belongs to the glide bomb category</strong> and its <strong>development began around 2012-13,</strong> with crucial inputs from the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Air Force (IAF)</strong></a> and the <strong>first test</strong> was carried out in<strong> 2016. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Manufactured by:</strong> DRDO&rsquo;s Research Centre Imarat (RCI) Hyderabad.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The weapon is designed to strike ground targets, especially adversary airfield infrastructure or similar strategically important installations.</li>
<li>This is a <strong>125-kilogram</strong> class smart weapon, capable of engaging ground enemy airfield assets such as radars, bunkers, taxi tracks, and runways, up to a <strong>range of 100 kilometres.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> high precision guided bomb is lightweight</strong> compared to weapon systems of the same class.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Development:</strong> The test of SAAW comes months after<strong> another weapon system designed to target enemy radar and communication assets, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-radiation-missile-rudram-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rudram</a>,</strong> was tested in October 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rudram,</strong> an air-to-surface missile, has been developed <strong>to primarily to enhance the Suppression of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD) capability of the IAF</strong> and can detect, track and neutralise the radar, communication assets and other radio frequency sources belonging to the adversary, which are generally their air defence systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1691176" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'S-400 Triumf Missile System',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The first group of Indian military specialists are scheduled to depart for Moscow (Russia) soon to undergo training courses on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-going-ahead-with-purchase-of-S-400-air-defence-systems" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>S-400 Triumf missile defence system.</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611225126_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611225126_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In October <strong>2018, India signed a 5.43 billion USD deal with Russia</strong> for the<strong> S-400 Triumf missile system despite</strong> objections from the US and the threat of sanctions under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/u-s-a-s-position-on-caatsa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Countering America&rsquo;s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</strong> </a>(CAATSA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the S-400 Triumf Missile System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The S-400 Triumf is a mobile, surface-to-air missile system (SAM) designed by Russia. It is the most dangerous operationally deployed modern long-range SAM (MLR SAM) in the world, considered much ahead of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-opposition-to-thaad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>US-developed Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system (THAAD)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The system<strong> can engage all types of aerial targets</strong> including aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and ballistic and cruise missiles within the range of 400km, at an altitude of up to 30km.</li>
<li>The system <strong>can track 100 airborne targets and engage six of them simultaneously.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>From India&rsquo;s point of view,<strong> China is also buying the system.</strong> In 2015, China signed an agreement with Russia to purchase six battalions of the system. Its delivery began in January 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China&rsquo;s acquisition of the S-400 system has been viewed as a &ldquo;game changer&rdquo; in the region. However, its effectiveness against India is limited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s acquisition is <strong>crucial to counter attacks in a two-front war,</strong> including even high-end F-35 US fighter aircraft.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India Russia Defence Cooperation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Important Pillar:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Defence cooperation is an important pillar of the<strong> India-Russia strategic partnership. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regular Meetings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> two Defence Ministers meet annually,</strong> alternately in Russia and India, to discuss and review the status of ongoing projects and other issues of military technical cooperation.</li>
<li>In 2008, the <strong>High Level Monitoring Committee</strong> (HLMC) was set up with<strong> Defence Secretary</strong> from the Ministry of Defence (India) and <strong>Director of Federal Service</strong> for Military Technical Cooperation (FSMTC - Russia) as its co-chairs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Downturn:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While India and Russia&rsquo;s economic relationship has been a weak point in the <strong>post-Cold War period,</strong> the US emerged as the top arms supplier to India, pushing Russia to the second position based on data for the years 2011-13.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The low of 2013-14 has since been corrected and the crucial deal of S-400 Triumf Air Defence Missile System was initiated despite fears of sanctions under CAATSA.</li>
<li>As India has been spreading its supplier base with Israel, US and France, Russia still remains a major supplier. This is indicated by following latest developments:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has approved proposals to acquire<strong> Mig29</strong> and <strong>Su30 MKI</strong> fighter aircraft from Russia for 2.4 billion USD.</li>
<li>The two sides are successfully moving towards the implementation of a <strong>AK-203 rifle contract</strong> and <strong>200 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kamov-226t-utility-helicopters" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ka-226T utility helicopters</a></strong> supplies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-military-equipment-of-russian-origin#:~:text=Stockholm%20International%20Peace%20Research%20Institute,India%20in%20the%20same%20period." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>According to a paper published</strong></a> by<strong> Stimson Center,</strong> 86% of the equipment, weapons and platforms currently in military service in India are of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/recalibration-of-india-russia-ties" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Russian</a></strong> origin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>From Imports to Joint Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the years, cooperation in the military technical sphere has evolved from a <strong>purely buyer-seller relationship to joint research, design development and production</strong> of state of the art military platforms. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Production of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Brahmos cruise missile</strong></a> is an example of this trend.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Joint Exercises:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indra-2020-to-be-held-in-andaman-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exercise INDRA</strong></a>, is a joint, tri services exercise between India and Russia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Russia's Military Equipment Deployed by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Navy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Navy's only active aircraft carrier<strong> INS Vikramaditya</strong> is from Russia. A <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-russia-nuclear-attack-submarine-deal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">nuclear attack submarine</a> Chakra II</strong> is also in service.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Army:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Army&rsquo;s<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mine-ploughs-on-t-90-tanks" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> T-90</strong></a> and <strong>T-72</strong> main battle tanks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Air Force:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IAF&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sukhoi-30-mki-equipped-with-the-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Su30</strong></a> MKI fighter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-military-personnel-for-moscow-soon-for-s-400-training/article33612314.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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