State PCS - Maharashtra (MPSC)

• 15 Jul 2025

Maharashtra Reverses Hindi Language Mandate

Why in News?  

The Maharashtra government scrapped its government resolutions (GRs) mandating Hindi as a compulsory third language from Grades 1 to 5 in Marathi and English medium schools.  

• The government has appointed a committee under renowned economist Dr. Narendra Jadhav to study the three-language policy. 

Key Points 

• About the Issue: 
  • On 16 April 2025, the state government mandated Hindi as the third language from Grades 1 to 5 in all English and Marathi-medium State Board schools, citing alignment with NEP 2020 and the State Education Framework 2024. 
  • Though the move was in line with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which promotes multilingualism through the three-language formula, it was withdrawn due to concerns over linguistic identity, cultural hegemony, and the feasibility of implementation. 
• Provisions on Language under NEP 2020: 
  • Medium of Instruction: NEP 2020 recommends using the mother tongue, local, or regional language as the medium of instruction at least till Grade 5, and preferably till Grade 8 and beyond. 
    • It also promotes bilingual teaching, encouraging the use of the home language or mother tongue alongside English, especially in the early years of schooling. 
    • However, the 8th All India School Education Survey (AISES), by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), shows a decline in the use of mother tongue as the medium of instruction.  
      • At the primary stage, 86.62% of schools used the mother tongue in 2009, down from 92.07% in 2002. 
      • The drop is seen in both rural (from 92.39% to 87.56%) and urban areas (from 90.39% to 80.99%). 
  • Multilingualism: The three-language formula under NEP 2020 marks a shift from the earlier NEP 1968. 
    • NEP 1968 prescribed Hindi, English, and a modern Indian language (preferably a southern language) in Hindi-speaking states, and Hindi, English, and a regional language in non-Hindi-speaking states. 
    • In contrast, NEP 2020 allows greater flexibility and clearly states that no language will be imposed on any state. 
    • It also encourages the inclusion of classical languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam within the three-language formula. 
  • Foreign Languages: NEP 2020 allows students to learn foreign languages like Korean, Japanese, French, German, and Spanish at the secondary level. 
    • As per CBSE guidelines, students will study two Indian languages till Class 10, and can choose one Indian and one foreign language in Classes 11 and 12.

Note: The Kothari Commission (1964–66) proposed the three-language formula to promote national integration and cultural exchange through a common educational framework. This was later adopted in the National Policy on Education, 1968. 

• Issues in Implementing the Three Language Policy: 
  • Federal Concerns: Since education falls under the Concurrent List, imposing Hindi without state consultation raises concerns about federal overreach. 
    • The Three-Language Policy has faced criticism for allegedly promoting Hindi at the expense of regional languages. 
    • Tamil Nadu, influenced by the Dravidian movement, adopted a two-language policy (Tamil and English) in 1968, rejecting the central formula. 
    • This stance remains firm, and in 2019, Tamil Nadu’s opposition led to the removal of mandatory Hindi from the draft NEP 2020. 
  • Deviation from NEP 2020 Intent: NEP 2020 primarily emphasizes learning in the mother tongue (referred to as ‘R1’) and an additional second language (R2- a language other than R1), not three languages, in early years. 
  • Cultural and Societal Concerns: Civil society groups argue that compulsory Hindi could discourage the use of tribal and minority languages. 
    • Critics have termed it a "backdoor imposition of Hindi", raising concerns over a lack of transparency in decision-making. 
    • They also highlight that some state-level Hindi policies were introduced without proper consultation with language experts or public stakeholders. 
  • Administrative and Infrastructure Issues: Many rural schools lack qualified teachers for all three languages, leading to uneven quality of instruction. 
    • Developing age-appropriate and integrated curricula for three languages at the foundational level is a major challenge. 
    • This often overburdens students and teachers, resulting in rote learning and poor comprehension. 

Constitutional Provisions Regarding Language

Provisions	Explanation
Article 29	Protects the right of citizens to conserve their distinct language and culture.
Article 343	Declares Hindi in Devanagari script as the official language of the Union; allows continued use of English for official purposes for 15 years from 1950 (later extended by legislation).
Article 346	Governs the official language for communication between states and with the Union. Hindi may be used if the states involved agree.
Article 347	Allows the President to recognize a language as an official language of a state or part thereof, if a substantial section of the population demands it.
Article 350A	Directs states to provide primary education in the mother tongue for linguistic minority children.
Article 350B	Provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities, appointed by the President, to report on the implementation of safeguards for linguistic minorities.
Article 351	Obligates the Union to promote Hindi while enriching it with elements from other Indian languages.
Eighth Schedule	Lists 22 officially recognized languages, including Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, and others, referred to as "Scheduled Languages."

Maratha Military Landscapes Added to UNESCO World Heritage List

Why in News?  

At the 47th Session of the World Heritage Committee, India’s official nomination for the 2024–25 cycle, ‘Maratha Military Landscapes of India,’ was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, making it India’s 44th World Heritage Site. 

• It followed the 2024 inscription of the Moidams of Charaideo, Assam.  

Key Points 

About Maratha Military Landscape 

• About: The Maratha Military Landscapes of India include 12 major forts, mostly in Maharashtra and one in Tamil Nadu, built or expanded between the late 17th and early 19th centuries.  
  • Strategically located in coastal and hilly areas, the forts formed a strong defence system that supported Maratha military power, trade, and territorial control.  
• 12 Major Forts: 
  • Maharashtra: Salher, Shivneri, Lohgad, Khanderi, Raigad, Rajgad, Pratapgad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala, Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg 
  • Tamil Nadu: Gingee Fort 
• Classification by Terrain:  
  • Hill Forts: Salher, Shivneri, Lohgad, Raigad, Rajgad, Gingee. 
  • Hill-Forest Fort: Pratapgad. 
  • Hill-Plateau Fort: Panhala. 
  • Coastal Fort: Vijaydurg. 
  • Island Forts: Khanderi, Suvarnadurg, Sindhudurg. 
• Protection: 8 forts (Shivneri, Lohgad, Raigad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala, Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg, and Gingee) are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). 
  • 4 forts (Salher, Rajgad, Khanderi, and Pratapgarh) are under the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Maharashtra. 
• World Heritage Site Recognition:  The Maratha Military Landscape was nominated under UNESCO criteria (iv) and (vi) for its architectural, technological, and cultural significance, as well as its links to historic events.  
  • Such inscriptions aim to protect and promote heritage with Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) across 196 countries. 

About UNESCO World Heritage Selection Criteria 

• Criteria for Selection: To be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, a place must have OUV and meet at least one of the ten selection criteria. These are outlined in the Operational Guidelines, which serve as the main reference for implementing the World Heritage Convention.  
  • Originally, there were six cultural and four natural criteria, but since 2005, a single unified set of ten criteria is used. The guidelines are updated regularly to reflect changes in how heritage is understood and protected. 
  • After selecting a site from the Tentative List, the State submits a detailed nomination file. The World Heritage Centre reviews it before sending it for evaluation. 
• Evaluation: A nominated property is independently evaluated by Advisory Bodies mandated by the World Heritage Convention: ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites), IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 
  • ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), an intergovernmental organization that provides the Committee with expert advice on cultural site conservation and training activities. 
• Inscription: After evaluation, the World Heritage Committee meets annually to decide on site inscriptions. It may also defer decisions and seek more information from States Parties. 
  • India became a member of the World Heritage Committee from 2021-25. 

Note: UNESCO, through the 1972 World Heritage Convention, helps countries identify and protect cultural and natural heritage sites. India joined the Convention in 1977 (a total of 196 countries have ratified the 1972 World Heritage Convention).  

• Every year, each State Party may propose just one site for consideration of the World Heritage Committee for inscription to the World Heritage List. 
• India ranks 6th globally and 2nd in the Asia-Pacific for the highest number of World Heritage Sites. With 62 sites on its Tentative List of the World Heritage, which is a mandatory threshold for any site to be considered as a World Heritage property in the future.