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Wages for Housework

Why in News Recently, a political party of Tamil Nadu has promised salaries to housewives as a part of its electoral campaign. A report by the...

09 Jan 2021 Role of Women
Water, Sanitation & Women’s Rights

This article is based on “Women must be centre-stage in water and sanitation” which was published in The Hindustan Times on 31/12/2020....

01 Jan 2021 Role of Women
Data on Police Organisations: BPRD

Why in News Recently, the Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPRD) has released data on police organisations. It shows different aspects...

30 Dec 2020 Role of Women
Marital Rape in India

This article is based on “The impunity of marital rape” which was published in The Indian Express on 18/12/2020. It talks about the...

22 Dec 2020 Role of Women
Inter-Faith Marriage & Personal Liberty

This article is based on “UP anti-conversion law pushes women back under parental and community control” which was published in The...

18 Dec 2020 Role of Women
Government Order for PC of Women in Army

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Defence has issued the formal Government Sanction Letter for grant of Permanent Commission (PC) to Women...

24 Jul 2020 Role of Women
International Nurses Day

Why in News The International Nurses Day is annually observed on May 12. May 12 was chosen for celebrating the day as it is the birth anniversary...

12 May 2020 Role of Women
Permanent Mission to UN

Why in News India has appointed T S Tirumurti as its Permanent Representative to the United Nations (UN). Key Points Permanent Mission to the...

01 May 2020 Role of Women
Permanent Commission for Women in Indian Navy

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court upheld the right of serving Short Service Commission (SSC) women officers of the Navy to be granted...

18 Mar 2020 Role of Women
National Conference on Women in Police and CAPFs

Why in News Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) organised the National Conference on Women in Police and Central Armed Police...

09 Mar 2020 Role of Women
KIRAN Scheme

Why in News The Knowledge Involvement in Research Advancement through Nurturing (KIRAN) Scheme is one of the several pioneering initiatives started...

09 Mar 2020 Role of Women
National Organic Food Festival

Why in News The Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) with the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD) will host the first National...

15 Feb 2020 Role of Women
Command Posts for Women in Army

Why in news The Supreme Court (SC) has asked the Central Government to accommodate women at command post in non-combat services like National Cadet...

06 Feb 2020 Role of Women
Women Startup Summit 2019

The Kerala Startup Mission (KSUM) is to host the Women Startup Summit in association with the Indian Women Network of Confederation of Indian...

10 Jul 2019 Role of Women
Women’s Reservation Bill

This editorial is based on article “Seriousness about Women’s Reservation Bill must show in electoral representation” which...

18 Apr 2019 Role of Women
Migration and Remittances: The Gender Angle

(The editorial is based on the article “Migration and remittances: The gender angle” which appeared in BusinessLine for 26th February...

26 Feb 2019 Role of Women
What Stops Rural Women from Getting Involved in Entrepreneurship?

(The editorial is based on the article “What stops rural women from getting involved in entrepreneurship?” which appeared in Indian...

22 Feb 2019 Role of Women
How Gender-sensitive Are India’s Energy Policies?

(This editorial is based on the article “How Gender-sensitive Are India’s Energy Policies?” which appeared in EPW for 19th...

09 Feb 2019 Role of Women
Savitri Bai Phule

Recently 187th birth anniversary of Savitri Bai Phule was celebrated. Savitri Bai Phule was the social reformer of the 19th century who worked in...

12 Jan 2019 Role of Women
The Big Picture - Women in Combat Role

Army Chief General Bipin Rawat has recently said there are women officers engaged in exercises like mining and demining operations and also manning...

03 Jan 2019 Role of Women

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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Wages for Housework',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a political party of Tamil Nadu has promised salaries to housewives as a part of its electoral campaign.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A report by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organization (ILO)</strong></a> in 2018 shows that, globally, women perform 76.2% of total hours of unpaid care work, more than three times as much as men. In Asia and the Pacific, this figure rises to 80%.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Wages for Housework Movement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>International Wages for Housework Campaign</strong> started in <strong>Italy in 1972</strong> as a feminist movement that <strong>highlighted the role of gendered labour in the home and its connection to the production of surplus value under capitalism. </strong>The movement further spread to Britain and America.</li>
<li>Alongside other demands for<strong> social and political equality,</strong> women&rsquo;s rights campaigners made visible and also politicised <strong>women&rsquo;s everyday experience of housework and child care</strong> in the &lsquo;private&rsquo; realm of the household.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scenario in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>In 2010,</strong> an application by the <strong>National Housewives Association,</strong> seeking recognition as a trade union was rejected by the deputy registrar of trade unions on the ground that housework is not a trade or an industry.</li>
<li><strong>In 2012,</strong> the then minister for Women and Child development announced that the <strong>government was considering mandating a salary for housework to wives, from husbands.</strong> The purpose was to <strong>empower women financially and help them live with dignity.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The proposal never materialised and with the change in the government in 2014, <strong>the idea was put to rest.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Housework demands effort and sacrifice, <strong>365 days a year, 24/7.</strong> Despite this, a huge proportion of <strong>Indian women are not treated equal to men.</strong></li>
<li>A large number of women live with <strong>domestic violence and cruelty because they are economically dependent on others,</strong> mainly their husbands.</li>
<li>Time-use data from 2019 gathered by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Sample Survey Organisation</strong> </a>revealed that only about a quarter of men and boys above six years engaged in unpaid household chores, compared to over four-fifths of women. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Every day, an average<strong> Indian male spends 1.5 hours per day</strong> in unpaid domestic work, compared to about<strong> five hours by a female.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments in Favour of Household Wage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>More Accurate National Income Accounting:</strong> Domestic labour of women is not accounted for in either the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong></a> or the employment metrics. Neglecting to include it would thus mean underestimating GDP of the economy.</li>
<li><strong>Makes Woman Autonomous and Controls Domestic Violence:</strong> The wage that the state ought to pay women would make them autonomous of the men on whom they were dependent. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most women continue in an abusive relationship because they don&rsquo;t have a way out, as they are financially dependent on their partner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Redefines the Role of Women:</strong> More fundamentally, the very demand for a wage was a repudiation of housework as an expression of women&rsquo;s nature. It was a revolt against the assigned social role of women.</li>
<li><strong>Welfare of a large Segment of Population:</strong> According to the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Census</a> in 2011,</strong> people engaged in household duties have been treated as non-workers, even when <strong>159.9 million women stated that &ldquo;household work&rdquo; was their main occupation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Recognition as the first step to Equality:</strong> Recognition of household work is one of the most central processes in empowerment. It gives them a claim to equality within the patriarchal Indian household that only recognises the work done by men.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Once recognised as work, this arena of unpaid domestic labour that is dominated almost entirely by women can become one where <strong>women can demand some degree of parity in terms of the time and energy expended on it.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Time Poverty: C</strong>ombining paid work commitments with a mountain of menial, domestic labour at home means <strong>poor women are more likely to suffer from &lsquo;time poverty&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Time poverty fundamentally <strong>undermines women&rsquo;s human rights</strong> since it undermines women&rsquo;s agency and ability to make choices. The immense burden of work therefore <strong>prevents women from pursuing further education, employment opportunities, raising their skill-level and tending to their own well-being.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Against Household Wage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increased Responsibility:</strong> Asking men to pay for wives&rsquo; domestic work could further enhance their sense of entitlement. It may also put the additional onus on women to perform.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthen the Position of Men:</strong> Buying domestic labour from wife poses a serious risk of formalising the patriarchal Indian family where the position of men stems from their being &ldquo;providers&rdquo; in the relationship.</li>
<li><strong>Acceptance and application:</strong> Despite a legal provision, equal inheritance rights continue to be elusive for a majority of women.</li>
<li><strong>Burden on Government:</strong> There are still debates on who would pay for the housework done by women, if it is to be done by the State then this will put additional fiscal burden on government finances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>We need to <strong>strengthen awareness, implementation and utilisation of other existing provisions.</strong> Starting from the right to reside in the<strong> marital home, to streedhan and haq meher, to coparcenary and inheritance rights as daughters and to basic services, free legal aid and maintenance</strong> in instances of violence and divorce.</li>
<li>Women should be<strong> encouraged and helped</strong> to<strong> reach their full potential</strong> through <strong>quality education, access and opportunities of work,</strong> gender-sensitive and harassment-free workplaces and attitudinal and behaviour change within families to make household chores more participative.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/housewives-income-moeny-patriarchy-arpan-tulsyan-7138881/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7350,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Water, Sanitation & Women’s Rights',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/women-must-be-centre-stage-in-water-and-sanitation/story-rpOxhFPp8A1IEeA9ucjR2J.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>&ldquo;Women must be centre-stage in water and sanitation&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on 31/12/2020. It talks about the interlinkages between water, sanitation &amp; women&rsquo;s rights.</p>
</div>
<p>The right to water and sanitation is recognised as fundamental to attaining all other human rights. However, globally, 2.1 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water at home, and 2.3 billion do not have basic sanitation and 1 billion still practice open defecation.</p>
<p>Amongst this, women are the most vulnerable section. Women and girls are disproportionately affected by the lack of access to essential water, sanitation and hygiene facilities.</p>
<p>Women are largely responsible for household water, sanitation and hygiene management; they bear a disproportionate burden when these basic services are lacking, and face health, security and psychological vulnerabilities due to inadequate access and decision-making control.</p>
<p>Therefore, access to water and sanitation, if delivered well, empowers women economically and socially. Done poorly, it may undermine women&rsquo;s position at home and in the community.</p>
<h3>Interconnection: Water, Sanitation &amp; Hygiene With Women&rsquo;s Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Women&rsquo;s Water-Fetching Responsibility:</strong> Women and girls are responsible for fetching water in most households where a drinking water source is off-premises.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This practice has implications for women&rsquo;s health, workloads, and caloric expenditure.</li>
<li>When girls carry water over long distances, the time available to them to pursue education is reduced.</li>
<li>Water-fetching responsibilities also add to the burden of <strong>unpaid domestic work,</strong> decrease time towards other income-generating activities, and affect leisure and nonessential activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sanitation Access and Gender-Based Violence:</strong> There is enough evidence of sanitation-related gender-based violence, highlighting a range of vulnerabilities women and girls face who are forced to defecate openly.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This leads to the fear of sexual violence that can restrict freedom of movement and affect equal opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women&rsquo;s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Needs:</strong> Women have an increased need for water for hydration, sanitation and hygiene during menstruation, pregnancy, the postnatal period, and caring for sick family members or young children. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When these basic needs are not met, women and girls are unable to participate equally in society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Linkage With SDGs:</strong> The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong> </a>make an essential initial step in connecting water, sanitation and hygiene (SDG 6) and gender equality and empowerment (SDG 5) through target 6.2.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Target 6.2 of SDG emphasises<strong> &lsquo;access to equitable sanitation and hygiene and women and girls&rsquo;</strong> needs.</li>
<li>Further, SDG 10 aims to<strong> reduce inequalities within and between countries.</strong> Equal access to clean water and sanitation is critical to reducing overall disparities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of Women&rsquo;s Participation in Decision-making:</strong> The central role of women and girls in the procurement and management of water, sanitation and hygiene at the household level is recognised. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, women&rsquo;s water, sanitation &amp; hygiene governance and household decision-making control over such resources are scarce.</li>
<li>For example, women not being consulted in decisions taken on sanitation-related matters such as the building and using toilets. It also fails to take into account the prevalent socio-cultural norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Data:</strong> Measurement of the burden placed on women and girls, the opportunity costs of these burdens, and female empowerment related to water, sanitation and hygiene decision-making and autonomy are limited.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Adequate Infrastructure:</strong> In many parts of India (especially in rural India) water, sanitation and hygiene in health-care facilities are far from adequate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In schools, the lack of necessary infrastructure, privacy, spaces, materials and guidance to manage menstruation has been associated with harassment, sexual exploitation, psychosocial impacts, decreased school attendance rates and drop-out for girls.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender-Neutral Approach:</strong> There is a need for the political imperative to recognise that both women and men&rsquo;s involvement are integral to sustainable water, sanitation, and hygiene management.</li>
<li><strong>Policy Framework for Women Leadership:</strong> Women&rsquo;s leadership and decision making power in water and sanitation is critical. Therefore, enabling policy frameworks backed by resources, training and political will, are vital to developing and sustaining women&rsquo;s leadership in the water sector at the local, national and global level.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, there is a need to invest in developing the next generation of water, sanitation and hygiene leaders, by collaborating with colleges, water utilities and districts, using experiential learning, internships and interacting with experts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sustained Focus on Swachh Bharat Mission:</strong> The rallying call of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) campaign of &ldquo;Satyagraha se Swachhagraha&rdquo; has led to the significant change in sanitation habits in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The next SBM phase should envisage finding solutions for sustained behaviour change, addressing women and their hygiene needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Society:</strong> As the women already spend 2.6 times more hours than men on unpaid activities, including caregiving and domestic work. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Citizenry as a part of society to ensure their involvement in water and sanitation services does not further contribute to the burden of unpaid work, or decrease the ability to earn an income.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of SHGs:</strong> There are rapidly increasing examples throughout the country, with women being able to push through reforms through the help of support groups or community-led efforts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, women SHG should be promoted to take up the cause of water, sanitation and Hygiene.</li>
<li>In this context, Jharkhand&rsquo;s example is worth emulating. Trained women masons built over 15 lakh toilets in one year and the state was declared open defecation free (rural) much ahead of the national cut-off date of October 2, 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>As countries work to achieve SDG 10, access to clean water and sanitation can be a game-changer for prosperity and transformation. Policies on water and sanitation need to keep women centre-stage needs and enable them to be agents of change.</p>
<p>This is the time for governments, businesses, NGOs and academic institutions to look at how they are investing in women&rsquo;s leadership in the water, sanitation and hygiene sector, from local committees to the international stage.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609763730_1st%20image.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609763730_1st image.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffdf7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Access to water and sanitation, if delivered well, empowers women economically and socially. Done poorly, it may undermine women&rsquo;s position at home and in the community. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OeCEiqjJ47c" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/himalayan-manoeuvres-the-hindu-editorial-on-india-and-the-nepal-political-crisis/article33457054.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> &ldquo;Himalayan manoeuvres&rdquo;</a></strong> which was published in The Hindu on December 31<sup>st</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7338,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Data on Police Organisations: BPRD',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-conference-on-women-in-police-and-capfs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Bureau of Police Research and Development</strong></a> (BPRD) has released <strong>data on police organisations.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It shows <strong>different aspects of policing</strong> in the country like woman police, police expenditure, constabulary ratio, transport facilities, communication facilities, representation of various castes and police training centres.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>General Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has spent<strong> Rs. 1,566.85 crore</strong> in <strong>2019-20</strong> for expenditure and police training.</li>
<li>It highlights that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/constitutional-status-for-national-commission-for-backward-classes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Backward Classes</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dalits</strong></a> <strong>and <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/xaxa-committee-on-tribal-communities-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tribals</a> constitute almost 67%</strong> of India&rsquo;s population, but their<strong> representation in police forces</strong> in the country is <strong>only at 51%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The goal of <strong>proportionate representation has remained unfulfilled despite</strong> all state governments providing <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reservation</strong></a> to these categories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vacant Posts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over 5.31 lakh posts in police forces of different states and 1.27 lakh posts in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-armed-police-force-capf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Central Armed Police Forces</strong></a> (CAPF) are lying vacant. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The figures include civil police, district armed police, special armed police and India Reserve Battalions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheduled Tribes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They form 8.6% of the population and have 12% representation in the police forces, placing them at a comparatively better position.</li>
<li>Only <strong>STs have better representation</strong> in police forces in comparison to their share in population while all other backward classes fare poorly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dalits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>14% of all positions in police forces across the country were represented by Dalits at the end of 2019.</li>
<li>According to<strong> Census 2011,</strong> Dalits make up 16.6% of India&rsquo;s population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Backward Classes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OBCs fare the <strong>worst on the representation front</strong> as, despite their 41% share in the population, they constitute only 25% of the police forces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women are <strong>highly under-represented</strong> with 10% share in the actual strength of the police in the country, even though their share in population is 48%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, their situation has improved considerably over the past years as the actual strength of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-model-policy-for-women-in-the-police" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>women in police forces</strong></a> has almost doubled since 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women population per woman police ratio</strong> stands at 3,026 nationally which is very low.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Poor representation of women in the police is posing <strong>serious challenges in dealing with crimes against women and women criminals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Ratios:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sanctioned <strong>Population Per Police Person</strong> (PPP) is 511.81.</li>
<li>Sanctioned <strong>Police Population Ratio</strong> (PPR) is 195.39.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the number of police personnel per one lakh of the population which has declined from 198 in 2018.</li>
<li>The<strong> UN-mandated police-population ratio</strong> is over 220.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sanctioned<strong> Police Area Ratio</strong> (PAR) per 100 sq km is 79.80.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609322056_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609322056_image7.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Police Research and Development</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India established it <strong>under the Ministry of Home Affairs in 1970.</strong></li>
<li>It replaced the<strong> Police Research and Advisory Council</strong> (1966), with the primary <strong>objective of modernization of the police force.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1995,</strong> the Government<strong> decided to entrust issues relating to Correctional Administration Work</strong> to the BPR&amp;D.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thereby BPRD has to <strong>ensure the implementation of prison reforms</strong> as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Government of India decided to create a <strong>National Police Mission</strong> under the administrative control of BPR&amp;D to transform the police forces in the country.</li>
<li>In<strong> August 2020,</strong> it observed its <strong>50<sup>th</sup> foundation day.</strong></li>
<li>It has been<strong> publishing the data on police organisations since 1986.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/obcs-constitute-25-of-police-sts-get-better-representation-data-7125536/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7278,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Marital Rape in India',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-impunity-of-marital-rape/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;The impunity of marital rape&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 18/12/2020. It talks about the issues related to marital rapes in India.</p>
</div>
<p>Domestic violence in India is an entrenched problem, and it has only been exacerbated in recent years. According to the <a href="/printpdf/crime-in-india-2019-report-ncrb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Crime Records Bureau&rsquo;s (NCRB) &lsquo;Crime in India&rsquo; 2019</strong></a> report, about 70% of women in India are victims of domestic violence.</p>
<p>One such manifestation of this domestic violence is Marital rape. Marital rape, the act of forcing your spouse into having sex without proper consent, is an unjust yet not uncommon way to degrade and disempower women.</p>
<p>Today, Marital rape has been impeached in more than 100 countries but, unfortunately, India is one of the only 36 countries where marital rape is still not criminalized.</p>
<p>Even though many legal amendments have been done in criminal law for the protection of the women, the non-criminalization of marital rape in India undermines the dignity and human rights of women.</p>
<h3>Status of Marital Rape in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The definition of rape codified in Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) includes all forms of sexual assault involving non-consensual intercourse with a woman.</li>
<li>Non-Criminalization of marital rape in India emanates from <strong>Exception 2 to Section 375.</strong></li>
<li>However, <strong>Exception 2 to Section 375</strong> exempts unwilling sexual intercourse between a husband and a wife over fifteen years of age from Section 375&rsquo;s definition of &ldquo;rape&rdquo; and thus immunizes such acts from prosecution.</li>
<li>As per current law, a wife is presumed to deliver perpetual consent to have sex with her husband after entering into marital relations.</li>
<li>The concept of marital rape in India is the epitome of what we call an &ldquo;implied consent&rdquo;. Marriage between a man and a woman here implies that both have consented to sexual intercourse and it cannot be otherwise.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Marital Rape: Against Legal &amp; Constitutional Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Doctrine of Coverture:</strong> Non-Criminalised nature of Marital rape emanates from the British era. The Marital rape largely influenced by and derived from this doctrine of merging the woman&rsquo;s identity with that of her husband.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At the time the IPC was drafted in the 1860s, a married woman was not considered an independent legal entity.</li>
<li>The marital exception to the IPC&rsquo;s definition of rape was drafted on the basis of Victorian patriarchal norms that did not recognize men and women as equals, did not allow married women to own property, and merged the identities of husband and wife under the<strong> &ldquo;Doctrine of Coverture.&rdquo;</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Violative of Article 14:</strong> Marital rape violates the right to equality enshrined in Article 14 of the Indian constitution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Exception creates two classes of women based on their marital status and immunizes actions perpetrated by men against their wives.</li>
<li>In doing so, the Exception makes possible the victimization of married women for no reason other than their marital status while protecting unmarried women from those same acts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defeats the Spirit of Section 375 of IPC:</strong> The purpose of Section 375 of IPC is to protect women and punish those who engage in the inhumane activity of rape.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, exempting husbands from punishment is entirely contradictory to that objective, as the consequences of rape are the same whether a woman is married or unmarried.</li>
<li>Moreover, married women may actually find it more difficult to escape abusive conditions at home because they are legally and financially tied to their husbands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Violative of Article 21:</strong> According to creative interpretation by the Supreme Court, rights enshrined in<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/public-interest-litigation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Article 21</strong></a> include the rights to health, privacy, dignity, safe living conditions, and safe environment, among others
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the <strong>State of Karnataka v. Krishnappa,</strong> the Supreme Court held that sexual violence apart from being a dehumanizing act is an unlawful intrusion of the right to privacy and sanctity of a female.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the same judgment, it held that non-consensual sexual intercourse amounts to physical and sexual violence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>the Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration,</strong> the Supreme Court equated the right to make choices related to sexual activity with rights to personal liberty, privacy, dignity, and bodily integrity under Article 21 of the Constitution.</li>
<li>In <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/26-08-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Justice K.S. Puttuswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India</strong></a>, the Supreme Court recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right of all citizens.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The right to privacy includes &ldquo;decisional privacy reflected by an ability to make intimate decisions primarily consisting of one&rsquo;s sexual or procreative nature and decisions in respect of intimate relations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In all these judgements the Supreme Court has recognized the right to abstain from sexual activity for all women, irrespective of their marital status, as a fundamental right conferred by Article 21 of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Therefore, forced sexual cohabitation is a violation of the fundamental right under article 21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/26-11-2019/print" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women</strong></a> defines violence against women as &ldquo;any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life.&rdquo;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2013, the UN Committee on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) recommended that the Indian government should criminalize marital rape.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/pdf/1601622519-j-s-verma-committee-on-sexual-harassment-at-workplace-act.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>JS Verma committee</strong> </a>set up in the aftermath of nationwide protests over the December 16, 2012 gang rape case had also recommended the same.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By removing this law, women will be safer from abusive spouses, can receive the help needed to recover from marital rape and can save themselves from domestic violence and sexual abuse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Indian law now affords husbands and wives separate and independent legal identities, and much jurisprudence in the modern era is explicitly concerned with the protection of women.</p>
<p>Therefore, it is high time that the legislature should take cognisance of this legal infirmity and bring marital rape within the purview of rape laws by eliminating Section 375 (Exception 2) of IPC.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608639823_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608639823_image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9ffed;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The non-criminalization of marital rape in India is a dreadful slur on the dignity and human rights of women. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/J1KDYSPm04w" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/hdr-2020-kill-the-earth-itll-get-you/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;HDR 2020: Kill the Earth, it&rsquo;ll get you&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Economic Times on December 18<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7246,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Inter-Faith Marriage & Personal Liberty',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/love-jihad-uttar-pradesh-anti-conversion-law-yogi-adityanath-7107755/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;UP anti-conversion law pushes women back under parental and community control&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 17/12/2020. It talks about the issues related to laws regarding the prohibition of unlawful conversion of religion.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Government of Uttar Pradesh has passed the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/up-ordinance-on-unlawful-conversions#:~:text=UP%20Unlawful%20Religious%20Conversion%20Prohibition,religious%20conversion%20is%20two%20months." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Ordinance 2020.</strong></a> Many other states are also in the process of similar laws.</p>
<p>The UP ordinance prohibits any religious conversion due to coercion, force, undue influence, allurement, fraud or by marriage and makes such a marriage liable to be declared void. It also makes such an act of conversion a non-bailable criminal offence.</p>
<p>However, the law has been criticised as being a violation of an individual&rsquo;s right to marry a person of one&rsquo;s choice and being restrictive of the fundamental right to life, autonomy and privacy.</p>
<p>Moreover, the law has roots in the patriarchy and communalism, which may affect social harmony and respect for individual dignity.</p>
<h3>Issues Related to The Proposed Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Interfering With Secularism:</strong> Indian Constitution enshrines secularism as one of the cardinal principles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite this, several states have had anti-conversion laws for a long time, including Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh and Jharkhand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Against Personal Liberty:</strong> According to Articles 25 to 28, an Indian citizen is guaranteed the freedom to practise any religion of his or her choice. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through this ordinance, the State wants to intervene not only in the citizens&rsquo; personal liberty by interfering with the choice of their spouse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asymmetrical With Various Supreme Court&rsquo;s Judgment</strong>: The Supreme Court in <strong>Shafin Jahan v Ashok KM (2018),</strong> has upheld the right to marry a person of one&rsquo;s choice as a part of Article 21.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the Supreme Court, the Constitution protects the ability of each individual to pursue a way of life or faith to which she or he seeks to adhere. Therefore, the right to marry a person of one&rsquo;s choice is integral to Article 21 of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Further, Supreme Court in<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-judgements-of-independent-india#:~:text=Justice%20K.S.%20Puttaswamy%20vs.&amp;text=Main%20Theme%3A%20SC%20ruled%20that,21%20of%20the%20Indian%20constitution.&amp;text=They%20relied%20on%20the%20fulfilment,the%20Puttaswamy%20(2017)%20judgment." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> K.S. Puttaswamy v UOI (2017)</strong></a> judgment held that &ldquo;right of choice of a family life&rdquo; as a fundamental right.</li>
<li>The ordinance is a conflict with these judgments as it limits the choice of a prospective spouse such that this spouse would only be one approved by the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reverse Burden of Proof:</strong> The Uttar Pradesh anti-conversion ordinance allows any relative of the woman to challenge the legitimacy of her marriage. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this case, the reverse burden of proof would apply, wherein the person who facilitated the conversion would need to prove that it was not forced while disregarding the woman&rsquo;s testimony of having consented to the conversion and marriage.</li>
<li>This is a direct violation of the right to be deemed innocent until proven guilty; an aspect that is particularly worrying for women exercising their right to choose their life partners.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patriarchal Roots:</strong> This shows the law has deep-seated patriarchal roots, wherein women are infantilised, placed under parental and community control, and denied the right to take life decisions, should those decisions not be agreeable to their guardians.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Historically, marriage has been a tool to control women&rsquo;s sexualities, promulgate caste lineage and stop women from exercising their autonomy. This communal propaganda does nothing to safeguard women&rsquo;s rights, rather it further curtails their mobility, social interactions and freedom of choice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deep-Rooted Prejudice:</strong> This deep-rooted opposition to interfaith marriage is comparable to a similar deep-rooted opposition to inter-caste marriage, in that both stem from historical prejudices between specific communities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recognising this prejudice, some members of the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights, especially the women members Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Hansa Jivraj Mehta, advocated for the inclusion of interfaith marriage as a fundamental right.</li>
<li>They wanted to introduce a constitutional provision to require the state to remove any impediments to inter-faith marriages so that the social stigma against such marriages is removed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Young Indian women of all faiths are increasingly seeking freedom &mdash; to work, study, marry who they choose and live life on their own terms. These basic rights must not be questioned or curtailed.</p>
<p>A woman&rsquo;s agency is her own, and no parent, relative or state apparatus should be given the authority to coerce her. The attempt to rob women of their agency is an attempt to produce a docile female population that does as it is told, and does not rebel against societal and familial directives.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7fff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a conservative society with moral policing, any law to curb interfaith marriages is an assault on the rights of young men and women. Discuss.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mYFT9YBuAUM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/big-stakes-for-apple-india-need-to-address-all-issues/2151527/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Big stakes for Apple &amp; India, need to address all issues&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Financial Express on December 17<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5997,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Government Order for PC of Women in Army',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Defence</strong> has issued the<strong> formal Government Sanction Letter</strong> for <strong>grant of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/women-eligible-for-permanent-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Permanent Commission (PC) to Women Officers in the Indian Army.</a></strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The order specifies grant of PC to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/command-posts-for-women-in-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Short Service Commissioned</strong></a> (SSC) Women Officers in the <strong>remaining 8 streams of the Indian Army.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These <strong>10 streams include</strong> Army Air Defence (AAD), Signals, Engineers, Army Aviation, Electronics and Mechanical Engineers (EME), Army Service Corps (ASC), Army Ordnance Corps (AOC), Intelligence Corps, Judge and Advocate General (JAG) and Army Educational Corps (AEC).</li>
<li><strong>Before the order, women officers are allowed a PC in the JAG and AEC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In anticipation, the Army Headquarters had set in motion a series of preparatory actions for the conduct of the <strong>Permanent Commission Selection Board</strong> (PCSB) for the eligible women officers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Selection Board will be scheduled as soon as all eligible SSC Women Officers exercise their option and complete requisite documentation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the SSC scheme, women were <strong>commissioned into the Army for a period of 10 years, extendable up to 14 years.</strong></li>
<li>Women were, however, <strong>restricted to roles in specified streams</strong> such as Army Education Corps, Corps of Signals, Intelligence Corps and Corps of Engineers. These specified streams <strong>excluded combat arms</strong> such as infantry and armoured corps.</li>
<li>While <strong>male SSC officers could opt for permanent commission</strong> at the end of 10 years of service, this option was not available to women officers. <strong>Women officers were kept out of any command appointment and could not qualify for a government pension,</strong> which <strong>starts only after 20 years of service</strong> as an officer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The case was first <strong>filed in the Delhi High Court by women officers in 2003</strong> and had <strong>received a favourable order in 2010.</strong></li>
<li>However, the <strong>order was never implemented</strong> and was <strong>challenged in the Supreme Court by the government.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In its appeal, the <strong>government cited &ldquo;physical&rdquo; and &ldquo;physiological limitations&rdquo;</strong> in granting command positions to women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>February 2019 policy statement, the Government endorsed the PC for SSC women officers</strong> in 10 streams of the &lsquo;Combat Support Arms&rsquo; and &lsquo;Services&rsquo; sections.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, it was said that the women officers<strong> would not be offered any command appointments, and would serve only in staff posts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>February 2020,</strong> the SC held that there is a<strong> need for an administrative will and &lsquo;change of mindset&rsquo; </strong>and <strong>directed the government to grant PC and command postings in all services other than combat</strong> to women Army officers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Permanent Commission for Women</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Defence has taken steps to <strong>ensure implementation of the grant of PC</strong> to women officers and all three services have allowed permanent recruitment of women in select streams including medical, education, legal, signals, logistics and engineering. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indian Air Force:</strong> Women Officers recruited through the SSC in the IAF have the option of seeking PC in all streams except the flying branch.</li>
<li><strong>Indian Navy:</strong> In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/permanent-commission-for-women-in-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>March 2020, the SC cleared the way for PC to women in Indian Navy</strong> </a>as well.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Navy has allowed PC of women in a host of departments such as logistics, naval designing, air traffic control, engineering and legal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Army:</strong> Women officers are granted PC in the Indian Army in<strong> all the ten branches</strong> where women are <strong>inducted for SSC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the order in force, women officers will now be eligible to occupy all the command appointments, at par with male officers, which would open avenues for further promotions to higher ranks for them.</li>
<li>Women were being kept out of command posts on the reasoning that the higher rank and file will have problems with women as commanding officers. Thus, changes have to take place in the culture, norms and values of not only the rank and file of the Army but also that of society at large. The responsibility to usher these changes lies with the senior military and political leadership.</li>
<li>It is the right of every woman to pursue a career of her choice and reach the top. Equality is a constitutional guarantee.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1640638#:~:text=New%20Delhi%2C%2023%20July%202020,larger%20roles%20in%20the%20organisation." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5313,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'International Nurses Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The International Nurses Day is annually observed on<strong> May 12.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>May 12 was chosen for celebrating the day as it is the<strong> birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale,</strong> the foundational philosopher of modern nursing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>2020 Theme:</strong> Nursing the World to Health</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong> The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a> has designated <strong>2020 as The Year of the Nurse and the Midwife.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong> Nurses account for more than half of all the world&rsquo;s health workers. It will encourage the entire nurse community and the public to celebrate the day as well as would provide necessary information and resources to raise the profile of the nursing profession.</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nurses are at the forefront of fighting epidemics and pandemics providing high quality and respectful treatment and care.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic is a stark reminder of the vital role nurses play. Without nurses and other health workers, it is not possible to win the battle against outbreaks, and achieve the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong> </a>or<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/universal-health-coverage-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Universal Health Coverage (UHC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions provided by the WHO and Others:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide occupational safety and health of nurses and all health workers, including access to personal protective equipment so that they can safely provide care and reduce infections in health care settings.</li>
<li>Nurses and all health care workers should have access to mental health support, timely pay, sick leave and insurance.</li>
<li>They should be provided with access to the knowledge and guidance required to respond to all health needs, including outbreaks.</li>
<li>Nurses should be given the financial support and other resources required to respond to future outbreaks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step Taken by the Indian Government:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Indian Nursing Council</strong> is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare that establishes uniform standards of training for nurses, midwives and health visitors.</li>
<li>The Government has announced <strong>Rs. 50 lakh insurance cover per person</strong> (part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana</strong></a>) for frontline health workers involved in managing the Covid-19 outbreak.</li>
<li>The Government has also passed an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ordinance-to-protect-health-workers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ordinance for the protection of healthcare workers</strong></a> battling Covid-19 on the frontline.</li>
<li>Recently, the Supreme Court directed the government to ensure the availability of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), to all health workers, including doctors, nurses, ward boys, other medical and paramedical professionals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5199,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Permanent Mission to UN',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India has appointed <strong>T S Tirumurti</strong> as its <strong>Permanent Representative to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a></strong> (UN).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Permanent Mission to the United Nations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>diplomatic mission</strong> that every member state deputes to the UN.</li>
<li>It is <strong>headed by a Permanent Representative</strong> who is also referred to as the <strong>UN ambassador.</strong></li>
<li>According to <strong>Article 1(7) </strong>of the<strong> Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character, 1975</strong> it is a mission of permanent character, representing the State, sent by a State member of an international organization to the organization.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Other important Vienna Conventions are the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protecting-power" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/consular-access-kulbhushan-jadhav-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <strong>UN General Assembly resolution 257(III) of 3<sup>rd</sup> December, 1948,</strong> permanent missions assist in the realization of the purposes and principles of the UN.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They keep the <strong>necessary liaison between the Member States and the Secretariat</strong> in periods between sessions of the different organs of the UN.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>UN Permanent Representatives are assigned to the UN <strong>headquarters in New York City,</strong> and at other offices in <strong>Geneva, Vienna</strong> and <strong>Nairobi</strong> as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Permanent Mission at the United Nations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>currently eight Indians</strong> in <strong>senior leadership positions</strong> at the UN at the levels of Under Secretary General and Assistant Secretary General.</li>
<li>The <strong>first Indian delegates</strong> at the UN included statesman <strong>Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar</strong> and freedom fighters <strong>Hansa Mehta, Lakshmi N. Menon</strong> and <strong>Vijayalakshmi Pandit</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mehta and Pandit were among the 15 women members of the Indian Constituent Assembly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India was among the select members</strong> of the UN that signed the <strong>United Nations Declaration</strong> at <strong>Washington</strong> on 1<sup>st</sup> January, <strong>1942.</strong></li>
<li>India also participated in the historic <strong>UN Conference of International Organization</strong> at <strong>San Francisco</strong> from 25<sup>th</sup> April to 26<sup>th</sup> June,<strong> 1945.</strong></li>
<li>As a <strong>founding member</strong> of the United Nations, India strongly <strong>supports the purposes and principles of the UN</strong> and has made significant contributions to implementing the goals of the Charter, and the evolution of the UN&rsquo;s specialized programmes and agencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar (1887-1976)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>One of the prominent lawyers</strong> of his time and joined the Justice Party in 1917.</li>
<li>Took part in <strong>Joint Parliamentary Committee on Constitutional Reforms</strong> in India and the <strong>Round Table Conferences.</strong></li>
<li>He was <strong>India&rsquo;s delegate to the San Francisco Conference.</strong></li>
<li>In 1946 he was elected the <strong>first President of the United Nations&rsquo; Economic and Social Council</strong> (ECOSOC).</li>
<li>He also served as the <strong>chair of the executive boards</strong> of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO) and <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> </strong>(UNESCO).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Hansa Mehta (1897-1995)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After studying Journalism and Sociology from England, she returned to India and served as the<strong> President</strong> of the <strong>Bhagini Samaj</strong> and played a crucial role during the <strong>campaign against the <a href="/be-mains-ready-daily-answer-writing-practice-question/papers/simon-commission-british-government-immediate-response-indians-struggle-for-freedom-be-mains-ready" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Simon Commission.</a></strong></li>
<li>She was the <strong>first woman to be elected to the Bombay Legislative Council in 1931.</strong></li>
<li>She <strong>represented India on the Nuclear Sub-Committee</strong> on the status of women in 1946.</li>
<li>As the Indian delegate on the <strong>UN Human Rights Commission (now known as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unhrc-s-upr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UN Human Rights Council</a>)</strong> in 1947&ndash;48, she was <strong>responsible for changing the language Justice Party&nbsp;</strong>of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from <strong>&ldquo;all men are created equal&rdquo; </strong>to<strong> &ldquo;all human beings&rdquo;,</strong> highlighting the need for gender equality.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Lakshmi Menon (1899-1994)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>She was <strong>one of the founder</strong> members of the <strong>All India Women&rsquo;s Conference.</strong></li>
<li>She was <strong>India&rsquo;s delegate to the Third Committee in 1948</strong> and argued forcefully in <strong>favour of non-discrimination based on sex</strong> and &ldquo;the equal rights of men and women&rdquo; in the in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-human-rights-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong></a>.</li>
<li>In 1949-1950, she <strong>headed</strong> the <strong>UN Section on the Status of Women and Children.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (1900-1990)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>She <strong>led the Indian delegation to the UN</strong> (1946-48 and 1952-53).</li>
<li>In 1953, she became the <strong>first woman to be elected president of the UN General Assembly.</strong></li>
<li>In 1978, she was appointed the <strong>Indian representative to the UN Human Rights Commission.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/indias-permanent-mission-to-the-united-nations-explained-6386259/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4735,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Permanent Commission for Women in Indian Navy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court upheld<strong> the right of serving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/command-posts-for-women-in-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Short Service Commission (SSC) women officers</a> of the Navy to be granted Permanent Commission (PC)</strong> on a par with their male counterparts.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The judgment was based on a case filed by 17 women SSC officers who were denied PC and discharged despite completing 14 years of service as SSC officers.</li>
<li>The verdict comes after the top court had <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/women-eligible-for-permanent-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>opened the doors for similarly-placed women officers in the Army.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A<strong> permanent commission </strong>entitles an officer to serve in the Navy <strong>till he/she retires </strong>unlike<strong> Short Service Commission (SSC), which is currently for 10 years </strong>and can be <strong>extended by four more years, </strong>or a total of 14 years.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PC for Women :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SC has directed that SSC women officers found suitable for the grant of PC shall be entitled to <strong>all consequential benefits, including arrears of pay, promotions and retirement benefits as and when due.</strong></li>
<li>The grant of PCs will be subject to availability of vacancies in the stabilised cadre, suitability of the candidate and recommendation by the chief of Naval Staff.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism of Government&rsquo;s View:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It rejected the submissions of the Centre stating that <strong>certain sea-sailing duties are ill-suited for women officers</strong> as there is no return to the base, unlike in the Army and the Air Force.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stand against Discrimination:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Court <strong>denied the discrimination on the grounds of physiology, motherhood and physical attributes</strong> of the women officers in the Indian Navy.</li>
<li>Thus the judgement ensured the <strong>right to fair and equal treatment with constitutional entitlement to dignity at the workplace for women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Previous Notifications for PC of Women :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Court stated that the government had already drawn up <strong>policies in 1991 and 1998 to give Permanent Commission to women in the Navy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The 1991 notification lifted the restriction on the appointment or enrolment of women for specified cadres/branches of the Navy.</li>
<li>The 1998 notification made women eligible for appointment as officers in all the branches of the Indian Navy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also directed that the stipulation in a <strong>policy letter dated September 26, 2008,</strong> making the grant of PC prospective and restricting its application to specified cadres/branches of the Navy <strong>shall not be enforced.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-allows-permanent-commission-for-women-in-navy/article31089114.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4657,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Conference on Women in Police and CAPFs',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&amp;D)</strong> organised the <strong>National Conference on Women in Police and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-armed-police-force-capf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs)</a> in New Delhi</strong>.</li>
<li>It was inaugurated by the <strong>Union Minister for Women And Child Development</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main objective of the National Conference was to discuss and deliberate on the following <strong>two themes</strong>:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Cyber Stalking and Bullying of Women:</strong> Steps for Protection</li>
<li>Challenges faced by <strong>CAPF Women in Operational Areas</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Few important issues related to women in Police which were highlighted during the conference are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Workplace harassment besides cyber crime.</li>
<li>Society should not look at the working <strong>women with bias</strong> and hold the performance of men to be the only benchmark for success.</li>
<li>Training of members of the <strong>Child Welfare Committees (CWC)</strong>.</li>
<li>The need to <strong>train more female forensic investigators and cyber crime experts</strong>.</li>
<li>BPR&amp;D was also advised to make an SoP for <strong>&ldquo;One Stop Centre for Women&rdquo;</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To commemorate this event, a hand-out &ndash; &ldquo;BPR&amp;D Mirror &ndash; Gender Benders&rdquo; was released,</strong> which stated the recent initiatives taken by BPR&amp;D <strong>to promote Woman Safety</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&amp;D)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India established the Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&amp;D), under the Ministry of Home Affairs in the 1970s.</li>
<li>It replaced the Police Research and Advisory Council (1966), with the primary objective of <strong>modernization of police force</strong>.</li>
<li>In 1995 Government of India decided to entrust issues relating to <strong>Correctional Administration Work</strong> to the BPR&amp;D.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thereby BPR&amp;D has to ensure the implementation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-panel-recommendations-on-prison-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>prison reforms</strong></a> as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Government of India further decided to create a National Police Mission under the administrative control of BPR&amp;D to transform the police forces in the country.</li>
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-foundation-day-of-bureau-of-police-research-and-development" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BPR&amp;D observed its 50<sup>th</sup> foundation day</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Child Welfare Committees (CWC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Child Welfare Committee (CWC)</strong> is constituted under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gom-reviews-amendments-to-the-jj-act-2015" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015</strong></a>. It is the sole authority to deal with matters concerning children in need of care and protection.</li>
<li>The Committee is constituted for each district or group of districts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605669" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4656,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'KIRAN Scheme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Knowledge Involvement in Research Advancement through Nurturing (KIRAN) Scheme</strong> is one of the several pioneering initiatives started by the <strong>Department of Science and Technology (DST)</strong> for promoting women in science.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Department of Science and Technology (DST) is implementing &lsquo;Knowledge Involvement in Research Advancement through Nurturing (KIRAN)&rsquo; Scheme to provide various career opportunities to women scientists and technologists.</li>
<li>It is primarily aimed to <strong>bring gender parity in the Science &amp; Technology sector</strong> by inducting more women talent in the research &amp; development domain through various programmes.</li>
<li>It also provides <strong>fellowship support ranging from Rs 25000 to 55000 to women ranging in the age group 27 to 57 years</strong> for continuing higher education in Science and Technology <strong>after a break in career</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605698" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4440,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Organic Food Festival',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) with the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD) will host the first <strong>National Organic Food Festival</strong> in<strong> New Delhi</strong> between February 21 to February 23, 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to <strong>strengthen the organic market</strong> and <strong>empower women entrepreneurs</strong> in the area of production and processing of organic products.</li>
<li><strong>Theme:</strong> Unleashing India&rsquo;s Organic Market Potential.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Women Entrepreneurs and Self Help groups (SHG&rsquo;s) from all over the country will be exhibiting their organic products in various segments such as fruit &amp; vegetables, ready to eat products, spices and condiments, honey, cereals, dry fruits etc..</li>
<li>It will also focus on <strong>facilitating business linkages</strong> and <strong>empowering women entrepreneurs</strong> through pre-arranged B2B and B2G meetings.</li>
<li>Government is already making efforts to connect women entrepreneurs with financial schemes like<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mudra-scheme-and-employment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> MUDRA (Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency)</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Startup India</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Business to Business</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are <strong>3 basic business models:</strong> Business to Consumer (B2C), Business to Business (B2B), and Business to Government (B2G).</li>
<li>B2B is a form of transaction between businesses, such as one involving a manufacturer and wholesaler, or a wholesaler and a retailer. Business to business refers to business that is conducted between companies, rather than between a company and individual consumers. Business to business stands in contrast to Business to Consumer (B2C) and Business to Government (B2G) transactions.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Business to Government (B2G)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Business to Government (B2G) is the sale and marketing of goods and services to federal, state, or local agencies.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Organic Market Potential</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has the <strong>9<sup>th</sup> largest World&rsquo;s Organic Agricultural Land</strong> and the<strong> largest number of producers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sikkim</strong> is the<strong> first organic state</strong> in the world. All of its farmland is <strong>certified organic.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Organic Food Segment of India grew at rate of 10% during 2016-20.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per the <strong>Indian Organic Sector &ndash; Vision 2025</strong> report, India&rsquo;s organic business is expected to reach Rs.75,000 Crores by 2025.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors for growth of organic food in India:</strong> Increasing disposable incomes, increasing awareness around health and wellness and increasing acceptability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At the global level, demand for Indian organic food products is on constant increase.</li>
<li>The major demands under the organic product category are for oil seeds, cereals &amp; millets, sugar, fruit juice concentrates, tea, spices, pulses, dry fruits, medicinal plant products etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199306" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4364,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Command Posts for Women in Army',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in news</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court (SC) has asked the Central Government to accommodate women at command post in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/woman-in-combat-roles" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>non-combat services</strong></a> like National Cadet Corps and Sainik Schools.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, the Government highlighted the difficulties in giving &lsquo;Command Appointments&rsquo; for women.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government on Granting Command Posts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Physiological limitations :</strong> The Central Government has asserted that the <strong>&ldquo;physiological limitations&rdquo;</strong> of women officers and <strong>changed battlefield scenario</strong> as the primary reasons for not granting the <strong>command posts</strong> for women in the Army.</li>
<li><strong>Societal norms:</strong> The troops are not yet mentally schooled to accept women officers in command of units, the composition of rank and file being male predominantly drawn from the rural background with prevailing societal norms.</li>
<li><strong>Physical standards:</strong> Officers have to lead from the front. They should be in prime physical condition to undertake combat tasks. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inherent physiological differences between men and women preclude equal physical performance resulting in lower physical standards.</li>
<li>Physical capacity of women officers in the Indian Army remains a challenge for command of units.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other challenges:</strong> Apart from <strong>lower physical standards</strong> of women officers compared to men, other challenges include <strong>prolonged absence</strong> due to pregnancy, children&rsquo;s education, husband&rsquo;s career prospects, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Permanent commission:</strong> In 2019, the policy was released to grant permanent commission to women officers on SSC, but this was to apply only <strong>prospectively.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Women officers contended that the application of permanent commission prospectively is arbitrary and discriminatory. It should be applied retrospectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Permanent Commission for Women</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Defence has taken steps to ensure implementation of the grant of Permanent Commission to Women officers in the Armed Forces.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indian Air Force:</strong> All Branches, including Fighter Pilots, are now open for female officers.</li>
<li><strong>Indian Navy:</strong> All non-sea going Branches/Cadre/Specialisation have been opened for induction of women officers through the Short Service Commission (SSC).</li>
<li><strong>Indian Army:</strong> Women officers are granted Permanent Commission in the Indian Army in all the ten branches where women are inducted for Short Service Commission. These are streams of Signals, Engineers, Army Aviation, Army Air Defence, Judge Advocate General (JAG), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Types of Entry in Armed Forces for Women</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The induction of women into the officer cadre, and their training was undertaken by the <strong>Officers Training Academy in 1992.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Short Service Commission:</strong> This provision provides an option of Joining the Army and serving as a Commissioned Officer for 10/14 years. At the end 10 yrs, an officer has following options: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Either opt for a Permanent Commission or</li>
<li>Opt out or have the option of a 4 years extension. They can resign at any time during this period of 4 yrs extension.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Permanent Commission:</strong> It means a career in the Army till the retirement age. For Permanent Commission, the entry is through National Defence Academy, Pune or Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, Officers Training Academy, Gaya.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-on-command-role-for-women-in-army-will-mindset-needed-6253369/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 2457,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Women Startup Summit 2019',
		'description' => '<p>The Kerala Startup Mission (KSUM) is to host the Women Startup Summit in association with the Indian Women Network of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;Women Startup Summit 2019&rsquo;</strong>, a one-day event aims at encouraging aspiring women professionals to take up their entrepreneurial journey and developing an inclusive entrepreneurship ecosystem in the State.</li>
<li>Theme of the Summit is <strong>&ldquo;Developing an Inclusive Entrepreneurship Ecosystem&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>About 20 women startups shortlisted from the &ldquo;She Loves Tech&rdquo; national grand challenge will be showcased in the summit.</li>
<li>She Loves Tech is a global competition which was launched in 2015 to provide a platform for women entrepreneurs and startups dedicated to improving the lives of women globally.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>2019 Global Startup Competition is the world&rsquo;s largest startup competition focused on women and technology.</li>
<li>For the first time She Loves Tech competition will be held in India in association with Kerala Startup Mission, the nodal government organization for promoting the startups in Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kerala has 13% of women participation in the technology startup ecosystem and the state government has taken proactive steps for increasing the participation of women in the sector.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Confederation of Indian Industry is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and industry-managed organization, playing a proactive role in India's development process.</li>
<li>Founded in 1895, it has around 9000 members, from the private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs, and an indirect membership of over 300,000 enterprises from around 276 national and regional sectoral industry bodies.</li>
<li>It works to create and sustain an environment conducive to the development of India, partnering industry, Government, and civil society, through advisory and consultative processes.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 1746,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Women’s Reservation Bill',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on article <strong>&ldquo;Seriousness about Women&rsquo;s Reservation Bill must show in electoral representation&rdquo;</strong> which appeared in &ldquo;Indian express&rdquo; on 18th April, 2019. This article is about why gender quotas need to be introduced and supplemented with capacity building.</p>
</div>
<p>According to a report <a href="http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2017/4/women-in-politics-2017-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Women In Politics&rdquo; published by the United Nations in 2017,</strong></a> India ranked at a lowly 148th position in &lsquo;women in parliament&rsquo; category, and at 88th position in &lsquo;women at ministerial position&rsquo; category. Our Parliament currently has 11.8% women representation, and state assemblies have only 9%, even though &lsquo;women empowerment&rsquo; has become a catchphrase in every Government policy.</p>
<p>This anomaly calls for introduction for affirmative action for rightful representation of women in legislation.</p>
<h3>Why is there a need for political representation?</h3>
<p>Women&rsquo;s political empowerment is premised on three fundamental and non-negotiable principles:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The equality between women and men;</li>
<li>Women&rsquo;s right to a full development of their potential;</li>
<li>Women&rsquo;s right to self representation and self-determination;</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>In empowerment, the key indeed is 'power': it is power to 'access', 'control' and make 'informed choices'.</strong></p>
<p>Political empowerment through the use of a mix of power, effectiveness, capability, force and influence can challenge and transform the structures and institutions of patriarchal ideology and existing power relations.</p>
<h3>Can voluntary system of allocation change it?</h3>
<p><strong>Global experiences have shown that voluntary political party quota system hasn&rsquo;t improved the participation of women to a significant extent. On the contrary, fixed quota system systemically improves the representation of women, as political parties work towards capacity building to fill the required quota.</strong> For example, when Rwanda introduced quota system for women, nearly 50% women won, which subsequently rose to 64%, even when the stipulated quota was only 30%. On the contrary many developed countries of Europe are struggling with around 20% representation of women with the voluntary allocation system.</p>
<h3>Do women face a glass ceiling in politics?</h3>
<p><strong>The glass ceiling is described as &lsquo;those artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upward in their organization into management level positions&rsquo;. The artificial barriers are stereotypes, media related issues, informal boundaries.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Studies have revealed that women candidates tend to receive fewer funds from donors when contesting against male candidates. Due to a entrenched patriarchy, women candidates are also considered to be less capable than their male counterparts by the voters.</strong> These combined factors result in unfulfillment of the end goal of greater representation for women.</p>
<h3>Will providing reservation will break the glass ceiling?</h3>
<p><strong>In 1992, when the 73<sup>rd</sup> and 74<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendments introduced local self-governance, it was an unparalleled step to consciously empower women as decision makers with 1/3<sup>rd</sup> of the seats reserved for women.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Reservation introduced by 73<sup>rd</sup> and 74<sup>th</sup> amendment was rotational in nature i.e. for a certain period of time, certain Panchayat /Municipality was reserved for women on rotational basis.</strong></p>
<p>Today, 14 states have 50%-58% representation of women in Panchayat Raj Institutions. Jharkhand leads the way with 58%, closely followed by Rajasthan and Uttarakhand.</p>
<h3>Does this led to empowerment?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>According to a study by United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women legislators in India raised economic performance in their constituencies by about 1.8 percentage points per year more than male legislators;</li>
<li>Women legislators in India raise luminosity growth (measures of night-time lights visible from space) in their constituencies by about 15 percentage points per annum more than male legislators;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to a study by <strong>Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL),</strong> women representatives were more concerned about issues like water supply and road connectivity than men.</li>
<li>Another survey conducted in Tamil Nadu indicated that nearly 30% of women opined that after the system of rotation will be over, they would contest from the same seat. Another 15% said that, they would enter mainstream politics if given a chance.</li>
</ul>
<p>These findings indicate that how with the introduction of affirmative action women made incremental progress in the field of political empowerment. Yet these changes came in conflict with existing social structure developing some imbalance.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Women Reservation Bill: A timeline</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On September 12, 1996, when it was introduced in the Lok Sabha by the United Front government, it failed to get the approval of the house and was referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC).</li>
<li>Again In 1998, NDA-I introduced the bill without any success. Thereafter, the Bill lapsed and was reintroduced &ndash; in 1999, in 2002 and 2003.</li>
<li>In 2008, the UPA-I introduced the Women Reservation Bill in the Rajya Sabha and it was passed. But until now the Lok Sabha has not passed it.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Contrived Confusion of Representation</h3>
<p><strong>Even though India has managed to legislate representation, representation alone is inadequate until it is manifested as participation.</strong> This dichotomy between representation and participation created conditions in India which colloquially is known as <strong>&ldquo;Sarpanch Pati&rdquo;</strong>. Sarpanch Pati refers to the phenomena of elected women serving as proxies for their male relatives&mdash;exercising nominal power while the men retain the real work of governance. This manifests, that reservation intensifies the problem of gender inequality by giving it the veneer of a solution.</p>
<p>However, there are many examples like <strong>Chhavi Rajawat of Rajasthan, Aarti Devi of Odisha or Bhatkti Sharma of Madhya Pradesh</strong> who nullifies this notion. But what is ubiquitous in all these cases is presence of capacity. They are all educated, had support from family and experience.</p>
<h3>Capacity Building</h3>
<p>Capacity building to enable women in proactive participation will need institutional reform as well as dismantling existing power structures such as oppressive patriarchy, physical and emotional violence against women at home and in the public sphere.</p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>In view of the international experiences it is imperative that affirmative action must be legislated for political empowerment of women. Also, the success stories of such leader should be highlighted and awareness must be created around such success. Only then the shackles of gender stereotype will break.</p>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p><strong>The political empowerment of women is necessary to attain a sustainable and inclusive society.</strong></p>
<p>The Rwandan experience has shown that women reservation can bring sufficient change in process of empowerment. The systematic inequality that infuses every aspect of social expression can only be addressed through political empowerment of women, which will act as a catalyst in strengthening our socio-political systems.</p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 1454,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Migration and Remittances: The Gender Angle',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;Migration and remittances: The gender angle&rdquo; which appeared in BusinessLine for 26th February 2019. In this article, we will discuss the gender distribution of cross-border migration.)</p>
</div>
<p>The gender distribution of cross-border migration is a matter of importance because women migrating for work face very different conditions from those of men migrants, whether in the source country or in the process of travel or in the destination country.</p>
<p>These are crucially affected by gender construction as well as the nature of labor markets in both societies of origin and destination.</p>
<p>However, the impact of such gendered migration has remained much less apparent and less analyzed. Specifically, the impact of gendered migration on the sending of remittances is an issue that is often ignored, even though it can be very significant. Women migrating for work have been known to send a greater proportion of their earnings back as remittances and to send more regularly than men as their nature of work significantly differs from those of men&rsquo;s.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Men migrant workers are mostly to be found in manufacturing and construction activitie</strong>s in the host countries. <strong>Women migrants, by contrast, are overwhelmingly in service work, particularly in care activities</strong>.</li>
<li>This has direct implications for earnings and therefore for the ability (apart from the willingness) to send remittances back to migrants&rsquo; homes.</li>
<li><strong>Male migrant workers are much more immediately affected by business cycles in the host economies</strong>, tending to lose jobs or experience reduced incomes, which thereby affects the remittances they can send.</li>
<li><strong>Women working in services activities, by contrast, especially those in care services such as nurses or domestic workers, are less likely to be immediately</strong> affected by the business cycle as these activities are not the first to be curtailed. Therefore, their incomes and ability to send remittances are less affected.</li>
<li><strong>This means that countries that send more women migrant workers out are likely to show a more stable pattern of remittance inflow than countries with dominantly male out-migrants.</strong> This is clearly evident in migration out of Asian countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Global Stats</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Women have been significant in cross-border migration in several Asian countries</strong> &mdash; Sri Lanka, the Philippines and India have shown high ratios of female migrants, followed by Pakistan and Vietnam. In all these countries, remittances form a significant proportion of GDP.</li>
<li><strong>However, Bangladesh showed a very low ratio.</strong> Bangladesh has had very strict laws on women&rsquo;s external mobility (which require the permission of the male head of household) and has restricted women&rsquo;s migration. Remittance inflows have been much more volatile and have even fallen in several years, as the predominantly male migrant workers have been affected by fluctuating economic conditions in the major host countries (the Middle East and the US).</li>
<li><strong>The most interesting contrast in remittance inflows is between Sri Lanka and the Philippines, on one hand, and Bangladesh on the other.</strong> Between 1980 and 2013, women dominated out-migration from the Philippines, accounting for 60% of such migrants. Their share peaked in 2004 at around three-fourths of the outflow of workers abroad, and most of them were employed as domestic workers in the destination countries.</li>
<li>Thereafter, attempts by the Philippine government to regulate their conditions of work and reduce exploitative practices led to a reduction in the number of such women migrants, whose share shrank to less than half in 2007 and 2008. A revival thereafter led to previous levels being surpassed in 2010. Correspondingly, remittance inflows also increased continuously, despite some slowdown in the late 2000s.</li>
<li><strong>For Pakistan, less of the female migration has been for work and more for reasons of marriage &mdash;</strong> and this has affected the volatility of remittances as well. In Vietnam, the growing significance of women migrants has been reflected in a smoother trend increase in recent years compared to the past.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Opportunities</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Migration can be empowering</strong> for women.</li>
<li>The <strong>introduction to more equitable societal norms can improve women&rsquo;s rights</strong>, autonomy, and access to resources.</li>
<li>When migrant women return home, they often maintain their newfound autonomy, as well as<strong> bring home new norms, skills, and expertise.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Family health and children&rsquo;s education may improve</strong> as a result of migration.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Migration and transnational parenting can put a strain on families.</strong> Migration can have positive effects on the family and household, but the change in parenting and separation can be difficult, even with increased access to telecommunications and the Internet. Research is mixed on the effects of migration on children.</li>
<li><strong>When high‐skilled migrants leave, the results can be negative for the communities of origin, referred to as &ldquo;brain drain.&rdquo;</strong></li>
<li>Many women employed in low paid sectors may not be in a position to save money to invest in their return. They may not even have an adequate pension, leaving them with no choice but to migrate again in old age.</li>
<li><strong>High‐skilled migrant women are often underemployed</strong> and work in positions below their qualifications.</li>
<li>Female migrants may be forced into prostitution or to sell sexual favors to survive or provide for their families.</li>
<li><strong>Migrant women, especially irregular migrants, may be more vulnerable to violence.</strong></li>
<li>Domestic work is generally not covered by employment laws.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Scene</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Indian case presents a more complex picture.</strong> Women workers have been around half of the recorded migrants, yet remittances display a more volatile pattern. This relates to the specific nature of the origin of remittances, which is in turn determined by the destination of migrants as well as by gender.</li>
<li>In 2013, 52% of the stock of Indian migrants abroad were in just two countries in the Middle East: Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Just under a quarter were in the United States.</li>
<li>This excludes the Indians living in the US on temporary visas like H1B visas, who are more likely to send remittances than permanent migrants; indeed, remittances from the US have accounted for around half of the total remittances over the past decade.</li>
<li>But such remittance flows emanating from temporary but high-skilled workers tend to be larger than the smaller amounts sent by women workers in less skilled care activities in the Middle East.</li>
<li>Therefore, while the women migrants mostly continue to send remittances in periods of down-swing, male professional workers on short-term visas are more directly affected by adverse economic conditions.</li>
<li><strong>So in this matter (and in so much else in the matter of employment patterns), the Indian experience tends to be somewhat of an outlier with regard to the relationship between gendered migration and remittances.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>There is a need to ensure migrant women are granted full human rights</strong> and can access services and resources for basic rights.</li>
<li><strong>Provide access to financial institutions and better channels</strong> for sending and receiving remittances.</li>
<li><strong>The rights of migrant women should be legally protected and they should have access to legal services</strong> and remedies and also for health services.</li>
<li><strong>There is a need to promote nondiscrimination in access to labor markets and job sectors,</strong> thereby increasing access and opportunities for women</li>
<li>The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes for the first time the contribution of migration to sustainable development. Now, the Governments across the globe should create bilateral, multilateral, and regional dialogue and agreements that include provisions for sharing information and best practices to ensure migrant rights, support, and protection.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The International Organization for Migration (IOM)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established in 1951, IOM is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration.</li>
<li>IOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration for the benefit of all, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people.</li>
<li>UN member states adopted a set of commitments, known as the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, recognizing the need for a comprehensive approach to migration.</li>
<li>The New York Declaration acknowledges the positive contribution of migrants to sustainable and inclusive development, and commits to protecting the safety, dignity and human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, regardless of their migratory status.</li>
</ul>
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		'article_id' => (int) 1435,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'What Stops Rural Women from Getting Involved in Entrepreneurship?',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;What stops rural women from getting involved in entrepreneurship?&rdquo; which appeared in Indian Express for 21st February 2019. In this article, we will discuss the issues related to women entrepreneurs in rural India.)</p>
</div>
<p>The need to improve women&rsquo;s participation in the economy has been a long-standing priority and is also crucial towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. In recent years, entrepreneurship has emerged as an ideal way for rural women to contribute, by taking a few hours out of their day they can engage in small businesses and bring home additional income. Besides, due to lack of education women are less likely to get employment. Further, low family income also requires that women go for self-employment i.e. entrepreneurship.</p>
<p>However, <strong>recent data released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation shows that women constitute only 14 percent of the total entrepreneurs in the country.</strong> So, what is stopping more rural women from getting involved in entrepreneurship?</p>
<h3><br />Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Personal Challenges:</strong> In developing countries like India women work long hours daily, carrying out family chores such as cleaning, cooking, bringing up children along with concentrating on their income generating activities. Such family responsibilities prevent them from becoming successful entrepreneurs. ex: a choice between family and career.</li>
<li><strong>Social Challenges:</strong> The biggest problem of a woman entrepreneur is the social attitude and the constraints in which she has to live and work. Despite constitutional equality, there is discrimination against women. In a tradition-bound society, women suffer from male reservations about a woman&lsquo;s role and capacity. In rural areas, women face resistance not only from males but also from elderly females who have accepted inequality.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Challenges:</strong> When it comes to financing, women in developing nations have little access to finance because they are concentrated in poor rural communities with few opportunities to borrow money. Lack of access to credit is still worsened by a lack of information on where credit can be sought and requirements for loans. According to a report by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), despite evidence that women&lsquo;s loan repayment rates are higher than men&lsquo;s, women still face more difficulties in obtaining credit often due to the discriminatory attitudes of banks and informal lending groups. Women and small entrepreneurs always suffer from inadequate financial resources and working capital. They lack access to external funds due to the absence of tangible security and credit in the market. Women also generally do not have property in their names.</li>
<li><strong>Marketing Challenges:</strong> Because of inefficient arrangements for marketing and selling their products, women entrepreneurs are often at the mercy of the intermediaries who pocket large chunks of profit.</li>
<li><strong>Managerial Challenges:</strong> Often high cost of production undermines efficiency and restricts the development of women enterprises.</li>
<li><strong>Competition Challenges:</strong> Many of the women enterprises have imperfect organizational setup. They have to face severe competition from organized industries and male-centric entrepreneurship.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Mobility Challenges:</strong> One of the biggest handicaps for women entrepreneurs is mobility or traveling from place to place. Women on their own also often find it difficult to get accommodation in smaller towns.</li>
<li><strong>Educational Challenges:</strong> In India, literacy among women is very low. Due to lack of education, the majority of women are unaware of technological developments, marketing knowledge, etc. Lack of information and experience creates further problems in the setting up and running of business enterprises.</li>
<li><strong>Shortage of Raw Materials:</strong> Women entrepreneurs find it difficult to procure raw materials and other necessary inputs. The failure of many women cooperatives in 1971 such as those engaged in basket making was mainly due to the inadequate availability of forest-raw materials. The prices of many raw materials are in any case quite high.</li>
<li><strong>Low Ability to Bear Risk:</strong> Women have comparatively a low ability to bear economic and other risks because they have led a protected life.</li>
<li>Low Need for Achievement: Need for achievement, independence, and autonomy are the prerequisites for success in entrepreneurship. However, women are often found (and limited) to be only proud of the achievements of their parents, husbands, sons, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Other Challenges</strong>: In addition to the above problems, inadequate infrastructure, shortage of power and technical expertise and other economic and social constraints have retarded the growth of women entrepreneurship in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the women entrepreneurs are of the opinion that because of lack of training, they are not able to survive in the market. <strong>Hence, the government should conduct frequent training programmes with regard to new production techniques, sales techniques, etc.; this training should be made compulsory for women entrepreneurs.</strong></li>
<li>Finance is the first major problem for women entrepreneurs. Hence, the government can provide interest-free loans to encourage women entrepreneurs. To attract more women entrepreneurs, the subsidy for loans should be increased. Making provisions of <g class="gr_ gr_217 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="217" data-gr-id="217">microcredit</g> system &amp; enterprise credit system to the women entrepreneurs at the local level.</li>
<li><strong>Women entrepreneurs should be encouraged to start their ventures as joint stock companies rather than as a sole trader or partnership</strong> to avail the advantages of large-scale operation.</li>
<li>Parents of unmarried potential women entrepreneurs should be encouraged in spending money on setting up business rather than giving preference to their marriage.</li>
<li><strong>Marketing products are one of the main problems for women entrepreneurs.</strong> Here, women, co-operative societies can be started to procure products from women entrepreneurs. These societies could help women entrepreneurs in selling their products at a reasonable price.</li>
<li><strong>Improper location and inadequate infrastructure facilities are the hurdles in the way of development of women entrepreneurship.</strong> Hence, separate industrial estates may be set up exclusively for women entrepreneurs to reduce the initial investment and to create a special environment.</li>
<li><strong>Better educational facilities and schemes should be extended to women from rural areas.</strong> Training Programme on management skill should also be provided.</li>
<li>A women entrepreneur guidance cell can be set up to handle the various problems of women entrepreneurs all over the country/states. Training entrepreneurial attitudes should be given at the High School level through a well-designed course.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The government should draw up a plan to help Indian women entrepreneurs.</strong></li>
<li>Empowering women entrepreneurs through training and capacity building programs is a must for the holistic development of the country.</li>
<li>Our universities and institutions can also join this resolve with an increasing focus on women&rsquo;s business education.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Measures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MUDRA Yojana</li>
<li>Startup India</li>
<li>Stand up India</li>
<li>Mahila Bank</li>
<li>Mahila e-<g class="gr_ gr_103 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="103" data-gr-id="103">haat</g></li>
<li>National Rural Livelihood Mission</li>
<li>Mahila Coir Yojana</li>
<li>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)</li>
<li>Start-up Village Entrepreneurship Programme (SVEP), the sub-scheme under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)</li>
<li>Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP)</li>
<li>Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP) Scheme</li>
</ul>
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		'article_id' => (int) 1356,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'How Gender-sensitive Are India’s Energy Policies?',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>(This editorial is based on the article &ldquo;How Gender-sensitive Are India&rsquo;s Energy Policies?&rdquo; which appeared in EPW for 19th January 2019. In this editorial, we&rsquo;ll see how the use and access to energy <g class="gr_ gr_144 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="144" data-gr-id="144">is</g> gendered, and discuss gender sensitivity in Indian energy policies.)</p>
</div>
<p><strong>There is an argument that access to clean energy is gendered.</strong> It is influenced by intra-household decision-making driven by restrictive gender norms.</p>
<p>Energy policies that do not recognize the gendered nature of energy access will continue to focus on supply-side measures without giving due attention to the diverse energy demand characteristics of end users.</p>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Women and men have differential energy needs</strong> given the prescribed gender roles at both household and productive spheres.</li>
<li><strong>Cooking, washing and care work, and the consequent lack of access to clean energy</strong> for these activities have an impact on women more than men.</li>
<li>Women are more vulnerable to household air pollution-related health hazards from solid biomass use as they are primarily engaged in cooking as well as fuel collection for cooking. <strong>The other impact of solid biomass dependence is in terms of lost opportunities for women&rsquo;s time and </strong><g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="134" data-gr-id="134">labour</g><strong>.</strong></li>
<li>Lack of clean energy-based home appliances increases women&rsquo;s drudgery in household work.</li>
<li>In agriculture and allied rural livelihoods, there is a clear gendered division of <g class="gr_ gr_126 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="126" data-gr-id="126">labour</g>. <strong>Women are largely engaged in </strong><g class="gr_ gr_170 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="170" data-gr-id="170">labour-intensive</g><strong> activities like sowing, transplanting, weeding, and harvesting.</strong> However, women face barriers in accessing clean energy-based drudgery-reducing implements/machinery due to restrictive gender norms that limit their ownership of productive assets and recognition as farmers.</li>
<li><strong>Furthermore, women&rsquo;s role in energy supply and value chain is rarely recognized in policies.</strong> Their contribution to energy supply is estimated in the range of 10% to 80% of the total energy in developing countries.</li>
<li>Women participate in the energy supply chain as biomass collectors, producers of charcoal, briquettes, dung cakes, improved cookstoves, solar lights and also in marketing of energy products like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), cook stoves, solar lights, and cookers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gender Inclusiveness in Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Traditionally, India&rsquo;s energy policy designing and planning have been gender-neutral, with the exception of the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)</strong> launched in 2016.</li>
<li>The PMUY is an attempt to bridge this gap and, though it has resulted in increased LPG uptake, the low refill rates reported across the states are a cause of worry for the long-term sustainability of the programme.</li>
<li>The PMUY is the first attempt to bring in a gender focus, in addition to retaining the income focus, in domestic energy policies.</li>
<li>However, India&rsquo;s energy policy interventions pertaining to pricing and energy availability have recognized sectoral and class differences in energy requirement and consumers, respectively. This is evident in the policy on free electricity for agriculture, differential pricing for energy used in agriculture and industry, concessional pricing for backward areas, and special provision for tribal areas.</li>
<li>On the domestic cooking energy front, the provision of subsidized fuel, introduction of smart cards for below poverty line (BPL) families and the National Biogas Programme are steps taken by policymakers to facilitate clean energy access to poorer sections of society.</li>
<li>An analysis of LPG use across social categories and by female-headed households across India clearly shows that female-headed households have the lowest uptake of LPG, much lower than Scheduled Tribe (ST) and Scheduled Caste (SC) households.</li>
<li>The 2011 Census reports cooking and lighting sources according to the sex of the household head, but does not provide gender disaggregated data on the quantity of energy consumption by energy sources.</li>
<li><strong>Rajiv Gandhi Gramin LPG Vitaran Yojana (RGGLV)</strong>, an LPG distribution scheme to reach the unreached remote areas, provides LPG dealership in the joint ownership (50% partnership) of the applicant and his/her spouse.</li>
<li><strong>The Shakti Gaon Yojana</strong> <strong>of the Odisha government</strong> which hands over LPG distribution to women SHGs is also a step towards enabling women&rsquo;s presence in the energy supply chain.</li>
<li><strong>The Saubhagya scheme</strong> is a welcome step as it relies on the &ldquo;deprivation&rdquo; criterion, which includes female-headed households, in the socio-economic and caste census for beneficiary identification.</li>
<li><strong>A critical analysis of the Integrated Energy Policy (IEP)</strong> and the National Energy Policy (NEP) reveals that while both the IEP and NEP emphasize and recognize women&rsquo;s gendered role in the domestic sphere they do not recognize women&rsquo;s gendered role in production, and fail to make any specifically targeted provisioning of clean energy for productive purposes on the basis of gender.</li>
<li>Lastly, p<strong>olicies aimed at facilitating women&rsquo;s land ownership through joint </strong><g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="93" data-gr-id="93">pattas</g><strong> (title deeds), or incentivising land transfers to women through a higher subsidy rate for energy-intensive technologies (as observed in Odisha), organising women into collectives to increase their bargaining position and facilitating access to energy-intensive technologies</strong> through collectives like Kudumbashree in Kerala are some of the complementary interventions that have yielded results in women&rsquo;s access to clean energy technologies for productive purposes across some states in India.<img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/962drishti_ias_Three Analytical Frameworks for Gender and Energy.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="565" height="582" /></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At present women manage one-third of the energy system in India through gathering fuels. They need to be supported through management, investment, and technology so as to manage it sustainably and with minimum hardship.</li>
<li><strong>Energy, health and the transport of fuels need to be addressed</strong> in order to reduce energy poverty. All these require more management and policy initiatives. Capacity building is needed to promote the use of efficient energy appliances and their availability.</li>
<li>A national mission on &ldquo;<strong>having cooking fuel available for rural women within one kilometer</strong>&rdquo; is needed to reduce the hardships of carrying heavy loads. In addition, transportation should be made easier by enabling access to transportation solutions such as wheelbarrows, better pathways, and small motorized transport with community arrangements for carrying heavy biofuel loads.</li>
<li><strong>Women could form cooperatives</strong> to grow trees for fuelwood or plant oilseeds. This would put an end to searching and gathering by organizing a wood supply on a sustainable basis. There is a need to promote Self Help Groups for empowering women. Also, create rural fuel markets by establishing a value for the fuelwood collected or grown, and so add economic value.</li>
<li><strong>The government should also continue to provide a subsidy to promote clean fuels.</strong> Mass awareness programs for popularising clean fuels.</li>
<li>Further, the Government should develop micro-enterprises by interlinking microcredit and energy programmes, and shift from government initiatives to public-private partnerships.</li>
<li><strong>Access to energy should be linked as a promotional incentive</strong> for running small-scale energy business units for livelihood security and creating more employment opportunities for women.</li>
<li><strong>Health centers should be sensitized to the issues</strong> associated with indoor air pollution and the workers trained to spot and address respiratory diseases as well as problems linked to transport fuels.</li>
<li>There is a need to look beyond cooking fuels, at energy for livelihoods, lighting, transport, agriculture, and also water and sanitation. Policy initiatives require a shift of focus from energy supply to end-user services. <strong>Emphasis also needs to be placed on the education of women and spreading awareness.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/interaction/viewtopic.php?f=40&amp;t=935" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read More...</a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 1197,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Savitri Bai Phule',
		'description' => '<p>Recently 187th birth anniversary of Savitri Bai Phule was celebrated.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Savitri Bai Phule was the social reformer of the 19th century who worked in the field of women education.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Personal Life<img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577429810_image2.png" width="223" height="189" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Savitribai Phule was born on <strong>3 January 1831</strong> at Naigaon in Maharashtra&rsquo;s Satara district.</li>
<li>She was the eldest daughter of Lakshmi and Khandoji Neveshe Patil, both of whom belonged to the Mali community, now an Other Backward Caste (OBC).</li>
<li><strong>At the age of 9, she was married to 13-year-old Jyotirao Phule.</strong></li>
<li>Jyotirao Phule, better known as Jyotiba, was also a social reformer who worked in the field of women education.<strong> Jyotirao educated Savitribai at home after their marriage.</strong></li>
<li>Savitribai Phule died on<strong> 10 March 1897,</strong> while caring for a patient in the clinic she had opened for the treatment of those affected by the bubonic plague.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Social Endeavors and Its Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the 19th century, public education was limited and there were only a few missionary schools which were &ldquo;open to all&rdquo;. In this period, Jyotiba, at the age of 21, and Savitri, 17, <strong>opened a school for women in 1848.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was the country&rsquo;s<strong> first school for women started by Indians.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>She also took teacher&rsquo;s training course at an institute run by an American missionary in Ahmednagar and in Pune&rsquo;s Normal School.</li>
<li>She then started teaching girls in Pune&rsquo;s Maharwada.</li>
<li><strong>By the end of 1851, the Phules were running three schools in Pune with around 150 girl students.</strong> The teaching methods at their schools were believed to be better than government schools and soon the number of girls enrolled in Phule&rsquo;s schools outnumbered that of the boys in government schools.</li>
<li>In 1849, Jyotiba and Savitri Bai left their family home as their acts were considered against the society by their family.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They stayed with the family of a friend, Usman Sheikh, where Savitribai met Fatima Begum Sheikh.</li>
<li>Fatima Sheikh along with Savitribai went to the Normal School and they both graduated together. She was the first Muslim woman teacher of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In the 1850s,</strong> the Phule couple initiated two educational trusts&mdash;<strong>the Native Female School, Pune and The Society for Promoting the Education of Mahars, Mangs </strong><g class="gr_ gr_70 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="70" data-gr-id="70">and</g><strong> Etceteras</strong>&mdash;which came to have many schools under them.</li>
<li>She published <strong>Kavya Phule in 1854</strong> and <strong>Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar in 1892.</strong> In her poem, <strong><em>Go, Get Education</em></strong>, she urges the oppressed communities to get an education and break free from the chains of oppression.</li>
<li>In <strong>1852</strong>, Savitribai started the <strong>Mahila Seva Mandal</strong> to raise awareness about women&rsquo;s rights. Savitribai called for a women&rsquo;s gathering where members from all castes were welcome and everybody was expected to sit on the same mattress.</li>
<li>She simultaneously <strong>campaigned against child marriage, while supporting widow remarriage.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1863</strong>, they started a <strong>home for the prevention of infanticide in their own house, for the safety of pregnant, exploited Brahman widows and to nurture their children.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1890</strong>,<strong> Jyotirao passed away.</strong> Defying all social norms, she lit his funeral pyre.</li>
<li>After Jyotiba&rsquo;s death in 1890, Savitribai carried forward the work of the organization Satya Shodhak Samaj and also chaired the annual session held at Saswad in 1893.</li>
<li>She initiated the first <strong>Satyashodhak marriage&mdash;a marriage without a dowry,</strong> <strong>Brahmin</strong> <strong>priests</strong> or <strong>Brahminical</strong> <strong>rituals</strong> in <strong>1873</strong>. Her adopted son, Yashwant, too, had a Satyashodhak inter-caste marriage.</li>
<li>Her achievements were diverse and numerous, but they had a singular effect&mdash;posing a brave and pioneering challenge to the caste system and patriarchy.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Satya Shodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers Society)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was founded by<strong> Jyotirao Phule in 1873 in Pune.</strong></li>
<li>Satya shodhak samaj was founded with a purpose to<strong> give education to the lower castes, </strong>scheduled caste, scheduled tribes and made them aware of the exploiting tradition of society.</li>
</ul>
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 1141,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture - Women in Combat Role',
		'description' => '<p>Army Chief General Bipin Rawat has recently said there are women officers engaged in exercises like mining and demining operations and also manning the air defense system but cited difficulties in assigning them in frontline combat roles. He said that in frontline combat there are risks of officers getting killed. According to Army Chief, India has not put women in frontline combat because of changing nature of warlike proxy war in Kashmir. He also cited logistical reasons behind not posting women on frontlines.</p>
<h3>Women in the Indian Armed Forces</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1992, the Indian Army began inducting women officers in non-medical roles.</li>
<li>In 2007, the United Nations first all-female peacekeeping force made up of 105 Indian policewomen was deployed to Liberia.</li>
<li>All wings of the Indian Armed Forces allow women in combat roles (junior ranks) and combat supervisory roles (officers), except Indian Army (inducted for support roles only) and Special Forces of India (trainer role only).</li>
<li><strong>Females are not allowed to serve in combat units like the Infantry, the Armoured Corps and Mechanized infantry.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Short Service Commission (SSC) scheme, women are allowed to enter Army Service Corps, Ordnance, Education Corps, Judge Advocate General (JAG), Engineers, Signals, Intelligence and Electronics &amp; Mechanical Engineering branches of the Army.</li>
<li><strong>Only in certain streams like the Judge Advocate General, Army Education Corps (AEC) and the Military Police, women are given permanent commission at par with male officers.</strong></li>
<li>Unlike male officers who could have joined under the SSC scheme and could have opted for a permanent scheme at the end of ten years, women SSC officers did not have the same option.</li>
<li>However, Prime Minister has announced on Independence Day in 2018, <strong>that permanent commission would be granted to serving women officers of the armed forces. It will change the career paths of more than 3,700 women officers in the three services.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues with Women in Combat Role</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Physical issues</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The natural physical differences in stature, strength, and body composition between the sexes make women more vulnerable to certain types of injuries and medical problems. This is particularly so during vigorous and intensive training.</li>
<li>Pre-entry physical fitness levels tend to be lower in most women recruits compared with men, and hence, when standards of training remain same for the two genders, there is a higher probability of injuries among the women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Physiological issues</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The natural processes of menstruation and pregnancy make women particularly vulnerable in combat situations. Lack of privacy and sanitation can result in an increased incidence of genitourinary infections.</li>
<li>The effect of prolonged deployment in difficult terrains and grueling physical activity on the reproductive health of women is still unknown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social and psychological issues</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women tend to be more attached to their families, particularly their children. This translates into greater mental stress and requirement of social support to sustain themselves during prolonged separations from family.</li>
<li>Another social aspect leading to mental stress in women in the military is that of isolation. This is due to the fact that men far outnumber women in the military, particularly in combat zones.</li>
<li>The issue of military sexual trauma (MST) and its effect on the physical and mental well-being of women combatants is grave.</li>
<li>MST may lead to grave, long-term psychological problems, including posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSDs), depression, and substance abuse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conventional Barriers</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cultural barriers in society may be the biggest impediment to induction of women in combat.</li>
<li>The consequences of inserting a few women in an almost entirely male preserve, in cramped quarters, in inhospitable terrain, isolated from civilization, might raise conservative eyebrows of the society.</li>
<li>Another major question that needs to be studied is the acceptance of orders of the women officers by the jawans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Creating history, the Indian Air Force, last year, had inducted three women as fighter pilots.</strong></li>
<li>A decision on having women as fighter pilots will be taken after evaluating the performance of the three women &mdash; Avani Chaturvedi, Bhawana Kanth and Mohana Singh who are now part of IAF&rsquo;s fighter squadron. On similar lines, a women combat squadron can be designed and studied extensively before any further development.</li>
<li>Before inducting women in combat roles, first they can be trained as military police jawans, and gradually, they can be trained for combats.</li>
<li>As for the concern of preserving female jawans modesty and dignity, there should be elaborate codes of conducts to ensure no untoward incident occurs.</li>
<li>Administrative issues should not be cited as barriers to women entry. It is the responsibility of the government to create both administrative and social infrastructure for easy induction of women.</li>
<li><strong>Most importantly, a policy should be drawn wherein the framework for women&rsquo;s induction in the combat role is laid. Lack of a definite framework has delayed the decision-making process.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The society has to be ready to accept that women too can play the crucial role of confronting the enemies. Arguments such as that Indian society is not ready to see women in body bags are misleading and should not be encouraged as an argument to stall women entry in combat roles.</strong></li>
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		'updatedby' => (int) 9,
		'added' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'modified' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'tags'
	
	}
]
$title = 'Article Tags'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Articles/tags.ctp, line 61
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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