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The Big Picture: India’s Renewable Energy Plan

Why in News? Recently, the Prime Minister of India has announced about having huge renewable energy deployment plans for India for the next decade...

08 Dec 2020 Renewable Energy
New Proposals for Solar Power

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has received proposals from various players for over 10 gigawatts (GW) of fresh solar...

13 Aug 2020 Renewable Energy
Year End Review 2019: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

Important Schemes and Policies Nationally Determined Contributions as per the Paris Accord As a part of Nationally Determined Contributions as...

30 May 2020 Renewable Energy
Solar Charkha Mission

Why In News Recently, the Minister for Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises gave information about the Solar Charkha Mission in Lok...

06 Mar 2020 Renewable Energy
National Action Plan on Climate Change

For...

19 Sep 2019 Renewable Energy
National Action Plan on Climate Change

Introduction The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was launched in 2008 by the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change. It aims...

19 Sep 2019 Renewable Energy
Radiative Cooling & Electricity Generation

Recently, a scientist of Indian-origin has demonstrated a new way to generate electricity at night, without any active heat input. The prototype...

16 Sep 2019 Renewable Energy
Ocean Energy

For...

09 Sep 2019 Renewable Energy
Ocean Energy

Why in News? Recently, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has declared Ocean Energy as renewable energy. Includes all forms of ocean energy...

09 Sep 2019 Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy

Download...

31 Jul 2019 Renewable Energy
Needed: A Solar Manufacturing Strategy

(This editorial is based on the article "Needed: a solar manufacturing strategy” which appeared in ‘’The Hindu’’ on...

06 Jun 2019 Renewable Energy
Policy Watch – India’s Wind Energy Potential

As per a report by Fitch Solutions Macro Research, India is likely to install 54.7 GW of wind capacity by 2022 against the 60 GW target set by the...

23 May 2019 Renewable Energy
Solar Energy

The radiation that is received from the sun and utilized in the form electricity and thermal energy by using various available technologie like...

17 Apr 2019 Renewable Energy

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		'article_id' => (int) 7158,
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		'title' => 'The Big Picture: India’s Renewable Energy Plan',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JDZBY4K2kKY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India has announced about having huge renewable energy deployment plans for India for the next decade which are likely to generate business prospects of around $20 billion per year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Post the inauguration of the <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> Global Renewable Energy Investment Meeting and Expo (RE-Invest 2020),</strong> the PM addressed and invited the investors, developers and businesses to join India's renewable energy journey.</li>
<li>After the success of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Performance Linked Incentives (PLI)</strong></a> in electronics manufacturing, the government has decided to give similar incentives to high efficiency solar modules.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dedicated <strong>Project Development Cells</strong> have been established to facilitate investors ensuring<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 'Ease of Doing Business'.</strong> </a></li>
<li>India's renewable power capacity is the<strong> fourth largest in the world</strong> and is growing at the fastest speed among all major countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is a big market and a lot of countries are attracted towards it in terms of One Sun, One World, One Grid and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The renewable energy capacity in India is currently <strong>136 Giga Watts,</strong> which is about <strong>36% of its total capacity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Target for capacity increase is 450GW by 2030, increasing 25GW every year as we move forward.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Per capita consumption of energy in India is quite low as compared globally.</li>
<li>Power sector, being primarily dependent on fossil fuels, is one of prime sources of air pollution.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why Renewable Energy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sustainable:</strong> Energy generated from renewable sources will be cleaner and greener and more sustainable.</li>
<li><strong>Employment opportunities:</strong> Inclusion of a newer technology simply means more employment opportunities for the working population of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Market assurance:</strong> From the economy point of view, renewable sources provide the market and revenue assurance which no other resources can provide.</li>
<li><strong>Power supply:</strong> Providing 24*7 power supply to 100% of the households, sustainable form of transports are some of the goals that can only be achieved through sustainable power that comes from renewables.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Initiatives Taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI)</strong></a> scheme is an excellent initiative of the Government of India with respect to enhancing the manufacturing sector. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme proposes a financial incentive to boost domestic manufacturing and attract large investments in the electronics value chain including electronic components and semiconductor packaging.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri- Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-website-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy#:~:text=KUSUM%20Scheme,-KUSUM%20stands%20for&amp;text=It's%20objective%20is%20to%20provide,plants%20in%20the%20rural%20areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PM- KUSUM</a></strong> aims to provide financial and water security to farmers through harnessing solar energy capacities of 25,750 MW by 2022.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solarisation of water pumps is a step in distributed power providing at the doorstep of the consumer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy on its website also hosts <strong>Akshay Urja Portal </strong>and<strong> India Renewable Idea Exchange (IRIX) Portal.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IRIX is a platform that promotes the exchange of ideas among energy conscious Indians and the Global community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Key Focus for Next Five Years</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Twin Challenge:</strong> India has a twin challenge of providing more energy as well as cleaner energy to the masses in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should focus on getting into the manufacturing of the solar panels under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat</strong></a> initiative as the demand is to create jobs as well as supply decentralised energy to all the households in India.</li>
<li>Look and develop the entire supply chain of all the components beside the manufacturing sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Methanol and Biomass:</strong> Looking for other alternatives such as methanol based economy and biomass.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bio-CNG vehicles with 20% blending in petrol is also a target the government has been chasing.</li>
<li>Conversion of energy from <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/action-plan-for-biomass-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biomass</strong></a> is a considerable option as it will clean the cities as well as reduce our energy dependence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fuels produced from biomass have a high calorific value and are cleaner than traditional biomass.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hydrogen based FCV:</strong> Hydrogen in technology is likely to change the landscape of renewables, shifting towards <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hydrogen-fuel-cell-for-vehicles#:~:text=Hydrogen%20in%20Fuel%20Cell%20Electric,electricity%20from%20only%20a%20battery.&amp;text=The%20amount%20of%20energy%20stored,of%20the%20hydrogen%20fuel%20tank" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrogen Based Fuel Cells Vehicles</strong> </a>(FCV) is another area of focus.</li>
<li><strong>Grid Integration:</strong> It is the practice of developing efficient ways to deliver variable renewable energy (RE) to the grid.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Identifying the demands which are in tune with the characteristics of the renewables, focussing on characteristics of renewables mainly solar and wind and considering their variability as strength rather than weakness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges with Renewable Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Integration with the Main Grid:</strong> Integrating the renewables with the main grid is the area India needs to work upon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To accelerate the uptake of renewables, storage and battery solutions is needed in large quantities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cost factor:</strong> Renewable resources are slightly more expensive than conventional sources.</li>
<li><strong>24*7 Power Supply:</strong> Sustainable, round-the-clock power supply along with the storage system is a big challenge ahead.</li>
<li><strong>Agricultural Sector:</strong> Much power is consumed in the agricultural sector. The challenge is to provide sufficient power and energy to every household and to the agricultural sector as well.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Identification of areas:</strong> Renewable resources specially wind cannot be set up everywhere, they require specific location. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Identification of these specific locations, integrating them with the main grid and distribution of powers; A combination of these three is what will take India forward.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploration:</strong> More storage solutions need to be explored.</li>
<li><strong>Agriculture subsidy:</strong> Agricultural subsidy should be rectified in order to ensure that only the required amount of energy is consumed.</li>
<li><strong>Hydrogen fuel cell based vehicles and Electric vehicles:</strong> These are the most suitable options when it comes to shifting towards renewable sources of energy, that&rsquo;s where we need to work upon.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A well planned road map is needed, for which <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> is coming up with Energy Vision 2035 to achieve India's clean energy goals.</li>
<li>Diversified energy mix is what India needs to focus on, no doubt solar and wind have a lot of potential, Hydrogen would be a game changer in Indian energy transition space.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Renewable sources of energy are expected to replace fossil fuels by 2050.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India should be working on areas like investment in infrastructure, capacity building and better integration in the near and immediate future.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 6181,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New Proposals for Solar Power',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong> has received proposals from various players for over <strong>10 gigawatts (GW)</strong> of fresh <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solar</strong></a> equipment manufacturing.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rewa-solar-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>750 megawatt (MW) solar project</strong></a> was also inaugurated in<strong> Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These moves are in line with India's commitment to<strong> attain the target of 175 GW of installed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/curtailment-issue-in-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">renewable energy</a> capacity by 2022</strong> including <strong>100 GW of solar installed capacity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This<strong> rise of interest in the domestic manufacture</strong> of solar equipment coincides with <strong>other measures of the government to promote domestic industry</strong> like increasing <strong>duties on imports across sectors, including solar power.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a proposal of increasing customs duty to around<strong> 20-25% on solar equipment</strong> and also for a<strong> 5% interest subvention scheme</strong> for the domestic manufacturing of ingots, wafers and cells.</li>
<li>However, these duty changes should be in compliance with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Trade Organisation</strong></a> (WTO) standards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solar Power and India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There has been a <strong>significant progress in solar capacity addition</strong> since 2014, with India <strong>progressively emerging as the world&rsquo;s third largest solar market.</strong></li>
<li>However, the <strong>domestic solar equipment manufacturing industry has largely failed</strong> to capitalise on the opportunity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Despite a 20GW demand</strong> for solar cell manufacturing, India&rsquo;s<strong> current average annual capacity is only around 3GW.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nearly 80%</strong> of the inputs and components are <strong>imported from China</strong> as it was the <strong>top exporter of solar cells and modules to India in the Financial Year 2019-20,</strong> accounting for USD1.68 billion of the product into the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has <strong>implemented safeguard duties on import of solar equipment from China and Malaysia,</strong> which have been<strong> extended until July 2021</strong> at a rate of around 15%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, a<strong> safeguard duty is of limited duration</strong> and will therefore not induce people to make long-term commitments in terms of investments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Despite all these initiatives</strong> to incentivise domestic production, the safeguard duty, domestic content requirement policy and an approved list of models and manufacturers, the <strong>expected scale-up has not materialised.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are about <strong>16 solar cell manufacturers in India</strong> of which <strong>only half have a manufacturing capacity of 100 MW or higher.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Less Development of Solar Energy in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Solar cell manufacturing is a<strong> complicated process</strong> that is <strong>technology and capital intensive</strong> and it also upgrades every 8-10 months.</li>
<li>The <strong>global market</strong> of solar wafer and ingot manufacturing is <strong>dominated by China,</strong> whose companies <strong>dominate the Indian solar components market too</strong> with their competitive pricing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Strong financial measures, promotion of research and development, proper mechanisms to tackle China's dumping of solar equipment are few of the steps required to boost the solar energy and its production in the country.</li>
<li>The government&rsquo;s move to shift from the use of short-term safeguard duties to protect domestic manufacturers to the imposition of customs duties has induced the industry to make long-term commitments in terms of investments.</li>
<li>It is an indication that the centre&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan</strong></a> could be yielding early results in the solar energy space.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-push-sees-players-lining-up-to-make-solar-equipment-6552417/#:~:text=In%20an%20indication%20that%20the,of%20fresh%20solar%20equipment%20manufacturing." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5490,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Year End Review 2019: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy',
		'description' => '<h3>Important Schemes and Policies</h3>
<p><strong>Nationally Determined Contributions as per the Paris Accord</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As a part of Nationally Determined Contributions as per the Paris Accord on Climate Change, India has made a pledge that by 2030, 40% of our installed power generation capacity shall be from non-fossil fuel sources and also by 2030, reduce emission intensity of GDP by 33-35 % from 2005 level.</li>
<li>Economic growth, increasing prosperity, a growing rate of urbanisation and rising per capita energy consumption has increased the energy demand of the country.</li>
<li>In 2015, India decided that 175 GW of renewable energy capacity will be installed by the year 2022. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This includes 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from biomass and 5 GW from small hydro power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The substantial higher capacity target will ensure greater energy security, improved energy access and enhanced employment opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-website-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM)</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme covers grid-connected Renewable Energy power plants (0.5 &ndash; 2 MW)/ Solar water pumps/ grid connected agriculture pumps.</li>
<li>Components of the scheme-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Installation of 10,000 MW of Decentralized Ground Mounted Grid Connected Renewable Energy Power Plants by farmers of 500 kW to 2 MW capacity within 5 km distance from sub-station primarily on barren/uncultivable land.</li>
<li>Installation of standalone off-grid solar water pumps to fulfil irrigation needs of farmers not connected to grid.</li>
<li>Solarization of existing grid-connected agriculture pumps to make farmers independent of grid supply and also sell surplus solar power generated to Discom and get extra income.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Scheme for Development of Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a scheme to develop Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks (UMREPPs) under the existing Solar Park Scheme.</li>
<li>The objective of the UMREPP is to provide land upfront to the project developer and facilitate transmission infrastructure for developing Renewable Energy (RE) based Power Parks with solar/wind/hybrid and also with storage systems.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-of-grid-connected-rooftop-solar-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar (RTS) Programme</strong></a></p>
<p>The union cabinet has approved Phase-II of Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Programme for achieving a cumulative capacity of <strong>40,000 MW from Rooftop Solar Projects by the year 2022.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In grid-connected rooftop or small Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) system, the DC power generated from the SPV panel is converted to AC power using the power conditioning unit and is fed to the grid.</li>
<li>The major objective of the programme includes: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To promote the grid-connected SPV rooftop and small SPV power generating plants among the residential, community, institutional, industrial and commercial establishments.</li>
<li>To mitigate the dependence on fossil fuel based electricity generation and encourage environment-friendly Solar electricity generation.</li>
<li>To create an enabling environment for investment in the solar energy sector by the private sector, state government and the individuals.</li>
<li>To create an enabling environment for the supply of solar power from rooftop and small plants to the grid.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential#:~:text=A%20Solar%2DWind%20Hybrid%20policy,resources%2C%20transmission%20infrastructure%20and%20land." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main objective of the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, 2018 is to provide a framework for promotion of large grid connected wind-solar PV hybrid system for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land.</li>
<li>The wind - solar PV hybrid systems will help in reducing the variability in renewable power generation and achieving better grid stability.</li>
<li>The policy also aims to encourage new technologies, methods and way-outs involving combined operation of wind and solar PV plants.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Offshore Wind Energy Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Offshore wind energy policy was notified in October 2015 with an objective to develop the offshore wind energy in the Indian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones#:~:text=Exclusive%20Economic%20Zone%20(EEZ)%3A,200%20nm%20from%20its%20baselines." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)</strong></a> along the Indian coastline of 7600 km.</li>
<li>Eight zones are identified each in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu having cumulative offshore wind energy potential of 70 GW.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Each coastal State may claim an EEZ beyond and adjacent to its territorial sea that extends seaward up to 200 nm from its baselines.</li>
<li>Within its EEZ, a coastal state has:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving and managing natural resources, whether living or nonliving, of the seabed and subsoil.</li>
<li>Rights to carry out activities like the production of energy from the water, currents and wind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ only allows for the above-mentioned resource rights. It does not give a coastal state the right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight, subject to very limited exceptions.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Maritime Zones</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1590839734_1577089572_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1590839734_1577089572_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="670" height="378" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><strong>Atal Jyoti Yojana (AJAY)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Phase II of Atal Jyoti Yojana (AJAY) was launched.</li>
<li>Phase I of AJAY scheme was launched in September 2016 for the installation of solar street lighting (SSL) systems in states with less than 50% households covered with grid power (as per Census 2011).</li>
<li><strong>The AJAY scheme provides solar street lighting (SSL) systems for public use.</strong> These public uses include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lighting roads and intersections in remote, rural and semi-urban areas that do not have adequate lighting and lighting at bus stops, public conveniences and market places.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Engagement</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-assembly-of-isa#:~:text=The%20second%20assembly%20of%20the,financial%20and%20programme%20related%20issues." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second Assembly of the International Solar Alliance (ISA)</strong></a></p>
<p>The Ministry hosted the second assembly of International Solar Alliance (ISA) on 30th and 31<sup>st</sup> October 2019, New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Assembly is the supreme decision making body of the ISA, and gives directions on various administrative, financial and programme related issues.</li>
<li>India (represented by the Minister for New and Renewable Energy and Power) is the President and France is the Co-President of the ISA Assembly.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ISA, is an Indian initiative that was launched by the Prime Minister of India and the President of France on 30<sup>th</sup> November 2015 in Paris, France on the side-lines of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Conference of the Parties (COP-21)</strong></a>, with 121 solar resource rich countries lying fully or partially between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn as prospective members.</li>
<li>The overarching objective of the ISA is to collectively address key common challenges to the scaling up of solar energy in ISA member countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Read TTP on Solar Energy</strong></a></p>
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		'article_id' => (int) 4630,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Solar Charkha Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why In News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Minister for Micro, Small &amp; Medium Enterprises</strong> gave information about the <strong>Solar</strong> <strong>Charkha Mission </strong>in<strong>&nbsp;Lok Sabha.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-2-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Solar Charkha Mission</strong></a> is an enterprise driven scheme and envisages setting up of <strong>&lsquo;Solar Charkha Clusters&rsquo;</strong> which will have <strong>200 to 2042 beneficiaries</strong> (Spinners, Weavers, Stitchers and other skilled artisans).</li>
<li>One cluster would involve a maximum <strong>subsidy of Rs. 9.60 crore</strong> provided in form of <strong>Capital subsidy for individual</strong> and <strong>Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), interest subvention for working capital</strong> and <strong>capacity building.</strong></li>
<li>These solar charkhas are to be operated <strong>using solar power which is a renewable energy source.</strong> It will help in the development of <strong>Green Economy</strong> as it is an <strong>environment friendly programme.</strong> It will also <strong>generate sustainable employment for the artisans.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Solar Charkha Mission is a<strong> Ministry of Micro Small &amp; Medium Enterprises (MSME) initiative launched during June 2018.</strong></li>
<li>A pilot project on Solar Charkha was implemented at <strong>Khanwa village, Nawada District of Bihar in 2016.</strong> Based on the success of the pilot project, the Government of India had accorded approval to set up 50 such clusters with a budget of <strong>Rs. 550 Crore for 2018-19 and 2019-20.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme is envisaged to generate direct employment nearly to <strong>one lakh persons in the approved clusters.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Scheme Objectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To ensure inclusive <strong>growth by generation of employment, especially for women and youth,</strong> and<strong> sustainable development</strong> through solar charkha clusters in<strong> rural areas.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>boost rural economy</strong> and help in arresting<strong> migration from rural to urban areas.</strong></li>
<li>To leverage <strong>low-cost,</strong> innovative <strong>technologies and processes for sustenance.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605406" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3185,
		'category_id' => (int) 32,
		'title' => 'National Action Plan on Climate Change',
		'description' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568975331_National%20Action Plan on Climate Change (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568975331_National Action Plan on Climate Change (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.png" width="472" height="3393" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3176,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'National Action Plan on Climate Change',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)</strong> was launched in <strong>2008</strong> by the <strong>Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change.</strong></li>
<li>It aims at creating awareness among the representatives of the public, different agencies of the government, scientists, industry and the communities on the threat posed by climate change and the steps to counter it.</li>
<li>There are<strong> 8 national missions</strong> forming the core of the NAPCC which represent multi-pronged, long term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in climate change. These are-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Solar Mission</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission on Sustainable Habitat</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Water Mission</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission for A Green India</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NAPCC is guided by following principles-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Protection</strong> of poor and vulnerable sections of society through <strong>inclusive and sustainable development strategy,</strong> sensitive to climate change.</li>
<li><strong>Achievements of national growth</strong> through qualitative changes enhancing <strong>ecological sustainability.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Deployment of appropriate technologies</strong> for both <strong>adaptation and mitigation of GreenHouse Gases emissions</strong> extensively and at an accelerated pace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GreenHouse Gases (GHG)</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are gases that <strong>absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared</strong> range.</li>
<li>Primary GHGs are <strong>water vapour, carbondiaoxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone.</strong></li>
<li>Earth&rsquo;s surface temperature would be &minus;18 &deg;C instead of the present average of 15 &deg;C without GHGs.</li>
<li>GHGs create <strong>Green House Effect</strong> which is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Regulatory and voluntary mechanisms</strong> to <strong>promote sustainable development</strong> and engineering new and innovative forms of market.</li>
<li><strong>Effective implementation</strong> of plans using <strong>unique linkages</strong> like civil society and local governments through <strong>public-private partnership.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Invite international cooperation</strong> for <strong>research, development, sharing and transfer of data and technologies</strong> enabled by sufficient funding and backed up by a global IPR regime under the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UNFCCC Secretariat (UN Climate Change)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established in <strong>1992</strong> when countries adopted the <strong>UNFCCC.</strong></li>
<li>Located in <strong>Bonn, Germany.</strong></li>
<li>Focuses on facilitating <strong>intergovernmental climate change negotiations.</strong></li>
<li>Provides <strong>technical expertise and assistance on analysis and review of climate change reports</strong> presented by the parties.</li>
<li>Plays a crucial role in implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Approach</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NAPCC addresses the country&rsquo;s critical and urgent needs by <strong>directionally shifting the development path</strong> and <strong>enhancing</strong> the current and planned <strong>programmes and technologies.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>identifies measures</strong> that <strong>promote our developmental goals</strong> and <strong>co-benefits</strong> by addressing <strong>climate change</strong> also.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2010</strong> with the primary aim of achieving <strong>grid parity by 2022</strong> and <strong>with coal-based thermal power by 2030.</strong></li>
<li>Aims to increase the share of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solar energy</strong></a> in India's energy mix.</li>
<li>It takes the measures of increasing R&amp;D efforts, promoting decentralised distribution of energy by creating cheaper and more convenient solar power systems.</li>
<li>Emphasis on manufacturing solar panels at the local level and to tie up local research with international efforts.</li>
<li>Seeks to <strong>reduce the absolute cost</strong> of solar energy to bring it down and make it affordable.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Making <strong>solar water heaters mandatory</strong> in buildings to promote the already proven and commercially viable <strong>solar heating systems.</strong></li>
<li>By the <strong>remote village electrification programme,</strong> using solar power as an off-grid solution to provide power to the power deprived poor.</li>
<li><strong>Creating conditions for research and application</strong> in the field of solar technology and <strong>support &amp; facilitate</strong> the already on-going R&amp;D projects.</li>
<li>The ultimate objective is to develop a solar industry in India, <strong>capable of delivering solar energy competitively again the fossil fuel options.</strong></li>
<li>It is hoped that<strong> by the end of the third phase, 2022,</strong> India should have installed <strong>20,000 MW</strong> of solar power.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
<li>Based on the <strong>Energy Conservation Act, 2001.</strong></li>
<li>It creates a market based mechanism to <strong>enhance cost effectiveness</strong> of improvements on energy efficiency. Switching to cleaner fuels, commercially viable technology transfers, capacity building needs etc are the way forward for this mission.</li>
<li><strong>Development with energy efficiency</strong> as a key criterion.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Spread awareness</strong> about the efficacy and efficiency of energy efficient products and <strong>create demand.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ensure adequate supply</strong> of energy efficient products, goods, and services by forming a cadre of energy professionals.</li>
<li><strong>Create financing platforms</strong> which can make risk guarantee funds, financial derivatives of performance contracts.</li>
<li><strong>Formulate</strong> well thought out <strong>evaluation and monitoring mechanisms</strong> to capture energy savings in a transparent manner.</li>
<li><strong>Overcome market failures</strong> through regulatory and policy measures.</li>
<li>Key areas to work upon are <strong>Energy, Efficiency, Equity and Environment.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>National Mission on Sustainable Habitat</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Ministry of Urban Development.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Manifold agenda</strong> mission because it looks at energy efficiency within buildings, waste disposal from these buildings and betters the public transport system.</li>
<li>Plans to make <strong>urban areas more climate friendly</strong> and <strong>less susceptible to climate change</strong> by a <strong>multi-pronged approach</strong> to mitigate and adapt to it.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals-</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To create and adopt a more holistic approach for <strong>solid and liquid waste management,</strong> ensuring their full potential for energy generation <strong>(conversion of solid waste into energy),</strong> recycling, reusing and composting.</li>
<li>To <strong>encourage alternative transport systems</strong> and <strong>establish fuel efficiency standards and reduce fuel consumed per passenger travel</strong> by the provision of pedestrian pathways.</li>
<li>To provide for <strong>adoption and creation of alternative technologies</strong> mitigating climate change and to <strong>encourage community involvement</strong> for it.</li>
<li>Creation of <strong>one building code</strong> for the entire nation.</li>
<li>A system to <strong>enforce law and order.</strong></li>
<li>Establish <strong>financial incentives</strong> based on <strong>green rating.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reduce</strong> need for pumping of water, <strong>proper treatment of waste</strong> water and use of <strong>better designed toilets.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Promote</strong> use of <strong>natural gas</strong> and alternative &amp; renewable fuels.</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive urban renewal master plan</strong> proposals with sustainable designs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>A master plan is a dynamic long-term planning document that provides a conceptual layout to guide future growth and development.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Better enforcement of</strong> Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation <strong>(UDPFI) guidelines.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>National Water Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation.</strong></li>
<li>Ensures <strong>better integrated water resource management</strong> leading to <strong>water conservation, less wastage, equitable distribution</strong> forming better policies.</li>
<li>Looks into the issues of <strong>groundwater and surface water management, domestic and industrial water management, improvement of water storage capacities and protection of wetlands.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Review and data collection</strong> on the network of hydrological, automatic weather and automated rain gauge stations.</li>
<li>Expeditiously<strong> implement water projects in climate sensitive</strong> regions.</li>
<li>Promotion of <strong>water purification and desalination techniques.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Enactment of a bill</strong> for the regulation and management of <strong>groundwater sources.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Research</strong> in water use efficiency in industry, agriculture and domestic sectors.</li>
<li>Providing <strong>incentives for water neutral &amp; positive technologies.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Review National Water Policy</strong> to include <strong>integrated water resources</strong> management, <strong>evaporation</strong> management and <strong>basin level</strong> management.</li>
<li>Water data base in the public domain and the assessment of impact of climate change on water resource</li>
<li><strong>Promotion of citizen and state action</strong> for water conservation, augmentation and preservation.</li>
<li>More focused attention to <strong>over-exploited</strong> areas.</li>
<li><strong>Improving water use efficiency by 20%</strong> through regulatory and pricing mechanisms.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Department of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
<li>Created to <strong>protect</strong> the <strong>Himalayan ecosystem.</strong> The mandate is to evolve measures to <strong>sustain and safeguard the Himalayan glaciers, mountain ecosystems, biodiversity and wildlife conservation &amp; protection.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human and knowledge capacities-</strong> appointing trained personnel who can capture, store and apply knowledge relating to vulnerability and changes in the region.</li>
<li><strong>Institutional capacities-</strong> creating capability to conduct long term observations, studies to understand and warn of changes in the Himalayan ecosystem</li>
<li><strong>Evidence based policy building and governance-</strong> creating a platform for Himalayan states and the Centre to interact with various bodies.</li>
<li><strong>Continuous self learning for balancing</strong> between forces of Nature and actions of mankind by creating strong linkages with community based organisations.</li>
<li>Establishing of a <strong>modern centre of Glaciology, standardisation of data collection to ensure interoperability and mapping of natural resources</strong> in the area.</li>
<li><strong>Identification and training of experts and specialists</strong> in the area relevant to sustaining the Himalayan ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Mission for Green India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.</strong></li>
<li>It has the <strong>mandate of reviving degraded forest land</strong> with a focus on <strong>increasing forest cover &amp; density</strong> and <strong>conserving biodiversity.</strong></li>
<li>Works towards <strong>reducing fragmentation of forests, enhancing private public partnerships for plantations, improving schemes based on joint forestry management etc.</strong></li>
<li>Makes plans to tackle the challenges posed by climate change.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enhancing carbon sinks</strong> in <strong>sustainably managed forests.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Enhancing the resilience of vulnerable species and ecosystems</strong> to <strong>adapt</strong> to climate change.</li>
<li><strong>Enabling forest dependent communities</strong> to <strong>adapt</strong> to climate variability.</li>
<li><strong>Double the area</strong> to be taken up for <strong>afforestation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Increase greenhouse gas removals</strong> by Indian forests.</li>
<li><strong>Enhance resilience of forests and ecosystems</strong> falling under the mission.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture.</strong></li>
<li>It works towards <strong>devising strategies</strong> to make <strong>Indian agriculture&nbsp;</strong><strong>less susceptible to climate change.</strong></li>
<li>It would <strong>identify and develop new crop varieties,</strong> use <strong>traditional and modern agricultural techniques.</strong></li>
<li>This mission sees <strong>dry land agriculture, risk management, access to information and use of biotechnology </strong>as<strong> areas of intervention.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strengthening agricultural insurance, develop a system based on Geographic Information System (GIS)</strong> and <strong>remote sensing</strong> to map soil resource and land use.</li>
<li><strong>Providing information and collation</strong> of off-season crops and <strong>preparation of</strong> state-level <strong>agro-climatic atlases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Strategise to evolve low input agriculture</strong> with <strong>enhanced water and nitrogen efficient</strong> crops.</li>
<li><strong>Nutritional strategies</strong> to manage heat stress in dairy animals.</li>
<li>Using of <strong>micro irrigation systems.</strong></li>
<li>Promotion of agricultural techniques like <strong>minimum tillage, organic farming and rain water conservation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Capacity building</strong> of farmers and other stakeholders.</li>
<li><strong>Production of bio-fertilizer, compost</strong> along with subsidies for <strong>chemical fertilizers.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Strengthening </strong>of <strong>National Agricultural Insurance Scheme.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Department of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>identifies challenges and requisite responses</strong> to climate change. This will be done through <strong>open international collaboration</strong> and <strong>would ensure sufficient funding</strong> for this research.</li>
<li>There is a need for strong strategic knowledge system on climate change.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Develop regional climate science. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Leverage international cooperation.</strong></li>
<li>The efforts undertaken here would feed into the <strong>Indian National Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA)</strong> which is a <strong>stock taking exercise conducted every two years as part of the national obligations under UNFCCC.</strong></li>
<li>Creation of a <strong>data generation and sharing system</strong> by mapping resources on knowledge relevant to climate change.</li>
<li><strong>Identifying knowledge gaps</strong> and inspiring from global technological trends to select and test technologies.</li>
<li><strong>Creating new centres dedicated to climate research</strong> within existing institutional framework.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Achievements</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The World Wide Fund for Nature-India (WWF)</strong> feels that the National Action Plan is fairly <strong>comprehensive</strong> and has <strong>cross-sectoral links</strong> through the eight National Level Missions. The <strong>focal point</strong> is India's impetus on <strong>following on a low carbon energy path without impending economic growth</strong> and quality of life of people.</li>
<li>NAPCC brings a <strong>balanced perspective on mitigation and adaptation</strong> through some new dimensions like creation of National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change as this would <strong>ensure exchange of knowledge and informed research</strong> in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges and Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has the potential to do things differently because it is in an <strong>early stage</strong> of development and it <strong>contributes very little to the changing climatic conditions.</strong> It can leapfrog to a <strong>low carbon economy by using high-end and emerging technologies.</strong></li>
<li>The plan report <strong>makes no commitment to cut the country's carbon emission</strong> which should have been an integral part of it.</li>
<li>The<strong> focal point</strong> of NAPCC <strong>seems to be solar power mission only</strong> and the government&rsquo;s efforts to maximise the solar energy seemingly approve it. <strong>Equal emphasis on all missions with equal inputs</strong> would have enabled the county to yield fast and visible results.</li>
<li>Missions related to sustainable habitat, water, and agriculture and forestry are <strong>multi-sectoral, overlapping, multi-departmental, advisory and very slow moving</strong> in nature. Several ongoing activities are in principle aligned with the objectives of these missions which should <strong>either be integrated</strong> with the missions or <strong>scrapped</strong> to save the time and cost.</li>
<li>Another challenge is the <strong>monitoring systems,</strong> which are <strong>either ineffective or absent.</strong> Progress reports for NSM, NMEEE, and NWM are currently available but mapping of progress for other missions has been difficult due to their cross-cutting nature.</li>
<li>Ministries are <strong>required to report progress and have regular meetings</strong> with the PM&rsquo;s Council on Climate Change.</li>
<li>Finally, it can be said that <strong>institutional, systemic and process barriers&mdash;</strong> including <strong>financial constraints, inter-ministerial coordination, lack of technical expertise and project clearance delays&mdash;</strong>stand as <strong>major challenges</strong> in the efficient implementation of the missions.</li>
<li>The<strong> cross-cutting subjects</strong> of the missions have <strong>not yielded any positive results</strong> on grounds yet <strong>so a new approach is needed</strong> to solve this and bring the agenda of climate change to the mainstream.</li>
<li>While these challenges have drawn criticisms, they also provide us with the opportunity for discussion on the approaches to deal with climate change in India and understand the best way ahead to mainstream climate change.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recognising that climate change is a global challenge, the plan promises that India will <strong>engage actively in multilateral negotiations</strong> in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, in a <strong>positive, constructive and forward-looking manner.</strong></li>
<li>It is now clear that initiatives to prevent climate change have been started but, most importantly, these <strong>initiatives must be continuous and sustainable</strong> and every individual of every country will need to contribute to prevent climate change.</li>
<li>By releasing the NAPCC, the <strong>Indian government has shown its commitment</strong> to address climate change issues and also <strong>sent a positive message</strong> to the public, industries, and civil society about the government's concern to address the climate change issue through concerted action.</li>
<li>Issues related to the<strong> awareness</strong> regarding global warming and climate change <strong>among the general population</strong> and the <strong>issue related to agriculture and health hazards</strong> due to climate change <strong>must be addressed strongly and effectively.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3149,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Radiative Cooling & Electricity Generation',
		'description' => '<p>Recently, a scientist of Indian-origin has demonstrated a new way to <strong>generate electricity at night,</strong> without any active heat input.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The prototype device employs <strong>radiative cooling,</strong> in which a sky-facing surface passes its heat to the <strong>atmosphere as thermal radiation, losing some heat</strong> to space and reaching a cooler temperature than the surrounding air.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This phenomenon explains how frost forms on the grass during above-freezing nights, and the same principle can be used to generate electricity, <strong>harnessing temperature differences to produce renewable electricity at night,</strong> when lighting demand peaks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <strong>laws of thermodynamics,</strong> everything on Earth emits heat. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At night, when one side of Earth turns away from the sun, its buildings &amp; streets cool off.</li>
<li>If no clouds are present to trap warmth, objects on the Earth can lose so much heat that they reach a lower temperature than the air surrounding them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can be noted that humans have taken advantage of this effect for millenniums. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Six thousand years ago, people in Iran and Afghanistan constructed enormous <strong>beehive-shaped structures</strong> called <strong>Yakhchal,</strong> which used this <strong>passive cooling</strong> effect to <strong>create and store ice in the desert.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Working Principle</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This device releases the heat unevenly in a manner that the top side cooling is more than the bottom side cooling. It then <strong>converts the difference in heat into electricity.</strong></li>
<li>At its heart is the gadget called a <strong>thermoelectric generator,</strong> which uses the difference in temperature between opposite sides of the device to generate a current.</li>
<li>When the device was connected to a voltage converter, it was able to power a white LED.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Potential Application</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This could be a broadly enabling approach to power generation suitable for remote locations, and anywhere where power generation at night is needed.</li>
<li>While solar cells are an efficient source of renewable energy during the day, there is currently no similar renewable approach to generating power at night.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although the amount of electricity it generates per unit area remains relatively small, limiting its widespread applications for now, but the researchers predict it can be made twenty times more powerful with improved engineering -- such as by suppressing heat gain in the radiative cooling component to increase heat-exchange efficiency.</li>
<li>If this device could produce any amount of electricity at night, it would be valuable as after the sun sets, solar cells don&rsquo;t work and winds often die down. This innovation is vital in complementing other renewable sources of energy.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568628496_Image14.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568628496_Image14.jpg" width="318" height="534" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/features/transformative-new-device-harvests-energy-in-darkness/articleshow/71107147.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: Economic Times</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3096,
		'category_id' => (int) 33,
		'title' => 'Ocean Energy',
		'description' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568017316_Ocean%20Energy (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568017316_Ocean Energy (Mind Map).png" width="496" height="1389" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ocean-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3087,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Ocean Energy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong> has declared <strong>Ocean Energy</strong> as <strong>renewable</strong> energy.</li>
<li>Includes all forms of ocean energy such as <strong>tidal, wave, current, ocean thermal etc</strong> and makes them eligible for meeting the <strong>non-solar Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Ocean Energy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Oceans&rsquo; water movement</strong> creates a <strong>vast store of kinetic energy</strong> (energy in motion) in the various forms of renewable energy viz wave energy, tidal energy, ocean current energy, salinity gradient energy and ocean thermal gradient energy which can be <strong>harnessed to generate electricity.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Types of Ocean Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tidal Energy-</strong> Like conventional hydroelectric dams, power plants are built on river estuaries and hold back huge amounts of tidal water twice a day which generates electricity when released. India is expected to have 9,000 MW of tidal energy potential.</li>
<li><strong>Wave Energy-</strong> This is generated by the movement of a device either floating on the surface of the ocean or moored to the ocean floor.</li>
<li><strong>Current Energy-</strong> It is very similar to the wind above the oceans. Underwater turbines, large propellers tethered to the seabed, are moved with the marine currents to generate electricity. According to the <strong>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),</strong> given the scale of open ocean currents, there is a promise of significant project scale growth when technologies harness lower-velocity currents.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was created in <strong>1988</strong> by the <strong>World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</strong> and <strong>the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).</strong></li>
<li>Currently has <strong>195</strong> members.</li>
<li>Headquartered in <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>It has the objective to provide governments at all levels with <strong>scientific information</strong> that they can use to <strong>develop climate policies.</strong></li>
<li>It provides regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate change, its impact and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation.</li>
<li>It gives the report on <strong>Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation</strong> among other various reports.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy-</strong> Oceans are huge heat reservoirs as they cover almost 70% of Earth&rsquo;s surface. The temperature difference between warm surface waters and the cold deeper layers can be used to generate steam and then power.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The technology which uses ocean temperature differences from the surface to depths lower than 1,000 meters, to extract energy.</li>
<li>Research focuses on <strong>two types of OTEC technologies-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>Closed cycle method,</strong> a working fluid (ammonia) is pumped through a heat exchanger for evaporation and the steam runs a turbine. The vapour is turned back to fluid (condensation) by the cold water found at the depths of the ocean where it returns to the heat exchanger.</li>
<li>In <strong>Open cycle method,</strong> the warm surface water is pressurized in a vacuum chamber and converted to steam which runs the turbine. The steam is then condensed using cold ocean water from lower depths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has high (94%) capacity factor which makes it the best power source and although it has a high initial cost, low maintenance and regular power supply makes it an attractive alternative.</li>
<li>OTEC is supplied by an infinite supply of solar energy and the stored energy in it after sundown makes it a 24 hour power supplier.</li>
<li>There are no emissions from the OTEC power plants so air quality will not be degraded.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Osmotic Energy-</strong> This technique produces energy from the movement of water across a membrane between a saltwater reservoir and fresh water reservoir. It is also called <strong>Salinity Gradient Energy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Predictable and Reliable:</strong> Unlike wind, ocean energy sources are more predictable. The endless flows create a reliable supply source for future availability.</li>
<li><strong>Global presence:</strong> Tidal streams and ocean currents are available almost everywhere across the globe.</li>
<li><strong>Energy-rich:</strong> Moving water is more than 800 times denser than moving air, which multiplies the kinetic energy by the same factor and opens up the scope of huge amounts of energy.</li>
<li><strong>Unlimited usage area:</strong> Land is a scarce resource for many regions so on-shore solutions have to compete and can extend to a limit but ocean energies are provided by the vast and deep oceans ending the competition.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>accelerate and enhance support</strong> for the resource assessment and deployment of ocean energy in the country.</li>
<li>To harness the ocean energies for power generation and to overcome the barrier of energy deficiency.</li>
<li>This sector has been <strong>opened to the public and private sectors</strong> so that more projects can be carried out in India.</li>
<li><strong>Industry led research and development proposals are invited</strong> from stakeholders, for solving problems in Indian conditions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Limitations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Deployment is currently limited</strong> in our country and already deployed technologies are under utilised.</li>
<li>Either there is <strong>not much research done</strong> on the technologies or most are currently at the initial stage of R&amp;D, demonstration and commercialization.</li>
<li><strong>Uncertainty of the marine environment</strong> and <strong>commercial scale risks</strong> like- corrosion of materials due to the salinity of seawater, offshore maintenance difficulties, the environmental impact on landscapes and the marine ecosystem and competition from other marine activities such as fishing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Potential</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Total identified potential of <strong>Tidal Energy</strong> is about <strong>12455 MW,</strong> with potential locations identified at <strong>Khambat &amp; Kutch regions,</strong> and large backwaters, where barrage technology could be used.</li>
<li>The total theoretical potential of <strong>wave energy</strong> is estimated to be about <strong>40,000 MW.</strong> This energy is however less intensive than what is available in more northern and southern latitudes.</li>
<li><strong>OTEC</strong> has a theoretical potential of <strong>180,000 MW</strong> in India subject to suitable technological evolution.</li>
<li>Ocean energy has the potential to grow fully,<strong> fuelling economic growth, reducing carbon footprint</strong> and <strong>creating jobs</strong> not only along the coasts but also inland along its supply chains.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has a <strong>long coastline</strong> with the estuaries and gulfs which can be fully used to harness this energy.</li>
<li>Tidal streams and ocean currents are huge and almost endless resources which can be used with relatively small environmental interactions for large scale electricity generation.</li>
<li>Basic R&amp;D is being looked after by <strong>National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai under the Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> but more inputs by other prominent institutions will help us understand and develop the technologies faster.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established in <strong>November 1993</strong> as an <strong>autonomous society</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>It aims to develop reliable indigenous technologies to solve various engineering problems associated with harvesting of non-living and living resources in the <strong>Indian Exclusive Economic Zone.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ocean energy technology can help India stimulate innovation, create economic growth and new jobs as well as to reduce its carbon footprint.</li>
<li>It will also <strong>help India to support its neighbouring countries who have energy deficits,</strong> for their better economic growth and can guide them on their way to being self sufficient in energy sector.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/ocean-energy-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 2676,
		'category_id' => (int) 45,
		'title' => 'Renewable Energy',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/pdf/renewable-energy.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/pdf/renewable-energy.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 2116,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Needed: A Solar Manufacturing Strategy',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>(This editorial is based on the article <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/india-needs-a-solar-manufacturing-strategy/article27526839.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"Needed: a solar manufacturing strategy&rdquo;</a> which appeared in &lsquo;&rsquo;The Hindu&rsquo;&rsquo; on 6th June 2019. The article talks about the growing Indian potential in the field of solar energy and the institutional challenges it faces in realizing it.)</strong></p>
</div>
<p>India in recent years has made significant progress in creating capacity for solar energy generation. The unit costs of solar power have fallen, and solar energy has become increasingly competitive with alternative sources of energy. India has expanded its solar generation capacity from 2,650 MW of solar power generation in 2014 to over 28.18 GW by March 2019.</p>
<p>All these efforts coincide with India&rsquo;s attempt at making a transitional change from traditional modes of energy to renewable sources of energy.</p>
<p>However, this is only one part of the story, capacity additions have slowed in the recent past, which means the 175 GW renewable generation &ndash; including 100 GW solar &ndash; target set for 2022 could become difficult to achieve.</p>
<h3>Benefits of switching to solar energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Environment-friendly</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar energy is environment-friendly. When in use, it does not release CO2 and other gases which pollute the air. Hence it is very suitable for India, India being one of the most polluted countries in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Varied use</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar energy can be used for a variety of purposes like heating, drying, cooking or electricity, which is suitable for the rural areas in India. It can also be used in cars, planes, large power boats, satellites, calculators and much more such items, just apt for the urban population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abundant &amp; Secure</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar power is inexhaustible. In energy deficient country like India, where power generation is costly, solar energy is the best alternative means of power generation.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grid-independent</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>You don&rsquo;t need a power or gas grid to get solar energy. A solar energy system can be installed anywhere. Solar panels can be easily placed in houses. Hence, it is quite inexpensive compared to other sources of energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Potential for the solar manufacturing industry</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s peak power demand is expected to rise from current demand 153 GW to about 690 GW by 2035-36. The solar sector can effectively show a way out of this dilemma.</strong></li>
<li>The potential for solar energy capacity in India is enormous. The majority of the country&rsquo;s tropical landmass is located optimally for peak solar radiation. <strong>According to the World Bank, India has the best conditions in the world to capture and use solar energy.</strong></li>
<li>According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, the country&rsquo;s total solar power potential is pegged at nearly 750GW, with 142GW of solar resource available in the state of Rajasthan alone.</li>
<li>India is one of the most attractive markets in the world because of its sheer size: 10-12GW annually. This is even more relevant when one considers that the largest market, China, is virtually closed to foreign investors.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What impedes the growth of the Solar Industry?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has not been able to use the surplus solar energy to its full potential despite it being blessed with plenty of sunlight for most of the year. Despite the new policy focus on solar plant installation, it lags behind in manufacturing the solar panels and providing the input material required in the solar industry.</li>
<li>Indian industries suffer from a lower level of technical competency and human capabilities required in the production of silicon ingots and panels.</li>
<li>Very few Indian companies are involved in silicon production due to the higher capital requirements. According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (2018), India has an annual solar cell manufacturing capacity of about 3 GW while the average annual demand is 20 GW. The shortfall is met by imports of solar panels.</li>
<li>Low-cost Chinese imports have undercut its ambitions to develop its own solar technology suppliers. Imports, mostly from China, accounted for 90% of 2017 sales, up from 86% in 2014.</li>
<li>The industry also suffers from the lack of human capabilities, technological capabilities and capital in the form of finance.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Boosting the domestic sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The domestic sector can become more effective by going down the supply chain and making the input components locally instead of importing them and putting the modules together here in India.</li>
<li>The government should call out bids for solar power plants with the requirement that these be made fully in India, which also does not go against any World Trade Organization commitment.</li>
<li>State governments need to start supporting semiconductor production as part of a determined industrial policy to boost the technical know-how required in the solar sector for the future.</li>
<li>The Indian government should provide subsidized land acquisition, raw material, labor, and export, among others which would serve as a cost advantage to domestic manufacture when competing with foreign companies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Considering the renewable energy potential in India, constructive steps should be taken at a rapid pace. The technology is evolving fast and therefore research needs a big push.</li>
<li>Efforts should be directed at building a solar base that enhances India's standing as a global energy hub, and at the same time, consolidates its imprint in the renewable energy sector through increased indigenous manufacturing of solar components for the domestic market as well as for exports.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #bcd9f7; border-color: #034891; border-style: dotted;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 51px;">
<td style="width: 1256px; height: 51px;"><em><strong><span>Drishti Input:</span><br /><br /></strong></em>What are the benefits of switching to solar as a source of energy? What are the challenges the Solar Energy Sector in India is facing?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'Policy Watch – India’s Wind Energy Potential',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Hiw8j__cdcc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>As per a report by Fitch Solutions Macro Research, <strong>India is likely to install 54.7 GW of wind capacity by 2022 against the 60 GW target set by the government.</strong> It has also been found that the <strong>land acquisition issues and grid bottlenecks</strong> will lead to delays to project implementation in the wind sector.</p>
<p>The country has set an ambitious target of installing <strong>175 GW of renewable energy capacity by the year 2022,</strong> which includes 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from bio-power and 5 GW from small hydro-power.</p>
<h3>Wind Energy Potential of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India was one of the early starters in wind energy compared to other nations especially developing nations. It is at the <strong>fourth position internationally</strong> in overall wind generation capacity.</li>
<li>India has <strong>potential of about 60 GW on wind</strong>. It is quite likely that it would go up substantially because over the time some of the old wind power stations that have very low capacity could be replaced with wind turbines which have higher capacity.</li>
<li>There is <strong>another unexplored area, which is in the oceans</strong>. Across the world, exploration from this area, is at nascent stage. India has a bit of problem because on eastern side it has a lot of cyclones which hit the coast. Probably, it can explore <strong>wind energy on the western side</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is a country having around 7,700 km long coastline and in all of its exclusive economic zones, it has enough opportunity to harness wind energy.</li>
<li>It is found by the National Institute for Wind Energy (based in Chennai) that western states have larger potential in terms of a stable, steady and a speedy windflow starting from <strong>Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka to Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh</strong>.</li>
<li>In offshore wind energy sector, the Government of India has already allocated Rs. 10,000 crores as the initial seed money from clean energy fund, which is basically collected from coal cess.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Policies Related to Wind Energy in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Initially, the Government had the National Wind Power Policy but subsequently both the onshore and offshore wind policies were developed.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For offshore wind energy, India has a very vibrant policy which came up in October 2015, known as <strong>National Offshore Wind Energy Policy framework</strong>. The objective is to develop the offshore wind energy in the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) along the Indian coastline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A Solar-Wind Hybrid policy was issued in May 2018.</strong> The main objective of the policy is to provide a framework for promotion of large grid connected wind-solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid system for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land. The wind - solar PV hybrid systems will help in reducing the variability in renewable power generation and achieving better grid stability.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Problems in the Wind Energy Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>For the past three years, there has been a lull in the wind power sector.</strong> In 2016-17, India added around 5.5 GW; in 2017-18, it came down to 2 GW.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Initially, the growth in the wind energy sector picked up because of the incentives in generation, accelerated depreciation and taxation. <strong>The Government has gradually taken these incentives away.</strong></li>
<li>The lowest bidding price in solar energy is Rs 2.23 per unit whereas in the wind energy, it is about Rs 4.50. <strong>Investors find investment in solar energy sector more lucrative.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Policies related to wind energy being still in transition phase.</li>
<li>The Government of India came with framework with respect to auctioning in December 2017. There is a <strong>ceiling of tariff imposed on every auction</strong>. Winds being region specific, <strong>achieving the particular tariff rate becomes difficult</strong>.</li>
<li>General challenges with respect to distribution companies (discom risks), for instance, curtailment in power generation, delayed payments to energy producers etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges in Harnessing Offshore Wind Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Offshore entails lot of data collection</strong> before one actually ventures into it. For instance, Germany before it started its first few projects, took eight years of time to collect the metocean data and the geological data.</li>
<li>For producing wind energy from offshore,<strong> a lot of investment is required</strong> in developing the support infrastructure.</li>
<li>Presently, Europe is the leader in offshore. The tariffs there is equivalent to what India&rsquo;s onshore tariff is. <strong>Europe&rsquo;s offshore wind energy was supported over the years by incentives. Such a support is missing in India.</strong></li>
<li>There is a concern that who would put money on offshore given the <strong>production of solar energy right now being so cheap and onshore wind sector itself not as developed</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to <strong>delink grid development with energy generation</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>The Government of India needs to trust the market.</strong> It is the market which has led to low tariffs for solar as well as the wind , so imposition of ceiling leads to arbitrary curtailment of free flow of market mechanism.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has become prisoner to the proposition that prices or tariffs have to go only down. India&rsquo;s economic history shows that tariffs go up and down whether it is in real estate or in oil sector. In a competitive market situation when for any number of reasons, if price go up, government should learn to live with that.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India should first fully exploit onshore potential</strong> and it should also utilize next few years for creating all the data that any investor would require before investing in the offshore wind energy sector.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Firstlly, India needs to replace inefficient windmills at older sites with new windmills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At each stage of harnessing energy from winds, <strong>India needs competitive private investment to drive the progress.</strong></li>
<li>There is a <strong>merit in developing solar and wind in a complementary manner</strong>. From grid security perspective, as compared to solar, wind is better in monsoon and night. Also, such a system will require a lower investment.</li>
<li>The way India has developed its solar energy sector, it needs to think on those lines for the wind energy sector as well.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>India is well on track in achieving its paris commitments. India rather should take a challenge of being among the top five countries in the world in getting rid of fossil fuels in the energy sector. Renewable energy is absolutely free and considering wind energy in particular, India has enough opportunity to capitalize untapped potentials both in the offshore and the onshore.</em></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 1739,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Solar Energy',
		'description' => '<p>The radiation that is received from the sun and utilized in the form electricity and thermal energy by using various available technologie like photovoltaic panels, solar heater etc.</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India lying in tropical belt has an advantage of receiving peak solar radiation for 300 days, amounting 2300-3,000 hours of sunshine equivalent to above 5,000 trillion kWh.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s current installed solar power capacity, according to <strong>Central electricity authority,</strong> is 26025.97 MW which is 34% of total <strong>renewable energy sources</strong> i.e, 75055.92 MW till February 2019.</li>
<li>India facing problems in fulfilling its energy demand, solar energy can play an important role in providing energy security.</li>
<li>Debate of global warming and climate change is compelling the world to move from fossil based energy towards clean and green energy.</li>
<li>With its pollution free nature, virtually inexhaustible supply and global distribution, solar energy is very attractive energy resource.</li>
<li>India's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC&rsquo;s) commitment include 100 GW of solar power out of 175 GW renewable energy by 2022.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need of solar energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Energy security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India energy demands is largely fulfilled by non-renewable source of energy.</li>
<li>The scarcity of these fossil resources stresses the need for renewable energy sources.</li>
<li>Abundance of solar energy can fulfill India clean energy demands.</li>
<li>India is dependent on imports to fulfill its energy demands, thereby incurring huge expenditure and uncertainty with regards to energy security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India being a developing economy needs proper electricity for industrial growth and agriculture.</li>
<li>India also needs self sufficiency and minimal cost in power generation, assured regular supply, which will boost industries and economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social development:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The problem of power cuts and unavailability of electricity especially in rural area, leads to improper human development.</li>
<li>Mostly energy demands are fulfilled by subsidised kerosene, leading to loss for exchequer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environment concern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s large part of energy demand is fulfilled by thermal energy largely dependent on fossil fuels.</li>
<li>It also causes environment pollution</li>
<li>Solar energy is clean form of energy resource, which can be a substitute.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Technology</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Solar Photovoltaic:</strong> Solar photovoltaic (SPV) cells convert solar radiation (sunlight) into electricity. A solar cell is a semi-conducting device made of silicon and/or other materials, which, when exposed to sunlight, generates electricity.</li>
<li><strong>Solar thermal</strong>: Solar Thermal Power systems, also known as Concentrating Solar Power systems, use concentrated solar radiation as a high temperature energy source to produce electricity using thermal route.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Types</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Solar for grid connected electricity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Grid interactive solar energy is derived from solar photovoltaic cells and concentrated solar power Plants on a large scale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solar for off-grid solutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While, the areas with easier grid access are utilizing grid connectivity, the places where utility power is scant or too expensive to bring, have no choice but to opt for their own generation.</li>
<li>They generate power from a diverse range of small local generators using both fossil fuels (diesel, gas) and locally available renewable energy technologies (solar PV, wind, small hydro, biomass, etc.) with or without its own storage (batteries). This is known as off-grid electricity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Solar Energy is available throughout the day which is the peak load demand time.</li>
<li>Solar energy conversion equipments have longer life and need lesser maintenance and hence provide higher energy infrastructure security.</li>
<li>Low running costs &amp; grid tie-up capital returns <strong>(Net Metering)</strong>.</li>
<li>Unlike conventional thermal power generation from coal, they do not cause pollution and generate clean power.</li>
<li>Abundance of free solar energy in almost all parts of country.</li>
<li>No overhead wires- no transmission loss</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges in adoption</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s solar story is largely built over <strong>imported products</strong>.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>domestic content requirement</strong> clause ia facing legal challenge at WTO.</li>
<li>India is facing challenge to balance <strong>Prioritising domestic goals and WTO commitments</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>dumping</strong> of products is leading to profit erosion of local manufacturers.</li>
<li>Indian domestic manufacturers aren&rsquo;t technically and economically strong to compete with Chinese companies.</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s strong manufacturing base is giving stiff challenge to domestic manufacturer.</li>
<li><strong>Land availability</strong> in India for solar plant is less due to high population density.</li>
<li>India's <strong>solar waste</strong> is estimated to be around 1.8 million by 2050 also needs to be tackled.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ministry of new and renewable energy</strong> is the nodal agency to tackle India's renewable energy issues.</li>
<li><strong>National Solar Mission</strong> is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Governments to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India's energy security challenge.</li>
<li><strong>The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA)</strong> is a Non-Banking Financial Institution under the administrative control of this Ministry for providing term loans for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects.</li>
<li><strong>National institute of solar energy</strong> is created as autonomous institution under MoNRE is apex body for R&amp;D.</li>
<li>Establishment of <strong>solar parks and ultra major solar power project</strong> and enhancing grid connectivity infrastructure.</li>
<li>Promotion of<strong> canal bank and canal tank solar infrastructure</strong>.</li>
<li>Sustainable rooftop implementation of <strong>Solar transfiguration of India (SRISTI)</strong> scheme to promote rooftop solar power projects in india.</li>
<li><strong>Suryamitra</strong> programme to prepare qualified workforce.</li>
<li><strong>Renewable purchase obligation</strong> for large energy consumer customers.</li>
<li>National green energy programme and <strong>green energy corridor</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Potential</h3>
<p>For a developing country like India, where electricity for every home was once considered a dream is now close to reality. The government initiative of <strong>&lsquo;power for all&rsquo;</strong> is changing the socio-economic structure of the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The sector also has immense <strong>potential to create new jobs;</strong> 1 GW of Solar manufacturing facility generates approximately 4000 direct and indirect jobs.</li>
<li>In addition solar deployment, operation and maintenance creates additional recurring jobs in the sector.</li>
<li>Advancements are underway for storage, which has the potential to revolutionise this sector globally, till then <strong>dependence on fossils can be reduced</strong> by gradually increasing the share of renewables.</li>
<li>India is expected to be <strong>8% of global solar capacity by 2035</strong>. With the future potential capacity of 363 Gigawatts (GW), India can be a global leader in term of encashing energy sector advantages.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s commitment as part of <strong>INDC at Paris climate deal</strong> to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by <strong>33 to 35% by 2030 from 2005 level</strong>.</li>
<li>To achieve about <strong>40 per cent cumulative electric power</strong> installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030, with the help of transfer of technology and low cost international finance, including from Green Climate Fund.</li>
<li>The establishment of International Solar Alliance (ISA) of more than 122 countries initiated by India, most of them being sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn to promote solar energy.</li>
<li>To mobilize more than US $ 1000 billion of investments needed by 2030 for massive deployment of solar energy, and pave the way for future technologies adapted to the needs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Strong financial measures are required to finance the solar projects, innovative steps like <strong>green bonds, institutional loans and clean energy fund</strong> can play a crucial role.</li>
<li>Promotion of research and development in renewable energy sector, especially in storage technology.</li>
<li>Proper mechanism should be provided to tackle China's dumping of solar equipments.</li>
<li>Framework to avoid unnecessary delays in policy decision making and implementation.</li>
<li>India needs a <strong>Solar Waste Management and Manufacturing Standards Policy</strong>.</li>
</ul>',
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