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Green Energy Transition For Economic Growth

This article is based on India needs an economic stimulus that can also aid green energy transition which was published in The Indian Express on...

21 Jul 2021 Renewable Energy
Roadmap for India’s Offshore Wind Energy

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has set a target of installing 5 GW of offshore capacity by 2022 and 30 GW by...

21 Jul 2021 Renewable Energy
Emerging Market for Renewables

Why in News According to a recent report, fossil fuel electricity generation has peaked worldwide as emerging markets seize the opportunities of...

16 Jul 2021 Renewable Energy
Indian Initiatives Shaping Energy Transition

Why in News Recently, the Minister of State for New & Renewable Energy launched ‘The India Story’ booklet, a compilation of Indian...

28 Jun 2021 Renewable Energy
Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2020: IRENA

Why in News Recently, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) released the ‘Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2020’...

25 Jun 2021 Renewable Energy
GRAM UJALA

Why in News Recently, the Government has launched the Gram UJALA Programme - an ambitious scheme offering the world’s cheapest LED bulbs in...

22 Mar 2021 Renewable Energy
India’s Biggest Floating Solar Power Plant

Why in News India’s biggest floating solar power plant by generation capacity (100MW) is being developed by the National Thermal Power...

12 Mar 2021 Renewable Energy
Go Electric Campaign

Why in News The central government has launched the “Go Electric" Campaign to spread awareness on the benefits of e-mobility and EV Charging...

23 Feb 2021 Renewable Energy
The Big Picture: Budget 2021 for Green Energy

Why in News? The Union Budget for FY 2021-22 presented by the Union Minister of India, has exclusively focussed on Green Energy...

09 Feb 2021 Renewable Energy
The Big Picture: India’s Renewable Energy Plan

Why in News? Recently, the Prime Minister of India has announced about having huge renewable energy deployment plans for India for the next decade...

08 Dec 2020 Renewable Energy
New Proposals for Solar Power

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has received proposals from various players for over 10 gigawatts (GW) of fresh solar...

13 Aug 2020 Renewable Energy
Year End Review 2019: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

Important Schemes and Policies Nationally Determined Contributions as per the Paris Accord As a part of Nationally Determined Contributions as...

30 May 2020 Renewable Energy
Solar Charkha Mission

Why In News Recently, the Minister for Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises gave information about the Solar Charkha Mission in Lok...

06 Mar 2020 Renewable Energy
National Action Plan on Climate Change

For...

19 Sep 2019 Renewable Energy
National Action Plan on Climate Change

Introduction The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was launched in 2008 by the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change. It aims...

19 Sep 2019 Renewable Energy
Radiative Cooling & Electricity Generation

Recently, a scientist of Indian-origin has demonstrated a new way to generate electricity at night, without any active heat input. The prototype...

16 Sep 2019 Renewable Energy
Ocean Energy

For...

09 Sep 2019 Renewable Energy
Ocean Energy

Why in News? Recently, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has declared Ocean Energy as renewable energy. Includes all forms of ocean energy...

09 Sep 2019 Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy

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31 Jul 2019 Renewable Energy
Needed: A Solar Manufacturing Strategy

(This editorial is based on the article "Needed: a solar manufacturing strategy” which appeared in ‘’The Hindu’’ on...

06 Jun 2019 Renewable Energy

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		'title' => 'Green Energy Transition For Economic Growth',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-economic-stimulus-green-energy-transition-7414283/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India needs an economic stimulus that can also aid green energy transition</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 21/07/2021. It talks about the greener ways to achieve faster economic growth.</p>
</div>
<p>The economic and social disruption caused by the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-covid-pandemic-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a><strong>pandemic</strong> is devastating. Millions of enterprises face an existential threat. Informal economy workers are particularly vulnerable because the majority lack social protection and access to quality health care and have lost access to productive assets and demand in the economy.</p>
<p>A large demand stimulus seems necessary in getting the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shapes-of-economic-recovery" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> V-shaped economic recovery</strong></a> that India needs. In this context, a green stimulus can create demand, address air pollution and accelerate the green energy transition.</p>
<h3>Covid-19 Impact on Indian Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>GDP Growth Rate:</strong> Due to the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on business confidence, financial markets and the travel sector, including disruption to supply chains, economic growth rate suffered significantly.</li>
<li><strong>Pharmaceuticals:</strong> Given the pharmaceutical industry&rsquo;s deep linkages to China, the supply chain of raw materials of drugs has taken a hit.</li>
<li><strong>Automobile Industry:</strong> The coronavirus is expected to have an impact on the Indian automotive industry and therefore also on the automobile component and forging industries, which had already reduced their production rate due to the market conditions and on account of the impending change over to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-bs-vi-emission-norms#:~:text=In%20BS%2DVI%20fuel%2C%20the,50%20ppm%20in%20BS%2DIV." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BS-VI emission norms from BS-IV</strong> </a>from April 2020.</li>
<li><strong>Manufacturing and Other Sectors:</strong> While manufacturing may not be directly hit due to partial lockdowns, the impact on the contact services sectors like hospitality, travel, and tourism will have a multiplier effect, as these sectors have strong backward linkages with other sectors of the economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Focus on Green Energy For Boosting Economic Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Crop Residue And Electricity Generation:</strong> Around Diwali, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/stubble-burning-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>burning of rice crop residue</strong></a> in northern India creates an air pollution crisis. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can be avoided by procuring all the crop waste at a remunerative price.</li>
<li>The waste can be converted into briquettes, which can be substituted for coal in thermal power stations.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-solar-projects-ntpc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NTPC</strong> </a>has already done this successfully without adding to the cost of generation, as the cost of briquettes is comparable to that of coal in energy terms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Boost Investment:</strong> The crop waste can be given for conversion into briquettes to private entrepreneurs. Dispersed private investment for conversion would take place, creating<strong> demand for the conversion equipment, labour and transport.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alos, Air pollution would be reduced without any cost to the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Electric vehicles (EVs): <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">EVs</a></strong> Such as cars, three and two-wheelers are available in the market. They do not cause air pollution. They are also considerably cheaper to run on a life cycle per km basis. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But demand is not rising because of the lack of charging infrastructure.</li>
<li>A national programme for building charging stations in all cities with a population of over a million is called for. It can be financed fully through a central government guaranteed debt.</li>
<li>This would provide a large demand stimulus across the country, generate a sustained surge in demand for EVs and their<strong> manufacturing supply chain.</strong> The purchase of electric buses for city bus services may also be fully financed through government guaranteed debt.</li>
<li>These measures, in addition to creating<strong> a demand stimulus,</strong> would also lead to substantial improvement in air quality in our highly polluted cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Renewable Energy Infrastructure:</strong> India has shown admirable ambition in going well beyond its commitment under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris agreement</strong></a> to aim for 450 GW of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>renewable energy capacity</strong></a> by 2030. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An easy way of achieving progress is to have a national policy guidance for the states to get electricity distribution companies to announce a remunerative price (feed-in tariff) at which they would buy solar power in the kw range from the rural areas.</li>
<li>Solar power generated in a village would make it much easier to provide electricity in the day to farmers for irrigation.</li>
<li>This would also facilitate more <strong>efficient use of water.</strong> If generating 1 MW from a village is realistic, with 6 lakh villages, there is a potential of 600 GW capacity creation.</li>
<li>Such a programme would generate widely <strong>dispersed private investment and increased incomes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Income Generation At Village:</strong> Now that all households are getting LPG stoves and cylinders and have already got electricity connections, cow dung is no longer required for cooking. It can be converted in small village-level plants to gas which can be used as a fuel for cooking and transport, or, to generate electricity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A government-promoted system for procurement of this gas, or electricity generated from this gas, at a remunerative price would create the right incentives for private investment and income generation across all villages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Livestock Wealth:</strong> India has the largest cattle population in the world and the goal should be to convert all the cow dung into useful commercial energy. This would be a fit case for a bit of cross-subsidy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cross-subsidy was used to get the National Solar Mission going. Costs have since fallen dramatically.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>It is important to know that innovations around solar power, crop residue can create dispersed demand and jobs with large multiplier effects</p>
<p>Thus, these are some innovative and affordable pathways for a green stimulus which would create dispersed demand and jobs with large multiplier effects and clean and green energy.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffffa;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>India needs an economic stimulus that can also aid green energy transition. In the light of the statement discuss the greener ways to boost economic growth.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Roadmap for India’s Offshore Wind Energy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)</strong> has set a target of installing 5 GW of offshore capacity by 2022 and 30 GW by 2030.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India can generate 127 GW of offshore wind energy with its 7,600 km of coastline.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Offshore Wind Energy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Wind energy</strong> today typically comes in <strong>two different &ldquo;types&rdquo;:</strong> <strong>onshore wind farms</strong> which are large installations of <strong>wind turbines located on land, and offshore wind farms</strong> which are <strong>installations located in bodies of water.</strong></li>
<li>Offshore wind energy refers to the <strong>deployment of wind farms inside the water bodies.</strong> They utilise the sea winds to generate electricity. These wind farms either use fixed-foundation turbines or floating wind turbines. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>fixed-foundation turbine is built in shallow water,</strong> whereas <strong>a floating wind turbine is built in deeper waters</strong> where its foundation is anchored in the seabed. Floating wind farms are still in their infancy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Offshore wind farms must be<strong> at least 200 nautical miles</strong> from the shore and<strong> 50 feet deep in the ocean.</strong></li>
<li>Offshore wind turbines produce electricity which is <strong>returned to shore through cables buried</strong> in the ocean floor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status of Wind Energy in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>electricity generation from wind reached 39.2 gigawatts (GW) a year</strong> in March 2021. An addition of <strong>another 20 GW</strong> over the next five years is expected to happen soon.</li>
<li>The<strong> compound annual growth rate for wind generation</strong> has been <strong>11.39% between 2010 and 2020, </strong>and<strong> for installed capacity, it has been 8.78%.</strong></li>
<li>More than 95% of commercially exploitable resources are<strong> located in seven states:</strong> Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626861473_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626861473_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Wind speed <strong>over water bodies is high</strong> and is consistent in direction. As a result, offshore wind farms<strong> generate more electricity</strong> per installed capacity.</li>
<li>Fewer offshore turbines are required<strong> to produce the same capacity</strong> of energy as <strong>compared to onshore ones.</strong></li>
<li>Offshore wind farms <strong>have a higher CUF</strong> (capacity utilisation factor) than onshore wind farms. Therefore, offshore wind power <strong>allows for longer operating hours.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A wind turbine's CUF is equal to the average output power divided by the maximum power capabilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It's <strong>possible to build bigger and taller</strong> offshore windmills, resulting in increased energy harvest.</li>
<li>Furthermore, the <strong>wind flow is not restricted by hills or buildings.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Higher Installation Cost:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Local substructure manufacturers, installations vessels and<strong> trained workers are lacking in India.</strong> Offshore wind turbines<strong> require stronger structures and foundations</strong> than onshore wind farms. This <strong>can cause higher installation costs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Higher Maintenance Cost:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The action of <strong>waves and even high winds,</strong> particularly during storms or hurricanes, <strong>can damage wind turbines.</strong> Eventually, offshore wind farms<strong> require maintenance</strong> that is <strong>more costly and difficult to perform.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policies related to Wind Energy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential#:~:text=A%20Solar%2DWind%20Hybrid%20policy,resources%2C%20transmission%20infrastructure%20and%20land." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy</strong></a>: The main objective of the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, 2018 is to provide a framework for promotion of large grid connected wind-solar PV hybrid systems for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Offshore Wind Energy Policy</strong></a>: The National Offshore wind energy policy was notified in October 2015 with an objective to develop the offshore wind energy in the Indian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones#:~:text=Exclusive%20Economic%20Zone%20(EEZ)%3A,200%20nm%20from%20its%20baselines." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)</strong></a> along the Indian coastline of 7600 km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Renewable purchase obligation:</strong> Power distribution companies, open access consumers and captive users can purchase clean energy as part of their total electricity consumption through a renewable purchase obligation.</li>
<li><strong>Lower taxes:</strong> In India, the GST Law exempts electricity and power sales from GST. In contrast, wind power generation companies cannot claim <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/four-years-of-the-gst" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>input tax credits</strong></a> when they pay GST to purchase goods and/or services for setting up the project.</li>
<li><strong>Feed-in tariff:</strong> Discoms can adopt feed-in tariff (FiT) regulations and make offshore wind power procurement mandatory. FiT can be tailored to suit each offshore wind project. FiT can be used to promote offshore wind power in the early stages of development until it becomes economically viable.</li>
<li><strong>Deemed generation provision:</strong> Offshore wind projects need to be protected against curtailment concerns because of the <strong>inability of State Load Dispatch Centres (SLDCs)</strong> to absorb large quantities of power that may be generated. For this, the offshore wind can be given a &ldquo;deemed generation provision&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/india-s-offshore-wind-energy-a-roadmap-for-getting-started-78010" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8887,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Emerging Market for Renewables',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent report,<strong> fossil fuel electricity generation has peaked worldwide as emerging markets seize the opportunities of low-cost renewables.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Report was <strong>published by</strong> India&rsquo;s Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) and the financial think tank Carbon Tracker (both are not-for-profit organisations).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Emerging Market are Key to Global energy Transition:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Emerging markets</strong> are key to the global energy transition, <strong>accounting for 88% of all expected growth in electricity</strong> demand from 2019-2040.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Overall,<strong> 82% of current emerging market electricity demand</strong> and <strong>86% of expected demand growth</strong> comes from countries that <strong>import coal and gas,</strong> and they have powerful incentives to<strong> switch to solar and wind.</strong></li>
<li>With the right policies in place,<strong> technology and cost barriers to change can be crossed.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>transition is different in emerging markets</strong> because they<strong> have electricity demand growth from a lower base</strong> as well as the <strong>need to provide access to hundreds of millions of people.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In developed markets, <strong>demand for fossil fuels for electricity generation has fallen by 20%</strong> since it peaked in 2007.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Four Key Groups of Emerging Markets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>China, which is nearly half the electricity demand,</strong> and 39% of the expected growth.</li>
<li>Other <strong>importers of coal and gas</strong> such as <strong>India or Vietnam,</strong> which are a third of the demand and nearly half the growth.</li>
<li>Coal and gas exporters such as <strong>Russia or Indonesia,</strong> which are 16% of demand but only around 10% of the growth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Resistance to the energy transition</strong> is likely to be more entrenched in coal and gas exporting countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Fragile&rsquo; states</strong> such as <strong>Nigeria or Iraq</strong> which are <strong>3% of demand and around the same share of growth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India has set an Example:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India, which <strong>accounts for 9% of emerging market electricity demand and 20% of expected demand growth,</strong> illustrates the speed and scale of change.</li>
<li>From <strong>less than 20GW of solar in 2010, it has grown to 96GW of solar, wind biomass and small hydro in May 2021.</strong></li>
<li>Including large hydropower,<strong> renewables now provide 142GW or 37% of the country&rsquo;s power capacity,</strong> and it has a target of 450GW by 2030.</li>
<li><strong>Demand for fossil fuel generation reached a plateau in 2018,</strong> and fell in 2019 and 2020.</li>
<li>While <strong>fossil fuel demand might again increase</strong> in the near-term to meet latent electricity demand, India has demonstrated how a double leapfrog - connecting nearly all households to electricity and its renewable energy rollout - can be driven with policy priorities and market design.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>A supportive policy environment</strong> is the key to driving growth in renewables.</li>
<li>If countries <strong>liberalise markets and introduce competitive auctions,</strong> they can <strong>cut costs and attract international finance</strong> as capital markets turn their backs on fossil fuels. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Auctions have helped India</strong> drive the cost of solar down to one of the world&rsquo;s lowest levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developed countries can speed up the transition to renewables in emerging markets</strong> by providing policy support, technology expertise and by using development finance to reduce the cost of capital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Initiatives for Renewable Energy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-hydrogen-energy-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hydrogen Energy Mission</a>:</strong> The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget for 2021-22</strong></a> has announced a <strong>National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHM)</strong> that will draw up a <strong>road map for using hydrogen as an energy source.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative has the potential of <strong>transforming transportation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-may-miss-100-gw-solar-power-target-by-2022-crisil-report#:~:text=Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20National%20Solar%20Mission,of%2020%2C000%20MW%20by%202022.&amp;text=The%20target%20will%20principally%20comprise,Grid%20Connected%20Solar%20Power%20Projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was launched in <strong>2009</strong> with a target for<strong> Grid Connected Solar Projects of 20,000 MW by 2022.</strong></li>
<li>The sector has <strong>witnessed rapid development</strong> with installed solar capacity increasing rapidly from 18 MW to about 3800 MW during 2010-15.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Solar Alliance</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was launched by the <strong>Prime Minister of India and the President of France</strong> on <strong>30<sup>th</sup> November 2015 in Paris, France</strong> on the side-lines of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Conference of the Parties (COP-21)</strong></a>, with 121 solar resource rich countries lying fully or partially between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn as prospective members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-website-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy#:~:text=KUSUM%20Scheme,-KUSUM%20stands%20for&amp;text=It's%20objective%20is%20to%20provide,plants%20in%20the%20rural%20areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PM- KUSUM</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>KUSUM stands for <strong>Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan.</strong></li>
<li>It&rsquo;s objective is to<strong> provide financial and water security</strong> to farmers through harnessing solar energy capacities of 25,750 MW by 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential#:~:text=A%20Solar-Wind%20Hybrid%20policy,resources%2C%20transmission%20infrastructure%20and%20land." target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> main objective of the policy</strong> is to provide a framework for promotion of <strong>large grid connected wind-solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems</strong> for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land.</li>
<li>The wind-solar PV hybrid systems will help in reducing the variability in renewable power generation and achieving better grid stability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rooftop-solar-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rooftop Solar Scheme</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its objective is to <strong>generate solar power</strong> by installing <strong>solar panels on the roof of the houses.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong> is the<strong> implementing agency</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-of-grid-connected-rooftop-solar-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Grid-connected Rooftop Solar Scheme (Phase II)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/renewables-provide-37-of-indias-power-capacity-7405194/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8713,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indian Initiatives Shaping Energy Transition',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Minister of State for New &amp; Renewable Energy</strong> launched <strong>&lsquo;The India Story&rsquo; booklet</strong>, a compilation of I<strong>ndian initiatives that are shaping India&rsquo;s energy transition.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The booklet was launched at the event on <strong>Accelerating Citizen Centric Energy Transition</strong> organized by the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was organized in collaboration with the <strong>Permanent Mission of India (PMI)</strong> to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extreme-climate-events-ceew" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Minister also <strong>launched a website</strong> which will act as a <strong>repository of energy transition related knowledge resources from around the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Growth of Renewable Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the last 6 years, <strong>India&rsquo;s installed Renewable Energy (RE)</strong> capacity has <strong>increased by over two and a half times</strong> and stands at more than <strong>141 Giga Watts</strong> (including large Hydro).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is about <strong>37% of the country&rsquo;s total capacity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The installed <strong>solar energy capacity has increased by over 15 times</strong>, and stands at <strong>41.09 GW.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s RE capacity is the <strong>4<sup>th</sup> largest in the world.</strong> Its <strong>annual RE addition has been exceeding that of coal based thermal power since 2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ease of Investment in Renewables:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the last 7 years, over <strong>USD 70 billion investment has been made in RE in India.</strong></li>
<li>India has a very <strong>liberal foreign investment policy for renewables allowing 100% <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</a> through the automatic route</strong> in the sector.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steps-to-boost-ease-of-doing-business" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of doing business</strong></a> is India&rsquo;s utmost priority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Established dedicated <strong>Project Development Cells (PDC)</strong> and <strong>FDI</strong> cells in all Ministries for handholding and facilitating domestic and foreign investors. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PDCs have been established for the development of investible projects in coordination between the Central Government and State Governments and thereby grow the pipeline of investible projects in India and in turn increase FDI inflows.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Renewable Energy Investment Promotion and Facilitation Board (REIPFB) Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been developed to provide <strong>one-stop assistance and facilitation to the Industry and Investors</strong> for development of projects and bringing new investment to the RE sector in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industry&rsquo;s Commitment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several members from the Industry have voluntarily declared RE goals and committed to the <strong>Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP)</strong>, Renewable 100% (RE100) and <strong>Science based targets (SBTs).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>CDP</strong> is a <strong>global disclosure system</strong> that enables companies, cities, states and regions to measure and manage their environmental impacts.</li>
<li><strong>SBTs</strong> are <strong>greenhouse gas</strong> reduction goals set by businesses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Green Tariff:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rules are being framed for a <strong>'green tariff' policy</strong> that will help electricity <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ujwal-discom-assurance-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Distribution Companies (Discoms)</strong> </a>supply electricity generated from clean energy projects at a cheaper rate as compared to power from conventional fuel sources. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Government is also promoting <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/green-hydrogen-for-green-roadmap" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Green Hydrogen</strong></a> with obligations for Fertilizers and Refining industries (Green Hydrogen Purchase obligations).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Increase Investment in Renewables:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/financial-support-to-public-private-partnerships-in-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Viability Gap Funding</strong></a> options for Offshore <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wind Energy</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Green <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-energy-exchange" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Term Ahead Market</a></strong> and <strong>Green Day Ahead Market.</strong></li>
<li>Rules for facilitating RE through<strong> Open Access.</strong></li>
<li><strong>RE procurement through exchanges</strong> will also be notified to promote non - conventional resources of energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 260px; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ffffff;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #000000; text-align: center; width: 1321px; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>INITIATIVES SHAPING INDIA&rsquo;s ENERGY TRANSITION</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 96px;">
<td style="height: 96px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; width: 39px; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Electrification</strong></td>
<td style="width: 1282px; height: 96px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saubhagya-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGYA)</strong></a>: Empowering rural and urban households through access to reliable and affordable electricity<br /><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/foundation-day-of-areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong></strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/foundation-day-of-areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Green Energy Corridor (GEC)</strong></a>: Synchronising grid-connected renewable energy with India&rsquo;s national transmission network<br /><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-meters" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong></strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-meters" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM) and Smart Meter National Programme (SMNP)</strong></a>: Modernising India&rsquo;s power sector into a secure, adaptive, sustainable, and digitally enabled ecosystem</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 39px; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<p><strong>Renewable Energy</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1282px; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-08-2020#:~:text=National%20Solar%20Mission%20(NSM)%20was,country%20as%20quickly%20as%20possible." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Solar Mission (NSM)</strong></a>: The 100 GW solar ambition at the heart of the world&rsquo;s largest renewable energy expansion programme<br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>The Wind Energy Revolutio</strong>n: Leveraging India&rsquo;s robust wind energy sector to boost clean energy manufacturing and the rural economy<br /><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong></strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Biofuels Policy and SATAT</strong></a>: Building value chains to reduce fuel imports, increase clean energy, manage waste, and create jobs<br /><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anakkayam-small-hydro-electric-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong></strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anakkayam-small-hydro-electric-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Small Hydro Power (SHP)</strong></a>: Harnessing the power of water to integrate remote communities into the economic mainstream.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-hydrogen-energy-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHEM)</strong></a>: Exploring the commercial viability of a versatile clean fuel <br /><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-production-linked-incentive-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong></strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-production-linked-incentive-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme</strong></a>: Integrating India into the global clean energy value chains<br /><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong></strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Biofuels Policy and SAYAY</strong></a>: Building value chains to reduce fuel imports, increase clean energy, manage waste and create jobs</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 39px; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Energy Efficiency</strong></td>
<td style="width: 1282px; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/6-yearsof-ujala-and-slnp#:~:text=The%20UJALA%20(Unnat%20Jyoti%20by,six%20years%20of%20successful%20implementation.&amp;text=Both%20schemes%20have%20been%20implemented,under%20the%20Ministry%20of%20Power." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA)</strong></a>: Bringing affordable, energy-efficient lighting and appliances to citizens</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 39px; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Clean Cooking</strong></td>
<td style="width: 1282px; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)</strong></a>: Delivering LPG gas to households for Swacch Indhan, Behtar Jeevan &ndash; Clean Fuel, Better Life</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 39px; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Industrial Decarbonisation</strong></td>
<td style="width: 1282px; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-energy-conservation-awards#:~:text=The%20Perform%2C%20Achieve%20and%20Trade,the%20large%20energy%2Dintensive%20industries." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT)</strong></a>: Enhancing energy efficiency and curtailing emissions of hard-to-abate industrial sectors</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 39px; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>SustainableTransport</strong></td>
<td style="width: 1282px; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/printpdf/national-electric-mobility-mission-2020#:~:text=Under%20NEMMP%202020%2C%20Government%20has,electric%20and%20hybrid%20vehicle%20technology." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &amp;) Electric Vehicles (FAME)</strong></a>: Driving India&rsquo;s vision for reliable, affordable, and efficient electric mobility<br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Indian Railways: Going Green</strong>: Fuelled by environmental conservation, racing towards net zero carbon emissions by 2030<br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Aviation</strong>: Integrating cleaner fuels, energy efficiency and ecosystem preservation with aircraft and airport operations</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 39px; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Climate Smart Cities</strong></td>
<td style="width: 1282px; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres#:~:text=Smart%20City%20Mission,create%20smart%20outcomes%20for%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart City Mission (SCM)</strong></a>: Developing sustainable and resilient urban habitats via &lsquo;smart solutions&rsquo;<br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>The Green Buildings Market</strong>: Constructing resource efficient, sustainable and resilient buildings</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 39px; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>City Gas Distribution</strong></td>
<td style="width: 1282px; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/city-gas-distribution-network#:~:text=The%20Minister%20of%20Petroleum%20and,(GAs)%20in%20124%20districts." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s CNG and PNG Network</strong></a>: Increasing the adoption of the &lsquo;green&rsquo; fossil fuel for vehicles, households and industries</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 39px; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<p><strong>Cooling Action</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1282px; height: 19px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/india-cooling-action-plan-icap#:~:text=ICAP%20is%20a%20long%20term,essential%20part%20of%20economic%20growth." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP)</strong></a>: Incentivising the air conditioner industry to build a sustainable cooling value chain</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 39px; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<p><strong>Skilling</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1282px; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Skill Council for Green Jobs (SCGJ)</strong>: Building a skilled and specialised workforce to deliver India&rsquo;s sustainable development goals</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 39px; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<p><strong>Global Initiatives</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 1282px; height: 10px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/third-assembly-of-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance (ISA)</strong></a>: Harnessing the infinite power for the Sun for sustainable human development<br /><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cem-industrial-deep-decarbonization-initiative#:~:text=Purpose%3A,a%20global%20clean%20energy%20economy." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong></strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cem-industrial-deep-decarbonization-initiative#:~:text=Purpose%3A,a%20global%20clean%20energy%20economy." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM)</strong></a>: Fostering international cooperation for a technology-driven transition to a global clean energy economy<br /><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-innovation-2-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong></strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-innovation-2-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Innovation (MI)</strong></a>: Investing in innovation in breakthrough clean energy technologies to deliver impact at scale</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1730284" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a><strong></strong></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 8700,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2020: IRENA',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)</strong> released the <strong>&lsquo;Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2020&rsquo; report.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624618250_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1624618250_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="616" height="395" /></strong></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Levelized cost of electricity trends by technology, 2010 and 2020</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Replacing Coal with Renewables:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>810 gigawatts (GW)</strong> <strong>capacity</strong> of the world&rsquo;s existing coal-fired plants i.e. 38% of the total global energy capacity now<strong> have higher operating costs than new utility-scale photovoltaics and onshore wind energy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The cost range for generation of fossil fuel-fired power in <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong></a> <strong>countries</strong> is estimated to be between <strong>USD 0.055 per kilowatt-hour (kWh)</strong> and <strong>USD 0.148/kWh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Replacing</strong> this expensive <strong>coal power with renewables</strong> will save operators <strong>USD 32 billion a year and reduce annual carbon dioxide emissions </strong>by<strong> around three billion tonnes.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Renewable capacities added in 2019 would have <strong>saved</strong> emerging and developing nations<strong> USD 6 billion per annum</strong> compared to the same capabilities from conventional sources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Growth of Renewables in 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The year<strong> 2020 was a record year for renewables deployment</strong> despite the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19- pandemic</strong></a>, with <strong>261 GW</strong> installed. The addition was almost <strong>50% higher than that made in 2019</strong> and represented <strong>82% of the global new power capacity.</strong></li>
<li>Around 162 GW or 62% of total renewable power capacity added last year had <strong>lower costs than the cheapest new fossil fuel option.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Supplies from Sources Added in 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Geothermal &gt; Photovoltaics (PV)&gt; Wind power&gt; Hydropower &gt; Bioenergy&gt; Concentrating <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solar power</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Growth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Between <strong>2000 and 2020,</strong> renewables capacity <strong>grew more than three times, increasing by 754 GW to 2,799 GW.</strong></li>
<li>The growth was occasioned by<strong> advancements in technologies, consistent fall in component costs, cost-competitive supply distribution channels, learning by using and commercial-scale availability.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Cost of Renewables:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In about <strong>10 years (2010-2020),</strong> the cost of power produced from commercial solar<strong> PVs fell by 85%, CSP 68%, onshore wind 68% and offshore wind 48%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The outlook till<strong> 2022</strong> sees global renewable power costs falling further.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives for Renewable Energy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-hydrogen-energy-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrogen Energy Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-may-miss-100-gw-solar-power-target-by-2022-crisil-report#:~:text=Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20National%20Solar%20Mission,of%2020%2C000%20MW%20by%202022.&amp;text=The%20target%20will%20principally%20comprise,Grid%20Connected%20Solar%20Power%20Projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM).</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-website-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy#:~:text=KUSUM%20Scheme,-KUSUM%20stands%20for&amp;text=It's%20objective%20is%20to%20provide,plants%20in%20the%20rural%20areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM- KUSUM.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential#:~:text=A%20Solar%2DWind%20Hybrid%20policy,resources%2C%20transmission%20infrastructure%20and%20land." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rooftop-solar-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rooftop Solar Scheme.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Renewable Energy Agency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an <strong>intergovernmental organisation,</strong> it was officially <strong>founded in Bonn, Germany, in January 2009.</strong></li>
<li>Currently it has 164 members, <strong>India is the 77<sup>th</sup> Founding Member</strong> of IRENA.</li>
<li>It has its <strong>headquarters in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy</strong> future, and serves as the <strong>principal platform for international cooperation,</strong> a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy.</li>
<li><strong>It promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy,</strong> including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Renewables in all intent and purposes are <strong>the most affordable energy sources. Countries should consider deploying these at scale to achieve the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Paris Agreement</a> targets and shield </strong>their economies from<strong> external shocks from fossil fuel markets.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Right policy incentives and financial incentives</strong> to de-risk the sector as well as <strong>political support is the need of the hour</strong> as most countries have already signaled their commitments towards deploying renewables.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/switching-to-renewables-will-save-cost-for-operators-while-saving-the-environment-study-77630" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7982,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'GRAM UJALA',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Government has launched the <strong>Gram UJALA</strong> Programme - <strong>an ambitious scheme offering the world&rsquo;s cheapest LED bulbs in rural areas at a mere Rs. 10.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> In its<strong> first phase launched from Arrah in Bihar, 15 million LED bulbs</strong> will be distributed <strong>across villages of 5 districts -</strong> Aarah (Bihar), Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh), Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), Nagpur (Maharashtra), and villages in western Gujarat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The light-emitting diode (LED) is one of today's most energy-efficient and rapidly-developing lighting technologies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>7 watt and 12-watt LED bulbs with 3 years warranty</strong> will be given to rural consumers <strong>against submission of working Incandescent bulbs.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Each <strong>household</strong> will get <strong>up to 5 LEDs.</strong></li>
<li>Participating rural households <strong>will also have metres installed in their houses</strong> to account for usage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> LED bulbs are offered</strong> by state-run <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/healthy-and-energy-efficient-buildings-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Energy Efficiency Services Ltd</a>&rsquo;s (EESL&rsquo;s) subsidiary Convergence Energy Services Ltd (CESL).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>EESL is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the <strong>Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Financing Mechanism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The programme will be financed<strong> entirely through carbon credits</strong> and will be the <strong>first such programme</strong> in India.</li>
<li>The <strong>revenue earned from carbon credits</strong> will contribute Rs. 60 per LED bulb piece, with the balance Rs. 10 to be paid by the rural consumer.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop25-climate-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Carbon credit</a> (or &ldquo;carbon offsets&rdquo;)</strong> are certificates generated by projects or activities that reduce, avoid, or destroy greenhouse gases.</li>
<li>Project owners, such as solar and wind energy developers, or protectors of endangered forestlands can sell these certificates to an individual or a company to earn revenues to keep expanding their projects into the future.</li>
<li>When one purchases carbon offsets, one is funding the reduction or elimination of carbon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further on,<strong> carbon credit documentation</strong> will be<strong> sent to United Nations (UN) accredited validators</strong> for inclusion into the <strong>Shine Program of activities.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Carbon credits will be prepared under the Shine Program of Activities with an option for verifying under the Voluntary Carbon Standard, depending on the needs of buyers.</li>
<li>Carbon Credit Buyers will also be sought through an open process based on initial discussions with the market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Help in meeting <strong>intended nationally determined contributions</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>paris climate accord.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If all 300 million lights in India were replaced, the total energy savings would be 40,743 million kWh/year, avoiding peak demand of 22,743MW/year and CO<sub>2</sub> reductions of 37 million tons per year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Through extra carbon credit, India will <strong>boost its position in global carbon trade.</strong></li>
<li>Boost to efforts to<strong> ensure 24-hour power supply.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Prime Minister of India, in his Independence Day speech of 2015, promised that all villages where electricity was yet to reach, will have power within 1,000 days.</li>
<li>To create basic power infrastructure and connectivity, the government had announced a scheme - the <strong>Deendayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Help in the<strong> growth of domestic LED markets.</strong></li>
<li>Meet the benefit of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sustainable development goals (SDG).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Specially <strong>SDG7:</strong> To ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Schemes for Encouraging Use of LED Bulbs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/6-yearsof-ujala-and-slnp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA).</strong></a></li>
<li>Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid%3D197275&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1616403134032000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2eNHFXqxB-4PHUfnAOklpt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7911,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India’s Biggest Floating Solar Power Plant',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s <strong>biggest floating <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">solar power</a> plant</strong> by generation capacity (100MW) is being developed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-thermal-power-corporation-limited" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC)</strong></a> at <strong>Ramagundam in Peddapalli district of Telangana.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project is in line with India's commitment to attain the target of 175 GW of installed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/curtailment-issue-in-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>renewable energy</strong></a> capacity by 2022 including 100 GW of solar installed capacity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Floating Solar Plants:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It refers to the <strong>deployment of photovoltaic panels on the surface of water bodies.</strong> They are <strong>a viable alternative to land-based solar arrays</strong> with applications in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are <strong>a large number of major reservoirs in the Southern Region</strong> which provides a huge opportunity to go for renewable energy in the floating solar method.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Projects Coming up in India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The thermal plant at<strong> Ramagundam</strong> would be one of the renewable (solar) energy plants being developed by NTPC with an installed capacity of 447MW in the Southern Region and the entire capacity would be commissioned by March 2023.</li>
<li>The renewable energy plants that are likely to be commissioned in the next three months are 25MW floating solar plant at <strong>Simhadri thermal power plant</strong> near <strong>Visakhapatnam</strong> and 92MW floating solar plant at <strong>Kayamkulam</strong> in<strong> Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Address Land Acquisition Issues:</strong> The key challenges that face renewable energy plant owners are land acquisition, grid connectivity, regulations and off-take. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Floating solar plants balance high population density and competing uses for available land. The land can be used for other purposes, such as farming or construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooling Effect:</strong> The bodies of water exert a <strong>cooling effect,</strong> which improves the performance of solar photovoltaic panels by 5-10%. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over time, this translates into <strong>significant cost savings.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Advantages:</strong> Reduced grid interconnection costs, reduced water evaporation, improved water quality, and reduced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/incois-launches-products#:~:text=An%20algal%20bloom%20or%20marine,algae%20in%20an%20aquatic%20system.&amp;text=Harmful%20Algal%20Blooms%20can%3A,or%20kill%20people%20and%20animals." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>algal blooming</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increased Cost:</strong> Engineering and construction costs are usually higher than those of a ground-mounted solar farm.</li>
<li><strong>Safety Issues:</strong> Since floating solar involves water and electricity, more consideration must be given to cable management and insulation testing than on land, especially when cables are in contact with water.</li>
<li><strong>Degradation and Corrosion:</strong> A floating solar plant has moving parts that are subject to constant friction and mechanical stress. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Systems that are poorly designed and maintained could suffer from catastrophic failures.</li>
<li>The installation is at risk of degradation and corrosion due to moisture, especially in more aggressive coastal environments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Understanding of Water-bed Topography:</strong> Developing floating solar projects requires a thorough understanding of water-bed topography and its suitability for setting up anchors for floats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Solar Energy Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Solar Mission :</strong> Solar energy has taken a central place in India's <a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong></a> with the <strong>National Solar Mission</strong> as one of the key Missions.</li>
<li><strong>INDCs target:</strong> It targets installing 100 GW grid-connected solar power plants by the year 2022. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is in line with India&rsquo;s<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/virtual-climate-action-ministerial" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)</strong></a> target to achieve about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources and to reduce the emission intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% from 2005 level by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Launch of ISA:</strong> The launch of the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-08-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance (ISA)</strong></a> was announced by the Prime Minister of India and the President of France in 2015, at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>21<sup>st</sup> session of the United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP-21)</strong></a> in Paris, France.</li>
<li><strong>Government Schemes:</strong> Such as <strong>Solar Park Scheme, Canal bank &amp; Canal top Scheme,</strong> Bundling Scheme,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rooftop-solar-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Scheme</strong> </a>etc.</li>
<li><strong>One Sun One World One Grid:</strong> India has an ambitious cross-border power grid plan<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-sun-one-world-one-grid-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;One Sun One World One Grid&rsquo;</strong></a> that seeks to transfer solar power generated in one region to feed the electricity demands of others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Thermal Power Corporation Limited</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NTPC Ltd. is a<strong> central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU)</strong> under the Ministry of Power.</li>
<li>It is India&rsquo;s largest energy conglomerate with roots planted way back in 1975 to accelerate power development in India.</li>
<li>It aims to provide reliable power and related solutions in an economical, efficient and environment-friendly manner, driven by innovation and agility.</li>
<li>It became a <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maharatna company</strong></a> in May 2010.</li>
<li>It is located in New Delhi.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/indias-biggest-floating-solar-plant-to-be-commissioned-in-next-three-months/article34036031.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7752,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Go Electric Campaign',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The central government has launched the <strong>&ldquo;Go Electric" Campaign</strong> to spread awareness on the benefits of <strong>e-mobility</strong> and<strong> EV Charging Infrastructure</strong> as well as<strong> electric cooking</strong> in India.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Campaign:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To push the country towards <strong>100% e-mobility and clean and safe e-cooking.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>create awareness at PAN-India level and reduce the import dependence</strong> of the country.</li>
<li>To move ahead on the<strong> path of a low carbon economy,</strong> thereby saving the country and the planet from the adverse impact of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bee-star-rating-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)</strong></a>, under the aegis of the <strong>Ministry of Power</strong> has been mandated to undertake an awareness drive for promoting public charging, e-mobility &amp; its ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>E-mobility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>E-mobility<strong> moves away from existing carbon-emitting fossil fuels to using energy from electrical power sources</strong> (e.g. the National Grid) through external charging capability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Currently, <strong>India is using 94 million tonnes of oil and petroleum</strong> products for transportation only which is expected to double by 2030.</li>
<li>For fossil fuels, India currently has an<strong> import bill of Rs. 8 lakh Crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It encompasses the <strong>use of fully electric, conventional hybrid, plug-in hybrid as well as hydrogen-fuelled vehicles.</strong></li>
<li>The government of India has undertaken multiple initiatives to promote manufacturing and adoption of<strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> electric vehicles</a> (EV)</strong> in India. One such initiative is <strong>&lsquo;Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &amp;) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME-India)&rsquo; Scheme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Electric Fuel as an Alternative Fuel:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Electric fuel is a major alternative for fossil fuels.</li>
<li>When compared to conventional fuels, the electric fuel<strong> has low cost, reduced emissions and it is also indigenous.</strong></li>
<li>Electrification of public transport is not only economical but also eco friendly.</li>
<li>The usage of even 10,000 electric vehicles in Delhi can alone save Rs. 30 crore per month.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Green Hydrogen:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Green hydrogen</strong></a> in the commercial vehicle could be a game-changer move which would help in eliminating the crude requirement and imports in all possible ways. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Green hydrogen is <strong>produced using renewable energy and electrolysis </strong>to split water. It is <strong>distinct from:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Grey hydrogen,</strong> which is produced from methane and releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.</li>
<li><strong>Blue hydrogen,</strong> which captures those emissions and stores them underground to prevent them causing climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, for heavy vehicles like buses, the ideal solution is <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Green Hydrogen.</strong></a></li>
<li>The use of green energy generated from agriculture waste and <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/action-plan-for-biomass-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biomass</strong></a> will benefit the farmers across the country.</li>
<li>The Ministry of New &amp; Renewable Energy can produce the green hydrogen at cheap costs possible in India because of low solar prices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Electric Cooking:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> shift to induction cooking</strong> will bring the government closer to delivering on its promise to improve energy access.</li>
<li>Theoretically, if electric cooktops are adopted, universal electrification could translate into<strong> universal clean cooking</strong> as well.</li>
<li>An advantage of the electricity-based solution is that it <strong>can make use of solar power in both urban and rural areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bureau of Energy Efficiency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India set up the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in March 2002 under the provisions of the<strong> Energy Conservation Act, 2001.</strong></li>
<li>It assists in developing policies and strategies with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy.</li>
<li><strong>Major Programmes:<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-energy-efficiency-index-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> State Energy Efficiency Index</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-energy-efficiency-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme</a></strong>, The Standards &amp; Labeling Programme, Energy Conservation Building Code.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1699386" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7650,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Budget 2021 for Green Energy',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/n739bdyShz0" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/union-budget-2020-21-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Union Budget for FY 2021-22</strong> </a>presented by the Union Minister of India, has exclusively focussed on <strong>Green Energy initiatives.</strong></li>
<li>Budget 2021 has proposed the launch of the <strong>Hydrogen Energy Mission</strong> in this fiscal year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Additional capital infusion for solar energy and renewable energy aspects has also been proposed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The reforms in the budget have particularly focussed on <strong>green-growth.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative is expected to enhance the uptake of cleaner fuels in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Budget 2021-22 talks about <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-production-linked-incentive-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PLI scheme</strong></a> in Solar Manufacturing, <strong>Vehicle Scrappage Policy</strong> and the <strong>Hydrogen Energy Mission.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PLI scheme has also been extended to the <strong>ACCs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The emphasis on <strong>green <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hydrogen-fuel-cell-for-vehicles" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hydrogen</a></strong> in the budget was in line with technological development and with a long-term vision towards <strong>reduced dependency on minerals and rare-earth element</strong>-based batteries as energy storage.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen is the key clean fuel for the future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For the first time there is<strong> private financing of ₹18,000 crore for 20,000 buses</strong> and innovative financing with <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model#:~:text=Public%2DPrivate%20Partnership%20Model%3A%20PPP,be%20completed%20with%20private%20funding" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Private Partnerships</strong> </a>which would revolutionise the way public transport systems and buses function in India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative is to promote<strong> less dependency on personal vehicles</strong> and eventually <strong>bring down the carbon footprints.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hydrogen Energy Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Hydrogen Energy Mission <strong>aims to reduce petroleum use, greenhouse gas emissions, and air pollution,</strong> and contribute to more diverse and <strong>efficient energy infrastructure.</strong></li>
<li>It is now proposed to launch a Hydrogen Energy Mission in 2021-22 for generating <strong>hydrogen from green power sources.</strong></li>
<li>Green Hydrogen Mission is not only<strong> essential to decarbonise heavy industries</strong> like steel and cement, it also <strong>holds the key to clean electric mobility</strong> that doesn&rsquo;t depend on rare minerals.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Vehicle Scrappage Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The policy will be launched to <strong>phase out old and unfit vehicles.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the scheme <strong>private vehicles older than 20 years and commercial vehicles older than 15 years</strong> will be eligible to be scrapped.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This will help in<strong> encouraging fuel efficient, environment friendly vehicles</strong> thereby reducing vehicular pollution and oil import bill.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vehicles would undergo<strong> fitness tests in automated fitness centres</strong> after their defined period is over.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Green Energy and Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India in leading countries:</strong> India comes in the list of the leading countries in terms of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/power-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Power Sector</strong> </a>or the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan#:~:text=The%20renewable%20energy%20capacity%20in,year%20as%20we%20move%20forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Renewable Energy</strong></a> sector.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India ranks at the<strong> fifth position among the countries of the world</strong> when it comes to the size of its <strong>energy economy.</strong></li>
<li>India is the <strong>fourth largest solar installed capacity country</strong> in the world and<strong> third largest renewable energy installed capacity</strong> country in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solar energy:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-may-miss-100-gw-solar-power-target-by-2022-crisil-report#:~:text=Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20National%20Solar%20Mission,of%2020%2C000%20MW%20by%202022.&amp;text=The%20target%20will%20principally%20comprise,Grid%20Connected%20Solar%20Power%20Projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)</strong> </a>aimed to achieve<strong> 20 GW</strong> solar capacity by the year <strong>2022.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the target was increased from <strong>20 GW to 100 GW by 2022</strong> in the 2015 Union Budget of India.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s total solar power capacity alone has increased by more than 11 times since 2014 to June 2020, from <strong>2.6 GigaWatts (GW) to 38 GW.</strong></li>
<li>To encourage domestic production, the duties on <strong>solar inverters</strong> have been increased from <strong>5% to 20%,</strong> and on<strong> solar lanterns</strong> from<strong> 5% to 15%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Renewable energy:</strong> The Government of India had set a target of <strong>175 GW</strong> renewable power installed capacity by the end of 2022.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This includes <strong>60 GW from wind power, 100 GW from solar power, 10 GW from biomass power</strong> and<strong> 5 GW from small hydro power.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The renewable energy capacity in India is <strong>currently 136 Giga Watts,</strong> which is about <strong>36%</strong> of its total energy capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>2030 renewable targets</strong> were announced to be<strong> 450 gigawatt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Green energy and infrastructure development:</strong> The budget primarily focuses on spending on infrastructure development and no infrastructure project can be completed without energy involved in it
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in the present context, the energy involved has to be<strong> clean energy.</strong></li>
<li>The solar energy at present is<strong> available at 2 rs/unit</strong> which is even cheaper than the energy generated from a new coal power plant.</li>
<li>The domestic manufacturing capacity has been enhanced by the PLI schemes for manufacturing solar panels.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Through the 2021-22 budget, the PLI scheme has been extended to the 10 sectors including <strong>automobile, pharma,</strong> electronic/<strong>technology</strong> products and manufacturing of <strong>advanced chemical cells battery</strong> (for electric vehicles).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Advanced Chemistry Cells (ACCs)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ACCs are the new generation advanced storage technologies that can store electric energy either as electrochemical or as chemical energy and convert it back to electric energy as and when required.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Green Hydrogen</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Hydrogen Energy Mission is one of the biggest announcements in the union budget 2021-22, specifying the<strong> hydrogen as green hydrogen.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When hydrogen is extracted from water using electrolysis powered by renewable energy, it is called green hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Green hydrogen energy is vital for India to meet its <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Targets</strong> </a>and ensure regional and national energy security, access and availability.</li>
<li>Currently, about<strong> 6 tonnes of hydrogen is produced</strong> in the country which will go up by <strong>5 times in 2050.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why Green Hydrogen?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hydrogen can act as an<strong> energy storage option,</strong> which would be essential to meet intermittencies (of renewable energy) in the future.</li>
<li>In terms of mobility, for long distance mobilisations for either urban freight movement within cities and states or for passengers, it is a very promising initiative.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen can be used in railways, large ships, buses or trucks where electric-vehicles have a limitation for not having enough capacity for long distance travels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Hydrogen has the potential to be the key renewable target in supporting infrastructure as well.</li>
<li>Hydrogen can be used:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a carrier</li>
<li>As a fuel cum energy storage alternative for petrol and diesel</li>
<li>Directly as a <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clean-fuel-hydrogen" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fuel</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Countries across the world such as <strong>Japan</strong> are banging on hydrogen as a future energy media.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Germany</strong> and many other <strong>EU countries</strong> have already set an<strong> ambitious green hydrogen policy.</strong></li>
<li>Even countries like<strong> UAE</strong> and <strong>Australia</strong> that are traditionally considered as the laggards of climate action have moved towards green hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In terms of challenges the <strong>cost of renewable electricity from</strong> hydrogen specifically, is the major problem. Public investments need to strategize and channel well.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, currently hydrogen is around <strong>$6- $8/kg</strong> which is a price too high to bring it into conventional use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The other main hurdle is <strong>transporting hydrogen</strong> to long distances.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen in gaseous form is highly inflammable.</li>
<li>To ship liquid hydrogen, it needs to be chilled to -253&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Compared to other gases (or fuels),<strong> hydrogen lacks smell,</strong> which makes any<strong> leak detection almost impossible</strong> thus increasing the potential dangers.</li>
<li>To succeed as a renewable energy based economy, it is <strong>not just the manufacturing sector</strong> where India would want to excel but the<strong> entire supply chain.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, India is at about <strong>2-3 gw of solar photovoltaic</strong> module manufacturing capacity.</li>
<li>For the given 450 gw renewable targets for 2030, India needs <strong>30-40 gw of capacity addition</strong> of renewables per year which requires having:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Maximum domestic manufacturing capability</li>
<li>Increasing the custom duty on solar panels as it will incentivise domestic players in india to set up manufacturing of solar panels and making the entire supply chain robust.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pilot initiatives:</strong> India needs a strategy in place to launch such a big mission, such as a <strong>few pilot initiatives.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hydrogen is one of the alternative sources of energy that India really needs to consider from its energy security perspective and transportation or mobilisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Efforts at all levels:</strong> The budget perspective presses that a lot more needs to be done <strong>not only at center but at state level too.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More than 11 states in India now have rolled out their own electric mobility plans and are focussing not only at manufacturing or job but also in <strong>demand creation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploring &ldquo;All&rdquo;ternatives:</strong> Not sticking to just one alternate resource but exploring other sources too.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For either intra or inter-city movements, different technologies can co-exist and can give different contributions.</li>
<li>1 kg of hydrogen can work about 100 km but roughly it would take 7-8 litres of petrol for the same distance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incentivising the concept of green and clean energy: Green labelling of products</strong> needs to be in place so that consumers are aware that what they are consuming is environment friendly.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to push them into using green energy, they must be<strong> made aware of the benefits</strong> of the energy they are consuming. Also, there can be<strong> extensive marketing and awareness campaigns.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Capacity building:</strong> It should not only be about awareness but also about building the capacity of the industries so that we have manufacturing in place and eventually more job opportunities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Planning a road map where we generate employment while setting up green energy infrastructure and reducing carbon emission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exclusive expenditure on R&amp;D:</strong> There should be a good spending on R&amp;D and technology adoption in hydrogen energy and e-Vehicles because that is one area where India had a setback in Solar Photovoltaics.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More capital infusion in R&amp;D and infrastructure is needed to reap the benefits of various geographical locations in terms of solar energy and an emerging untapped option of hydrogen energy to replace conventional energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Moving towards Green Energy is indeed a win-win situation; it will lead to not only the usage of cleaner energy for a cleaner environment but also it will boost various sectors of manufacturing and employment.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7158,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: India’s Renewable Energy Plan',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JDZBY4K2kKY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister of India has announced about having huge renewable energy deployment plans for India for the next decade which are likely to generate business prospects of around $20 billion per year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Post the inauguration of the <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> Global Renewable Energy Investment Meeting and Expo (RE-Invest 2020),</strong> the PM addressed and invited the investors, developers and businesses to join India's renewable energy journey.</li>
<li>After the success of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Performance Linked Incentives (PLI)</strong></a> in electronics manufacturing, the government has decided to give similar incentives to high efficiency solar modules.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dedicated <strong>Project Development Cells</strong> have been established to facilitate investors ensuring<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 'Ease of Doing Business'.</strong> </a></li>
<li>India's renewable power capacity is the<strong> fourth largest in the world</strong> and is growing at the fastest speed among all major countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is a big market and a lot of countries are attracted towards it in terms of One Sun, One World, One Grid and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The renewable energy capacity in India is currently <strong>136 Giga Watts,</strong> which is about <strong>36% of its total capacity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Target for capacity increase is 450GW by 2030, increasing 25GW every year as we move forward.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Per capita consumption of energy in India is quite low as compared globally.</li>
<li>Power sector, being primarily dependent on fossil fuels, is one of prime sources of air pollution.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why Renewable Energy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sustainable:</strong> Energy generated from renewable sources will be cleaner and greener and more sustainable.</li>
<li><strong>Employment opportunities:</strong> Inclusion of a newer technology simply means more employment opportunities for the working population of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Market assurance:</strong> From the economy point of view, renewable sources provide the market and revenue assurance which no other resources can provide.</li>
<li><strong>Power supply:</strong> Providing 24*7 power supply to 100% of the households, sustainable form of transports are some of the goals that can only be achieved through sustainable power that comes from renewables.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Initiatives Taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI)</strong></a> scheme is an excellent initiative of the Government of India with respect to enhancing the manufacturing sector. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme proposes a financial incentive to boost domestic manufacturing and attract large investments in the electronics value chain including electronic components and semiconductor packaging.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri- Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-website-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy#:~:text=KUSUM%20Scheme,-KUSUM%20stands%20for&amp;text=It's%20objective%20is%20to%20provide,plants%20in%20the%20rural%20areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PM- KUSUM</a></strong> aims to provide financial and water security to farmers through harnessing solar energy capacities of 25,750 MW by 2022.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solarisation of water pumps is a step in distributed power providing at the doorstep of the consumer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy on its website also hosts <strong>Akshay Urja Portal </strong>and<strong> India Renewable Idea Exchange (IRIX) Portal.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IRIX is a platform that promotes the exchange of ideas among energy conscious Indians and the Global community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Key Focus for Next Five Years</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Twin Challenge:</strong> India has a twin challenge of providing more energy as well as cleaner energy to the masses in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should focus on getting into the manufacturing of the solar panels under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat</strong></a> initiative as the demand is to create jobs as well as supply decentralised energy to all the households in India.</li>
<li>Look and develop the entire supply chain of all the components beside the manufacturing sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Methanol and Biomass:</strong> Looking for other alternatives such as methanol based economy and biomass.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bio-CNG vehicles with 20% blending in petrol is also a target the government has been chasing.</li>
<li>Conversion of energy from <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/action-plan-for-biomass-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biomass</strong></a> is a considerable option as it will clean the cities as well as reduce our energy dependence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fuels produced from biomass have a high calorific value and are cleaner than traditional biomass.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hydrogen based FCV:</strong> Hydrogen in technology is likely to change the landscape of renewables, shifting towards <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hydrogen-fuel-cell-for-vehicles#:~:text=Hydrogen%20in%20Fuel%20Cell%20Electric,electricity%20from%20only%20a%20battery.&amp;text=The%20amount%20of%20energy%20stored,of%20the%20hydrogen%20fuel%20tank" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hydrogen Based Fuel Cells Vehicles</strong> </a>(FCV) is another area of focus.</li>
<li><strong>Grid Integration:</strong> It is the practice of developing efficient ways to deliver variable renewable energy (RE) to the grid.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Identifying the demands which are in tune with the characteristics of the renewables, focussing on characteristics of renewables mainly solar and wind and considering their variability as strength rather than weakness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges with Renewable Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Integration with the Main Grid:</strong> Integrating the renewables with the main grid is the area India needs to work upon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To accelerate the uptake of renewables, storage and battery solutions is needed in large quantities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cost factor:</strong> Renewable resources are slightly more expensive than conventional sources.</li>
<li><strong>24*7 Power Supply:</strong> Sustainable, round-the-clock power supply along with the storage system is a big challenge ahead.</li>
<li><strong>Agricultural Sector:</strong> Much power is consumed in the agricultural sector. The challenge is to provide sufficient power and energy to every household and to the agricultural sector as well.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Identification of areas:</strong> Renewable resources specially wind cannot be set up everywhere, they require specific location. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Identification of these specific locations, integrating them with the main grid and distribution of powers; A combination of these three is what will take India forward.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploration:</strong> More storage solutions need to be explored.</li>
<li><strong>Agriculture subsidy:</strong> Agricultural subsidy should be rectified in order to ensure that only the required amount of energy is consumed.</li>
<li><strong>Hydrogen fuel cell based vehicles and Electric vehicles:</strong> These are the most suitable options when it comes to shifting towards renewable sources of energy, that&rsquo;s where we need to work upon.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A well planned road map is needed, for which <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> is coming up with Energy Vision 2035 to achieve India's clean energy goals.</li>
<li>Diversified energy mix is what India needs to focus on, no doubt solar and wind have a lot of potential, Hydrogen would be a game changer in Indian energy transition space.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Renewable sources of energy are expected to replace fossil fuels by 2050.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India should be working on areas like investment in infrastructure, capacity building and better integration in the near and immediate future.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6181,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New Proposals for Solar Power',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong> has received proposals from various players for over <strong>10 gigawatts (GW)</strong> of fresh <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solar</strong></a> equipment manufacturing.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rewa-solar-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>750 megawatt (MW) solar project</strong></a> was also inaugurated in<strong> Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These moves are in line with India's commitment to<strong> attain the target of 175 GW of installed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/curtailment-issue-in-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">renewable energy</a> capacity by 2022</strong> including <strong>100 GW of solar installed capacity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This<strong> rise of interest in the domestic manufacture</strong> of solar equipment coincides with <strong>other measures of the government to promote domestic industry</strong> like increasing <strong>duties on imports across sectors, including solar power.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a proposal of increasing customs duty to around<strong> 20-25% on solar equipment</strong> and also for a<strong> 5% interest subvention scheme</strong> for the domestic manufacturing of ingots, wafers and cells.</li>
<li>However, these duty changes should be in compliance with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Trade Organisation</strong></a> (WTO) standards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solar Power and India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There has been a <strong>significant progress in solar capacity addition</strong> since 2014, with India <strong>progressively emerging as the world&rsquo;s third largest solar market.</strong></li>
<li>However, the <strong>domestic solar equipment manufacturing industry has largely failed</strong> to capitalise on the opportunity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Despite a 20GW demand</strong> for solar cell manufacturing, India&rsquo;s<strong> current average annual capacity is only around 3GW.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nearly 80%</strong> of the inputs and components are <strong>imported from China</strong> as it was the <strong>top exporter of solar cells and modules to India in the Financial Year 2019-20,</strong> accounting for USD1.68 billion of the product into the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has <strong>implemented safeguard duties on import of solar equipment from China and Malaysia,</strong> which have been<strong> extended until July 2021</strong> at a rate of around 15%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, a<strong> safeguard duty is of limited duration</strong> and will therefore not induce people to make long-term commitments in terms of investments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Despite all these initiatives</strong> to incentivise domestic production, the safeguard duty, domestic content requirement policy and an approved list of models and manufacturers, the <strong>expected scale-up has not materialised.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are about <strong>16 solar cell manufacturers in India</strong> of which <strong>only half have a manufacturing capacity of 100 MW or higher.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Less Development of Solar Energy in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Solar cell manufacturing is a<strong> complicated process</strong> that is <strong>technology and capital intensive</strong> and it also upgrades every 8-10 months.</li>
<li>The <strong>global market</strong> of solar wafer and ingot manufacturing is <strong>dominated by China,</strong> whose companies <strong>dominate the Indian solar components market too</strong> with their competitive pricing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Strong financial measures, promotion of research and development, proper mechanisms to tackle China's dumping of solar equipment are few of the steps required to boost the solar energy and its production in the country.</li>
<li>The government&rsquo;s move to shift from the use of short-term safeguard duties to protect domestic manufacturers to the imposition of customs duties has induced the industry to make long-term commitments in terms of investments.</li>
<li>It is an indication that the centre&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan</strong></a> could be yielding early results in the solar energy space.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-push-sees-players-lining-up-to-make-solar-equipment-6552417/#:~:text=In%20an%20indication%20that%20the,of%20fresh%20solar%20equipment%20manufacturing." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5490,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Year End Review 2019: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy',
		'description' => '<h3>Important Schemes and Policies</h3>
<p><strong>Nationally Determined Contributions as per the Paris Accord</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As a part of Nationally Determined Contributions as per the Paris Accord on Climate Change, India has made a pledge that by 2030, 40% of our installed power generation capacity shall be from non-fossil fuel sources and also by 2030, reduce emission intensity of GDP by 33-35 % from 2005 level.</li>
<li>Economic growth, increasing prosperity, a growing rate of urbanisation and rising per capita energy consumption has increased the energy demand of the country.</li>
<li>In 2015, India decided that 175 GW of renewable energy capacity will be installed by the year 2022. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This includes 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from biomass and 5 GW from small hydro power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The substantial higher capacity target will ensure greater energy security, improved energy access and enhanced employment opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-website-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM)</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme covers grid-connected Renewable Energy power plants (0.5 &ndash; 2 MW)/ Solar water pumps/ grid connected agriculture pumps.</li>
<li>Components of the scheme-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Installation of 10,000 MW of Decentralized Ground Mounted Grid Connected Renewable Energy Power Plants by farmers of 500 kW to 2 MW capacity within 5 km distance from sub-station primarily on barren/uncultivable land.</li>
<li>Installation of standalone off-grid solar water pumps to fulfil irrigation needs of farmers not connected to grid.</li>
<li>Solarization of existing grid-connected agriculture pumps to make farmers independent of grid supply and also sell surplus solar power generated to Discom and get extra income.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Scheme for Development of Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a scheme to develop Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks (UMREPPs) under the existing Solar Park Scheme.</li>
<li>The objective of the UMREPP is to provide land upfront to the project developer and facilitate transmission infrastructure for developing Renewable Energy (RE) based Power Parks with solar/wind/hybrid and also with storage systems.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-of-grid-connected-rooftop-solar-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar (RTS) Programme</strong></a></p>
<p>The union cabinet has approved Phase-II of Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Programme for achieving a cumulative capacity of <strong>40,000 MW from Rooftop Solar Projects by the year 2022.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In grid-connected rooftop or small Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) system, the DC power generated from the SPV panel is converted to AC power using the power conditioning unit and is fed to the grid.</li>
<li>The major objective of the programme includes: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To promote the grid-connected SPV rooftop and small SPV power generating plants among the residential, community, institutional, industrial and commercial establishments.</li>
<li>To mitigate the dependence on fossil fuel based electricity generation and encourage environment-friendly Solar electricity generation.</li>
<li>To create an enabling environment for investment in the solar energy sector by the private sector, state government and the individuals.</li>
<li>To create an enabling environment for the supply of solar power from rooftop and small plants to the grid.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential#:~:text=A%20Solar%2DWind%20Hybrid%20policy,resources%2C%20transmission%20infrastructure%20and%20land." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main objective of the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, 2018 is to provide a framework for promotion of large grid connected wind-solar PV hybrid system for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land.</li>
<li>The wind - solar PV hybrid systems will help in reducing the variability in renewable power generation and achieving better grid stability.</li>
<li>The policy also aims to encourage new technologies, methods and way-outs involving combined operation of wind and solar PV plants.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Offshore Wind Energy Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Offshore wind energy policy was notified in October 2015 with an objective to develop the offshore wind energy in the Indian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones#:~:text=Exclusive%20Economic%20Zone%20(EEZ)%3A,200%20nm%20from%20its%20baselines." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)</strong></a> along the Indian coastline of 7600 km.</li>
<li>Eight zones are identified each in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu having cumulative offshore wind energy potential of 70 GW.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Each coastal State may claim an EEZ beyond and adjacent to its territorial sea that extends seaward up to 200 nm from its baselines.</li>
<li>Within its EEZ, a coastal state has:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving and managing natural resources, whether living or nonliving, of the seabed and subsoil.</li>
<li>Rights to carry out activities like the production of energy from the water, currents and wind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ only allows for the above-mentioned resource rights. It does not give a coastal state the right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight, subject to very limited exceptions.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Maritime Zones</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1590839734_1577089572_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1590839734_1577089572_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="670" height="378" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><strong>Atal Jyoti Yojana (AJAY)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Phase II of Atal Jyoti Yojana (AJAY) was launched.</li>
<li>Phase I of AJAY scheme was launched in September 2016 for the installation of solar street lighting (SSL) systems in states with less than 50% households covered with grid power (as per Census 2011).</li>
<li><strong>The AJAY scheme provides solar street lighting (SSL) systems for public use.</strong> These public uses include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lighting roads and intersections in remote, rural and semi-urban areas that do not have adequate lighting and lighting at bus stops, public conveniences and market places.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Engagement</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-assembly-of-isa#:~:text=The%20second%20assembly%20of%20the,financial%20and%20programme%20related%20issues." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second Assembly of the International Solar Alliance (ISA)</strong></a></p>
<p>The Ministry hosted the second assembly of International Solar Alliance (ISA) on 30th and 31<sup>st</sup> October 2019, New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Assembly is the supreme decision making body of the ISA, and gives directions on various administrative, financial and programme related issues.</li>
<li>India (represented by the Minister for New and Renewable Energy and Power) is the President and France is the Co-President of the ISA Assembly.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ISA, is an Indian initiative that was launched by the Prime Minister of India and the President of France on 30<sup>th</sup> November 2015 in Paris, France on the side-lines of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Conference of the Parties (COP-21)</strong></a>, with 121 solar resource rich countries lying fully or partially between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn as prospective members.</li>
<li>The overarching objective of the ISA is to collectively address key common challenges to the scaling up of solar energy in ISA member countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Read TTP on Solar Energy</strong></a></p>
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		'article_id' => (int) 4630,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Solar Charkha Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why In News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Minister for Micro, Small &amp; Medium Enterprises</strong> gave information about the <strong>Solar</strong> <strong>Charkha Mission </strong>in<strong>&nbsp;Lok Sabha.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-2-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Solar Charkha Mission</strong></a> is an enterprise driven scheme and envisages setting up of <strong>&lsquo;Solar Charkha Clusters&rsquo;</strong> which will have <strong>200 to 2042 beneficiaries</strong> (Spinners, Weavers, Stitchers and other skilled artisans).</li>
<li>One cluster would involve a maximum <strong>subsidy of Rs. 9.60 crore</strong> provided in form of <strong>Capital subsidy for individual</strong> and <strong>Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), interest subvention for working capital</strong> and <strong>capacity building.</strong></li>
<li>These solar charkhas are to be operated <strong>using solar power which is a renewable energy source.</strong> It will help in the development of <strong>Green Economy</strong> as it is an <strong>environment friendly programme.</strong> It will also <strong>generate sustainable employment for the artisans.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Solar Charkha Mission is a<strong> Ministry of Micro Small &amp; Medium Enterprises (MSME) initiative launched during June 2018.</strong></li>
<li>A pilot project on Solar Charkha was implemented at <strong>Khanwa village, Nawada District of Bihar in 2016.</strong> Based on the success of the pilot project, the Government of India had accorded approval to set up 50 such clusters with a budget of <strong>Rs. 550 Crore for 2018-19 and 2019-20.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme is envisaged to generate direct employment nearly to <strong>one lakh persons in the approved clusters.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Scheme Objectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To ensure inclusive <strong>growth by generation of employment, especially for women and youth,</strong> and<strong> sustainable development</strong> through solar charkha clusters in<strong> rural areas.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>boost rural economy</strong> and help in arresting<strong> migration from rural to urban areas.</strong></li>
<li>To leverage <strong>low-cost,</strong> innovative <strong>technologies and processes for sustenance.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1605406" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3185,
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		'title' => 'National Action Plan on Climate Change',
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<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3176,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'National Action Plan on Climate Change',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)</strong> was launched in <strong>2008</strong> by the <strong>Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change.</strong></li>
<li>It aims at creating awareness among the representatives of the public, different agencies of the government, scientists, industry and the communities on the threat posed by climate change and the steps to counter it.</li>
<li>There are<strong> 8 national missions</strong> forming the core of the NAPCC which represent multi-pronged, long term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in climate change. These are-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Solar Mission</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission on Sustainable Habitat</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Water Mission</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission for A Green India</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture</strong></li>
<li><strong>National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NAPCC is guided by following principles-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Protection</strong> of poor and vulnerable sections of society through <strong>inclusive and sustainable development strategy,</strong> sensitive to climate change.</li>
<li><strong>Achievements of national growth</strong> through qualitative changes enhancing <strong>ecological sustainability.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Deployment of appropriate technologies</strong> for both <strong>adaptation and mitigation of GreenHouse Gases emissions</strong> extensively and at an accelerated pace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GreenHouse Gases (GHG)</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are gases that <strong>absorb and emit radiant energy within the thermal infrared</strong> range.</li>
<li>Primary GHGs are <strong>water vapour, carbondiaoxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone.</strong></li>
<li>Earth&rsquo;s surface temperature would be &minus;18 &deg;C instead of the present average of 15 &deg;C without GHGs.</li>
<li>GHGs create <strong>Green House Effect</strong> which is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Regulatory and voluntary mechanisms</strong> to <strong>promote sustainable development</strong> and engineering new and innovative forms of market.</li>
<li><strong>Effective implementation</strong> of plans using <strong>unique linkages</strong> like civil society and local governments through <strong>public-private partnership.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Invite international cooperation</strong> for <strong>research, development, sharing and transfer of data and technologies</strong> enabled by sufficient funding and backed up by a global IPR regime under the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UNFCCC Secretariat (UN Climate Change)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established in <strong>1992</strong> when countries adopted the <strong>UNFCCC.</strong></li>
<li>Located in <strong>Bonn, Germany.</strong></li>
<li>Focuses on facilitating <strong>intergovernmental climate change negotiations.</strong></li>
<li>Provides <strong>technical expertise and assistance on analysis and review of climate change reports</strong> presented by the parties.</li>
<li>Plays a crucial role in implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Approach</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NAPCC addresses the country&rsquo;s critical and urgent needs by <strong>directionally shifting the development path</strong> and <strong>enhancing</strong> the current and planned <strong>programmes and technologies.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>identifies measures</strong> that <strong>promote our developmental goals</strong> and <strong>co-benefits</strong> by addressing <strong>climate change</strong> also.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2010</strong> with the primary aim of achieving <strong>grid parity by 2022</strong> and <strong>with coal-based thermal power by 2030.</strong></li>
<li>Aims to increase the share of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solar energy</strong></a> in India's energy mix.</li>
<li>It takes the measures of increasing R&amp;D efforts, promoting decentralised distribution of energy by creating cheaper and more convenient solar power systems.</li>
<li>Emphasis on manufacturing solar panels at the local level and to tie up local research with international efforts.</li>
<li>Seeks to <strong>reduce the absolute cost</strong> of solar energy to bring it down and make it affordable.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Making <strong>solar water heaters mandatory</strong> in buildings to promote the already proven and commercially viable <strong>solar heating systems.</strong></li>
<li>By the <strong>remote village electrification programme,</strong> using solar power as an off-grid solution to provide power to the power deprived poor.</li>
<li><strong>Creating conditions for research and application</strong> in the field of solar technology and <strong>support &amp; facilitate</strong> the already on-going R&amp;D projects.</li>
<li>The ultimate objective is to develop a solar industry in India, <strong>capable of delivering solar energy competitively again the fossil fuel options.</strong></li>
<li>It is hoped that<strong> by the end of the third phase, 2022,</strong> India should have installed <strong>20,000 MW</strong> of solar power.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
<li>Based on the <strong>Energy Conservation Act, 2001.</strong></li>
<li>It creates a market based mechanism to <strong>enhance cost effectiveness</strong> of improvements on energy efficiency. Switching to cleaner fuels, commercially viable technology transfers, capacity building needs etc are the way forward for this mission.</li>
<li><strong>Development with energy efficiency</strong> as a key criterion.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Spread awareness</strong> about the efficacy and efficiency of energy efficient products and <strong>create demand.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ensure adequate supply</strong> of energy efficient products, goods, and services by forming a cadre of energy professionals.</li>
<li><strong>Create financing platforms</strong> which can make risk guarantee funds, financial derivatives of performance contracts.</li>
<li><strong>Formulate</strong> well thought out <strong>evaluation and monitoring mechanisms</strong> to capture energy savings in a transparent manner.</li>
<li><strong>Overcome market failures</strong> through regulatory and policy measures.</li>
<li>Key areas to work upon are <strong>Energy, Efficiency, Equity and Environment.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>National Mission on Sustainable Habitat</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Ministry of Urban Development.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Manifold agenda</strong> mission because it looks at energy efficiency within buildings, waste disposal from these buildings and betters the public transport system.</li>
<li>Plans to make <strong>urban areas more climate friendly</strong> and <strong>less susceptible to climate change</strong> by a <strong>multi-pronged approach</strong> to mitigate and adapt to it.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals-</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To create and adopt a more holistic approach for <strong>solid and liquid waste management,</strong> ensuring their full potential for energy generation <strong>(conversion of solid waste into energy),</strong> recycling, reusing and composting.</li>
<li>To <strong>encourage alternative transport systems</strong> and <strong>establish fuel efficiency standards and reduce fuel consumed per passenger travel</strong> by the provision of pedestrian pathways.</li>
<li>To provide for <strong>adoption and creation of alternative technologies</strong> mitigating climate change and to <strong>encourage community involvement</strong> for it.</li>
<li>Creation of <strong>one building code</strong> for the entire nation.</li>
<li>A system to <strong>enforce law and order.</strong></li>
<li>Establish <strong>financial incentives</strong> based on <strong>green rating.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reduce</strong> need for pumping of water, <strong>proper treatment of waste</strong> water and use of <strong>better designed toilets.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Promote</strong> use of <strong>natural gas</strong> and alternative &amp; renewable fuels.</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive urban renewal master plan</strong> proposals with sustainable designs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>A master plan is a dynamic long-term planning document that provides a conceptual layout to guide future growth and development.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Better enforcement of</strong> Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation <strong>(UDPFI) guidelines.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>National Water Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation.</strong></li>
<li>Ensures <strong>better integrated water resource management</strong> leading to <strong>water conservation, less wastage, equitable distribution</strong> forming better policies.</li>
<li>Looks into the issues of <strong>groundwater and surface water management, domestic and industrial water management, improvement of water storage capacities and protection of wetlands.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Review and data collection</strong> on the network of hydrological, automatic weather and automated rain gauge stations.</li>
<li>Expeditiously<strong> implement water projects in climate sensitive</strong> regions.</li>
<li>Promotion of <strong>water purification and desalination techniques.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Enactment of a bill</strong> for the regulation and management of <strong>groundwater sources.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Research</strong> in water use efficiency in industry, agriculture and domestic sectors.</li>
<li>Providing <strong>incentives for water neutral &amp; positive technologies.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Review National Water Policy</strong> to include <strong>integrated water resources</strong> management, <strong>evaporation</strong> management and <strong>basin level</strong> management.</li>
<li>Water data base in the public domain and the assessment of impact of climate change on water resource</li>
<li><strong>Promotion of citizen and state action</strong> for water conservation, augmentation and preservation.</li>
<li>More focused attention to <strong>over-exploited</strong> areas.</li>
<li><strong>Improving water use efficiency by 20%</strong> through regulatory and pricing mechanisms.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Department of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
<li>Created to <strong>protect</strong> the <strong>Himalayan ecosystem.</strong> The mandate is to evolve measures to <strong>sustain and safeguard the Himalayan glaciers, mountain ecosystems, biodiversity and wildlife conservation &amp; protection.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human and knowledge capacities-</strong> appointing trained personnel who can capture, store and apply knowledge relating to vulnerability and changes in the region.</li>
<li><strong>Institutional capacities-</strong> creating capability to conduct long term observations, studies to understand and warn of changes in the Himalayan ecosystem</li>
<li><strong>Evidence based policy building and governance-</strong> creating a platform for Himalayan states and the Centre to interact with various bodies.</li>
<li><strong>Continuous self learning for balancing</strong> between forces of Nature and actions of mankind by creating strong linkages with community based organisations.</li>
<li>Establishing of a <strong>modern centre of Glaciology, standardisation of data collection to ensure interoperability and mapping of natural resources</strong> in the area.</li>
<li><strong>Identification and training of experts and specialists</strong> in the area relevant to sustaining the Himalayan ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Mission for Green India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.</strong></li>
<li>It has the <strong>mandate of reviving degraded forest land</strong> with a focus on <strong>increasing forest cover &amp; density</strong> and <strong>conserving biodiversity.</strong></li>
<li>Works towards <strong>reducing fragmentation of forests, enhancing private public partnerships for plantations, improving schemes based on joint forestry management etc.</strong></li>
<li>Makes plans to tackle the challenges posed by climate change.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enhancing carbon sinks</strong> in <strong>sustainably managed forests.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Enhancing the resilience of vulnerable species and ecosystems</strong> to <strong>adapt</strong> to climate change.</li>
<li><strong>Enabling forest dependent communities</strong> to <strong>adapt</strong> to climate variability.</li>
<li><strong>Double the area</strong> to be taken up for <strong>afforestation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Increase greenhouse gas removals</strong> by Indian forests.</li>
<li><strong>Enhance resilience of forests and ecosystems</strong> falling under the mission.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture.</strong></li>
<li>It works towards <strong>devising strategies</strong> to make <strong>Indian agriculture&nbsp;</strong><strong>less susceptible to climate change.</strong></li>
<li>It would <strong>identify and develop new crop varieties,</strong> use <strong>traditional and modern agricultural techniques.</strong></li>
<li>This mission sees <strong>dry land agriculture, risk management, access to information and use of biotechnology </strong>as<strong> areas of intervention.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strengthening agricultural insurance, develop a system based on Geographic Information System (GIS)</strong> and <strong>remote sensing</strong> to map soil resource and land use.</li>
<li><strong>Providing information and collation</strong> of off-season crops and <strong>preparation of</strong> state-level <strong>agro-climatic atlases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Strategise to evolve low input agriculture</strong> with <strong>enhanced water and nitrogen efficient</strong> crops.</li>
<li><strong>Nutritional strategies</strong> to manage heat stress in dairy animals.</li>
<li>Using of <strong>micro irrigation systems.</strong></li>
<li>Promotion of agricultural techniques like <strong>minimum tillage, organic farming and rain water conservation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Capacity building</strong> of farmers and other stakeholders.</li>
<li><strong>Production of bio-fertilizer, compost</strong> along with subsidies for <strong>chemical fertilizers.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Strengthening </strong>of <strong>National Agricultural Insurance Scheme.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governed by the <strong>Department of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>identifies challenges and requisite responses</strong> to climate change. This will be done through <strong>open international collaboration</strong> and <strong>would ensure sufficient funding</strong> for this research.</li>
<li>There is a need for strong strategic knowledge system on climate change.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Functions and Goals</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Develop regional climate science. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Leverage international cooperation.</strong></li>
<li>The efforts undertaken here would feed into the <strong>Indian National Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA)</strong> which is a <strong>stock taking exercise conducted every two years as part of the national obligations under UNFCCC.</strong></li>
<li>Creation of a <strong>data generation and sharing system</strong> by mapping resources on knowledge relevant to climate change.</li>
<li><strong>Identifying knowledge gaps</strong> and inspiring from global technological trends to select and test technologies.</li>
<li><strong>Creating new centres dedicated to climate research</strong> within existing institutional framework.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Achievements</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The World Wide Fund for Nature-India (WWF)</strong> feels that the National Action Plan is fairly <strong>comprehensive</strong> and has <strong>cross-sectoral links</strong> through the eight National Level Missions. The <strong>focal point</strong> is India's impetus on <strong>following on a low carbon energy path without impending economic growth</strong> and quality of life of people.</li>
<li>NAPCC brings a <strong>balanced perspective on mitigation and adaptation</strong> through some new dimensions like creation of National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change as this would <strong>ensure exchange of knowledge and informed research</strong> in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges and Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has the potential to do things differently because it is in an <strong>early stage</strong> of development and it <strong>contributes very little to the changing climatic conditions.</strong> It can leapfrog to a <strong>low carbon economy by using high-end and emerging technologies.</strong></li>
<li>The plan report <strong>makes no commitment to cut the country's carbon emission</strong> which should have been an integral part of it.</li>
<li>The<strong> focal point</strong> of NAPCC <strong>seems to be solar power mission only</strong> and the government&rsquo;s efforts to maximise the solar energy seemingly approve it. <strong>Equal emphasis on all missions with equal inputs</strong> would have enabled the county to yield fast and visible results.</li>
<li>Missions related to sustainable habitat, water, and agriculture and forestry are <strong>multi-sectoral, overlapping, multi-departmental, advisory and very slow moving</strong> in nature. Several ongoing activities are in principle aligned with the objectives of these missions which should <strong>either be integrated</strong> with the missions or <strong>scrapped</strong> to save the time and cost.</li>
<li>Another challenge is the <strong>monitoring systems,</strong> which are <strong>either ineffective or absent.</strong> Progress reports for NSM, NMEEE, and NWM are currently available but mapping of progress for other missions has been difficult due to their cross-cutting nature.</li>
<li>Ministries are <strong>required to report progress and have regular meetings</strong> with the PM&rsquo;s Council on Climate Change.</li>
<li>Finally, it can be said that <strong>institutional, systemic and process barriers&mdash;</strong> including <strong>financial constraints, inter-ministerial coordination, lack of technical expertise and project clearance delays&mdash;</strong>stand as <strong>major challenges</strong> in the efficient implementation of the missions.</li>
<li>The<strong> cross-cutting subjects</strong> of the missions have <strong>not yielded any positive results</strong> on grounds yet <strong>so a new approach is needed</strong> to solve this and bring the agenda of climate change to the mainstream.</li>
<li>While these challenges have drawn criticisms, they also provide us with the opportunity for discussion on the approaches to deal with climate change in India and understand the best way ahead to mainstream climate change.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recognising that climate change is a global challenge, the plan promises that India will <strong>engage actively in multilateral negotiations</strong> in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, in a <strong>positive, constructive and forward-looking manner.</strong></li>
<li>It is now clear that initiatives to prevent climate change have been started but, most importantly, these <strong>initiatives must be continuous and sustainable</strong> and every individual of every country will need to contribute to prevent climate change.</li>
<li>By releasing the NAPCC, the <strong>Indian government has shown its commitment</strong> to address climate change issues and also <strong>sent a positive message</strong> to the public, industries, and civil society about the government's concern to address the climate change issue through concerted action.</li>
<li>Issues related to the<strong> awareness</strong> regarding global warming and climate change <strong>among the general population</strong> and the <strong>issue related to agriculture and health hazards</strong> due to climate change <strong>must be addressed strongly and effectively.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3149,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Radiative Cooling & Electricity Generation',
		'description' => '<p>Recently, a scientist of Indian-origin has demonstrated a new way to <strong>generate electricity at night,</strong> without any active heat input.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The prototype device employs <strong>radiative cooling,</strong> in which a sky-facing surface passes its heat to the <strong>atmosphere as thermal radiation, losing some heat</strong> to space and reaching a cooler temperature than the surrounding air.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This phenomenon explains how frost forms on the grass during above-freezing nights, and the same principle can be used to generate electricity, <strong>harnessing temperature differences to produce renewable electricity at night,</strong> when lighting demand peaks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <strong>laws of thermodynamics,</strong> everything on Earth emits heat. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At night, when one side of Earth turns away from the sun, its buildings &amp; streets cool off.</li>
<li>If no clouds are present to trap warmth, objects on the Earth can lose so much heat that they reach a lower temperature than the air surrounding them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can be noted that humans have taken advantage of this effect for millenniums. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Six thousand years ago, people in Iran and Afghanistan constructed enormous <strong>beehive-shaped structures</strong> called <strong>Yakhchal,</strong> which used this <strong>passive cooling</strong> effect to <strong>create and store ice in the desert.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Working Principle</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This device releases the heat unevenly in a manner that the top side cooling is more than the bottom side cooling. It then <strong>converts the difference in heat into electricity.</strong></li>
<li>At its heart is the gadget called a <strong>thermoelectric generator,</strong> which uses the difference in temperature between opposite sides of the device to generate a current.</li>
<li>When the device was connected to a voltage converter, it was able to power a white LED.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Potential Application</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This could be a broadly enabling approach to power generation suitable for remote locations, and anywhere where power generation at night is needed.</li>
<li>While solar cells are an efficient source of renewable energy during the day, there is currently no similar renewable approach to generating power at night.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although the amount of electricity it generates per unit area remains relatively small, limiting its widespread applications for now, but the researchers predict it can be made twenty times more powerful with improved engineering -- such as by suppressing heat gain in the radiative cooling component to increase heat-exchange efficiency.</li>
<li>If this device could produce any amount of electricity at night, it would be valuable as after the sun sets, solar cells don&rsquo;t work and winds often die down. This innovation is vital in complementing other renewable sources of energy.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568628496_Image14.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568628496_Image14.jpg" width="318" height="534" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/features/transformative-new-device-harvests-energy-in-darkness/articleshow/71107147.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: Economic Times</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3096,
		'category_id' => (int) 33,
		'title' => 'Ocean Energy',
		'description' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568017316_Ocean%20Energy (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1568017316_Ocean Energy (Mind Map).png" width="496" height="1389" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ocean-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3087,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Ocean Energy',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong> has declared <strong>Ocean Energy</strong> as <strong>renewable</strong> energy.</li>
<li>Includes all forms of ocean energy such as <strong>tidal, wave, current, ocean thermal etc</strong> and makes them eligible for meeting the <strong>non-solar Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Ocean Energy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Oceans&rsquo; water movement</strong> creates a <strong>vast store of kinetic energy</strong> (energy in motion) in the various forms of renewable energy viz wave energy, tidal energy, ocean current energy, salinity gradient energy and ocean thermal gradient energy which can be <strong>harnessed to generate electricity.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Types of Ocean Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tidal Energy-</strong> Like conventional hydroelectric dams, power plants are built on river estuaries and hold back huge amounts of tidal water twice a day which generates electricity when released. India is expected to have 9,000 MW of tidal energy potential.</li>
<li><strong>Wave Energy-</strong> This is generated by the movement of a device either floating on the surface of the ocean or moored to the ocean floor.</li>
<li><strong>Current Energy-</strong> It is very similar to the wind above the oceans. Underwater turbines, large propellers tethered to the seabed, are moved with the marine currents to generate electricity. According to the <strong>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),</strong> given the scale of open ocean currents, there is a promise of significant project scale growth when technologies harness lower-velocity currents.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was created in <strong>1988</strong> by the <strong>World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</strong> and <strong>the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).</strong></li>
<li>Currently has <strong>195</strong> members.</li>
<li>Headquartered in <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>It has the objective to provide governments at all levels with <strong>scientific information</strong> that they can use to <strong>develop climate policies.</strong></li>
<li>It provides regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate change, its impact and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation.</li>
<li>It gives the report on <strong>Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation</strong> among other various reports.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy-</strong> Oceans are huge heat reservoirs as they cover almost 70% of Earth&rsquo;s surface. The temperature difference between warm surface waters and the cold deeper layers can be used to generate steam and then power.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The technology which uses ocean temperature differences from the surface to depths lower than 1,000 meters, to extract energy.</li>
<li>Research focuses on <strong>two types of OTEC technologies-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>Closed cycle method,</strong> a working fluid (ammonia) is pumped through a heat exchanger for evaporation and the steam runs a turbine. The vapour is turned back to fluid (condensation) by the cold water found at the depths of the ocean where it returns to the heat exchanger.</li>
<li>In <strong>Open cycle method,</strong> the warm surface water is pressurized in a vacuum chamber and converted to steam which runs the turbine. The steam is then condensed using cold ocean water from lower depths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has high (94%) capacity factor which makes it the best power source and although it has a high initial cost, low maintenance and regular power supply makes it an attractive alternative.</li>
<li>OTEC is supplied by an infinite supply of solar energy and the stored energy in it after sundown makes it a 24 hour power supplier.</li>
<li>There are no emissions from the OTEC power plants so air quality will not be degraded.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Osmotic Energy-</strong> This technique produces energy from the movement of water across a membrane between a saltwater reservoir and fresh water reservoir. It is also called <strong>Salinity Gradient Energy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Predictable and Reliable:</strong> Unlike wind, ocean energy sources are more predictable. The endless flows create a reliable supply source for future availability.</li>
<li><strong>Global presence:</strong> Tidal streams and ocean currents are available almost everywhere across the globe.</li>
<li><strong>Energy-rich:</strong> Moving water is more than 800 times denser than moving air, which multiplies the kinetic energy by the same factor and opens up the scope of huge amounts of energy.</li>
<li><strong>Unlimited usage area:</strong> Land is a scarce resource for many regions so on-shore solutions have to compete and can extend to a limit but ocean energies are provided by the vast and deep oceans ending the competition.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>accelerate and enhance support</strong> for the resource assessment and deployment of ocean energy in the country.</li>
<li>To harness the ocean energies for power generation and to overcome the barrier of energy deficiency.</li>
<li>This sector has been <strong>opened to the public and private sectors</strong> so that more projects can be carried out in India.</li>
<li><strong>Industry led research and development proposals are invited</strong> from stakeholders, for solving problems in Indian conditions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Limitations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Deployment is currently limited</strong> in our country and already deployed technologies are under utilised.</li>
<li>Either there is <strong>not much research done</strong> on the technologies or most are currently at the initial stage of R&amp;D, demonstration and commercialization.</li>
<li><strong>Uncertainty of the marine environment</strong> and <strong>commercial scale risks</strong> like- corrosion of materials due to the salinity of seawater, offshore maintenance difficulties, the environmental impact on landscapes and the marine ecosystem and competition from other marine activities such as fishing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Potential</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Total identified potential of <strong>Tidal Energy</strong> is about <strong>12455 MW,</strong> with potential locations identified at <strong>Khambat &amp; Kutch regions,</strong> and large backwaters, where barrage technology could be used.</li>
<li>The total theoretical potential of <strong>wave energy</strong> is estimated to be about <strong>40,000 MW.</strong> This energy is however less intensive than what is available in more northern and southern latitudes.</li>
<li><strong>OTEC</strong> has a theoretical potential of <strong>180,000 MW</strong> in India subject to suitable technological evolution.</li>
<li>Ocean energy has the potential to grow fully,<strong> fuelling economic growth, reducing carbon footprint</strong> and <strong>creating jobs</strong> not only along the coasts but also inland along its supply chains.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has a <strong>long coastline</strong> with the estuaries and gulfs which can be fully used to harness this energy.</li>
<li>Tidal streams and ocean currents are huge and almost endless resources which can be used with relatively small environmental interactions for large scale electricity generation.</li>
<li>Basic R&amp;D is being looked after by <strong>National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai under the Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> but more inputs by other prominent institutions will help us understand and develop the technologies faster.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established in <strong>November 1993</strong> as an <strong>autonomous society</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>It aims to develop reliable indigenous technologies to solve various engineering problems associated with harvesting of non-living and living resources in the <strong>Indian Exclusive Economic Zone.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ocean energy technology can help India stimulate innovation, create economic growth and new jobs as well as to reduce its carbon footprint.</li>
<li>It will also <strong>help India to support its neighbouring countries who have energy deficits,</strong> for their better economic growth and can guide them on their way to being self sufficient in energy sector.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/ocean-energy-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Renewable Energy',
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		'title' => 'Needed: A Solar Manufacturing Strategy',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>(This editorial is based on the article <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/india-needs-a-solar-manufacturing-strategy/article27526839.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"Needed: a solar manufacturing strategy&rdquo;</a> which appeared in &lsquo;&rsquo;The Hindu&rsquo;&rsquo; on 6th June 2019. The article talks about the growing Indian potential in the field of solar energy and the institutional challenges it faces in realizing it.)</strong></p>
</div>
<p>India in recent years has made significant progress in creating capacity for solar energy generation. The unit costs of solar power have fallen, and solar energy has become increasingly competitive with alternative sources of energy. India has expanded its solar generation capacity from 2,650 MW of solar power generation in 2014 to over 28.18 GW by March 2019.</p>
<p>All these efforts coincide with India&rsquo;s attempt at making a transitional change from traditional modes of energy to renewable sources of energy.</p>
<p>However, this is only one part of the story, capacity additions have slowed in the recent past, which means the 175 GW renewable generation &ndash; including 100 GW solar &ndash; target set for 2022 could become difficult to achieve.</p>
<h3>Benefits of switching to solar energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Environment-friendly</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar energy is environment-friendly. When in use, it does not release CO2 and other gases which pollute the air. Hence it is very suitable for India, India being one of the most polluted countries in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Varied use</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar energy can be used for a variety of purposes like heating, drying, cooking or electricity, which is suitable for the rural areas in India. It can also be used in cars, planes, large power boats, satellites, calculators and much more such items, just apt for the urban population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abundant &amp; Secure</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar power is inexhaustible. In energy deficient country like India, where power generation is costly, solar energy is the best alternative means of power generation.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grid-independent</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>You don&rsquo;t need a power or gas grid to get solar energy. A solar energy system can be installed anywhere. Solar panels can be easily placed in houses. Hence, it is quite inexpensive compared to other sources of energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Potential for the solar manufacturing industry</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s peak power demand is expected to rise from current demand 153 GW to about 690 GW by 2035-36. The solar sector can effectively show a way out of this dilemma.</strong></li>
<li>The potential for solar energy capacity in India is enormous. The majority of the country&rsquo;s tropical landmass is located optimally for peak solar radiation. <strong>According to the World Bank, India has the best conditions in the world to capture and use solar energy.</strong></li>
<li>According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, the country&rsquo;s total solar power potential is pegged at nearly 750GW, with 142GW of solar resource available in the state of Rajasthan alone.</li>
<li>India is one of the most attractive markets in the world because of its sheer size: 10-12GW annually. This is even more relevant when one considers that the largest market, China, is virtually closed to foreign investors.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What impedes the growth of the Solar Industry?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has not been able to use the surplus solar energy to its full potential despite it being blessed with plenty of sunlight for most of the year. Despite the new policy focus on solar plant installation, it lags behind in manufacturing the solar panels and providing the input material required in the solar industry.</li>
<li>Indian industries suffer from a lower level of technical competency and human capabilities required in the production of silicon ingots and panels.</li>
<li>Very few Indian companies are involved in silicon production due to the higher capital requirements. According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (2018), India has an annual solar cell manufacturing capacity of about 3 GW while the average annual demand is 20 GW. The shortfall is met by imports of solar panels.</li>
<li>Low-cost Chinese imports have undercut its ambitions to develop its own solar technology suppliers. Imports, mostly from China, accounted for 90% of 2017 sales, up from 86% in 2014.</li>
<li>The industry also suffers from the lack of human capabilities, technological capabilities and capital in the form of finance.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Boosting the domestic sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The domestic sector can become more effective by going down the supply chain and making the input components locally instead of importing them and putting the modules together here in India.</li>
<li>The government should call out bids for solar power plants with the requirement that these be made fully in India, which also does not go against any World Trade Organization commitment.</li>
<li>State governments need to start supporting semiconductor production as part of a determined industrial policy to boost the technical know-how required in the solar sector for the future.</li>
<li>The Indian government should provide subsidized land acquisition, raw material, labor, and export, among others which would serve as a cost advantage to domestic manufacture when competing with foreign companies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Considering the renewable energy potential in India, constructive steps should be taken at a rapid pace. The technology is evolving fast and therefore research needs a big push.</li>
<li>Efforts should be directed at building a solar base that enhances India's standing as a global energy hub, and at the same time, consolidates its imprint in the renewable energy sector through increased indigenous manufacturing of solar components for the domestic market as well as for exports.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #bcd9f7; border-color: #034891; border-style: dotted;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 51px;">
<td style="width: 1256px; height: 51px;"><em><strong><span>Drishti Input:</span><br /><br /></strong></em>What are the benefits of switching to solar as a source of energy? What are the challenges the Solar Energy Sector in India is facing?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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