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Good Governance

What is Good Governance? ‘Governance’ is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not...

24 Feb 2020 Probity in Public Life
Public Interest Litigation

Introduction The expression ‘Public Interest Litigation’ has been borrowed from American jurisprudence, where it was designed to...

23 Dec 2019 Probity in Public Life

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		'title' => 'Good Governance',
		'description' => '<h3>What is Good Governance?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&lsquo;Governance&rsquo; is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the 1992 report entitled &ldquo;Governance and Development&rdquo;, the World Bank set out its definition of Good Governance. It defined Good Governance as <strong>&ldquo;the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country&rsquo;s economic and social resources for development&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Good governance has 8 major characteristics.&lsquo;It is <strong>participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law.</strong></li>
<li>It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making.</li>
<li>It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>8 Principles of Good Governance By United Nations</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582541484_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582541484_image1.png" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Participation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People should be able to voice their own opinions through legitimate immediate organizations or representatives.</li>
<li>This includes men and women, vulnerable sections of society, backward classes, minorities, etc.</li>
<li>Participation also implies freedom of association and expression.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rule of Law:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Legal framework should be enforced impartially, especially on human rights laws.</li>
<li>Without rule of law, politics will follow the principle of matsya nyaya ie law of fish which means the strong will prevail over the weak.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consensus Oriented:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consensus oriented decision-making ensures that even if everyone does not achieve what they want to the fullest, a common minimum can be achieved by everyone which will not be detrimental to anyone.</li>
<li>It mediates differing interests to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Equity and Inclusiveness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Good governance assures an equitable society.</li>
<li>People should have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effectiveness and Efficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Processes and institutions should be able to produce results that meet the needs of their community.</li>
<li>Resources of the community should be used effectively for the maximum output.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accountability:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Good governance aims towards betterment of people, and this can not take place without the government being accountable to the people.</li>
<li>Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations should be held accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transparency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Information should be accessible to the public and should be understandable and monitored.</li>
<li>It also means free media and access of information to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Responsiveness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Institutions and processes should serve all stakeholders in a reasonable period of time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>References of Good Governance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhagavad Gita provides numerous cues for good governance, leadership, dutifulness and self-realization which are re-interpreted in the modern context.</li>
<li>In Kautilya&rsquo;s Arthashastra (2<sup>nd</sup>-3<sup>rd</sup> century BC), the welfare of people was considered paramount in the role of King. Mahatma Gandhi emphasized &ldquo;su-raj'' which essentially means good governance.</li>
<li>Importance of governance is clearly inscribed in Indian Constitution which is built on-premise of Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic committing itself to democracy, rule of law and welfare of people.</li>
<li>Under Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 16 can be considered to be directly linked as it is dedicated to improvement in governance, inclusion, participation, rights, and security.</li>
<li>According to former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan, "Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in public administration." He also said that &ldquo;Good Governance is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Initiatives for Good Governance in India</h3>
<p><strong>Right to Information</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), India is under an international obligation to effectively guarantee citizens the Right to Information as per Article 19 of the ICCPR.</li>
<li>RTI Act, 2005 marks a significant shift in Indian democracy. It gives greater access of the citizen to the information which in turn improves the responsiveness of the government to community needs.</li>
<li>The right to information, promotes openness, transparency and accountability in administration by making the government more open to public scrutiny.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>E-Governance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National e-Governance Plan envisions to make all government services accessible to the common man in his locality, through common service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency, transparency &amp; reliability of such services at affordable costs.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E-Governance</strong></a> effectively delivers better programming and services in the era of newly emerging information and communication technologies (ICTs), which herald new opportunities for rapid social and economic transformation worldwide.</li>
<li>E-Governance has a direct impact on its citizens who derive benefits through direct transactions with the services offered by the government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Programs launched under e-Governance: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-to-chair-pragati-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation</strong></a> (PRAGATI), Digital India Program, MCA21 (to improve the speed and certainty in the delivery of the services of Ministry of Company Affairs), Passport Seva Kendra (PSK), online Income tax return, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Focus on <strong>'Minimum Government, Maximum Governance&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Legal Reforms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Government has scrapped nearly 1,500 obsolete rules and laws with an aim to bring about transparency and improve efficiency.</li>
<li>Reform criminal justice and procedural laws with focus on pre-institution mediation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Steps were taken by the government to improve business conditions including legislation meant to improve the country&rsquo;s business environment and policy ecosystems (such as the Bankruptcy Code, the Goods and Services Tax or GST, and the anti-money-laundering law).</li>
<li>Government has launched the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Make in India&rsquo; initiative.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Decentralization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Centralised Planning Commission was abolished, replacing it with the think tank called the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog)</strong></a>, which would usher in an era of <strong>&ldquo;cooperative federalism&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>14<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission increased the tax devolution of the divisible pool to states from 32% to 42% for years 2015 to 2020. It provides more freedom to states to initiate schemes based on local factors.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Police Reforms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Modernizing police forces and implementing the <strong>Model Police Act of 2015.</strong></li>
<li>Reform of the First Information Report (FIR) lodging mechanism, including introducing filing e-FIRs for minor offences.</li>
<li>Launch a common nation-wide emergency number to attend to emergency security needs of citizens.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Aspirational Districts Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational Districts Programme</strong></a> (ADP) was launched in January 2018 to transform the lives of people in the under-developed areas of the county in a time bound manner.</li>
<li>Anchored in NITI Aayog, the programme is aimed at transforming 115 most backward districts with focused interventions in the field of health and nutrition, education, agriculture and water management, financial inclusion and skill development.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Good Governance Index</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/good-governance-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good Governance Index</strong> </a>Was launched on the occasion of Good Governance Day on 25 December 2019.</li>
<li>The Good Governance Index is a uniform tool across States to assess the Status of Governance and impact of various interventions taken up by the State Government and Union Territories.</li>
<li>The objectives of Good Governance Index are to provide quantifiable data to compare the state of governance in all states and Union Territories, enable states and Union Territories to formulate and implement suitable strategies for improving governance and shift to result oriented approaches and administration.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges to Good Governance</h3>
<p><strong>Criminalization of Politics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Association of Democratic Reforms, 43% of Members of Parliaments of Lok Sabha 2019 are facing criminal charges. It is a 26% increase as compared to 2014.</li>
<li>The criminalisation of the political process and the unholy nexus between politicians, civil servants, and business houses are having a baneful influence on public policy formulation and governance.</li>
<li>The political class as such is losing respect. Therefore, it is necessary to amend <strong>Section 8 of the Representation of the People&rsquo;s Act 1951</strong> to disqualify a person against whom the criminal charges that relate to grave and heinous offenses and corruption are pending.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Corruption</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Corruption is a major obstacle in improving the quality of governance. While human greed is obviously a driver of corruption, it is the structural incentives and poor enforcement system to punish the corrupt that have contributed to the rising curve of graft in India.</li>
<li>According to the Corruption Perception Index - 2019 (released by Transparency International, India's ranking has slipped from 78 to 80.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gender Disparity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>According to Swami Vivekananda,</strong> &ldquo;it is impossible to think about the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is impossible for a bird to fly on only one wing&rdquo;.</li>
<li>One way to assess the state of the nation is to study the status of its women. As women comprise almost 50% of the population it is unfair that they are not adequately represented in government institutions and other allied sectors.</li>
<li>Therefore, in order to ensure good governance it is essential to ensure the empowerment of women.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Growing incidence of violence</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Resorting to illegal force is considered to be a law and order problem. But when one looks at it from the point of view of the principles of Good Governance, it becomes clear that peace and order is the first step to development.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Delay in Justice</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A citizen has the right to avail timely justice, but there are several factors, because of that a common man doesn't get timely justice.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Centralisation of Administrative System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governments at lower levels can only function efficiently if they are empowered to do so. This is particularly relevant for the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), which currently suffer from inadequate devolution of funds as well as functionaries to carry out the functions constitutionally assigned to them.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Marginalization of Socially and Economically Backward People</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The socially and economically backward sections of the society have always been marginalised in the process of development. Although there are constitutional provisions for their upliftment but in practice, they are lagging behind in so many areas like education, economic well being etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The effective functioning of governance is the prime concern of every citizen of the country. The citizens are ready to pay the price for good services offered by the state, but what is required is a transparent, accountable and intelligible governance system absolutely free from bias and prejudices.</li>
<li>There is a need to reformulate our national strategy to accord primacy to the Gandhian principle of &lsquo;Antyodaya&rdquo; to restore good governance in the country.</li>
<li>India should also focus on developing probity in governance, which will make the governance more ethical.</li>
<li>The government should continue to work on the ideals of Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas and Sabka Vishwas which will lead to inclusive and sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Probity in Governance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Probity is a quality of having strong moral principles. It includes having integrity, uprightness, and honesty. It is not just being incorruptible and honest but also includes strict adherence to a code of ethics. For an effective system of governance and for socio-economic development, probity is essential.</li>
<li>Philosophical basis of governance and probity:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ethical concern of governance has been given in both eastern and western literature like Bhagavad Gita, Arthashastra, by Confucius, Plato, Mill, etc.</li>
<li>Administrators are the guardians of the Administrative State so they should honor public trust.</li>
<li>Max Weber: He said that it rationality that members of administrative staff should not own means of production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Objective of probity in governance:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To ensure accountability in governance</li>
<li>To maintain integrity in Public Service</li>
<li>To ensure compliance with the process</li>
<li>To preserve public confidence in Govt process</li>
<li>To avoid the potential for misconduct, fraud, and corruption</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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		'article_id' => (int) 3967,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Public Interest Litigation',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The expression &lsquo;Public Interest Litigation&rsquo; has been borrowed from American jurisprudence, where it was designed to provide legal representation to previously unrepresented groups like the poor, the racial minorities, unorganised consumers, citizens who were passionate about the environmental issues, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Public interest Litigation (PIL)</strong> means litigation filed in a court of law, for the protection of &ldquo;Public Interest&rdquo;, such as Pollution, Terrorism, Road safety, Constructional hazards etc. Any matter where the interest of public at large is affected can be redressed by filing a Public Interest Litigation in a court of law.</li>
<li><strong>Public interest litigation is not defined in any statute or in any act.</strong> It has been interpreted by judges to consider the intent of public at large.</li>
<li>Public interest litigation is the power given to the public by courts through judicial activism. However, the person filing the petition must prove to the satisfaction of the court that the petition is being filed for a public interest and not just as a frivolous litigation by a busy body.</li>
<li>The court can itself take cognizance of the matter and proceed suo motu or cases can commence on the petition of any public spirited individual.</li>
<li>Some of the matters which are entertained under PIL are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bonded Labour matters</li>
<li>Neglected Children</li>
<li>Non-payment of minimum wages to workers and exploitation of casual workers</li>
<li>Atrocities on women</li>
<li>Environmental pollution and disturbance of ecological balance</li>
<li>Food adulteration</li>
<li>Maintenance of heritage and culture</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Genesis and Evolution of PIL in India: Some Landmark Judgements</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The seeds of the concept of public interest litigation were initially sown in India by <strong>Justice Krishna Iyer,</strong> in 1976 in <strong>Mumbai Kamagar Sabha vs. Abdul Thai.</strong></li>
<li>The first reported case of PIL was <strong>Hussainara Khatoon vs. State of Bihar</strong> (1979) that focused on the inhuman conditions of prisons and under trial prisoners that led to the release of more than 40,000 under trial prisoners.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Right to speedy justice emerged as a basic fundamental right</strong> which had been denied to these prisoners. The same set pattern was adopted in subsequent cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A new era of the PIL movement was heralded by <strong>Justice P.N. Bhagawati in the case of S.P. Gupta vs. Union of India.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this case it was held that &ldquo;any member of the public or social action group acting bonafide&rdquo; can invoke the Writ Jurisdiction of the High Courts (under article 226) or the Supreme Court (under Article 32) seeking redressal against violation of legal or constitutional rights of persons who due to social or economic or any other disability cannot approach the Court.</li>
<li>By this judgment PIL became a potent weapon for the enforcement of &ldquo;public duties&rdquo; where executive action or misdeed resulted in public injury. And as a result any citizen of India or any consumer groups or social action groups can now approach the apex court of the country seeking legal remedies in all cases where the interests of general public or a section of the public are at stake.</li>
<li>Justice Bhagwati did a lot to ensure that the concept of PILs was clearly enunciated. He did not insist on the observance of procedural technicalities and even treated ordinary letters from public-minded individuals as writ petitions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Supreme Court in <strong>Indian Banks&rsquo; Association, Bombay &amp; Ors. vs. M/s Devkala Consultancy Service and Ors</strong> held :- &ldquo;In an appropriate case, where the petitioner might have moved a court in her private interest and for redressal of the personal grievance, the court in furtherance of Public Interest may treat it a necessity to enquire into the state of affairs of the subject of litigation in the interest of justice.&rdquo; <strong>Thus, a private interest case can also be treated as public interest case.</strong></li>
<li><strong>M.C Mehta vs. Union of India</strong>: In a Public Interest Litigation brought against Ganga water pollution so as to prevent any further pollution of Ganga water. Supreme Court held that petitioner although not a riparian owner is entitled to move the court for the enforcement of statutory provisions, as he is the person interested in protecting the lives of the people who make use of Ganga water.</li>
<li><strong>Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan:</strong> The judgement of the case recognized sexual harassment as a violation of the fundamental constitutional rights of <strong>Article 14, Article 15 and Article 21.</strong> The guidelines also directed for the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Factors Responsible for the Growth of PIL in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The character of the Indian Constitution.</strong> India has a written constitution which through Part III (Fundamental Rights) and Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) provides a framework for regulating relations between the state and its citizens and between citizens inter-se.</li>
<li>India has some of the most <strong>progressive social legislations</strong> to be found anywhere in the world whether it be relating to bonded labor, minimum wages, land ceiling, environmental protection, etc. This has made it easier for the courts to haul up the executive when it is not performing its duties in ensuring the rights of the poor as per the law of the land.</li>
<li>The <strong>liberal interpretation of locus standi</strong> where any person can apply to the court on behalf of those who are economically or physically unable to come before it has helped. Judges themselves have in some cases initiated suo moto action based on newspaper articles or letters received.</li>
<li>Although social and economic rights given in the Indian Constitution under Part IV are not legally enforceable, courts have creatively read these into fundamental rights thereby making them judicially enforceable. For instance the "right to life" in Article 21 has been expanded to include right to free legal aid, right to live with dignity, right to education, right to work, freedom from torture, bar fetters and hand cuffing in prisons, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Judicial innovations to help the poor and marginalised:</strong> For instance, in the <strong>Bandhua Mukti Morcha,</strong> the Supreme Court put the burden of proof on the respondent stating it would treat every case of forced labor as a case of bonded labor unless proven otherwise by the employer. Similarly in the <strong>Asiad Workers judgment case,</strong> Justice P.N. Bhagwati held that anyone getting less than the minimum wage can approach the Supreme Court directly without going through the labor commissioner and lower courts.</li>
<li>In PIL cases where the petitioner is not in a position to provide all the necessary evidence, either because it is voluminous or because the parties are weak socially or economically, courts have appointed commissions to collect information on facts and present it before the bench.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Who Can File a PIL and Against Whom?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Any citizen can file a public case by filing a petition:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under Art 32 of the Indian Constitution, in the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>Under Art 226 of the Indian Constitution, in the High Court.</li>
<li>Under sec. 133 of the Criminal Procedure Code, in the Court of Magistrate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the court must be satisfied that the Writ petition fulfils some basic needs for PIL as the letter is addressed by the aggrieved person, public spirited individual and a social action group for the enforcement of legal or Constitutional rights to any person who are not able to approach the court for redress.</li>
<li>A Public Interest Litigation can be filed <strong>against a State/ Central Govt., Municipal Authorities, and not any private party.</strong> The definition of State is the same as given under Article 12 of the Constitution and this includes the Governmental and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of PIL</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The aim of PIL is to give to the common people access to the courts to obtain legal redress.</li>
<li>PIL is an important <strong>instrument of social change</strong> and for maintaining the Rule of law and accelerating the balance between law and justice.</li>
<li>The original purpose of PILs have been<strong> to make justice accessible to the poor and the marginalised.</strong></li>
<li>It is an important tool to make human rights reach those who have been denied rights.</li>
<li>It <strong>democratises the access of justice</strong> to all. Any citizen or organisation who is capable can file petitions on behalf of those who cannot or do not have the means to do so.</li>
<li>It helps in judicial monitoring of state institutions like prisons, asylums, protective homes, etc.</li>
<li>It is an important tool for implementing the concept of judicial review.</li>
<li>Enhanced public participation in judicial review of administrative action is assured by the inception of PILs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Certain Weaknesses of PIL</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PIL actions may sometimes give rise to the <strong>problem of competing rights.</strong> For instance, when a court orders the closure of a polluting industry, the interests of the workmen and their families who are deprived of their livelihood may not be taken into account by the court.</li>
<li>It could lead to overburdening of courts with <strong>frivolous PILs by parties with vested interests.</strong> PILs today has been appropriated for corporate, political and personal gains. Today the PIL is no more limited to problems of the poor and the oppressed.</li>
<li>Cases of <strong>Judicial Overreach</strong> by the Judiciary in the process of solving socio-economic or environmental problems can take place through the PILs.</li>
<li>PIL matters concerning the exploited and disadvantaged groups are pending for many years.<strong> Inordinate delays in the disposal of PIL cases</strong> may render many leading judgments merely of academic value.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Public Interest Litigation has produced astonishing results which were unthinkable three decades ago. Degraded bonded labourers, tortured under trials and women prisoners, humiliated inmates of protective women&rsquo;s home, blinded prisoners, exploited children, beggars, and many others have been given relief through judicial intervention.</li>
<li>The greatest contribution of PIL has been to enhance the accountability of the governments towards the human rights of the poor.</li>
<li>The PIL develops a new jurisprudence of the accountability of the state for constitutional and legal violations adversely affecting the interests of the weaker elements in the community.</li>
<li>However, the Judiciary should be cautious enough in the application of PILs to avoid Judicial Overreach that are violative of the principle of Separation of Power.</li>
<li>Besides, the frivolous PILs with vested interests must be discouraged to keep its workload manageable.</li>
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