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Internal Displacement Caused by Disasters

Why in News Recently, the ‘State of India's Environment 2020 in Figures’ report was published by the Centre for Science and Environment...

05 Jun 2020 Poverty
PM SVANidhi: Micro Credit Scheme for Street Vendors

Why in News The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has launched Pradhan Mantri Street Vendor's Atma Nirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi), for...

02 Jun 2020 Poverty
World Bank’s Support to India

Why in News Recently, the World Bank has approved USD 1 billion for accelerating India’s Covid-19 Social Protection Response...

16 May 2020 Poverty
Supreme Court on Free Testing of Covid-19

Why in News The Supreme Court modified its April 8, 2020 order to clarify on free testing for Covid-19. Key Points Private labs would...

14 Apr 2020 Poverty
Measures for Smooth Disbursal of Funds Under PMGKY

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Finance has tweaked Prevention of Money Laundering (PML) norms with the aim to make all inoperative bank...

07 Apr 2020 Poverty
Prime Minister’s 15 Point Programme

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister of Minority Affairs shared information about the Prime Minister’s New 15 Point Programme for the...

20 Mar 2020 Poverty
Poverty

Introduction Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of...

30 Jan 2020 Poverty
Poverty

For...

30 Jan 2020 Poverty
‘World Habitat Award’ for Odisha’s JAGA Mission

Why in News Recently, Odisha has won the 'World Habitat Award' for its ambitious initiative- Jaga Mission. It aims at transforming the slums into...

11 Dec 2019 Poverty
Convergence of Agriculture and Nutrition

This article is based on "A jan aandolan for nutrition" which was published in The Indian Express on 18/11/2019. It talks about the...

18 Nov 2019 Poverty
Poverty Estimation in India

For...

10 Oct 2019 Poverty
Poverty Estimation in India

According to recent reports, more than a quarter of the population living in rural areas of India is below the poverty line. Out of the total...

10 Oct 2019 Poverty
SKOCH Governance Gold Award for DAY-NULM

The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) has been conferred the prestigious SKOCH Governance Gold Award for its...

30 Aug 2019 Poverty
Married Women Out of Labour Force

The UN report on “Progress of The World’s Women, 2019-2020”, has stated that more than half the married women (aged 25-54) didn't...

27 Jun 2019 Poverty
National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis

According to the National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis report, malnutrition amongst children in India is projected to remain high, despite...

26 Jun 2019 Poverty
India and the Hunger Fight

The United Nations has set the year 2030 as the deadline to end global hunger and India as of now has performed poorly in its efforts to eliminate...

11 Jun 2019 Poverty
Targeting Whom: The Challenges in the Welfare Programme

This editorial is based on the article "The targeting challenge in India’s welfare program" which appeared in "Livemint" on 8th May, 2019....

28 May 2019 Poverty
Unemployment in India

The unemployment rate in India rose to 7.2 percent in February 2019, the highest since September 2016, and also up from 5.9 percent in February 2018,...

03 Apr 2019 Poverty
Inequality in India

...

27 Mar 2019 Poverty
Inequality in India

Why in News Oxfam International released its annual inequality report, 2019 report titled “Public good or Private Wealth?” highlighted...

27 Mar 2019 Poverty

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		'title' => 'Internal Displacement Caused by Disasters',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> &lsquo;State of India's Environment 2020 in Figures&rsquo;</strong> report was published by the <strong>Centre for Science and Environment</strong> (CSE).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It states that India had<strong> around 50 lakh internal displacements</strong> caused by disasters and extreme weather conditions like <strong>floods, cyclones and drought</strong> in 2019.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Findings related to Internal Displacement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to it, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-report-on-internal-displacement-2020#:~:text=Internal%20Displacement%20refers%20to%20the,projects%2C%20disasters%20and%20climate%20change." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>internal displacements</strong></a> in India were the highest in the world in 2019.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Internal Displacement</strong> refers to the <strong>forced movement of people</strong> within the country they live in, <strong>due to conflict, violence, development projects, natural disasters and climate change.</strong></li>
<li>It refers to the number of movements, not people, as individuals can be displaced several times.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Natural Disasters:</strong> Displacements due to the flooding caused by the <strong>south-west monsoon</strong> and followed by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-fani" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyclone Fani</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-vayu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vayu</strong></a>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-bulbul" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bulbul</a> </strong>and <strong>drought</strong> conditions.</li>
<li><strong>Forced Migration:</strong> It has also caused many<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> migrants</strong></a> to move for work from one state to another.</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Covid-19:</strong> Due to the impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown</strong></a> which was imposed to contain the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a></strong>, many workers migrated to their homes because of lack of employment and food.</li>
<li><strong>2011 Census Data on Migrant Populations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There were over<strong> 45 crore migrants</strong> in the country at the time, with the vast majority migrating within their own state.</li>
<li>In 2011, over<strong> 1.7 crore new migrants</strong> had moved for employment purposes, mostly from rural to urban areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>report outlines</strong> the status of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sustainable development</strong></a>, <strong>livestocks, forests, water, waste, air, land, wildlife and other natural resources, environmental crimes and global economic risk.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India faces major <strong>challenges in achieving</strong> all of the 17 SDGs, especially SDG1 (No Poverty) and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Forest Cover and Water Resources:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Forest cover has shrunk in <strong>38% of districts,</strong> while <strong>five out of 21 river basins</strong> are now in a state <strong>of absolute water scarcity.</strong></li>
<li>Only <strong>Punjab</strong> managed to get an average national ranking in the<strong> management of water resources.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status of Tigers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It notes that there were <strong>747 tigers more in 2018 than in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>However, the <strong>net area meant for tiger conservation shrunk</strong> by 179 square kilometres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environmental Crime:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The report found that in 2018, total 35,196 environmental crimes were recorded in the country.</li>
<li>Majority of those<strong> cases are pending for police verification and in various courts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Risk:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>global risk</strong> is determined<strong> as an uncertain event or condition</strong> that can cause <strong>significant negative impact</strong> on several countries or industries in the next ten years.</li>
<li>The<strong> top 4 global risks in terms of likelihood</strong> are all found to be environment related as <strong>extreme weather, climate action failures, natural disaster and biodiversity loss.</strong></li>
<li>Under the <strong>top 4 risks in terms of impact,</strong> three were found to be environment related as<strong> climate action failure, biodiversity loss, extreme weather.</strong></li>
<li>In terms of the severity of impact over the next 10 years the top risk is failure <strong>of climate change mitigation and adaptation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report is an eye opener in terms of issues related to environment and biodiversity, development, poverty and internal migration and will help to understand their impacts.</li>
<li>It would further facilitate better decision making in mitigating the related problems.</li>
<li>There is an urgent need to take efforts towards conservation of environment, disposition of cases related to environmental crimes, providing livelihood to the migrants and achieving SDGs.</li>
<li>For the same, the centre and all the states must collaborate to prevent any loss to the environment and humans as well.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/weather-disasters-caused-50-lakh-internal-displacements-in-2019/article31751230.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PM SVANidhi: Micro Credit Scheme for Street Vendors',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)</strong> has launched<strong> Pradhan Mantri Street Vendor's Atma Nirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi),</strong> for providing <strong>affordable loans to street vendors.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the Scheme was announced as a part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Stimulus-II</strong></a> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The scheme would benefit <strong>vendors, hawkers, thelewale and people involved in goods and services related to textiles, apparel, artisan products, barbers shops, laundry services</strong> etc. in different areas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Loan facility:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The vendors can avail a working<strong> capital loan of up to Rs. 10,000,</strong> which is repayable in monthly instalments within a year. The loans would be<strong> without collateral.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is for the first time that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/guidelines-for-licencing-of-small-finance-banks" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Microfinance Institutions</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Banking Financial Company</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Self Help Groups</strong></a> have been allowed in a scheme for the urban poor due to their ground level presence and proximity to the urban poor including the street vendors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There will be<strong> no penalty</strong> on<strong> early repayment</strong> of loan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Early repayment (or resettlement) is a clearance of debt or loan before the scheduled time. Many banks and lenders charge penalties for repaying loans early.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Those <strong>who were vending till 24<sup>th</sup> March, 2020 can avail the benefits of the scheme.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is for the<strong> first time</strong> that <strong>street vendors from peri- urban/rural</strong> areas have become beneficiaries of an urban livelihood programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>scheme is valid until March 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Interest Subsidy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On timely/early repayment of the loan, an interest subsidy of <strong>7% per annum</strong> will be credited to the bank accounts of beneficiaries through direct benefit transfer on a six monthly basis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Escalation of credit limits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme provides for the rise of the credit limit on timely/ early repayment of loans i.e. if a street vendor repays the installments on time or earlier, he or she can develop his or her credit score that makes him/her <strong>eligible for a higher amount of term loan such as Rs. 20,000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Encourage digital transactions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme incentivises digital transactions by the street vendors through monthly cash back.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focus on capacity building:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MoHUA in collaboration with State Governments will launch a capacity building and financial literacy programme of all the stakeholders and <strong>Information, Education and Communication (IEC) activities</strong> throughout the country during the month of <strong>June</strong> and <strong>loaning will commence in the month of July.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ULBs will play a pivotal role in the <strong>implementation of the scheme</strong> by ensuring to target the beneficiary and reaching to them in an efficient manner. </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>E-governance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In line with the vision of leveraging technology to ensure effective delivery and transparency, a digital platform with web portal/ mobile app is being developed to administer the scheme with end-to-end solution.</li>
<li>This platform will integrate the web portal/ mobile app with <strong>UdyamiMitra portal of SIDBI</strong> for credit management and <strong>PAiSA portal of MoHUA</strong> to administer interest subsidy automatically.</li>
<li>It will help in <strong>integrating the vendors into the formal financial system.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The loans through the scheme would help to<strong> kick-start activity for vendors</strong> who have been left without any income due to the impact of Covid-19 and lockdown.</li>
<li>Despite multiple schemes running for the street vendors, there are various gaps in <strong>implementation, identification, awareness and accessibility of various schemes</strong> which should be plugged in a timely manner.</li>
<li>Benefits like <strong>maternity allowances, accident relief, natural death compensation, education support for children for higher studies, pension</strong> during any crisis should be provided to them.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1628329" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5364,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Bank’s Support to India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> has approved <strong>USD 1 billion</strong> for <strong>accelerating India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> Social Protection Response Programme.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With this announcement, <strong>commitment from the World Bank</strong> towards emergency Covid-19 response in India has reached to <strong>USD 2 billion.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, <strong>a USD 1 billion support</strong> was announced in April to support<strong> India&rsquo;s health sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Social Protection Response Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is pivoted towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migrants</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>unorganised workers</strong></a>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/formalization-of-the-economy-is-a-form-of-coercion" target="_blank" rel="noopener">informal sector</a></strong>, and creating<strong> an integration of the existing infrastructure of safety nets like the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public distribution system</a>,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-6th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Jan Dhan</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aadhar</a> &amp; mobile.</strong></li>
<li>It will expand the coverage of India&rsquo;s social protection system by helping <strong>vulnerable groups access</strong> to more <strong>social benefits directly and across the country.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Geographic portability</strong> would be introduced to ensure that social protection benefits could be accessed from anywhere in the country, providing relief to inter-State migrant workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will support the Government of India&rsquo;s efforts towards a<strong> more consolidated delivery platform</strong> accessible to both rural and urban populations across state boundaries.</li>
<li>Such a system will also <strong>strengthen India&rsquo;s federalism</strong> by enabling and supporting states to respond quickly and effectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phased Implementation:</strong> This new support will be funded and operated in two phases: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An immediate allocation of<strong> $750 million</strong> for fiscal year 2020 .</li>
<li>A <strong>$250 million</strong> second tranche that will be made available for fiscal year 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>First Phase:</strong> It will be implemented countrywide through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY)</strong></a> to benefit vulnerable groups, particularly migrants and informal workers.</li>
<li><strong>Second phase:</strong> It would deepen the social protection package, whereby additional cash and in-kind benefits based on local needs will be extended through state governments and portable social protection delivery systems.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Unprecedented<strong> introduction of social distancing and lock downs</strong> due to Covid-19, to slow down the spread of the virus, have impacted economies and jobs especially in the informal sector.</li>
<li><strong>Over 90% of India&rsquo;s workforce</strong> is employed in the <strong>informal sector,</strong> without access to significant savings or workplace based social protection benefits such as <strong>paid sick leave or social insurance.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Over 9 million migrants,</strong> who cross state borders to work each year, are also at greater risk as social assistance programmes in India largely provide benefits to residents .</li>
<li>In an urbanising India, <strong>cities and towns</strong> need<strong> targeted support</strong> as its social protection programmes are focused on rural populations.</li>
<li><strong>Social protection is critical</strong> when <strong>half of India&rsquo;s population earns less than $3 a day</strong> and are close to the poverty line.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1624156" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> modified its April 8, 2020 order to clarify on free testing for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Private labs would continue to<strong> charge the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indigenously-developed-testing-kits-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)</a> rates of up to ₹4,500</strong> for tests from people who can afford to pay.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/free-testing-and-treatment-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Free testing for Covid-19</strong></a> shall continue to be made available to the poor eligible under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li>Free testing would also be made available to any other category of <strong>economically weaker sections of society as notified by the government from time to time.</strong></li>
<li>The Supreme Court directed the Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare to identify beneficiaries among the weaker sections of society.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This includes workers belonging to low income groups in the informal sectors and beneficiaries of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-6th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Direct Benefit Transfer</strong></a> who can be made eligible for free testing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also directed the Ministry to issue <strong>appropriate guidelines</strong> in this regard within a week.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PM-JAY offers a sum insured of <strong>Rs.5 lakh per family</strong> for secondary care (which doesn&rsquo;t involve a super specialist) as well as tertiary care (which involves a super specialist).</li>
<li>It is an entitlement-based scheme that targets the beneficiaries as identified by latest <strong>Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Once identified by the database, the beneficiary is considered insured and can walk into any empanelled hospital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The insurance cost is shared by the <strong>centre and the state mostly in the ratio of 60:40.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Packaged rates (Rates that include everything so that each product or service is not charged for separately):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They also mention the number of average days of hospitalization for a medical procedure and supporting documents that are needed.</li>
<li>They are flexible, but they can&rsquo;t charge the beneficiary once fixed by the hospitals.</li>
<li>The scheme also has prescribed a daily limit for medical management.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The National Health Agency</strong> has been constituted as an autonomous entity under the Society Registration Act, 1860 for effective implementation of PM-JAY in alliance with state governments.</li>
<li><strong>The State Health Agency (SHA)</strong> is the apex body of the State Government responsible for the implementation of AB PM-JAY in the State.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/free-tests-only-for-the-poor-clarifies-sc/article31334539.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source : TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4933,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Measures for Smooth Disbursal of Funds Under PMGKY',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Finance has tweaked <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/changes-in-the-prevention-of-money-laundering-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prevention of Money Laundering (PML)</strong></a> norms with the aim to make all inoperative bank accounts functional.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is to ensure that cash transfers by the government under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> relief package (Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY) scheme) reach beneficiaries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As a part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY) scheme</strong></a>, the government has decided to<strong> transfer ₹500 per month for three months to the poor and vulnerable sections of the society</strong> whose livelihood has been impacted due to the nationwide <strong>lockdown.</strong></li>
<li>The PML norms have been tweaked to ensure that beneficiaries are able to withdraw the money transferred to them by the government <strong>without any problems or requirement of additional documentation.</strong></li>
<li>The Rules have been amended in respect of
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-6th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana accounts.</strong></a></li>
<li>Basic savings account and small accounts.</li>
<li>Those accounts which have become inoperative due to various reasons including <strong>Non-completion of Know Your Customer (KYC)</strong> requirements or updation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accounts that may have become dysfunctional</strong> due to non-operation in the account for the last two years have also been <strong>made functional.</strong></li>
<li>The Finance Ministry had also requested the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs for adequate security personnel at bank branches</strong> and with the business correspondents
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is to maintain law and order, and social distancing, in view of the higher customer footfall expected for cash withdrawals after the transfers are made.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Money laundering</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>concealing or disguising the identity of illegally obtained proceeds</strong> so that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Round Tripping of Funds</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Round tripping refers to money that leaves the country through various channels and makes its way back into the country often as foreign investment.</li>
<li>This mostly involves black money and is allegedly often used for stock price manipulation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Prevention of Money-Laundering Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002</strong> deals with money laundering and has three main objectives :
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To prevent and control money laundering.</li>
<li>To provide for confiscation and seizure of property obtained from laundered money.</li>
<li>To deal with any other issue connected with money-laundering in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under the PMLA Act,<strong> the Enforcement Directorate</strong> is empowered to conduct a Money Laundering investigation.</li>
<li><strong>PMLA (Amendment) Act, 2012</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adds the concept of <strong>&lsquo;reporting entity&rsquo;</strong> which includes a banking company, financial institution, intermediary etc.</li>
<li>It prescribes <strong>obligation of banking companies, financial institutions and intermediaries for</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Verification and maintenance of records of the identity of all its clients</strong> and also of all transactions.</li>
<li>Furnishing information of such transactions in prescribed form to the<strong> Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It empowers the Director of FIU-IND to impose fine on banking company, financial institution or intermediary if they or any of its officers fails to comply with the provisions of the Act as indicated above.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>PMLA, 2002 levied a fine up to Rs 5 lakh, but the amendment act has removed this upper limit.</li>
<li>It has provided for <strong>provisional attachment and confiscation of property</strong> of any person involved in such activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Financial Intelligence Unit-India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FIU-IND is a <strong>central, national agency</strong> responsible for receiving, processing, analyzing and disseminating information relating to suspect financial transactions to enforcement agencies and foreign FIUs.</li>
<li>It was set <strong>up in 2004.</strong></li>
<li>It is an <strong>independent body</strong> reporting directly to the Economic Intelligence Council (EIC) headed by the<strong> Finance Minister.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/centre-tweaks-rules-to-make-inactive-accounts-functional/article31259624.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4763,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Prime Minister’s 15 Point Programme',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Minister of Minority Affairs</strong> shared information about the <strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s New 15 Point Programme for the Welfare of Minorities (PM&rsquo;s New 15 PP),</strong> in the Lok Sabha.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PM&rsquo;s New 15 PP is an <strong>overarching programme covering various schemes/initiatives</strong> of the participating Ministries/Departments and is <strong>implemented throughout the country.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>ensure that the benefits of various government schemes for the underprivileged reach the disadvantaged sections of the minority communities.</strong></li>
<li>It also provides that, wherever possible, <strong>15% of targets and outlays under various schemes should be earmarked for minorities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>performance</strong> of schemes/initiatives is <strong>continuously evaluated</strong> by the concerned Ministries/Departments.</li>
<li><strong>In the context of the PM&rsquo;s New 15 PP, Substantial <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-state-wise-minority-classification-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">minority</a> population,</strong> has been used for identification of districts which are relatively backward.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Districts with <strong>at least 25% of the total population belonging to minority communities</strong> have been identified as the <strong>Minority Concentration Districts (MCDs)</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The programme has four objectives</strong> further divided into focus areas with schemes under them. These are as follows:</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>A. Enhancing Opportunities for Education</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">1. Equitable availability of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Services</strong></a> <strong>(ICDS)</strong> Services</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">2. Improving access to School Education</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><strong>a.&nbsp;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.</a></strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><strong>b. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme, etc.</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">3. Greater resources for teaching Urdu by Central assistance for recruitment and posting of Urdu language teachers.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">4. Modernizing Madarsa Education</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">a. Central Plan Scheme of Area Intensive and Madarsa Modernization Programme.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">5. Scholarships for meritorious students from minority communities.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">6. Improving educational infrastructure through the Maulana Azad Education Foundation.</p>
<p><strong>B. Equitable Share in Economic Activities and Employment</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>7. Self-Employment</strong> and Wage Employment for the poor</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><strong>a. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana</strong> (SGSY).</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">b. Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY).</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">c. Sampurna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY).</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>8. Upgradation of skills</strong> through technical training</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">a. Locate technical institutions in areas predominantly inhabited by minority communities and upgrade them to <strong>&lsquo;Centres of Excellence&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>9. Enhanced credit support</strong> for economic activities</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><strong>a. Strengthening the National Minorities Development &amp; Finance Corporation</strong> (NMDFC).</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">b. Ensuring an appropriate percentage of the priority sector lending targeted for the minority communities.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">10. Recruitment to <strong>State and Central Services</strong></p>
<p><strong>C. Improving the Conditions of Living of Minorities</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">11. Equitable share in <strong>rural housing</strong> scheme</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><strong>a. Indira Awaas Yojana</strong> (IAY)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">12. Improvement in <strong>condition of slums</strong> inhabited by minority communities</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><strong>a. Integrated Housing &amp; Slum Development Programme</strong> (IHSDP)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><strong>b.<a href="/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation</a> (AMRUT)</strong> which was earlier Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).</p>
<p><strong>D. Prevention and Control of Communal Riots</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">13. Prevention of communal incidents</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">a. Posting of efficient, impartial and secular record in communally sensitive and riot prone areas.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">14. Prosecution for communal offences</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">15. Rehabilitation of victims of communal riots</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Minorities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jains and Zoroastrians (Parsis)</strong> have been notified as minority communities under <strong>Section 2 (c) of the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term<strong> "minority" is not defined in the Indian Constitution.</strong> However, the Constitution<strong> recognises only religious and linguistic</strong> minorities.</li>
<li><strong>Article 29:</strong> It provides that any section of the citizens residing in any part of India having a <strong>distinct language, script or culture</strong> of its own, shall have the <strong>right to conserve the same.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 30:</strong> Under the article, all minorities shall have the <strong>right to establish and administer educational institutions</strong> of their choice.</li>
<li>Article 350-B: Originally, the Constitution of India did not make any provision with respect to the<strong> Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities.</strong> But, the <strong>Seventh Constitutional Amendment Act of 1956</strong> inserted Article 350-B in the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-state-wise-minority-classification-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It defines a minority as &ldquo;a community notified as such by the Central government.''</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1607147" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4299,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Poverty',
		'description' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. Poverty means that the income level from employment is so low that basic human needs can't be met.</li>
<li><strong>According to World Bank,</strong> Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one's life.</li>
<li>In India, 21.9% of the population lives below the national poverty line in 2011.</li>
<li>In 2018, almost 8% of the world&rsquo;s workers and their families lived on less than US$1.90 per person per day (international poverty line).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Types of Poverty:</strong> There are two main classifications of poverty:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Absolute Poverty:</strong> A condition where household income is below a necessary level to maintain basic living standards (food, shelter, housing). This condition makes it possible to compare between different countries and also over time.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was first introduced in 1990, the &ldquo;dollar a day&rdquo; poverty line measured absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In October 2015, the World Bank reset it to $1.90 a day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relative Poverty:</strong> It is defined from the social perspective that is living standard compared to the economic standards of population living in surroundings. Hence it is a measure of income inequality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Usually, relative poverty is measured as the percentage of the population with income less than some fixed proportion of median income.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Poverty Estimation in India</a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Poverty estimation in India is carried out by NITI Aayog&rsquo;s task force through the calculation of poverty line based on the data captured by the National Sample Survey Office under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).</li>
<li>Poverty line estimation in India is <strong>based on the consumption expenditure</strong> and not on the income levels.</li>
<li>Poverty is measured based on consumer expenditure surveys of the National Sample Survey Organisation. A poor household is defined as one with an expenditure level below a specific poverty line.</li>
<li>The incidence of poverty is measured by the poverty ratio, which is the ratio of the number of poor to the total population expressed as a percentage. It is also known as <strong>head-count ratio.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Alagh Committee (1979)</strong> determined a poverty line based on a minimum daily requirement of 2400 and 2100 calories for an adult in Rural and Urban area respectively.</li>
<li>Subsequently different committees;<strong> Lakdawala Committee (1993), Tendulkar Committee (2009), Rangarajan committee (2012)</strong> did the poverty estimation.</li>
<li>As per the Rangarajan committee report (2014), <strong>the poverty line is estimated as Monthly Per Capita Expenditure of Rs. 1407 in urban areas and Rs. 972 in rural areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Causes of Poverty in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Population Explosion:</strong> India&rsquo;s population has steadily increased through the years. During the past 45 years, it has risen at a rate of 2.2% per year, which means, on average, about 17 million people are added to the country&rsquo;s population each year. This also increases the demand for consumption goods tremendously.</li>
<li><strong>Low Agricultural Productivity:</strong> A major reason for poverty in the low productivity in the agriculture sector. The reason for low productivity is manifold. Chiefly, it is because of fragmented and subdivided land holdings, lack of capital, illiteracy about new technologies in farming, the use of traditional methods of cultivation, wastage during storage, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Inefficient Resource utilisation:</strong> There is underemployment and disguised unemployment in the country, particularly in the farming sector. This has resulted in low agricultural output and also led to a dip in the standard of living.</li>
<li><strong>Low Rate of Economic Development:</strong> Economic development has been low in India especially in the first 40 years of independence before the LPG reforms in 1991.</li>
<li><strong>Price Rise:</strong> Price rise has been steady in the country and this has added to the burden the poor carry. Although a few people have benefited from this, the lower income groups have suffered because of it, and are not even able to satisfy their basic minimum wants.</li>
<li><strong>Unemployment:</strong> Unemployment is another factor causing poverty in India. The ever-increasing population has led to a higher number of job-seekers. However, there is not enough expansion in opportunities to match this demand for jobs.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Capital and Entrepreneurship:</strong> The shortage of capital and entrepreneurship results in low level of investment and job creation in the economy.</li>
<li><strong>Social Factors:</strong> Apart from economic factors, there are also social factors hindering the eradication of poverty in India. Some of the hindrances in this regard are the laws of inheritance, caste system, certain traditions, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Colonial Exploitation:</strong> The British colonisation and rule over India for about two centuries de-industrialised india by ruining its traditional handicrafts and textile industries. Colonial Policies transformed india to a mere raw-material producer for european industries.</li>
<li><strong>Climatic Factors:</strong> Most of india&rsquo;s poor belong to the states of Bihar, UP, MP, Chhattisgarh, odisha, Jharkhand, etc. Natural calamities such as frequent floods, disasters, earthquake and cyclone cause heavy damage to agriculture in these states.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Trap:</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580383923_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1580383923_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Poverty Alleviation Programs in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP):</strong> It was introduced in 1978-79 and universalized from 2<sup>nd</sup> October, 1980, aimed at providing assistance to the rural poor in the form of subsidy and bank credit for productive employment opportunities through successive plan periods.</li>
<li><strong>Jawahar Rozgar Yojana/Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana:</strong> The JRY was meant to generate meaningful employment opportunities for the unemployed and underemployed in rural areas through the creation of economic infrastructure and community and social assets.</li>
<li><strong>Rural Housing &ndash; Indira Awaas Yojana:</strong> The Indira Awaas Yojana (LAY) programme aims at providing free housing to Below Poverty Line (BPL) families in rural areas and main targets would be the households of SC/STs.</li>
<li><strong>Food for Work Programme:</strong> It aims at enhancing food security through wage employment. Food grains are supplied to states free of cost, however, the supply of food grains from the Food Corporation of India (FCI) godowns has been slow.</li>
<li><strong>National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS):</strong> This pension is given by the central government. The job of implementation of this scheme in states and union territories is given to panchayats and municipalities. The states contribution may vary depending on the state. The amount of old age pension is ₹200 per month for applicants aged 60&ndash;79. For applicants aged above 80 years, the amount has been revised to ₹500 a month according to the 2011&ndash;2012 Budget. It is a successful venture.</li>
<li><strong>Annapurna Scheme:</strong> This scheme was started by the government in 1999&ndash;2000 to provide food to senior citizens who cannot take care of themselves and are not under the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS), and who have no one to take care of them in their village. This scheme would provide 10 kg of free food grains a month for the eligible senior citizens. They mostly target groups of &lsquo;poorest of the poor&rsquo; and &lsquo;indigent senior citizens&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY):</strong> The main objective of the scheme continues to be the generation of wage employment, creation of durable economic infrastructure in rural areas and provision of food and nutrition security for the poor.</li>
<li><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 2005:</strong> The Act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household. One-third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women. The central government will also establish National Employment Guarantee Funds. Similarly, state governments will establish State Employment Guarantee Funds for implementation of the scheme. Under the programme, if an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days s/he will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.</li>
<li><strong>National Rural Livelihood Mission: Aajeevika (2011):</strong> It evolves out the need to diversify the needs of the rural poor and provide them jobs with regular income on a monthly basis. Self Help groups are formed at the village level to help the needy.</li>
<li><strong>National Urban Livelihood Mission:</strong> The NULM focuses on organizing urban poor in Self Help Groups, creating opportunities for skill development leading to market-based employment and helping them to set up self-employment ventures by ensuring easy access to credit.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana:</strong> It will focus on fresh entrant to the labour market, especially labour market and class X and XII dropouts.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana:</strong> It aimed at direct benefit transfer of subsidy, pension, insurance etc. and attained the target of opening 1.5 crore bank accounts. The scheme particularly targets the unbanked poor.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Global Multidimensional Poverty Index-2018</strong> released by the UN noted that 271 million people moved out of poverty between 2005-06 and 2015-16 in India. The poverty rate in the country has nearly halved, falling from 55% to 28% over the ten-year period. Still a big part of the population in india is living Below the Poverty Line.</li>
<li>Rapid economic growth and the use of technology for social sector programs have helped make a significant dent in extreme poverty in the country.</li>
<li>Despite rapid growth and development, an unacceptably high proportion of our population continues to suffer from severe and multidimensional deprivation. Thus, a more comprehensive and inclusive approach is required to eradicate poverty in India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/poverty-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4547,
		'category_id' => (int) 32,
		'title' => 'Poverty',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582781901_Poverty%20(Mind Map)_Artboard 1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582781901_Poverty (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.png" width="460" height="1700" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/poverty-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3861,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '‘World Habitat Award’ for Odisha’s JAGA Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Odisha</strong> has won the <strong>'World Habitat Award'</strong> for its ambitious initiative- <strong>Jaga Mission.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>aims</strong> at transforming the slums into liveable habitat with all necessary civic infrastructure and services at par with the better off areas within the same urban local body and to continuously improve the standard of the infrastructure and services and access to livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>World Habitat Award</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award is given by <strong>World Habitat,</strong> in partnership with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-habitat-assembly" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Habitat</strong></a>, <strong>every year</strong>, in recognition of innovative, outstanding, and revolutionary ideas, projects, and programmes from across the world in the field of housing.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Habitat or United Nations Human Settlements Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>United Nations agency for human settlements.</strong> It is mandated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1978</strong> as an outcome of the <strong>first UN Conference on Human Settlements and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat I)</strong> held in Vancouver, Canada, in 1976.</li>
<li>UN-Habitat is <strong>headquartered at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Habitat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international not-for-profit organisation/foundation</strong> established in the <strong>United Kingdom.</strong></li>
<li>It works internationally to help bring the best housing to the people who need it the most.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Jaga Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Odisha Liveable Habitat Mission (OLHM)- JAGA</strong> is a society under the Housing &amp; Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha.</li>
<li>The <strong>slum land titling mission</strong> was being executed in <strong>collaboration with Tata Trusts</strong> and <strong>Norman Foster Foundation.</strong></li>
<li>Odisha government rolled out this <strong>first of its kind project</strong> on<strong> May 7, 2018.</strong></li>
<li>This mission was also awarded the <strong>'India Geospatial Excellence Award'</strong> for <strong>technological innovation</strong> in transforming the lives of urban poor.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Geospatial Excellence Award</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award is given by <strong>GeoSmart India</strong> which is an <strong>interactive platform</strong> that demonstrates the collective and shared vision of the Indian geospatial community and is the <strong>most prominent stakeholder event</strong> of the <strong>Indian geospatial ecosystem.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/odisha-awarded-world-habitat-award-for-jaga-mission-119121000128_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3653,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Convergence of Agriculture and Nutrition',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-jan-aandolan-for-nutrition-6124546/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"A jan aandolan for nutrition"</a> which was published in The Indian Express on 18/11/2019. It talks about the government&rsquo;s efforts to tackle malnutrition in India.</p>
</div>
<p>Agricultural productivity in India has seen impressive growth in recent years fuelled by systemic and scientific improvements like the Green Revolution, globalisation and industrialisation of the food sector. Even after all this growth, malnutrition continues to remain a challenge with serious social and economic costs.</p>
<p>There has been a significant disconnect between agriculture and nutrition due to the demands on quantity rather than quality, driven by exponential population growth but there is a need to converge agriculture and nutrition if the problem has to be tackled.</p>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a <strong>geographically and culturally vast country</strong> which makes it far difficult to keep track of the levels of malnutrition.</li>
<li>The <strong>advent of modern food systems</strong> has resulted in a loss of knowledge on and consumption of traditional and local nutrient-rich foods in favour of less nutritious industrialised and processed food products.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, the replacement of nutrient-dense millets by other grains has been a result of globalisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Missions to tackle nutrition from farm to table <strong>involve multiple stakeholders,</strong> with the government at one end and individuals at the other and it makes this loop hard for common people&rsquo;s understanding.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Malnutrition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>complex and multi-dimensional issue,</strong> affected mainly by a number of factors including-
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poverty</li>
<li>Inadequate food distribution and consumption</li>
<li>Improper maternal infant and child feeding care practices</li>
<li>Inequity and gender imbalances</li>
<li>Poor sanitary and environmental conditions</li>
<li>Restricted access to quality health, education and social care services</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has <strong>long-lasting and critical effects</strong> on a nation&rsquo;s progress and future.</li>
<li>The <strong>World Bank</strong> reports that the <strong>annual cost of malnutrition in India is at least $10 billion</strong> and is <strong>driven by the loss of productivity, illness and death</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government</h3>
<p>Government has taken several steps to address the concern. The following initiatives can go a long way to address the gap and propel parents and communities to rethink on consumption patterns.</p>
<p><strong>Poshan Abhiyaan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>set up by Government of India in 2017</strong> for a <strong>three-year time frame</strong> commencing from 2017-18 which <strong>aims at targeted reduction of stunting, undernutrition, anaemia and low-birth-weight babies</strong> in India.</li>
<li>It is set up under the aegis of the <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development (WCD)</strong>.</li>
<li>At the <strong>agricultural</strong> level, it aims to <strong>amalgamate knowledge of regional food systems</strong>.</li>
<li>At the <strong>consumer</strong> level, it aims to <strong>foster social and behavioural changes</strong> among individuals, especially parents.</li>
<li>It seeks to <strong>improve linkages between communities and health systems,</strong> thus paving the way for a mass movement to promote a transformative change.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>repository of diverse crops across 128 agro-climatic zones</strong> in India.</li>
<li>The <strong>Harvard Chan School of Public Health</strong> through its <strong>India Research Center</strong> and the <strong>Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</strong> will document and evaluate promising regional dietary practices.</li>
<li>In consultation with the Ministry of WCD, the project team will <strong>select around 12 high focus states</strong> which are <strong>representative of the geographical, social, economic, cultural and structural diversities</strong> of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In each of the states or group of states, the team will <strong>identify a local partner organization</strong> which has relevant work experience in <strong>Social and Behavior Change Communication (SBCC)</strong> and nutrition for developing the Poshan atlas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Poshan Atlas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>food atlas</strong> developed by the Ministry of WCD to keep all the food-data at one place.</li>
<li>The data would be <strong>accessible to policy-makers, administrators, experts and communities to help meet nutritional outcomes</strong>.</li>
<li>The information gained through the atlas will be passed on at the district level for implementation through cooperative tasks among all the stakeholders.</li>
<li>The atlas will create a <strong>repository of traditional foods/crops and cultural practices associated with them</strong>. These tools will help in developing closer ties between the agricultural and nutrition sectors.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Such missions should consider <strong>easing the lengthy processes along the food supply chain</strong> and make <strong>every stakeholder accountable</strong> (government, market and consumers) for their works.</li>
<li><strong>Food and crop diversity need to be linked with agro-ecological patterns</strong> like soil, groundwater, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Awareness</strong> about the traditionally grown crops, about their nutrition and micro-nutrient content, about ways to move away from mono-cropping and increase crop diversity to increase diet diversity should be spread.</li>
<li><strong>Understanding social, behavioural and cultural practices</strong> can promote healthy dietary practices and reinforce healthy dietary behaviours both at individual and community levels.</li>
<li><strong>Creation of a database</strong> linking relevant agro-food system data can be more cost-effective and sustainable over the long run which would save a lot of finances.</li>
</ul>
<p>Awareness and knowledge about our crop diversity and regional variations in nutritious food will provide a nudge for behaviour change across the country propelling demand which, in turn, will provide opportunities to farmers and agro-processing units to address consumer needs. Citizens of India will have to come together and join hands to revive our food and crop diversities and use our traditional knowledge for tackling undernutrition and malnutrition.</p>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #fffbe6; border-color: #002fba;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question:</strong></em><br /><br />&ldquo;The awareness of the extent of malnutrition despite agricultural growth has led to a need to converge agriculture and nutrition.&rdquo; Explain.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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		'article_id' => (int) 3346,
		'category_id' => (int) 33,
		'title' => 'Poverty Estimation in India',
		'description' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570797452_Poverty%20Estimation in India (Mind Map).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570797452_Poverty Estimation in India (Mind Map).png" width="435" height="2327" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For TTP</em></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3334,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Poverty Estimation in India',
		'description' => '<p>According to recent reports, more than a quarter of the population living in rural areas of India is below the poverty line. Out of the total population living in the rural parts of India,<strong> 25.7%</strong> is living below the poverty line whereas in the urban areas, the situation is a bit better with <strong>13.7%</strong> of the population living below the poverty line.</p>
<h3>Poverty Estimation</h3>
<p>A common method used to estimate <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-eradicating-poverty" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>poverty</strong></a> in India is based on the <strong>income or consumption</strong> levels and if the income or consumption falls below a given minimum level, then the household is said to be <strong>Below the Poverty Line (BPL).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Poverty Line Calculation:</strong> Poverty estimation in India is now carried out by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog&rsquo;s</strong></a> task force through the calculation of poverty line based on the data captured by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Sample Survey Office</strong></a> under the <strong>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NITI Aayog</strong> as a policy think tank has replaced Planning Commission, which was earlier responsible for calculating the poverty line in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consumption Versus Income Level:</strong> Poverty line estimation in India is based on the <strong>consumption expenditure</strong> and not on the income levels because of the following reasons:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Variation in Income:</strong> Income of <strong>self-employed</strong> people, daily wage laborers etc. is highly variable both temporally and spatially, while consumption pattern are comparatively much <strong>stable.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Additional Income:</strong> Even in the case of regular wage earners, there are additional <strong>side incomes</strong> in many cases, which is <strong>difficult to take into account.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Data Collection:</strong> In case of consumption based poverty line, sample based surveys use a <strong>reference period</strong> (say 30 days) in which households are asked about their consumption of last 30 days and is taken as the <strong>representative of general consumption.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Whereas tracing the general pattern of income is not possible.</li>
<li><strong>Reference Period:</strong> It is the duration/period during which the survey is conducted by NSSO workers in which they ask certain questions to households.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Terms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Poverty:</strong> According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank,</strong></a> Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Line:</strong> The conventional approach to measuring poverty is to specify a minimum expenditure (or income) required to purchase a basket of goods and services necessary to satisfy basic human needs and this minimum expenditure is called the poverty line.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Line Basket:</strong> The basket of goods and services necessary to satisfy basic human needs is the Poverty Line Basket (PLB).</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Ratio:</strong> The proportion of the population below the poverty line is called the poverty ratio or <strong>headcount ratio (HCR).</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need for Poverty Estimation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impact of Welfare Schemes:</strong> Poverty estimates are not just important for academic purposes but are also crucial to<strong> track</strong> the impact and success of various government policies, especially <strong>social welfare schemes</strong> that are intended to eliminate poverty.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>BPL Census</strong> is conducted by the <strong>Ministry of Rural Development</strong> (along with the partnership of state), in order to <strong>identify the poor households.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Elimination Plan:</strong> The Poverty estimates in the form of poverty line are used to formulate poor centric poverty elimination plans.</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Requirement:</strong> Poverty estimation paves the way for poverty elimination, that in turn prepares the ground for a<strong> just and equitable society.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Measurement of Poverty Line</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Absolute Measurement of Poverty</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Absolute Poverty:</strong> According to <strong>United Nations World Summit for Economic Development,</strong> absolute poverty is a condition characterized by <strong>severe deprivation</strong> of <strong>basic human needs</strong>, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It depends not only on income but also on access to social services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Threshold:</strong> The poverty threshold in absolute measurement of poverty is set using the <strong>monetary value</strong> of the basket of <strong>essential products (required for basic needs)</strong> and every household whose income is less than this value will be classified as poor.</li>
<li><strong>Limited Scope:</strong> Absolute measurements of poverty, used by the World Bank and developing countries like <strong>India,</strong> rely on a poverty line which remains constant across geographies and over time.</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> Absolute measurement of poverty <strong>overlooks deprivation</strong> within countries or the <strong>higher cost of living</strong> in developed countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relative Measurement of Poverty</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Relative Poverty:</strong> It is present when a household income is lower than the <strong>median income</strong> in a particular country and is used mainly by the <strong>developed countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Those who fall into the category of relative poverty are not necessarily deprived of all basic needs, but may not experience the same standard of living as the majority of society or in other words, they are <strong>relatively deprived.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Threshold:</strong> In this method certain percentage of <strong>economically bottom population</strong> is always considered below the poverty line.</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> This approach, though, ignores the importance of the absolute standard of living and assumes that relative income is all that matters for welfare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Data Collection Methods</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Uniform Resource Period (URP):</strong> Up until <strong>1993-94,</strong> the poverty line was based on URP data, which involved asking people about their consumption expenditure across a <strong>30-day recall period</strong> that is the information was based on the recall of consumption expenditure in the previous 30 days.</li>
<li><strong>Mixed Reference Period (MRP):</strong> From <strong>1999-2000 onwards,</strong> the NSSO switched to an MRP method which measures consumption of <strong>five low-frequency items</strong> (clothing, footwear, durables, education and institutional health expenditure) over the previous year, and all other items over the previous 30 days. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>That is to say, for the five items, survey respondents are asked about consumption in the previous one year. For the remaining items, they are asked about consumption in the previous 30 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pre-Independence Poverty Estimation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Dadabhai Naoroji</strong> through his book,<strong> &ldquo;Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India&rdquo;</strong> made the <strong>earliest</strong> estimation of poverty line (₹16 to ₹35 per capita per year).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poverty line proposed by him was based on the<strong> cost of a subsistence or minimum basic diet</strong> (rice or flour, dal, mutton, vegetables, ghee, vegetable oil, and salt).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Planning Committee&rsquo;s (1938)</strong> poverty line (ranging from ₹15 to ₹20 per capita per month) was also based on a <strong>minimum standard of living</strong> perspective in which <strong>nutritional requirements</strong> were implicit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1938, the National Planning Committee was set up by <strong>Subhash Chandra Bose</strong> under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru for the purpose of drawing up an economic plan with the fundamental aim to ensure an adequate standard of living for the masses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Bombay Plan (1944)</strong> proponents had suggested a poverty line of ₹75 per capita per year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Bombay Plan</strong> was a set of a proposal of a small group of influential business leaders in Bombay for the development of the post-independence economy of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Post-Independence Poverty Estimation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Planning Commission Expert Group (1962),</strong> working group constituted by the Planning Commission formulated the <strong>separate poverty lines for rural and urban areas</strong> (₹20 and ₹25 per capita per year respectively).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570703843_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570703843_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="400" height="317" /></a></li>
<li><strong>VM Dandekar and N Rath (1971),</strong> made the <strong>first systematic assessment of poverty</strong> in India, based on National Sample Survey (NSS) data.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlike previous scholars who had considered subsistence living or basic minimum needs criteria as the measure of poverty line, <strong>VM Dandekar and N Rath</strong> were of the view that poverty line must be derived from the <strong>expenditure</strong> that was adequate to provide 2250 calories per day in both rural and urban areas.</li>
<li><strong>Expenditure based Poverty line estimation,</strong> generated a debate on minimum calorie consumption norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alagh Committee (1979):</strong> Task force constituted by the Planning Commission under the chairmanship of YK Alagh, constructed a poverty line for rural and urban areas on the basis of <strong>nutritional requirements and related consumption expenditure.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poverty estimates for subsequent years were to be calculated by <strong>adjusting the price level for inflation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lakdawala Committee (1993):</strong> Task Force chaired by DT Lakdawala, based on the assumption that the basket of goods and services used to calculate <strong>Consumer Price Index-Industrial Workers</strong> (CPI-IW) and <strong>Consumer Price Index- Agricultural Labourers</strong> (CPI-AL) reflect the consumption patterns of the poor, made the following <strong>suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Consumption expenditure</strong> should be calculated based on <strong>calorie consumption</strong> as earlier.</li>
<li><strong>State specific poverty lines</strong> should be constructed and these should be updated using the CPI-IW in urban areas and CPI-AL in rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Discontinuation of scaling</strong> of poverty estimates based on National Accounts Statistics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tendulkar Committee (2009)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Expert group constituted by the Planning Commission and, chaired by Suresh Tendulkar, was constituted to <strong>review</strong> methodology for poverty estimation and to address the following <strong>shortcomings of the previous methods:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Obsolete Consumption Pattern:</strong> Consumption patterns were linked to the 1973-74 poverty line baskets (PLBs) of goods and services, whereas there were significant <strong>changes in the consumption patterns</strong> of the poor since that time, which were not reflected in the poverty estimates.</li>
<li><strong>Inflation Adjustment:</strong> There were issues with the <strong>adjustment of prices for inflation,</strong> both spatially (across regions) and temporally (across time).</li>
<li><strong>Health and Education Expenditure:</strong> Earlier poverty lines assumed that health and education would be provided by the state and formulated poverty lines accordingly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Shift from Calorie Consumption based Poverty Estimation:</strong> It based its calculations on the consumption of the items like cereal, pulses, milk, edible oil, non-vegetarian items, vegetables, fresh fruits, dry fruits, sugar, salt &amp; spices, other food, intoxicants, fuel, clothing, footwear, education, medical (non-institutional and institutional), entertainment, personal &amp; toilet goods.</li>
<li><strong>Uniform Poverty line Basket:</strong> Unlike Alagh committee (which relied on separate PLB for rural and urban areas), Tendulkar Committee computed new poverty lines for <strong>rural and urban areas of each state</strong> based on the uniform poverty line basket and found that all India poverty line (2004-05) was:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>₹446.68 per capita per month in rural areas</li>
<li>₹578.80 per capita per month in urban areas</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Private Expenditure:</strong> Incorporation of private expenditure on <strong>health and education</strong> while estimating poverty.</li>
<li><strong>Price Adjustment Procedure:</strong> The Committee also recommended a new method of updating poverty lines, <strong>adjusting for changes in prices and patterns of consumption</strong> (to correct spatial and temporal issues with price adjustment), using the consumption basket of people close to the poverty line.</li>
<li><strong>Mixed Reference Period:</strong> The Committee recommended using Mixed Reference Period based estimates, as opposed to Uniform Reference Period based estimates that were used in earlier methods for estimating poverty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tendulkar committee computed poverty lines for <strong>2004-05</strong> at a level that was equivalent, in<strong> Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)</strong> terms to <strong>Rs 33 per day.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Purchasing Power Parity:</strong> The PPP model refers to a method used to work out the money that would be needed to purchase the same goods and services in two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rangarajan Committee</h3>
<p>The committee was set up in the backdrop of national outrage over the Planning Commission&rsquo;s suggested poverty line of ₹22 a day for rural areas.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objectives</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To review <strong>international poverty estimation methods</strong> and indicate whether based on these, a particular method for empirical poverty estimation can be developed in India.</li>
<li>To recommend how these estimates of poverty can be <strong>linked to eligibility and entitlements</strong> under the various schemes of the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Methodology Used:</strong> The Rangarajan committee estimation is based on an independent large survey of households by <strong>Center for Monitoring Indian Economy</strong> (CMIE).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also used different methodology wherein a household is considered poor if it is unable to save.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Normative and Behavioural level:</strong> Poverty line should be based on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Normative level of adequate nutrition: <strong>Ideal and desirable level of nutrition.</strong></li>
<li>Behavioral determination of <strong>non-food expenses:</strong> What people use or consume as per <strong>general behavior.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nutritional Requirement:</strong> For normative levels of adequate nutrition &ndash; average requirements of calories, proteins and fats based on Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) norms, differentiated by age, gender and activity for all-India rural and urban regions is considered:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Calories:</strong> 2090 kcal in urban areas and 2155 Kcal in rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Protein:</strong> For rural areas 48 gm and for urban areas 50 gm.</li>
<li><strong>Fat:</strong> For urban areas 28 gm and for rural areas 26 gm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poverty Threshold:</strong> Persons spending <strong>below ₹47</strong> a day in cities and<strong> ₹32 in villages</strong> be considered poor.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Based on this methodology, Rangarajan committee estimated that the number of poor were <strong>19% higher in rural areas</strong> and 41% more in urban areas than what was estimated using Tendulkar committee formula.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Modified Mixed reference period:</strong> Instead of Mixed reference Period (MRP) it recommended Modified Mixed Reference Period (MMRP) in which reference periods for different items were taken as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>365-days</strong> for clothing, footwear, education, institutional medical care, and durable goods.</li>
<li><strong>7-days</strong> for edible oil, egg, fish and meat, vegetables, fruits, spices, beverages, refreshments, processed food, pan, tobacco and intoxicants</li>
<li><strong>30-days</strong> for the remaining food items, fuel and light, miscellaneous goods and services including non-institutional medical; rents and taxes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> Rangarajan committee missed the opportunity to go beyond the expenditure-based poverty rates and examine the possibility of a wider multi-dimensional view of deprivation.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570703978_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570703978_image1.jpg" width="600" height="274" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Poverty Line</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The World Bank</strong> defines a person as extremely poor if she is living on less than <strong>1.90 international dollars a day,</strong> which are adjusted for inflation as well as price differences between countries.</li>
<li><strong>Asian Development Bank</strong> too has its own poverty line which is currently at <strong>$ 1.51</strong> per person per day.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Components of PLB:</strong> Determining components of Poverty Line Basket (PLB) is one of the challenges of poverty line estimation because of the <strong>price differentials</strong> (of constituents of basket) which vary from state to state and period to period.</li>
<li><strong>Demographic and Economic Dynamics:</strong> Further, <strong>consumption patterns, nutritional needs</strong> and <strong>prices</strong> of <strong>components</strong> keep on changing as per dynamics of macro economy and demography.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of consensus</strong> among the states over the acceptance of Tendulkar and Rangrajan committee report.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some states such as Odisha and West Bengal supported the Tendulkar Poverty Line while others such as Delhi, Jharkhand, Mizoram etc. supported Rangarajan report.</li>
<li>The current official measures of poverty are based on the Tendulkar poverty line, fixed at daily expenditure of ₹27.2 in rural areas and ₹33.3 in urban areas is criticised by many for being too low.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Redefining Poverty lines:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/redefining-poverty" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Poverty lines have to be recalibrated</strong></a> depending on changes in income, consumption patterns and prices, as India is now a <strong>middle-income country,</strong> with an estimated per capita income of around $9,000 in purchasing power parity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to economists poverty line of $3.20 translates into ₹ 75 a day, or a 68% higher than the Tendulkar poverty line.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Viable Poverty line:</strong> It makes sense to set the poverty line at a level that allows households to get two square meals a day and other <strong>basic necessities</strong> of life.</li>
<li><strong>Hybrid of Absolute and Relative Measurement of Poverty:</strong> The hybrid approach which would measure poverty from the perspective of a common <strong>global standard of living</strong> and<strong> relative poverty within countries.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poverty line in case of hybrid model would be equivalent to the income required to achieve a certain welfare status, which includes basic nutrition and social inclusion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Economic Equilibrium:</strong> Indian political, policy and administrative systems have to adjust to the new realities of the transition to a middle- income country, in which poverty does not mean living at the edge of hunger but, rather, <strong>lack of income</strong> to take advantage of the opportunities thrown up by a growing economy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The focus of government spending should be on the <strong>provision of public goods rather than subsidies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 2992,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SKOCH Governance Gold Award for DAY-NULM',
		'description' => '<p>The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) has been conferred the prestigious <strong>SKOCH Governance Gold Award</strong> for its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-27th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Portal for Affordable Credit and Interest Subvention Access (PAiSA).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DAY-NULM is a flagship mission under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The mission was<strong> launched in 2014</strong>&nbsp;and is being implemented by the<strong> Urban&nbsp;Ministry of Housing &amp; Poverty Alleviation.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to uplift urban poor by enhancing sustainable livelihood opportunities through skill development.</li>
<li>It is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Funding will be shared between the <strong>Centre and the States in the ratio of 75:25</strong>. For <strong>North Eastern and Special Category</strong> &ndash; the <strong>ratio will be 90:10.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its intended beneficiaries are <strong>urban poor</strong> <strong>(street vendors, slum dwellers, homeless, rag pickers),</strong>&nbsp;<strong>unemployed and differently-abled.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Skill Training and Employment:&nbsp;</strong>It provides for the development of <strong>vendor markets and also the promotion of skills</strong> for vendors through setting up infrastructure and special projects for rag picker and differently-abled, etc.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides for employment through <strong>Skill Training and Placement through City Livelihood Centres</strong> to reduce poverty and vulnerability.</li>
<li>It also provides subsidy to urban poor i.e. <strong>interest subsidy of 5% &ndash; 7% for setting up individual micro-enterprises</strong> with the loan of up to 2 lakhs and for group enterprises with a loan limit of up to Rs.10 lakhs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-Help Groups:&nbsp;</strong>It also provides social mobilization and institution development through the formation of <a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/self-help-groups-shgs-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Self-Help Groups (SHG)</strong></a> for training members and hand holding, initial support of 10, 000 is given for each group.</li>
<li><strong>Shelters:&nbsp;</strong>It fully funds the cost of <strong>construction of shelters for the urban homeless.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="list-style-type: none;"></li>
</ul>
<h3>Portal for Affordable Credit and Interest Subvention Access (PAiSA).</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a centralized IT platform which simplifies and streamlines the release of<strong> interest subvention under the DAY-NULM.</strong></li>
<li>It offers end to end online solution for processing, payment, monitoring and tracking of interest subvention claims from banks on a monthly basis.</li>
<li>The portal has been designed and developed through the<strong> Allahabad Bank.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>SKOCH Awards</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>instituted in 2003</strong> and recognises people, projects and institutions that go the extra mile to make India a better nation.</li>
<li>It recognises the best of efforts in the area of digital, financial and social inclusion, governance, inclusive growth, excellence in technology and applications, change management, corporate leadership, corporate governance, citizen service delivery, capacity building and empowerment.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192886" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 2329,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Married Women Out of Labour Force',
		'description' => '<p>The UN report on<strong> &ldquo;Progress of The World&rsquo;s Women, 2019-2020&rdquo;</strong>, has stated that more than half the married women (aged 25-54) didn't participate in the global labour force. The report has cited data from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organization.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Findings of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While families assume a central role in care provision, other institutions and actors like paid domestic workers, a care home for older people run by a municipality or a community childcare centre also play a part in financing and delivering care.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When these care services are inaccessible or of poor quality, much of the work falls back on women and girls when needs are not met.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global performance:&nbsp;</strong>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-divide-in-unemployment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>labour force participation rate</strong></a> for women who are married or in a union is particularly low in the Central and Southern Asia region (29.1 per cent), compared to the much higher rates in Sub-Saharan Africa (73.8 per cent), Europe and Northern America (78.2 per cent) and Latin America and the Caribbean (60.3 per cent) .<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sub-Saharan Africa</strong> stands out as the only region where women who are married or in a union have a higher labour force participation rate than single/never married women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender division:</strong> With the women with young children (under age 6), the labour force participation reduces by 5.9 percentage points worldwide, while among men it increased by 3.4 percentage points.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The disparate outcomes are the product of traditional gender norms that classify childcare and domestic work (cooking, cleaning, etc) as maternal responsibilities and breadwinning as a paternal duty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In low-income countries,</strong> motherhood did not shrink women&rsquo;s labour force participation in low-income countries as compared to middle-and high-income countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It could be because in poor countries poverty compels women to join or remain in the labour force to support their families even when young children are present.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In developing economies:</strong> Despite witnessing an increase in economic growth, India and China have seen a significant decline in women&rsquo;s labour force participation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women&rsquo;s labour force fell by 6.9 percentage points in India, during the period 1997&ndash;2018, which is one of the largest globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>In the context of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>This story has distinct geographical features:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-to-boost-womens-workforce-participation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>women&rsquo;s labour force participation</strong></a> has stagnated in urban areas since the late 1980s and has seen a concentrated decline among younger (aged 25&ndash;40) married women in rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Quality of work:</strong> The poor quality of the paid work that is available to women, often on top of long hours of arduous unpaid domestic chores, it is not implausible that some improvements in household income levels could have eased the pressure on women to seek outside employment.</li>
<li>26% of women according to the <strong>Demographic and Health Survey</strong> and 17% of women according to the <strong>National sample survey organisation</strong> aged between 15&ndash;49, receives a wage or income of their own. The majority of women are financially dependent on their spouses, fathers, in-laws and other extended kin.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recommendations to Bring Equality at Home</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National care system:</strong> In developing countries, in particular, the existing care infrastructure, including professional care providers, is insufficient to meet existing care needs. In recognition of care as a &lsquo;public good&rsquo; and to more <strong>equitably redistribute care responsibilities</strong> between women and men, and between families and other institutions, national care systems need to be built.</li>
<li><strong>The policy components</strong> that aim to provide families with time, money and services to support care work. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Time can be provided in the form of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/maternity-benefits-and-workplace-equality-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>paid maternity</strong> </a>and <strong>parental leave</strong> for parents with young children and <strong>cash benefits</strong> that enable self-employed workers in the informal economy to take time off.</li>
<li>Time and money should also be provided to those caring for <strong>older family members</strong> or those living with a disability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Greater public investment:</strong> It is needed in professional care-related services including early childhood education and care, long-term care for people living with disabilities and older persons.</li>
<li><strong>Basic infrastructure</strong> to reduce the drudgery of care work. These investments have significant pay-offs:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They build children&rsquo;s human capabilities.</li>
<li>Safeguard the dignity and human rights of people living with disabilities and older persons.</li>
<li>Create decent employment opportunities for women and men in the care sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 2311,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis',
		'description' => '<p>According to the <strong>National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis report,</strong> malnutrition amongst children in India is projected to remain high, despite all the progress made in food security.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis report, was developed in partnership between the <strong>World Food Programme (WFP)</strong> and the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Findings of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The slow decline of child stunting:</strong> Over the last decade, child stunting has reduced at a rate of about 1% per year, the slowest decline among emerging economies. At this rate, 31.4% of children will still be stunted by the 2022 deadline. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Almost one in three Indian children under five years will still be stunted by 2022</strong> going by current trends.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Access to nutritious food has not increased:</strong> Foodgrain yields have risen 33% over the last two decades, but are still only half of 2030 target yields<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The consumer&rsquo;s access to rice, wheat and other cereals has not increased at the same rate, due to <strong>population growth, inequality, food wastage and losses, and exports.</strong></li>
<li>As a result, the average per capita consumption of energy among the poorest 30% of the population is 1811 kilocalories, much lower than the norm of 2155 kilocalories per day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Under and overnutrition:</strong> For several decades India was dealing with only one form of malnutrition- undernutrition. However, in the last decade, the double burden which includes both over- and undernutrition, is becoming more prominent and poses a new challenge for India.</li>
<li>Despite positive trends and patterns in improving food security, the prevalence of malnutrition in India remains high, with many people, especially <strong>women and children, suffering from micronutrient deficiency.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Performance of States:</strong> In Bihar and Uttar Pradesh the stunting rate is around 48% and 46% respectively. It shows that in these states almost every 2<sup>nd</sup> child is stunted.</li>
<li>Whereas in Kerala and Goa, it is only one in five children.</li>
<li><strong>The most vulnerable:</strong> There are high rates of stunting among children in the poorest wealth quintile is (51.4%), Scheduled Tribes (43.6%) and Scheduled Castes (42.5%), and children born to mothers with no education (51%).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stunting:</strong> It is the impaired growth and development that children experience from poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. Children are defined as stunted if their<strong> height-for-age</strong> is more than two standard deviations below the WHO Child Growth Standards median.</li>
<li>According to UNICEF, <strong>38% of children younger than five years of age in India are</strong> stunted, a manifestation of chronic undernutrition. Stunting and other forms of under-nutrition are thought to be responsible for nearly half of all child deaths globally.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<p>Recommendations are grouped by the three pillars of food security: availability, access and utilisation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farmers should be encouraged and incentivised for <strong>agricultural diversification.</strong></li>
<li>Innovative and low-cost farming technologies, increase in the irrigation coverage and enhancing knowledge of farmers in areas such as appropriate use of land and water should be encouraged to <strong>improve the sustainability of food productivity.</strong></li>
<li>The government should improve policy support for <strong>improving agricultural produce of traditional crops</strong> in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Storage capacity should be improved</strong> to prevent post-harvest losses.</li>
<li>The <strong>targeting efficiency of all food safety nets should be improved,</strong> especially that of the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), to ensure that the poorest are included. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In addition, <strong>fortification of government-approved commodities</strong> within the social safety net programmes can improve nutritional outcomes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child feeding practices should be improved</strong> in the country, especially at the critical ages when solid foods are introduced to the diet. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fortification, diversification and supplementation</strong> may be used as simultaneous strategies to address micro and macronutrient deficiencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need for more robust measures that can take cognizance of all aspects of SDG 2.</li>
<li>All the major welfare programmes need to be gender sensitive.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)- 2</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Goal 2</strong> of the 2030 Sustainable Development agenda seeks to <strong>end hunger and all forms of malnutrition</strong> and double agricultural productivity in the next 15 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensuring this sustainable access to nutritious food universally will require sustainable food production and agricultural practices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Target 2.1:</strong> By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular, the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round.</li>
<li><strong>Target 2.2:</strong> By 2030, end-all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Food Programme (WFP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the food assistance branch of the United Nations and the world's largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security.</li>
<li>Its <strong>headquarters are in Rome</strong> and it works to help people who cannot produce or obtain enough food for themselves and their families.</li>
<li>The WFP was <strong>formally established in 1963 by the FAO and the United Nations General Assembly</strong> on a three-year experimental basis. In 1965, the programme was extended to a continuing basis.</li>
<li>It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its executive committee.</li>
</ul>
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		'article_id' => (int) 2162,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India and the Hunger Fight',
		'description' => '<p>The United Nations has set the year 2030 as the deadline to end global hunger and <strong>India as of now has performed poorly in its efforts to eliminate hunger with most states not on track to meet the UN&rsquo;s Sustainable Development Goal-2 (SDG-2).</strong></p>
<h3>Sustainable Development Goal-2 (Zero Hunger)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Goal 2 seeks sustainable solutions<strong> to end hunger in all its forms by 2030</strong> and <strong>to achieve food security.</strong></li>
<li>The aim is to ensure that everyone everywhere has enough good-quality food to lead a healthy life.</li>
<li>Achieving this Goal requires better access to food and the widespread promotion of sustainable agriculture<strong>. This entails improving the productivity and incomes of small-scale farmers by promoting equal access to land, technology and markets,</strong> sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural practices.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Goal-2 is closely related with other goals as below</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/349Image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/349Image1.jpg" width="479" height="1095" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Performance (NITI Aayog Baseline Report, 2018)</h3>
<p></p>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/340image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/340image2.jpg" width="583" height="614" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Government of India Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Nutrition Strategy aims to accelerate the decline of malnutrition in India. <strong>The National Nutrition Mission monitors growth of children</strong>, as well as checks the pilferage of food rations provided at Anganwadi Centres.</li>
<li><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong>, launched in 2017-18, <strong>aims to reduce stunting, under-nutrition, anemia and low birth weight babies</strong> through synergy and convergence among different programmes, better monitoring and improved community mobilisation.</li>
<li><strong>Antoydaya Anna Yojana (AAY)</strong> aims to provide food at subsidized prices to poor families.</li>
<li>The<strong> Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)</strong> envisages comprehensive early childhood care and development by focussing on children in the age group of 0-6 years, pregnant women and adolescent girls.</li>
<li><strong>Mid-day Meal (MDM)</strong> scheme<strong> aims to improve nutritional levels among school children</strong> which also has a direct and positive impact on enrolment, retention and attendance in schools.</li>
<li>Under the<strong> Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)</strong>, Rs.6,000 is transferred directly to the bank accounts of pregnant women for availing better facilities for their delivery.</li>
<li><strong>The National Mission on Agriculture Extension and Technology</strong> enables delivery of appropriate technologies and improved agronomic practices for farmers.</li>
<li><strong>The National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture</strong> and the <strong>National Food Security Mission</strong> aims to enhance agricultural productivity, and the<strong> Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)</strong> aims to improve water-use efficiency.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 2038,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Targeting Whom: The Challenges in the Welfare Programme',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on the article <a href="https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/the-targeting-challenge-in-india-s-welfare-programs-1557294982507.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"The targeting challenge in India&rsquo;s welfare program"</a> which appeared in "Livemint" on 8th May, 2019. The article talks about the problems of targeting in welfare measures to the beneficiaries.</p>
</div>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>With an increasing focus on welfare based schemes by different governments, one pertinent question remains in Indian welfare -discourse that who should be targeted?</p>
<h3>How it is done presently?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of these initiatives depend on either land records &mdash; which are often patchy &mdash; or on a dated database based on 2011 numbers: the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC).</li>
<li>The SECC is also being used in other central schemes such as the Ayushman Bharat and Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana to identify beneficiaries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is the problem with SECC?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Discrepancies in the set of data:</strong> A district-wise comparison with data from the last census conducted in 2011 and numbers from the more recent National Family Health Survey (NFHS 2015-16) suggest that while there are some common patterns in all three databases, there are considerable differences when it comes to identification of the most backward districts.</li>
<li><strong>The SECC was conducted to replace the old below-poverty-line (BPL) lists</strong> to identify the potential beneficiaries of government schemes better. As a result, it is likely that the SECC overestimates deprivation, at least in some parts of the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Respondents had a <strong>vested interest to overstate the extent of their deprivation</strong> in order to be identified as beneficiaries of welfare schemes.</li>
<li>Errors in enumeration may have led to <strong>under-counting of the poorest</strong> sections. Further, with regard to the caste information, there were 81 million errors reported, that are still being rectified.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The other challenge in using the SECC database is that it is already <strong>eight years old</strong> in an economy which is transforming fast, and where some people have climbed up the income ladder while others have fallen down.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This means that a SECC-type exercise needs to be repeated at frequent intervals to ensure that it matches current reality. But the more the database is mined for such use, the greater the chances of reporting biases creeping in, as people learn how to game the database to remain within the &lsquo;right&rsquo; cutoff limits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>The problem with the targeted approach</h3>
<p>SECC, in principle, remains a <strong>targeted approach</strong> for welfare delivery mechanism. There are various problems attached with targeted mechanism, some of which are enlisted as follows:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Targeted programs <strong>create tensions</strong> between those who are excluded&mdash;some of whom may be among the poor but &ldquo;missed&rdquo; by targeting schemes&mdash;and the beneficiaries.</li>
<li>Many scholars have pointed out the tendency of politicians to <strong>abuse targeted programs</strong> by converting them into instruments of patronage.</li>
<li>Additionally, most of the benefits meant for <strong>end-up being elite captured</strong>. As, Amartya Sen points out,&rdquo; benefits that go only to the poor often end up being poor benefits.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Should welfare benefits be universalized?</h3>
<p>There is evidence that, because of the burdens placed on state administrations, <strong>universal benefits are sometimes cheaper than targeting</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sewa-INBI took up two types of villages in Madhya Pradesh for their pilot, one was a normal Indian village while the second was only inhabited by tribals. Sewa-INBI took up two types of villages in Madhya Pradesh for their pilot, one was a normal Indian village while the second was only inhabited by tribals.</li>
<li>In each case, a set of &lsquo;control&rsquo; villages was identified where no UBI was given while the other set got a UBI for 12 to 17 months. Over 6,000 people got the UBI of Rs. 200 per adult and Rs. 100 per child; after a year, this was raised to Rs. 300 and Rs. 150&mdash;respectively&mdash;in the normal villages. In the tribal villages, the sum was kept at Rs. 300 and Rs. 150 in the 12-month period.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this experiment, it was found that, on many parameters, conditions of inhabitant of UBI controlled villlages improved.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, there are many <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/universal-basic-income-ubi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">problems associated with universal targeting, like</a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Conspicuous spending:</strong> Households, especially male members, may spend this additional income on wasteful activities.</li>
<li><strong>Moral hazard (reduction in labour supply):</strong> A minimum guaranteed income might make people lazy and opt out of the labour market.</li>
<li><strong>Gender disparity induced by cash:</strong> Gender norms may regulate the sharing of UBI within a household &ndash; men are likely to exercise control over spending of the UBI. This may not always be the case with other in-kind transfers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Basic Public Goods/Services V/S Social Protection</strong></p>
<p>Of the two <strong>principal components of social welfare policy&mdash;basic public goods (especially public services) and social protection&mdash;</strong>India has focused on the latter in the last two decades, expanding existing social protection programs and creating new ones.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the case even when benefits from basic public good approach can outweigh the benefits of social protection as can be seen in the following case study.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>A policy debate design challenge: a case of PMGSY</strong></p>
<p><strong>Analysis of the social impact of PMGSY:</strong></p>
<p><em>Long term impact</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The growth rate in FDI investment in tier II and tier III cities in India is 79% as compared to 21% in metropolitan cities. Evidently, these cities are growing at very fast rate. In such situations, role of PMGSY gains further importance. As these cities will grow, it will need more labours, the demand of which can be fulfilled by peripheral village if the connectivity is better. In such a case, PMGSY will provide the much-needed linkage.</li>
<li>PMGSY will expand access to economic opportunities, which can have implications on other important economic decisions such as investment in human capital, occupation choice, and migration.</li>
<li>Road construction can engender social transformation by bringing about changes in access to services such as schools and hospitals. In the long run, road connectivity can also improve access to modern practices and ideas by bringing remote locations closer to the mainstream.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Short term</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farmers in districts with greater exposure to the road construction programme were more likely to use fertilisers and hybrid seeds, which in turn increase productivity. Further, the construction of roads enabled farmers to fetch a better price for their produce. In addition to this, the presence of a road increased the collateral value of the land itself, relieving farmers&rsquo; credit constraints and enabling them to buy expensive inputs.</li>
<li>Road construction also improved access of rural inhabitants to job opportunities in nearby markets. However, this had some unintended consequences. Specifically, teenagers dropped out of school and started working in construction sites in case of boy and in tailoring in case of girl.</li>
<li>The consumption of perishable good and manufactured goods increased in the village which is better connected with roads. The trade also increased between two connected centres.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>On this premise, it can be argued that the</strong> basic public goods approach is equally important and better placed at alleviating poverty.</p>
</div>
<h3></h3>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most developing countries in the world rely on proxy-means tests&mdash;based on directly verifiable and observable information on household assets or amenities (such as roof and wall material) rather than on self-reported incomes&mdash;to classify and target households. This can be developed in an ecological context tailoring it to the Indian context.</li>
<li>To overcome the shortcoming at national level in centrally sponsored schemes, SECC data can be used at a state-level using state-specific criteria, as being done with the PDS in many states.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #d9f5ff; border-color: #005270; border-style: dotted;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><em><strong><span style="color: #005270;">Drishti Input:</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Indian welfare policy making scheme is more focused towards social protection rather than towards capacity building. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 1658,
		'category_id' => (int) 28,
		'title' => 'Unemployment in India',
		'description' => '<p>The unemployment rate in India rose to 7.2 percent in February 2019, the highest since September 2016, and also up from 5.9 percent in February 2018, according to the latest data compiled by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE).</p>
<h3>What is Unemployment?</h3>
<p>Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the economy. The most frequent measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labor force.</p>
<p><strong>National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO)</strong> defines employment and unemployment on the following activity statuses of an individual:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Working (engaged in an economic activity) i.e. 'Employed'.</li>
<li>Seeking or available for work i.e. 'Unemployed'.</li>
<li>Neither seeking nor available for work.</li>
</ul>
<p>The first two constitutes labour force and unemployment rate is the percent of the labour force that is without work.</p>
<p>Unemployment rate = (Unemployed Workers / Total labour force) &times; 100</p>
<h3>Types of Unemployment in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disguised Unemployment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a phenomenon wherein more people are employed than actually needed.</li>
<li>It is primarily traced in the agricultural and the unorganised sectors of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seasonal Unemployment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an unemployment that occurs during certain seasons of the year.</li>
<li>Agricultural labourers in India rarely have work throughout the year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Structural Unemployment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a category of unemployment arising from the mismatch between the jobs available in the market and the skills of the available workers in the market.</li>
<li>Many people in India do not get job due to lack of requisite skills and due to poor education level, it becomes difficult to train them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cyclical Unemployment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is result of the business cycle, where unemployment rises during recessions and declines with economic growth.</li>
<li>Cyclical unemployment figures in India are negligible. It is a phenomenon that is mostly found in capitalist economies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technological Unemployment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is loss of jobs due to changes in technology.</li>
<li>In 2016, World Bank data predicted that the proportion of jobs threatened by automation in India is 69% year-on-year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Frictional Unemployment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Frictional Unemployment also called as Search Unemployment, refers to the time lag between the jobs when an individual is searching for a new job or is switching between the jobs.</li>
<li>In other words, an employee requires time for searching a new job or shifting from the existing to a new job, this inevitable time delay causes the frictional unemployment. It is often considered as a voluntary unemployment because it is not caused due to the shortage of job, but in fact, the workers themselves quit their jobs in search of better opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vulnerable Employment:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This means, people working informally, without proper job contracts and thus sans any legal protection. These persons are deemed &lsquo;unemployed&rsquo; since records of their work are never maintained.</li>
<li>It is one of the main types of unemployment in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Related Terms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unemployment trap</strong> is a situation when unemployment benefits discourage the unemployed to go to work. People find the opportunity cost of going to work too high when one can simply enjoy the benefits by doing nothing.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><em>Description:</em> While the purpose of social security and welfare systems is to provide relief to the unemployed, they end up providing them with an incentive not to return to work. An unemployment trap arises when opportunity cost of going to work is higher than the income received, discouraging people from returning to work and being productive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Harmonised unemployment rates</strong> define the unemployed as people of working age who are without work, are available for work, and have taken specific steps to find work. The uniform application of this definition results in estimates of unemployment rates that are more internationally comparable than estimates based on national definitions of unemployment.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This indicator is measured in numbers of unemployed people as a percentage of the labour force and it is seasonally adjusted. The labour force is defined as the total number of unemployed people plus those in civilian employment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Measurement of Unemployment in India</h3>
<p>National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), an organization under Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) measures unemployment in India on following approaches:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Usual Status Approach:</strong> This approach estimates only those persons as unemployed who had <strong>no gainful work for a major time during the 365 days</strong> preceding the date of survey.</li>
<li><strong>Weekly Status Approach:</strong> This approach records only those persons as unemployed who<strong> did not have gainful work even for an hour on any day of the week</strong> preceding the date of survey.</li>
<li><strong>Daily Status Approach:</strong> Under this approach, unemployment status of a person is measured for each day in a reference week. A person having <strong>no gainful work even for 1 hour in a day</strong> is described as unemployed for that day.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Unemployment stats</strong> (based on findings from CMIE&rsquo;s latest data):</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The unemployment rate in India rose to 7.2 percent in February 2019, the highest since September 2016, and up from 5.9 percent in February 2018.</li>
<li>The total number of employed persons in February 2019 is estimated at 400 million against 406 million in the year-ago period and 407.5 million employed in February 2017.</li>
<li>The labour participation rate fell from 43.2% in January 2019 to 42.7% in February 2019.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Labour Participation Rate</strong> defines that section of working population in the economy which is currently employed or seeking employment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Causes of Unemployment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Large population.</li>
<li>Low or no educational levels and vocational skills of working population.</li>
<li>Inadequate state support, legal complexities and low infrastructural, financial and market linkages to small/ cottage industries or small businesses, making such enterprises unviable with cost and compliance overruns.</li>
<li>Huge workforce associated with informal sector due to lack of required education/ skills, which is not captured in any employment data. For ex: domestic helpers, construction workers etc.</li>
<li><strong>The syllabus taught in schools and colleges, being not as per the current requirements of the industries.</strong> This is the main cause of structural unemployment.</li>
<li>Inadequate growth of infrastructure and<strong> low investments in manufacturing sector, hence restricting employment potential of secondary sector</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Low productivity in agriculture sector combined with lack of alternative opportunities for agricultural worker which makes transition from primary to secondary and tertiary sectors difficult.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Regressive social norms</strong> that deter women from taking/continuing employment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The problem of unemployment gives rise to the <strong>problem of poverty</strong>.</li>
<li>Young people after a long time of unemployment indulge in illegal and wrong activities for earning money. This also leads to <strong>increase in crime in the country</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Unemployed persons can easily be enticed by antisocial elements.</strong> This makes them lose faith in democratic values of the country.</li>
<li>It is often seen that unemployed people end up getting addicted to drugs and alcohol or attempts suicide, leading losses to the <strong>human resources of the country</strong>.</li>
<li>It also affects <strong>economy</strong> of the country as the workforce that could have been gainfully employed to generate resources actually gets dependent on the remaining working population, thus <strong>escalating socioeconomic costs</strong> for the State. For instance, 1 percent increase in unemployment reduces the GDP by 2 percent</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)</strong> was launched in 1980 to create full employment opportunities in rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM):</strong> This scheme was started in 1979 with objective to help unemployed rural youth between the age of 18 and 35 years to acquire skills for self-employment. Priority was given to SC/ST Youth and Women.</li>
<li><strong>RSETI/RUDSETI:</strong> With the aim of mitigating the unemployment problem among the youth, a new initiative was tried jointly by Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Educational Trust, Syndicate Bank and Canara Bank in 1982 which was the setting up of the &ldquo;RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND SELF EMPLOYMENT TRAINING INSTITUTE&rdquo; with its acronym RUDSETI near Dharmasthala in Karnataka. Rural Self Employment Training Institutes/ RSETIs are now managed by Banks with active co-operation from the Government of India and State Government.</li>
<li>By merging the two erstwhile wage employment programme &ndash; National Rural Employment programme (NREP) and Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) the <strong>Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY)</strong> was started with effect from April, 1, 1989 on 80:20 cost sharing basis between the centre and the States.</li>
<li><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an employment scheme that was launched in 2005 to provide social security by guaranteeing a minimum of 100 days paid work per year to all the families whose adult members opt for unskilled labour-intensive work.</li>
<li>This act provides Right to Work to people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY),</strong> launched in 2015 has an objective of enabling a large number of Indian youth to take up industry-relevant skill training that will help them in securing a better livelihood.</li>
<li><strong>Start Up India Scheme,</strong> launched in 2016 aims at developing an ecosystem that promotes and nurtures entrepreneurship across the country.</li>
<li><strong>Stand Up India Scheme,</strong> launched in 2016 aims to facilitate bank loans between Rs 10 lakh and Rs. 1 crore to at least one SC or ST borrower and at least one women borrower per bank branch for setting up a greenfield enterprise.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are number of labour intensive manufacturing sectors in India such as food processing, leather and footwear, wood manufacturers and furniture, textiles and apparel and garments. <strong>Special packages, individually designed for each industry are needed to create jobs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Public investment in sectors like health, education, police and judiciary can create many government jobs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Decentralisation of Industrial activities</strong> is necessary so that people of every region get employment.</li>
<li><strong>Development of the rural areas</strong> will help mitigate the migration of the rural people to the urban areas thus decreasing the pressure on the urban area jobs.</li>
<li>Entrepreneurs generate employments to many in a country; therefore <strong>government needs to encourage entrepreneurship among the youth</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Concrete measures aimed at removing the social barriers for women&rsquo;s entry</strong> and their continuous participation in the job market is needed.</li>
<li>Government needs to keep a <strong>strict watch on the education system</strong> and should try to implement new ways to generate skilled labour force.</li>
<li>Effective implementation of present programs like Make in India, Skill India, Start up and Stand-Up India.</li>
<li>There is a need for <strong>National Employment Policy (NEP)</strong> that would encompass a set of multidimensional interventions covering a whole range of social and economic issues affecting many policy spheres and not just the areas of labour and employment. The policy would be a critical tool to contribute significantly to achieve the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.</li>
<li>The underlying principles for the National Employment Policy may include
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>enhancing human capital through skill development;</li>
<li>creating sufficient number of decent quality jobs for all citizens in the formal and informal sectors to absorb those who are available and willing to work;</li>
<li>strengthening social cohesion and equity in the labour market;</li>
<li>coherence and convergence in various initiatives taken by the government;</li>
<li>supporting the private sector to become the major investor in productive enterprises;</li>
<li>supporting self-employed persons by strengthening their capabilities to improve their earnings;</li>
<li>ensuring employees&rsquo; basic rights and developing an education training and skill development system aligned with the changing requirements of the labour market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
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		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Oxfam International</strong> released its annual inequality report, 2019 report titled <strong>&ldquo;Public good or Private Wealth?&rdquo;</strong> highlighted the stark Income inequality existing in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Inequality</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations describes inequality as &ldquo;the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Inequality can be broadly classified in to:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Economic inequality:</strong> Economic inequality is the unequal distribution of income and opportunity between individuals or different groups in society.</li>
<li><strong>Social inequality:</strong> It occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly based on norms of a society that creates specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories e.g. religion, kinship, prestige, race, caste, ethnicity, gender etc. have different access to resources of power, prestige and wealth depending on the norms of a society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both these categories are deeply intertwined and inequality of one type affects the inequality in another e.g. Social Inequality due to gender have large impact on income of women. In patriarchal societies large gender wage gap tends to exist.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Dimensions of Inequality in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, following are distinctive forms of social inequality:</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gender</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Global Gender Gap Report, 2018,</strong> ranks India at <strong>142</strong> among 149 countries.</li>
<li>Four parameters for measuring gender inequality are economic participation and opportunity, health and survival, educational attainment and political empowerment.</li>
<li>Gender wage gap is highest in India according International Labor Organization women are <strong>paid 34% less than men</strong>.</li>
<li>Women comprise over 42 per cent of the agricultural labour force in the country, yet they <strong>own less than 2 percent of its farm land</strong> according to the India Human Development Survey (IHDS).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Caste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Caste is significant factor for determining access to resources like education, income, health valued by individuals.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s upper caste households earned nearly 47% more than the national average annual household income, the top 10% within these castes owned 60% of the wealth within the group in 2012, as per the World Inequality Database.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Religion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Religious identities are significant for an individual&rsquo;s ability to mobilize resources.</li>
<li>Religious identities can cause prejudices which may lead to economic exclusion and other forms of discrimination which can impact jobs and livelihood opportunities.</li>
<li>While minorities such as Christians, Parsis and Jains have a larger share of income/consumption than their population share, Muslim and Buddhist populations have significantly lower access to economic resources.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ethnicity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tribal communities in India have been identified as ethnic group on the basis of their unique culture, language, dialect, geographical location, customs etc.</li>
<li>The National Family Health Survey 2015-16 (NFHS-4) showed that 45.9% of ST population were in the lowest wealth bracket as compared to 26.6% of SC population, 18.3% of OBCs, 9.7% of other castes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Economic Inequality</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 2019 report by Oxfam, titled "Public good or Private Wealth?" showed that India&rsquo;s top 10% holds 77.4% of the total national wealth, while the top 1% holds 51.53% of the wealth.</li>
<li>The bottom 60% population holds only 4.8% of the national wealth.</li>
<li>13.6 crore Indians, who make up the poorest 10% of the country, have continued to remain in debt for the past 15 years.</li>
<li>The Gini coefficient of wealth in India in 2017 is at 0.83, which puts India among the countries with highest inequality countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Consequences of Inequalities</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inequalities tend to <strong>produce social conflict</strong> among the social groups e.g. caste groups like Jaats, Maratha, Patels are demanding reservations but this demand is opposed by caste groups already claiming the benefits of reservations, such clash of interest due to perceived inequality tend to produce violent conflicts between opposing caste groups.</li>
<li>Inequalities among ethnic groups have led to various <strong>ethnic movements</strong> demanding separate states or autonomous regions or even outright secession from India. North East has been rocked by numerous such ethnic movement e.g. by Nagas for greater Nagalim etc.</li>
<li>Religious inequality tends to generate <strong>feeling of exclusion among religious minority groups</strong>. This reduces their participation in mainstream, in India religious minorities have large population their economic exclusion compromises the GDP growth of nation as whole.</li>
<li>Poor development indicators like IMR, MMR, low per capita income, lower education and learning outcomes at schools, high rate of population growth can be traced to existing socio-economic inequalities.</li>
<li>High economic inequality is <strong>detrimental to public healthcare and education</strong>. Upper and Middle classes do not have vested interest in well functioning public healthcare and education as they have means to access private healthcare and education.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Measures to Deal with Inequalities</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Enforcement of Constitutional Guarantee of equality as enshrined in fundamental rights. <strong>Articles 14, 15 and 16</strong> form part of a scheme of the Constitutional Right to Equality. Article 15 and 16 are incidents of guarantees of Equality, and gives effect to Article 14.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Civil Society</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provide a greater voice to traditionally oppressed and suppressed groups, including by enabling civil society groups like unions and association with in these groups.</li>
<li>Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes should be motivated to become entrepreneurs, schemes like Stand up India need to be expanded to widen its reach by increasing funding.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Women Empowerment</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For gender equality policies like affirmative action by reserving seats in legislatures, increasing reservation at Local self government both at Urban and village level to 50% in all states, strict implementation of The Equal Remuneration act,1976 to remove wage gap, making education curriculum gender sensitive, raising awareness about women right, changing social norms through schemes like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inclusion of Religious Minorities</strong></li>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Religious minority groups need special attention through representation in government jobs, provision of institutional credit, improvement of their education access, protection of their human rights by empowering National commission for Minority, strengthening rule of law etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Progressive Taxes</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Additional public resources for public services by progressive taxes on wealthy more and by increasing the effective taxation on corporations, more importantly broadening the tax base through better monitoring of financial transactions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Policies</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By ensuring universal access to public funded high quality services like Public health and education, social security benefits, employment guarantee schemes; inequality can be reduced to great extent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Employment Generation</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The failure to grow manufacturing sectors like Textile, Clothing, automobiles, consumer goods etc. is the important reason of rising inequalities.</li>
<li>The Labor-intensive manufacturing has the potential to absorb millions of people who are leaving farming while service sector tend to benefit majorly urban middle class.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has committed to attaining the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, and to end extreme poverty by that year.</li>
<li>According to Oxfam if India stops inequality from rising further, it could end extreme poverty for 90 million people by 2019. If it goes further and reduces inequality by 36%, it could virtually eliminate extreme poverty.</li>
</ul>
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