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Socio-Economic and Caste Census

This article is based on “A new framework around caste and the census” which was published in The Hindu on 23/01/2021. It talks about...

23 Jan 2021 Population and Associated Issues
The Big Picture: India and the Vaccination Drive

Why in News? India began the "World's Largest Vaccination Program" on January 16, 2021. The Prime Minister of India said that India is entering...

19 Jan 2021 Population and Associated Issues
Inner-Line Permit in Manipur

Why in News Recently, the Union Home Minister has highlighted the importance of Inner-Line Permit (ILP) system in Manipur, while inaugurating...

28 Dec 2020 Population and Associated Issues
Updating Census Registers

Why in News Recently, the Registrar General of India (RGI) has written to all State coordinators to update the census register. A census is the...

24 Dec 2020 Population and Associated Issues
NPR and Census 2021

Why in News The office of the Registrar General of India (RGI) has said the schedule or the questionnaire of the National Population Register (NPR)...

19 Nov 2020 Population and Associated Issues
Sub-categorisation of OBCs

Why in News A commission headed by Justice (Retd.) G Rohini has been examining sub-categorisation of Other Backward Classes (OBC) for almost three...

03 Sep 2020 Population and Associated Issues
Assam Firm on NRC Re-verification

Why in News The Assam government remains firm on its demand of 10-20% re-verification of the nationality claims made by some of the people included...

01 Sep 2020 Population and Associated Issues
India’s Population Trends: Lancet

Why in News According to a recent analysis by the Lancet, India’s population is forecasted to peak around 1.6 billion in 2048 from 1.38...

16 Jul 2020 Population and Associated Issues
Language of the Tangams

Why in News Recently, the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh has released a book titled “Tangams: An Ethnolinguistic Study Of The Critically...

14 Jul 2020 Population and Associated Issues
World Population Day

Why in News Every year, 11th July is celebrated as the World Population Day. Key Points Theme for 2020: How to safeguard the health and rights...

11 Jul 2020 Population and Associated Issues
State of the World Population 2020: UNFPA

Why in News Recently, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has released the State of the World Population 2020 report, titled ‘Against...

01 Jul 2020 Population and Associated Issues
Economic Stimulus-III

Why in News Recently, the Union Finance Minister announced the measures to strengthen Infrastructure Logistics, Capacity Building, Governance and...

16 May 2020 Population and Associated Issues
Economic Stimulus-II

Why in News Recently, the Union Finance Minister announced the short term and long-term measures for supporting the poor, including migrants,...

15 May 2020 Population and Associated Issues
Data Related to Birth Rate and Death Rate

Why in News Recently, the Registrar General of India released data related to birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate in its Sample...

11 May 2020 Population and Associated Issues
Woes of Migrants Amid Covid-19

Why in News The Covid-19 pandemic and the imposition of lockdown in order to curb it has brought the perils of migrant workers into the...

22 Apr 2020 Population and Associated Issues
The Big Picture: Census- Challenges & Importance

There have been rising instances of attack on field enumerators conducting National Sample Survey exercise in some areas of Kerala, Uttar Pradesh,...

18 Feb 2020 Population and Associated Issues
Urbanisation Trends: EIU

Why in News Recently, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) survey released a ranking of the fastest-growing urban areas across the world which...

14 Jan 2020 Population and Associated Issues
Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD)

Why in News The government has launched a central accident database management system that will help in analysing causes of road crashes and in...

14 Jan 2020 Population and Associated Issues
Second Edition of Eat Right Mela

Why in News Recently, Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare inaugurated the 2nd edition of Eat Right Mela in New Delhi. Key Points Eat...

27 Dec 2019 Population and Associated Issues
National Population Register Updation

Why in News The Union Home Ministry will be undertaking an updation exercise of the National Population Register (NPR). The National Population...

21 Dec 2019 Population and Associated Issues

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		'title' => 'Socio-Economic and Caste Census',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-new-framework-around-caste-and-the-census/article33638335.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A new framework around caste and the census&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 23/01/2021. It talks about the comparison between Census and Socio-Economic and Caste Census and their associated concerns.</p>
</div>
<p>Enumerating, describing, and understanding the population of society and what people have access to, and what they are excluded from is important not only for social scientists but also for policy practitioners and the government.</p>
<p>In this regard, the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-census-challenges-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Census of India</strong></a>, one of the largest exercises of its kind, enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population.</p>
<p>However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society.</p>
<p>In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011, but it has its own issues.</p>
<h3>Census, SECC &amp; Difference</h3>
<p><strong>Census</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The origin of the Census in India goes back to the colonial exercise of 1881.</li>
<li>Census has evolved and been used by the government, policymakers, academics, and others to capture the Indian population, access resources, map social change, delimitation exercise, etc.</li>
<li>However, as early as the 1940s, W.W.M. Yeatts, Census Commissioner for India for the 1941 Census, had pointed out that &ldquo;the census is a large, immensely powerful, but blunt instrument unsuited for specialized inquiry.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>SECC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SECC was conducted for the first time since 1931.</li>
<li>SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Economic status, so as to allow Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person.</li>
<li>It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>SECC has the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Difference Between Census &amp; SECC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Census provides a portrait of the Indian population, while the SECC is a tool to identify beneficiaries of state support.</li>
<li>Since the Census falls under the Census Act of 1948, all data are considered confidential, whereas according to the SECC website, &ldquo;all the personal information given in the SECC is open for use by Government departments to grant and/or restrict benefits to households.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Concerns With SECC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an</strong> emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities.</li>
<li>Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Caste Is Context-specific:</strong> Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate.</li>
<li>They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure.</li>
<li>Marriage to a well- educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Utilizing Existing Data:</strong> As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Alternatives:</strong> Statisticians such as Atanu Biswas point out that Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9fff7;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) is a better exercise than Census to capture the population&rsquo;s data. However, it has its own issues. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/A1f9fNHCbgU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/farmers-besotted-by-protestations/?source=app&amp;frmapp=yes&amp;comments=show" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Farmers Besotted By Protestations&rdquo;</strong> </a>published in The Economic Times on January 22<sup>nd</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7496,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: India and the Vaccination Drive',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LVQqL5w33XM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India began the<strong> "World's Largest Vaccination Program"</strong> on January 16, 2021.</li>
<li>The Prime Minister of India said that India is entering a decisive phase of vaccination in the fight against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-medical-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a>, with the approval of two <strong>made-in-India COVID-19 vaccines.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PM has also said that two vaccines are more cost-effective than any other in the world and that India&rsquo;s vaccine production &amp; delivery capacity will be used to help all humanity in fighting this crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India's <strong>first ever adult vaccination drive.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drug Controller General of India (DCGI)</strong></a> has granted the<strong> emergency-use approval</strong> for two indigenous vaccines: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVISHIELD</strong></a> by <strong>Serum Institute of India</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COVAXIN</strong></a> by <strong>Bharat Biotech.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two vaccines are found to be safe and no major side effects are expected. However, little pain or redness in the skin can be observed.</li>
<li>The vaccines have gone through preclinical animal experiments on animals like rabbits, mice and hamsters followed by non-human primates.</li>
<li>Out of the two vaccines, <strong>Covaxin is an inactivated vaccine</strong> whereas <strong>Covishield is a live vaccine.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>first phase of vaccination,</strong> the first 3 crore people to be vaccinated include the healthcare workers and frontline workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The cost of vaccination of these people will be borne by the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inactivated-virus-vaccine-in-focus-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Live and Inactivated Vaccines</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Live Vaccines:</strong> They <strong>use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ</strong> that causes a disease.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response.</li>
<li><strong>Note:</strong> As they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, people with weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or people who&rsquo;ve had an organ transplant should not be given these vaccines without any prior consultation with the healthcare provider.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inactivated vaccine:</strong> Active pathogens are grown in large numbers and then killed either by a chemical or heat. Although the pathogen is killed, or made to lose its reproduction capacity, various parts of the pathogen are intact. E.g The antigen (the chemical structure) that is recognised by the immune system is left unimpaired.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the pathogen is dead, it cannot reproduce nor cause even a mild disease. Thus, it is safe to administer to even people with lesser immunity, like the old and those who have comorbidity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India and Vaccines</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At present <strong>80-90% of the world&rsquo;s</strong> whole <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Measles</strong></a> vaccine is provided by India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India supplies all the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/measles-and-rubella-in-who-sear" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rubella</strong></a> vaccines to <strong>South America.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The indigenous developed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reverse-vaccinology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>meningococcal vaccine</strong></a> of India is supplied to the entire <strong>Sub-Saharan Africa.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meningococcal meningitis</strong> is caused by <strong>Neisseria meningitidis bacteria.</strong> It is a serious infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The indigenous <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rotavirus-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rotavirus vaccine</strong></a> is going to 16 countries in the world.</li>
<li>Various novel vaccines have been introduced by India, such as the world&rsquo;s first<strong> subunit rabies vaccine. It</strong> has been approved by the Drug Controller General of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Subunit vaccines</strong> are composed of <strong>protein or glycoprotein components of a pathogen</strong> that are capable of inducing a protective immune response and may be produced by conventional biochemical or recombinant DNA technologies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Strategy For Smooth and Effective Drive</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Preparatory measures:</strong> The key preparatory aspects that have been undertaken include the physical infrastructure, human resources and training of the vaccinators.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The digital aspect:</strong> The government has launched the<strong> Co-WIN application</strong> for the registration of the citizens and to generate digital certificates of vaccination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community participation:</strong> Besides preparatory aspects, the <strong>community participation</strong> has also been emphasised by the Prime Minister. He has urged all to come forward and help in eliminating <strong>vaccine hesitancy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Beneficiary identification:</strong> Separate templates have been developed for the healthcare workers and the frontline workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People above the age of 50 who have comorbidities will be the next to be vaccinated.</li>
<li><strong>Aadhar</strong> will also be used for the beneficiary identification.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Steps Need to be Taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Spreading awareness:</strong> Leaders, influential people and healthcare workers who will be vaccinated need to come forward and help spreading awareness about the vaccine.</li>
<li><strong>Effective collaboration:</strong> Effective and decentralised implementation with the collaboration of centre, state, communities and health care workers.</li>
<li><strong>Proper training:</strong> Ensuring proper training of vaccinators and adopting measures to maintain temperature of vaccines.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring:</strong> Keeping watch of any side effects that may arise due to vaccines and adopting measures to be used in an emergency for such situations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Co-WIN Application</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To <strong>monitor the inoculation drive and track the listed beneficiaries for vaccination</strong> on a real-time basis, the central government has developed<strong> Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network or Co-WIN application.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Co-WIN will facilitate <strong>real time information of vaccine stocks and storage temperature</strong> during the COVID-19 vaccination drive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The app will be used as a back-end software during COVID-19 vaccination drive, starting from Saturday.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The self-registration module of Co-WIN App has not been released yet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vaccine hesitancy:</strong> Either they are common people, or the frontline workers, vaccine hesitancy, if exists, it may obstruct the smooth implementation of the vaccination drive.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the healthcare workers are hesitant about getting vaccinated, it will not create a good impact among common people as they are the role model for the people who will be vaccinated next.</li>
<li>There is uncertainty and suspicion about the side effects of the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with the Co-WIN App:</strong> Issues such as loss of internet connectivity are expected to be faced in the app, which could cause problems while tracking the vaccine stocks, or in the updation of data of the beneficiaries.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of experience:</strong> The Covid-19 Vaccination drive is India&rsquo;s first ever large scale immunisation programme. There is a lack of experience due to which the chances of mistakes are likely to happen.</li>
<li><strong>Vaccine wastage:</strong> Each vaccine vial contains 10 doses and must be used within 4 hours of opening. This could lead to vaccine wastage.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eliminating vaccine hesitancy:</strong> The covid-19 vaccines are for adults, the communication is required in order to resolve the confusions and to eliminate the vaccine hesitancy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Engagement with the community based organisations and spreading awareness by educating people about the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Janbhagidari:</strong> Community partnership or janbhagidari should be emphasised.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People should take the vaccine and spread the word about the efficacy and security of the vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preventing vaccine wastage:</strong> organised appointment for vaccinations, ensuring once opened, the vaccine is surely utilised and not wasted.</li>
<li><strong>Continuing the flow of vaccines:</strong> Taking lessons from other countries, India should continue the flow of vaccines.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US got stalled because they started to store the second dose of vaccines too. India should continue the flow of vaccines to the areas where it is required.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccination + covid-appropriate behaviour:</strong> Neither Covid appropriate behaviour nor vaccination is enough alone. Both have to go hand in hand in order to completely eliminate the pandemic.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Covid-appropriate behaviour:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wearing the mask properly.</li>
<li>Washing hands regularly as hygiene is very important.</li>
<li>Following the physical distancing of 6 feet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tracking the virus:</strong> The new variants of virus found till date are manageable but it is important to constantly look for emergence of any vaccine resistant virus.</li>
<li><strong>Looking after the immunogenicity:</strong> Looking up at the immunogenicity of the vaccine; how long does the effect of the vaccine lasts and how the cell-mediated immune responses are developing.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has now emerged as a global covid vaccine hub which is done not only by manufacturing or developing vaccines but also ensuring how it will be transported and how the entire vaccination drive has to be done.</li>
<li>For the world&rsquo;s largest vaccination against covid-19, a multi-prong approach is required including educating people, following the vaccination process, keeping a check on new strains of virus, maintaining the records of essential data of the beneficiaries and refining our strategy.</li>
<li>Vaccine hesitancy is the main obstruction in the smooth vaccination drive, in order to defeat the pandemic, vaccine hesitancy should be eliminated first as It is not the vaccine but vaccination that prevents an infection.</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7319,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Inner-Line Permit in Manipur',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Home Minister has highlighted the importance of<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/indepth-6th-schedule-and-ilp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Inner-Line Permit</strong> </a>(ILP) <strong>system</strong> in <strong>Manipur,</strong> while <strong>inaugurating several development projects</strong> in Manipur.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The projects include <strong>Thoubal Multipurpose Project</strong> (Thoubal Dam), <strong>Integrated Command and Control Center</strong> at Imphal, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thoubal multipurpose project was first considered by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Planning Commission</a> in 1980</strong> and the original cost of the project was Rs. 47.25 crores.</li>
<li>A scheme for it was<strong> launched in 2004</strong> but <strong>nothing happened till 2014</strong> and the project remained on paper.</li>
<li>It is <strong>located on river Thoubal,</strong> a tributary of Manipur river and will <strong>irrigate 35,104 hectares.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ILP was a <strong>long-standing demand</strong> of the people of Manipur and <strong>denying it would have been an injustice to the indigenous people.</strong></li>
<li>Hence, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagaland-extends-ilp-in-dimapur" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Manipur, along with Dimapur district of Nagaland</strong></a>, was brought under the purview of the ILP System in <strong>December 2019.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dimapur was the only place in Nagaland which was not under the ILP system because the district is a commercial hub and has a mixed population (often referred to as <strong>&lsquo;Mini India&rsquo;</strong>).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Pressure groups in the northeast<strong> view this permit as a shield against the entry of illegal immigrants.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Mizoram</strong> were<strong> exempted from the provisions of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) 2019</a></strong> due to the ILP.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The provisions on citizenship for illegal migrants <strong>would not apply to tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram or Tripura as included in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ladakh-under-sixth-schedule" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sixth Schedule </a></strong>to the Constitution and the<strong> area covered under the ILP system.</strong></li>
<li>In<strong> December 2019,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ilp-in-meghalaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Meghalaya Assembly adopted a resolution for implementing the ILP regime</strong></a> in the state and <strong>urged the centre to include</strong> it in the ILP system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Inner Line Permit System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Implemented under the<strong> Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation (BEFR) 1873,</strong> the ILP is an <strong>official travel document</strong> which<strong> allows inward travel of an Indian citizen into a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restricted-area-permit-eased-for-foreigners-visiting-andaman-islands" target="_blank" rel="noopener">protected/restricted area</a> for a limited period.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This Act was enacted during the British era to<strong> protect the Crown&rsquo;s own commercial interests</strong> by preventing <strong>&lsquo;British subjects&rsquo;</strong> (Indians) from trading within these regions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>1950,</strong> the Indian government <strong>replaced &lsquo;British subjects&rsquo;</strong> with<strong> &lsquo;Citizen of India&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>An <strong>imaginary line known as the inner-line</strong> was created to divide between the two communities so that neither party could go beyond the line without a permit from the appropriate authorities.</li>
<li>Under<strong> Section 2 of the Regulation of 1873,</strong> the ILP was <strong>only applicable to the three North-Eastern States viz. Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.</strong></li>
<li>On<strong> 11<sup>th</sup> December 2020,</strong> the President signed the order<strong> extending ILP to Manipur,</strong> which became the fourth state where the ILP regime is applicable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>special permit obligatorily required by &ldquo;outsiders&rdquo;</strong> from other regions of the country to enter the notified states.</li>
<li>It is <strong>issued by the concerned State Government</strong> and can be issued <strong>for travel purposes solely.</strong></li>
<li>Foreigners need a <strong>Protected Area Permit</strong> (PAP) <strong>to visit tourist places</strong> which are different from ILPs needed by domestic tourists.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the<strong> Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958,</strong> all areas falling between the 'Inner Line', as defined in the said order, and the International Border of the State have been declared as a Protected Area.</li>
<li>A <strong>foreign national is normally not allowed to visit a Protected/Restricted Area unless</strong> it is established to the satisfaction of the Government that there are <strong>extraordinary reasons to justify such a visit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609150790_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1609150790_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Merger of Manipur with India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Before 15<sup>th</sup> August 1947,</strong> by peaceful negotiations, the <strong>rulers of most of the states signed</strong> the<strong> &lsquo;Instrument of Accession&rsquo;</strong> which meant that their state agreed to become a part of the Union of India.</li>
<li>The <strong>Maharaja of Manipur, Bodhachandra Singh, signed</strong> the Instrument of Accession with the Indian government <strong>on the assurance that the internal autonomy of Manipur would be maintained.</strong></li>
<li>Under the pressure of public opinion, the Maharaja held <strong>elections in Manipur in June 1948</strong> and the state<strong> became a constitutional monarchy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, <strong>Manipur was the first part of India to hold an election</strong> based on <strong>universal adult franchise.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Government of India succeeded in <strong>pressuring the Maharaja into signing a Merger Agreement in September 1949,</strong> without consulting the popularly elected Legislative Assembly of Manipur.</li>
<li>On<strong> 21<sup>st</sup> January 1972, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statehood-day-of-manipur-meghalaya-and-tripura" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Manipur along with Meghalaya and Tripura became full-fledged states</a></strong> under the <strong>North Eastern Region (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The political map of Northeast India underwent a major change and the two<strong> Union Territories of Manipur and Tripura</strong> and the <strong>Sub-State of Meghalaya got statehood.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/inner-line-permit-is-centres-biggest-gift-to-manipur/article33433436.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7297,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Updating Census Registers',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/printpdf/npr-and-census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Registrar General of India (RGI)</strong></a> has written to all State coordinators to update the <strong>census register</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>census</strong></a> is the procedure of <strong>systematically enumerating, and acquiring and recording information</strong> about the members of a given population.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Order: RGI</strong> has written to all State coordinators to <strong>update names of an area, locality, colony or a building in the &ldquo;charge register&rdquo;</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Charge register:</strong> The charge register shows the distribution of work among enumerators and marks the <strong>House Listing Blocks (HLB)</strong> to be visited by each official. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>HLB is a primary unit</strong> of collection of data.</li>
<li><strong>Use of Charge Register:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is an important census document that will <strong>help enumerators to collect details during the first phase of census house listing and housing census and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-population-register" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Population Register (NPR)</a></strong>.</li>
<li>The register will also be <strong>used for the field work relating to the updating of NPR</strong> since the same functionaries will be engaged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implication:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The census exercise was<strong> suspended indefinitely</strong> owing to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>. The communication from RGI may be an indication that the <strong>census exercise may take off in the near future</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Registrar General of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Census Organisation was set up on an <strong>ad-hoc basis for each Census till the 1951 </strong>Census.</li>
<li>The Government of India, in <strong>1949 established an organisation</strong> in the Ministry of Home Affairs under <strong>Registrar General and ex-Officio Census Commissioner,</strong> India to develop systematic collection of statistics on the size of population, its growth, etc.</li>
<li>Later, this office was also entrusted with the responsibility of implementation of <strong>Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969</strong> in the country.</li>
<li>It <strong>arranges, conducts and analyses the results of the demographic surveys</strong> of India including <strong>Census of India</strong> and <strong>Linguistic Survey of India</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Census of India:</strong> It provides information on size, distribution and socio-economic, demographic and other characteristics of the country&rsquo;s population.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decennial Census of India has been <strong>conducted 15 times, as of 2011</strong>.</li>
<li>While it has been <strong>undertaken every 10 years,</strong> beginning in 1872 under British Viceroy Lord Mayo, <strong>the first complete census was taken in 1881</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Post-1949, it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</strong> under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Linguistic Survey of India:</strong> The primary objective of the present Linguistic Survey of India is to present an updated linguistic scenario.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is conducted <strong>along with the decennial Census exercise</strong>.</li>
<li>It also provides necessary inputs to the social/educational planners in respective States for their planning to attain the envisaged goals.</li>
<li>First linguistic survey of India was published by <strong>George Abraham Grierson in 1928</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>position</strong> of Registrar is usually <strong>held by a civil servant</strong> holding the rank of Joint Secretary.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Population Register (NPR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NPR is a register of the <strong>usual residents of the country</strong>. It is prepared at the local (village and sub-town), sub-district, district, state and national levels under provisions of the <strong>Citizenship Act, 1955</strong> and the <strong>Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003</strong>.</li>
<li>It is <strong>mandatory</strong> for every <strong>&ldquo;usual resident of India&rdquo;</strong> to register in the NPR.</li>
<li>The data for the NPR was <strong>first collected in 2010</strong> along with the house listing phase of Census 2011.</li>
<li>In <strong>2015, this data was further updated</strong> by conducting a <strong>door-to-door</strong> survey.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/registrar-general-writes-to-states-to-update-charge-register-a-census-document/article33395821.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7025,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'NPR and Census 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The office of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sex-ratio-and-india#:~:text=Registrar%20General%20of%20India%20was,and%20Linguistic%20Survey%20of%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Registrar General of India (RGI)</strong> </a>has said the schedule or the questionnaire of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-population-register" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Population Register (NPR)</strong></a> is &ldquo;being finalised&rdquo; and the information about the expected date of first phase of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Census 2021</strong></a> is &ldquo;not available.&rdquo;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The first phase of Census 2021 and updating of the NPR<strong> were postponed indefinitely</strong> until further orders on 25<sup>th</sup> March 2020 due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></li>
<li>As many as <strong>13 States and Union Territories have opposed</strong> the update of the NPR due to its link with the proposed <strong>National Register of Citizens (NRC)</strong> and the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Population Register:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NPR is a <strong>database</strong> containing a list of all <strong>usual residents</strong> of the country. Its <strong>objective</strong> is to have a comprehensive identity database of people residing in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A usual resident for the purposes of NPR is a person who has resided in a place for six months or more, and intends to reside there for another six months or more.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The NPR was <strong>first collected in 2010</strong> and then <strong>updated in 2015.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>generated through house-to-house enumeration</strong> during the &ldquo;house-listing&rdquo; phase of the<strong> census,</strong> which is<strong> held once in 10 years.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> last census was in 2011,</strong> and the next was scheduled for 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NPR vs Census:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>census</strong> involves a <strong>detailed questionnaire -</strong> there were 29 items to be filled up in the 2011 census - aimed at eliciting the particulars of every person, including age, sex, marital status, children, occupation, birthplace, mother tongue, religion, disability and whether they belonged to any Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe.</li>
<li>On the other hand, the <strong>NPR collects basic demographic data and biometric particulars.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Basis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The census is legally backed by the <strong>Census Act, 1948.</strong></li>
<li>The NPR is a mechanism <strong>outlined in a set of rules</strong> framed under the<strong> Citizenship Act, 1955.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NPR and NRC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <strong>Citizenship Rules</strong> framed in 2003, the NPR is the <strong>first step towards</strong> compilation of the National Register of Indian Citizens (NRIC) or <strong>NRC.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 14A</strong> was inserted in the Citizenship Act, 1955, in 2004, providing for the compulsory registration of every citizen of India and the issue of a &ldquo;national identity card&rdquo; to him or her. It also said the Central government may maintain a &ldquo;National Register of Indian Citizens&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>The Registrar General India</strong> shall act as the &ldquo;National Registration Authority&rdquo; (and will function as the Registrar General of Citizen Registration). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Registrar General is also the <strong>country&rsquo;s Census Commissioner.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>After a list of residents is created (i.e. NPR), a nationwide NRC <strong>could go about verifying the citizens from that list.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NRC for Assam</strong></a> <strong>was prepared.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Some States</strong> such as West Bengal and Rajasthan have<strong> objected to additional questions</strong> to be asked in the fresh NPR such as &ldquo;date and place of birth of father and mother, last place of residence and mother tongue&rdquo;.</li>
<li>There are apprehensions and fears that the CAA 2019, followed by a country-wide NRC, will <strong>benefit non-Muslims</strong> excluded from the proposed citizens&rsquo; register, while <strong>excluded Muslims will have to prove their citizenship.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>CAA 2019 allows citizenship on basis of religion to six undocumented communities from Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh</strong> who entered India on or before 31<sup>st</sup> December, 2014.</li>
<li><strong>Six Communities</strong> are: Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Stand:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has <strong>denied that the CAA and the NRC are linked.</strong></li>
<li>The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) informed a parliamentary panel earlier this year that there was a <strong>need to update the NPR</strong> to &ldquo;incorporate the changes due to birth, death and migration&rdquo; and &ldquo;Aadhaar is individual data whereas NPR contains family wise data.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The MHA informed the panel that it proposes to collect details on additional questions such as &ldquo;date and place of birth of parents&rdquo; in the NPR to <strong>&ldquo;facilitate back end data processing</strong> and making the data items of date and place of birth complete for all household(s)&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-population-register-questionnaire-is-being-finalised-says-registrar-general-of-india/article33126299.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6373,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Sub-categorisation of OBCs',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A <strong>commission headed by Justice (Retd.) G Rohini</strong> has been <strong>examining</strong> <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panel-to-examine-obc-sub-categorisation-seeks-third-extension" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sub-categorisation of Other Backward Classes </a></strong>(OBC) for almost three years now.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The issue of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sub-categorisation-of-backward-classes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sub-categorisation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</strong></a> for reservations is also in the highlights after the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> (SC) has referred it to a larger Bench.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sub-categorisation of OBCs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OBCs are granted <strong>27% reservation in jobs and education</strong> under the central government <strong>but only a few affluent communities</strong> among the over 2,600 included in the Central List of OBCs <strong>have secured a major part</strong> of this.</li>
<li>Sub-categorisation or creating categories within OBCs for reservation would <strong>ensure &ldquo;equitable distribution&rdquo; of representation</strong> among all OBC communities.</li>
<li>However, sub-categorisation <strong>can be used to appease one vote-bank or the other within the category</strong> and thus a <strong>cause of social justice would end up being politicised.</strong></li>
<li>The commission requested for an appropriate budget provision for a <strong>proposed all-India survey for an estimate of the caste-wise population of OBCs.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The reason given was the <strong>absence of data for the population of various communities to compare with</strong> their representation in jobs and admissions as the data of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-census-challenges-importance#:~:text=While%20the%20Socio%2DEconomic%20Caste,the%20family%20will%20be%20collected." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Socio-Economic Caste Census</strong></a> (SECC) were not considered reliable.</li>
<li>In August 2018, it was announced that the data of OBCs will also be collected in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Census 2021</strong></a> but there have been no other announcements after that.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Commission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It took charge in October 2017 with a tenure of 12 weeks ending in January 2018. In <strong>June 2020,</strong> the Cabinet approved a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extension-to-obc-sub-categorisation-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>six-month extension to the commission</strong></a> up to 31<sup>st</sup> January 2021.</li>
<li><strong>Progress:</strong> It is <strong>ready with the draft report</strong> and would have huge political consequences and is likely to face a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/constitutional-rights-judicial-review-and-parliamentary-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>judicial review</strong></a> as well.</li>
<li><strong>Budget:</strong> Until November 2019, the government has spent <strong>over Rs. 1.70 crore</strong> on the Commission including salary and other expenses.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The budget is being drawn from the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Commission for Backward Classes</strong></a> (NCBC) which was given <strong>constitutional</strong> status by the government in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Commission&rsquo;s Terms of References:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>examine the uneven distribution of reservation benefits</strong> among different castes in the central OBC list.</li>
<li>To <strong>work out the mechanism, criteria, norms and parameters in a scientific approach</strong> for sub-categorisation within such OBCs.</li>
<li>To <strong>take up the exercise of identifying the respective castes/communities/sub-castes/synonyms</strong> for comprehensive data coverage.</li>
<li>To <strong>study and recommend correction of any repetitions, ambiguities, inconsistencies and errors</strong> of spelling or transcription.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings So Far:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <strong>2018 data analysis of 1.3 lakh central jobs and admissions to central higher education institutions</strong> given under OBC quota:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>24.95% of these jobs and seats have gone to just 10 OBC communities.</li>
<li>97% of all jobs and educational seats have gone to just 25% of all sub-castes classified as OBCs.</li>
<li>983 OBC communities, 37% of the total, have zero representation in jobs and educational institutions.</li>
<li>994 OBC sub-castes have a total representation of only 2.68% in recruitment and admissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <strong>2018-19 annual report of the Department of Personnel and Training, OBC recruitment in central jobs is considerably low.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For example, there was <strong>not a single professor and associate professor appointed under the OBC quota</strong> in central universities.</li>
<li>Posts reserved for them were being<strong> filled by people of general category</strong> as OBC candidates were declared <strong>&lsquo;None Found Suitable&rsquo; (NFS).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/obc-sub-categorisation-findings-progress-by-a-panel-so-far-6580748/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6352,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Assam Firm on NRC Re-verification',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Assam government remains firm on its demand of <strong>10-20% re-verification of the nationality claims</strong> made by some of the people included in the<strong> final<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> National Register of Citizens</a></strong> (NRC), published in 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The state government&rsquo;s plea for the re-verification is <strong>lying pending in <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Supreme Court</a></strong> (SC) for more than a year and the apex court is yet to stamp its approval on it.</li>
<li>The NRC 2019 is yet to be approved by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-related-to-birth-rate-and-death-rate#:~:text=Registrar%20General%20of%20India%20was,and%20Linguistic%20Survey%20of%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Registrar General of India.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Register of Citizens</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NRC is a<strong> register prepared</strong> in respect of each village, showing the houses or holdings in a serial order and indicating against each house or holding the number and names of persons staying therein.</li>
<li>The register was<strong> first prepared after the 1951 Census of India</strong> and since then it has <strong>not been updated until recently.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been <strong>updated in Assam only for now</strong> and the government <strong>plans to update it nationally</strong> as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Purpose:</strong> To separate &ldquo;illegal&rdquo; immigrants from &ldquo;legitimate&rdquo; residents.</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Agency:</strong> Registrar General and Census Commissioner India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>2018,</strong> the SC<strong> mentioned the prospect of sample re-verification</strong> in an order, saying that it could consider re-verifying 10% of the names included in the NRC.</li>
<li>In <strong>July 2019,</strong> the state government gave an affidavit in the SC seeking a <strong>re-verification of 20% included names in the districts bordering Bangladesh and 10% in the rest of the districts.</strong></li>
<li>However, it was <strong>dismissed</strong> after the erstwhile coordinator of the NRC submitted that <strong>re-verification was already done.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The state government of Assam has <strong>provided the latest data regarding &lsquo;foreigner&rsquo; detection</strong> in the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>1,36,149 people have been declared &lsquo;foreigners&rsquo; by the state&rsquo;s 100 functioning <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/foreigners-tribunals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreigners&rsquo; Tribunals</strong></a>, whereas only 227 &lsquo;foreigners&rsquo; have been deported from 13<sup>th</sup> March 2013 to 31<sup>st</sup> July 2020.</li>
<li>A total of 425 people are currently lodged in the six detention centres in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a <strong>need for re-verification because people of Assam want a correct NRC.</strong></li>
<li>Also, there has been a <strong>delay in issuing the rejection slips</strong> to the over 19 lakh excluded people so that they can move court to claim nationality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Officials have cited the <strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong> and the <strong>floods in the state</strong> as reasons for the delay.</li>
<li>The rejection slips would carry the<strong> reason of rejection,</strong> which <strong>would differ from person to person and based on the reason they would be able to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-rules-to-allow-appeals-on-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">challenge their exclusion</a></strong> in the Foreigners&rsquo; Tribunals.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Every individual, whose name does not figure in the final NRC, can represent his/her case in front of the Foreigners Tribunals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/assam-govt-firm-on-nrc-re-verification-demand-6578037/#:~:text=Around%2019%20lakh%20applicants%20were%20left%20out%20of%20the%20NRC.&amp;text=The%20Assam%20government%20on%20Monday,former%20NRC%20coordinator%20Prateek%20Hajela." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5916,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India’s Population Trends: Lancet',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent analysis by the <strong>Lancet,</strong> India&rsquo;s population is forecasted to peak around 1.6 billion in 2048 from 1.38 billion in 2017. It will be followed by a<strong> 32% decline to around 1.09 billion in 2100.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For the study, researchers used data from the<strong> Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Global Burden of Disease Study is a <strong>comprehensive regional and global assessment of mortality and disability</strong> from major diseases, injuries and risk factors.</li>
<li>The study was <strong>initiated in the 1990s</strong> as a collaborative effort of hundreds of experts worldwide, including researchers at the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Health Organization</strong></a> (WHO), and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hampered Economic Growth:</strong> The study has predicted <strong>dramatic declines in working-age populations</strong> in countries such as <strong>India and China,</strong> which will <strong>hamper economic growth and lead to shifts in global powers.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India Specific Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India in 2100</strong> will be the <strong>world&rsquo;s most populous country.</strong></li>
<li>The number of <strong>working-age adults</strong> aged 20-64 in India is <strong>projected to fall</strong> from around 762 million in 2017 to around 578 million in 2100.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, India has been forecasted to have the <strong>largest working-age population in the world by 2100.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is also expected to <strong>surpass China&rsquo;s workforce population in the mid-2020s,</strong> where the working-age population is estimated to decline from 950 million in 2017 to 357 million in 2100.</li>
<li>From 2017 to 2100, India is <strong>projected to rise up the rankings</strong> of countries with the largest total <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product</strong></a> (GDP) globally from 7<sup>th</sup> to 3<sup>rd</sup>, in terms of nominal GDP.</li>
<li>The country&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indias-falling-fertility-rate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Total Fertility Rate</strong></a> (TFR) declined to below 2.1 in 2019 (data taken from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017) and is projected to have a <strong>continued steep fertility decline</strong> until about 2040, reaching a TFR of 1.29 in 2100.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>TFR indicates the <strong>average number of children expected to be born to a woman</strong> during her reproductive span of 15-49 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is also forecasted to have the <strong>second-largest net <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">immigration</a> in 2100,</strong> with an estimated half a million more people immigrating to India in 2100 than emigrating out.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Given the trends of countries like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-extends-ban-on-work-visas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>USA banning work visas</strong></a> and India being a developing country, has the<strong> potential to offer a huge manufacturing market</strong> to immigrants who want to work here.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The world population is forecasted to <strong>peak at around 9.7 billion people in 2064 and fall to 8.8 billion by the century&rsquo;s end,</strong> with 23 countries seeing populations shrink by more than 50%, including Japan, Thailand, Italy and Spain.</li>
<li>By 2100, a total of 183 out of 195 countries will have TFR below the <strong>replacement level</strong> of 2.1 births per woman. The <strong>global TFR is predicted to steadily decline</strong> from 2.37 in 2017 to 1.66 in 2100, well below the minimum rate of 2.1.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Replacement level fertility</strong> is the number of children needed to replace the parents, after accounting for fatalities, skewed sex ratio, infant mortality, etc. The population <strong>starts falling below this level.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Huge shifts in the global age structure,</strong> with an estimated 2.37 billion individuals over 65 years globally in 2100 compared with the 703 million in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new population forecasts are in contrast with projects of &ldquo;continuing&rdquo; global growth by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Population Division</strong> </a>(UNPD).</li>
<li>They highlight <strong>huge challenges</strong> to the economic growth of a <strong>shrinking workforce,</strong> the<strong> high burden on health</strong> and<strong> social support systems of an <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/elderly-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ageing population</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As countries move toward prioritising development, fertility reduction is inevitable.</li>
<li>At the same time, improved survival at all ages, especially at the older ages, would lead to the rapid ageing of the population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Liberal migration policies</strong> could be adopted as a temporary solution for economic growth in the context of declining working population.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Migrants<strong> contribute significantly</strong> to labour-market flexibility, innovation and technological progress, boost the working-age population and bring new skills contributing to the human capital development of receiving countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is more important to look for possibilities of<strong> investing in technological advancements that can compensate for human shortages.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>effect of fertility decline</strong> on women&rsquo;s reproductive health rights has to be <strong>accompanied by greater economic independence</strong> which would allow women to negotiate with the system on their own terms and for better support services as well.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is on the right side of demographic transition that provides golden opportunity for its rapid socio-economic development, if policymakers align the developmental policies with this shift.</li>
<li>This demographic transition or shift also brings complex challenges with it. If the increased workforce is not sufficiently skilled, educated and provided gainful employment, India would be facing demographic disaster instead.</li>
<li>To reap the benefits of the shift, proper investment in human capital is needed by focussing on education, skill development and healthcare facilities.</li>
<li>By learning from global approaches from countries such as Japan and Korea and designing solutions considering the domestic complexities, India would be able to reap the benefits.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indias-population-to-peak-in-2048-at-1-6-bn-to-decline-to-1-09-bn-in-2100-the-lancet-6506286/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5894,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Language of the Tangams',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh has released a book titled <strong>&ldquo;Tangams: An Ethnolinguistic Study Of The Critically Endangered Group of Arunachal Pradesh&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The book has valuable data on <strong>endangered oral narratives</strong> like ritual songs, lamentation songs, lullabies and festival songs in<strong> Tangam language</strong> spoken by the Tangam community, which has <strong>reportedly 253 speakers left now.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tangam People:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a little-known community within the larger <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tribal-lockdown-rituals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Adi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh</strong></a> which resides in the <strong>hamlet of Kugging in Upper Siang district&rsquo;s Paindem circle.</strong></li>
<li>For long, the only account of the Tangams could be found in a book,<strong> &ldquo;Tangams&rdquo; (1975)</strong> where the community&rsquo;s population was pegged at 2,000 spread across 25 villages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tangam Language:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tangam is an <strong>oral language that belongs to the Tani group,</strong> under the greater <strong>Tibeto-Burman language family.</strong></li>
<li>It has been marked <strong>&lsquo;critically endangered&rsquo;</strong> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a> <strong>World Atlas of Endangered Languages</strong> (2009).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594719584_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594719584_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for its Decline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Low population:</strong> Smaller languages are more vulnerable and extinction is directly proportional to population.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Another <strong>critically endangered language is Meyor</strong> but it is better off than Tangam because the community has a population of around 1,000 people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multilingualism:</strong> Tangams have become<strong> multilingual over time</strong> to communicate with their neighbours.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kugging is surrounded by a number of villages inhabited by Adi subgroups such as Shimong, Minyongs, as well as the Buddhist tribal community of Khambas, among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Less or No Use of Tangam:</strong> They rarely speak their own language now because their population is restricted to a single village. Moreover, they are relatively unknown even within the state so there was no possibility of its expansion.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Development and Infrastructure:</strong> The village lacks proper infrastructure in all basic sectors of education, health, drinking water facilities, road and electricity. Not a single person from the community has gone to a university.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Languages of Arunachal Pradesh</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There has been <strong>no systematic, scientific or official survey</strong> on the number of languages in Arunachal Pradesh till recently.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An <strong>official linguistic survey</strong> by the state government began only in <strong>2018,</strong> which is currently underway.</li>
<li>Before that, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protection-and-preservation-of-endangered-language" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>People&rsquo;s Linguistic Survey of India</strong></a> was published in <strong>2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to experts, there are <strong>around 32-34 languages</strong> with a disclaimer that it is <strong>not a conclusive figure.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If various linguistic varieties or dialects embedded within these languages are enlisted then the numbers can go up to 90.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The languages of Arunachal Pradesh have been <strong>classified under the Sino-Tibetan language family</strong> and <strong>more specifically under the Tibeto-Burman and Tai group of languages,</strong> such as Lolo-Burmish, Bodhic, Sal, Tani, Mishmi, Hruissh and Tai.</li>
<li>The <strong>education system introduced Devanagari, Assamese and Roman scripts</strong> for most tribal languages but<strong> new scripts such as Tani Lipi and Wancho Script</strong> have been developed by native scholars as well.</li>
<li>According to the UNESCO Atlas of the World&rsquo;s Languages in Danger,<strong> more than 26 languages</strong> of Arunachal Pradesh have been identified as endangered with the<strong> degrees ranging from &lsquo;unsafe&rsquo;, &lsquo;definitely endangered&rsquo; to &lsquo;critically endangered&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Risks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>diversity of languages</strong> has led various communities to<strong> depend on English, Assamese and Arunachalee Hindi as the link languages.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> younger generation</strong> of various tribes, especially in the urban areas, <strong>has mostly discarded</strong> the use of their mother tongue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study for the book took a multidisciplinary approach by taking into account not only language but also rituals, folklore, food habits, belief systems, etc.</li>
<li>The book will help future children retain their unique identity as an ethnolinguistic group and will appeal to those interested in ethnolinguistics, anthropology and folkloristics of lesser studied tribes.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-language-of-the-tangams-with-just-253-speakers-6503165/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5869,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Population Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Every year, 11<sup>th</sup> July is celebrated as the World Population Day.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Theme for 2020:</strong> How to safeguard the health and <strong>rights of women and girls amid the Covid-19 pandemic.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various reports have shown that <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>domestic violence</strong></a> has increased globally amid the lockdown.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>National Commission for Women in India</strong> reported a huge rise in the number of complaints related to domestic violence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A study by the <strong>United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)</strong> says, "47 million women in low- and middle-income countries <strong>may not be able to access modern contraceptives"</strong> if the lockdown-like disruptions continue for six months.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This could result in millions of unintended pregnancies and gender-based violence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Women are also hit harder economically due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 crisis</strong></a>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Around 60% of women across the world earn their livelihood by working in the informal sector, according to the report.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1989, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)</strong></a> recommended that 11<sup>th</sup> July be observed by the international community as World Population Day, a day<strong> to focus attention on the urgency and importance of population issues.</strong></li>
<li>UNDP was inspired by the public interest and awareness that was created by<strong> "Five Billion Day"</strong> on 11<sup>th</sup> July 1987 when the world's population reached 5 billion.</li>
<li>The <strong>United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)</strong> seeks to create awareness about the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-population-boon-or-bane-rajya-sabha-lok-sabha-debate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>issues</strong></a> associated with the population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has just 2% of the world&rsquo;s landmass and 16% of the global population. It is the <strong>second-most populous country</strong> in the world with an estimated population of around 1.37 billion by 2019.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been reported that India will soon surpass China&rsquo;s population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mismatch in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-related-to-birth-rate-and-death-rate" target="_blank" rel="noopener">birth and death rate</a></strong> resulted in faster growth of population in the past few decades.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty and illiteracy</strong> contribute immensely to the population explosion. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Children in rural areas are considered as assets, who will take care of parents at old age, also more children mean more earnings.</li>
<li>The level of female education has a direct impact on fertility, as it is evidenced that the fertility rate of illiterate women tends to be higher than those who are literate.</li>
<li>Lack of education prevents women from having full knowledge about the use of contraceptives, of the consequences of frequent childbirth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Although the <strong>Total Fertility Rate (TFR)</strong> is declining in India, poorer states like Bihar (3.2), Uttar Pradesh (3.0), Rajasthan (2.6) and Jharkhand (2.5) still have<strong> TFRs above the national average of 2.2.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children born to women during their reproductive years. For the population to remain stable, an<strong> overall total fertility rate of 2.1 is needed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High youth unemployment</strong> in India is turning <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/india-s-demographic-dividend" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>demographic dividend</strong></a> into a demographic disaster for India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This youth potential is often referred to as the &lsquo;demographic dividend&rsquo; which means that if the youth available in the country are equipped with quality education and skills training, then they will not only get suitable employment but can also contribute effectively towards the economic development of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Population Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a<strong> subsidiary organ of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UN General Assembly</a></strong> and works as a <strong>sexual and reproductive health agency.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>established as a trust fund in 1967</strong> and began operations in<strong> 1969.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1987,</strong> it was<strong> officially renamed</strong> the United Nations Population Fund but the original abbreviation,<strong> &lsquo;UNFPA&rsquo;</strong> for the <strong>United Nations Fund for Population Activities</strong> was <strong>retained.</strong></li>
<li>UNFPA works directly to tackle <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> on <strong>health</strong> (SDG3), <strong>education</strong> (SDG4) and <strong>gender equality</strong> (SDG5).</li>
<li>Recently, the UNPFA released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-world-population-2020-unfpa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State of the World Population 2020 report.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Family planning is an effective tool to ensure a stable rise in the population. The government at all levels- Union, State and Local, citizens, civil societies as well as the businesses must take the onus to <strong>promote awareness and advocate the sexual and reproductive rights of women</strong> and encourage the use of contraception.</li>
<li>There is a need for well-researched planning and implementation on how to harness the population growth for the maximum economic benefit of the society and country.</li>
<li>In order to have a better future for all on a healthy planet, attainment of the <strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to poverty, gender equality, economic growth</strong> among others is critical.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/red-button-day-light/world-population-day-2020-indias-concerns/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TOI</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5766,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'State of the World Population 2020: UNFPA',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-world-population-2019-unfpa#:~:text=According%20to%20State%20of%20World,annual%20growth%20rate%20of%20China." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Population Fund</strong></a> (UNFPA) has released the <strong>State of the World Population 2020 report</strong>, titled <strong>&lsquo;Against my will: defying the practices that harm women and girls and undermine equality&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It highlights<strong> at least 19 human rights <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-girl-child-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">violations against women</a></strong> and focuses on the<strong> three most prevalent ones, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-questions-female-genital-mutilation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Female Genital Mutilation</a> (FGM), extreme bias against daughters, in favour of sons </strong>and <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-say-no-to-child-marriage" target="_blank" rel="noopener">child marriage</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The number of<strong> missing women</strong> has more than doubled over the past 50 years, who were at 61 million in 1970.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Missing females/women:</strong> These are women missing from the population at given dates due to the cumulative effect of postnatal and prenatal sex selection in the past. The phrase was coined by <strong>Amartya Sen.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan <strong>excess female mortality</strong> of girls below 5 years of age was under 3%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Excess female mortality:</strong> It is the difference between observed and expected mortality of the girl child or avoidable death of girls during childhood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to estimates averaged over a five year period (2013-17), annually, there were 1.2 million missing female births, at a global level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India Specific Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One in three girls missing globally due to sex selection, both pre- and post-natal, is from India, i.e. 46 million out of the total 142 million.</li>
<li>India has the <strong>highest rate of excess female deaths</strong> at 13.5 per 1,000 female births or one in nine deaths of females below the age of 5 due to postnatal sex selection.</li>
<li>In India, around 460,000 girls went missing at birth, which means they were not born due to sex-selection biases, each year between 2013 and 2017.</li>
<li>India (40%) along with China (50%) account for around 90% of the estimated 1.2 million girls lost annually to female foeticide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Female Genital Mutilation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It involves the <strong>partial or total removal of external female genitalia</strong> or other injuries to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.</li>
<li>The practise has<strong> no health benefits</strong> for girls and women and can cause severe bleeding, problems in urinating, cysts, infections, as well as complications in childbirth and increased risk of newborn deaths.</li>
<li>An estimated 4.1 million girls will be subjected to female genital mutilation in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extreme Bias against Daughters, in favour of sons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An extreme and continuing preference for sons over daughters in some countries has fuelled <strong>gender-biased sex selection or extreme neglect</strong> which leads to girls&rsquo; death as children, resulting in missing females.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The report <strong>examines the issue of missing women</strong> by studying sex ratio imbalances at birth as a result of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pre-conception-and-pre-natal-diagnostic-techniques-pcpndt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>gender-biased sex selection</strong></a> as well as excess female mortality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>advent of technology and increased access to ultrasound imaging</strong> allow parents to terminate a foetus after knowing its gender.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to this, the number of girls missing due to female foeticide exceed those that are missing because of postnatal sex selection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These <strong>skewed numbers change the population proportions</strong> and result in <strong>&lsquo;marriage squeeze&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Marriage squeeze:</strong> It happens when prospective grooms far outnumber prospective brides, which further results in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-war-against-human-trafficking" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>human trafficking</strong></a> for marriage as well as child marriages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These violations result in <strong>fewer choices</strong> for females and putting them <strong>under the sexual, economic and legal control of men,</strong> curbing their human rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Marriage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Every day, around 33,000 girls under age 18 are forced into marriage, usually to much older men.</li>
<li>In India, child marriage is directly linked to poverty, poor education and geographic location and the rural and urban divide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Covid-19 Induced Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>economic disruptions and income-loss</strong> because of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a> are likely to increase <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/violence-against-women-on-rise" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>violence against girls and women</strong></a> due to intensified unwantedness of daughters and gender discrimination.</li>
<li>The Covid-19 pandemic<strong> threatens to reverse the progress</strong> made in ending some harmful practices worldwide.</li>
<li>In India, Covid-19 has <strong>reduced access to contraception and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/abortions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">abortion</a> services,</strong> which is likely to lead to an increase in unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives Appreciated:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report pointed out that successful education-related interventions include the provision of cash transfers conditional on school attendance or support to cover the costs of school fees, books, uniforms and supplies.</li>
<li>The report took note of the successful cash-transfer initiative such as <strong>&lsquo;Apni Beti Apna Dhan&rsquo; in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Population Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>subsidiary organ of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UN General Assembly</a></strong> and works as a <strong>sexual and reproductive health agency.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>established as a trust fund in 1967</strong> and began operations in <strong>1969.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1987,</strong> it was <strong>officially renamed</strong> the United Nations Population Fund but the original abbreviation,<strong> &lsquo;UNFPA&rsquo;</strong> for the <strong>United Nations Fund for Population Activities</strong> was <strong>retained.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>UN Economic and Social Council</strong> (ECOSOC) establishes its mandate.</li>
<li>UNFPA is <strong>not supported by the UN budget,</strong> instead, it is entirely<strong> supported by</strong> voluntary contributions of donor governments, intergovernmental organizations, the private sector, foundations and individuals.</li>
<li>UNFPA works directly to tackle<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> on<strong> health</strong> (SDG3), <strong>education</strong> (SDG4) and<strong> gender equality</strong> (SDG5).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The problem should be tackled by eliminating the root causes, especially gender-biased norms.</li>
<li>People must foster <strong>respect</strong> for women and girls, by changing attitudes and practices that commoditize them.</li>
<li>People must<strong> protect</strong> women and girls by enforcing laws against practices like child marriage and female mutilation and also by changing attitudes and norms.</li>
<li>Governments must<strong> fulfil</strong> their obligations under human rights treaties that require the elimination of these practices and rituals.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Countries that have ratified international treaties such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-children-s-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on the Rights of the Child</strong></a>, have a duty to end the harm, whether it&rsquo;s inflicted on girls by family members, religious communities, health-care providers, commercial enterprises or State institutions themselves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/46-million-girls-went-missing-in-india/article31957348.ece#:~:text=One%20in%20three%20girls%20missing,2020%20report%20released%20on%20Tuesday.&amp;text=India%20had%20about%204%2C60%2C000,missing'%20at%20birth%20each%20year." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5362,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Economic Stimulus-III',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Finance Minister announced the measures to strengthen Infrastructure Logistics, Capacity Building, Governance and Administrative Reforms for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Processing Sectors as part of the <strong>third tranche</strong> of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The announced measures also form a part of the ₹20 lakh crore economic stimulus package to deal with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Stimulus-I</strong></a> and the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Economic Stimulus-II</strong></a> were announced.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Agri Infrastructure Fund</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Financing facilities of <strong>₹1,00,000 crore</strong> for funding <strong>Agriculture Infrastructure Projects</strong> at farm-gate and aggregation points (<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmers Producer Organizations</strong></a> (FPOs), Agriculture entrepreneurs, Start-ups, etc.).</li>
<li>Funds will be created <strong>immediately.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Formalisation of Micro Food Enterprises</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A<strong> ₹10,000 crore scheme</strong> promoting<strong> &lsquo;Vocal for Local with Global outreach&rsquo;</strong> will be launched to help 2 lakh<strong> Micro Food Enterprises</strong> (MFEs) who need technical upgradation to attain <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India</strong></a> (FSSAI) food standards, build brands and marketing.</li>
<li>Existing micro food enterprises, FPOs, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Self Help Groups</strong></a> (SHGs) and Cooperatives will be supported.</li>
<li>The <strong>focus</strong> will be on <strong>women</strong> and <strong>SC/ST owned units</strong> and those in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational districts</strong></a> and a <strong>Cluster based approach</strong> (e.g. Mango in Uttar Pradesh, Tomato in Karnataka, Chilli in Andhra Pradesh, Orange in Maharashtra etc.) will be followed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme will be launched for <strong>integrated, sustainable, inclusive <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">development of marine and inland fisheries</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong>₹11,000 crore </strong>for<strong> activities</strong> in Marine, Inland fisheries and Aquaculture and <strong>₹9000 crore</strong> for <strong>Infrastructure</strong> (fishing harbours, cold chain, markets etc) shall be provided.</li>
<li>The<strong> focus</strong> will be on Islands, Himalayan States, North-east and Aspirational Districts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Animal Disease Control Programme</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-animal-disease-control-programme-national-artificial-insemination-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Animal Disease Control Programme</strong></a> for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-to-control-fmd-and-brucellosis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and Brucellosis</strong></a> launched with a total outlay of <strong>₹13,343 crore to ensure 100% vaccination</strong> of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under it, a fund of <strong>₹15,000 crore</strong> will be set up, with an <strong>aim</strong> to <strong>support private investment</strong> in Dairy Processing, value addition and cattle feed infrastructure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/animal-rearing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Animal rearing</strong></a> <strong>or husbandry</strong> is considered an associate business with agricultural activities in rural India and is an integral component of Indian agriculture, supporting the livelihood of the rural population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Incentives will be given for establishing plants for export of<strong> niche products.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A<strong> niche product</strong> is a product<strong> targeting a specific section</strong> of a larger industry and market. Niche products are<strong> often</strong> (but not always) <strong>more expensive</strong> than more generic products.</li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong> Organic foods, Speciality foodstuff like high-quality coffee, Customisable products, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Promotion of Herbal Cultivation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>10,00,000 hectare will be covered under Herbal cultivation in next two years with an <strong>outlay of ₹4,000 crore</strong> which will lead to <strong>₹5,000 crore income generation</strong> for farmers.</li>
<li>The <strong>National Medicinal Plants Board</strong> (NMPB) has supported 2.25 lakh hectare area under <strong>cultivation of medicinal plants</strong> and will bring 800-hectare area by developing a <strong>corridor of medicinal plants</strong> along the banks of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/15-point-directive-to-clean-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ganga</strong></a>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NMPB was set up by the Government or India on <strong>24<sup>th</sup> November, 2000 to promote medicinal plants sector.</strong></li>
<li>Currently, the board is located under the<strong> Ministry of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AYUSH</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beekeeping Initiatives</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With an outlay of<strong> ₹500 crore,</strong> Government will implement a scheme for:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Infrastructure development related to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beekeeping-development-committee" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Beekeeping Development Centres</strong></a>, capacity building, collection, marketing and storage centres, post harvest &amp; value addition facilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extension of Operation Greens</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/operation-greens-ttp-1-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Operation Greens</strong> </a>run by the <strong>Ministry of Food Processing Industries</strong> will be <strong>extended from Tomatoes, Onion and Potatoes (TOP) to all fruit and vegetables,</strong> with an outlay of <strong>₹500 crore.</strong></li>
<li>It will provide <strong>50% subsidy on transportation</strong> from surplus to deficit markets, <strong>50% subsidy on storage,</strong> including cold storages and will be<strong> launched as pilot for the next 6 months</strong> and will be extended and expanded.</li>
<li>This will lead to <strong>better price realisation</strong> to farmers, <strong>reduced wastages</strong> and <strong>affordability of products</strong> for consumers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amendments to Essential Commodities Act, 1955</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the amendments to the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/14-03-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Essential Commodities Act</strong></a> (ESA),<strong> agriculture food stuffs</strong> including cereals, edible oils, oilseeds, pulses, onions and potatoes shall be <strong>deregulated.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Stock limits will be imposed </strong>under<strong> very exceptional circumstances</strong> like national calamities, famine with surge in prices.</li>
<li>Further, <strong>no such stock limit</strong> shall apply to<strong> processors or value chain participants,</strong> subject to their installed capacity or to any exporter subject to the export demand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agriculture Marketing Reforms</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>Central law</strong> will be formulated to <strong>provide:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Adequate choices to the farmer to sell their produce at remunerative price.</li>
<li>Barrier free Inter-State Trade.</li>
<li>Framework for e-trading of agriculture produce.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages from the Reforms</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two recent reforms of <strong>amendment in the ECA</strong> and the <strong>proposed formulation of a Central law that will not bind farmers</strong> to sell their crop only to licensed traders in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ordinance-to-check-apmcs-gujarat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Agricultural Produce Market Committee</strong></a> (APMC) mandis of their respective talukas or districts will <strong>empower farmers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ECA will <strong>define</strong> clear triggers in terms of <strong>&ldquo;price surges&rdquo;</strong> for imposition of stocking limits.</li>
<li>These provisions will be <strong>incorporated in the Act itself to remove</strong> any scope for administrative <strong>ambiguity.</strong></li>
<li>This will help in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/return-of-inflation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>inflation</strong></a>-targeting within the ceiling of 6% as prescribed by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While <strong>agriculture</strong> is a <strong>state subject</strong> and state governments have accordingly enacted their own APMC Acts, the new Central law apparently relies on <strong>Article 301 (Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse)</strong> of the Constitution along with entries in the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-article-131-special-powers-of-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Seventh Schedule</strong> </a>(defines and specifies allocation of powers and functions between Union and States).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These give<strong> powers to the Centre to regulate all interstate and intrastate trade and commerce in foodstuffs,</strong> which can be used to create an <strong>integrated national market</strong> by removing restrictions placed by APMC laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=204019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5347,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Economic Stimulus-II',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Finance Minister announced the short term and long-term measures for supporting the poor, including migrants, farmers, tiny businesses and street vendors as part of the second tranche of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The announced measures also form a part of the ₹20 lakh crore economic stimulus package to deal with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></li>
<li>Earlier, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Economic Stimulus-I</strong> </a>was announced which includes both<strong> liquidity financing</strong> measures and<strong> credit guarantees.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Free Food Grains Supply</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Allocation of additional food grain</strong> to all the States/UTs (5 kg per migrant labourer and 1 kg chana per family per month) for <strong>two months</strong> (May and June, 2020) <strong>free of cost.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This move is an extension of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Gharib Kalyan Yojana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility:</strong> Migrant labourers<strong> not covered under <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Food Security Act</a></strong> (NFSA), 2013 or <strong>without a ration card</strong> in the State/UT in which they are stranded at present.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are an estimated 8 crore migrant workers, housed in government and privately run relief camps across the country since the lockdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The entire<strong> outlay of ₹3500 crore</strong> will be borne by the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>One Nation One Ration Card</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>67 crore beneficiaries covering 83% of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System</strong></a> (PDS) population will be covered by National portability of Ration cards by August, 2020 and 100% National portability will be achieved by March, 2021.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation One Ration Card</strong></a> is part of <strong>Technology Driven System Reforms</strong> and will enable migrant workers and their family members to <strong>access PDS benefits from any Fair Price Shop</strong> in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will ensure that the people in transit, especially migrant workers can also get the PDS benefit across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scheme for Affordable Rental Housing Complexes for Migrant Workers and Urban Poor</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This scheme will be launched soon and under this, the Central Government will <strong>provide <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-living-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ease of living</a> at affordable rent.</strong></li>
<li>Under this:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Government funded houses in the cities will be converted into<strong> Affordable Rental Housing Complexes</strong> (ARHC) under<strong> PPP mode (<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public Private Partnerships</a>)</strong> through concessionaires.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Interest Subvention for Shishu MUDRA loanees</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government of India will provide <strong>Interest subvention of 2%</strong> for prompt payees for a <strong>period of 12 months</strong> to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mudra-scheme-and-employment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MUDRA Shishu</strong> </a>loanees, who have <strong>loans below ₹50,000.</strong></li>
<li>The current portfolio of MUDRA Shishu loans is around ₹1.62 Lakh crore. This will provide <strong>relief of about ₹1,500 crore to Shishu MUDRA loanees.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Credit Facility for Street Vendors</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A scheme will be launched to<strong> facilitate easy access to credit to Street vendors</strong> and <strong>enable them to restart</strong> their businesses.</li>
<li>It is expected that <strong>50 lakh street vendors will be benefited</strong> under this scheme and<strong> credit of ₹5,000 crore would be provided.</strong></li>
<li>Bank credit facilities for initial working capital up to ₹10,000 for each enterprise will be extended.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extension of Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pmegp-and-cgtmse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme</strong></a> for <strong>Middle Income Group</strong> (MIG, <strong>annual income between ₹6 and ₹18 lakhs</strong>) will be<strong> extended up to March 2021.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This subsidy scheme comes under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This will <strong>benefit 2.5 lakhs middle income families</strong> during 2020-21 and will lead to <strong>investment of over ₹70,000 crore</strong> in housing sector.</li>
<li>This will create a significant number of jobs by giving a boost to the Housing sector and will stimulate demand for steel, cement, transport and other construction materials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Creating Employment using CAMPA Funds</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Approximately <strong>₹6,000 crore of funds</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/compensatory-afforestation-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Compensatory Afforestation Management &amp; Planning Authority</strong></a> (CAMPA) will be used.</li>
<li>The funds will be <strong>utilised in</strong> afforestation and plantation works, artificial regeneration, forest management, soil &amp; moisture conservation works, forest protection, forest and wildlife related infrastructure development, wildlife protection and management etc.</li>
<li>Government will <strong>grant immediate approval</strong> to these plans which will create job opportunities in urban, semi-urban and rural areas and also for Tribals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Additional Emergency Working Capital through NABARD</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development</strong></a> (NABARD) will<strong> extend additional re-finance support of ₹30,000 crore</strong> for meeting crop loan requirements of <strong>Rural</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/co-operative-banking-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cooperative Banks</strong></a> (RCBs) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recapitalisation-of-rrbs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Regional Rural Banks</strong></a> (RRBs).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This<strong> refinance</strong> will be <strong>front-loaded</strong> (uneven distribution with a greater proportion at one time and smaller ones at other time) and <strong>available immediately.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is<strong> over and above ₹90,000</strong> <strong>crore</strong> that will be provided by NABARD to this sector in the normal course.</li>
<li>This will <strong>benefit around 3 crore farmers,</strong> mostly small and marginal and will meet their post-harvest Rabi and current Kharif requirements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Credit Boost to Kisan Credit Card Scheme</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a special drive to provide concessional credit to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-year-of-pm-kisan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi</strong></a> (PM-KISAN) beneficiaries through<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kisan-credit-card-kcc-saturation-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Kisan Credit Cards.</strong></a></li>
<li>It will inject <strong>additional liquidity of ₹2 lakh crore</strong> in the farm sector.</li>
<li><strong>2.5 crore farmers will be covered</strong> and fisherman and animal husbandry farmers will also be included in this drive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Criticism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Economists say that this intervention was <strong>too little, too late,</strong> and that the free foodgrain provision <strong>should have been universalised</strong> to deal with widespread distress.</li>
<li>There are 50 crore people in the country without ration cards, of which 10 crore are legally entitled to PDS grain under NFSA. Of the rest, there are many people who were managing in normal times, vegetable vendors, gig economy workers, autorickshaw drivers, who are in dire straits now.<strong> PDS needed to be extended to all these people</strong> at this time.</li>
<li>Economists have asked the government for a <strong>one-time cash transfer to vulnerable sections</strong> like migrant labourers.</li>
<li>There were no steps taken to extend <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fund-crunch-in-mgnrega" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act</strong> </a>(MGNREGA) employment guarantee to at least 200 days.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Currently,</strong> MGNREGA aims to provide <strong>at least 100 days</strong> of wage employment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1623862" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5291,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Data Related to Birth Rate and Death Rate',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Registrar General of India</strong> released data related to birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate in its <strong>Sample Registration System (SRS)</strong> bulletin for 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The rates are calculated<strong> per one thousand of the population.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s birth rate has declined drastically over the last four decades from 36.9 in 1971 to 20.0 in 2018.</li>
<li>The rural-urban differential has also narrowed. However, the birth rate has continued to be higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.</li>
<li><strong>Bihar</strong> (26.2) continues to remain at the top of list in birth rate while <strong>Andaman and Nicobar</strong> (11.2) is at the bottom.</li>
<li>Birth rate is a <strong>crude measure of fertility of a population</strong> and a <strong>crucial determinant of population growth. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The death rate of India has witnessed a significant decline over the last four decades from 14.9 in 1971 to 6.2 in 2018.</li>
<li>In the last decade, death rate at an all-India level has declined from 7.3 to 6.2.</li>
<li>The decline has been steeper in rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Chhattisgarh has the highest death rate</strong> at 8 and <strong>Delhi,</strong> an almost entirely urban state, <strong>has a lowest death rate</strong> of 3.3.</li>
<li>Mortality is one of the <strong>basic components of population change.</strong> The data related to it is essential for demographic studies and public health administration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infant mortality rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IMR has decreased to 32 about one-fourth as compared to 1971 (129).</li>
<li>The IMR at an all-India level has declined from 50 to 32 in the last decade.</li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh has the highest</strong> IMR of 48 and <strong>Nagaland has the lowest</strong> IMR of 4.</li>
<li><strong>Infant mortality is</strong> the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sample Registration System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SRS is a <strong>demographic survey</strong> for providing reliable annual estimates of infant mortality rate, birth rate, death rate and other fertility and mortality indicators at the national and sub-national levels.</li>
<li>It was initiated on a pilot basis by the <strong>Registrar General of India</strong> in a few states in 1964-65, it became fully operational during 1969-70.</li>
<li>The<strong> field investigation</strong> consists of continuous enumeration of births and deaths in selected sample units by resident part time enumerators, generally anganwadi workers &amp; teachers, and an independent survey every six months by SRS supervisors. The data obtained by these two independent functionaries are matched.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Registrar General of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Registrar General of India was founded in 1961 by the Government of India under the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>It arranges, conducts and analyses the results of the demographic surveys of India including <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-census-challenges-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Census of India</strong></a> and Linguistic Survey of India.</li>
<li>The position of Registrar is usually held by a civil servant holding the rank of Joint Secretary.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/national-infant-mortality-rate-at-32-madhya-pradesh-worst-performer-6402497/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5105,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Woes of Migrants Amid Covid-19',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a> and the imposition of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> lockdown</strong></a> in order to curb it has brought the <strong>perils of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/arrest-the-exodus-in-gujarat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">migrant workers</a></strong> into the light.</p>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the migrant workers are <strong>not routed through licensed contractors</strong> so a huge number is excluded from getting any benefit out of the <strong>Inter-State Migrant Workmen (ISMW) Act, 1979.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to ISMW Act, an<strong> inter-State migrant worker is any person who is recruited by or through a licensed contractor.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ISMW Act was drawn up after <strong>repealing the Orissa Dadan Labour Act, 1975.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Act is <strong>only applicable</strong> to any <strong>establishment which has five or more inter-State migrant workers as employees</strong> which again leaves a significant number of workers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In reality, a<strong> small proportion</strong> of migrant workmen are <strong>placed under such establishments.</strong></li>
<li>Migrants from establishments with less than five migrant employees also cease to be migrants, legally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The ISMW Act is also<strong> not legally enforceable.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coronavirus</strong></a> crisis has exposed the <strong>inadequacy of the ISMW Act</strong> highlighting needs for legal safeguards and welfare measures for migrants.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Repealing of the ISMW Act, 1979 and replacing</strong> it with a new Act, or by <strong>enlarging the scope</strong> of<strong> Unorganised Workers&rsquo; Social Security (UWSS) Act, 2008</strong> to include legal entitlements, to define the migrant workman as a subset, to provide for contingencies of livelihood loss and to make the Act legally enforceable.</li>
<li><strong>Universalisation of registration</strong> and issuance<strong> of Aadhaar-based Unique Worker&rsquo;s Identification Number (UWIN).</strong></li>
<li>Schemes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/demand-for-mgnrega-work-increased" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong></a>, <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public Distribution Scheme</a> (PDS)</strong> <strong>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-18th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ujjwala</a></strong> need to be <strong>made portable and extensive.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-quarantine-alert-system-cqas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geofencing</strong></a> of different benefits enabling a migrant worker to choose location-wise benefits.</li>
<li>Preparing a<strong> comprehensive database of the migrant workers&rsquo;</strong> source and destination, demography, employment patterns and skill sets.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will help in skill development, providing social security benefits, planning for mass transit of migrant labour and preparing for any contingency plan in emergency situations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Empowering the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/capacity-building-for-conflict-resolution-2nd-arc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Inter-State Council</a></strong>, set up under<strong> Article 263 of the Constitution</strong> to effectively and comprehensively deal with larger issues related to migrant workers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Migrant worker issues have <strong>complex Centre-State and inter-State dimensions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The UWSS Act, 2008:</strong> It provides for <strong>social security and welfare of unorganised workers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The UWSS Act defines <strong>unorganised workers as home-based worker, self-employed worker or wage worker in the unorganised sector.</strong></li>
<li>It has <strong>two features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Registration of unorganised workers.</li>
<li>Portable smart I-card with a<strong> UWIN.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-shram-yogi-maan-dhan-pm-sym" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan Yojana:</strong> </a>To ensure <strong>old age protection</strong> for unorganised workers.</li>
<li><strong>Atal Pension Yojana:</strong> It is a <strong>social security scheme</strong> launched under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/streamlining-of-national-pension-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Pension System</strong></a> (NPS) and <strong>aims at providing a steady stream of income</strong> after the <strong>age of 60</strong> to all citizens of India including the migrants and labourers.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana</strong> and<strong> Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana</strong> (under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-deploys-800-ias-officers-for-village-outreach" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gram Swaraj Abhiyan</strong></a>): Both of the schemes provide for<strong> life insurance</strong> and <strong>accident insurance respectively</strong> to the migrants and labourers.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana</a> (Ayushman Bharat)</strong>: It aims at <strong>providing health</strong> cover to protect the migrants among others against the financial risk arising out of catastrophic health episodes.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-nowhere-people-of-covid-19-need-better-legal-safeguards/article31400344.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4468,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Census- Challenges & Importance',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/B5EBTYgULFo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>There have been rising instances of attack on field enumerators conducting <strong>National Sample Survey exercise</strong> in some areas of Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal owing to <strong>apprehensions and mistrust</strong> people have gathered regarding the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new citizenship law</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-citizenship-regime" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pan India NRC exercise.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This can negatively affect the house-listing operation and the updation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-population-register-updation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Population Register (NPR)</strong></a> exercise, which is set to begin in April for Census 2021.</li>
<li>In this backdrop, conducting household and other surveys with the &lsquo;Census as the frame&rsquo; would be very tough going ahead.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Census</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A population Census is the process of collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating demographic, social, cultural and economic data relating to all persons in the country, at a particular time in ten years interval.</li>
<li>India is recognised for its<strong> 'Unity in diversity'</strong> and the Census gives the citizens a chance to study this diversity and associated facets of their nation through its society, demography, economics, anthropology, sociology, statistics, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The earliest literature<strong> &lsquo;Rig Veda&rsquo;</strong> reveals that some kind of population count was maintained during 800-600 BC.</li>
<li>Kautilya&rsquo;s Arthasastra (written around 321-296 BC) laid stress on Census taking as a measure of State policy for <strong>purpose of taxation.</strong></li>
<li>During the regime of Mughal king Akbar, the administrative report <strong>&lsquo;Ain-e-Akbari&rsquo;</strong> included comprehensive data pertaining to population, industry, wealth and many other characteristics.</li>
<li>The <strong>first Census</strong> was conducted in India in 1872 (although non-synchronously in different parts) during the reign of <strong>Governor-General Lord Mayo.</strong> The first complete synchronous Census was conducted in 1881.</li>
<li>With a history of more than 130 years, it has proved to be a reliable exercise that is conducted every 10 years.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Census-2021</strong></a> is the 16<sup>th</sup> such exercise since inception and 8<sup>th</sup> since independence.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How is the Census Conducted?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The primary tool of Census operations is the <strong>questionnaire</strong> that is developed over the years, taking into account the changing needs of the country.</li>
<li>It is a<strong> list of questions</strong> that helps the government collect all the necessary details required about citizens. The questions enhance the credibility &amp; quality of data if various dimensions of socio-economic issues are well incorporated in the questionnaire.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The name of person, relationship with the head, sex, date of birth and age, current marital status, religion, mother tongue, literacy status inter alia are some of the fundamental questions which are asked by the <strong>enumerators</strong> (a person employed in taking a Census of the population).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Census-2021 exercise would be conducted in two rounds:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Household Schedule:</strong> The first round will be conducted in 2020, wherein the enumerators would go on a house-to-house basis to <strong>record amenities</strong> in each household.</li>
<li>The second round&ndash; <strong>&lsquo;Headcount&rsquo;</strong> would be carried out in early 2021 approximately 6 months after the first round.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Census Act, 1948</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although the population Census of India is a major administrative function, the<strong> Census Organisation</strong> was set up on an <strong>ad-hoc basis</strong> for each Census till the Census of 1951.</li>
<li>The <strong>Census Act,</strong> enacted in <strong>1948,</strong> then provided for the permanent scheme of conducting population Census with duties and responsibilities of Census Officers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act makes it obligatory on the part of every citizen to answer the Census question truthfully and also penalises for giving false information.</li>
<li>One of the most important provisions of the Census Act 1948 is that it makes provisions for the<strong> maintenance of secrecy of the information</strong> collected at the Census of each individual. All information collected under the Census is <strong>confidential</strong> and is not shared with any agency- Government or private.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Authority Involved</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India in May 1949 decided to initiate steps for developing the systematic collection of statistics on the size of the population, its growth, etc.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this purpose, it established an organisation viz. <strong>Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner</strong> under <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong> (which is responsible for conducting the decennial Census).</li>
<li>Later, this office was also entrusted with the responsibility of implementation of <strong>Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Importance of Census</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Comprehensive Source of Data:</strong> Census is a data collection exercise. It gathers <strong>knowledge about the demographic dividend</strong> of the nation which is vital for many purposes.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various surveys like health survey, education survey, agriculture survey, etc. are based on this comprehensive data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decision-making:</strong> Census is significant for any country for <strong>evidence-based decision making.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data collected through the Census is used for <strong>administration, governance, planning and policy-making as well as management and evaluation</strong> of various programmes run or to be introduced by the Government, NGOs, researchers, commercial and private enterprises, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Policy-making:</strong> Census is responsible for taking the collected information<strong> &ldquo;from a dwelling unit to the delivery unit&rdquo;.</strong> It will boost coherence policy-making and scientific planning, resulting in optimisation of resources.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To scholars and researchers in demography, economics, anthropology, and many other disciplines, the Indian Census has been a fascinating source of data.</li>
<li>The collected data from the Census is <strong>available to grassroots administrative authorities</strong> of a particular region in order to take appropriate developmental tasks.</li>
<li>It helps in <strong>effective targeting and better delivery of government programmes</strong> to the most downtrodden sections of the society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demarcation:</strong> Census data is also used for the demarcation of <strong>constituencies and allocation</strong> of representation to the Parliament, State Legislative Assemblies and local bodies.</li>
<li><strong>Giving Grants: Finance Commission</strong> gives grants to the states on the basis of population figures available from the Census data.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How is Census-2021 different from Earlier Ones?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Digital Data:</strong> It is for the <strong>first time the data is collected digitally</strong> via mobile applications (installed on enumerator&rsquo;s phone) with a provision of working in offline mode. This would help in reducing the delay and having the <strong>results almost immediately,</strong> unlike earlier cases where it used to take multiple years for the data to be analyzed and the reports published.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data collected by enumerator on his/her phone will be <strong>registered with the Census authorities.</strong> In case of lack of network availability/connectivity, he/she will also have an option to collect the same information on paper and then make data entries onto the application (in offline mode).</li>
<li><strong>No document</strong> will be required by the citizens to be shown as proof, and <strong>self-declaration</strong> will suffice the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Census Monitoring &amp; Management Portal</strong> will act as a single source for all officers/ officials involved in Census activities to provide<strong> multi-language support.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No Caste Data:</strong> The latest Census (as per the existing plan) will <strong>not collect caste data.</strong> While the <strong>Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC)</strong> was conducted alongside Census 2011, the outcome of the caste Census is yet to be made public.</li>
<li><strong>Transgender Head:</strong> It is for the first time that information of households <strong>headed by a person from the transgender community and members</strong> living in the family will be collected. Earlier there was a column for male and female only.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Errors:</strong> There are two types of error during statistical exercise: <strong>Content error, and Coverage error</strong> which needs to be minimised.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People should not be considered as a mere headcount but as citizens having certain basic rights. Therefore, <strong>accurate data collection with minimal exclusion</strong> should be focused upon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Furnishing of false information:</strong> Due to <strong>fear of losing intended benefits</strong> of various schemes (or fear of losing citizenship this time) and <strong>lack of education,</strong> people fabricate and tend to provide false information. For example, people had apprehensions about the data collection of children not going to school and many-a-times they did not answer the survey questions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this regard, the Kerala CM urged the people to<strong> acknowledge true information</strong> and take the Census exercise seriously.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Associated Costs: Huge expenditure</strong> (thousands of crores) is incurred by the government in conducting this exercise.</li>
<li><strong>Security:</strong> The move towards digital mode of collecting the data is a step forward to speed up the process of analysis. However, the <strong>security</strong> of the data being collected (especially on the application) and<strong> adequate backup mechanism</strong> for such data has to be looked into.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The mistrust and fear of misuse of data need to be minimized and mitigated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abuse of Data:</strong> The availability of data with regional authorities has the potential for abuse of such data, as the concerned authority has access to everything about a particular family (ownership, caste, financial aspects, occupation, lifestyle, etc.).</li>
<li>Lack of <strong>community participation</strong> and <strong>inadequate training of enumerators</strong> to collect the precise and accurate data acts as a big challenge in conducting the Census exercise.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Remedial Measures</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Capacity-Building:</strong> Proper training of enumerators (data collectors) and organizers should be organised.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, enumerators should be <strong>well paid</strong> to keep them motivated, as they are the focal point of data collection and ensuring data accuracy. As any disgruntled/aggrieved enumerator can hamper the quality of data.</li>
<li>A <strong>conducive safe and secure environment</strong> should be provided to the interviewers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening the Data Quality:</strong> This can be done by<strong> minimising the coverage error and content error</strong> (through increased list of questions in the survey). It will help in changing the discourse of the government&rsquo;s programme implementation.</li>
<li><strong>Organizing Campaigns:</strong> Launching of massive publicity campaigns in order to make people aware about the importance of Census in their life should be organized.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Relevant community political &amp; religious leaders, college students (conducting flash mobs) should be involved in order to <strong>spread awareness and educate people.</strong></li>
<li>Also, the government needs to create a <strong>mass media campaign</strong> through print &amp; electronic media (through advertisements) in order to <strong>allay the fears and doubts</strong> haunting the minds of the people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Census in India is the <strong>largest single source</strong> of a variety of <strong>statistical information</strong> on different characteristics of the people of India. It is a <strong>sacred democratic exercise.</strong> To follow an <strong>integrated approach</strong> should be the aim of all involved stakeholders in order to conduct this exercise in a hassle-free manner.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4160,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Urbanisation Trends: EIU',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579006752_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579006752_image6.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)</strong> survey released a ranking of the fastest-growing urban areas across the world which features three cities from Kerala among the top 10.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>From the period of 2015-2020, Malappuram had 44.1% change, Kozhikode had 34.5% change and Kollam had 31.1% change).</strong> These are the only places from India to feature in the top 10 rankings.</li>
<li><strong>Thrissur, Kerala</strong> is at 13<sup>th</sup> position with 30.2% jump between 2015 and 2020. <strong>Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu</strong> is at 30<sup>th</sup> rank. <strong>Thiruvananthapuram</strong> is at 33<sup>rd</sup> position.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> The list is based on data from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> <strong>Population Division.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Time Period:</strong> The Economist has listed the rate at which the populations of the UAs are expected to increase between 2015 and 2020 and it provides a measure of the pace of urbanisation.</li>
<li><strong>Unusual Findings:</strong> The rankings seem unusual because the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/population-explosion-and-fertility-rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>total fertility rate</strong></a> <strong>(TFR,</strong> the number of children a woman is likely to have in the childbearing age of 15-49) in Kerala is 1.8 as per <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> data from 2016, below the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indias-falling-fertility-rate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>replacement rate</strong></a> of 2.1.</li>
</ul>
<h3>With Reference to Kerala</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Transformation of Villages to Town:</strong> Kerala has <strong>low fertility rate</strong> which means the increase in the population of Malappuram and other cities is not because women are having more children but because more villages are being transformed into towns and city borders are expanding.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When a village becomes a census town, its population is included in the urban population of the district.</li>
<li>Cities of Kerala are seeing rapid urbanisation and the main reason is the inclusion of new areas in the UA&rsquo;s limits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of Migration:</strong> Kerala sees both <strong>emigration</strong> (migration from the state to other places) and <strong>immigration</strong> (the migration of workers to the state)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The remittances that emigrants send allow the residents of villages to move away from agriculture, which changes the status of a village to census town.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Shift from Agriculture:</strong> In Kerala, <strong>urbanisation is driven by a move away from agriculture,</strong> which leads to a change in a village&rsquo;s Census classification status.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579006782_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1579006782_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Factors for Population Growth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>When the birth rate exceeds the death rate (natural growth).</li>
<li>When workers migrate to the city in search of jobs.</li>
<li>When more areas get included within the boundaries of the city.</li>
<li>When existing rural areas are reclassified as urban.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>Census definition,</strong> an urban area is either a census town (CT) or a statutory town (ST).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Statutory Town:</strong> Any place with a municipal corporation, municipal council, or cantonment board.</li>
<li><strong>Census Town:</strong> It can be a place with &ldquo;urban characteristics&rdquo;, a population of more than 5,000, population density more than 400 people per sq km, and with more than 75% of the population not engaged in agriculture for their livelihood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the UN,<strong> &ldquo;urban agglomerations&rdquo;</strong> (UA) are defined as continuous urban spread consisting of a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths or two or more physically contiguous towns together.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For example,</strong> the <strong>National Capital Territory of Delhi</strong> is a UA that includes the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) and New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) areas as well as 107 census towns (erstwhile surrounding villages where more than 75% of the population is now engaged in non-agricultural pursuits).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Economist Intelligence Unit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the research and analysis division of The Economist Group and the world leader in global business intelligence. It was created in 1946.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Urbanisation leads to the <strong>growth of cities and infrastructure</strong> which gives more opportunities to youth. People leave behind caste and class divisions (to some extent) that dominate life in the villages and move upwards in society.</li>
<li>However, <strong>unplanned urbanisation can be exclusionary</strong> making it difficult for migrants to live there given the high cost. Unregulated housing, lack of reliable public transport, and longer commutes within these towns put a strain on the meagre resources of migrants</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-malappuram-topped-the-list-of-worlds-fastest-growing-cities-6215006/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4150,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD)',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government has launched a <strong>central accident database management system</strong> that will help in analysing causes of road crashes and in devising safety interventions to reduce such accidents in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The system, known as the <strong>Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD),</strong> has been <strong>developed by the Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT-M)</strong> and will be <strong>implemented by the National Informatics Centre.</strong></li>
<li>The project costs ₹258 crore and is being <strong>supported by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank.</a></strong></li>
<li>The system will be first piloted in the six States with highest fatalities from road crashes &mdash; Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li>IRAD is comprehensive web-based Information Technology (IT) solution and will enable various agencies such as the police, Public Works Department (PWDs),etc. to enter details on a road accident from different perspectives such as investigation, road engineering, vehicle condition etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Road Accidents in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the World Road Statistics,<strong> India recorded the highest number of road accident deaths across 199 countries in 2018</strong> followed by China and the US.</li>
<li>According to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government data</strong></a>, more than 1.5 lakh people lost their lives in road crashes in the country in 2018.</li>
<li>Of the total people killed in road crashes in 2018, 48% were between 18 years and 35 years old, and more than 60% of such fatalities were due to overspeeding.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Working of IRAD</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IRAD mobile application will enable police personnel to enter details about a road accident, along with photos and videos, following which a unique ID will be created for the incident.</li>
<li>Subsequently, an engineer from the Public Works Department or the local body will receive an alert on his mobile device. He or she will then visit the accident site, examine it, and feed the required details, such as the road design.</li>
<li>Data thus collected will be analysed by a team at IIT-M, which will then suggest if corrective measures in road design need to be taken.</li>
<li>Road users will also be able to upload data on road accidents on a separate mobile application, which is expected to go live from 1st April 2020.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Informatics Centre</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NIC of the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology</strong> provides network backbone and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-Governance</strong></a> support to the Central Government, State Governments and UT Administrations.</li>
<li>It was established in<strong> 1976</strong> and is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/road-accidents-in-india-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4001,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Second Edition of Eat Right Mela',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Union Minister of Health &amp; Family Welfare inaugurated the <strong>2<sup>nd</sup> edition of Eat Right Mela</strong> in New Delhi.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eat Right Mela</strong> is organised by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an outreach activity for citizens to nudge them towards eating right. It is organised to make citizens aware of the health and nutrition benefits of different types of food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The PURPLE Book,</strong> a handbook on diets for diseases was also launched.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides general guidelines for hospitals on suitable diets for common medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, gut disorders etc. in a simple format and has been developed and vetted by experts in the field of food and nutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Network for Scientific Co-operation for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (NetSCoFAN)</strong> was also launched.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a network of research &amp; academic institutions working in the area of food &amp; nutrition along with the NetSCoFAN directory, covering detailed information of various heads/Directors and lead scientists of lead and associated partnering institutions.</li>
<li>It would comprise of <strong>eight groups of institutions</strong> working in different areas viz. <strong>biological, chemical, nutrition &amp; labelling, food of animal origin, food of plant origin, water &amp; beverages, food testing, and safer &amp; sustainable packaging.</strong></li>
<li>It would <strong>identify research gaps</strong> in respective areas and collect, collate and develop database on food safety issues for risk assessment activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The importance of <strong>&lsquo;Save Food Share Food&rsquo;</strong> was emphasised.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, <strong>Indian Food Sharing Alliance (IFSA)</strong> seeks to reduce food waste and hunger and to feed the needy and hungry with surplus food through structured systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1597673" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'National Population Register Updation',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Home Ministry will be undertaking an updation exercise of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-population-register" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Population Register (NPR).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Population Register (NPR) updation exercise will be undertaken <strong>alongside <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Census 2021</a>.</strong> But<strong> no biometric data</strong> will be collected during the updation exercise</li>
<li>It will be conducted by the <strong>Office of the Registrar General of India (RGI)</strong> under the <strong>Home Ministry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>National Population Register</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <strong>Citizenship Rules (2003),</strong> an NPR is &lsquo;the register containing details of persons <strong>usually residing</strong> in a<strong> village or rural area</strong> or town or ward or demarcated area (demarcated by the Registrar General of Citizen Registration).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to <strong>Census of India, a &ldquo;usual resident of the country&rdquo;</strong> is one who has been residing in a local area for at least the last <strong>six months,</strong> or intends to stay in a particular location for the next six months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is notified under the <strong>Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>mandatory</strong> for every &ldquo;usual resident of India&rdquo; to register in the NPR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data for the NPR was <strong>first collected in 2010</strong> along with the house listing phase of Census 2011.</li>
<li>For Census 2021, data will be collected on <strong>21 points</strong> for updating the NPR.</li>
<li>The updation of NPR will newly include <strong>date and place of birth of parents</strong> in addition to the last place of residence, Permanent Account Number, <strong>Aadhaar (on a voluntary basis),</strong> Voter ID card number, Driving License number and mobile number.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For NPR (2010), data was collected on <strong>15 points.</strong> These 15 points <strong>did not include</strong> date and place of birth of parents, last place of residence, passport number, Aadhaar ID, PAN, Driving Licence number, Voter ID card and Mobile number.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/national-population-register-updation-centre-to-seek-info-on-date-and-place-of-parents-birth-6177564/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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