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PASSEX with the U.S.A

Why in News Recently, Indian Naval ships conducted a Passage Exercise (PASSEX) with the U.S. Navy’s USS Nimitz carrier strike group near the...

21 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
China Crossed its 1960’s LAC Claims

Why in News According to the records of 1960 boundary talks, the Chinese troops have gone beyond China’s own territorial claims at Pangong Tso...

20 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
USA Ends Hong Kong’s Special Status

Why in News Recently, the President of the USA has issued an order to end Hong Kong’s special status and signed the Hong Kong Autonomy Act, a...

16 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
Azad Pattan: PoK Hydel Project

Why in News Recently, Pakistan and China have signed an agreement for the 700 MW Azad Pattan hydel power project on the Jhelum river in Sudhnoti...

16 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
Spike-LR Anti-Tank Guided Missiles

Why in News The India Army is set to place a repeat order for Spike-LR (Long Range) Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM) from Israel as part of...

15 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
India Dropped from Chabahar Rail Project

Why in News Recently, Iran has decided to proceed with the Chabahar rail line construction on its own, citing delays from the Indian side in...

14 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
USA, China Visa Curbs Over Tibet Issue

Why in News Recently, China has announced visa restrictions on people from the USA for behaving badly on Tibet-related issues. It is considered a...

10 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
Australia Suspends Extradition Treaty with Hong Kong

Why in News Recently, Australia has suspended its extradition treaty with Hong Kong in response to a new national security law imposed by...

10 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
Fishermen Issue with Sri Lanka

Why in News Recently, Sri Lanka’s northern fishermen have reported a sudden increase in the number of Indian trawlers spotted in its...

09 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
Global Response to China's Security Law on Hong Kong

Why in News Recently, several countries have proposed measures to protect Hong Kong residents fleeing potential political persecution from China's...

07 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
New Bhutanese Territory Claimed by China

Why in News Recently, China has made new territorial claims in the eastern sector of Bhutan’s Trashigang district. Key...

06 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
Economic Measures by India Against China

Why in News India is considering a range of economic measures aimed at Chinese firms amid the border tensions between two countries. The ban on...

04 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
Importance of Ladakh

Why in News? Recently, twenty Indian Army personnel, including the Commanding Officer lost their lives at the hands of Chinese troops in the Galwan...

03 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
Dharma Chakra Day

Why in News The Ministry of Culture, Government of India in partnership with International Buddhist Confederation (IBC) will celebrate the upcoming...

03 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
India-China Conflict

Why in News Recently, the third round of Corps Commander-level talks was held between India and China. Both the sides emphasised on expeditious,...

03 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
The Big Picture: Downturn In Indo-Nepal Relations

Nepal’s government, after going through the serious internal rift and the Chinese assistance regarding the same have tabled a crucial...

02 Jul 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
Kholongchhu Hydropower Project

Why in News Recently, India and Bhutan have signed concession agreement on the 600 MW Kholongchhu Hydropower Project. It will be the first-ever...

30 Jun 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
Uttrakhand Approves Land Transfer

Why in News Recently, the Uttarakhand State Wildlife Advisory Board has permitted proposals on the transfer of forest land in Gangotri National Park...

30 Jun 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
Galwan Valley Clash

This article is based on “Galwan: Postscript to a tragedy” published in The Hindu on 19/06/2020. It talks about recent confrontation...

29 Jun 2020 India and its Neighbourhood
Decoupling India’s Manufacturing With China

This article is based on “Easier said” which was published in the Indian Express on 19/06/2020. It talks about the issues of banning...

23 Jun 2020 India and its Neighbourhood

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		'article_id' => (int) 5957,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'PASSEX with the U.S.A',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Indian Naval ships <strong>conducted a Passage Exercise (PASSEX)</strong> with the U.S. Navy&rsquo;s USS Nimitz carrier strike group near the Andaman and Nicobar islands.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A passage exercise is normally undertaken whenever an opportunity arises, in <strong>contrast to pre-planned maritime drills.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, the Indian Navy had <strong>also conducted similar PASSEXs with the Japanese Navy and the French Navy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PASSEX:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Four frontline Indian naval ships which included <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-shivalik-and-sindhukirti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>INS Shivalik</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samudra-laksamana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>INS Sahyadri</strong></a>, <strong>INS Kamorta and INS Rana</strong>, teamed up with carrier USS Nimitz and three other U.S. ships to conduct the exercise.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>USS Nimitz is the U.S. Navy&rsquo;s <strong>largest aircraft carrier.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>improve the cooperation</strong> between the U.S. and Indian maritime forces and to <strong>maximize training and interoperability,</strong> which also include air defence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>enhance both sides' ability to counter threats at sea,</strong> from piracy to violent extremism.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A free and open sea promotes an international rules-based order wherein each country can reach its potential without sacrificing national sovereignty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will also <strong>present opportunities to build upon the pre-existing strong relationship</strong> between the United States and India and allow both countries to learn from each other.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China Factor:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PASSEX comes amid a high alert by the Indian Navy in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>stand-off with China along the border in Ladakh.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The exercise also came amidst mounting tensions in the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South China Sea</strong> </a>where the U.S Navy just conducted a major exercise involving USS Nimitz and USS Ronald Reagan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Indian Navy is keeping a close watch on the movement of Chinese naval ships in the IOR, whose presence has gone up considerably over the years in the name of anti-piracy patrols. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2017, China opened its first overseas military base in Djibouti in the Horn of Africa.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-navy-holds-passage-exercise-with-uss-nimitz-carrier-group/article32140656.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5949,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'China Crossed its 1960’s LAC Claims',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the records of 1960 boundary talks, the Chinese troops have gone beyond China&rsquo;s own territorial claims at Pangong Tso Lake and Galwan Valley.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The records also raise questions on recent statements from Indian officials that China is not present anywhere on Indian territory.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Official Records:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 1960&rsquo;s documents show that the Chinese claim over the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/face-off-between-india-and-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pangong Tso Lake</strong></a> was at near <strong>Finger 8,</strong> around 8 km east of where China now says the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control (LAC)</strong></a> is. Now the Chinese troops are at<strong> Finger 4.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Fingers refer to mountain spurs on the bank of the Lake, and run from 1 to 8, west to east.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1595237231_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1595237231_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="606" height="300" /></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The documents show that, in the <strong>Galwan Valley,</strong> the LAC ran east of the bend of the Galwan river, called the <strong>Y-nallah,</strong> which is now claimed by China.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Y-nallah was the site of the recent clash between Indian and Chinese troops.</li>
<li>The clash took place following a dispute during the de-escalation process, triggered when the Chinese troops put up a tent near the bend.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1595237240_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1595237240_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="605" height="296" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reason for Increased Claims:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Chinese are now likely interpreting their perception of the LAC in a manner that seeks<strong> to redefine or maximise old claims</strong> along new lines, as cartography and terrain knowledge have improved, which offer them<strong> tactical advantage</strong> and <strong>more &lsquo;domination&rsquo;</strong> in key areas along the LAC.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening of India&rsquo;s border infrastructure</strong> (e.g. construction of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/darbuk-shyok-daulat-beg-oldie-road" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldie road</strong></a>) may also be the reason.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-has-crossed-its-1960-claims-along-the-lac/article32133689.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5913,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'USA Ends Hong Kong’s Special Status',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the President of the USA has issued an order to<strong> end Hong Kong&rsquo;s special status</strong> and signed the <strong>Hong Kong Autonomy Act,</strong> a legislation that would <strong>sanction banks doing business with Chinese officials.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons Behind the Move:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China&rsquo;s imposition of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hong-kong-national-security-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>national security law</strong></a> in Hong Kong.</li>
<li>USA&rsquo;s blame on China for <strong>mishandling the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic</a></strong> and not informing the world about its severity.</li>
<li>China's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/china-in-south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>military buildup in the South China Sea</strong></a> and its treatment of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-bill-to-put-sanction-on-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Uighur Muslims.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ending the Special Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hong Kong will now be<strong> treated the same as mainland China</strong> without any special privileges, special economic treatment or exports of sensitive technologies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the USA&rsquo;s <strong>Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992,</strong> the USA treats Hong Kong, a semi-autonomous part of China with its own legal and economic system, differently than the Chinese mainland in trade, commerce and other areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sanctions on Banks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The legislation would <strong>penalize banks doing business with Chinese officials</strong> involved in the national security law which China has imposed on Hong Kong.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the legislation, banks are <strong>granted a kind of year-long grace period</strong> to stop doing business with entities and individuals (primary offenders) undermining Hong Kong&rsquo;s autonomy.</li>
<li>After that period, a <strong>variety of penalties will be imposed</strong> like seizing their assets, barring top executives from entering the USA and restricting the ability to engage in USA dollar-denominated transactions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Possible Outcomes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new law will force all but provincial Chinese banks to<strong> choose between assisting Beijing&rsquo;s efforts</strong> in Hong Kong or <strong>being able to conduct transactions in USA dollars</strong> and operate in the world&rsquo;s largest economy.</li>
<li>It will have a <strong>devastating impact on Hong Kong</strong> as the financial gateway to Western markets.</li>
<li>Completely ending Hong Kong's special treatment could <strong>prove self-defeating for the USA because it was the source of the largest bilateral US goods trade surplus</strong> last year, at USD 26.1 billion.</li>
<li>Hong Kong is a <strong>major destination for USA&rsquo;s legal and accounting services.</strong> Around 85,000 USA citizens lived in Hong Kong in 2018 and more than 1,300 USA companies operate there, including nearly every major financial firm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has held that the Hong Kong Autonomy Act <strong>&ldquo;maliciously slanders&rdquo;</strong> its legislation in Hong Kong and has vowed to retaliate.</li>
<li>It will make <strong>necessary responses to protect its legitimate interests and impose sanctions</strong> on relevant USA personnel and entities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5911,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Azad Pattan: PoK Hydel Project',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Pakistan and China</strong> have signed <strong>an agreement</strong> for the <strong>700 MW Azad Pattan hydel power project</strong> on the Jhelum river in Sudhnoti district of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/disputed-territories-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 1.5-billion USD project is under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/obor-cpec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Azad Pattan project is one of<strong> five hydropower schemes</strong> on the Jhelum, the other four are <strong>Mahl, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kohala-hydropower-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kohala</a>, Chakothi Hattian and Karot projects.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Azad Pattan, Kohala and Karot</strong> are being developed under the <strong>CPEC framework.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a run-of-the-river scheme with a 90-metre-high dam, and a 3.8 sq km reservoir.</li>
<li>It will be developed on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/build-operate-transfer-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Build, Own, Operate, Transfer (BOOT)&rsquo; model.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is expected to be <strong>commissioned by 2024.</strong></li>
<li>The project will be <strong>transferred to the government of Pakistan after 30 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns for India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Territorial Integrity:</strong> India has <strong>protested the construction of dams</strong> and other infrastructure in PoK and Gilgit Baltistan, which are territories claimed by it as part of Jammu &amp; Kashmir.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier India had also objected to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/diamer-bhasha-dam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>construction of the Diamer-Bhasha dam</strong></a> (on Indus river) in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of the PoK.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conflict With China:</strong> The signing of the Hydel project comes at a time when India and China have been involved in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>military conflicts</strong></a> following the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/galwan-valley-clash" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Galwan Valley</strong></a> incident in the Ladakh region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Through these projects, <strong>China and Pakistan have been consolidating</strong> their presence in the Indian region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chabahar Rail Project:</strong> Recently, <strong>Iran along with China</strong> has gone ahead with the construction of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-dropped-from-chabahar-rail-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chabahar rail project</strong></a> without India's assistance citing funding delay.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Chabahar has been considered as <strong>India&rsquo;s strategic response</strong> to counter China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Not Based on International Norms:</strong> These projects do not follow the principles of openness, transparency and financial responsibility given by the International agencies.</li>
<li><strong>Security Concerns:</strong> China may use its <strong>economic power</strong> to increase its geopolitical leverage as these projects give a hold to China in the western Indian Ocean with the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/chabahar-port-us-sanctions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gwadar port</strong></a>, located near the strategic <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strait-of-hormuz-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Strait of Hormuz.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Strait of Hormuz is a <strong>vulnerable point for India,</strong> which sources more than 60% of its oil supplies from the Middle East.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>China-Pakistan Economic Corridor<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594891963_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594891963_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-belt-one-road-and-china-pakistan-economic-corridor" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Belt One Road (OBOR)</strong></a>, intended to improve infrastructure within Pakistan for better trade with China and to further integrate the countries of the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OBOR has two main components, <strong>One Belt - the land-based belt,</strong> and <strong>One Road refers to the ocean going &lsquo;Maritime Silk Road&rsquo;,</strong> which aims to connect the East Asian economic region with the European economic circle and runs across the continents of Asia, Europe and Africa.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has<strong> boycotted the Belt and Road Forum</strong> organised by China. China&rsquo;s insistence on establishing the CPEC project through PoK is seen by India as a <strong>deliberate disregard of its territorial claims.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/azad-pattan-pok-hydel-project-pakistan-china-6507640/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5905,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Spike-LR Anti-Tank Guided Missiles',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The India Army is set to place a repeat order for <strong>Spike-LR (Long Range) Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM)</strong> from Israel as part of emergency procurement.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decision comes in the backdrop of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>continuing tensions on the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Last year, the Army procured 12 launchers and around 250 missiles from Israel under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emergency-financial-powers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new emergency financial powers</strong></a> sanctioned by the Defence Ministry after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-bombs-jaish-e-muhammad-camp-in-pakistan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Balakot airstrike.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Emergency Financial Powers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under these, armed forces have been given a <strong>free hand</strong> to <strong>procure equipment worth up to Rs. 300 crore</strong> on a priority basis with deliveries stipulated to be <strong>completed in three months </strong>but<strong> extendable up to six months.</strong></li>
<li>Entirely new systems not in use were also allowed to be procured under the new powers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Spike-LR:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594805429_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594805429_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are the<strong> 4<sup>th</sup> generation Anti-Tank Missiles</strong> developed and manufactured by the <strong>Rafael Advanced Defence Systems, Israel.</strong></li>
<li>It is a portable <strong>anti-armour weapon system</strong> with a <strong>range of up to 4 km,</strong> which can be operated in <strong>fire-and-forget mode</strong> and in the<strong> fire, observe and update mode</strong> using the fibre-optic data link.</li>
<li>These are<strong> used by</strong> infantry soldiers, special rapid reaction forces, ground forces and helicopter aircrew.</li>
<li>It can work in <strong>non-line-of-sight</strong> (NLOS) mode allowing the gunner to operate from a covered position.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The army recently decided to place a repeat order for 72,400 <strong>Sig 716 assault rifles</strong> from the <strong>USA</strong> as well.<img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594805462_image2.png" width="200" caption="false" style="float: right;" />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They will replace the existing <strong>Indian Small Arms System (Insas) rifles</strong> manufactured locally by the<strong> Ordnance Factories Board.</strong></li>
<li>They will be used by the troops in the <strong>counter-terrorism operations and frontline duties on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/external-intervention-on-kashmir-issue" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Line of Control&nbsp;</a></strong>(LoC).</li>
<li>India acquired the rifles under the<strong> fast-track procurement (FTP) programme.</strong></li>
<li>The remaining forces would be provided with the<strong> AK-203 rifles,</strong> which are to be produced <strong>jointly by India and Russia at Amethi ordnance factory.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Army has a much larger requirement for ATGMs which will be met through <strong>indigenous <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/drdo-successfully-tests-indigenous-anti-tank-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Man-Portable ATGM</a></strong> under development by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong></a> (DRDO).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-to-place-repeat-order-for-spike-missiles-from-israel/article32083307.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5891,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India Dropped from Chabahar Rail Project',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Iran has decided to proceed with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-firm-takes-over-chabahar-port-operations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chabahar</strong></a> rail line construction on its own, citing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-not-making-promised-investments-in-chabahar-port-iran" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>delays from the Indian side</strong> </a>in beginning and funding the project.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Chabahar Port</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chabahar port is located on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/operation-sankalp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gulf of Oman</strong></a> and is only 72 km away from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/viability-of-bri-and-cpec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gwadar port</strong> </a><strong>in Pakistan</strong> which has been <strong>developed by China.</strong></li>
<li>The port serves as the <strong>only oceanic port of Iran</strong> and consists of two separate ports named Shahid Beheshti and Shahid Kalantari.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594715104_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594715104_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Iran has inaugurated the track-laying process for the <strong>628 km Chabahar-Zahedan rail line,</strong> which will be <strong>extended to Zaranj across the border in Afghanistan.</strong></li>
<li>The entire project would be <strong>completed by March 2022</strong> and Iranian Railways will use approximately <strong>USD 400 million</strong> from the<strong> Iranian National Development Fund.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In May 2016, India, Iran and Afghanistan signed the <strong>trilateral agreement</strong> which entailed the establishment of <strong>Transit and Transport Corridor</strong> among the three countries using Chabahar port in Iran as one of the regional hubs for sea transportation.</li>
<li>Construction of a rail line from Chabahar port to Zahedan, along the border with Afghanistan as an alternate trade route to Afghanistan and Central Asia, was also a part of it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The state-owned <strong>Indian Railways Construction Ltd.</strong> (IRCON) had signed a <strong>Memorandum of Understanding</strong> (MoU) with the <strong>Iranian Rail Ministry</strong> and promised to provide all services, superstructure work and financing (around USD 1.6 billion).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Chabahar port is being considered a gateway to golden opportunities for trade by the three countries with other Central Asian countries in the wake of<strong> Pakistan denying transit access to India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite several site visits by IRCON engineers and preparations by Iranian railways, <strong>India never began the work,</strong> worrying that it could attract <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/chabahar-port-us-sanctions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sanctions by the USA.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has already <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iran-sanctions-india-lines-up-alternative-sources" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>zeroed out its oil imports from Iran</strong></a> due to USA sanctions.</li>
<li>The USA had provided a sanctions waiver for the Chabahar port and the rail line but it was <strong>difficult to find equipment suppliers and partners</strong> due to worries of being targeted by the USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Another reason could be the<strong> &lsquo;Comprehensive Plan for Cooperation between Iran and China&rsquo;</strong> which is a <strong>25-year and USD 400 billion strategic partnership deal.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both nations are <strong>close to finalising</strong> the deal, which will <strong>include Chinese involvement</strong> in Chabahar&rsquo;s duty-free zone, an oil refinery nearby and possibly a larger role in Chabahar port as well.</li>
<li>The cooperation will extend from<strong> investments in infrastructure, manufacturing and upgrading energy and transport</strong> facilities, to <strong>refurbishing ports, refineries and other installations</strong> and will commit Iranian oil and gas supplies to China during that period.</li>
<li>Iran proposed a tie-up between the Chinese-run Pakistani port at Gwadar and Chabahar in 2019 and offered interests to China in the <strong>Bandar-e-Jask port</strong> 350 km away from Chabahar, as well as in the Chabahar duty-free zone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Iran-China deal <strong>impinges on India&rsquo;s strategic ties with Iran</strong> and the use of Chabahar port. Bandar-e-Jask lies to the west of Chabahar and right before the Strait <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strait-of-hormuz-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>of Hormuz</strong></a> which would <strong>allow China to extend its control along the Pakistan-Iran coast.</strong></li>
<li>Each of these possibilities<strong> should be watched closely</strong> by India and it should <strong>strengthen its relations</strong> with the concerned countries.</li>
<li>As an emerging power, India cannot remain confined to South Asia and a peaceful extended neighbourhood (Iran-Afghanistan) is not only good for trade and energy security but also plays a <strong>vital role in India's aspirations of becoming a superpower.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iran-drops-india-from-chabahar-rail-project-cites-funding-delay/article32072428.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5853,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'USA, China Visa Curbs Over Tibet Issue',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, China has announced visa restrictions on people from the USA for <strong>behaving badly on Tibet-related issues.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is considered a <strong>retaliatory step by China</strong> over USA&rsquo;s visa restrictions for a certain group of Chinese officials.</li>
<li>The moves come as relations between China and USA deteriorate over trade, technology, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus pandemic</strong> </a>and the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hong-kong-national-security-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>national security law of Hong Kong.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tibet</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tibet is a region on the Tibetan Plateau <strong>in Asia,</strong> spanning about 2.4 million km<sup>2</sup>&ndash; nearly a <strong>quarter of China&rsquo;s territory.</strong></li>
<li>It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups.</li>
<li>Tibet is the<strong> highest region on Earth,</strong> with an average elevation of 4,900 metres. The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, Earth&rsquo;s highest mountain, rising 8,848 m above sea level.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China insists Tibet has been part of its territory for centuries. Also, it has barred foreign journalists from visiting <strong>Tibet since 2008,</strong> when the region experienced a wave of <strong>protests.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From 1912 until the founding of the People&rsquo;s Republic of China in 1949, <strong>no Chinese government exercised control</strong> over what is today China&rsquo;s Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR).</li>
<li>Many Tibetans insist they were <strong>essentially independent</strong> for most of that time and have protested what they regard as China's rule imposed after the People's Liberation Army occupied TAR in 1950.</li>
<li>Since the 1959 Uprising, the central government of China has been steadily tightening its grip on Tibet.</li>
<li>The <strong>14<sup>th</sup> Dalai Lama,</strong> continues to head the <strong>Tibetan government-in-exile</strong> from McLeod Ganj, a suburb of <strong>Dharamsala, India</strong> which coordinates political activities for Tibetans in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China has also<strong> not responded</strong> to USA&rsquo;s requests to set up a consulate in the <strong>regional capital Lhasa.</strong></li>
<li>The access to tibetan region is vital to keep track of <strong>human as well as environmental abuses by China</strong>. Also, <strong>stability of the region</strong> is important as it is the s<strong>ource for major rivers of Asia</strong> supporting civilisationa for the time immemorial.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>USA&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has continued systematically to <strong>obstruct travel to the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) and other Tibetan areas</strong> by USA diplomats and other officials, journalists, and tourists, while Chinese officials and other citizens enjoy far greater access to the United States.</li>
<li>USA announced <strong>visa restrictions on Chinese government and Chinese Communist Party officials</strong> determined to be substantially involved in the formulation or execution of policies related to access for foreigners to Tibetan areas, pursuant to the <strong>Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act of 2018.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act of 2018 promotes access for diplomats, officials, journalists and others from the United States to China's Tibetan areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Furthermore, the USA has also committed to work to <strong>advance the sustainable economic development,</strong> environmental conservation, and humanitarian conditions of <strong>Tibetan communities</strong> within China and abroad.</li>
<li>The USA&rsquo;s funding for the <strong>Tibetan issues</strong> for the fiscal year 2021 has been proposed to be <strong>$17 million and $1 million for the Special Coordinator for Tibetan issues.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has expressed firm opposition to the USA&rsquo;s visa restriction move and urged the USA to immediately stop <strong>interfering in China&rsquo;s internal affairs</strong> through Tibet-related issues.</li>
<li>China has also suggested the USA<strong> to avoid further harming China-USA relation, communication and cooperation</strong> between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China-USA relations have been deteriorating over a number of issues but the world needs peace and collaborative efforts during this wave of pandemic .</li>
<li>Thus both the countries need to adopt ways like conciliation, diplomatic talks to create and maintain peace between two countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us-china-trade-visa-curbs-over-tibet/article32025020.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5850,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Australia Suspends Extradition Treaty with Hong Kong',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Australia has <strong>suspended its extradition treaty with Hong Kong</strong> in response to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-security-law-in-hong-kong" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new national security law</strong></a> imposed by China.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The extradition treaty was in place <strong>since 1993.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Extradition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Extradition is the formal process of one state surrendering an individual to another state for prosecution or punishment for crimes committed in the requesting country's jurisdiction.</li>
<li>It is generally enabled through a bilateral or multilateral treaty.</li>
<li>The legal basis for extradition with countries with whom India does not have an Extradition treaty is provided by Section 3 (4) of the Indian Extradition Act, 1962.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594369307_image3.gif" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594369307_image3.gif" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hong Kong was formerly a British colony and was handed over to mainland China in <strong>1997,</strong> becoming one of its<strong> Special Administrative Regions (SAR).</strong></li>
<li>It is governed by a<strong> mini-constitution called the Basic Law,</strong> which affirms the principle of <strong>&ldquo;one country, two systems&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The constitutional document is a product of the <strong>1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration,</strong> under which China promised to honour Hong Kong&rsquo;s liberal policies, system of governance, independent judiciary, and individual freedoms for a period of 50 years from 1997.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issues With National Security Law:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China <strong>bypassed Hong Kong&rsquo;s Legislative Council</strong> to impose the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-hong-kong-national-security-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>national security law</strong></a> which <strong>prohibits activities which are viewed by China</strong> as secessionist, subversive or terrorist activities or foreign intervention in Hong Kong affairs.</li>
<li>Under the law, police have sweeping powers to conduct searches without warrants and order internet service providers and platforms to remove messages deemed to be in violation of the legislation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, the law is considered as an attack on <strong>human rights especially freedom of speech and freedom of assembly</strong> of the people of Hong Kong.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also violates the<strong> basic law of Hong Kong</strong> which suggests that no central government agencies can interfere in the functioning of the Special Administrative Region (Hong Kong).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 12</strong> under the basic law suggests that there will be a <strong>high degree of autonomy</strong> for administration of Hong Kong.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Australia:</strong> It has also announced a range of <strong>visa extensions</strong> from two to five years and pathways to <strong>permanent residency visas.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Earlier, Australia had offered<strong> &ldquo;safe haven&rdquo; visas to Chinese</strong> people after the crackdown on pro-democracy protesters around <strong>Beijing&rsquo;s Tiananmen Square in 1989.</strong></li>
<li>More than 27,000 Chinese students in Australia at the time were allowed to stay permanently.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Britain:</strong> It has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-response-to-china-s-security-law-on-hong-kong"><strong>declared</strong></a> that it is extending residency rights for up to 3 million Hong Kongers eligible for British National Overseas passports, allowing them to live and work in the U.K. for five years.</li>
<li><strong>Canada:</strong> It has suspended its extradition treaty with Hong Kong and is looking at other options including migration.</li>
<li><strong>India:</strong> India is expecting relevant parties would address the concerns<strong> properly, seriously and objectively.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The large Indian community makes the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China its home and thus India has been keeping a close watch on recent developments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Response:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has warned Australia against <strong>interfering in China&rsquo;s internal affairs with Hong Kong.</strong></li>
<li>It has also indicated that such steps will cause a <strong>huge negative impact on the Australian economy</strong> making the issue more serious.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The enactment of the national security law could undermine Hong Kong&rsquo;s position as an East Asian trading hub, and invite global disapproval for Beijing, which is already being accused of withholding key information related to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It becomes crucial to see how Hong Kong deals with the situation. The freedoms granted to it under the Basic Law will expire in 2047 and it is not clear what Hong Kong&rsquo;s status will be.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/australia-ends-hong-kong-extradition-treaty-extends-visas/article32028108.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5841,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Fishermen Issue with Sri Lanka',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Sri Lanka&rsquo;s northern fishermen have reported a<strong> sudden increase in the number of Indian trawlers spotted in its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener">territorial waters</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The territorial waters extend seaward <strong>up to 12 nautical miles (nm)</strong> from baselines of a country.</li>
<li>Fishermen along the northern coast of Jaffna Peninsula have<strong> lost their nets worth lakhs of rupees in the sea,</strong> after being caught under the large Indian trawlers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Indian trawlers are known to <strong>originate</strong> from the Indian State of <strong>Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594287180_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594287180_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Introduction of the International Maritime Boundary Line :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian boats have been fishing in the troubled waters for centuries and had a free run of the Bay of Bengal, Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar<strong> until 1974 and 1976</strong> when treaties were signed between the two countries to demarcate International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL).</li>
<li>However, the treaties failed to factor in the hardship of thousands of traditional fishermen who were forced to restrict themselves to a meagre area in their fishing forays.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Katchatheevu Island Issue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>small islet of Katchatheevu,</strong> hitherto used by them for sorting their catch and drying their nets, fell on the other side of the IMBL.</li>
<li>Fishermen often risk their lives and cross the IMBL rather than return empty-handed, but the Sri Lankan Navy is on alert, and have either arrested or destroyed fishing nets and vessels of those who have crossed the line.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation of Practical Agreements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries have agreed on certain practical arrangements to deal with the issue of bona fide fishermen of either side crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line.</li>
<li>Through these arrangements, it has been possible to deal with the issue of detention of fishermen in a humane manner.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-sri-lanka#:~:text=Key%20Points,and%20to%20fight%20against%20terrorism.&amp;text=India%20extended%20a%20%24400%20million,strengthen%20its%20infrastructure%20and%20economy." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Sri Lanka</strong></a> have agreed to set up a <strong>Joint Working Group (JWG)</strong> on Fisheries between the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare of India</strong> and Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development of Sri Lanka as the mechanism to help find a<strong> permanent solution</strong> to the fishermen issue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Threat to Livelihoods:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sri lankan fishermen fear that their <strong>livelihoods will be hit due to trawlers</strong> which are already under strain due to the coronavirus pandemic induced reduction in the export.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step Taken by Sri Lanka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the last couple of years, Sri Lanka has introduced <strong>tougher laws banning bottom-trawling,</strong> and has also introduced <strong>heavy fines for trespassing foreign vessels.</strong></li>
<li>The Sri Lankan Navy arrested over <strong>450</strong> Indian fishermen in <strong>2017</strong> and <strong>156</strong> in <strong>2018</strong> on charges of poaching. A total of <strong>210</strong> arrests were made in <strong>2019,</strong> while<strong> 34</strong> have been made so far in <strong>2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scare of Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sri Lankan fishermen have been alleging that currently the Sri Lankan Navy is reluctant to arrest the trespassing fishermen from Tamil Nadu now, due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-globalization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> prevalence in India.</li>
<li>However, the Sri Lankan Navy claims to be very vigilant along their borders not just to monitor illegal fishing, but also to take action on any illicit activity such as narcotics trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to focus more on its traditional and cultural ties to improve relations with Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Starting ferry services between India and Sri Lanka can improve people to people linkages.</li>
<li>Mutual recognition of each other's concerns and interests can improve the relationship between both countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indian-trawlers-are-back-say-sri-lankas-fishermen/article32024955.ece#:~:text=Sri%20Lanka's%20northern%20fishermen%20have,impaired%20their%20post%2Dwar%20recovery.&amp;text=%E2%80%9CThere%20is%20an%20increase%20in,complaints%2C%E2%80%9D%20the%20official%20said." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5819,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Global Response to China's Security Law on Hong Kong',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, several countries have proposed measures to protect Hong Kong residents fleeing potential political persecution from China's new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-security-law-in-hong-kong" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Security Law.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China&rsquo;s new security law criminalizes what it deems secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion with a foreign country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594115421_Image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594115421_Image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>United Kingdom&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has described the security law as a clear and serious violation of the <strong>1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration</strong> under which it handed back its colony to China in 1997.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the Joint Declaration, China had promised to maintain Hong Kong&rsquo;s capitalist and more open political system for 50 years under <strong>"one country, two systems".</strong></li>
<li>Since the handover, Hong Kong residents have accused China of <strong>overstepping its authority.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Umbrella Movement</strong> was a series of protests in 2014 that called for more transparent elections for the city&rsquo;s chief executive.</li>
<li>In 2019 protests erupted in Hong Kong over a proposed bill to allow <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extradition-treaty-between-india-and-belgium" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>extradition</strong></a> to mainland China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has <strong>decided to offer British citizenship</strong> to around three million <strong>residents of Hong Kong.</strong></li>
<li>It is also <strong>rethinking its provisional decision to allow Huawei (China&rsquo;s Company)</strong> to be involved in the development of Britain's 5G infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Taiwan&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has opened the <strong>Taiwan-Hong Kong Services and Exchange Office</strong> in order to help facilitate asylum for people fleeing Hong Kong.</li>
<li>Taiwan <strong>was the first state which pledged to support Hong Kong</strong> residents seeking asylum, in May 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China also<strong> claims Taiwan to be part of China</strong> and threatens to use force to take over the island.</li>
<li>China has proposed to Taiwan that it follow the <strong>&ldquo;one country, two systems&rdquo;</strong> model to unite with China. But the Taiwanese reject any idea of uniting with mainland China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Country&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The USA</strong> has passed a<strong> Bipartisan Bill</strong> to sanction Chinese officials who violate Hong Kong's freedoms.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is also planning to bring the <strong>Hong Kong Safe Harbor Act,</strong> which would open up a route for asylum for Hong Kong&rsquo;s frontline activists in immediate danger.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Australia</strong> is considering offering Hong Kong residents <strong>temporary protection visas</strong> that will allow refugees to live in the country for up to three years.</li>
<li><strong>Japan</strong> said that it is <strong>seriously concerned</strong> about China&rsquo;s decision toward Hong Kong.</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> has been keeping a close watch on recent developments in Hong Kong.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chinese Reaction to Global Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has said that the <strong>security law issue is purely China's internal affairs,</strong> and no foreign country has the right to interfere.</li>
<li>It has condemned the UK&rsquo;s citizenship offer to Hong Kongers and <strong>warned the UK for serious consequences.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It considers all residents living in Hong Kong, including those with British National Overseas passports, as Chinese nationals.</li>
<li>It has said that the UK's U-turn on its <strong>Huawei decision would damage the UK's image as an open, business-friendly environment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has <strong>accused Taiwan administration</strong> of nurturing a separatist plot in Hong Kong and warned for a <strong>military response.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-rebukes-britain-over-gross-interference-in-hong-kong/article32006205.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5806,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'New Bhutanese Territory Claimed by China',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, China has made new territorial claims in the <strong>eastern sector of Bhutan&rsquo;s Trashigang district.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594023670_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1594023670_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Territorial Claim of China:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China made this claim at an online meeting of the<strong> 58<sup>th</sup></strong> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Environment Facility (GEF)</strong></a> <strong>Council,</strong> while objecting to the funding request to develop the Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary project in eastern Bhutan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, GEF cleared the funding to the project after Bhutan protested against the Chinese claims.</li>
<li>Set up in 1992, GEF is a US-based global body to finance projects in the environment sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to China, the <strong>Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> is located in the China-Bhutan disputed areas which is on the agenda of China-Bhutan boundary talk.</li>
<li>China claims that the <strong>boundary between China and Bhutan has never been delimited.</strong> It has had disputes over the<strong> eastern, central and western sectors</strong> of Bhutan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bhutan&rsquo;s Position:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bhutan totally rejected the claim made by China.</strong> It said that Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary is an integral and sovereign territory of Bhutan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Also, Sakteng Sanctuary in the past too has received such grants, including in 2018-2019, for a project on preventing soil erosion, without any objection from China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bhutan has conveyed its position to China through its embassy in New Delhi&mdash; since both countries don&rsquo;t have embassies in each other&rsquo;s countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bhutan and China<strong> do not have any formal diplomatic relations,</strong> both the countries conduct their diplomatic communication through their missions in Delhi.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China and Bhutan have a dispute in <strong>only two sectors of the border,</strong> one in the <strong>north (central) &ndash; Pasamlung and Jakarlung,</strong> and second in the<strong> west &ndash; Doklam.</strong></li>
<li>There has been<strong> no mention of eastern Bhutan, or Trashigang district,</strong> where Sakteng is based, <strong>in 24 previous rounds of boundary negotiations</strong> held between the two countries between 1984 and 2016.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China&rsquo;s new territorial claim is a part of the larger Chinese tactics of putting pressure on India&rsquo;s smaller neighbours, to punish them for any closeness to India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2017 China had intruded into<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/india-s-world-pm-modi-s-visit-to-bhutan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Doklam plateau</strong></a>, which is claimed by Bhutan, leading to a standoff between Indian and Chinese Armies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China might be doing this to put a pressure on India, or to divert India&rsquo;s attention from its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/galwan-valley-clash" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>aggression at Ladakh.</strong></a></li>
<li>Sakteng is situated along the border with Arunachal Pradesh, some part of which is also claimed by China.</li>
<li>Even after the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indo-bhutan-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-Bhutan Friendship Treaty</strong> </a>of 2007, Indian military is virtually responsible for protecting Bhutan from the kind of external threat that the Chinese military poses.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the<strong> India-Bhutan Friendship Treaty of 1949,</strong> Bhutan allowed India to "guide" its foreign policy and defence affairs.</li>
<li>However, the 1949 treaty was amended in 2007 to respect the sensitivities of Bhutan regarding its sovereignty.</li>
<li>Under the India-Bhutan Friendship Treaty of 2007, the two sides have agreed to cooperate closely with each other on issues relating to their national interests. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Neither Government shall allow the use of its territory for activities harmful to the national security and interest of the other.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China has said that a third party should not point fingers in the China-Bhutan border issue, which is an apparent reference to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhutan has protested against Chinese territorial claims in eastern Bhutan and said that it will also contest in future if China refers to the territory as disputed.</li>
<li>Safety of Border from China is a concern for both India and Bhutan. Therefore, both sides need to work together on this issue.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/china-makes-new-claim-in-eastern-border-with-bhutan-6491875/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5796,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Economic Measures by India Against China',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India is considering a<strong> range of economic measures </strong>aimed at <strong>Chinese firms <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/transgressions-around-lac#:~:text=Chinese%20Intent%20Behind%20Transgression&amp;text=India%20is%20rapidly%20catching%20up,infrastructure%20upgradation%20activity%20by%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener">amid the border tensions between two countries</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>ban on 59 Chinese apps</strong> is one of the economic measures taken by India, with other measures likely to follow if tensions along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-chinese-transgression" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control (LAC)</strong></a> continue without disengagement.</li>
<li>India wants to indicate that <strong>China cannot continue trade and investment relations</strong> as normal if China does not agree to return to the status quo of April before its incursions along the LAC began.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic Measures Planned by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government is considering <strong>trade and procurement curbs</strong> targeting China.</li>
<li>It is also<strong> increasing scrutiny of Chinese investments</strong> in many sectors, and weighing a decision to <strong>keep out Chinese companies</strong> including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>5G trials</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Recently, the Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways has announced that <strong>Chinese companies</strong> would <strong>not be allowed</strong> to take part in <strong>road projects.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implications:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Overall India-China Trade:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the India-China economic relationship trade is lopsided in <strong>China&rsquo;s favour as China&rsquo;s exports to India account for less than 3% of its overall exports.&nbsp;</strong>Thus China <strong>could inflict immediate economic pain</strong> if it chose to.</li>
<li>In 2019-20, India&rsquo;s imports from China accounted for <strong>$65 billion</strong> out of two-way trade of $82 billion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Dependence on Chinese Goods:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India remains deeply dependent on Chinese goods, <strong>whether they are procured from China or through other countries.</strong></li>
<li>India also relies on China for <strong>crucial imports for many of its industries</strong> including auto components and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-approved-to-promote-drug-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs).</strong> </a></li>
<li>Between 70- 90% of APIs needed for the pharma industry of India come from China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>On the investment front, Chinese investment in Indian tech start-ups has <strong>crossed $4 billion</strong> spanning major investments in companies including Paytm, Swiggy, Ola and Flipkart.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Possible Harm to Chinese Economy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The economic measures taken by India could <strong>potentially cost Chinese companies billions of dollars</strong> in contracts and future earnings.</li>
<li>For TikTok, one of the 59 apps banned, <strong>India is the biggest overseas market with more than 100 million users.</strong> Thus, the app is anticipating a <strong>loss of more than $6 billion,</strong> most likely more than the combined losses for all the other Chinese companies behind the other 58 apps banned in India.</li>
<li>A move to restrict Chinese companies from India&rsquo;s 5G rollout would also have the similar effect of <strong>costing hundreds of millions of dollars</strong> in potential revenue.</li>
<li>Moreover, losing Indian market would come at a time when the Chinese economy is facing its own challenges in the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> wake of the pandemic</strong> </a>and facing increasing barriers in many Western countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China has asked India to <strong>review its recent economic measures</strong> taken against it.</li>
<li>It has also stated that these economic measures are selectively and discriminatorily aimed at certain Chinese apps, going <strong>against the general trend of international trade and E-commerce.</strong></li>
<li>It has also stated that such measures are<strong> not conducive to consumer interests and the market competition</strong> in India.</li>
<li>Chinese State media have also <strong>widely criticised</strong> calls in India to boycott Chinese goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>China&rsquo;s History in Trade and Procurement Curbs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Economic sanctions</strong> have been one of the<strong> key tools</strong> of Chinese coercion.</li>
<li>China usually uses economic sanctions with the countries with whom China faces territorial claims where sanctions include<strong> restrictions on trade, encouragement for boycotts, and cutting off tourism.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China used these measures to inflict <strong>immediate economic pain.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s coercive actions are always <strong>selective and focused</strong> on targets where the <strong>economic cost of coercing is low but the impact is high.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Affected Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>South Korea:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China had boycotted <strong>South Korean goods in 2016 and 2017,</strong> when South Korea had deployed the U.S. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-opposition-to-thaad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Terminal High-Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)</strong> </a>missile system. In October 2017, South Korea had issued a list of assurances meant to clarify to China that it would not expand the scope of THAAD.</li>
<li>China had also placed curbs on tourism to South Korea, costing the country millions of dollars in tourism revenue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Japan:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2010, China had restricted the exports of rare earth elements to Japan &ndash; a key ingredient for many electronics industries &ndash; following a <strong>collision near <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/senkaku-islands" target="_blank" rel="noopener">disputed East China Sea islands</a>.</strong></li>
<li>Two years later, mass protests organised by China led to boycotts of Japanese brands and, in some instances, violence targeting Japanese branded-cars and stores.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Philippines:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A dispute over the Scarborough Shoal in the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South China Sea</strong></a> in 2012 led to China curbing imports on bananas and restricting tourism, costing the country millions of dollars in revenue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Losing a contract to India may cause some pain to companies, but will have a <strong>minimal impact on the scale they are operating.</strong></li>
<li>Thus, India needs to be very <strong>selective in its measures.</strong> For example, India can curb Chinese firms' involvement in the telecom sector in India, especially 5G trials. But at the same time a large part of the infrastructure India already has in place in the 4G network is all Chinese, so India will still need China for maintenance and servicing.</li>
<li>The problem for India is it cannot inflict serious pain on the five-times-larger Chinese economy as a whole, even if it could hurt individual companies.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/with-economic-measures-india-turns-the-tables-on-china/article31977199.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5790,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Importance of Ladakh',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<p>Recently, twenty Indian Army personnel, including the Commanding Officer lost their lives at the hands of Chinese troops in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/galwan-valley-clash" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Galwan Valley</strong></a> of Ladakh.</p>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ladakh</strong> is also known as <strong>&ldquo;the Land of Passes‟</strong> (La-passes, dakh-land) is the largest in area among the regions viz., Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh with an area of 95,876 km2. The region is administered by India as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ladakh-under-sixth-schedule" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>union territory</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593774978_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593774978_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bordering regions:</strong> It is bordered by the Chinese Tibet Autonomous Region to the east, the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh to the south, both the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan to the west, and the southwest corner of Xinjiang across the Karakoram Pass in the far north.</li>
<li><strong>River system:</strong> The Indus River and its major tributaries, the Shyok-Nubra, Chang Chenmo, Hanle, Zanskar, and Suru-dras rivers, drain the region. Glacio-fluvial processes aided by freeze- thaw weathering have formed the high altitude landscape of Ladakh.</li>
<li><strong>Climate:</strong> Ladakh has an extremely harsh environment and one of the highest and driest inhabited places on earth. Ladakh&rsquo;s climate is referred to as a <strong>&ldquo;cold desert&rdquo;</strong> climate due to its combined features of arctic and desert climates. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The entire area is nearly devoid of vegetation with the exception of valley floors and irrigated areas, due to the following factors:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These include wide diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in temperature, from -40&deg;C in winter to +35&deg;C in summer, and extremely low precipitation, with an annual 10 cm to 30 cm primarily from snow.</li>
<li>Due to high altitude and low humidity, the radiation level is amongst the highest in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Soil type:</strong> In Ladakh soils range from gravely and sandy loams on the alluvial fans to sandy and silt clay loams on the flood plains of Indus. Ladakh&rsquo;s soil is described as skeletal, calcareous with an alkaline reaction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By and large, soil is coarse and sandy, having varying quantities of pebbles. The soils are characterized by low organic matter content and poor water retention capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>History of Ladakh</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Dogras invasion:</strong> Historically, Ladakh was an independent kingdom from about A.D. 950 until 1834, when Hindu Dogras (from Jammu, which is southwest of Ladakh) invaded it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sikhs acquired Kashmir in 1819, Emperor Ranjit Singh turned his ambition towards Ladakh. But it was Gulab Singh, the Dogra feudatory of the Sikhs in Jammu, who went ahead with the task of integrating Ladakh into Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tibet invasion:</strong> In May 1841, Tibet under the <strong>Qing dynasty of China</strong> invaded Ladakh with the hope of adding it to the imperial Chinese dominions, leading to the Sino-Sikh war. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the <strong>Sino-Tibetan army</strong> was defeated, and the<strong> &lsquo;Treaty of Chushul&rsquo;</strong> was signed that agreed on no further transgressions or interference in the other country&rsquo;s frontiers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>British suzerainty:</strong> After the first Anglo-Sikh war of 1845-46, the state of Jammu and Kashmir, including Ladakh, was taken out of the Sikh empire and brought under British suzerainty.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>As a buffer zone:</strong> The state of Jammu and Kashmir was essentially a British creation, formed as a buffer zone where they could meet the Russians.</li>
<li>Consequently, there was an attempt to delimit what exactly was Ladakh and the extent of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, but it became convoluted since that area came under Tibetan and Central Asian influence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pakistan and China border dispute:</strong> Ladakh became a contested territory between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan. In the early 1960&rsquo;s a substantial area of eastern Ladakh was annexed by China. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to increasing tensions between India and Pakistan, the Chinese invasion of Tibet in the 1950s, and their occupation of the Aksai Chin region in 1962, Ladakh has become one of India&rsquo;s <strong>most important strategic zones.</strong></li>
<li>Strategic location and border disputes with Pakistan and China have assured a firm foothold for army presence since the past 50 years</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of Ladakh</h3>
<p>The importance of Ladakh to both India and China is rooted in complicated historical processes that led to the territory becoming union territory in 2019 (earlier it was part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir), and China&rsquo;s interest in it post the occupation of Tibet in 1950.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rich in natural resources:</strong> Ladakh is situated within the upper reaches of the Indus watershed, which in total supports about <strong>120 million people in India</strong> (in the states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Punjab and Rajasthan) and about <strong>93 million</strong> in the<strong> Pakistan province of the Punjab</strong> (literally, &ldquo;Land of the Five Rivers&rdquo;). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Careful management of water resources within Ladakh is therefore vitally important, not only for the livelihoods of Ladakhis and the ecosystems of Ladakh, but for the health of the whole river system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solar radiation:</strong> It is one of the most abundant natural resources in Ladakh, with annual solar radiation exceeding averages for other areas of India with high insulation.</li>
<li><strong>Geothermal potential:</strong> surveys have identified a geothermal resource at depths suitable for exploration and development. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This resource could be developed to provide grid connected power to small settlements and army bases sited on the national highway.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tourism industry:</strong> Popularly known as the <strong>Lama Land or little Tibet,</strong> Ladakh lies at altitudes ranging between about 9,000 feet and 25,170 feet. From trekking and mountaineering to Buddhist tours of various monasteries, Ladakh has it all.</li>
<li><strong>Provides connectivity:</strong> The passes of Ladakh region connect some of the politically and economically significant zones of the world like Central Asia, South Asia, China and the Middle East.</li>
<li><strong>Market access:</strong> The south Asian countries can reach Central Asian markets through this region. Countries like Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan are rich in uranium, cotton, oil and gas resources.</li>
<li><strong>Energy security:</strong> In future, the oil and gas pipeline from Iran to China can pass through this mountainous corridor. India‟s energy needs can also be met by constructing a pipeline from Central Asia via this region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Geopolitical Significance:</strong> The land of Ladakh enjoys the significance of being located at the ancient Silk Route which passes through these regions and played a very vital role in the development of culture, religion, philosophy, trade and commerce in the past.</li>
<li><strong>Geostrategic location:</strong> The presence of resources is what makes India, China and Pakistan struggle over Ladakh, in order to gain control over resources in this region. Pakistan and China are in conflict with India over Siachen and Aksai chin in this region. Ladakh&rsquo;s geostrategic significance has increased in the backdrop of these conflicts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India-China Border Dispute</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593775237_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593775237_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="410" height="305" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The origins of this contention date back to the British Raj which failed to demarcate the border between its colony and China definitively.</li>
<li>Recently, Indian and Chinese armies are engaged in the standoff in<strong> Pangong Tso, Galwan Valley, Demchok and Daulat Beg Oldie</strong> in eastern Ladakh.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Galwan Valley area comes under Sub Sector North (SSN), which lies just to the east of the Siachen glacier and is the only point that provides direct access to Aksai Chin from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both countries are rising nations which share a 3800 kilometre long border of which a large part remains disputed.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By and large, today‟s border issue revolves around two main boundary designs that have been put forward by the British.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India continues to maintain the <strong>McMahon Line</strong> as the legal border, while China has never accepted the border, stating that Tibet was never independent.</li>
<li>In 1962, Chinese troops crossed the McMahon line and, after war, China pushed forward to establish a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-china-relations-an-analysis%C2%A0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>"Line of Actual Control".</strong></a></li>
<li>However, none of these boundaries had ever been anchored in a binding bilateral treaty. And so, the status of the Indo-Chinese border in the western section at the time of Indian independence remained unsolved.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Line of Actual Control (LAC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km.</li>
<li>The India-China LAC in Ladakh is an outcome of the territory illegally retained by China after the 1962 conflict. The Chinese occupation of parts of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aksai-chin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aksai Chin</strong> </a>is not supported by historical or legal documents.</li>
<li>It is divided into three sectors:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim</li>
<li>the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh</li>
<li>the western sector in Ladakh</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ladakh has the potential to act as a vessel to feed India its required energy resources. For this peace in Ladakh is a condition. For peace, equal unbiased development is mandatory.</li>
<li>Therefore, India&rsquo;s policymakers, while drafting their policies for Ladakh, should consider its geographic location, fragile environment, resource potentials and its people&rsquo;s aspirations. In such a strategic location, it is crucial to keep all these aspects in harmony to take advantage of it to its fullest.</li>
</ul>
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5785,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Dharma Chakra Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Culture,</strong> Government of India in partnership with<strong> International Buddhist Confederation (IBC)</strong> will celebrate the upcoming <strong>Asadha Poornima on 4<sup>th</sup> July, 2020 as Dharma Chakra Day.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The festivities would start off with <strong>chanting of prayers at Sarnath, Varanasi (U.P.)</strong> which will be livestreamed, following which the opening event will be shifted to the Rashtrapati Bhavan.</li>
<li>The auspicious day of Asadha Poornima falls on the<strong> first full moon day</strong> of the month of <strong>Asadha</strong> as per Indian sun calendar. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also known as<strong> Esala Poya in Sri Lanka</strong> and <strong>Asanha Bucha in Thailand.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>second most sacred day for Buddhists</strong> after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/buddha-purnima" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddha Poornima or Vesak.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The day marks <strong>Buddha's first teaching</strong> after attaining Enlightenment to the <strong>first five ascetic disciples (pa&ntilde;cavargika)</strong> on the full-moon day of Asadha at <strong>&lsquo;Deer Park',</strong> Ṛiṣipatana in the current day <strong>Sarnath,</strong> near Varanasi, India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This teaching of Dhamma Cakka- PavattanaSutta (Pali) or Dharma chakra Pravartana Sutra (Sanskrit) is also known as the First Turning of Wheels of Dharma and comprised of the <strong>Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Rainy Season retreat (Varsha Vassa)</strong> for the Monks and Nuns also starts with this day lasting for three lunar months from July to October, during which they remain in a single place, <strong>generally in their <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-architecture-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">temples (Viharas/ Chaityas)</a></strong> dedicated to intensive meditation.</li>
<li>The day is<strong> also observed as Guru Poornima</strong> by both Buddhists and Hindus as a day to mark <strong>reverence to their Gurus.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Guru Purnima</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Hindu calendar, Guru Purnima generally falls on a<strong> full-moon day</strong> in the <strong>Hindu month of Ashadh.</strong></li>
<li>It is dedicated to <strong>Maharshi Veda Vyasa,</strong> the sage who is believed to have edited the sacred Hindu text, the Vedas and created the 18 Puranas, Mahabharata and the Srimad Bhagavatam.</li>
<li>For Buddhists, the <strong>festival marks the first sermon of Lord Buddha,</strong> which is said to have been delivered at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, on this very day.</li>
<li>It is also believed to <strong>mark the onset of monsoons.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Buddhism and Diplomacy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhism</strong> </a>has become an important tool in contemporary geopolitics particularly in Asia, and it has become increasingly evident that whoever controls the Buddhist discourse and activities will sway influence in Asia.</li>
<li>The celebration of <strong>Dharma Chakra Day</strong> is being pushed as an event <strong>to show India&rsquo;s strong Buddhist heritage</strong> amid <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/galwan-valley-clash" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tensions with China</strong></a>. It will see the virtual participation of leaders from major Buddhist countries, <strong>except China.</strong></li>
<li>The timing of the event is particularly important, because this is when both countries would like to <strong>resurrect their linkages with others.</strong> To show that like-minded countries are coming together sends across a message. What is however important is that one has to put in sustained effort at this, and have a <strong>relook at India-China policy with strategic cultural moves.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Central Tibetan Administration</strong> has asked Tibetan Buddhists to participate in the online event in large numbers to &ldquo;support and appreciate&rdquo; the effort.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Central Tibetan Administration (CTA)</strong> is an organisation headquartered in <strong>McLeod Ganj, Dharamshala, India.</strong> It is also referred to as the <strong>Tibetan Government in Exile</strong> which has never been recognized by China.</li>
<li>The position of the CTA is that Tibet is a distinct nation with a long history of independence and it considers <strong>China's administration of Tibet as illegitimate military occupation.</strong></li>
<li>In addition to political advocacy, it administers a network of schools and other cultural activities for Tibetans in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Meanwhile, the <strong>People&rsquo;s Republic of China (PRC)'s World Buddhist Forum (WBF)</strong> has been hosting congregations of <strong>buddhist monks since 2005.</strong> China's extensive infrastructure investment in <strong>Lumbini, Buddha's birthplace in Nepal,</strong> is also seen as a strategic move to claim the Buddhist legacy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While Buddhism might have vanished from India as a religion practised by many people, it is<strong> still a critical part of India's civilisational ethos.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There should be more <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-12th-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>buddhist corridors</strong> </a>including Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh, apart from Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.</li>
<li>There could be <strong>nodal centres for people-to-people exchanges</strong> for those who come from South Korea, Taiwan and other countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Although no other country can take Buddhist leadership away from India, the status of Buddhism in India is quite different now.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India <strong>has not been promoting its own Buddhist</strong> streams or strengthening the original Buddhism.</li>
<li>Promoting anything else or any other brand than its own limits a genuine outreach. Promoting anything else becomes a subject of contestation, and the essence of using Buddhism as a diplomatic card gets lost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are also hundreds of millions of Chinese who have a deep devotion towards Buddhism. India needs to<strong> reach out to those Chinese constituencies too,</strong> for long term gains. After all, India conquered the hearts and minds of Chinese for 200 years without sending a single troop to China.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1635953#:~:text=After%20a%20very%20successful%20hosting,2020%20as%20Dharma%20Chakra%20Day." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5782,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India-China Conflict',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> third round of Corps Commander-level talks</strong> was held between India and China.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both the sides emphasised on expeditious, phased and step-wise de-escalation in areas close to the <strong>Line of Actual Control (LAC)</strong> in Ladakh as priority.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593764472_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593764472_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the previous two rounds, India sought <strong>restoration of the status quo</strong> as it existed before the <strong>standoff began in May 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Indian and Chinese troops scuffled at Pangong Tso in Ladakh on 5/6<sup>th</sup> May.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>After the first round of talks on 6<sup>th</sup> June, 2020, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/galwan-valley-clash" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>clashes occurred in Galwan Valley (Ladakh)</strong></a> that claimed 20 Indian soldiers&rsquo; lives and an unknown number of casualties on the Chinese side.</li>
<li>While faceoffs and standoffs keep occurring on the LAC due to differences in perception on the alignment, there has been no instance of firing on the LAC since 1975.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India and China fought a war in 1962.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Military:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has moved in additional divisions, tanks and artillery across the LAC to match Chinese deployments.</li>
<li>Further, India has approved the purchase of 33 Russian fighter jets and upgrades to 59 war planes at a cost of Rs. 18,148 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Citing the &ldquo;emergent nature of threats&rdquo; from mobile applications, including popular ones of <strong>Chinese origin</strong> such as TikTok, ShareIt, UCBrowser, and Weibo, the government has <strong>banned 59 apps.</strong></li>
<li>Further, <strong>India&rsquo;s trade deficit with China fell to $48.66 billion in 2019-20</strong> on account of the <strong>decline in imports.</strong> The trade deficit stood at $53.56 billion in 2018-19 and $63 billion in 2017-18.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the tensions on the border, as well as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, have thrown light on India&rsquo;s economic dependencies on China.</li>
<li><strong>India remains reliant on Chinese products</strong> in several critical and strategically sensitive sectors, from semiconductors and active pharmaceutical ingredients to the telecom sector, where Chinese vendors are involved not only in India&rsquo;s 4G network but in on-going <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/5g-is-india-prepared" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>5G</strong></a> trials as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from China in India has dipped to $163.78 million</strong> in 2019-20 from $229 million in 2018-19.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In April 2020, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/review-of-fdi-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian government tightened FDI norms</strong></a> coming from the countries which <strong>share land borders with India.</strong> Government approval has been made mandatory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Reaction:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has described the app ban action as &ldquo;a deliberate interference in practical cooperation&rdquo; between the two countries. China&rsquo;s State media has warned of economic repercussions, such as affecting outbound Chinese investment into India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Possible Reasons Behind Increased China&rsquo;s Deployment at the LAC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s decision to strengthen its border infrastructure (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/darbuk-shyok-daulat-beg-oldie-road" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldie road</strong></a>).</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s United States tilt (e.g. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quad</strong></a>) amid <strong>US-China tensions.</strong></li>
<li>China views India&rsquo;s assertions regarding Gilgit-Baltistan, as an implicit attack on the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/obor-cpec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)</strong></a>, China&rsquo;s flagship programme.</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s growing assertiveness over the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South China Sea</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Political and economic tensions within China due to Covid-19 pandemic.</li>
<li><strong>India being a growing power in Asian region.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Line of Actual Control</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Demarcation Line:</strong> The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.</li>
<li><strong>LAC is different from the Line of Control (LoC) with Pakistan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN)</strong> </a>after the Kashmir War.</li>
<li>It was <strong>designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement</strong> between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by the Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.</li>
<li>The LAC, in contrast, is only a concept &ndash;<strong> it is not agreed upon by the two countries,</strong> neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Length of the LAC:</strong> India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593764637_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593764637_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sectors Across the LAC:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is divided into <strong>three sectors:</strong> the <strong>eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim (1346 km),</strong> the<strong> middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh (545 km),</strong> and the <strong>western sector in Ladakh (1597 km).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The alignment of the LAC in the eastern sector is along the 1914<strong> McMahon Line.</strong></li>
<li>The McMohan line marked out previously unclaimed/undefined borders between Britain and Tibet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The middle sector is the least disputed sector, while the western sector witnesses the highest transgressions between the two sides.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disagreements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's<strong> claim line is different from that of the LAC.</strong> It is the line seen in the official boundary marked on the maps as released by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahyog-app-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Survey of India</strong></a>, including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aksai-chin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aksai Chin (occupied by China)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>In <strong>China&rsquo;s case,</strong> LAC corresponds mostly to its claim line, but in the eastern sector, it <strong>claims the entire Arunachal Pradesh as South Tibet.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>claim lines come into question when a discussion on the final international boundaries takes place,</strong> and not when the conversation is about a working border i.e. LAC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Border Negotiations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian Prime Minister&rsquo;s visit to China in 2003 led to the agreement on appointing Special Representatives (SRs) and, in April 2005, there was agreement on the political parameters and principles that would underpin negotiations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The aim was a comprehensive solution encompassing all three sectors. The agreed boundary would follow well-defined geographical features and respect the interests of the settled populations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>During Indian Prime Minister&rsquo;s visit to China in May 2015, the proposal to clarify the LAC was rejected by the Chinese.</li>
<li>However, in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-2nd-informal-summit-mamallapuram-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wuhan (2018) and Mahabalipuram (2019)</strong></a> summits, both China and India had reaffirmed that they will make efforts to &ldquo;ensure peace and tranquility in the border areas&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Relevance of Pangong Tso Lake</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is a long narrow, deep, <strong>endorheic (landlocked) lake</strong> situated at a height of more than 13,000 ft in the Ladakh Himalayas.</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> It lies in the path of the <strong>Chushul approach, one of the main approaches that China</strong> can use for an offensive into Indian-held territory.</li>
<li><strong>Governance:</strong> It is overlooked by the <strong>Finger Area - a set of eight cliffs</strong> extending out of the Sirijap range (on the northern bank of Lake).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India claims that the <strong>LAC is coterminous with Finger 8 but it physically controls area only upto Finger 4.</strong></li>
<li>Chinese border posts are at Finger 8, while it believes that the<strong> LAC passes through Finger 2.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593771721_image9.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593771721_image9.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="450" height="534" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Detailed protocols are in place for troops to handle face-off incidents. The countries need to stick to the <strong>2005 protocol</strong> and the <strong>2013 Border Defence Cooperation Agreement.</strong></li>
<li>On 1<sup>st</sup> April, 2020,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-70-years-of-diplomatic-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> India and China completed their 70 years of diplomatic relations</strong></a>. Both sides should acknowledge that the situation is precarious, and that the recent days in particular have undone decades of painstakingly negotiated confidence-building mechanisms.</li>
<li><strong>For India,</strong> the first priority has to be to <strong>restore the status quo ante</strong> at the border as it existed in April. This will require both a <strong>display of military strength</strong> at the border by standing up to Chinese aggression, and <strong>diplomatic work</strong> by making it clear to China that its intervention will lead to heavy costs across all spheres of the relationship.</li>
<li>India cannot afford to sever all its economic links with the world&rsquo;s second-largest economy, even in the digital space. Chinese finance will help in sustaining India&rsquo;s start-up economy. However, through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, India can try to replace chinese products with domestic products in the sectors where it is possible. Further, it needs to <strong>boost up its economic relations</strong> with other countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.com/news/national/lac-standoff-more-meetings-expected-at-military-and-diplomatic-level/article31962326.ece/amp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5780,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture: Downturn In Indo-Nepal Relations',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/QQzI7US2e1g" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Nepal&rsquo;s government, after going through the serious internal rift and the Chinese assistance regarding the same have tabled a crucial Constitution Amendment bill to formalise the country&rsquo;s<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-nepal-border-dispute" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> controversial new map</strong></a> which claims parts of India as its territory.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill is to formalise the country&rsquo;s new map claiming the Indian territory of Lipulekh, Kalapani and other areas as its territory.</li>
<li>Nepal&rsquo;s map is a part of its national emblem, hence, there is a requirement for the constitutional amendment.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s contention is that Nepal raised the dispute at the &ldquo;behest of an external force&rdquo;, namely China as with so much integration with India &amp; open borders over the years, raising boundary demarcation issues seem unjustified.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593685896_image.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593685896_image.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Cause of the Dispute</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The dispute is primarily due to the <strong>varying interpretation of the origin of the river Kali</strong> and its various tributaries that slice through the mountains of Limpiyadhura.</li>
<li>The Kalapani region derives its name from the river Kali. <strong>Nepal&rsquo;s claims to the region is based on this river as it became the marker of the boundary</strong> of the kingdom of Nepal following the Treaty of Sugauli.</li>
<li>Nepal claims that the land mass, high in the mountains that falls to the east of the entire stretch starting from Limpiyadhura downwards, belongs to them.</li>
<li>India on the other hand says the border begins at Kalapani as this is where the river begins.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Treaty of Sugauli</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Treaty of Sagauli,</strong> (March 4, 1816), was an agreement between the Gurkha chiefs of Nepal and the British Indian government that ended the <strong>Anglo-Nepalese (Gurkha) War</strong> (1814&ndash;16).</li>
<li>By the treaty, Nepal renounced all claim to the disputed Tarai, or lowland country, and ceded its conquests west of the Kali river and extending to the Sutlej river.</li>
<li>Nepal remained independent, but it received a British resident with the status of an ambassador to an independent country rather than of the controlling agent of the supreme government in an Indian state.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Nepal For India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nepal shares borders with 5 Indian states- Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Sikkim and Bihar. Hence, is an <strong>important point of cultural and economic exchange.</strong></li>
<li>Nepal is right in the middle of India&rsquo;s &lsquo;Himalayan frontiers&rsquo;, and along with Bhutan it acts as northern &lsquo;borderland&rsquo; flanks and <strong>acts as a buffer</strong> against any possible aggression from China.</li>
<li><strong>Rivers originating in Nepal feed the perennial river systems of India</strong> in terms of ecology and hydropower potential.</li>
<li>Many Hindu and Buddhist religious sites are in Nepal making it <strong>an important pilgrimage site</strong> for a large number of Indians</li>
<li>The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 forms the bedrock of the special relations that exist between India and Nepal.</li>
<li>The two countries not only share an open border and unhindered movement of people, but they also have close bonds through marriages and familial ties, popularly known as <strong>Roti-Beti ka Rishta.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The treaty talks about reciprocal treatment of Indian and Nepali citizens in the two countries, in residence, property, business and movement.</li>
<li>It also establishes national treatment for both Indian and Nepalese businesses (ie once imported, foreign goods would be treated no differently than domestic goods).</li>
<li>It also gives Nepal access to weaponry from India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>China&rsquo;s Intervention</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As a landlocked nation, Nepal depended for many years on Indian imports, and India played an active role in Nepal's affairs.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in recent years Nepal has drifted away from India's influence, and China has gradually filled the space with investments, aid and loans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China considers Nepal a key partner in its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a>, and wants to invest in Nepal's infrastructure as part of its grand plans to boost global trade.</li>
<li>Rising Nepal and China cooperation can undermine Nepal&rsquo;s distinction of buffer state between India and China.</li>
<li>China on the other hand wants to avoid the formation of any Anti-China stance by the Tibetans living in Nepal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India should negotiate diplomatically to resolve the boundary dispute with Nepal under the aegis of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/indo-nepal-territorial-dispute" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International law on Trans-boundary Water Disputes.</strong></a> In this case, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-bangladesh-relationship" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>boundary dispute resolution between India and Bangladesh</strong></a> should serve as a model for this.</li>
<li>India needs to take steps inthe right direction, to resolve the border issues before the constitution gets amended.</li>
<li>India should engage more proactively with Nepal in terms of people to people engagement, bureaucratic engagement as well as political interactions.</li>
</ul>
<p>Read more: <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-nepal-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TTP on India-Nepal Relations</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5752,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kholongchhu Hydropower Project',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indo-bhutan-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Bhutan</strong></a> have signed concession agreement on the 600 MW <strong>Kholongchhu Hydropower Project.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will be the <strong>first-ever Joint Venture (JV)</strong> project between India and Bhutan.</li>
<li>The JV partners are <strong>Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN),</strong> and the<strong> Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC)</strong> from India and Bhutan respectively.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593506326_Image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593506326_Image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Kholongchhu project</strong> is one of four additional projects agreed in 2008, as a part of India&rsquo;s commitment to help Bhutan to create a<strong> total 10,000 MW</strong> of installed capacity by 2020.</li>
<li>The <strong>600 MW run-of-the-river project</strong> is located on the lower course of the <strong>Kholongchhu river in</strong> eastern Bhutan&rsquo;s <strong>Trashiyangtse district.</strong></li>
<li>The project is expected to be completed in the <strong>second half of 2025.</strong></li>
<li>The project will be constructed as a <strong>50:50 joint venture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Concession Period:</strong> The Government of India will provide, as a grant, the equity share of the Bhutanese DGPC in the JV Company. Once the project is commissioned, the JV partners will run it for 30 years, called the<strong> concession period,</strong> after which the full ownership will transfer to the Bhutan government, which will receive power from the project as a royalty.</li>
<li><strong>Bilateral Cooperation:</strong> The tapping of hydropower in Bhutan would pave a way for successful <strong>bilateral cooperation and mutual engagement</strong> between India and Bhutan.</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Interest:</strong> Being a member of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/drishti-specials-important-international-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BIMSTEC</strong></a>, Bhutan holds geostrategic importance for India. The shared sense of support and help in terms of such development projects between the two countries<strong> can help India</strong> in executing its <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-act-east-policy#:~:text=Act%20East%20Policy%20seeks%20economic,witnessed%20major%20reforms%20since%201991)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Act East-Look East Policy</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Energy Trade:</strong> The project would act as a milestone in generation of energy and related trade.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The project would aid in a clean and stabilising power source for India and also contribute to its renewable energy targets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Employment Opportunities:</strong> Commencement of construction activities of the project will create economic and employment opportunities in<strong> Bhutan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India needs to focus on the youth of Bhutan, as it is the youth only, which would take the people-to-people contact forward in the future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Growth:</strong> The plant would drive economic growth and hence <strong>socio-economic development</strong> would be facilitated in Bhutan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Power Tariffs:</strong> The project which started in 2014 was on halt since December 2016 over India&rsquo;s new power tariff guidelines on <strong>Cross Border Trade of Electricity - CBTE,</strong> until the government amended its guidelines after negotiations with the Bhutan government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Power tariff revision</strong> which includes<strong> the increase in the operations and maintenance charges</strong> may become a bone of contention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risk of the JV-model:</strong> Another issue is regarding the risk of the JV-model for the project as Bhutan had expressed concern over a greater financial risk due to project delays.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The delays had an impact on Bhutan&rsquo;s growth, as well as its exports and revenues. For example, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> has attributed the decline in the <strong>country&rsquo;s growth rate directly to delays in hydropower construction</strong> and the dip in electricity generation.</li>
<li>However, India has maintained that it prefers the more commercial model as it not only shares the risk, but also makes Indian PSUs show greater accountability on time and cost, as they become investors rather than contractors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Bhutan Hydropower Projects</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>So far, Government of India has constructed three Hydroelectric Projects (HEPs) in Bhutan totaling 1416 MW <strong>(336 MW Chukha</strong> HEP, <strong>60 MW Kurichhu</strong> HEP and 1020 MW <strong>Tala</strong> HEP), which are operational and exporting surplus power to India.</li>
<li>India has recently completed <strong>720 MW <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-5th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mangdechhu HydroElectric Power Project</a></strong> and both sides are in process of expediting the completion of other ongoing projects including the <strong>1200MW Punatsangchhu-1 &amp; 1020MW Punatsangchhu-2.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/india-s-world-pm-modi-s-visit-to-bhutan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Bhutan</strong></a> have emphasised the importance of &ldquo;hydro-power development&rdquo; as one of the most important areas of <strong>mutually beneficial bilateral cooperation.</strong></li>
<li>Kholongchhu is a continuation of bilateral cooperation which epitomises the core of the friendship for a greater good.</li>
<li>However, the <strong>delay in the implementation of the project</strong> has led to cost escalation and missed opportunities in terms of immediate benefits to the community. Therefore, all the <strong>details of a project should be thoroughly worked</strong> out before the construction commences.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/deal-inked-for-first-india-bhutan-joint-venture-hydroelectric-project/#:~:text=A%20concession%20agreement%20for%20the,construction%20and%20other%20related%20works.&amp;text=The%20600%20MW%20run%2Dof,in%20eastern%20Bhutan's%20Trashiyangtse%20district." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5750,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Uttrakhand Approves Land Transfer',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Uttarakhand State Wildlife Advisory Board</strong> has permitted proposals on the transfer of forest land in <strong>Gangotri National Park</strong> for development of roads.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decision comes amid the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/transgressions-around-lac" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> row between India and China</strong></a> along the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Line of Actual Control</a> (LAC) in Ladakh.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under these proposals, a total of 73.36 hectares of forest land at three different sites of Gangotri National Park will be required to be transferred for construction of separate roads, totalling 35.66 km in length.</li>
<li><strong>Gangotri National Park is a protected area</strong> and forest land chosen is near the international border with China.</li>
<li>These routes are very important for national security because they will make the movement of <strong>Indo-Tibetan Border Police</strong> (ITBP) personnel near the China border far easier.</li>
<li>Now, the proposals regarding the land transfer for these roads will be sent to the National Wildlife Board.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gangotri National Park</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established in <strong>1989</strong> and is situated in <strong>Uttarkashi, Uttrakhand</strong> in the <strong>upper catchment of Bhagirathi River.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Gaumukh</strong> at Gangotri glacier, the <strong>origin of river Ganga,</strong> is located inside the park.</li>
<li>The park area forms a<strong> viable continuity between Govind National Park and Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong> The park is enveloped by dense coniferous forests that are mostly temperate. Chirpine, deodar, fir, spruce, oak and rhododendron are the common vegetation.</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> Various rare and endangered species like bharal or blue sheep, black bear, brown bear, himalayan monal, himalayan snowcock, himalayan tahr, musk deer and snow leopard are found in the park.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indo-Tibetan Border Police</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-reserve-police-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Reserve Police Forces</strong> </a>(CRPF), it was raised on 24<sup>th</sup> October 1962.</li>
<li>ITBP is deployed on border guarding duties from <strong>Karakoram Pass in Ladakh to Jachep La in Arunachal Pradesh </strong>covering<strong> 3488 km of Sino-India Border.</strong></li>
<li>ITBP is a <strong>specialized mountain force</strong> and most of the officers and men are <strong>professionally trained mountaineers and skiers.</strong></li>
<li>Being the first responder for natural disasters, ITBP has been carrying out <strong>numerous rescue and relief operations</strong> across the country.</li>
<li>Headquarters:<strong> New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>November 2019,</strong> the Ministry of Home Affairs<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-for-merging-assam-rifles-and-indo-tibetan-border-police" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> proposed to merge</strong></a> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-armed-police-force-capf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Assam Rifles</strong></a> with the ITBP.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-okays-forest-land-transfer-for-roads-to-china-border-6482430/#:~:text=Amid%20the%20row%20between%20India,Border%20Police%20(ITBP)%20personnel%20near" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5747,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Galwan Valley Clash',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/galwan-postscript-to-a-tragedy/article31863515.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Galwan: Postscript to a tragedy&rdquo;</strong> </a>published in The Hindu on 19/06/2020. It talks about recent confrontation between India and China troops on the Line of Actual Control (LAC).</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, twenty Indian Army personnel, including the Commanding Officer of 16<sup>th</sup> Bihar Regiment, lost their lives at the hands of Chinese troops in the <strong>Galwan Valley of Ladakh.</strong></p>
<p>This was an unprovoked attack by the Chinese border troops on Indian soldiers, after confirming the implementation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/transgressions-around-lac" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>de-escalation plan</strong></a> by the Chinese in Galwan valley. The plan of de-escalation is based on a phased withdrawal of troops to their respective predetermined ground positions, were decided on June 6 during the corps commanders-level talks.</p>
<p>The incident represents a watershed in India&rsquo;s relations with China and marks the end of a 45-year chapter which saw no armed confrontation involving loss of lives on the<strong> Line of Actual Control (LAC).</strong></p>
<h3>What is the issue?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian and Chinese armies are engaged in the standoff in <strong>Pangong Tso, Galwan Valley, Demchok and Daulat Beg Oldie</strong> in eastern Ladakh. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A sizable number of Chinese Army personnel even transgressed into the Indian side of the de-facto border in several areas including Pangong Tso.</li>
<li>The actions on the northern bank of Pangong Tso are not just for territorial gains on land, but enhanced domination of the <strong>resource-rich lake.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The stand-off at Ladakh&rsquo;s <strong>Galwan Valley</strong> has escalated in recent weeks due to the infrastructure projects that India has undertaken in the recent years. India is building a strategic road through the Galwan Valley - close to China - connecting the region to an airstrip.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China is opposed to any Indian construction in the area. In 1962, a stand-off in the Galwan area was one of the biggest flashpoints of the 1962 war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The border, or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-china-relations-an-analysis%C2%A0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control</strong></a>, is not demarcated, and China and India have differing ideas of where it should be located, leading to regular border &ldquo;transgressions.&rdquo; Often these don&rsquo;t escalate tensions; a serious border standoff like the current one is less frequent, though this is the fourth since 2013.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries&rsquo; troops have patrolled this region for decades, as the contested 2,200-mile border is a long-standing subject of competing claims and tensions, including a brief war in 1962.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:</strong> The violent clash happened when the Chinese side departed from the consensus to respect the LAC and attempted to unilaterally change the status quo.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is part of China&rsquo;s<strong> &lsquo;nibble and negotiate policy&rsquo;.</strong> Their aim is to ensure that India does not build infrastructure along the LAC. It is their way of attaining a political goal with military might, while gaining more territory in the process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593430750_995India-China%20Border (Final).png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1593430750_995India-China Border (Final).png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>What is the Line of Actual Control (LAC)?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km.</li>
<li>The India-China LAC in Ladakh is an outcome of the territory illegally retained by China after the 1962 conflict. The Chinese occupation of parts of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aksai-chin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aksai Chin</strong></a> is not supported by historical or legal documents.</li>
<li>It is divided into three sectors: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim</li>
<li>the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh</li>
<li>the western sector in Ladakh</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Galwan Valley area</strong> comes under Sub Sector North (SSN), which lies just to the east of the Siachen glacier and is the only point that provides direct access to Aksai Chin from India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How to Deal with a Problem?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Devolution of comprehensive China strategy:</strong> Strong political direction, mature deliberation and coherence are keys to handling the situation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Army can make tactical adjustments and manoeuvres to deter the Chinese, but a comprehensive China strategy and its determination should devolve on those tasked with national security policy in the highest echelons of the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic communication:</strong> The responsibility of effective strategic communication too rests with political leadership. It is important to perceive the signals of transgressions on a serious note and adopt adequate strategy with clear instructions for forces.</li>
<li><strong>Clarification on LAC:</strong> India should take the initiative to insist on a timely and early clarification of the LAC. Pockets of difference of alignment as perceived by each side have to be clearly identified and these areas demilitarised by both sides through joint agreement pending a settlement of the boundary. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Diplomatic channels must continue to be open and should not be fettered in any way because their smooth operability is vital in the current situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scaling down of military contact:</strong> India must stand resolute and firm in the defence of territory in all four sectors of the border. Contacts between the two militaries through joint exercises and exchanges of visits of senior Commanders should be scaled down for the foreseeable future.</li>
<li><strong>Counterbalance for the outside world:</strong> India&rsquo;s leverage and balancing power within the Indo-Pacific and the world beyond stems from its strong democratic credentials, the dynamism of its economy, its leading role in multilateral institutions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>strategic advantage</strong> of its <strong>maritime geography</strong> is an asset possessed by few nations, and which must be deployed much more effectively to counterbalance the Chinese ingress into this oceanic space that surrounds us.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reconsider RCEP engagement:</strong> The time has also come for India to reconsider its stand on joining the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If India is to disengage from economic involvement with China, and build the capacities and capabilities it needs in manufacturing, and in supply chains networks closer home, it cannot be a prisoner of the short term.</li>
<li>It is time to boldly take the long view in this area as also on its South Asia policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The events in Galwan Valley should be a wake-up call to many of India&rsquo;s Asian friends and partners enabling a high-resolution envisioning of Chinese aggressiveness. This is also an opportunity for India to align its interests much more strongly and unequivocally with the U.S. as a principal strategic partner and infuse more energy into its relations with Japan, Australia, and the ASEAN.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ffffe3;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;In the wake of Galwan Valley incidents, apart from insisting on a timely and early clarification of the LAC, India should take a long view of its South Asia policy&rdquo;. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2gFuzm1Hs6E" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/h1-b-work-visa-us-immigration-donald-trump-6473022/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;H-1B Visa Ban by US&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on June 24<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5698,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Decoupling India’s Manufacturing With China',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/india-china-stanfoff-chinese-investment-telecom-sector-economic-retaliation-6465587/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Easier said&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in the Indian Express on 19/06/2020. It talks about the issues of banning Chinese imports by India in the wake of border clashes.</p>
</div>
<p>In the aftermath of the confrontation between India and China in the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZMwufp-sAM" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Galwan Valley</strong></a>, there has been a growing clamour for a boycott of Chinese products in India.</p>
<p>In this pursuit of using trade as a blunt instrument of retaliation against China, the government of India is actively considering nudging private players to reduce their dependence on China-made equipment.</p>
<p>However, given India&rsquo;s dependence on Chinese manufacturing, any trade war or a boycott of Chinese goods may have a more adverse impact on India rather than China.</p>
<h3>Need For Revisiting India&rsquo;s Trade Policy vis-a-vis China</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Huge Trade Deficit:</strong> India&rsquo;s imports from China in 2019-2020 reached $65 billion, out of $81 billion two-way trade.</li>
<li><strong>Leveraging India&rsquo;s Raw Material:</strong> Along with importing a lot of finished products from China, India exports several kinds of raw materials and intermediate products. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By saving these raw materials India can expand its manufacturing base more.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>De-industrialisation:</strong> Dumping of cheap goods by China into India, has rendered much of domestic manufacturing industries uncompetitive and thereby led to virtual deindustrialisation in many sectors.</li>
<li><strong>Relocation of Global Supply Chain:</strong> Amid Covid-19 pandemic, many multinational companies seek to move their businesses out of china. India should leverage this opportunity and attract these global supply chains.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Dependence of India on Chinese Manufacturing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Made in China often helps Make in India:</strong> India is dependent on China regarding capital goods.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This includes a wide variety of machinery, including electrical machinery, semiconductor driven machinery sector, etc.</li>
<li>Thus, the ban on Chinese imports will affect the competitiveness of domestic manufacturing, and thus further erode the country&rsquo;s export competitiveness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Minuscule Impact on China:</strong> India accounts for a minuscule share of China&rsquo;s export market, it will have a limited impact on China.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If India and China stop trading then, China would lose only 3% of its exports and less than 1% of its imports, while India will lose 5% of its exports and 14% of its imports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Indian Consumers:</strong> Any attempt to reduce imports from China, operationalised through tariffs or other non-tariff barriers, will raise prices for Indian consumers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poorest consumers will be the worst-hit in a trade ban of this kind because they are the most price-sensitive.</li>
<li>Also, without any alternative in the short-term, it is costly to replace Chinese products with much costlier imports from Japan and Germany.</li>
<li>This will further increase India&rsquo;s total trade deficit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Investment In Indian Startups:</strong> There is also the issue of Chinese investment in the Indian start-up space to contend with. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Companies like Alibaba and Tencent have invested in Indian unicorns such as Zomato, Paytm, Byju&rsquo;s, Ola cabs and others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Centrality of China In Global Markets:</strong> It&rsquo;s important to note along with being an exporter of assembled final products, China has also over the years become a major consumer for final products. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to this, the shifting of supply chains out of China is not very lucrative for many Multinational companies.</li>
<li>Also, blocking trade with China, India will miss out on one of the biggest markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps To Be Taken</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Boost Domestic Manufacturing:</strong> India&rsquo;s strategy should be to boost manufacturing competitiveness and increase its share in world trade.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this pursuit, there is a need to create an infrastructure that raises the competitiveness of India&rsquo;s exports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removing Structural Bottlenecks:</strong> There is a need to push through long-pending legislation that aims to address the structural bottlenecks<strong> (in 4Ls: Land, Labour, Law, Liquidity)</strong> that continue to plague and hinder domestic competitiveness.</li>
<li><strong>Leveraging Service Sector:</strong> In spite of banning Chinese imports, India should tackle trade by trade.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India can lobby for a more liberalised service sector (India&rsquo;s comparative advantage) in China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Responding to China Strategically:</strong> In spite of drawing border disputes into a trade dispute, India should reply to China strategically in such matters of strategic importance. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, in this context, India must increase its engagement in the South China Sea, which is a key strategic issue for China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Given India&rsquo;s dependence on Chinese manufacturing, there is a need to understand that turning a border dispute into a trade war is unlikely to solve the border dispute and this trade war may hurt India far more than China.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1592911802_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1592911802_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="435" height="348" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #feffe6;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>India&rsquo;s trade policy response to border clashes with China, should flow from a careful cost-benefit analysis, not be driven by knee-jerk reactions. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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