Article Tags

You searched “Important International Institutions”. Your tag search matches the following results:

Kulbhushan Jadhav Case

Why in News Pakistan has urged India to appoint a lawyer to represent death row convict Kulbhushan Jadhav to implement the verdict of the...

21 Apr 2021 Important International Institutions
World Press Freedom Index 2021

Why in News India has ranked 142nd yet again out of 180 nations in the recently unveiled World Press Freedom Index. The index is published each...

21 Apr 2021 Important International Institutions
World Population Report 2021: UNFPA

Why in News Recently, the United Nations Population Fund’s (UNFPA) flagship State of World Population Report 2021 titled ‘My Body is My...

16 Apr 2021 Important International Institutions
Reducing Risk of Zoonosis in Food Production

Why in News The World Health Organization (WHO), World Organization for Animal Health and the United Nations Environment Programme have laid down...

14 Apr 2021 Important International Institutions
Violence in Northern Ireland (UK)

Why in News Recently, Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom (UK) saw the worst violence in years. Parts of Northern Ireland are split along sectarian...

13 Apr 2021 Important International Institutions
Meeting of Education Ministers of E9 Countries

Why in News Recently, a consultation meeting of Education Ministers of E9 countries was held. The meeting was held on the theme ‘E9...

10 Apr 2021 Important International Institutions
India’s Life Expectancy on World Health Day 2021

Why in News According to the estimates from the Sample Registration System (SRS)-based Abridged Life Tables 2014-18 of the Census and Registrar...

08 Apr 2021 Important International Institutions
World Economic Outlook: IMF

Why in News The latest edition of the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) World Economic Outlook has raised its Financial Year (FY) 2021...

07 Apr 2021 Important International Institutions
International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

Why in News Every year, 21st March, is observed as International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. The day calls for solidarity...

06 Apr 2021 Important International Institutions
Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021: UNESCAP

Why in News A report ‘Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021: Towards post-Covid-19 resilient economies’ has recently...

01 Apr 2021 Important International Institutions
Human Rights Report 2020: USA

Why in News The US State Department, in its 2020 Human Rights Report, pointed out several Human Rights Issues in India. The report, which is...

01 Apr 2021 Important International Institutions
The Heart of Asia-Istanbul Process

Why in News External Affairs Minister of India attended the 9th Heart of Asia-Istanbul Process held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. He called for a...

31 Mar 2021 Important International Institutions
Revival of Millet Cultivation

Why in News An International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) supported initiative to revive Kodo and Kutki Millets cultivation, started in...

31 Mar 2021 Important International Institutions
World Development Report 2021: World Bank

Why in News Recently, the World Bank has published the World Development Report 2021:Data for Better Lives. The World Development Report 2021...

27 Mar 2021 Important International Institutions
Global Water Crisis: UNICEF

Why in News According to a new report released by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), one in five children worldwide reside in areas...

22 Mar 2021 Important International Institutions
World Happiness Report 2021

Why in News The Sustainable Development Solutions Network for the United Nations released the World Happiness Report 2021, a day before the...

20 Mar 2021 Important International Institutions
Covid Increased Poverty: Pew Report

Why in News Recently, a new research conducted by Pew Research Center has found that the coronavirus pandemic has pushed about 32 million Indians...

20 Mar 2021 Important International Institutions
Inter-Parliamentary Union

Why in News Recently, the President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) addressed Members of Parliament at the Central Hall of the Indian...

17 Mar 2021 Important International Institutions
Kenya-Somalia Dispute

Why in News Kenya has declined to take part in proceedings of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over its maritime border dispute with...

16 Mar 2021 Important International Institutions
Asteroid 2001 FO32

Why in News The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has predicted that the asteroid ‘2001 FO32’ is the largest to pass...

13 Mar 2021 Important International Institutions

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 115]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'amonth' => 'September',
	'ayear' => '2021',
	'articles' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'tags' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'title' => 'Article Tags'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://upsconline.nic.in/eadmitcard/admitcard_csp_2021/',
		'title' => '   Download Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination, 2021 Admit Card',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/careers',
		'title' => 'We are hiring Full Time Content Developers, to know more, please click here.',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$amonth = 'September'
$ayear = '2021'
$articles = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8199,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kulbhushan Jadhav Case',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Pakistan has urged India to appoint a lawyer to represent death row convict Kulbhushan Jadhav to implement the verdict of the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-international-court-of-justice" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Court of Justice (ICJ)</a>.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Point</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Kulbhushan Jadhav Case:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Kulbhushan Jadhavwas <strong>sentenced to death by a Pakistani military court</strong> on charges of espionage and terrorism <strong>in April 2017.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India approached the ICJ against Pakistan for denial of consular access (Vienna Convention)</strong> to Jadhav and challenging the death sentence.</li>
<li><strong>ICJ ruled in July 2019</strong> that <strong>Pakistan must undertake an &ldquo;effective review and reconsideration&rdquo; of the conviction</strong> and sentence of Jadhav, and also <strong>grant consular access to India</strong> without further delay.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It <strong>had asked Pakistan to provide a proper forum for appeal</strong> against the sentence given to Jadhav by the military court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implications of 'Effective Review and Reconsideration' for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Effective review and reconsideration is a phrase which is different from &lsquo;review&rsquo; as one understands in a domestic course.</li>
<li>It <strong>includes giving consular access and helping Jadav in preparing his defence.</strong></li>
<li>It means that <strong>Pakistan has to disclose the charges and also the evidence</strong> which it has been absolutely opaque about uptill now.</li>
<li>Pakistan <strong>would also have to disclose the circumstances in which Jadhav&rsquo;s confession was extracted </strong>by the military.</li>
<li>It implies that <strong>Jadhav will have a right to defend</strong> whichever forum or court hears his case.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vienna Convention:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Vienna Convention on Consular Relations</strong> is an international treaty that defines consular relations between independent states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A consul (who is not a diplomat), is a representative of a foreign state in a host country, who works for the interests of his countrymen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 36 of the Vienna Convention</strong> states that foreign nationals who are arrested or detained in the host country must be given notice without delay of their right to have their embassy or consulate notified of that arrest.</li>
<li>If the detained foreign national so requests, the police must fax that notice to the embassy or consulate, which can then verify the detained person.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The notice to the consulate can be as simple as a fax, giving the person's name, the place of arrest, and, if possible, something about the reason for the arrest or detention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Court of Justice</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ICJ is <strong>a principal judicial organization of the United Nations (UN).</strong> It was established in 1945 by a UN Charter and began working in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice.</li>
<li>It <strong>settles legal disputes between member countries</strong> and gives advisory opinions to authorized UN Organs and Specialized Agencies.</li>
<li>An Indian, Judge Dalveer Bhandari has been a member of the ICJ since April 2012.</li>
<li>It is <strong>seated in the Peace Palace of Hague, Netherlands.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/clear-indias-doubts-in-kulbhushan-jadhav-case/article34331098.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'kulbhushan-jadhav-case-1',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8198,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Press Freedom Index 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India has ranked 142<sup>nd</sup> yet again out of 180 nations</strong> in the recently unveiled <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-press-freedom-index-2020-reporters-sans-frontieres?dynamic_traffic_driving&amp;campaignid=1687709243&amp;adgroupid=108709209032&amp;keyword=&amp;device=c&amp;network=g&amp;creative=501418860869&amp;placement=&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQjw9_mDBhCGARIsAN3PaFP0LOYs58BPJLreQqP8kg1WSNQBHwDwH3Mf3GH-fS5NqfPgwk4VZF0aArAoEALw_wcB" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Press Freedom Index.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The index is <strong>published each year by</strong> the international journalism not-for-profit body, <strong>Reporters Without Borders (RSF).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the World Press Freedom Index:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been published every year since 2002 by <strong>Reporters Sans Frontieres (RSF)</strong> or Reporters Without Borders.</li>
<li>Based in Paris, RSF is an independent NGO with consultative status with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a>, <strong>the Council of Europe and the International Organization of the Francophonie (OIF).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>OIF is a 54 french speaking nations collective.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Index <strong>ranks countries and regions according to the level of freedom available to journalists.</strong> However it is <strong>not an indicator on the quality of journalism.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>parameters include</strong> pluralism, media independence, media environment and self-censorship, legislative framework, transparency, and the quality of the infrastructure that supports the production of news and information.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Journalism</strong>, the main vaccine against disinformation, is <strong>completely or partly blocked in 73%</strong> <strong>of the 180 countries.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Only 12 of the Index&rsquo;s 180 countries</strong> (7%) can claim to <strong>offer a favourable environment for journalism.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong> has been used to perfection by nations to control the spread of information.</li>
<li>The Report has <strong>raised concern about the larger Asia-Pacific region</strong> as several nations in an attempt to curb freedom of press have in place <strong>draconian laws on &lsquo;sedition,&rsquo; &lsquo;state secrets&rsquo; and &lsquo;national security&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Norway has topped</strong> yet again for the fifth year in the row, <strong>followed by Finland and Denmark.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Eritrea is at the bottom</strong> meanwhile <strong>China is ranked 177</strong>, and is only above North Korea at 179 and Turkmenistan at 178.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Performance Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India <strong>was ranked 142 in the year 2020 as well</strong>, thus showing no improvement in the environment it provides to its journalists.</li>
<li>India <strong>has fared poorly amongst its neighbours</strong> with Nepal at 106, Sri Lanka at 127 and Bhutan at 65. Pakistan is a close follower at 145th spot.</li>
<li>India is <strong>among the countries classified &ldquo;bad&rdquo; for journalism</strong> and is termed as one of the most dangerous countries for journalists trying to do their jobs properly.</li>
<li>The report has blamed <strong>an environment of intimidation created by the nationalist government for any critical journalist</strong> often brandishing them as anti state or anti national.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>situation is worrying in Kashmir</strong>, where incidents of harassment of reporters by police and paramilitaries have surfaced.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons Behind India&rsquo;s Poor Performance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Journalists are exposed to every kind of attack</strong>, including police violence against reporters, ambushes by political activists, and reprisals instigated by criminal groups or corrupt local officials.</li>
<li>The journalists <strong>have often been subjected to coordinated hate campaigns</strong> on social networks. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such campaigns are <strong>particularly violent when the targets are women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Freedom of Press</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution, the supreme law of the land, guarantees <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-protest-in-a-free-society#:~:text=The%20Right%20to%20protest%20peacefully,assemble%20peaceably%20and%20without%20arms." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>freedom of speech and expression under Article 19</strong></a>, which deals with &lsquo;Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.</li>
<li>Freedom of press is not expressly protected by Indian legal system but it is <strong>impliedly protected under article 19(1) (a)</strong> <strong>of the constitution</strong>, which states - "All citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression".</li>
<li>In 1950, the Supreme Court in <em><strong>Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras</strong> </em>observed that freedom of the press lay at the foundation of all democratic organisations.</li>
<li>However, Freedom of press is also <strong>not absolute.</strong> It faces certain restrictions under Article 19(2), which are as follows-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Matters related to interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/world-press-freedom-index-india-remains-one-of-the-worlds-most-dangerous-countries-for-journalists-7281362/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'world-press-freedom-index-2021',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8167,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Population Report 2021: UNFPA',
		'description' => '<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-world-population-2019-unfpa#:~:text=According%20to%20State%20of%20World,annual%20growth%20rate%20of%20China." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Population Fund&rsquo;s (UNFPA)</strong></a> flagship <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-world-population-2020-unfpa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State of World Population Report</strong></a> <strong>2021</strong> titled <strong>&lsquo;My Body is My Own&rsquo;</strong> was launched.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the first time a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> report has focused on <strong>bodily autonomy</strong>, defined as the power and agency to make choices about your body without fear of violence or having someone else decide for you.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Violation of Bodily Autonomy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The principle of bodily integrity sums up the <strong>right of each human being, including children, to autonomy and self-determination over their own body.</strong> It considers an unconsented physical intrusion as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-rights-day-2#:~:text=Human%20Rights%20in%20India&amp;text=These%20include%20the%20Right%20to%20Equality%2C%20Right%20to%20Freedom%2C%20Right,to%2051%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>human rights</strong></a> violation.</li>
<li>While the principle has traditionally been raised in connection with practices such as torture, inhumane treatment and forced disappearance, <strong>bodily integrity has the potential to apply to wide range of human rights violations, which also affect children&rsquo;s civil rights.</strong></li>
<li>Under its ambit also fall <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/persons-with-disabilities-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">people with disabilities</a></strong> stripped of their rights to self-determination, to be free from violence and to enjoy a safe and satisfying sexual life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Examples:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-marriage-and-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Child marriage</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Female genital mutilation.</li>
<li>Lack of contraceptive choices leading to unplanned pregnancy.</li>
<li>Unwanted <strong>sex exchanged for a home and food.</strong></li>
<li>When <strong>people with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities cannot</strong> walk down a street without fearing assault or humiliation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Right to Make Decisions Regarding Own Body:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nearly <strong>half the women from 57 developing countries</strong> do not have the right to make decisions regarding their bodies, including using contraception, seeking healthcare or even on their sexuality.</li>
<li>Only <strong>75% of countries legally ensure full and equal access to contraception.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect of Covid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Women around the world are denied the fundamental right of bodily autonomy with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19#:~:text=This%20article%20is%20based%20on,than%20merely%20a%20biomedical%20one." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> further exacerbating this situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, according to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-family-health-survey-5-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Family Health Survey</strong></a> (NFHS)-4 (2015-2016):</li>
<li><strong>Healthcare:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>12%</strong> of currently <strong>married women</strong> (15-49 years of age) <strong>independently make decisions</strong> about their own healthcare.</li>
<li>63% decide in <strong>consultation with their spouse.</strong></li>
<li>For <strong>23%</strong> it is the <strong>spouse that mainly takes decisions</strong> about healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contraceptives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>8%</strong> of currently married women (15-49 years) <strong>take decisions on the use of contraception independently.</strong></li>
<li><strong>83% decide jointly with their spouse.</strong> Information provided to women about use of contraception is also limited.</li>
<li><strong>47% of women</strong> using a contraceptive <strong>were informed about the side effects of the method.</strong></li>
<li><strong>54%</strong> women <strong>were provided information</strong> about other contraceptives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-related-to-women-nfsh-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Women Related Data</a> from NFHS-5:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Contraception:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Overall Contraceptive Prevalence Rate</strong> (CPR) has <strong>increased substantially</strong> in most States/UTs and it is the highest in HP and WB (74%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domestic Violence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has <strong>generally declined</strong> in most of the states and UTs.</li>
<li>However, it has witnessed an <strong>increase in five states</strong>, namely Sikkim, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Assam and Karnataka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decision making related to health, major household purchases and visiting relatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bihar has reported the maximum increase from 75.2% in NFHS-4 (2015-2016) to 86.5% in <strong>NFHS-5 (2019-2020).</strong></li>
<li>Almost <strong>99% of women in Nagaland</strong> participate in household decision-making, followed by Mizoram at 98.8%.</li>
<li>On the other hand, <strong>Ladakh and Sikkim reported the biggest decrease in women&rsquo;s participation</strong> in decision-making, with a 7-5% drop among married women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Supreme Courts (SC) Judgement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath#:~:text=Two%20years%20ago%2C%20in%20August,and%20liberty%20under%20Article%2021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Justice K S Puttaswamy v Union of India 2017:</strong></em></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SC</strong></a> held that reproductive rights include a woman&rsquo;s entitlement to carry a pregnancy to its full term, to give birth, and to subsequently raise children; and that these rights form part of a woman&rsquo;s right to privacy, dignity, and bodily integrity.</li>
<li>The judgement gave required impetus to resolve the potential constitutional challenges to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/abortions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abortion</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-bill-to-regulate-surrogacy#:~:text=It%20provides%20for%20the%20constitution,26%2D55%20years%20for%20males." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>surrogacy.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) (Amendment) Bill, 2020</strong></a> was passed which seeks to <strong>extend the termination of pregnancy period from 20 weeks to 24 weeks</strong>, making it easier for women to safely and legally terminate an unwanted pregnancy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Population Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a subsidiary organ of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> and works as a sexual and reproductive health agency.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-ecosoc-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)</strong></a> establishes its mandate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established as a trust fund in 1967 and began operations in 1969.</li>
<li>In <strong>1987, it was officially renamed the United Nations Population Fund</strong> but the original abbreviation, &lsquo;UNFPA&rsquo; for the United Nations Fund for Population Activities was retained.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNFPA works directly to tackle <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> on health (SDG3), education (SDG4) and gender equality (SDG5).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fund:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNFPA is not supported by the UN budget, instead, it is entirely <strong>supported by voluntary contributions of donor governments, intergovernmental organizations, the private sector, foundations and individuals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Real, sustained progress largely depends on <strong>uprooting gender inequality and all forms</strong> of discrimination, and transforming the social and economic structures that maintain them.</li>
<li>In this, <strong>men must become allies</strong>. Many more must commit to stepping away from patterns of privilege and dominance that profoundly undercut bodily autonomy, and move towards ways of living that are more fair and harmonious, benefiting all.</li>
<li>Realising bodily autonomy is <strong>essential to achieving the UNFPA&rsquo;s goals of ending the global unmet need</strong> for contraception, preventable maternal deaths, gender-based violence and harmful practices by <strong>2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unfpas-population-report-launched/article34329822.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'world-population-report-2021-unfpa',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8144,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Reducing Risk of Zoonosis in Food Production',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/african-swine-fever" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Organization for Animal Health</strong></a> and the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations Environment Programme</strong></a> have laid down<strong> fresh guidelines</strong> for governments<strong> to reduce the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans</strong> in food production and marketing chains.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> has brought new attention to this threat, given the magnitude of its consequences.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Zoonosis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/zoonotic-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> zoonosis</strong></a> is an infectious disease that jumps from a non-human animal to humans.</li>
<li>Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic.</li>
<li>They can spread to humans through direct contact or through food, water and the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Animals, particularly <strong>wild animals,</strong> are the source of <strong>more than 70%</strong> of all emerging infectious diseases in humans, many of which are caused by <strong>novel viruses.</strong></li>
<li>Most emerging infectious diseases &ndash; such as <strong>Lassa fever, Marburg hemorrhagic fever,</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nipah-outbreak-in-kerala" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nipah viral infections</strong></a> and other viral diseases &ndash; have wildlife origins.</li>
<li>Significant <strong>problems can arise when traditional food markets allow the sale and slaughter of live animals,</strong> especially wild animals, which cannot be properly assessed for potential risks &ndash; in areas open to the public.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Such environments provide the opportunity for animal viruses, including coronaviruses, to amplify themselves and transmit to new hosts, including humans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>WHO Guidelines:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emergency<strong> regulations to suspend live wild animal sales in traditional food markets.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conducting risk assessments</strong> for developing regulations to control the risks of transmission of zoonotic microorganisms from <strong>farmed wild animals and caught wild animals.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ensuring</strong> that food inspectors are<strong> adequately trained</strong> to ensure that businesses comply with regulations to protect<strong> consumers&rsquo; health and are held accountable.</strong></li>
<li>Strengthening<strong> surveillance systems for zoonotic pathogens.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Zoonotic Diseases:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is <strong>among the top geographical hotspots</strong> where zoonotic diseases are a major public health issue causing high burden of morbidity and mortality.</li>
<li><strong>Major public health zoonotic diseases in India</strong> include Rabies, Brucellosis, Toxoplasmosis, Cysticercosis, Echinococcosis, Japanese Encephalitis (JE), Plague, Leptospirosis, Scrub typhus, Nipah, Trypanosomiasis, Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Large human population</strong> and its frequent interactions with animals.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty:</strong> Leads to increased dependence on animal rearing as a means of livelihood. The intimate human-animal contact puts them at risk for this category of diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Unawareness:</strong> Large part of population remains unaware of the basic hygiene routine to be followed.</li>
<li><strong>Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AMR</a></strong> occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of proper vaccination programmes,</strong> poor sero-surveillance and lack of diagnostic facilities make the preventive and precautionary approach more difficult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures Taken:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Following Programmes have been launched under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-disease-control-ncdc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Disease Control:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP).</li>
<li>National Programme for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance.</li>
<li>National Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Programme.</li>
<li>Strengthening Inter-sectoral coordination for prevention and control of Zoonotic Diseases of Public Health Importance.</li>
<li>National Rabies control programme.</li>
<li>Programme for prevention and control of Leptospirosis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, experts have underscored the need for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/onehealth-approach" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Health framework</strong> </a>in the country. One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach linking human, animal, and environmental health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/reducing-risk-of-zoonoses-in-food-production-who-lays-down-guidelines-76448" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'reducing-risk-of-zoonosis-in-food-production',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8134,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Violence in Northern Ireland (UK)',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom (UK)</strong> saw the worst violence in years. Parts of Northern Ireland are split along sectarian lines, <strong>23 years after a peace deal largely ended Northern Ireland's troubles.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618310058_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618310058_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="500" height="500" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Historical Conflict:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Geographically,</strong> Northern Ireland is part of Ireland. <strong>Politically,</strong> it&rsquo;s part of the UK.</li>
<li>Ireland, long dominated by the UK, broke free about 100 years ago after centuries of <a href="/gs-special/gs-special-world-history/colonialism#:~:text=Colonialism%2C%20as%20said%20earlier%2C%20denotes,its%20influence%20beyond%20its%20borders." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>colonisation</strong></a> and an uneasy union. 26 of its 32 counties became an independent, Roman Catholic-majority country. <strong>6 counties in the north, which have a Protestant majority, stayed British.</strong></li>
<li>Northern Ireland&rsquo;s <strong>Catholic minority experienced discrimination</strong> in the <strong>Protestant-run state.</strong></li>
<li>In the <strong>1960s, a Catholic civil rights movement demanded change,</strong> but faced a harsh response from the government and police.</li>
<li>The<strong> British Army was deployed in 1969,</strong> initially to keep the peace. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The situation deteriorated into a conflict between Irish republican militants who wanted to unite with the south, loyalist paramilitaries who sought to keep Northern Ireland British, and UK troops.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>During three decades of conflict, <strong>more than 3,600 people, a majority of them civilians, were killed</strong> in bombings and shootings. Most were in Northern Ireland, though the Irish Republican Army also set off bombs in London and other British cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ending the Conflict:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By the <strong>1990s,</strong> after secret talks and with the help of diplomatic efforts by Ireland, Britain and the United States, the combatants reached a <strong>peace deal.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> 1998 Good Friday accord</strong> saw the paramilitaries lay down their arms and established a <strong>Catholic-Protestant power-sharing government</strong> for Northern Ireland.</li>
<li>The question of Northern Ireland&rsquo;s ultimate status was deferred:<strong> it would remain British as long as that was the majority&rsquo;s wish,</strong> but a future referendum on reunification was not ruled out.</li>
<li>While the peace has largely endured, small <strong>Irish Republican Army splinter groups have mounted occasional attacks on security forces,</strong> and there have been outbreaks of sectarian street violence.</li>
<li>The power-sharing arrangement has had periods of success and failure and still the government is not trusted by both the sides.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Problem Child of Brexit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Northern Ireland has been called the <strong>&ldquo;problem child&rdquo; of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brexit-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Brexit</a>, the UK&rsquo;s divorce from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Union (EU).</a></strong></li>
<li>As the <strong>only part of the UK that has a border with an EU nation,</strong> Ireland, it was the trickiest issue to resolve after Britain voted narrowly in 2016 to leave the 27-nation bloc.</li>
<li>An open Irish border, over which people and goods flow freely, underpins the peace process, allowing people in Northern Ireland to feel at home in both Ireland and the UK.</li>
<li>The <strong>insistence of Britain&rsquo;s government on a &ldquo;hard Brexit&rdquo;</strong> that took the country out of the EU&rsquo;s economic order meant the creation of new barriers and checks on trade.</li>
<li>Both Britain and the EU agreed that the<strong> border could not be in Ireland</strong> because of the risk that would pose to the peace process. The alternative was to put it, metaphorically, in<strong> the Irish Sea</strong> between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK.</li>
<li>That arrangement has alarmed <strong>British unionists, who say it weakens Northern Ireland&rsquo;s place in the UK</strong> and could bolster calls for Irish reunification.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Current Violence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Brexit and Corona:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Britain left the EU on<strong> 31<sup>st</sup> December</strong> and the new trade arrangements quickly became an irritant to Northern Ireland unionists who want to stay in the UK.</li>
<li>Early trade glitches, exacerbated by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus pandemic</strong></a>, led to some empty supermarket shelves, fueling alarm.</li>
<li>There was anger that British Prime Minister long insisted there would be no new checks on trade as a result of Brexit, had downplayed the scale of the changes wrought by leaving the EU.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Identity Crisis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some in Northern Ireland&rsquo;s British<strong> loyalist community feel as if their identity is under threat.</strong> And many other loyalists believe that, de facto, <strong>Northern Ireland has ceased to be as much a part of the UK</strong> as it was.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-behind-the-latest-unrest-in-northern-ireland-7267909/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'violence-in-northern-ireland-uk',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8113,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Meeting of Education Ministers of E9 Countries',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>a consultation meeting of Education Ministers of E9 countries</strong> was held.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The meeting was held on the theme &lsquo;E9 initiative: <strong>Scaling up digital learning to accelerate progress towards SDG4&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scaling up Digital Learning to Accelerate Progress towards SDG4 (Concept):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN)</strong></a> is <strong>spearheading a global initiative on digital learning and skills for all,</strong> targeting marginalized children and youth and aiming to close the digital divide and drive rapid change in education systems.</li>
<li>This initiative <strong>focuses on three of the five priorities of the 2020 Global Education Meeting (GEM) Declaration:</strong> supporting teachers; investing in skills; and narrowing the digital divide.</li>
<li><strong>E9 countries offer a starting gate</strong> to accelerate progress on digital learning and skills in the immediate term and ultimately on the SDG4 agenda in the longer term.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>E9 Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>E9 Partnership</strong> was first established in <strong>1993</strong>, formed to achieve the goals of <strong>UNESCO's Education For All (EFA)</strong>.</li>
<li>A group of <strong>E9 countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, and Pakistan)</strong> aims at strengthening political will and collective effort to ensure quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all.</li>
<li>E9 Partnership is working for the achievement of <strong>SDG4 &ndash; Education 2030</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education For All (EFA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An international initiative, first launched at the <strong>World Conference on Education for All</strong> by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-development-index-undp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNDP</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-world-population-2020-unfpa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNFPA</strong></a>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNICEF</strong></a> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> in <strong>Thailand in 1990</strong>.</li>
<li>Participants endorsed an <strong>'expanded vision of learning'</strong> and pledged to <strong>universalize primary education </strong>and<strong> massively reduce illiteracy</strong> by the end of the decade.</li>
<li>Ten years later, with many countries far from having reached this goal, a broad coalition of national governments, civil society groups, and development agencies <strong>met again in Dakar, Senegal,</strong> and <strong>affirmed the commitment to achieving EFA by the year 2015</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They <strong>identified six key education goals</strong> which aim to meet the learning needs of all children, youth and adults by 2015 (e.g. the Dakar Framework for Action).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>2020 Global Education Meeting Declaration</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As part of the Decade of Action to accelerate progress on SDG4 and in response to Covid-19, the 2020 GEM Declaration <strong>identified five priorities</strong> for urgent action:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Education financing;</li>
<li>Safe school reopening;</li>
<li>Supporting teachers as frontline workers;</li>
<li>Investment in skills; and</li>
<li>Narrowing the digital divide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Covid-19 crisis</strong> revealed the weakness and unpreparedness of the current education systems worldwide, prompting the deployment of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-education-learning-amid-the-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital learning</strong></a> during mass school closures across almost all countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>SDG4</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To bring sustainable development in the mainstream, the <strong>United Nations (UN) member states, in 2015, adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Sustainable Development Goals (<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SDGs</a>)</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are <strong>17 goals and 169 specific targets to be achieved by 2030</strong>.</li>
<li>SDGs are <strong>not legally binding</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SDG4</strong> is to <strong>ensure inclusive and equitable quality education</strong> and <strong>promote lifelong learning opportunities</strong> for all.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618038328_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618038328_image2.png" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1709692" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'meeting-of-education-ministers-of-e9-countries',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8108,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'India’s Life Expectancy on World Health Day 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the estimates from the <strong>Sample Registration System (SRS)-based Abridged Life Tables 2014-18</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Census</strong></a> <strong>and</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sex-ratio-and-india#:~:text=Registrar%20General%20of%20India%20was,and%20Linguistic%20Survey%20of%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Registrar General of India</strong></a>, the life expectancy of an Indian child born on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-health-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Day</strong></a> 2021 is below the world's average.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every year <strong>7<sup>th</sup> April</strong> marks the celebration of <strong>World Health Day.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Life Expectancy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an estimate of the average number of additional years that a person of a given age can expect to live. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The most common measure of life expectancy is <strong>life expectancy at birth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s life expectancy (for a child born in 2021) which is <strong>69 years and 4 months</strong> is less than the <strong>world&rsquo;s average lifespan of 72.81 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>number of deaths per 1,000</strong> live births of children <strong>under one year of age.</strong></li>
<li>For India, <strong>IMR is 33.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Life Expectancy will be Reduced Further Due to Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The quality of life of these children will suffer and the average life span is estimated to be cut short by two years and six months due by constant exposure to <strong>&ldquo;toxic air&rdquo;</strong> in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India topped the chart by recording the world's highest annual average concentration of PM 2.5 exposure in its air in 2019, according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-global-air-2020-hei#:~:text=Recently%2C%20a%20global%20study%2C%20State,pollution%27s%20global%20impact%20on%20newborns." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State of Global Air 2020.</strong></a></li>
<li>In 2020, India was home to 35 of the world&rsquo;s 50 most polluted cities, according to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-air-quality-report-2020#:~:text=The%20World%20Air%20Quality%20Report,5%20data%20from%20106%20countries." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IQ Air&rsquo;s World Air Quality Report.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These included <strong>Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr and Delhi among the top 10.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, an <strong>Indian child will live for 66 years and 8 months only</strong> and may not survive to celebrate his/her 67th birthday beyond April 2089.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>World Health Day</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its idea was conceived at the First Health Assembly in 1948 and it came into effect in 1950.</li>
<li>Over the years, it has brought to light important health issues such as mental health, maternal and child care and climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To create awareness of a specific health theme to highlight a priority area of concern for the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Health Organization (WHO)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme for 2021:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Building a fairer, healthier world for everyone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Indian Initiatives in Health Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-medical-commission-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Medical Commission (NMC) Act, 2019.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/janaushadhi-week" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri - Jan Arogya Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-health-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s Health Index.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>SRS-Based Abridged Life Tables</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A life table <strong>states the probabilities of survival</strong> of a hypothetical group or cohort at different ages, which gradually diminish due to deaths.</li>
<li>With the introduction of the S<strong>ample Registration System (SRS)</strong>, an alternative source of data has become available for construction of life tables.</li>
<li>Based on SRS data, life tables have been prepared for the periods 1970-75, 1976-80, 1981-85 and 1986-90 at five yearly intervals. Since the 1986-90 issue, life tables have been brought out annually on a <strong>five yearly moving average basis so as to form a continuous series.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>conventional method of expressing the most fundamental and essential facts about the age distribution of mortality</strong> and is a powerful tool for measuring the probability of life and death of various age groups.</li>
<li>It <strong>enables us to understand the implication of age-specific mortality</strong> rate in terms of average life expectancy. In India, it has been the practice to construct life tables using age composition of the population from successive population censuses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/pollution/world-health-day-if-you-are-born-today-in-india-your-health-prospects-look-grim-76355#:~:text=Grim%20figures,Pradesh%20will%20be%20the%20unluckiest." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'india-s-life-expectancy-on-world-health-day-2021',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8097,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Economic Outlook: IMF',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The latest edition of the <strong>International Monetary Fund&rsquo;s (IMF) World Economic Outlook</strong> has raised its <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Financial Year (FY)</strong> </a>2021 growth forecast for India to 12.5% from <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-outlook-imf-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">11.5% estimated earlier in January 2021</a>.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Economy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian economy is expected to grow by <strong>12.5% in 2021 and 6.9% in 2022.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>2020</strong>, India&rsquo;s economy witnessed <strong>an estimated contraction of 8%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Growth rate for India in 2021 is <strong>stronger than that of China.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China was the <strong>only major economy to have a positive growth rate of 2.3% in 2020</strong>, and is expected to grow by 8.6% in 2021 and 5.6% in 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Economy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IMF predicted stronger recovery in 2021 and 2022 with growth projected to be <strong>6% in 2021 and 4.4% in 2022.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>2020</strong>, the global economy <strong>contracted by 3.3%</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The contraction for 2020 is 1.1% points smaller than previous projection, <strong>reflecting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Higher-than-expected growth outturns in the second half of the year</strong> for most regions after <strong>lockdowns</strong> were eased and as economies adapted to new ways of working.</li>
<li><strong>Additional fiscal support in a few large economies</strong> and the anticipated vaccine-powered recovery in the second half of the year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Health Care:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The emphasis should be on escaping the health crisis by <strong>prioritising health care spending, on vaccinations, treatments, and health care infrastructure.</strong> Fiscal support should be well targeted to affected households and firms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accommodative Monetary Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report-rbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monetary policy</strong></a> should remain <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-monetary-policy-2021#:~:text=Accommodative%20Stance%3A,within%20the%20target%20going%20forward." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>accommodative</strong></a> (where <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inflation-data-august-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>inflation</strong></a> is well behaved), while proactively addressing financial stability risks using macroprudential tools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tailored Approach:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Policymakers will need to continue supporting their economies</strong> while dealing with more limited policy space and higher debt levels than prior to the pandemic.</li>
<li>This requires better <strong>targeted measures to leave space for prolonged support if needed. With multi-speed recoveries, a tailored approach is necessary, with policies well-calibrated to the stage of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> pandemic</a></strong>, the strength of the economic recovery, and the structural characteristics of individual countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Priorities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The priorities should include <strong>green infrastructure investment</strong> to help mitigate <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>climate change</strong></a>, digital infrastructure investment to boost productive capacity and strengthening social assistance to arrest <strong>rising inequality.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IMF was set up along with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> after the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second World War</strong> </a>to assist in the<strong> reconstruction of war-ravaged countries.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two organisations were agreed to be set up at a conference in Bretton Woods in the US. Hence, they are known as the<strong> Bretton Woods twins.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Created in 1945, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the 189 countries that make up its near-global membership.<strong> India joined on 27<sup>th</sup> December, 1945.</strong></li>
<li>The IMF's primary <strong>purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system</strong> &mdash; the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Fund's mandate was updated in 2012 to include all macroeconomic and financial sector issues that bear on global stability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reports by IMF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-11th-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Financial Stability Report</strong></a></li>
<li>World Economic Outlook</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Economic Outlook</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a survey by the IMF that is usually <strong>published twice a year</strong> in the months of April and October.</li>
<li>It <strong>analyzes and predicts global economic developments</strong> during the near and medium term.</li>
<li>In response to the growing demand for more frequent forecast updates, the WEO Update is published in January and July between the two main WEO publications released usually in April and October.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/imf-projects-indias-growth-rate-to-jump-to-impressive-12-5-per-cent-in-2021/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'world-economic-outlook-imf-2',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8084,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Every year, <strong>21<sup>st</sup> March,</strong> is observed as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-23rd-march-2019#:~:text=International%20Day%20for%20the%20Elimination,populism%20and%20extreme%20supremacist%20ideologies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The day calls for<strong> solidarity against racism </strong>and<strong> racial discrimination.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nation General Assembly</strong></a> in October 1966 proclaimed<strong> 21<sup>st</sup> March</strong> as the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, to be commemorated annually.</li>
<li>On that day, in <strong>1960, police opened fire and killed 69 people</strong> at a peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville, South Africa<strong>, against the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-africa-partnership" target="_blank" rel="noopener">apartheid</a> pass laws.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Aparthied:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a policy which governed <strong>relations between South Africa&rsquo;s white minority and non-white majority.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> sanctioned racial segregation,</strong> poltical and economic discrimination against non-whites.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Proclaiming the Day in <strong>1966</strong> which signifies the struggle to <strong>end the policy of apartheid in South Africa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2021 Theme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>&lsquo;Youth standing up against racism'</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Racial discrimination, beyond being a breach of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-rights-day-2#:~:text=These%20are%20rights%20inherent%20to,and%20education%2C%20and%20many%20more." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>human rights</strong></a>, has harmful effects on human health and well-being, and risks wider disruptions to social cohesion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Racism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Racism, also called racialism, the belief that <strong>humans may be divided into separate and exclusive biological entities</strong> called<strong> &ldquo;races&rdquo;;</strong> that there is a causal <strong>link between inherited physical traits and traits of personality, intellect, morality, and other cultural and behavioral features;</strong> and that some races are innately superior to others.</li>
<li>The term is also applied to political, economic, or legal institutions and systems that engage in or perpetuate discrimination on the basis of race or otherwise reinforce racial inequalities in wealth and income, education, health care, civil rights, and other areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Xenophobia</strong> and Racism mostly overlap, but the stark difference is<strong> racism is discrimination based on physical characteristics</strong> whereas <strong>xenophobia is discrimination based on the perception that someone is foreign</strong> or originating from another community or nation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The word Xenophobia originates from the Greek word Xeno.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617694422_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617694422_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Current Prevalence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>anonymity of the Internet</strong> has allowed <strong>racist stereotypes</strong> and inaccurate information to spread online. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At the onset of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/future-pandemics-and-reduction-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a>, traffic to hate sites and specific posts against Asians <strong>grew by 200% in the US.</strong></li>
<li>In India and in Sri Lanka, social media groups and messaging platforms were used to call for <strong>social and economic boycotts of religious minorities,</strong> amid false information accusing them of spreading the virus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Structural forms of discrimination, including <strong>micro-aggressions</strong> and everyday indignities, remain widespread.</li>
<li>The <strong>use of new technologies and artificial intelligence in security raise the spectre of &lsquo;techno-racism&rsquo;,</strong> as facial recognition programmes can misidentify and target racialized communities.</li>
<li>Prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory acts, whether subtle or overt, aggravate existing inequalities in societies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A study published by The Lancet drew attention to the social dimension of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> and the greater vulnerability of ethnic minorities, who have been disproportionately affected.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization</strong></a> has cautioned on the dangers of profiling and stigmatising communities that can lead to fear and the subsequent concealment of cases and delays in detection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives Against Racism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization&rsquo;s (UNESCO)</strong></a> actions against racism through education, the sciences, culture, and communication offer an example of a way forward.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> International Coalition of Inclusive and Sustainable Cities</strong> of UNESCO provides an additional platform for city-level planning and a laboratory for good practices in the fight against racism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>UNESCO&rsquo;s headquarters in Paris hosted a <strong>Global Forum against Racism and Discrimination</strong> on 22<sup>nd</sup> March 2021, in partnership with the Republic of Korea. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Forum gathered policymakers, academics, and partners to initiate a new multi-stakeholder partnership on anti-racism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In January 2021 the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/davos-dialogue-world-economic-forum" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Economic Forum</strong></a> launched a <strong>coalition of organizations </strong>committed to <strong>improving racial and ethnic justice in the workplace.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uk-to-issue-coin-in-honour-of-mahatma-gandhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Black Lives Matter&rsquo;</strong> </a>protests gained momentum in not only the United States but the whole world. People, as well as many governments across different countries, came forth against the prevalence of racial discrimination worldwide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions Against Racial Discrimination in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 15, Article 16 and Article 29</strong></a> of the Constitution of India prohibit discrimination on grounds of &ldquo;race&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Section 153A of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-road-map-for-criminal-justice-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Penal Code (IPC)</strong> </a>also refers to &ldquo;race&rdquo;.</li>
<li>India also ratified the <strong>International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)</strong> in 1968.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Through <strong>new approaches to intercultural dialogue and learning, youth and communities</strong> can be equipped with skills to eradicate harmful stereotypes and foster tolerance.</li>
<li>Recent and new manifestations of racism and discrimination call for renewed commitments to mobilise for equality. Racism will not be overcome with mere professions of good faith but <strong>must be combatted with anti-racist action. </strong></li>
<li><strong>A global culture of tolerance, equality and anti-discrimination</strong> should be built first and foremost in the minds of women and men.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-road-map-for-tolerance/article34238920.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'international-day-for-the-elimination-of-racial-discrimination',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8051,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021: UNESCAP',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A report <strong>&lsquo;Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021: Towards post-Covid-19 resilient economies&rsquo;</strong> has recently been released by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/survey-2019-ambitions-beyond-growth-escap#:~:text=the%20Pacific%20(UNESCAP)-,The%20United%20Nations%20Economic%20and%20Social%20Commission%20for%20Asia%20and,Asia%2DPacific%20Region%20including%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the report, <strong>India is estimated to record an economic growth of 7% in 2021-22, over <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-emerged-out-of-technical-recession" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a contraction of 7.7%</a> witnessed in the previous fiscal</strong> on account of the pandemic&rsquo;s impact on normal business activity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Other Observation Regarding India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s 2021 economic output, however, is expected to remain below the 2019 level</strong> despite a robust reduction in new <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/double-mutant-coronavirus-variant" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a></strong> cases and the start of <strong>vaccine roll-out.</strong></li>
<li>India entered the pandemic with already subdued <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GDP (Gross Domestic Product)</a> growth </strong>and<strong> investment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Moreover, one of the most stringent lockdowns in the world caused the severe economic disruptions that the country experienced in the year 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A subsequent <strong>change in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/impact-of-lockdown-on-indian-corporates" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lockdown policies</a></strong> and<strong> success in reducing infection rates</strong> supported an impressive economic turnaround in the later months of 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong> The report mentions two major challenges for India on its path to faster recovery.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Maintaining low borrowing costs, </strong>and</li>
<li><strong>Keeping <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/lessons-from-npa-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-performing loans</a> in check.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Observation Regarding Asia Pacific Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> socio-economic impact</strong> of the Covid-19 pandemic was amplified due to<strong> lack of resilience and investments</strong> in people and the planet.</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s</strong> swift and effective response to Covid-19 enabled it to become the <strong>only major economy worldwide to achieve a positive annual economic growth rate in 2020.</strong></li>
<li>On an average, developing Asia-Pacific economies are expected to grow 5.9% in 2021 and 5% in 2022.</li>
<li>The prospect of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/k-shaped-economic-recovery#:~:text=K%2DShaped%20Recovery%3A,industries%2C%20or%20groups%20of%20people." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>K-shaped recovery</strong></a>, characterized by uneven post-pandemic recovery across countries and <strong>widened inequality gaps within countries,</strong> is highlighted as a <strong>primary policy challenge.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>K-Shaped Recovery</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A K-shaped recovery occurs when, following a recession,<strong> different parts of the economy recover at different rates, times, or magnitudes.</strong> This is in contrast to an even, uniform recovery across sectors, industries, or groups of people.</li>
<li>A K-shaped recovery leads to<strong> changes in the structure of the economy</strong> or the broader society as economic outcomes and relations are fundamentally changed before and after the recession.</li>
<li>This <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shapes-of-economic-recovery" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>type of recovery</strong></a> is called K-shaped because the path of different parts of the economy when charted together may diverge, resembling the two arms of the Roman letter "K."</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617271667_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617271667_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For a more <strong>robust and inclusive recovery,</strong> the report calls for a more <strong>synchronised Covid-19 vaccination programme</strong> across countries. There is a need to <strong>leverage regional cooperation.</strong></li>
<li>It recommends that<strong> fiscal and monetary support</strong> should be sustained, as premature tightening could increase long-term scars.</li>
<li>Continuity in <strong>policy support is a must and recovery policy packages</strong> should focus on building resilience and investing in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3#:~:text=To%20bring%20sustainable%20development%20in,over%20the%20next%2015%20years." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.</strong></a></li>
<li>To deal with various economic and non-economic shocks, a more<strong> integrated risk management approach</strong> to planning and policymaking is needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617271755_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617271755_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Produced annually <strong>since 1947,</strong> the Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific is the <strong>oldest United Nations report on the region&rsquo;s progress.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Survey monitors regional progress, provides cutting-edge analyses</strong> and <strong>guides policy discussion</strong> on the current and emerging socio-economic issues and policy challenges to support inclusive and sustainable development in the region.</li>
<li>Since 1957, the Survey has also contained a study or studies focusing on a significant aspect or challenge relevant to the economies of the Asia-Pacific region.</li>
<li>The Survey of 2021 studies the impact of Covid-19 pandemic and provides insights for post-Covid-19 resilient economies.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) is the <strong>regional development arm of the United Nations for the Asia-Pacific region.</strong></li>
<li>It has <strong>53 Member States and 9 Associate Members</strong> from Asia-Pacific Region including India.</li>
<li>Established: <strong>1947</strong></li>
<li>Headquarters: <strong>Bangkok,</strong> Thailand</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To overcome some of the region&rsquo;s greatest challenges by providing results-oriented projects, technical assistance and capacity building to member States.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/india-2021-economic-output-likely-to-remain-below-2019-level-un-report-7251473/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'economic-and-social-survey-of-asia-and-the-pacific-2021-unescap',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8049,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Human Rights Report 2020: USA',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The US State Department, in its <strong>2020 Human Rights Report,</strong> pointed out several Human Rights Issues in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report, which is submitted each year to the US Congress, is retrospective and contains a country wise discussion of the state of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-rights-day-2#:~:text=These%20include%20'right%20to%20social,policy%20to%20be%20followed%20by" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>human rights.</strong></a></li>
<li>Earlier in March 2021, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/freedom-in-the-world-2021-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Freedom in the World 2021</strong></a> report had <strong>downgraded India&rsquo;s status from &lsquo;Free&rsquo; to &lsquo;Partly Free&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>India has also been classified as an <strong>&ldquo;electoral autocracy&rdquo;</strong> in the annual report named <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/autocratisation-goes-viral-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Autocratisation Goes Viral&nbsp;</a></strong>of<strong> Sweden-based Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Institute.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Harassment of Journalists:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The harassment and detention of journalists critical of the (Indian) government in their reporting and on social media, has continued, although the <strong>government generally respected the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/freedom-of-speech-and-expression-on-social-media" target="_blank" rel="noopener">freedom of expression</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It mentioned restrictions on the press, including <strong>violence, threats of violence, or unjustified arrests or prosecutions against journalists.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accessing Private Data:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Government&rsquo;s requests for user data from Internet companies had increased dramatically.</li>
<li>The government made 49,382 user data requests in 2019 from Facebook, a <strong>32% increase from 2018.</strong> Over the same period, <strong>Google requests increased by 69%, while Twitter requests saw a 68% increase. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arbitrary Deprivation of Life:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report highlighted the case of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/custodial-violence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>custodial deaths in Tamil Nadu.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unreasonable Detentions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report takes note of the <strong>April 2020 detention of protesters against the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019#:~:text=The%20Citizenship%20Act%2C1955%20provides,(OCIs)%20and%20their%20rights." target="_blank" rel="noopener">citizenship laws</a></strong> and various other incidents under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unlawful-activities-prevention-act-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unlawful Activities Prevention Act 1967.</strong></a></li>
<li>Detention of politicians under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-safety-act-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu &amp; Kashmir&rsquo;s Public Safety Act 1978</strong></a>, was also mentioned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improvement in Human Rights Situation in Jammu &amp; Kashmir:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government continued taking steps to restore normalcy in Jammu and Kashmir by <strong>gradually lifting some security and communications restrictions.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>government partially <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restoration-of-4g-internet-in-j-k" target="_blank" rel="noopener">restored internet access</a></strong>, however, high-speed 4G mobile internet remained restricted in most parts of Jammu &amp; Kashmir for the year 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restrictive Rules and Lack of Investigation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overly restrictive rules on <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>non-governmental organisations</strong></a>, restrictions on political participation, widespread <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-anti-corruption-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>corruption</strong></a> at all levels in the government, lack of investigation of and accountability for <strong>violence against women,</strong> and forced and compulsory child labour, as well as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bonded-labour-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bonded labour.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Religious Freedom:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tolerance of <strong>violations of religious freedom;</strong> crimes involving violence and <strong>discrimination targeting members of minority groups</strong> including women based on religious affiliation or social status.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Human Right Provisions in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enunciated in the Constitution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fundamental Rights: <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Articles 12 to 35</a></strong> of the Constitution. These include the Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right Against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural &amp; Educational Rights, Saving of Certain Laws and Right to Constitutional Remedies.</li>
<li><strong>Directive Principles of State Policy: Article 36 to 51</strong> of the Constitution. These include 'right to social security, right to work, to free choice of employment, and protection against unemployment, right to equal pay for equal work, right to existence worthy of human dignity, right to free &amp; compulsory education, equal justice &amp; free legal aid and the principles of policy to be followed by the State.'</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Statutory Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993</strong> (as amended in 2019) provided for the constitution of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhrc-on-public-s-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Human Rights Commission</strong></a> at the Union level, which steers State Human Rights Commission in States and Human Rights Courts for better protection of Human Rights and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Section 2(1)(d) of the PHRA <strong>defines Human Rights</strong> as the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India took active part in drafting of the <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These 30 rights and freedoms include civil and political rights, like the right to life, liberty, free speech and privacy and economic, social and cultural rights, like the right to social security, health and education, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/curbs-on-indian-media-continue-us-rights-report/article34201598.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'human-rights-report-2020-usa',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8047,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'The Heart of Asia-Istanbul Process',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>External Affairs Minister of India attended the 9<sup>th</sup> <strong>Heart of Asia-Istanbul Process</strong> held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He called for a<strong> &ldquo;double peace&rdquo;</strong> which means<strong> peace within Afghanistan and peace around Afghanistan</strong> and also said India supports the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-taliban-peace-deal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intra-Afghan Negotiations (IAN).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Heart of Asia-Istanbul Process (HoA-IP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was founded in November, 2011 in Istanbul, Turkey.</li>
<li>It provides a<strong> platform for sincere and results-oriented regional cooperation by placing Afghanistan at its center,</strong> in recognition of the fact that a secure and stable Afghanistan is vital to the prosperity of the Heart of Asia region.</li>
<li>This platform was established to <strong>address the shared challenges and interests of Afghanistan and its neighbors and regional partners.</strong></li>
<li>The Heart of Asia comprises 15 participating countries, 17 supporting countries, and 12 supporting regional and international organizations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India</strong> is a <strong>participating country.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Since its inception the process has become a cardinal element in regional cooperation and has created a <strong>platform for Afghanistan&rsquo;s near and extended neighbors, international supporters and organizations to engage in constructive dialogue</strong> and to <strong>address the existing and emerging regional challenges</strong> through regional cooperation with Afghanistan at its core.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intra-Afghan Negotiations (IAN):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It refers to the<strong> talks between the Afghan government and Taliban insurgents</strong> with the goal of bringing an end to nearly two decades of a conflict that has laid waste to the country and killed tens of thousands of combatants and civilians.</li>
<li>The participants of intra-Afghan negotiations will discuss the <strong>date and modalities of a permanent and comprehensive ceasefire,</strong> including agreement over the <strong>future political roadmap</strong> of Afghanistan.</li>
<li>The negotiations will cover a variety of issues, including the<strong> rights of women, free speech, and changes to the country&rsquo;s constitution.</strong></li>
<li>The talks would also lay out the <strong>fate of tens of thousands of Taliban fighters</strong> as well as the heavily armed militias belonging to Afghanistan&rsquo;s warlords who have amassed wealth and power since the Taliban were ousted from power in 2001.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regional Connectivity Initiatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the conference, the Afghanistan President appreciated the number of regional connectivity initiatives including the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chabahar-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Chabahar port project</strong></a>, as well as the <strong>Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India believes any peace process must be<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-afghan-policy-and-taliban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Afghan-led, Afghan-owned and Afghan-controlled</strong></a>, has to respect the<strong> national sovereignty and territorial integrity of Afghanistan</strong> and preserve the progress made in the establishment of a<strong> democratic Islamic Republic in Afghanistan.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> interests of minorities, women and vulnerable sections</strong> of society must be preserved and the issue of violence across the country and its neighbourhood has to be effectively addressed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>TAPI Pipeline</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>TAPI Pipeline, also called <strong>Peace pipeline,</strong> is a 1,814km natural gas pipeline that originates from Turkmenistan and passes through Afghanistan and Pakistan to reach India.</li>
<li>It aims to monetise Turkmenistan&rsquo;s gas reserves and supply them to neighbouring countries to promote the use of natural gas and improve energy security.</li>
<li>The project is being developed by<strong> TAPI Pipeline Company (TPCL),</strong> a consortium established by four individual state-owned gas companies Turkmengaz (Turkmenistan), Afghan Gas (Afghanistan), Interstate Gas Service (Pakistan), and <strong>Gas Authority of India and Indian Oil (India).</strong></li>
<li>The four countries signed an Inter Government Agreement (IGA) and Gas Pipeline Framework Agreements (GPFA) in December 2010 for the development of the pipeline.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617190801_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1617190801_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/to-ensure-durable-peace-in-and-around-afghanistan-is-essential-jaishankar/article34198123.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'the-heart-of-asia-istanbul-process',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8043,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Revival of Millet Cultivation',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>An <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1#:~:text=International%20Fund%20for%20Agricultural%20Development,poverty%2C%20hunger%2C%20and%20malnutrition." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)</strong></a> supported initiative to<strong> revive Kodo and Kutki Millets cultivation,</strong> started in the year 2013-14 in Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh, has given new life to the forgotten crops.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IFAD is a specialized agency of the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations</strong></a> and was one of the major outcomes of the <strong>1974 World Food Conference.</strong></li>
<li>Founded in 1977, IFAD<strong> focuses on rural poverty reduction,</strong> working with poor rural populations in developing countries to <strong>eliminate poverty, hunger, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">malnutrition</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Beginning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The project was started with <strong>1,497 women-farmers from 40 villages &ndash;</strong> mostly from the <strong>Gonda and Baiga tribes &ndash;</strong> growing these two minor millets (Kodo and Kutki) on 749 acres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seed and Training:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The identified farmers were <strong>supplied good-quality seeds and trained by scientists from the Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University</strong> in Jabalpur and the local Krishi Vigyan Kendra &ndash; on field preparation, line-sowing (as opposed to conventional broadcasting by hand) and application of compost, zinc, bavistin fungicide and other specific plant protection chemicals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self Help Groups:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A federation of the <strong>farmers&rsquo; self-help groups</strong> undertook procurement of the produce and also its mechanical de-hulling (the traditional manual pounding process to remove husk from the grain was time-consuming).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Helped in increasing the <strong>number of farmers growing kodo-kutki</strong> in the project area <strong>to 14,301 in 2019-20.</strong></li>
<li>Helped in increasing the acreage to 14,876 acres.</li>
<li>Helped in <strong>meeting nutritional goals</strong> (fighting malnourishment among children).</li>
<li>Helped in <strong>reviving millet cultivation</strong> (crop yields are 1.5-2 times higher than before).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Millets</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Millets are often referred to as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/millets-superfood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Superfood</strong></a> and its production can be seen as an approach for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/agriculture-and-changing-climate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> sustainable agriculture</strong> </a>and a healthy world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Millets in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The three major millet crops currently grown in India are<strong> jowar (sorghum), bajra (pearl millet) and ragi (finger millet).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Along with that, India grows a rich array of bio-genetically diverse and<strong> indigenous varieties of &ldquo;small millets&rdquo; like kodo, kutki, chenna and sanwa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major producers</strong> include Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for Reviving Millet Cultivation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Nutritional Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Millets are <strong>less expensive and nutritionally superior</strong> to wheat &amp; rice owing to their high protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals like iron content.</li>
<li>Millets are also<strong> rich in calcium and magnesium.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For example,</strong> Ragi is known to have the highest calcium content among all the food grains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its<strong> high iron content can fight high prevalence of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anaemia</a></strong> in Indian women of reproductive age and infants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Resilient:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They are also harder and <strong>drought-resistant crops,</strong> which has to do with their <strong>short growing season</strong> (70-100 days, as against 120-150 days for paddy/wheat) and<strong> lower water requirement</strong> (350-500 mm versus 600-1,200 mm).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As low investment is needed for production of millets, these can prove to be a sustainable income source for farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Can Tackle Health Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Millets can help<strong> tackle lifestyle problems and health challenges such as obesity and diabetes</strong> as they are<strong> gluten-free and have a low glycemic index</strong> (a relative ranking of carbohydrates in foods according to how they affect blood glucose levels).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Millets are rich in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/free-radicals-may-not-be-all-bad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antioxidants</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Preference for Wheat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Wheat has gluten proteins that swell and form networks on adding water to the flour, making the dough more cohesive and elastic. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The resultant chapattis come out soft, which isn&rsquo;t possible with millets that are gluten-free.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Demand for Processed Food:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has seen a jump in consumer demand for <strong>ultra-processed and ready-to-eat products,</strong> which are high in sodium, sugar, trans-fats and even some carcinogens.</li>
<li>With the <strong>intense marketing of processed foods,</strong> even the rural population started perceiving mill-processed rice and wheat as more aspirational.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Food Security Act Promoting Other Grains:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In rural India, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revising-national-food-security-act-2013-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act of 2013</strong></a> entitles three-fourths of all households to <strong>5 kg of wheat or rice</strong> per person per month at Rs 2 and Rs 3 per kg, respectively, thus <strong>reducing the demand for millets.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Promoting Millets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Union Agriculture Ministry, in April 2018,<strong> declared millets as &ldquo;Nutri-Cereals&rdquo;,</strong> considering their &ldquo;high nutritive value&rdquo; and also &ldquo;anti-diabetic properties&rdquo;.</li>
<li>2018 was also observed as <strong>&lsquo;National Year of Millets&rdquo;. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increase in MSP:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government has hiked the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP)</strong></a> of Millets, which came as a big price incentive for farmers.</li>
<li>Further, to provide a steady market for the produce, the government has included millets in the public distribution system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Input Support:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government has introduced provision of seed kits and inputs to farmers, building value chains through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmers-producer-organisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organisations</strong></a> and supporting the marketability of millets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>United Nation General Assembly</strong> adopted an India-sponsored resolution to mark 2023 as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2023-is-the-international-year-of-millets-fao" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Year of Millets.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farming of millets<strong> deserves encouragement</strong> especially in view of their climate resilience, short cropping duration and ability to grow on poor soils, hilly terrains and with little rain.</li>
<li>Because of their accessibility to the poor, they <strong>can play an essential role in providing nourishment to people across all income categories</strong> and supporting climate adaptation of rainfed farming systems.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-madhya-pradeshs-dindoi-a-un-backed-project-aims-to-put-millets-7249608/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'revival-of-millet-cultivation',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 8025,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Development Report 2021: World Bank',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> has published the <strong>World Development Report 2021:Data for Better Lives.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Development Report 2021 provides a blueprint on <strong>how to harness the power of data for development,</strong> to ensure no one is left behind.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Social Contract For Data:</strong> To get more value out of data while protecting people against harm and ensuring access and representation. Different data-creating and data-using parties need to safely collaborate.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616833808_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616833808_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="500" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The three elements of a social contract for data: <strong>Value, Equity and Trust</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data As a Force For Public Good:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Public intent data - data collected with the intent of serving the public good</strong> by informing the design, execution, monitoring, and evaluation of public programs and policies - are a prerequisite for many government functions.</li>
<li>Public intent data can bring value to development through several pathways, such as<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>holding governments accountable and empowering individuals,</li>
<li>improving service delivery, and</li>
<li>prioritizing scarce resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infinite Possibilities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Repurposing and integrating public- and private-intent data can help provide <strong>real-time and finer-scale insights, fill data gaps,</strong> and overcome limitations associated with each data type.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Connecting The World: Data Infrastructure</strong> is a key part of ensuring equitable access to data for poor people and poor countries.</li>
<li><strong>Crossing Borders:</strong> Data is a tradable asset, but sending them across borders requires adequate data protection.</li>
<li><strong>Governing Data:</strong> The role of data governance is two fold: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>First, to control risks by ensuring the security, integrity, and protection of data and systems; and</li>
<li>Second, to capture value by establishing rules and technical standards to enable data to be more effectively transferred, combined, and exchanged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Improving Data Systems:</strong> Fully harnessing the value of data requires building an <strong>Integrated National Data System (INDS).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>INDS is a way of countries realizing the potential of data for development, using the principles of the social contract as a blueprint.</li>
<li>The INDS framework allows a country to share data between national participants safely while maximizing the benefit equitably.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616833839_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616833839_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issues Flagged by the Report: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Not A Leveling Playing Field:</strong> An explosion of <strong>data platform</strong> businesses is raising concern about competition and posing new challenges for regulation.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Data Platform:&nbsp;</strong>It is an integrated technology solution that allows data located in databases to be governed, accessed, and delivered to users, data applications, or other technologies for strategic business purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Open Data:</strong> Only 11% low-income countries make their data <strong>open (Not Accessible To General Public or research institution),</strong> the report flagged.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The comparable rate for lower-middle-income countries was 19%, for upper-middle-income countries 22% and high-income countries 44%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Underinvestment In Public Intent Data Systems: Only half the countries had a national statistical plan</strong> that was fully funded as of 2019. While 93% of high-income countries had a fully funded national statistical plan, not a single low-income country had one.</li>
<li><strong>Issue Related To Lower-income Countries:</strong> Unable to harness the potential of data due to a lack of institutions, decision-making autonomy, and financial resources, all of which hold back their effective implementation and effectiveness of data systems and governance frameworks.</li>
<li><strong>Gaps In Data On Women And Girls</strong> are particularly severe: Only 10 of the 54 gender-specific indicators (19%) in the <strong>United Nations</strong>-mandated <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sustainable development goals</a> (SDGs)</strong> were widely available.</li>
<li><strong>Misuse of Data:</strong> Making data accessible to more users and creating systems that facilitate their reuse also opens the door for data to be misused in ways that can harm individuals or development objectives.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The report also flagged <strong>concerns over protection of personal data; misinformation; and attacks on software,</strong> networks and data systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data Infrastructural Gaps:</strong> There are major gaps evident between rich and poor people on broadband connectivity, and a substantial divide emerging between rich and poor countries when it comes to the availability of data infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Gaps In India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Echoed concerns on assessment of global poverty by the World Bank, which has been skewed due to <strong>absence of data on poverty from India.</strong></li>
<li>India<strong> monitors 54 out of the 130 SDG indicators.</strong> While the overall number of monitored indicators has gone up, the country has dropped four indicators from its tracking list.</li>
<li>The report called for <strong>strategic repurposing of existing data.</strong></li>
<li>Some<strong> steps taken by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>National Data Sharing &amp; Accessibility Policy (NDSAP):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The National Policy is expected to increase the accessibility and easier sharing of non-sensitive data amongst the registered users and their availability for scientific, economic and social developmental purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Open Government Data (OGD) Platform:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To provision an enabling Platform to provide proactive and open access to the data generated.</li>
<li>To increase Transparency, Accountability, Citizen Engagement, Collaboration, Better Governance, Decision making &amp; Innovation.</li>
<li><strong>Paradigm Shift in Governance</strong> &ndash; Direct Delivery of Services to Citizens, Setting up a Platform for Collaboration, Innovation in delivery of Services to Citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Participation of the Poor:</strong> Data offers tremendous potential to create value by improving programs and policies, driving economies, and empowering citizens. The <strong>perspective of poor people</strong> has largely been absent from the global debate on data governance and <strong>urgently needs to be heard.</strong></li>
<li><strong>International cooperation:</strong> The Report called for International cooperation to harmonise regulations and coordinate policies so that the value of data can be harnessed to benefit all, and to inform efforts toward a green, resilient and inclusive recovery.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/natural-disasters/only-11-low-income-countries-make-their-data-open-world-bank-report-76144#:~:text=Only%2011%20per%20cent%20low,open'%2C%20the%20report%20flagged.&amp;text=Public%20intent%20data%20should%20be,released%20March%2025%2C%202021%20underscored." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'world-development-report-2021-world-bank',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7985,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Global Water Crisis: UNICEF',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a new report released by the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unicef-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations Children&rsquo;s Fund</strong></a> (UNICEF), <strong>one in five children</strong> worldwide reside in areas of <strong>high or extremely high water vulnerability.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Report was released ahead of <strong>World Water Day (22<sup>nd</sup> March).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Report :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new report is <strong>part of UNICEF&rsquo;s &lsquo;Water security for all&rsquo;</strong> initiative that identifies areas where physical water scarcity risks overlap with poor water service levels.</li>
<li>The<strong> initiative aims to mobilise resources, partnerships, innovation and global response to identified hot spots.</strong></li>
<li>UNICEF identified <strong>37 hot-spot countries</strong> where children faced especially distressing circumstances in terms of absolute numbers, where global resources, support and urgent action had to be mobilised.</li>
<li>Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Haiti, Kenya, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Sudan, Tanzania and Yemen were especially vulnerable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Children in more than 80 countries</strong> live in areas with high or extremely high water vulnerability.</li>
<li><strong>Eastern and Southern Africa</strong> has the <strong>highest proportion</strong> of children living in such areas, with more than half of children &ndash;<strong> 58%</strong> &ndash; facing difficulty accessing sufficient water every day.</li>
<li>It is followed by <strong>West and Central Africa (31%), South Asia (25%),</strong> and the <strong>Middle East (23%). </strong></li>
<li><strong>More than 155 million children in South Asia</strong> lived in areas with high or even extremely high water vulnerability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water Crisis in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has<strong> 4% of the world&rsquo;s freshwater</strong> which has to cater to <strong>17% of the world&rsquo;s population.</strong></li>
<li>As per <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NITI Aayog</a> report</strong> released in June 2018, India is facing the worst-ever water crisis in history. Approximately 600 million people or roughly around <strong>45% of the population in India is facing high to severe water stress.</strong></li>
<li>The report says that nearly <strong>40% of the population will have absolutely no access to drinking water by 2030 and 6% of India&rsquo;s GDP will be lost by 2050 due to the water crisis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes of Water Crisis in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Central Groundwater Board&rsquo;s estimates show that the <strong>groundwater table in most parts of the country has been declining every year</strong> because of over-exploitation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If the groundwater continues to decline unabated, meeting the country&rsquo;s agricultural and drinking water requirements will become a big challenge.</li>
<li>85% of rural water supply, 45% of urban water supply and over 64% of irrigation now rely on groundwater.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Due to<strong> accumulation of sediments in the water storage area of major and medium irrigation dams</strong> that are currently in use, the<strong> total storage capacity has fallen significantly.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is clearly underlined in the<strong> report &lsquo;Compendium of Silting of Reservoirs in India&rsquo;,</strong> released by the Central Water Commission in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate change</strong> is causing major changes in rainfall levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures Taken by the Central Government:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&ldquo;Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain&rdquo; Campaign:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The campaign will be implemented during the period 22<sup>nd</sup> March, 2021 to 30<sup>th</sup> November, 2021 - the <strong>pre-monsoon and monsoon period</strong> in the country.</li>
<li>The campaign is <strong>intended to nudge the State and all stakeholders</strong> to create <strong>Rain Water Harvesting Structures (RWHS)</strong> suitable to the climatic conditions and subsoil strata to ensure storage of rainwater.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rains falling in the four/five months of monsoon are the only source of water for most parts of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the Budget 2021-22, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban)</strong></a> has been announced under the Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry to provide universal coverage of water supply to all households through functional taps in all statutory towns in accordance with <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal- 6.</strong></a></li>
<li>It complements the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Jal Jeevan Mission (Rural)</strong> </a>which envisages supply of 55 litres of water per person per day to every rural household through Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC) by 2024.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ministry of Jal Shakti:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Government of India <strong>established the Ministry of Jal Shakti in 2019</strong> to consolidate interrelated functions pertaining to water management.</li>
<li>The Ministry<strong> launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-abhiyan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jal Shakti Abhiyan</a></strong> &ndash; a campaign for water conservation and water security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measures Taken by State Governments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uttar Pradesh &ndash; Jakhni Village (water village), Bundelkhand</li>
<li>Punjab &ndash; Pani Bachao Paise Kamao</li>
<li>Madhya Pradesh &ndash; Kapil Dhara Yojana</li>
<li>Gujarat &ndash; Sujalam Sufalam Yojana</li>
<li>Telangana &ndash; Mission Kakatiya Program</li>
<li>Maharashtra &ndash; Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan</li>
<li>Andhra Pradesh &ndash; Neeru Chettu Programme</li>
<li>Rajasthan &ndash; Mukhya Mantri Jal Swalambhan Abhiyan (MJSA)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Water Day </strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is observed annually across the globe on <strong>22<sup>nd</sup> March,</strong> with the purpose of highlighting the importance of water, and raising awareness about the water crisis that the world faces.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN)</strong> </a>website, the main focus of the day is to support the achievement of<strong> sustainable development goals (SDG) 6:</strong> water and sanitation for all by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The resolution to observe World Water Day was first adopted by the UN General Assembly on <strong>22<sup>nd</sup> December 1992.</strong></li>
<li>After which<strong> 22<sup>nd</sup> March</strong> was declared as <strong>World Water Day</strong> and is being celebrated around the world since<strong> 1993.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme of World Water Day 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&ldquo;Valuing Water&rdquo;</strong> - To highlight the value of water in our daily lives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A new <strong>World Water Development Report</strong> is released each year on or near World Water Day, to provide decision-makers with tools to formulate and implement sustainable water policies. This report is coordinated by UNESCO&rsquo;s World Water Development Programme (WWAP) on behalf of UN-Water.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>UNICEF</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>United Nations Children&rsquo;s Fund (UNICEF) is <strong>a special program of the United Nations (UN)</strong> devoted to aiding national efforts to improve the health, nutrition, education, and general welfare of children.</li>
<li>UNICEF was <strong>created in 1946 as the International Children&rsquo;s Emergency Fund (ICEF)</strong> by the UN relief Rehabilitation Administration to help children affected by World War II.</li>
<li>UNICEF <strong>became a permanent part of the United Nations in 1953.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The name was shortened to the United Nations Children&rsquo;s Fund but it is still referred to as UNICEF.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>UNICEF is<strong> guided by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It strives to establish children's rights as enduring ethical principles and international standards of behaviour towards children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1965</strong> for &ldquo;promotion of brotherhood among the nations&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> New York City.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It works in over 190 countries and territories with 7 regional offices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/every-fifth-child-faces-water-scarcity-globally-unicef-report-76048" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'global-water-crisis-unicef',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7979,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Happiness Report 2021',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Sustainable Development Solutions Network</strong> for the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-world-happiness-report-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Happiness Report 2021</strong></a>, a day before the<strong> International Happiness Day.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This year it focuses on the effects of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>and how people all over the world have fared.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Happiness Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>celebrated every year on 20<sup>th</sup> March</strong> to highlight the importance of happiness in the diurnal lives of people.</li>
<li>The <strong>United Nations started to celebrate the International Day of Happiness in 2013 </strong>but a<strong> resolution for the same was passed in July, 2012.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This resolution was<strong> first initiated by Bhutan</strong> which emphasised on the importance of national happiness over national income since the early 1970s, thereby adopting the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-bhutan-new-vistas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gross National Happiness</a> (GNH)</strong> over <strong>Gross National Product (GNP).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Gross National Happiness:</strong> The phrase &lsquo;gross national happiness&rsquo; was first <strong>coined by the 4<sup>th</sup> King of Bhutan, King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, in 1972.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The concept <strong>implies that sustainable development should take a holistic approach</strong> towards notions of progress and give equal importance to non-economic aspects of wellbeing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>GNP</strong> is the total value of all finished goods and services produced by a country's citizens in a given financial year, irrespective of their location.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme of 2021:</strong> &ldquo;Happiness For All, Forever&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The World Happiness Report<strong> ranks 149 countries</strong> by how happy their citizens perceive themselves to be.</li>
<li>The rankings are based on polling (Gallup World Poll) which looks at six variables: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product</strong> </a>Per Capita (Purchasing Power Parity).</li>
<li>Social Support.</li>
<li>Healthy life expectancy at birth.</li>
<li>Freedom to make life choices.</li>
<li>Generosity.</li>
<li>Perceptions of corruption.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Respondents are asked to rate their own current lives on a <strong>0-10 scale.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Top Performers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Finland has been ranked as the happiest country</strong> in the world for the<strong> fourth consecutive year.</strong></li>
<li>Followed by Iceland, Denmark, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and Norway.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worst Performers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Afghanistan (149)</strong> is the <strong>most unhappy</strong> country.</li>
<li>Followed by Zimbabwe (148), Rwanda (147), Botswana (146) and Lesotho (145).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Neighbours:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pakistan-</strong>105.</li>
<li><strong>Bangladesh</strong>-101.</li>
<li><strong>China</strong>-84.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has been ranked <strong>139, out of 149 countries</strong> evaluated.</li>
<li>In 2020, India was ranked <strong>144 out of 156 countries</strong> surveyed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sustainable Development Network Solution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SDSN, <strong>launched in 2012,</strong> mobilizes global scientific and technological expertise to promote practical problem solving for the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong> </a>and the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cop24" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Climate Agreement.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was established under the auspices of the United Nations Secretary-General.</li>
<li>The <strong>SDSN and the Bertelsmann Stiftung</strong> have been publishing the<strong> annual SDG Index &amp; Dashboards Global Report</strong> since 2016.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:HT</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'world-happiness-report-2021',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7977,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Covid Increased Poverty: Pew Report',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a new research conducted by <strong>Pew Research Center</strong> has found that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus pandemic</strong></a> has pushed about 32 million Indians out of the<strong> middle class</strong> and increased poverty in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report is based on an analysis of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong> </a>data.</li>
<li><strong>Pew Research Center</strong> is a<strong> nonpartisan fact tank</strong> that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616228269_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1616228269_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Poverty Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The poverty rate in India likely <strong>rose to 9.7% in 2020,</strong> up sharply from the January 2020 forecast of 4.3%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Poverty:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From <strong>2011 to 2019,</strong> the number of poor in India was estimated to have <strong>reduced to 78 million from 340 million.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>2020,</strong> the number <strong>increased by 75 million.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Poor:</strong> People with incomes of<strong> USD 2 or less</strong> a day.</li>
<li>Increase in India accounts for nearly<strong> 60% of the global increase in poverty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Record increase in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mgnregs-praised-by-the-standing-committee-on-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)</strong></a> participants as proof that the poor were struggling to find work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduced Middle Class:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The middle class in India is estimated to have <strong>shrunk by 3.2 crore in 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Middle Class:</strong> Includes people with incomes of approximately Rs. 700-1,500 or USD 10-20 per day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The middle income group is likely to have decreased from almost <strong>10 crore to just 6.6 crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Shrinked Low Income Group:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The vast majority of India&rsquo;s population fall into the low income group.</li>
<li>This group <strong>shrank from 119.7 crore to 116.2 crore per day,</strong> with about <strong>3.5 crore dropping below the poverty line.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Low Income Group:</strong> Includes people earning about Rs.150 to 700 per day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rich Population:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The richer population also <strong>fell almost 30% to 1.8 crore people.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Rich:</strong> Includes the people who earn more than Rs.1,500 a day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comparison with China:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like India, China has a large population of around 1.4 billion people. But the <strong>pandemic&rsquo;s effect on poverty was much smaller in China.</strong></li>
<li>It was the<strong> only major economy to grow in 2020</strong> and that has helped poverty levels to remain &ldquo;virtually unchanged&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In January 2021, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong></a> in its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-outlook-imf-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Economic Outlook Report</strong></a>, estimated <strong>India&rsquo;s economy to contract 8%</strong> in the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Financial Year (FY)</strong></a> 2020 while <strong>China&rsquo;s economy was expected to expand by 2.3% in 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s <strong>middle class is likely to see a miniscule dip</strong> of just one crore, while the number of <strong>poor people may have gone up by 10 lakh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Poverty Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The global poverty rate also <strong>increased to 10.4%</strong> last year after witnessing a steady decline over the years.</li>
<li>It was previously expected that the poverty rate would decrease to 8.7% in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor Class:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The number of <strong>&lsquo;global poor&rsquo;</strong> are <strong>estimated to have increased to 803 million in 2020,</strong> which is a significant increase from 672 million, the pre-pandemic prediction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Middle Class:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From 2011 to 2019, the <strong>middle class population globally had increased</strong> to 1.34 billion from 899 million. Further, it was expected to increase by 54 million annually on average.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>South Asia:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>South Asia saw the <strong>greatest reduction in the number of middle class and the largest &lsquo;expansion&rsquo; in poverty in 2020.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This could be attributed to <strong>South Asia experiencing sharp decrease in economic growth</strong> during the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> lockdown triggered by the pandemic</strong> resulted in <strong>shut businesses, lost jobs and falling incomes,</strong> plunging the Indian economy into a deep<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-emerged-out-of-technical-recession#:~:text=The%20Indian%20economy%20has%20emerged,in%20manufacturing%2C%20construction%20and%20agriculture.&amp;text=A%20technical%20recession%20is%20when,consecutive%20quarters%20in%20the%20GDP." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> recession</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Sharp rise in global poverty was owing to the fact that <strong>many under the low income tier prior to the pandemic were living on the margin of poverty.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India and China also account for more than a third of the global population,</strong> with about 1.4 billion people each, the course of the pandemic in these two countries and<strong> how each recovers will have a substantial effect on changes in the distribution of income at the global level.</strong></li>
<li>It claws back <strong>several years of progress</strong> on the economic front.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At least <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-lifted-271-million-people-out-of-poverty" target="_blank" rel="noopener">271 million people were lifted out of multi-dimensional poverty</a> between 2005-06 and 2016-17,</strong> claimed India&rsquo;s Voluntary National Review (VNR) of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives to Mitigate the Effects of Covid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India&rsquo;s Covid-19 Economic Relief Package.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (self-reliant India).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-pandemic-may-have-doubled-poverty-in-india-says-pew-study/article34110732.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'covid-increased-poverty-pew-report',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7955,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Inter-Parliamentary Union',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the President of the <strong>Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)</strong> addressed Members of Parliament at the Central Hall of the Indian Parliament.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IPU is an <strong>international organisation</strong> of national parliaments. It was established in <strong>1889 in Paris.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was founded by statesmen <strong>Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Passy of France</strong> and<strong> William Randal Cremer of the United Kingdom.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It works with <strong>close co-operation</strong> with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nation</strong></a> (UN), regional parliamentary organisations, international intergovernmental organisations and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>non-governmental organisations</strong></a> for the arbitration of conflict.</li>
<li>It is a<strong> unique platform</strong> for observing political opinions and trends around the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>promote parliamentary dialogue</strong> world-wide and <strong>works for peace and cooperation among the peoples.</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>promote democratic governance, accountability, and cooperation</strong> among its members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Slogan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For democracy. For everyone</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Promoting parliamentary action by addressing international concerns in<strong> six main areas:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Representative democracy.</li>
<li>Peace and security.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable development.</strong></a></li>
<li>Human rights and humanitarian law.</li>
<li>Women in politics.</li>
<li>Education, science, and culture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>179</strong> countries are <strong>members</strong> of the IPU.</li>
<li><strong>13</strong> regional parliamentary assemblies are associate members.</li>
<li>India is a member.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Geneva, <strong>Switzerland.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-parliament-should-discuss-laws-passed-by-other-parliaments-om-birla/article34083314.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'inter-parliamentary-union',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7945,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Kenya-Somalia Dispute',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Kenya</strong> has declined to take part in proceedings of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Court of Justice (ICJ)</strong></a> over its maritime border dispute with <strong>neighbouring Somalia.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Point</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Direction of Maritime Boundary:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615895437_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1615895437_image 0.jpg" style="float: right;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main point of disagreement between the two neighbours is the <strong>direction</strong> in which their <strong>maritime boundary</strong> in the Indian Ocean should extend.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Somalia&rsquo;s Stand:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The sea border should be an <strong>extension of the same direction</strong> in which their land border runs as it approaches the Indian Ocean, i.e. <strong>towards the southeast.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kenya&rsquo;s Stand:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The maritime border should<strong> run parallel to the equator.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance of Disputed Area:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The triangular area thus created by the dispute is around 1.6 lakh sq. km. large, and <strong>boasts of rich marine reserves.</strong></li>
<li>It is also believed to have oil and gas deposits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Court of Justice</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ICJ was established in <strong>1945</strong> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> <strong>charter</strong> and started working in April 1946.</li>
<li>It is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, <strong>situated at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>settles legal disputes</strong> between States and gives advisory opinions in accordance with international law, on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.</li>
<li>Its <strong>rulings are binding,</strong> though the court has no<strong> enforcement powers</strong> and countries have been known to ignore its verdicts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-indian-ocean-border-dispute-between-kenya-and-somalia-7229569/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'kenya-somalia-dispute',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	},
	(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 7924,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Asteroid 2001 FO32',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong></a> <strong>(NASA)</strong> has predicted that the asteroid <strong>&lsquo;2001 FO32&rsquo; is the largest to pass by Earth in 2021.</strong> It will be at its closest on 21<sup>st</sup> March.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will provide a rare opportunity for astronomers to get a good look at a rocky relic that formed at the dawn of our solar system.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the 2001 FO32 Asteroid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Discovery:</strong> It was discovered 20 years ago and ever since the scientists have been tracking its orbital path around the Sun very accurately.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was <strong>discovered in March 2001 by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) program</strong> in Socorro, New Mexico.</li>
<li><strong>1998 OR2 was the last notably large asteroid</strong> that passed close to earth on 29<sup>th</sup> April, 2020. While 2001 FO32 is somewhat smaller than 1998 OR2, it will be <strong>three times nearer to Earth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Orbit:</strong> It is in a highly <strong>eccentric orbit around the Sun.</strong> It <strong>completes one orbit</strong> <strong>every 810 days</strong> (about 2&frac14; years). The orbit is tilted 39&deg; to Earth&rsquo;s orbital plane.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This orbit takes the asteroid closer to the Sun than Mercury, and twice as far from the Sun as Mars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Speed:</strong> The asteroid will pass by at about 1,24,000 kph. It is faster than the speed at which most asteroids encounter Earth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The reason for the asteroid&rsquo;s unusual speed is its close approach to the earth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No Threat of Collision:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The near-Earth asteroid will make its closest approach at a distance of about 2 million kilometers or 5 1/4 times the distance from Earth to the Moon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The distance is close in astronomical terms, that's why it has been designated a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/163348-2002-nn4-a-near-earth-asteroid" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;potentially hazardous asteroid&rdquo;.</strong></a></li>
<li>There is no threat of a collision with our planet now or for centuries to come.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Next Close Approach:</strong> The asteroid will not come this close to Earth again until 2052, when it will pass by at about seven lunar distances, or 2.8 million km.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will provide an opportunity for astronomers to get a more precise understanding of the asteroid&rsquo;s size and albedo (i.e. how bright, or reflective, its surface is), and a rough idea of its composition.</li>
<li>When sunlight hits an asteroid&rsquo;s surface, minerals in the rock absorb some wavelengths while reflecting others. By studying the spectrum of light reflecting off the surface, astronomers can measure the chemical &ldquo;fingerprints&rdquo; of the minerals on the surface of the asteroid.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Asteroids Seen in News:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asteroid-2020-nd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asteroid 2020 ND</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/163348-2002-nn4-a-near-earth-asteroid" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>163348 (2002 NN4)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asteroid-2018vp1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asteroid 2018VP1</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asteroid-16-psyche" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asteroid 16 Psyche</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/osiris-rex-mission-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asteroid Bennu</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Asteroids</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Asteroids orbit the Sun and are small bodies in the solar system.</li>
<li>They are made up of metals and rocks.</li>
<li>They tend to have shorter and elliptical orbits.</li>
<li>They do not produce a coma or tail atmosphere.</li>
<li>The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System, located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Classification of Asteroids</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Main Asteroid Belt:</strong> The majority of known asteroids orbit within the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.</li>
<li><strong>Trojans:</strong> These asteroids share an orbit with a larger planet, but do not collide with it because they gather around two special places in the orbit (called the L4 and L5 Lagrangian points). There, the gravitational pull from the sun and the planet are balanced.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lagrange Points are positions in space where the gravitational forces of a two body system like the Sun and the Earth produce enhanced regions of attraction and repulsion. These can be used by spacecraft to reduce fuel consumption needed to remain in position.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Near-Earth Asteroids:</strong> These objects have orbits that pass close by that of Earth. Asteroids that actually cross Earth's orbital path are known as Earth-crossers.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Potentially Hazardous Asteroid</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It means that an asteroid has the potential to make threatening close approaches to the Earth.</li>
<li>Specifically, all asteroids with a <strong>Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance (MOID)</strong> of 0.05 AU (which is about 7,480,000 Km) or less and an <strong>Absolute Magnitude (H)</strong> of 22.0 (about 150 mt in diameter) or less are considered PHAs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance</strong> is a method for calculating the minimum distance between two almost overlapping elliptical orbits.</li>
<li>The<strong> Astronomical Unit (AU)</strong> is the distance between the Earth and the Sun and is roughly 150 million km.</li>
<li>The <strong>absolute magnitude</strong> is a measure of the star's luminosity i.e. the total amount of energy radiated by the star every second.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-2001-fo32-largest-asteroid-passing-by-earth-year-7226037/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'posturl' => 'asteroid-2001-fo32',
		'publishon' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'articles'
	
	}
]
$tags = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'id' => (int) 347,
		'tag' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'colorcode' => 'FFFFFF',
		'posturl' => 'important-international-institutions',
		'status' => (int) 1,
		'sort_order' => (int) 5,
		'type' => (int) 0,
		'relivant' => (float) 1,
		'metatitle' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'metakeyword' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'metadescription' => 'Important International Institutions',
		'addedby' => (int) 9,
		'updatedby' => (int) 9,
		'added' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'modified' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'tags'
	
	}
]
$title = 'Article Tags'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 115
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Articles/tags.ctp, line 61
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Study Material

State PCS

Test Series

Videos

Tag Search Results

You searched “Important International Institutions”. Your tag search matches the following results: