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First National Conference on Intersex Human Rights

Why in News Recently, the first national conference on intersex human rights was organised by Srishti Madurai in partnership with Intersex Asia in...

03 Jan 2020 Important International Institutions
WHO Report on Global Tobacco Epidemic 2019

Why in News Recently, the World Health Organization has released a report which projected a powerful shift in the global tobacco epidemic. The shift...

02 Jan 2020 Important International Institutions
2020 as Year of the Nurse and Midwife: WHO

Why in News The World Health Organisation (WHO) has designated the year 2020 as the “Year of the Nurse and midwife”, in honour of the...

02 Jan 2020 Important International Institutions
SnowEx

Why in News Recently, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has launched a seasonal campaign to understand how much water is...

28 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Why in News The Organisation for Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has criticised Government of India over the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, and the...

23 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
2019 Pollution and Health Metrics: Global, Regional and Country Analysis Report

Why in News The 2019 Pollution and Health Metrics: Global, Regional and Country Analysis report from the Global Alliance on Health and Pollution...

20 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
Global Refugee Forum

Why in News Recently, the Global Refugee Forum meeting was held in Geneva, Switzerland. It was the first ever meeting of global refugee...

18 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
Packaged Foods Breach Salt and Fat Limits

Why in News According to a recent analysis by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), an array of packaged snacks and fast foods breach safe...

18 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
Britain Elections

Why in News Britain elected Boris Johnson of the Conservative Party as its Prime Minister in the recently concluded elections. This victory gives...

16 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
‘World Habitat Award’ for Odisha’s JAGA Mission

Why in News Recently, Odisha has won the 'World Habitat Award' for its ambitious initiative- Jaga Mission. It aims at transforming the slums into...

11 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
Aung San Suu Kyi to Defend Myanmar in ICJ

Recently, Gambia has filed an application at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), accusing Myanmar of violating the 1948 Genocide...

11 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

Why in news Recently, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) has raised concern over Citizenship (Amendment) Bill...

11 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
World Heritage Week 2019

Why in News The World Heritage Week is celebrated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) every year from...

10 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
Typbar TCV Vaccine

Why in News Hyderabad-based Bharat Biotech has developed a typhoid vaccine (Typbar TCV) which has better efficacy than the previously used...

10 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
19th IORA Council of Ministers Meeting

Why in News Recently, the 19th Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Council of Ministers (COM) Meeting was held in Abu Dhabi (UAE) under the theme of...

09 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
World Soil Day

Why in News World Soil Day (WSD) is held annually on 5 December to highlight the importance of healthy soil and to advocate for the sustainable...

05 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
YuWaah Youth Skilling Initiative

Why in News The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) launched the ‘YuWaah’ Generation Unlimited in India on November 1, 2019. Key...

04 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
The Big Picture- India, China Diplomatic Ties

In 2020, India and China will commemorate the 70th anniversary of the establishment of their diplomatic relations with 70 celebratory activities...

03 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
Saudi Arabia Becomes First Arab Nation to Head G20

Why in News Recently, Saudi Arabia became the first Arab nation to take over the G20 Presidency on December 1, 2019. It has taken over from Japan...

02 Dec 2019 Important International Institutions
U.S. Minimises its Share in NATO Budget

Why in News The U.S. contribution to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation’s (NATO) operating budget has been cut down at the cost of an...

29 Nov 2019 Important International Institutions

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		'title' => 'First National Conference on Intersex Human Rights',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>first national conference on intersex human rights</strong> was organised by <strong>Srishti Madurai</strong> in partnership with <strong>Intersex Asia</strong> in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference sought a <strong>national ban on unnecessary medical surgeries conducted on children with intersex traits</strong> and appealed to the Union government to protect their human rights.</li>
<li>This demand follows <strong>Tamil Nadu&rsquo;s ban on normative surgeries on infants and children, except</strong> in life-threatening situations in <strong>August 2019.</strong></li>
<li>If the ban will be adopted nationally, <strong>India will become the third country</strong> to protect the rights of intersex children after <strong>Malta and Taiwan.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term intersex is often confused with transgender but the two in-fact have very different meanings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Transgender:</strong> Individuals who identify as transgender or transexual have a gender that is different from the one traditionally associated with the sex they were assigned at birth.</li>
<li><strong>Intersex:</strong> It refers to people born with biological or physical characteristics that are more diverse than stereotypical male or female bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> <strong>(WHO)</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-relevance-of-unhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Human Rights Council</strong></a><strong> (UNHRC)</strong> have called upon the Member States to end invasive and irreversible medical surgeries and other medical treatment on intersex children.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Srishti Madurai</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India&rsquo;s<strong> first Genderqueer and Intersex led human rights movement</strong> and was established in September 2011 in Madurai, Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>It aims to create a space for Genderqueer, Intersex and LGBTQA+ Indians in the public discourse.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Intersex Asia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>autonomous regional network of intersex-led organizations and individuals from Asian countries</strong> that work to support, educate and advocate for the rights and lives of intersex individuals and raise awareness on human rights violations and discrimination faced by intersex communities.</li>
<li>It was established in <strong>February 2018 in Bangkok, Thailand.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/groups-call-for-ban-on-surgeries-on-intersex-minors/article30397401.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4055,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'WHO Report on Global Tobacco Epidemic 2019',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization</strong> </a>has released a report which projected a powerful shift in the global tobacco epidemic. The shift is reflected in the <strong>decline in the overall global tobacco use</strong> and the <strong>number of people consuming it.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577962266_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577962266_image5.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of males using tobacco:</strong> It <strong>rose</strong> from 1.050 billion in 2000 to 1.093 billion in 2018, however, the report projects a <strong>decline in the number of males using tobacco.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The number has <strong>stopped growing</strong> and is projected to<strong> decline by more than 1 million (or 1.091 billion) male users</strong> by <strong>2020</strong> and 5 million (or 1.087 billion) less by <strong>2025,</strong> compared to<strong> 2018</strong> levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global tobacco use:</strong> It <strong>declined</strong> from 1.397 billion in 2000 to 1.337 billion in 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The fall was largely driven by <strong>reductions in the number of females using tobacco products,</strong> with their numbers shrinking from 346 million in 2000 to 244 million in 2018, or more than 100 million users.</li>
<li>Some <strong>60% of countries</strong> have been experiencing a <strong>decline in tobacco use</strong> since 2010.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Projections:</strong> By <strong>2020,</strong> there will be<strong> 10 million fewer tobacco users</strong> compared to 2018 and another 27 million less by 2025, amounting to 1.299 billion.</li>
<li><strong>Other findings:</strong> Approximately <strong>43 million children (aged 13-15) over the world used tobacco in 2018</strong> (14 million girls and 29 million boys).
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577962304_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577962304_image4.png" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a></h3>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>In Indian Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, the<strong> prevalence of tobacco use</strong> (male and female combined) in 2000 was 44% and it is expected to reduce almost by half to 22.3% by 2025.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Globally, the prevalence was 33.3% in 2000, and is projected to reach 20.9% in 2025.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current tobacco use rates</strong> in India in 2018 for people aged 15 years and older were <strong>higher than global rates</strong> among both males and females. However, the <strong>rates of tobacco smoking were lower</strong> than global rates.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tobacco Control Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governments adopt and implement the tobacco control provisions of the <strong>WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC).</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>first international treaty</strong> negotiated under the auspices of the WHO.</li>
<li>It was adopted by the World Health Assembly on 21 May 2003 and entered into force on 27 February 2005.</li>
<li>It was developed in response to the <strong>globalization of the tobacco epidemic</strong> and is an <strong>evidence-based treaty</strong> that reaffirms the right of all people to the highest standard of health.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The FCTC&rsquo;s measures to combat tobacco use include:</li>
<li>Price and tax measures.</li>
<li>Large, graphic warnings on tobacco packages.</li>
<li>100% smoke-free public spaces.</li>
<li>A ban on tobacco marketing.</li>
<li>Support for smokers who want to quit.</li>
<li>Prevention of tobacco industry interference.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/projected-drop-male-tobacco-use-underlines-shifting-trends-6195287/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4048,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '2020 as Year of the Nurse and Midwife: WHO',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> has designated the year <strong>2020 as the &ldquo;Year of the Nurse and midwife&rdquo;,</strong> in honour of the <strong>200<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale.</strong> <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577952383_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577952383_image2.jpg" width="300" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The declaration of<strong> &ldquo;Year of the Nurse and midwife&rdquo;</strong> will help to strengthen nursing and midwifery for Universal Health Coverage. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Strengthening nursing will help to achieve <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals,</strong></a> in particular the <strong>(SDG) 3 - ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages, SDG 5-promoting gender equity and SDG 8- contributing to economic development.</strong></li>
<li>Nurses and midwives constitute more than 50% of the health workforce in many countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The declaration will also help to endorse <strong>&ldquo;The NursingNow!&rdquo;</strong> a <strong>three-</strong>year campaign <strong>(2018-2020)</strong> to improve health globally by raising the status of nursing.</li>
<li>Moreover, WHO is also leading the development of the <strong>first-ever State of the World&rsquo;s Nursing report</strong> which will be launched in 2020.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Florence Nightingale<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577952354_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577952354_image3.jpg" width="150" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Florence Nightingale was a <strong>British nurse, statistician, and social reformer</strong> who is also considered as a <strong>foundational philosopher of modern nursing.</strong></li>
<li>She was born in Florence, <strong>Italy,</strong> on <strong>May 12, 1820.</strong> The year 2020 marks a<strong> bicentenary year</strong> of her birth.</li>
<li>During the Crimean War, she and a team of nurses improved the unsanitary conditions at a British base hospital, greatly reducing the death count. Her writings sparked worldwide health care reform.</li>
<li>She was known for her night rounds to aid the wounded, establishing her image as the <strong>'Lady with the Lamp&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 4014,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SnowEx',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong> (<strong>NASA)</strong></a> has launched a <strong>seasonal campaign</strong> to understand how much water is contained in each winter&rsquo;s snowfall and how much will be available when it melts in the spring.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This campaign is <strong>part of a five-year programme called SnowEx</strong> which was initiated in <strong>2016-17.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The geographical focus of SnowEx is North America but NASA&rsquo;s <strong>overall target</strong> is optimal strategies for <strong>mapping global snow water equivalent (SWE)</strong> with remote sensing and models leading to <strong>&ldquo;Earth System Explorer&rdquo; mission.</strong></li>
<li>NASA currently has no global satellite mission to track and study SWE.</li>
<li>Snow is a vital source of water for <strong>drinking, agriculture</strong> and <strong>electrical power</strong> in the western United States and other locations around the world. To know how much water will be available the following spring, water resource managers and hydrologists <strong>need to know where snow has fallen, how much there is and how do characteristics change as it melts.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Remote sensing:</strong> It is the science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-snowex-6188445/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3961,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Organisation for Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has criticised Government of India over the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-amendment-act-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019,</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/liberhan-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Babri Masjid</strong></a> verdict of the Supreme Court.</p>
<h3>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the <strong>second largest</strong> <strong>intergovernmental organization</strong> after the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> with a membership of 57 states.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>collective voice of the Muslim world.</strong> It endeavors to safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony among various people of the world.</li>
<li>It was established upon a decision of the historical summit which took place in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco on the 25<sup>th</sup> of September 1969.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</li>
<li><strong>India is not a member of the OIC.</strong> However, India was invited as a guest of honour at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-attended-oic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>46<sup>th</sup> Session of the Council of Foreign Minister</strong></a> in 2019. 2019 is the 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of OIC.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/oic-voices-concern-flags-impact-of-caa/article30374812.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3947,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '2019 Pollution and Health Metrics: Global, Regional and Country Analysis Report',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>2019 Pollution and Health Metrics: Global, Regional and Country Analysis report</strong> from the <strong>Global Alliance on Health and Pollution (GAHP)</strong> provides a ranking of pollution deaths on global, regional and country levels.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2017, pollution was responsible for 15% of all deaths globally and 275 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years.</li>
<li>The report includes <strong>three lists</strong> on pollution-induced deaths. <strong>India is the only country that features in the top 10 in all three lists.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India saw the most pollution deaths of about 2.3 million.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576840739_Untitled-1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1576840739_Untitled-1.jpg" width="680" height="256" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The top 10 countries with the <strong>most pollution deaths</strong> include both the world&rsquo;s largest and wealthiest nations and some of the poorer ones.</li>
<li>In the list of top 10 countries with the <strong>most pollution-related deaths in proportion to their population,</strong> there are many <strong>smaller countries</strong> where the impact of pollution in relation to population size is <strong>more intense.</strong></li>
<li>The list of top 10 countries with the<strong> most deaths related to air pollution corresponds closely</strong> to the list of top 10 countries <strong>with the most pollution-related deaths.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Air pollution, </strong>both <strong>ambient and indoor, </strong>is<strong> one of the largest and most obvious types of pollution affecting global health.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Global Alliance on Health and Pollution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>collaborative body</strong> made up of more than 60 members and dozens of observers.</li>
<li>Few prominent members are <strong>Pure Earth</strong> (non-profit organisation), <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong></a> (UNEP), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solar-thermal-energy-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Industrial Development Organization</strong></a> (UNIDO), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asian-development-outlook-2019-strengthening-disaster-resilience-adb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asian Development Bank</strong></a> (ADB), the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Commission</strong></a>, the Ministries of Environment and Health of many low and middle-income countries etc.</li>
<li>Its <strong>goal is to reduce death and illness</strong> caused by all forms of toxic pollution, including air, water, soil and chemical wastes especially in low and middle-income countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/telling-numbers-india-had-most-deaths-caused-by-pollution-in-2017-new-report/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3915,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Global Refugee Forum',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Global Refugee Forum meeting</strong> was held in Geneva, Switzerland.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was the first ever meeting of global refugee forum.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Refugee Forum</strong> is guided by the <strong>Global Compact on Refugees</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>compact</strong> calls for greater support to refugees and the countries that host them, often among the poorest in the world, and also aims to help refugees become more self-reliant so that they can contribute more to their own future and to that of the host community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The compact emerged from the <strong>New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants in 2016</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly</strong></a> unanimously adopted the declaration in 2016. It reaffirms the importance of the international refugee regime and contains a wide range of commitments by Member States to strengthen and enhance mechanisms to protect people on the move.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is part of the <strong>United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>UN Refugee Agency</strong> and a global organization dedicated to saving lives, protecting the rights and building a better future for refugees, forcibly displaced communities and stateless people.</li>
<li>It was <strong>created in 1950</strong> to help millions of Europeans who had fled or lost their homes.</li>
<li>It is headquartered at <strong>Geneva, Switzerland</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/imran-peddled-falsehoods-at-world-refugee-forum-mea/article30334048.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3913,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Packaged Foods Breach Salt and Fat Limits',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent analysis by the <strong>Centre for Science and Environment (CSE),</strong> an array of packaged snacks and fast foods breach safe limits of salt and fat content.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSE relied on the concept of the <strong>Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)</strong> to calculate the safety limits.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Recommended Dietary Allowance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RDA is a <strong>daily ceiling</strong> on the amount of salt, fat, carbohydrates and trans fats.</li>
<li>It is <strong>based on scientific consensus</strong> and has been agreed upon by expert bodies such as the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> and the <strong>National Institute of Nutrition in India.</strong></li>
<li>According to RDA, ideally an adult should not consume more than <strong>5 gm of salt, 60 gm of fat, 300 gm carbohydrate and 2.2 gm of trans fat</strong> on every day basis.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Centre for Science and Environment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>public interest research and advocacy organisation</strong> based in<strong> New Delhi.</strong> CSE researches into, lobbies for and communicates the urgency of development that is both sustainable and equitable.</li>
<li>It was established in 1980.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSE analysed samples were collected from grocery stores and fast food outlets in the city.</li>
<li>It found out that given the size of servings and the amount of nutrients per 100 gm, a single packet of packaged item had <strong>more salts and fats than the recommended limits.</strong></li>
<li>In 2019, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)</strong></a> proposed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fssai-s-food-labelling-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>draft Food Safety and Standards (Labelling and Display) Regulations</strong></a>, which require packaged food companies to declare nutritional information such as calories (energy), saturated fat, trans-fat, added sugar and sodium per serve on the front of the pack.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The food labels also need to declare, per serve percentage contribution to RDA on the front of the pack.</li>
<li>Though these regulations are under discussions since 2015 and several drafts have come out on them, they have yet to become law, and to be operationalised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The CSE concluded that all of the popular snacks and fast foods should display a <strong>&lsquo;Red Octagon&rsquo;</strong> on the front of the pack.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Red Octagon</strong> is a warning symbol employed in packaged foods in <strong>Chile and Peru.</strong> It has a number and the name of the food component within that indicates how widely off the RDA a particular ingredient is.</li>
<li>For example a Red &ldquo;3.1 Salt&rdquo; on a pack of potato chip, indicates that the salt it contains is 3.1 times the RDA for snacks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>food industry is opposing</strong> the move because all of the packaged food which was tested would come under the red mark.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The regulations, as of now, don&rsquo;t apply to fast foods such as burgers and pizzas, even though they were included in the CSE analysis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/cse-finds-range-of-packaged-foods-breach-safe-limits-of-salt-fat/article30331562.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3896,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Britain Elections',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Britain elected Boris Johnson of the Conservative Party as its Prime Minister in the recently concluded elections. This victory gives Boris Johnson a clear mandate to take the United Kingdom out of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union</strong></a> without any delay.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Johnson called for an early election after reaching a new <strong>divorce deal</strong> with the EU. He turned the poll into a de facto <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-uk-s-constitutional-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Brexit </strong>referendum</a>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His strategy was to consolidate the pro-Brexit vote, get a fresh mandate in Parliament and then quicken the Brexit process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The Brexit Financial Settlement (Divorce Bill) is a sum of money UK needs to pay to the EU for settling all shares of the financial obligations undertaken while being a member of the EU.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brexit:</strong> In 2016, a referendum was held by the U.K. government and the nation voted to leave the EU. Now the process is under the U.K. Parliament for formal withdrawal from the EU.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/brexit-deal-what-lies-ahead" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Brexit</a> supporters wanted Britain to take back full control of its borders and reduce the number of people coming here to live and/or work.</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Britain:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will give a boost to the nationalism with tougher laws on immigration.</li>
<li>Britain will also have to deal with Brexit&rsquo;s effect on its economy, including the long process of new bilateral trade agreements with many other countries, including India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The road ahead is not smooth even after a timely exit. The <strong>Brexit agreement</strong> itself is <strong>controversial</strong> and it could <strong>erect an effective customs border</strong> between <strong>Britain</strong> and the <strong>island of Ireland</strong> after implementation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It raises the concern on Brexit&rsquo;s impact on the <strong>Good Friday Agreement</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Good Friday Agreement or the Belfast Agreement:</strong> It was a peace agreement between the British and Irish governments and most of the political parties in Northern Ireland, on how Northern Ireland should be governed.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Negotiating an agreement</strong> on the U.K.&rsquo;s future relationship with the EU is an equally challenging task.</li>
<li>The <strong>Scottish National Party</strong> swept Scotland&rsquo;s seats which might revive pro-independence sentiments in Scotland.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scotland had a <strong>referendum in 2014</strong> on whether it should stay in the U.K. or be independent of it. The referendum <strong>rejected independence</strong> and the Scottish population was in favour of remaining in the European Union.</li>
<li>Scotland rejected independence by <strong>55% to 45%</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-day-of-boris/article30300269.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3861,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '‘World Habitat Award’ for Odisha’s JAGA Mission',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Odisha</strong> has won the <strong>'World Habitat Award'</strong> for its ambitious initiative- <strong>Jaga Mission.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>aims</strong> at transforming the slums into liveable habitat with all necessary civic infrastructure and services at par with the better off areas within the same urban local body and to continuously improve the standard of the infrastructure and services and access to livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>World Habitat Award</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award is given by <strong>World Habitat,</strong> in partnership with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-habitat-assembly" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Habitat</strong></a>, <strong>every year</strong>, in recognition of innovative, outstanding, and revolutionary ideas, projects, and programmes from across the world in the field of housing.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Habitat or United Nations Human Settlements Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>United Nations agency for human settlements.</strong> It is mandated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1978</strong> as an outcome of the <strong>first UN Conference on Human Settlements and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat I)</strong> held in Vancouver, Canada, in 1976.</li>
<li>UN-Habitat is <strong>headquartered at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Habitat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international not-for-profit organisation/foundation</strong> established in the <strong>United Kingdom.</strong></li>
<li>It works internationally to help bring the best housing to the people who need it the most.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Jaga Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Odisha Liveable Habitat Mission (OLHM)- JAGA</strong> is a society under the Housing &amp; Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha.</li>
<li>The <strong>slum land titling mission</strong> was being executed in <strong>collaboration with Tata Trusts</strong> and <strong>Norman Foster Foundation.</strong></li>
<li>Odisha government rolled out this <strong>first of its kind project</strong> on<strong> May 7, 2018.</strong></li>
<li>This mission was also awarded the <strong>'India Geospatial Excellence Award'</strong> for <strong>technological innovation</strong> in transforming the lives of urban poor.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Geospatial Excellence Award</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award is given by <strong>GeoSmart India</strong> which is an <strong>interactive platform</strong> that demonstrates the collective and shared vision of the Indian geospatial community and is the <strong>most prominent stakeholder event</strong> of the <strong>Indian geospatial ecosystem.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/odisha-awarded-world-habitat-award-for-jaga-mission-119121000128_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3859,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Aung San Suu Kyi to Defend Myanmar in ICJ',
		'description' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, <strong>Gambia</strong> has filed an application at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Court of Justice (ICJ)</strong></a>, accusing Myanmar of violating the <strong>1948 Genocide Convention.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the first international legal attempt to bring Myanmar to ICJ over alleged mass killings of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-myanmar-rohingya-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rohingya minority</strong></a> in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Muslim-majority<strong> Gambia,</strong> has filed this application on behalf of the 57-nation <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-attended-oic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Aung San Suu Kyi</strong> will defend Myanmar in the Hague against accusations of genocide. She is a Myanmar&rsquo;s State Counsellor and Nobel Peace laureate (awarded in 1990).</li>
<li>Myanmar, however, faces a number of legal challenges over the fate of the Rohingya, including a probe by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-criminal-court-icc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Criminal Court</strong> </a>(a separate war crimes tribunal) in the Hague and a lawsuit in <strong>Argentina.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Convention on Genocide</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>adopted in 1948</strong> in response to the atrocities committed during World War II and a UN resolution which recognised that <strong>"genocide is an international crime, which entails the national and international responsibility of individual persons and states."</strong></li>
<li>The Convention on Genocide was among the first United Nations (UN) conventions addressing humanitarian issues.</li>
<li>The Convention has since then been widely accepted by the international community and ratified by a majority of States.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Criminal Court (ICC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is governed by an international treaty called 'The Rome Statute&rsquo; which was adopted in 1998. The <strong>International Criminal Court (ICC)</strong> is the world&rsquo;s first permanent international criminal court.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Hague, Netherlands.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Court of Justice (ICJ)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-court-of-justice-icj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ICJ</strong></a> was established in 1945 by the United Nations charter and started working in April 1946.</li>
<li>It is the<strong> principal judicial organ of the United Nations,</strong> situated at the Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-attended-oic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>OIC</strong></a> was formed in 1969 after a summit in Rabat, the Kingdom of Morocco on 25 September 1969.</li>
<li>The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is among the largest inter-governmental organizations in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</li>
<li>It has 57 member states and 12 observers including the United Nations</li>
</ul>
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		'article_id' => (int) 3858,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'United States Commission on International Religious Freedom',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in news</h3>
<p>Recently, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) has raised concern over <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship (Amendment) Bill (CAB), 2019.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This concern is related to the provision of <strong>granting citizenship based on religion</strong> in CAB, 2019.</li>
<li>Earlier in August, 2019 USCIRF had also issued a statement against the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Register of Citizens (NRC)</strong></a> in Assam and a mob lynching incident in Jharkhand.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Controversial Clause of CAB, 2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2016, a Bill was introduced to amend the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizenship Act, 1955</strong></a>. However, it lapsed with the dissolution of the 16<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Subsequently, the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 is has been introduced in the Parliament in December 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The 2019 amendment Bill provides for an exception for <strong>Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians</strong> from <strong>Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan,</strong> with regard to qualification for citizenship.</li>
</ul>
<h3>USCIRF</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an independent, bipartisan <strong>U.S. federal government commission</strong> created by the<strong> International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA), 1998.</strong> It monitors the universal right to freedom of religion or belief abroad.</li>
<li>USCIRF uses <strong>international standards</strong> to monitor religious freedom violations globally, and <strong>makes policy recommendations</strong> to the President, the Secretary of State, and Congress.</li>
<li>USCIRF Commissioners are <strong>appointed by</strong> the President and Congressional leaders of both political parties. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Their work is supported by a professional, nonpartisan staff. USCIRF is separate from the State Department, although the Department&rsquo;s Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom is a non-voting ex officio Commissioner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its recommendations are<strong> not binding</strong> and acts only as a conscience-keeper for the two branches in the US government &mdash; the legislature and the executive.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Religious Freedom report, 2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>USCIRF releases International Religious Freedom report annually. The Report consists of country-wise chapters.</li>
<li>The 2019 report on India discussed mob-related violence, religious conversion, the legal status of minorities and government policies.</li>
<li>It has placed India on its <strong>Tier 2</strong> category for engaging in or tolerating religious freedom violations that meet at least one of the elements of the &ldquo;systematic, ongoing, egregious&rdquo; standard for designation as a <strong>&ldquo;country of particular concern,&rdquo; or CPC,</strong> under the <strong>International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA).</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-uscirf-the-commission-concerned-over-cab-what-are-its-functions-6160600/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3852,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Heritage Week 2019',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The World Heritage Week is celebrated by <strong>the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Educational</a>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO) every year from November 19 to November 25.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monuments-of-national-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong></a><strong> (ASI)</strong> celebrates it.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Its <strong>objective</strong> is to make people <strong>aware of the rich heritage</strong> and also<strong> strive for its preservation.</strong></li>
<li>The Archaeological Survey of India and several other museums organise programs highlighting the significance of ancient monuments and their preservation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various<strong> programs</strong> related to <strong>historical structures, tour places and cultural and traditional heritage</strong> of the country were initiated to celebrate the week.</li>
<li>Several<strong> schools and colleges</strong> celebrated it by organising quiz and painting competitions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The heritage sites celebrating the week include Qutub Minar, Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Delhi Red Fort, Delhi Darwaza, Bhadra Gate among others.</li>
<li>There are <strong>38 UNESCO World Heritage sites in India</strong> which include <strong>30 cultural sites, 7 natural sites </strong>and<strong> 1 mixed site.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jaipur</strong></a> <strong>is the latest addition</strong> to the list of UNESCO cultural heritage sites.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was founded in <strong>1945</strong> to develop the <strong>&ldquo;intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind&rdquo;</strong> as a means of building lasting peace.</li>
<li>It is located in<strong> Paris, France.</strong></li>
</ul>
<strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ASI is the premier organization for the <strong>archaeological research, scientific analysis, excavation of archaeological sites, conservation and preservation of protected monuments.</strong></li>
<li>It is an attached office under the <strong>Department of Culture, Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
<li>ASI was <strong>founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham- the first Director-General of ASI.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/world-heritage-week-2019-significance-theme-free-entry-6126925/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3850,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Typbar TCV Vaccine',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Hyderabad-based <strong>Bharat Biotech</strong> has developed a <strong>typhoid vaccine (Typbar TCV)</strong> which has <strong>better efficacy</strong> than the previously used vaccinations in preventing typhoid fever.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Typbar TCV is a type of <strong>conjugate vaccine</strong> which has already been pre-qualified by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation&rsquo;s</strong></a> <strong>Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (WHO-SAGE).</strong></li>
<li>Currently, two typhoid vaccines viz. Polysaccharide Typhoid Vaccine and Live, Weakened Typhoid Vaccine are used in India. However, their efficacy is lower than the conjugate vaccine as they offer 60-70% protection, unlike the conjugate vaccine which confers nearly 82% protection.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Typbar TCV</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>type of conjugate vaccine. Conjugate vaccines</strong> are made using a combination of two different components. In Typbar TCV, an <strong>antigen</strong> is <strong>chemically linked to a carrier protein</strong> to create more powerful combined immune response.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The conjugate vaccine can be given to babies as young as six months, while the other two typhoid vaccines &mdash;<strong> polysaccharide typhoid vaccine</strong> and <strong>live, weakened typhoid vaccine</strong> cannot be given to children below two years of age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its <strong>single dose</strong> is effective in preventing typhoid in children aged <strong>9 months to 16 years.</strong> It confers protection two-three weeks after the administration.</li>
<li>Typhoid bacteria can be treated with antibiotics but the microbes have <strong>developed resistance against multiple antibiotics.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid</strong> outbreaks have been found in <strong>India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Typbar TCV is the <strong>world&rsquo;s first clinically proven conjugate</strong> Typhoid vaccine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bharat Biotech has been supplying the typhoid conjugate vaccine to Pakistan since 2017. <strong>Pakistan is also the first country</strong> to introduce the <strong>typhoid conjugate vaccine</strong> as part of its <strong>national immunisation programme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Typhoid</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Typhoid fever is caused by the highly contagious <strong>Salmonella Typhi bacteria.</strong> The bacteria spread through <strong>contaminated food or water.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Symptoms</strong> are prolonged fever, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, and constipation or sometimes diarrhoea.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are often non-specific and clinically non-distinguishable from other febrile illnesses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Clinical severity varies and severe cases may lead to<strong> serious complications</strong> or even <strong>death.</strong></li>
<li>According to the WHO, a large proportion of <strong>severe typhoid</strong> fever cases occur in <strong>children aged below two years.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/bharat-biotechs-typhoid-vaccine-offers-82-protection/article30219547.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3843,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => '19th IORA Council of Ministers Meeting',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>19<sup>th</sup> Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Council of Ministers (COM) Meeting</strong> was held in <strong>Abu Dhabi (UAE)</strong> under the theme of <strong>&ldquo;Promoting a Shared Destiny and Path to Prosperity in the Indian Ocean&rdquo;</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>United Arab Emirates (UAE)</strong> has assumed the position of <strong>Chair</strong> while <strong>Bangladesh</strong> will be Vice-Chair of the IORA for the period of <strong>2019-2021</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>South Africa</strong> was the chair for the period of <strong>2017-2019</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The meeting was attended by <strong>IORA&rsquo;s 22 Member States and nine Dialogue Partners</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>only ministerial-level organization</strong> that focuses purely on the Indian Ocean region, bound together by growing economic and trade linkages and a shared interest in promoting prosperity, peace and stability.</li>
<li>In <strong>2014, India</strong> hosted the <strong>first Indian Ocean Dialogue in Kochi, Kerala</strong> bringing together officials, academics and other strategic thinkers to discuss <strong>six broad themes</strong> &ndash; the geo-political contour of the Indian Ocean Region, maritime security challenges, strengthening regional institutions, information sharing, cooperation in disaster relief and management, and economic cooperation. The Kochi Consensus was adopted as its outcome document.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Indian Ocean Dialogue (IOD) is a flagship initiative</strong> of IORA, with its origins in the 13th Council of Ministers meeting, held in November 2013 in Perth, Australia.</li>
<li>The <strong>sixth edition of IOD will be held on 13 December 2019 in New Delhi, India</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Role</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India continues to promote its official policy of <strong>&ldquo;coordination, cooperation and partnership&rdquo;</strong> in the regional maritime domain.</li>
<li>As coordinator to the priority area on disaster risk management, India has <strong>published guidelines for IORA</strong>. It has also urged partners to join the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure</strong></a> launched at the <strong>UN in September 2019</strong>.</li>
<li>India has been <strong>trying to emerge as the net provider of information</strong> in the IOR and in that direction it created the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre</strong></a> located in <strong>Gurugram</strong> to assist member countries of IOR with real-time crisis information. <strong>Bangladesh, Mauritius, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Seychelles</strong> have been part of the information support structure of India.</li>
<li>Indian policy takes into consideration that IOR is not an India-run maritime domain and that is reflected in the government's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-20th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Security and Growth for All in the Region</strong> </a><strong>(SAGAR) programme,</strong> which <strong>aims to turn the region more inclusive</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Ocean Rim Association</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>established in 1997</strong> and is a regional forum that seeks to build and expand understanding and mutually beneficial cooperation through a consensus-based, evolutionary and non-intrusive approach.</li>
<li><strong>IORA has 22 member states,</strong> including Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, UAE, and Yemen.</li>
<li>Its <strong>Secretariat is based in Cyber City, Eb&egrave;ne, Mauritius</strong>.</li>
<li>It manages, coordinates, services and monitors the implementation of policy decisions, work programmes and projects adopted by the member states.</li>
<li>The association gains importance by the fact that the Indian Ocean carries half of the world&rsquo;s container ships, one-third of the world&rsquo;s bulk cargo traffic and two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s oil shipments.</li>
<li>It is a lifeline of international trade and transport and the Indian ocean region is woven together by trade routes and commands control of major sea-lanes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-ocean-rim-to-get-boost-with-uae-bangladesh-at-helm/article29807558.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3807,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'World Soil Day',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>World Soil Day (WSD)</strong> is held annually on <strong>5 December</strong> to highlight the importance of healthy soil and to advocate for the sustainable management of soil resources.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> for WSD 2019 is<strong> &lsquo;Stop Soil Erosion, Save Our Future&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575533952_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575533952_image4.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="216" height="210" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was recommended by the <strong>International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS)</strong> in <strong>2002.</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)</strong></a> has supported the formal establishment of WSD as a global awareness-raising platform under the leadership of the<strong> Kingdom of Thailand</strong> within the framework of the<strong> Global Soil Partnership.</strong></li>
<li><strong>5 December 2014</strong> was designated as the <strong>first official World Soil Day</strong> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> <strong>(UNGA).</strong></li>
<li>The date of 5 December was chosen because it corresponds with the official <strong>birthday of H.M. King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the King of Thailand,</strong> who <strong>officially sanctioned</strong> the event.</li>
<li>FAO gives <strong>two awards</strong> in line with this day-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The King Bhumibol World Soil Day Award-</strong> an annual award that honours individuals, communities, organizations and countries that organized remarkable and engaging World Soil Day activities or campaigns in the previous year.</li>
<li><strong>The Glinka World Soil Prize-</strong> an annual award for dynamic change-makers dedicated to solving one of our world&rsquo;s most pressing environmental issue: <strong>soil degradation.</strong> It honours individuals and organizations whose leadership and activities have contributed, or are still contributing to the promotion of sustainable soil management and the protection of soil resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.fao.org/world-soil-day/en/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: FAO</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3797,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'YuWaah Youth Skilling Initiative',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)</strong> launched the <strong>&lsquo;YuWaah&rsquo; Generation Unlimited</strong> in India on November 1, 2019.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Generation Unlimited (GenU),</strong> called <strong>YuWaah in India,</strong> is a <strong>global multisector and multi-stakeholder alliance</strong> created to meet the need of expanded <strong>education, skill development and employment opportunities for young people aged 10-24.</strong></li>
<li>It brings together partners from government, multilateral organizations, civil society, the private sector and young people from around the world.</li>
<li>The target age group of YuWaah includes adolescent girls and boys and its key mission is to promote access to foundational, transferable and 21<sup>st</sup>-century skills for youth inside and outside formal education systems.</li>
<li>YuWaah intends to create platforms to guide youth to market opportunities (career guidance, mentorship, internships, apprenticeships) and facilitate the integration of career guidance in school education.</li>
<li><strong>GenU aims to:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Modernize <strong>secondary education and training</strong> to build the skills young people need for productive lives and work.</li>
<li>Increase and improve the number of quality work opportunities available to youth.</li>
<li>Foster entrepreneurship as a mindset and a livelihood for young people.</li>
<li>Collaborate with youth as problem-solvers and engage citizens to help create the world they want.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>GenU is also an effective way to operationalize the vision and priorities of the <strong>UN Youth Strategy&mdash;</strong>in particular, youth engagement, participation and advocacy; supporting young people&rsquo;s greater access to quality education and skills development; and economic empowerment through decent jobs.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=195132" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3793,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'The Big Picture- India, China Diplomatic Ties',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nXakvlu1MjU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>In 2020, India and China will commemorate the <strong>70<sup>th</sup> anniversary</strong> of the establishment of their diplomatic relations with 70 celebratory activities (like cultural, religious and trade promotion events). These events were finalized during the <strong>second India-China informal summit</strong> held at <strong>Mamallapuram</strong> on October 11-12, 2019. In 1950, India became the <strong>first non-socialist bloc country</strong> to establish diplomatic relations with the People&rsquo;s Republic of China.</p>
<p>Besides hosting parliamentary exchanges, the two countries will conduct activities to trace <strong>civilizational links.</strong> And to foster business and trade relations, China will hold an <strong>India-China Trade and Investment Cooperation Forum</strong> and organize the <strong>second India-China Drug Regulation Forum in India.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India-China Drug Regulation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> first forum</strong> was held in <strong>Shanghai, China on 21<sup>st</sup> June 2019.</strong></li>
<li>The major focus of this forum was to <strong>enhance cooperation in the pharmaceuticals sector</strong> with a focus on exports of Indian medicines to China.</li>
<li>China under its <strong>Healthy China 2030 policy</strong> is committed to provide quality drugs at affordable prices to its citizens. And, India <strong>has emerged as the pharmacy of the world</strong> (exported around $17.3 billion-worth drugs in 2017-18) by providing high-quality generic drugs at a very affordable price.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this backdrop, China is keen to strengthen ties with India in the field of pharmaceuticals sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Present Sino-Indian Ties</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two emerging and enduring powers representing two modes of civilization signify a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-china-relations-an-analysis%C2%A0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>complex and dynamic relationship</strong></a> in world politics.</li>
<li>In the recent past, relations between India and China have broadened which can be exemplified by <strong>enhanced people-to-people cultural exchanges, improved commerce &amp; economic ties</strong> inter-alia.</li>
<li>At the official level, <strong>high-level exchanges</strong> have become regular in the form of recently organized <strong>two informal summits-</strong> <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indias-china-pak-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wuhan Summit (2018)</strong></a> <strong>&amp;</strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-2nd-informal-summit-mamallapuram-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Chennai Connect (2019)</strong></a>, and frequent meetings on the bilateral/ multilateral fora.</li>
<li>The<strong> soft diplomacy</strong> practiced in the form of<strong> increased tourism</strong> (granting of multiple-entry visa for 5 years by India to Chinese travellers), frequent visits by <strong>armed forces &amp; naval activities, 10 pillar agreement</strong> (2018), finalizing of <strong>70 events</strong> in the second informal summit, etc. have given a <strong>cushioning effect-</strong> marking the progress in the relations.</li>
<li>This highlights the enhanced engagement between the two nations. However, issues on certain major parameters still persist.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>10 Pillar Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>10 pillars of cooperation to enhance <strong>cultural and people-to-people exchanges</strong> were finalized between India and China in <strong>December 2018.</strong></li>
<li>These pillars are <em><strong>cultural exchange, cooperation in films and television, museum management, sports, youth exchanges, tourism, state and city-level exchanges, traditional medicine, yoga, and education (e.g. Chinese language teaching in India).</strong></em></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Underlying Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a <strong>widening gulf</strong> between the two nations on certain<strong> core issues</strong> like:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ongoing <strong>border/territorial disputes</strong> (e.g. <strong>Pangong Tso</strong> Lake issue 2019, <strong>Doklam</strong> stand-off 2017,<strong> Asaphila</strong> issue of Arunachal Pradesh)</li>
<li>Chinese activism on <strong>Kashmir</strong> after abrogation of certain provisions of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 370</strong></a></li>
<li>Cross-border <strong>terrorism</strong></li>
<li>China&rsquo;s stand on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-nsg-bid" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s entry to Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)</strong></a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-unsc-and-permanent-seat-for-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns with India:</strong> China perceives itself as a leading power ruling the <strong>unipolar</strong> <strong>world</strong> by 2050. It is therefore not comfortable with the <strong>rise of India</strong> in the region as the potential competitive power.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China follows a <strong>maximalist expectations approach</strong> towards India in which it demands much from the Indian side as can be seen from &lsquo;Hindi-Chini bhai bhai&rsquo; phase in the 1950s to the stable periphery demand, or demand to join <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a>. However, China does not reciprocate the same by addressing India&rsquo;s concerns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stance regarding Pakistan:</strong> For decades, China has used Pakistan as a wedge against India in order to confine India to the South Asia region and prevent India&rsquo;s rise as a global competitor. This can be substantiated by China&rsquo;s support to Pakistan on cross-border terrorism, resisting to designate certain terrorists globally, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges faced on the Global Platforms</h3>
<p>On the global stage, India and China are working together on different platforms where they display both convergence and divergence on the global issues.</p>
<p><strong>Convergence</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Change:</strong> In the recently held <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-environment-ministers-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India and China) minister&rsquo;s meet</strong></a>, the ministers from these nations advocated the concept of <strong>equal but differentiated responsibility</strong> that acknowledges different capabilities and differing responsibilities of individual countries in addressing climate change.</li>
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> In the <strong>recent</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/11th-brics-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BRICS summit (Brasilia Declaration)</strong></a>, in the backdrop of trade war between China and the U.S. and rising protectionism, there was a call for supporting multilateralism, and appreciating the central role of the U.N. in international affairs.</li>
<li><strong>Multilateral Forum:</strong> Both countries believe in upholding of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> charter and its non-interference policy, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</strong></a>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Trade Organization (WTO)</strong></a>- where both fight for G7 countries, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/east-asia-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>East Asian Summit.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Divergence</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/3rd-rcep-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>3<sup>rd</sup> Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)</strong></a>, China tried to trick on India in order to get access to the Indian markets.</li>
<li>China also has concerns about India&rsquo;s role (being a member of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quad-and-g-4-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quad</strong></a>) in the <strong>Indian Ocean region.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Domestic Challenges</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chinese economy is suffering due to the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/global-trade-war-the-apology-of-protectionism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>US-China trade war.</strong></a></li>
<li>Also, the domestic issues like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hongkong-protest" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hongkong protests,</strong></a> issue of atrocities against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/persecution-of-uighurs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Uighur muslims</strong></a> in Xinjiang province is affecting China.</li>
<li>China is worried with concerns related to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/viability-of-bri-and-cpec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)</strong></a> due to rising insurgency in Balochistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strategic: </strong>There is a need for defining, demarcating and delineating the borders so as to remove fear from the minds of people residing in the vicinity and strengthen the ties.</li>
<li>On the<strong> economic</strong> front, China has a trade surplus of around <strong>$750 billion</strong> (in the last 10 years) with India, which it needs to bring down. Service sector can play a major role in reducing the trade deficit.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China must<strong> create a level playing field</strong> by allowing Indian services such as in pharmaceuticals and software packages in its market. Also, in the RCEP, equitable distribution and differences between the two nations needs to be bridged.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both countries can effectively <strong>use their soft power</strong> (in the form of <strong>tourism</strong>) to further integrate their economies.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tourism:</strong> More Indian nationals visit to China as compared to the Chinese tourists coming to India. This<strong> cultural cross connect must be increased</strong> so as to build up the co-constituencies and enhance businesses that can consequently lead to resolving of conflicts at the national level.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/tourism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Promotion of tourism</strong></a> through education, spiritual visits especially on the Buddhist circuit, etc. must be promoted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The problems between India and China are difficult to be resolved in the short run but by <strong>managing the relationship</strong> by minimising the existing strategic gap, narrowing the divergences and maintaining the status quo, it can be improved over time. For this purpose, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-china-ties-marching-on" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>increased engagement with China</strong> </a>at every level from government to people, academia, business, etc. has to be targeted.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3781,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Saudi Arabia Becomes First Arab Nation to Head G20',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Saudi Arabia became the first Arab nation</strong> to take over the <strong>G20 Presidency </strong>on<strong> December 1, 2019.<a href="http://www.operationworld.org/files/ow/maps/lgmap/saud-MMAP-md.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1575288344_saud-MMAP-md.png" width="358" height="252" style="float: right;" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has taken over from <strong>Japan</strong> and it will host the <strong>G20 Summit</strong> in its capital, <strong>Riyadh</strong> on <strong>November 21 and 22, 2020.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>theme</strong> of Summit-<strong> "Realising Opportunities of the 21<sup>st</sup> Century for All".</strong></li>
<li><strong>The three key aims of the G20 Presidency, 2020 are: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Empowering People</strong> by creating the conditions in which all people mainly women and youth can live, work and thrive.</li>
<li><strong>Safeguarding the Planet</strong> by fostering collective efforts to protect our global common-pool resources.</li>
<li><strong>Shaping New Frontiers</strong> by adopting long-term and bold strategies to share the benefits of innovation and technological advancement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As the presiding nation, Saudi Arabia has to <strong>work towards mitigating global risks</strong> like climate change, demographic issues, such as low birth rates, rising life expectancy and aging societies which requires coordinated efforts at global level. However,<strong> rising populism and nationalism</strong> may prevent the progress at the multilateral level.</li>
<li>It has promoted a<strong> liberalisation drive,</strong> including granting greater rights to women. However, incidents like the <strong>murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi drew intense global criticism over human rights issues in Saudi Arabia.</strong></li>
<li>Therefore, G20 member states should <strong>exert pressure on the Saudi Arabia</strong> for its <strong>authoritative policies</strong> and hold it accountable for its human rights obligations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>G20</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong></a> is an <strong>informal group of 19 countries and the European Union,</strong> with representatives of the <strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> and the <strong>World Bank.</strong></li>
<li>The G20 membership comprises a mix of the world&rsquo;s largest advanced and emerging economies, representing about two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s population, 85% of global gross domestic product, 80% of global investment and over 75% of global trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The G20 operates as a forum and not as an organisation. Therefore, it <strong>does not have any permanent secretariat or management and administrative structure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>1997-1999 Asian Financial Crisis:</strong> This was a <strong>ministerial-level forum</strong> which emerged after G7 invited both developed and developing economies. The finance ministers and central bank governors began meeting in 1999.</li>
<li><strong>Amid 2008 Financial Crisis</strong> the world saw the need for a new consensus-building at the highest political level. It was decided that the G20 leaders would begin meeting once annually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The members of the G20 are <strong>Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union.</strong></li>
<li>One nation holds the Chair every year, known as <strong>'G20 Presidency'.</strong> Argentina chaired the G20 summit of 2018 and Japan for 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2019/dec/01/saudi-arabia-takes-over-g20-presidency-from-japan-2069844.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 3758,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'U.S. Minimises its Share in NATO Budget',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The U.S. contribution to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation&rsquo;s (NATO) operating budget has been cut down at the cost of an increase in Germany&rsquo;s payments to the alliance. This move comes after repeated criticism of European members of the organisation by the U.S.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will come into effect from 2021, wherein the U.S. and Germany will contribute equally to NATO budget.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the new agreement, the U.S. will cut its contribution to 16.35% of the total NATO&rsquo;s budget while Germany and other allies&rsquo; contributions will go up.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>U.S. currently pays 22.1% of the NATO budget and Germany pays 14.8%, under a formula based on each country&rsquo;s gross national income.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>France has refused to accept the new arrangement</strong> and will keep its contribution the same at 10.5%.</li>
<li>All allies have agreed on a <strong>new cost-sharing formula</strong> under which cost shares attributed to most European allies and Canada will go up, while the US share will come down.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier at the 2014 summit, NATO allies had agreed to spend 2% of their GDP on defence. However, the US suggested that countries not only meet their commitment of 2% expenditure on defence but also increase it to 4% immediately.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Till 2019, only <strong>eight of 29 members are able</strong> to spend 2% of their GDP on defence. Germany has also failed to meet this target.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor coordination between Europe and the U.S. and Turkey&rsquo;s military operation</strong> against the Kurds in northern Syria led to the deteriorating condition of NATO functioning so this is an important move to redefine the dynamics.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>North Atlantic Treaty Organization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a military alliance established by the <strong>North Atlantic Treaty</strong> (also called the <strong>Washington Treaty</strong>) of <strong>April 4, 1949</strong>, by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.</li>
<li>It is headquartered at Brussels, Belgium.</li>
<li>A key provision of the treaty, the so-called <strong>Article 5</strong>, states that if one member of the alliance is attacked in Europe or North America, it is to be considered an attack on all members. That effectively put Western Europe under the "nuclear umbrella" of the US.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NATO has <strong>only once invoked Article 5</strong>, on September 12, 2001, <strong>following the 9/11 attacks</strong> on the World Trade Center in the US.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NATO's protection does not extend to members' civil wars or internal coups.</li>
<li>As of 2019, there are <strong>29 member states</strong>, with <strong>Montenegro</strong> becoming the <strong>latest member</strong> to join the alliance in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>France withdrew from the integrated military command of NATO in 1966 but remained a member of the organization. However, it resumed its position in NATO&rsquo;s military command in 2009.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us-to-cut-spending-on-nato-budget-germany-to-pay-more/article30109402.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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