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Indian Diaspora Largest in the World: UN Report

Why in News As per International Organisation for Migration’s (IOM) latest report, ‘Global Migration Report 2020’, India continues...

29 Nov 2019 Human Geography
Jobs For Locals

The Article is based on “The case against job quotas for locals” that published in Livemint on 4th August. It talks about the growing...

17 Aug 2019 Human Geography
Migrants and Jobs

The 2011 Census data show that much of the migration to the big cities is intra-State rather than inter-State. The Census data shows that nearly...

29 Jul 2019 Human Geography
The World Population Prospects

According to ‘The World Population Prospects 2019’ published by the Population Division of the UN Department of Economic and Social...

18 Jun 2019 Human Geography
Migration

In the latest terror attack at two mosques in New Zealand, 49 people have lost their lives and scores of people got injured. A majority of the...

19 Mar 2019 Human Geography
A Tragedy That Was Long In The Making

(The editorial is based on the article “A tragedy that was long in the making” which appeared in The Hindu for 25th January 2019. In...

25 Jan 2019 Human Geography
2 Time Zones in India

...

28 Nov 2018 Human Geography
2 Time Zones in India

Why in News? Recently Council of Scientific & Industrial Research’s National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), which maintains Indian...

28 Nov 2018 Human Geography
Population Growth Rate of India Overestimated

A recent study has suggested that India’s population growth rate is highly overestimated by existing models. By 2025, India is expected to...

02 Aug 2018 Human Geography

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		'article_id' => (int) 3755,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Indian Diaspora Largest in the World: UN Report',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per <strong>International Organisation for Migration&rsquo;s (IOM)</strong> latest report, <strong>&lsquo;Global Migration Report 2020&rsquo;</strong>, India continues to be the largest country of origin of international <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">migrants</a> with a <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-diaspora" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>17.5 million-strong diaspora</strong></a> across the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India also received the <strong>highest remittance of $78.6 billion</strong> from Indians living abroad.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><strong>Migrants</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>total number of international migrants</strong> in 2019 is now estimated at <strong>270 million</strong>.</li>
<li>This is a very <strong>small percentage of the world&rsquo;s population (at 3.5%)</strong>, that is, the vast majority of people globally (96.5%) are estimated to be residing in the country in which they were born.</li>
<li>The <strong>top destination country</strong> remained the <strong>United States</strong> (50.7 million international migrants).</li>
<li>More than half of all international migrants (141 million) live in Europe and North America.</li>
<li>The top three <strong>countries of origin</strong> of international migrants &ndash; <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-the-top-source-of-immigrants" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India (17.5 million)</strong></a> <strong>&gt; Mexico (11.8 million) &gt; China (10.7 million)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Remittances</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The international remittances increased to $689 billion in 2018.</li>
<li>The <strong>top three remittance recipients were India ($78.6 billion) &gt; China ($67.4 billion) &gt; Mexico ($35.7 billion)</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>United States remained the top remittance-sending country</strong> ($68 billion) followed by the United Arab Emirates ($44.4 billion) and Saudi Arabia ($36.1 billion).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reasons for migration</strong>&nbsp;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> Apart from U.S., other important <strong>migration corridors</strong> from poorer countries to richer nations were France, Russia, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Gulf countries have some of the largest numbers of <strong>temporary labour migrants</strong> in the world, including the United Arab Emirates, where they make up almost 90% of the population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ongoing conflicts and violence</strong> in Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Myanmar, South Sudan, Syria and Yemen have led to massive internal displacement in the last two years. A total of 41.3 million people were forced to flee their homes at the end of 2018 &mdash; a record since monitoring began in 1998.</li>
<li><strong>Syria has the highest internally population of displaced people,</strong> at 6.1 million, followed by Colombia (5.8 million) and the Congo (3.1 million).</li>
<li><strong>Impact of climate and weather disasters,</strong> such as Typhoon Mangkhut in the Philippines contributed to 3.8 million displaced people, the largest number globally.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Organisation for Migration</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IOM, or as it was first known, the Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe (PICMME), was born in 1951 out of the chaos and displacement of Western Europe following the Second World War.</li>
<li>It is the leading inter-governmental organization, working under the mandate of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a>, in the field of migration and works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental partners.</li>
<li>With 173 member states, and further 8 states holding observer status, IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. It does so by providing services and advice to governments and migrants.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>These data are critical for understanding the important role of migrants and migration in the development of both countries of origin and destination. Facilitating orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people will contribute much to achieving <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a>.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/at-175-million-indian-diaspora-largest-in-the-world-un-report/article30105882.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 2874,
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		'title' => 'Jobs For Locals',
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<p>The Article is based on <a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-case-against-job-quotas-for-locals-1564930496168.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The case against job quotas for locals&rdquo;</strong></a> that published in Livemint on 4<sup>th</sup> August. It talks about the growing trend of jobs for locals and the associated concerns.</p>
</div>
<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nativism, the cry for job protection of locals, is rearing its head again in India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Andhra Pradesh Assembly recently passed a legislation that reserves 75% of industrial jobs in the state for locals</li>
<li>Recently Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister also said that the state government is mulling a law to ensure 70 per cent jobs to local youths in the private sector.</li>
<li>It is highly likely that other states such as Maharashtra and Karnataka with large pools of migrant labour imitate this legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Earlier efforts by states</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Maharashtra in 2008 introduced 80% reservation for locals in industries that seek state incentives and tax subsidies, but it could not bring any credible evidence on number of jobs created.</li>
<li>Gujarat introduced 85% reservation for locals as far back as 1995, but it was never enforced, either in the private or public sectors.</li>
<li>Tamilnadu&rsquo;s state industry minister announced in January to ensure at least 50% reservation of jobs for residents of the state.</li>
</ul>
<p>All these restrictions remained only on paper due to lack of implementation mechanism and reluctant attitudes of industries bodies.</p>
<h3>Constitutional Provisions regarding Interstate Migration</h3>
<p>The Constitution of India guarantees freedom of movement and consequently employment within India through several provisions.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 19</strong> ensures that citizens can &ldquo;move freely throughout the territory of India".</li>
<li><strong>Article 16</strong> guarantees no birthplace-based discrimination in public employment.</li>
<li><strong>Article 15</strong> guards against discrimination based on place of birth and</li>
<li><strong>Article 14</strong> provides for equality before law irrespective of place of birth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What does Data tell?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/migrants-and-jobs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The 2011 Census data show that much of the migration to the big cities is intra-State rather than inter-State.</strong></a></li>
<li>As per the census, work related interstate migration to urban areas comprises, on average, less than 10% of the urban workforce, a far cry from concerns on interstate migrants swamping the labour market.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/528image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/528image1.jpg" width="573" height="615" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Why such legislations?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic sluggishness</strong> and the lack of enough jobs in the market is the primary reason for such politics driven by &ldquo;son of the soil theory&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Vote-bank Politics:&nbsp;</strong>Such promises during elections draw voters&rsquo; attention and the elected governments are forced to act on their promise.</li>
<li><strong>Land Acquisition</strong> for industries has some preconditions from farmers/villagers , who are losing their land, to provide jobs to their family members or local youth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of such legislations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reduced job creation</strong> due to deterrence for industries in a state with such restrictions. This would do more harm to natives than actually benefiting them.</li>
<li><strong>Ease of Doing Business:</strong> Such restrictions may hamper the growth and development prospects of the respective state as well as the country by affecting ease of doing business.</li>
<li><strong>Diverse labour pool</strong> is a strength of Indian economy. Such restrictions on labour mobility would seek to disregard this advantage.</li>
<li>It will increase <strong>risks of labour shortages,</strong> can trigger a rise in unemployment, aggravate wage inflation, render labour markets rigid and incompetent and exacerbate regional inequalities.</li>
<li>It may promote <strong>aggressive regionalism</strong> and thus a threat to the unity and integrity of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The best way to grow out of nativism is to ensure economic recovery and provide enough job opportunities for youths.</li>
<li>Skill training and proper education should be the key focus for the states to prepare their masses to compete in the free market.</li>
<li>Instead of nativism, states need to create a framework where safe interstate migration for work is facilitated and fiscal coordination is pursued to enable the portability of social security benefits. If this is done, interstate migration would rise and provide more opportunities to remedy regional disparities.</li>
<li>Matching skills seamlessly across geographies within India would also facilitate the ease of doing business, a much valued goal continually emphasized for faster growth.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; background-color: #f5ebeb; border-color: #2f00ff;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;Discuss the implications of the growing trend of reservation of jobs for locals in states. Is this trend undermining the unity and integrity of India?&rdquo;</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 2648,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Migrants and Jobs',
		'description' => '<p>The 2011 Census data show that much of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/migration-in-bengal-delta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migration</strong></a> to the big cities is <strong>intra-State rather than inter-State.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Census data shows that nearly 40 percent of Delhi&rsquo;s 2011 population comprised individuals born outside the city, proving that the Capital is a<a href="/search/migrant%20magnet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> migrant magnet.</strong></a></li>
<li>In comparison, less than 10 percent of the people in Chennai, Hyderabad and Kolkata were born outside the respective States.</li>
<li>Mumbai&rsquo;s share of the migrant population was less than 30 per cent, Bengaluru&rsquo;s just a little over 17 per cent and Pune&rsquo;s just over 10 per cent.</li>
<li>In the National Capital Region (NCR), Gurugram has about 36 percent of people born outside Haryana.</li>
<li>In contrast, in Uttar Pradesh&rsquo;s Gautam Buddh Nagar district, where NCR&rsquo;s Noida and Greater Noida are located, just about 18 percent of the population was born outside Uttar Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<p>The Census data also shows that<strong> inter-State migration to the big cities often tends to be intra-regional, mostly driven by migrants&rsquo; desire to be close to home.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For instance, Chennai, Bengaluru and Hyderabad have a greater proportion of migrants from the South than from the North.</li>
<li>Likewise, a significant share of Kolkata&rsquo;s migrant population is from Bihar and Jharkhand.</li>
<li>However, there are some exceptions. Large outflows from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan to big cities have led to a sizeable presence of people from these three States in almost all the major cities.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/migrants-may-not-be-taking-away-jobs-after-all/article28739378.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 2230,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'The World Population Prospects',
		'description' => '<p>According to<strong> &lsquo;The World Population Prospects 2019&rsquo;</strong> published by the Population Division of the <strong>UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs,</strong> India is projected to surpass China as the world&rsquo;s most populous country by 2027.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Through the end of the century (between <strong>2019</strong> and <strong>2050) India</strong> (with an estimated population of 1.37 billion) is expected to remain the world&rsquo;s most populous country, followed by <strong>China, Nigeria, United States of America,</strong> and <strong>Pakistan.</strong></li>
<li>The global population is projected to increase by another <strong>2 billion</strong> people by 2050.</li>
<li><strong>Aging</strong> of the world's population will also spike due to increasing <strong>life expectancy</strong> and <strong>falling fertility levels.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By 2050, one in six people in the world will be over <strong>age 65</strong> (16%), up from one in 11 in 2019 (9%).</li>
<li>Aging will result in a decline in the proportion of the <strong>working age population</strong> that in turn will exert pressure on <strong>social security systems.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Europe and North America</strong> will have a much higher number of aging population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many countries are experiencing a reduction in population size (between 2019 and 2050, many countries will experience <strong>populations shrink</strong> by at least 1%).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>populations shrink</strong> can be attributed to sustained <strong>low levels of fertility</strong> and, in some cases, high rates of <strong>emigration</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In countries like Bangladesh, Nepal and the Philippines out-migration plays a key in <strong>population change</strong> (outflow of migrant workers).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In some instances, out-migration could also be caused by violence, lack of <strong>security or wars</strong> as in Myanmar, Syria and Venezuela.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many of the <strong>fastest growing populations</strong> are in the <strong>poorest countries</strong>, where population growth brings additional challenges in the effort to eradicate poverty, achieve greater equality, combat hunger and malnutrition and strengthen the coverage and quality of health and education systems to ensure that no one is left behind.</li>
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		'article_id' => (int) 1579,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'Migration',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/37aZp4TNmNQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>In the latest terror attack at two mosques in New Zealand, 49 people have lost their lives and scores of people got injured. A majority of the deceased have been identified as migrants and refugees. An Australian national has claimed the responsibility by posting a manifesto stating his racist and anti-immigrant ideologies.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drishti Input:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Human Migration:</strong> It is the movement by people from one place to another with the intention of settling, permanently or temporarily in a new location (within or outside the home country). Such people are called <strong>migrants</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Immigration</strong> is coming to a foreign country with the intention of permanently living there whereas <strong>Emigration</strong> is leaving a resident country with the intent to settle elsewhere.</p>
<p><strong>Refugees:</strong> These are the people who have been forced to flee their resident country because of war, violence or persecution. Such people are protected by international law, specifically the 1951 Refugee Convention.</p>
<p><strong>1951 Refugee Convention</strong> deals with the rights of the displaced as well as the legal obligations of states to protect them. <strong>India, despite having a large population of refugees, is not a signatory to this convention.</strong></p>
<p><strong>An asylum seeker</strong> is someone who claims to be a refugee but whose claim hasn&rsquo;t been evaluated yet. This person has applied for the asylum on the grounds that returning to his or her country would lead to persecution on account of race, religion, nationality or political beliefs.</p>
<p><strong>World Migration Report:</strong> It is International Organisation for Migration&rsquo;s (IOM) flagship publication that features the latest trends in international migration, discusses emerging policy issues and provides regional recent developments in Africa, America, Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Oceania.</p>
<p><strong>International Organisation for Migration (IOM)</strong> is a leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration and works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental partners. It was established in 1951 and has its head office at Le Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland.</p>
<p><strong>International Migration Day-18<sup>th</sup> December</strong></p>
</div>
<h3>World Migration Report 2018 Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are 244 million international migrants globally, accounting 3.3% of the world&rsquo;s total population.</li>
<li>In the year 2015, Europe and Asia hosted around 75 million migrants each, 62% of the total global international migrants.</li>
<li>Europe and Asia was followed by North America with 54 million international migrants in 2015, 22% of the global migrant stock.</li>
<li>Africa and Oceania had 9% and 3% of the total migrant population respectively in 2015.</li>
<li>Latin America and Caribbean had 4% of total migrants in 2015.</li>
<li>U.S.A has been the main country of destination for international migrants since 1970. The number has quadrupled since 1970, from less than 12 million migrants in 1970 to 46.6 million in 2015.</li>
<li>Germany is the second most preferred country with over 12 million international migrants residing in the country in 2015.</li>
<li>Nearly half of all international migrants worldwide in the year 2015 were born in Asia, primarily originating from India, China and other South Asian Countries like Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan.</li>
<li>Mexico was the second largest country of origin followed by number of European countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Findings Related to Displacement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are over 68 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, out of which 40.3 million are internally displaced and 25.4 million are refugees.</li>
<li>Over 3 million people are seeking asylum around the world.</li>
<li>24 people per minute per day worldwide were forced to flee their home in the year 2015.</li>
<li>About 1 out of every 113 people worldwide were either asylum seekers, refugees or internally displaced in 2015.</li>
<li>About half of the world&rsquo;s refugee population was under 18 in the year 2015.</li>
<li>The reason for the displacement is mainly civil and transnational conflict which also includes acts of violence, extremism etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recent Cases of Migration</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Syria is focal point of 'global refugee crises'. Lot of people migrate from the country.</li>
<li>People crossing Mediterranean Sea from Libya to Italy.</li>
<li>Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar fleeing to Bangladesh and India.</li>
<li>Thousands of Dominicans and Stateless in Caribbean.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits of Immigration</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Immigrants generally take up that job which people in the host country (the country to which people have fled) will not or cannot do.</li>
<li><strong>Migrant workers often work longer hours and for lower salaries</strong> which benefits host nations.</li>
<li>Immigrants <strong>contribute to the diversity</strong> of the host country and thus also increase tolerance and understanding in the society.</li>
<li>For the host country&rsquo;s economy, Immigrants offer<strong> increased talent pool</strong> provided they have been well educated in their original country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Drawbacks</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is often seen that immigrants are <strong>exploited for their cheap labour</strong>.</li>
<li>Developing countries may suffer <strong>'Brain Drain'</strong> as the limited resources they spend in educating their students would amount to very little if that talent gets enticed to another country.</li>
<li>Immigration also <strong>attracts criminal elements</strong> from drug and people traffickers to other forms of crime and corruption.</li>
<li><strong>Immigration sometimes also becomes social or political issue;</strong> racism is used to exploit feelings or as an excuse for current woes of the local population.</li>
<li>When there is a perception that immigrants and refugees get more benefits than local poor population, <strong>tensions and hostilities</strong> rise.</li>
<li>Concerns about illegal migration spill over to ill feelings towards the majority of immigrants who may be law-abiding and contributing to the economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recent Steps taken by Countries to regulate Irregular Migration</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strategies adopted by European Union (EU):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Divergent national approaches to accepting Asylum Seekers.</li>
<li>Using EU budgets to support refugee integration.</li>
<li>Strengthening external borders.</li>
<li>Collaborating with third countries to cut off transit routes.</li>
<li>Tying Foreign Assistance to stemming migration</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Hungary has restricted illegal immigration by suspending the acceptance of asylum seekers sent back to it by other EU states.</li>
<li>U.S. has also made some changes in its Immigration policy.</li>
<li>Italy has called for detention and deportation of migrants, who it blames for the instability and threats in the country.</li>
<li>Dutch has adopted a zero tolerance approach towards those immigrants who are unwilling to sign up to the country&rsquo;s way of life.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Migration will likely remain a long term challenge for the countries&rsquo; politics, institutions, governments and values. Even with the drop in numbers and the development of institutional capabilities to manage it, its pros and cons will always remain attached to it.</em></p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/migration-in-bengal-delta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For further reading click on the link below.</em></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 1276,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'A Tragedy That Was Long In The Making',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;A tragedy that was long in the making&rdquo; which appeared in The Hindu for 25th January 2019. In this editorial we&rsquo;ll see the mining state of Meghalaya coming to grips with the recent rat-hole mining tragedy.)</p>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rat-hole-mining" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What is rat-hole mining? Read more.</a></p>
<p><strong>Context:</strong> &ldquo;The efforts to reach the 15 miners trapped in an illegal coal mine in the East Jaintia hills of Meghalaya since December 13 continue, but they began belatedly and have faced many problems.&rdquo;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>When a mine is flooded, the immediate response, apart from pumping out the water, is to stop further flow of water into it. This requires a hydrologist to scientifically map out the area from where water entered the mine.</strong> [Sudhir Kumar, a hydrologist from the National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, arrived only two weeks after the disaster.]</li>
<li>Divers from the Indian Navy and the 100 HP water pumps from Kirloskar Brothers also arrived two weeks late.</li>
<li>The remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) from Planys in Chennai came three weeks later. So did the geologists from Hyderabad.</li>
<li><strong>All these delays happened because there was no one person or agency to coordinate the rescue mission. This shows the kind of disaster preparedness we have in our country. One shudders to think what the response would have been if there was a massive earthquake in the Northeast, which is listed as Zone 5 on the seismic scale</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Meghalaya government has no idea what happens inside these rat-hole mines, which are barely 2 ft wide, since mining is a private activity</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>It was unfortunate that the district administration assumed the miners to be dead on the very day of the tragedy</strong>. This assumption was evident in the letter written to the National Disaster Response Force.</li>
<li>It was only after a Delhi-based lawyer, Aditya N. Prasad, represented by senior Supreme Court advocate Anand Grover and his team of human rights lawyers presented their suggestions to the court that the Meghalaya government got different actors to the accident site. Mr. Prasad has never visited Meghalaya. When asked why he is the petitioner on behalf of the miners, he simply said: &ldquo;They are fellow Indians and my brethren.&rdquo;</li>
<li><strong>The trapped miners were being racially profiled</strong> in the minds of the people and the state. Of the 15 miners, only three were locals from the nearby village of Lumthari. The rest were <strong>Muslims from Garo Hills, Meghalaya, and Bodoland, Assam</strong>. <strong>Their socio-economic profile also worked against them</strong>. They were the poorest of the poor who took a huge risk to enter a mine and dig for coal without any safety gear.</li>
<li><strong>The tribes of Meghalaya are divided on the issue of rat-hole mining</strong>. The fault-lines are clear. <strong>Those who care for the environment and for a future for their children and grandchildren have been clamouring for an end to the practice of rat-hole mining and reckless limestone mining</strong>.</li>
<li>On the other hand, <strong>the mining elite have mobilised forces to demonise environmental activists</strong>. A community (of just over a million Meghalayans) is now fragmented.</li>
<li><strong>The other troubling factor is that coal mine owners have often insisted that since Meghalaya is a State under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, national mining laws should be exempted here</strong>. The Sixth Schedule was enacted to protect the community rights of tribals from any form of exploitation of their land and resources.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rat-hole Mining in Meghalaya</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Despite the National Green Tribunal ban of April 2014, mining continues in the State.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Rat-hole mining, which started with gusto in the 1980s, has poisoned three rivers in the Jaintia hills: the Myntdu, Lunar and Lukha</strong>.</li>
<li>Scientists from the North-Eastern Hill University have found that these rivers have very high acidic levels. Reports from other agencies suggest that pH of the water and sulphate and iron concentrations indicates significant deterioration of the rivers. <strong>Acid mine drainage from abandoned mines was a major cause for water pollution in the areas investigated</strong>, the reports added.</li>
<li><strong>The coal mine owners have been hiring the best legal brains to argue for them in the highest court of the land</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>They say that rat-hole mining should continue because no other form of mining is viable</strong> (which means that their profit margins would reduce if other forms of mining were to take place).</li>
<li><strong>They argue that the NGT ban should be lifted</strong>. They claim that coal mining provides livelihoods for many, but at what cost?</li>
<li><strong>The cement giant, Lafarge, mines limestone from Meghalaya&rsquo;s East Khasi Hills district and transports it to Chhatak in Bangladesh via conveyor belts.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Supreme Court placed a heavy penalty on Lafarge and asked it to strictly implement environmental laws apart from generating livelihoods for people residing within 50 km of the mining areas. In the case of coal mine owners, there are no such strictures. They have left thousands of abandoned mines as human graves</strong>.</li>
<li>The State does not insist that they reclaim and afforest those mines. In 40 years of mining and profiteering, the mine owners have till date not constructed a single hospital or even a school. <strong>There is complete disregard for corporate social responsibility because the mines are privately owned by the tribals</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Even though the aforementioned Mr. Prasad had done everything possible to put things together to assist the rescue mission yet (and despite his initiative), things were delayed. The distance of the mine, for one, was a major hindrance.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Acid mine drainage has rendered even agricultural land non-productive. Mine owners definitely do not care about environmental degradation. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><b>To add to these woes, cement companies too release their effluents into the rivers</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">. So we now have a deadly cocktail of pollutants being released into the environment. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><b>The scale of the problem is clear by this one fact: there are 3,923 coal mines in one district with a geographical area of 2126 sq. km</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><b></b></p>
<p><b>There are some important questions we need to ask here.</b></p>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Why is Meghalaya exempted from national mining laws?</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Why does the state even allow this archaic mining system, which has complete disregard for human life and safety? </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">How can the Sixth Schedule now be used as an instrument to protect an activity that is a private enterprise, that is inhuman, and that violates Article 21 of the Constitution?</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Why is the Sixth Schedule unable to protect the forests and rivers that are common property resources?</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">How long can the Central government and the highest court of the land allow this to carry on in one part of the country when strict laws are applied elsewhere?</span></li>
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		'category_id' => (int) 31,
		'title' => '2 Time Zones in India',
		'description' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/7922%20Time Zones in India.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/7922 Time Zones in India.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 954,
		'category_id' => (int) 26,
		'title' => '2 Time Zones in India',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research&rsquo;s National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), which maintains Indian Standard Time (IST), published a research article describing the necessity of two time zones.</li>
<li>Suggesting two time zones and two ISTs in India: IST-I for most of India and IST- II for the Northeastern region &ndash; separated by difference of one hour</li>
<li>IST-I, covering the regions falling between longitudes 68&deg;7&prime;E and 89&deg;52&prime;E and IST-II covering the regions between 89&deg;52&prime;E and 97&deg;25&prime;E.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Who is Demanding?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Northeast have long complained about the effect of a single time zone on their lives and their economies.</li>
<li>In 2006, India&rsquo;s federal planning commission recommended the division of the country into two time zones.</li>
<li>National Physical Laboratory (NPL) - India&rsquo;s official timekeeper - has supported a long standing demand for a separate time zone for eastern states</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Time zone</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scottish-born Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1879.</li>
<li>Eventually in 1884 International meridian conference adopted a 24 hour day.</li>
<li>Countries across the world keep different times because of Earth&rsquo;s rotation and revolution around the Sun.</li>
<li>As Earth turns by 15&deg; around its axis, time changes by one hour; a 360&ordm;-degree rotation yields 24 hours.</li>
<li>As a result, the world is divided into 24 time zones shifted by one hour each.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Indian Standard Time</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IST is based on longitude 82.5&deg;, which passes through Mirzapur, near Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li>It is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), now called the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC).</li>
<li>Keeper of the time in India is the CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi, which records time using five caesium atomic clocks.</li>
</ul>
<h3>History of Time Zones in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India used to have two time zones, Bombay Time and Calcutta Time, first established in 1884 during the British Raj.</li>
<li>Indian Standard Time is an anachronism like many systems that were inherited from the British.</li>
<li>It was in 1906 that India had a single IST running through center of country.</li>
<li>There was a one-hour-nine-minutes time difference between Kolkata and Mumbai. Yet, today these cities, which are 1,650km apart, share the same time.</li>
<li>Tea estates of Assam, where the concept of &lsquo;bagaan time&rsquo; (estate time) exists, is there a provision for a separate time zone inside India. Bagaan time is one hour ahead of IST.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need of Two Time Zones</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is geographically the second-largest country not to have multiple time-zones</li>
<li>India stretches from 97 degree 25 minute East in Arunachal to 68 degree 7 minute East in Gujarat &mdash; almost 30 degrees of longitude which is more than enough to have two time-zones.</li>
<li>Northeast lose important daylight which can be used productively as the sun rises as early as 4 am in summer and offices open at 10.</li>
<li>Many people in India operate in a time zone that is not an appropriate diurnal cycle for them</li>
<li>People&rsquo;s productivity and efficiency follows a biological clock that is synchronized with the daily light-dark cycles.</li>
<li>From the body&rsquo;s circadian rhythm point of view, the existing IST is highly suitable for Kanyakumari, Kavaratti, and Ghuar Mota; manageable for Alipurduar, Kolkata, Gangtok, Mirzapur and Gilgitum; but highly unsuitable for Dong and Port Blair.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Circadian Rhythm</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Circadian rhythm is the 24-hour cycle that tells our bodies when to sleep, rise, and eat&mdash;regulating many physiological processes.</li>
<li>Internal body clock is affected by environmental cues, like sunlight and temperature, and determines whether one feels wide-awake and energized or tired.</li>
<li><strong>Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young,</strong> who studied the molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm, were awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in the category of physiology or medicine.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lead to greater efficiencies among the workforce and on energy consumption.</li>
<li>Advancing IST by just a half hour would result in saving 2.7 billion units of electricity every year by using the waste daylight hours.</li>
<li>Reduction in energy consumption will significantly cut down India&rsquo;s carbon footprint boosting India&rsquo;s resolve to fight climate change.</li>
<li>There are also economic benefits to having two different time zones; people will be able to work better and plan better, according to natural cycles.</li>
<li>Many social policy objectives can be achieved such as reducing road accidents and improving women's safety.</li>
<li>Two time zones will allow aligning standard time with daylight time.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Problems</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mismatch in office timings, different working hours for banks and a chance that railway accidents might become more frequent.</li>
<li>Implementing two time zones will require synchronizing railway traffic which otherwise will create utter confusion.</li>
<li>With significant illiteracy levels, if the country were divided into two time zones, there would be chaos at the border between the two zones. It would mean resetting clocks with each crossing of the time zone.</li>
<li>CSIR-NPL would need a second laboratory in the new time zone. This would consist of &lsquo;Primary Time Ensemble-II&rsquo;, traceable to the UTC at BIPM in France.</li>
<li>Marking of the dividing line of the two zones would be a problem.</li>
<li>Two time zones can have adverse political consequences as India apart from getting divided on the lines of religion, caste, race, language, etc, now will get divided on the lines of Time Zones.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Available Alternatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NIAS (National Institute for Advanced Science) cited that Permanent shift of IST to one hour will be better than two time zones or DST i.e. 6:30+ UTC to 90 degree east.</li>
<li>Daylight Saving Time can also be used from April to September.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Daylight Saving Time</strong></p>
<p>Daylight Saving is a procedure in which the time in the clock is adjusted forward in spring &amp; is readjusted backward in autumn.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Advantages of Daylight Saving:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Helps to save energy.</li>
<li>It provides additional daylight hours in the evening.</li>
<li>It increases productivity.</li>
<li>It helps to increase the tourism as due to the increase daylight hours tourists would stay out for longer period &amp; spend more.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Implementation of these recommendations must be supported by the ability of the government to gather data and track changes in economic activity pattern of the nation.</li>
<li>Factors like impact of sunrise and sunset timings on biological activities of people; synchronizing sunrise and sunset timings with office hours should be carefully studied.</li>
<li>Minimization of spatial extension at the proposed border of time demarcation etc needs to be taken care.</li>
<li>It is important to consult all stakeholders and arrive at a better solution so as to use the lost light hours that are dimmed by a common IST.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper1/mind-map-2-time-zones-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">For Mind Map</a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 279,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Population Growth Rate of India Overestimated',
		'description' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A recent study has suggested that India&rsquo;s population growth rate is highly overestimated by existing models.</li>
<li>By 2025, India is expected to surpass China as the world&rsquo;s most populous country due to higher fertility rates and a younger population.</li>
<li>According to the study, accounting for the diversity and differences in the levels of education among people can help arrive at more accurate projections.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since, education level across all of India has increased over time, and is associated with a lower fertility rate, the same projection may predict a drastically smaller population when accounting for education and increasing urbanization.</li>
<li>Combining both effects, the influence of education appears to dominate, resulting in a lower population projection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To account for the diversity between different areas of India, researchers designed a study based on a five-dimensional model that includes:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rural or urban place of residence,</li>
<li>State,</li>
<li>Age,</li>
<li>Sex, and</li>
<li>Level of education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, accurate population projections could help India and its workforce catch up with more developed Asian countries with higher GDP per capita.</li>
<li>The team of scientists noticed that users of population data in many sectors look at data without considering any differences in behaviors, as if all people would behave like an average person.</li>
<li>The researchers concluded that in addition to age and sex, education should also be routinely included in population forecasts because of its well-established implications for improving the economy and quality of life, while reducing population growth and mortality rates.</li>
</ul>',
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