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President’s Rule in Puducherry

Why in News President’s Rule has been imposed in the Union Territory of Puducherry, on the recommendation of the Lieutenant Governor, after...

26 Feb 2021 Emergency Provisions
SC Stays Andhra HC Order to Examine Constitutional Breakdown

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has stayed an Andhra Pradesh High Court (HC) order intending to embark on a judicial enquiry into...

19 Dec 2020 Emergency Provisions
Emergency Provisions

A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance that can be proclaimed by the President of India during certain crisis situations....

08 Aug 2020 Emergency Provisions
Civil Defence Volunteers Against Covid-19

Why in News More than 50,000 Civil Defence volunteers are assisting the local administration in implementing the measures to contain the spread of...

16 Apr 2020 Emergency Provisions
President’s Rule in Maharashtra

Why in News The state of Maharashtra has been placed under the President’s Rule amid a stalemate over government formation after the assembly...

13 Nov 2019 Emergency Provisions

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		'article_id' => (int) 7784,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'President’s Rule in Puducherry',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>President&rsquo;s Rule has been imposed in the Union Territory of Puducherry, on the recommendation of the Lieutenant Governor, after the established government lost power during <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/floor-test-is-governor-s-discretion-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>a vote of confidence.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The President was satisfied that a situation had arisen in which the administration of the Union Territory of Puducherry could not carry on in accordance with the provisions of the <strong>Government of Union Territories Act, 1963</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The&nbsp;<strong>Government of Union Territories Act, 1963&nbsp;</strong>enacted by the Parliament in accordance with the <strong>provisions of article 239A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Administration of Union Territories:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 239 to 242 under Part VIII</strong> of the Indian Constitution deals with the administration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Territories.</strong></a></li>
<li>Every union territory is <strong>administered by the President acting through an administrator</strong> appointed by him.</li>
<li>An <strong>administrator</strong> of a union territory is an agent of the President and not head of state like a governor. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President can specify the designation of an administrator; it may be <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/jurisdictional-conflict-in-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lieutenant Governor</strong></a> or Chief Commissioner or Administrator.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Union Territories of Puducherry (in 1963), Delhi (in 1992) and</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir (in 2019)</strong></a> <strong>are provided with a legislative assembly</strong> and a council of ministers headed by a chief minister.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>But, the establishment of such institutions in the union territories <strong>does not diminish the supreme control of the President</strong> and Parliament over them.</li>
<li>The <strong>Parliament can make laws on any subject of the three lists</strong> (including the State List) for the union territories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provision in Case of Failure of Constitutional Machinery (as per the 1963 Act):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the <strong>President, on receipt of a report from the Administrator</strong> of (the Union territory) <strong>or otherwise,</strong> is satisfied,―<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>that a situation has arisen in which the <strong>administration of the Union territory cannot be carried on</strong> in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or</li>
<li>that<strong> for the proper administration of the Union territory</strong> it is necessary or expedient so to do,</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President may, <strong>by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act</strong> for such period as he thinks fit, and <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory<strong> in accordance with the provisions of Article 239.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>President&rsquo;s Rule in a State:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>implies the suspension of a state government and the imposition of direct rule of the Centre.</strong></li>
<li>It is also known as <strong>&lsquo;State Emergency&rsquo; or &lsquo;Constitutional Emergency&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President&rsquo;s Rule is <strong>imposed through the invocation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/article-356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 356</a> of the Constitution</strong> by the President on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers.</li>
<li>Under Article 356, President&rsquo;s Rule is imposed if the President, upon receipt of the report from the Governor of the State or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Approval and Duration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A proclamation imposing President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months</strong> from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>The approval <strong>takes place through simple majority</strong> in either House, that is, a majority of the members of the House present and voting.</li>
<li><strong>Initially valid for six months</strong>, the President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>can be extended for a maximum period of three years</strong> with the approval of the Parliament, every six months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequences of President&rsquo;s Rule:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The state governor, on behalf of the President, carries on the state administration with the help of the chief secretary of the state or the advisors appointed by the President.</li>
<li>The President can declare that the powers of the state legislature are to be exercised by the Parliament.</li>
<li>The President either suspends or dissolves the state legislative assembly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revocation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A proclamation of President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>may be revoked by the President at any time</strong> by a subsequent proclamation. Such a proclamation <strong>does not require parliamentary approval.</strong></li>
<li>This happens, in case, the leader of a party produces letters of support from a majority of members of the Assembly, and stakes his claim to form a government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Recommendations/Judgments on President's Rule</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Administrative Reforms Commission (1968)</strong> recommended that the report of the governor regarding the President's rule has to be objective and also the governor should exercise his own judgment in this regard.</li>
<li>The <strong>Rajamannar Committee (1971)</strong> recommended the deletion of Articles 356 and 357 from the Constitution of India. The necessary provisions for safeguards against arbitrary action of the ruling party at the Centre under Article 356 should be incorporated in the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2021-01-05" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarkaria Commission</a> (1988)</strong> recommended that Article 356 should be used in very rare cases when it becomes unavoidable to restore the breakdown of constitutional machinery in the State.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/printpdf/governor" target="_blank" rel="noopener">S.R. Bommai Judgment</a> (1994).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court enlisted the situations where the exercise of power under Article 356 could be proper.</li>
<li>One such situation is that of &lsquo;Hung Assembly&rsquo;, i.e. where after general elections to the assembly, no party secures a majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Justice V.Chelliah Commission (2002)</strong> recommended that Article 356 must be used sparingly and only as a remedy of the last resort after exhausting all actions under Articles 256, 257 and 355.</li>
<li>The <strong>Punchhi commission (2007)</strong> recommended that these Articles 355 &amp; 356 be amended. It sought to protect the interests of the States by trying to curb their misuse by the Centre.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/centre-recommends-presidents-rule-in-puducherry/article33922800.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7251,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SC Stays Andhra HC Order to Examine Constitutional Breakdown',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>(SC) has stayed an <strong>Andhra Pradesh High Court</strong> (HC) order intending to embark on a <strong>judicial enquiry into whether there is a constitutional breakdown in the State machinery,</strong> requiring a declaration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-rule-in-maharashtra#:~:text=Under%20Article%20356%2C%20President's%20Rule,the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>President&rsquo;s rule</strong></a> <strong>(Article 356).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A three-judge bench headed by<strong> Chief Justice of India S A Bobde</strong> found the order <strong>disturbing</strong> and will take up the matter later on after vacations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Andhra Pradesh High Court&rsquo;s Move:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While hearing a clutch of <em><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/habeas-corpus-cases-in-jammu-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>habeas corpus</strong></a></em> petitions in <strong>October 2020,</strong> it<em><strong> suo motu</strong> </em><strong>summoned the State counsel</strong> to assist it in deciding &ldquo;whether in circumstances prevailing in the State, the<strong> court can record a finding that there is constitutional breakdown or not&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Habeas Corpus</strong> is a<strong> Latin term</strong> which literally means <strong>&lsquo;to have the body</strong> of&rsquo;. Under this the court issues an order to a person who has detained another person, to produce the body of the latter before it.</li>
<li>This <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-not-a-fundamental-right-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>writ</strong> </a>is a <strong>bulwark of individual liberty against arbitrary detention</strong> and can be issued <strong>against both public authorities as well as private individuals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State Government&rsquo;s Appeal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The HC<strong> framed the question in an unprecedented manner</strong> and <strong>without any basis or pleadings</strong> by any of the parties to that effect.</li>
<li>It highlighted that <strong>Article 356,</strong> which deals with<strong> failure of Constitutional machinery in a State,</strong> is a <strong>power exclusively vested in the executive</strong> and <strong>not the judiciary.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Constitutional framework, it is<strong> not for the Courts to decide</strong> as to whether there is a Constitutional breakdown in a State as they<strong> do not have any judicially discoverable and manageable standards to determine</strong> so.</li>
<li>The said fact is<strong> essentially an executive function and is necessarily required to be based on a detailed factual analysis.</strong></li>
<li>The HC order is a<strong> serious encroachment on the powers of the executive</strong> as enumerated under the Constitution and is<strong> violative of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/checks-balances-1#:~:text=of%20the%20government.-,The%20Doctrine%20of%20Separation%20of%20Powers,arbitrary%20excesses%20by%20the%20government." target="_blank" rel="noopener">doctrine of separation of powers</a></strong> and thus, <strong>violative of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution#:~:text=Origin%3A%20The%20basic%20structure%20theory,fundamental%20features%E2%80%9D%20of%20their%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">basic structure of the Constitution.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Separation of powers is the <strong>division of the legislative, executive, and judicial functions</strong> of government.</li>
<li>Since the sanction of all three branches is required for the making, executing, and administering of laws, it <strong>minimises the possibility of arbitrary excesses by the government.</strong></li>
<li>The constitutional demarcation <strong>precludes the concentration of excessive power by any branch</strong> of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>President&rsquo;s Rule</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It implies the <strong>suspension of a state government</strong> and the<strong> imposition of direct rule of the Centre.</strong> It is also known as<strong> &lsquo;State Emergency&rsquo;</strong> or<strong> &lsquo;Constitutional Emergency&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The SC in <em><strong>Bommai case 1994</strong></em> <strong>enlisted the situations</strong> where the exercise of power under Article 356 could be used.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One such situation is that of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/perils-of-electoral-politics" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Hung Assembly&rsquo;</strong></a>, i.e. where after general elections to the assembly, no party secures a majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President&rsquo;s rule is imposed through the invocation of <strong>Article 356</strong> of the Constitution <strong>by the President on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers</strong> (executive).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the President, upon <strong>receipt of the report from the Governor of the State</strong> or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Approval and Duration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation imposing President&rsquo;s Rule<strong> must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months</strong> from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>The approval<strong> takes place through simple majority</strong> in either House, that is, a majority of the members of the House present and voting.</li>
<li><strong>Initially valid for six months</strong>, the President&rsquo;s Rule can be <strong>extended for a maximum period of three years</strong> with the approval of the Parliament, every six months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-stays-andhra-hc-order-to-study-constitutional-breakdown-in-state/article33364452.ece#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20on%20Friday,a%20declaration%20of%20President's%20rule.&amp;text=As%20the%20apex%20court%2C%20we%20find%20this%20disturbing." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6134,
		'category_id' => (int) 27,
		'title' => 'Emergency Provisions',
		'description' => '<p>A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance that can be proclaimed by the <strong>President of India</strong> during certain crisis situations. Under the advice of the cabinet of ministers, the President can overrule many provisions of the Constitution, which guarantees <strong>Fundamental Rights</strong> to the citizens of India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The emergency provisions are contained in <strong>Part XVIII</strong> of the Constitution of India, from <strong>Article 352 to 360.</strong> These provisions enable the Central government to meet any abnormal situation effectively.</li>
<li>The rationality behind the incorporation is to safeguard the sovereignty, unity, integrity and security of the country, the democratic political system and the Constitution.</li>
<li>The Constitution stipulates three types of emergencies-<br />
<ol>
<li>National Emergency</li>
<li>Constitutional Emergency</li>
<li>Financial Emergency</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>NATIONAL EMERGENCY</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National emergency can be declared on the basis of war, external aggression or armed rebellion. The Constitution employs the expression &lsquo;proclamation of emergency&rsquo; to denote an emergency of this type.</li>
<li><strong>Grounds of declaration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under Article 352, the president can declare a national emergency when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion.</li>
<li>The President can declare a national emergency even before the actual occurrence of war or armed rebellion or external aggression</li>
<li>When a national emergency is declared on the grounds of<strong> &lsquo;war&rsquo; or &lsquo;external aggression&rsquo;,</strong> it is known as<strong> &lsquo;External Emergency&rsquo;.</strong> On the other hand, when it is declared on the grounds of <strong>&lsquo;armed rebellion&rsquo;,</strong> it is known as <strong>&lsquo;Internal Emergency&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This term &lsquo;armed rebellion&rsquo; is inserted from the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">44<sup>th</sup> amendment</a>.</strong> Before this term it was known as internal disturbance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If India and Pakistan openly accept that they will use armed forces against each other is simply war.</li>
<li>If there is no formal declaration that there will be armed forces used against a country is External aggression.</li>
<li>And if because of these two grounds an emergency is proclaimed as an <strong>external emergency.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Facts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendment-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>38<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act</strong></a> of 1975 made the declaration of National Emergency immune to judicial review. But, this provision was subsequently deleted by the 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 1978.</li>
<li>In Minerva Mills case (1980), the Supreme Court held that National Emergency can be challenged in the court on the ground of malafide or that the declaration was based on wholly extraneous and irrelevant facts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proclamation of emergency must be approved by both the houses of parliament within one month from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>However, if the proclamation of emergency is issued at a time when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution takes place during the period of one month without approving the proclamation, then the proclamation survives until 30 days from the first sitting of Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided the Rajya Sabha has in the meantime approved it.</li>
<li>If approved by both the houses, the Emergency continues for 6 months and can be extended to an indefinite period with an approval of the Parliament for every six months.</li>
<li>Every resolution approving the proclamation of emergency or its continuance must be passed by either House of Parliament by a special majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revocation of proclamation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation of Emergency may be revoked by the President at any time by a subsequent proclamation. Such proclamation does not require parliamentary approval.</li>
<li>The emergency must be revoked if the Lok Sabha passes a resolution by a simple majority disapproving its continuation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of national emergency</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation of Emergency has drastic and wide-ranging effects on the political system. These consequences can be grouped into 3 categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Effects on the centre-state relations:</strong> While a proclamation of Emergency is in force, the normal fabric of the Centre-State relations undergoes a basic change. this can be studied under three heads:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Executive:</strong> Centre becomes entitled to give executive directions to a state on &lsquo;any&rsquo; matter</li>
<li><strong>Legislative:</strong> The parliament becomes empowered to make laws on any subject mentioned in the state list, the president can issue ordinances on State subjects also, if the parliament is not in session. The laws made on state subjects by the parliament become inoperative six months after the emergency has ceased to be in operation.</li>
<li><strong>Financial:</strong> the president can modify the constitutional distribution of revenues between the centre and the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While a proclamation of National Emergency is in operation, the life of the Lok Sabha may be extended beyond the normal term for one year at a time. However, this extension cannot continue beyond a period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.</li>
<li>Similarly, the Parliament may extend the normal tenure of a state Legislative Assembly by one year each time during a national emergency, subject to a maximum period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on fundamental rights:</strong> Articles 358 and 359 describes the effect of a National Emergency on the Fundamental Rights. These two provisions are explained below:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Suspension of Fundamental rights under Article 19:</strong> According to Article 358, when a proclamation of National Emergency is made, the six fundamental rights under article 19 are automatically suspended. Article 19 is automatically revived after the expiry of the emergency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act laid out that Article 19 can only be suspended when the National Emergency is laid on the grounds of war or external aggression and not in the case of armed rebellion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suspension of other Fundamental Rights:</strong> Under Article 359, the President is authorised to suspend, by order, the right to move any court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights during a National Emergency. Thus, <strong>remedial measures are suspended and not the Fundamental Rights.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The suspension of enforcement relates to only those Fundamental Rights that are specified in the Presidential Order.</li>
<li>The suspension could be for the period during the operation of emergency or for a shorter period.</li>
<li>The Order should be laid before each House of Parliament for approval.</li>
<li>The 44 Amendment Act mandates that the President cannot suspend the right to move the court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Article 20 and 21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Declarations made so far:</strong> This type of emergency has been proclaimed three times so far- in 1962, 1971 and 1975<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first proclamation of National Emergency was issued in October 1962 on account of Chinese aggression in the NEFA and was in force till January 1968.</li>
<li>The second proclamation of National Emergency was made in December 1971 in the wake of the attack by Pakistan.</li>
<li>Even when the emergency was in operation, the third proclamation of National Emergency was made in June 1975. Both the second and the third proclamations were revoked in March 1977</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>President&rsquo;s Rule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 355 imposes a duty on the centre to ensure that the government of every state is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.</li>
<li>It is this duty in the performance of which the centre takes over the government of a state under Article 356 in case of failure of constitutional machinery in a state.</li>
<li>This is popularly known as &lsquo;President&rsquo;s Rule&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Grounds of imposition:</strong> the president&rsquo;s ruler can be proclaimed under Article 356 on two grounds:<br />
<ol>
<li>Article 356 empowers the President to issue a proclamation if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.</li>
<li>Article 365 says that whenever a state fails to comply with or to give effect to any direction from the centre, it will be lawful for the President to hold that a situation has arisen in which the government of the state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration:</strong> A proclamation imposing president&rsquo;s rule must be approved by both the houses of parliament within two months from the date of its issue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, if the proclamation of President&rsquo;s rule is issued at a time when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution of the Lok Sabha takes place during the period of two months without approving the proclamation, then the proclamation survives until 30 days from the first sitting of the Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided that the Rajya Sabha approves it in the meantime</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequences of the President&rsquo;s rule:</strong> The President acquires the following extraordinary powers when the President&rsquo;s rule is imposed in a state:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He can take up the functions of the state government and powers vested in the governor or any other executive authority in the state.</li>
<li>He can declare that the powers of the state legislature are to be exercised by the parliament.</li>
<li>He can take all other necessary steps including the suspension of the constitutional provisions relating to any body or authority in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope of judicial review:</strong> The 38<sup>th</sup> Amendment act of 1975 made the satisfaction of the President in invoking Article 356 final and conclusive which would not be challenged in any court on any ground. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But, this provision was subsequently deleted by the 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 1978 implying that the satisfaction of the President is not beyond judicial review.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Financial Emergency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Grounds of declaration: Article 360</strong> empowers the president to proclaim a Financial Emergency if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen due to which the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is threatened.</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration:</strong> A proclamation declaring financial emergency must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months from the date of its issue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, if the proclamation of Financial Emergency is issued at a time when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution of the Lok Sabha takes place during the period of two months without approving the proclamation, then the proclamation survives until 30 days from the first sitting of the Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided the Rajya Sabha has in the meantime approved it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Once approved by both the houses of Parliament, the Financial Emergency continues indefinitely till it is revoked.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Effects of Financial Emergency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Extension of the executive authority of the Union over the financial matters of the States.</li>
<li>Reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving in the State.</li>
<li>Reservation of all money bills or other financial bills for the consideration of the President after they are passed by the legislature of the State.</li>
<li>Direction from the President for the reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving the Union; and the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Criticism of the Emergency Provision</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Some members of the Constituent Assembly criticised the incorporation of emergency provisions in the constitution on the following grounds:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The federal character of the constitution will be destroyed and the union will become all-powerful</li>
<li>The powers of the State- both the Union and the Units- will entirely be concentrated in the hands of the union executive.</li>
<li>The president will become a dictator</li>
<li>The financial autonomy of the state will be nullified</li>
<li>Fundamental rights will become meaningless and, as a result, the democratic foundation of the constitution will be destroyed.&rsquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While defending the emergency provisions in the Constituent Assembly, Dr Ambedkar accepted the possibility of their misuse. He observed, &lsquo;I do not altogether deny that there is a possibility of the Articles being abused or employed for political purposes.&rsquo;</li>
</ul>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5047,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Civil Defence Volunteers Against Covid-19',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>More than 50,000 <strong>Civil Defence volunteers</strong> are assisting the local administration in implementing the <strong>measures to contain the spread of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a>.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-disaster-response-funds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State Disaster Relief Fund</strong></a> have been made by the central government for procurement of <strong>Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs)</strong> to be used by the deployed workers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>All States and Union Territories barring Ladakh, Daman &amp; Diu, and Puducherry have deployed</strong> civil defence personnel.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rajasthan, Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand and Assam</strong> have taken the <strong>lead</strong> in using their services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The volunteers have been deployed under the <strong>command of District Magistrates</strong> to <strong>assist the local administration</strong> in implementing the Covid-19 guidelines and policies effectively.</li>
<li><strong>Contributions of the Volunteers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Supplementing the local administration in conducting surveillance of suspected and confirmed</strong> Covid-19 cases by working as rapid response teams.</li>
<li><strong>Manning hunger helplines</strong> and <strong>assisting elderly citizens.</strong></li>
<li>Helping in the <strong>maintenance of essential supplies,</strong> like packing and home distribution of ration and medicines.</li>
<li><strong>Supplementing health workers</strong> and also carrying out <strong>community awareness drives</strong> on social distancing and hygiene practices.</li>
<li><strong>Distributing PPEs, masks and sanitisers.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Setting up community kitchens</strong> and <strong>shelters for migrant workers</strong> and other stranded persons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Civil Defence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Civil Defence measures are <strong>designed to deal with immediate emergency conditions, protect the public and restore vital services and facilities that have been destroyed or damaged by disaster.</strong></li>
<li>These operate under the <strong>Civil Defence Act, 1968</strong> and associated rules and regulations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act was<strong> amended in 2009</strong> and in<strong> 2010, disaster management</strong> was included as an additional role.</li>
<li>It is <strong>applicable throughout the nation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Although it is a Central law, <strong>Section 4 of the Civil Defence Act empowers State governments to raise corps at the local administration level as per their requirement.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>District Magistrate, District Collector or Deputy Commissioner</strong> is designated as<strong> Controller of the Civil Defence.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To save the life, to minimize loss of property, to maintain continuity of production and to keep high up the morale of the people.</li>
<li>During times of war and emergencies, to guard the hinterland, support the Armed forces, mobilise the citizens and help civil administration.</li>
<li>It not only includes the management of damage against conventional weapons but also the management of threat perceptions against Nuclear weapons, Biological &amp; Chemical Warfare and natural and man-made disasters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is<strong> primarily organised on a voluntary basis except for a small nucleus of paid staff and establishment</strong> which is augmented during emergencies.</li>
<li><strong>Central Financial Assistance:</strong> The central government <strong>reimburses 25% of the expenditure (50% for North-eastern states except for Assam)</strong> incurred by the State Government on the authorized items of Civil Defence for raising, training and equipping of Civil Defence Service.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/civil-defence-volunteers-join-containment-efforts/article31349697.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3607,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'President’s Rule in Maharashtra',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The state of <strong>Maharashtra has been placed under the President&rsquo;s Rule</strong> amid a stalemate over government formation after the assembly polls in October 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Union Cabinet recommended the President's rule</strong> in the state after <strong>Governor of the state submitted a report</strong> regarding the same.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In his report, the Governor said a situation has arisen that a <strong>stable government is not possible</strong> and the <strong>government could not be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President signed a <strong>proclamation</strong> imposing President's rule in Maharashtra under <strong>Article 356(1).</strong> The <strong>Assembly</strong> has been kept in<strong> suspended animation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>President&rsquo;s Rule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meaning</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>President&rsquo;s Rule implies the <strong>suspension of a state government</strong> and the<strong> imposition of direct rule of the Centre.</strong></li>
<li>It is also known as &lsquo;State Emergency&rsquo; or &lsquo;Constitutional Emergency&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Article 356</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court in Bommai case (1994) enlisted the situations where the exercise of power under Article 356 could be proper.</li>
<li>One such situation is that of <strong>&lsquo;Hung Assembly&rsquo;,</strong> i.e. where after general elections to the assembly, no party secures a majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The President&rsquo;s Rule is imposed through the<strong> invocation of Article 356 of the Constitution</strong> by the President on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers.</li>
<li>Under Article 356, President&rsquo;s Rule is imposed if the<strong> President, upon receipt of the report from the Governor</strong> of the State or otherwise, <strong>is satisfied</strong> that a situation has arisen in which the <strong>government of the State cannot be carried</strong> on<strong> in accordance</strong> with the provisions of the <strong>Constitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Approval and Duration</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation imposing President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months</strong> from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>The approval takes place through<strong> simple majority</strong> in either House, that is, a majority of the members of the House present and voting.</li>
<li>Initially <strong>valid for six months,</strong> the President&rsquo;s Rule can be <strong>extended for a maximum period of three years</strong> with the approval of the Parliament, every six months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequences of President&rsquo;s Rule</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>state governor, on behalf of the President, carries on the state administration</strong> with the help of the chief secretary of the state or the advisors appointed by the President.</li>
<li>The President can declare that the powers of the state legislature are to be exercised by the Parliament.</li>
<li>The President <strong>either suspends or dissolves the state legislative assembly.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revocation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation of President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>may be revoked by the President at any time</strong> by a subsequent proclamation. Such a proclamation <strong>does not require parliamentary approval.</strong></li>
<li>This happens, in case, the leader of a party produces letters of support from a majority of members of the Assembly, and stakes his claim to form a government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Punchii Commission&rsquo;s Guidelines in case of a Hung Assembly</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The party or combination of parties which commands the <strong>widest support in the Legislative Assembly</strong> should be called upon to form the Government.</li>
<li>If there is a <strong>pre-poll alliance or coalition,</strong> it should be treated as one political party and if such coalition obtains a majority, the leader of such coalition shall be called by the Governor to form the Government.</li>
<li>In case <strong>no party or pre-poll coalition has a clear majority,</strong> the Governor should select the Chief Minister in the order of preference as indicated below:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The group of parties which had pre-poll alliance commanding the largest number.</li>
<li>The largest single party staking a claim to form the government with the support of others.</li>
<li>A post-electoral coalition with all partners joining the government.</li>
<li>A post-electoral alliance with some parties joining the government and the remaining including independents supporting the government from outside.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/presidents-rule-imposed-in-maharashtra/article29954298.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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