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AI: Promises & Perils

This article is based on “The promise and perils of Artificial Intelligence partnerships” which was published in The Hindustan Times on...

17 Jun 2021 Artificial Intelligence
AI Portal SUPACE

Why in News Recently, the Chief Justice of India (CJI) launched an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based portal ‘SUPACE’ in the judicial...

07 Apr 2021 Artificial Intelligence
US India Artificial Intelligence Initiative

Why in News Recently, US India Artificial Intelligence (USIAI) initiative has been launched to scale up the science and technology relationship...

20 Mar 2021 Artificial Intelligence
Technology And Innovation Report 2021: UNCTAD

Why in News India was the biggest ‘overperformer’ in frontier technologies than the country's per capita Gross Domestic Products (GDP)...

05 Mar 2021 Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence & Agriculture

This article is based on “AI for the farmer” which was published in The Indian Express on 26/11/2020. It talks about the application of...

27 Nov 2020 Artificial Intelligence
Technological Revolution, Covid-19 & Labour Market

This article is based on “The Future of Work in the Post-COVID-19 World” which was published in The Economic & Political Weekly on...

12 Nov 2020 Artificial Intelligence
Draft Data Centre Policy 2020

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) has released the Draft Data Centre Policy, which aims to...

12 Nov 2020 Artificial Intelligence
Combating Deep Fakes

This article is based on “Countering deep fakes, the most serious AI threat” which was published in The Hindu on 20/10/2020. It talks...

29 Oct 2020 Artificial Intelligence
Frontier Technologies Cloud Innovation Center

Why in News Recently, the NITI Aayog and Amazon Web Services (AWS) have announced the establishment of a Frontier Technologies Cloud Innovation...

20 Oct 2020 Artificial Intelligence
Session on Precision Agriculture

Why in News Recently, a session on “Sensors and Sensing for Precision Agriculture” was organised by the Indian Council of Agricultural...

07 Oct 2020 Artificial Intelligence
Mega Virtual Summit on Artificial Intelligence

Why in News The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and NITI Aayog will organize a Mega Virtual Summit on Artificial...

25 Sep 2020 Artificial Intelligence
BIS-Care

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution has launched the Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) Mobile...

28 Jul 2020 Artificial Intelligence
G20 Digital Economy Ministers Meeting

Why in News Recently, a virtual meeting of G20 Digital Economy Ministers was hosted by Saudi Arabia in which Indian Union Minister for Electronics...

23 Jul 2020 Artificial Intelligence
Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence

Why in News India has joined the 'Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI)' as a founding member to support the responsible and...

16 Jun 2020 Artificial Intelligence
RESTART: Rebooting the Economy through Science, Technology and Research Translations

Science and technology have been at the forefront of our fight against Covid-19 in various ways and means to find solutions to challenges thrown...

27 May 2020 Artificial Intelligence
Aarogya Setu Data Access and Knowledge Sharing Protocol

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has issued ‘Aarogya Setu Data Access and Knowledge...

13 May 2020 Artificial Intelligence
Deep Fakes

Why in News Recently, cybercrime officials in India have been tracking certain apps and websites that produce nude photographs of innocent people...

25 Apr 2020 Artificial Intelligence
Global Talent Competitiveness Index

Why in News India has moved up eight places to the 72nd position in the Global Talent Competitiveness Index (GTCI) 2020. Switzerland topped the...

25 Jan 2020 Artificial Intelligence
SkillsBuild Platform: IBM

Why in News Recently, SkillsBuild platform was launched by the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) in collaboration with...

11 Dec 2019 Artificial Intelligence
Quantum Supremacy

This article is based on “What is quantum supremacy?” which was published in The Indian Express on 26/10/2019. It talks about quantum...

26 Oct 2019 Artificial Intelligence

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		'article_id' => (int) 8631,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'AI: Promises & Perils',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-promise-and-perils-of-ai-partnerships-101623837070390.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;The promise and perils of Artificial Intelligence partnerships&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 16/06/2021. It talks about the promises and perils associated with Artificial intelligence.</p>
</div>
<p>Historically, Technology competition has been a main aspect of geopolitics. In this day and age, it can be increasingly reflected in geopolitical battles between the US and China. One such technological competition can be easily witnessed in the field of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ethical-challenges-posed-by-ai" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a>.</strong></p>
<p>Artificial intelligence is that activity devoted to making machines intelligent or to make them think like humans. AI has emerged as one technology of particular importance because of its role as an accelerator, its versatility, and its wide applicability.</p>
<p>However, AI can also be used for a host of undesirable purposes &mdash; generating misinformation, criminal activity, and encroaching upon personal privacy or inducing technological unemployment.</p>
<p>Therefore, as the global community seeks to leverage the promises of AI, they should also confront similar challenges when it comes to the development and deployment of AI and develop a human-centric approach to AI.</p>
<h3>Promises of AI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Some Primary advantages of AI are as follows:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AI drives down the time taken to perform a task. It enables multi-tasking and eases the workload for existing resources.</li>
<li>AI enables the execution of hitherto complex tasks without significant cost outlays.</li>
<li>AI operates 24x7 without interruption or breaks and has no downtime</li>
<li>AI augments the capabilities of differently abled individuals</li>
<li>AI has mass market potential, it can be deployed across industries.</li>
<li>AI facilitates decision-making by making the process faster and smarter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>360-degree Effect:</strong> Based on these advantages, AI can be used in many positive ways &mdash; to foster innovation, increase efficiency, improve development, and enhance consumer experience.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For India, AI deployment will be tied closely to inclusive growth and its development trajectory, with potentially positive implications for agriculture, health, and education, among other sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Driven by recent breakthroughs in machine learning &amp; Big data, AI is a good bellwether for the possibilities and challenges of international cooperation on emerging technologies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Perils Associated With AI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Promoting Prejudices and Inequalities:</strong> It shouldn&rsquo;t be forgotten that AI systems are created by humans, who can be biased and judgemental. Thus, AI can promote prejudices and inequalities, if initial training of the AI algorithms are biased.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, it can lead to AI facial recognition and surveillance technology to discriminate against people of color and minorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprising Privacy:</strong> AI systems learn by analyzing huge volumes of data and they keep adapting through continuous modelling of interaction data and user-feedback. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, with the increasing use of AI, the right to privacy can be under threat due to unauthorized access to one&rsquo;s activity data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disproportionate Power and Control:</strong> Technology giants are investing heavily in regard to artificial intelligence, both at the scientific/engineering and also at the commercial and product development level.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These big players have an unmatched advantage when compared to any ambitious competitor out there which is a symptom of data-oligarchic society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technological Unemployment:</strong> AI companies are building intelligent machines that perform tasks typically carried out by low-income workers. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example self-service kiosks to replace cashiers, fruit-picking robots to replace field workers, etc.</li>
<li>Moreover, the day is not far when many desk jobs will also be edged out by AI, such as accountants, financial traders, and middle managers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>International Cooperation:</strong> Given that various governments have only recently established AI policies, and in some cases are still formulating them, international cooperation is still very much a work in progress. in the setting of standards at the multilateral level.</li>
<li><strong>Building Resilient Supply Chains:</strong> Beyond talent, additional challenges like, securing the necessary infrastructure; ensuring resilient supply chains, alignment on standards, governance, ensuring critical minerals and other raw materials required for the development of the necessary physical infrastructure, needs to be addressed.</li>
<li><strong>Right Steps Taken:</strong> AI technological revolution brings great opportunities for prosperity and growth &mdash; but it has to be ensured that the technology will be applied and used in the right direction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this regard, some steps are already being taken in different parts of the world, like Explainable AI (XAI) and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-be-forgotten-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union&rsquo;s GDPR &mdash; General Data Protection Regulation).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The critical decisions made in the near future could have transformative effects for international cooperation on AI, which, in turn, could decisively shape the contours of what some have described as the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fourth Industrial Revolution.</strong></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fff8;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>As the global community seeks to leverage the promises of Artificial Intelligence, they should also confront similar challenges when it comes to the development and deployment of it. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		'article_id' => (int) 8099,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'AI Portal SUPACE',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/n-v-ramana-48th-chief-justice-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief Justice of India (CJI)</strong> </a>launched an <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a> based portal &lsquo;SUPACE&rsquo;</strong> in the judicial system aimed at assisting judges with legal research.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SUPACE</strong> is short for <strong>Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Court&rsquo;s Efficiency.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-virtual-courts-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>E-Courts Project</strong></a> was conceptualised on the basis of<strong> "National Policy and Action Plan for Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Indian Judiciary - 2005"</strong> submitted by the <strong>e-Committee of the Supreme Court.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About SUPACE:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a tool that collects relevant facts and laws</strong> and <strong>makes them available to a judge.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>not designed to take decisions, but only to process facts and to make them available to judges</strong> looking for an input for a decision.</li>
<li>Initially, it <strong>will be used on an experimental basis by the judges of Bombay and Delhi High Courts</strong> who deal with criminal matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>produce results customized to the need of the case</strong> and the way the judge thinks.</li>
<li>This will be <strong>time saving.</strong> It will <strong>help the judiciary and the court in reducing delays and pendency of cases.</strong></li>
<li><strong>AI</strong> will present <strong>a more streamlined, cost effective and time bound</strong> means to the <strong>fundamental right of access to justice.</strong></li>
<li>It will make the <strong>service delivery mechanism transparent and cost-efficient.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Redundancy of certain posts</strong> after introduction of SUPACE. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since it is intended to do what the human mind can do, but much more efficiently and methodically, there is apprehension in the generation of unemployment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-Courts Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was conceptualized with a vision<strong> to transform the Indian Judiciary by ICT (Information and Communication Technology) enablement of Courts.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>a pan-India Project,</strong> monitored and <strong>funded by the Department of Justice,</strong> Ministry of Law and Justice, <strong>for the District Courts</strong> across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To provide efficient &amp; time-bound citizen-centric services delivery.</li>
<li>To develop, install &amp; implement decision support systems in courts.</li>
<li>To automate the processes to provide transparency and accessibility of information to its stakeholders.</li>
<li>To enhance judicial productivity, both qualitatively &amp; quantitatively, to make the justice delivery system affordable, accessible, cost-effective, predictable, reliable and transparent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cji-launches-top-courts-ai-driven-research-portal-7261821/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7974,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'US India Artificial Intelligence Initiative',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>US India Artificial Intelligence (USIAI)</strong> initiative has been launched to scale up the science and technology relationship between India and the United States.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>US India Artificial Intelligence (USIAI)</strong> is an initiative of <strong>Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF)</strong> which was established in March 2000.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Department of Science &amp; Technology (DST), Government of India, and the U.S. Department of State are respective nodal departments for<strong> IUSSTF.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The USIAI will focus on <strong>AI cooperation</strong> in critical areas that are priorities for both countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Example:</strong> Healthcare, smart cities, materials, agriculture, energy, and manufacturing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will bring together key stakeholders from India and the United States to create synergies that address challenges and opportunities at the interface of science, technology, and society.</li>
<li>This will provide an <strong>opportunity to</strong> discuss the <strong>emerging AI landscape,</strong> and address the <strong>challenges of developing an AI workforce.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Related Recent Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-in-the-ai-race" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National AI Strategy</strong></a> <strong>(NITI Aayog)</strong> and<strong> National AI Portal (Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology)</strong> and has also started leveraging AI across various sectors such as education, agriculture, healthcare, e-commerce, finance, telecommunications, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mygov-corona-helpdesk-chatbot" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MyGov Corona Helpdesk Chatbot</strong> </a>bagged two awards under categories (1) &ldquo;Best Innovation for Covid-19 &ndash; Society&rdquo; and (2) &ldquo;People&rsquo;s Choice Covid-19 Overall Winner&rdquo; at the recently held CogX 2020. CogX is a prestigious Global Leadership Summit and Festival of Artificial Intelligence &amp; Emerging Technology held annually in London.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, India joined the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-partnership-on-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI)'</strong></a> as a founding member to support the responsible and human-centric development and use of AI.</li>
<li>As per a recent report, India <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-ai-adoption-in-india-amidst-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reported a 45% increase in the use of Artificial Intelligence</strong></a>, the highest among all countries, because of shift in buying behaviour and new business challenges (owing to Covid-19 pandemic).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mega-virtual-summit-on-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RAISE 2020 &ndash; &lsquo;Responsible AI for Social Empowerment 2020&rsquo;</strong></a> was jointly organised by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology <strong>(MeitY).</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vaibhav-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vaishwik Bhartiya Vaigyanik (VAIBHAV) Summit</strong> </a>was organised in 2020 to discuss key areas like quantum technologies, artificial intelligence among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It describes the <strong>action of machines accomplishing</strong> tasks that have historically <strong>required human intelligence.</strong></li>
<li>It includes technologies like <strong>machine learning, pattern recognition, big data, neural networks, self algorithms etc.</strong></li>
<li>AI is different from hardware driven robotic automation. Instead of automating manual tasks, AI performs frequent high volume computerised tasks reliably.</li>
<li>AI is often misunderstood for machine learning. AI is a<strong> broader concept</strong> with a bunch of technologies that include machine learning and other technologies like natural language processing, inference algorithms, neutron networks etc.</li>
<li>AI techniques now have become an essential part of the technology industry helping to solve many challenging problems in computer-science. From <strong>Apple Siri to self driving cars,</strong> AI is progressing rapidly.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1705823" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source -PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7855,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Technology And Innovation Report 2021: UNCTAD',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India was the biggest <strong>&lsquo;overperformer&rsquo;</strong> in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/frontier-technologies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>frontier technologies</strong></a> than the country's per capita <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Products (GDP)</strong></a> would suggest, according to a recent country-readiness index of the <strong>Technology And Innovation Report 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report was released by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-investment-report-unctad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Point</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Report:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report examines the likelihood of frontier technologies widening existing inequalities and creating new ones.</li>
<li>It also addresses the <strong>national and international policies</strong>, instruments and institutional reforms that are needed to create a more equal world of opportunity for all, <strong>leaving no one behind.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Key Takeaway:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Frontier Tech Market:</strong> The report shows that frontier technologies already represent a USD 350 billion market, which could grow to <strong>USD 3.2 trillion by 2025.</strong></li>
<li><strong>International Cooperation:</strong> It calls for strengthened international cooperation to build innovation capacities in developing countries, facilitate technology transfer.</li>
<li><strong>Inclusive:</strong> Envisages increase women&rsquo;s participation in digital sectors, conduct technological assessments and promote an inclusive debate on the impact of frontier technologies on sustainable development.</li>
<li><strong>Humans and Machines At Work:</strong> Technological change affects inequalities through its impact on jobs, wages and profits in following ways: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-robotics-and-automation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Automation</strong></a> taking jobs</li>
<li><strong>Job displacement</strong> can also be accompanied by<strong> job polarization</strong>, which refers to an expansion in high- and low-wage jobs combined with a contraction in middle-wage jobs.</li>
<li>Frontier technologies are being used to provide services via digital platforms that have spurred the creation of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gig-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;gig economy&rsquo;.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India Specific Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s actual index ranking is 43, while the estimated one based on per capita income is 108.</li>
<li>This meant that <strong>India overperformed</strong> other countries by 65 ranking positions. India was followed by the Philippines, which overperformed by 57 ranking positions.</li>
<li>India performed well in research and development. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is reflected in its abundant supplies of qualified and highly skilled human resources available at a comparatively low cost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However countries such as <strong>the United States, Switzerland</strong> and the <strong>United Kingdom</strong> were <strong>&ldquo;best prepared&rdquo;</strong> for frontier technologies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges for Developing Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Demographic Changes:</strong> Low-income- and lower-middle-income countries have expanding and younger populations which will increase the supply of labour and depress wages, reducing the incentives for automation.</li>
<li><strong>Lower Technological and Innovation Capabilities:</strong> Low-income countries have fewer skilled people and depend to a large extent on agriculture which tends to be slower to take advantage of new technologies.</li>
<li><strong>Slow Diversification:</strong> Developing countries typically innovate by emulating industrialized countries, diversifying their economies, and absorbing and adapting new technologies for local use, but this process is slowest in the poorest countries.</li>
<li><strong>Weak Financing Mechanisms:</strong> Most developing countries have increased their R&amp;D expenditures, but these are still relatively low. There is very little private funding of industrial technologies for productive applications.</li>
<li><strong>Intellectual Property Rights and Technology Transfer:</strong> Stringent intellectual property protection will restrict the use of frontier technologies that could be valuable in SDGs related areas such as agriculture, health and energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Report argues that frontier technologies are essential for <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sustainable development</strong></a>, but they also could accentuate initial inequalities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is up to policies to reduce this risk and make frontier technologies contribute to increasing equality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A balanced approach building a robust industrial base and promoting frontier technologies is a must for success in the twenty-first century.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Frontier Technologies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Frontier technologies are defined as <strong>potentially disruptive technologies</strong> that can address large-scale challenges or opportunities.</li>
<li>They include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-ai-adoption-in-india-amidst-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>artificial intelligence (AI)</strong></a><strong>, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">internet of things</a>, big data, blockchain, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-technology-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5G</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/formulation-of-policy-for-3d-printing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">3D printing</a>, robotics, drones, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crispr-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener">gene editing</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nanotechnology-and-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener">nanotechnology</a> and solar photovoltaic.</strong></li>
</ul>
<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614943634_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614943634_image 0.png" width="650" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a>
<p><strong>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 to promote development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy.</li>
<li>UNCTAD is a permanent intergovernmental body headquartered at Geneva in Switzerland.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>reports published by it are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Trade and Development Report</strong></li>
<li><strong>World Investment Report</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Least Developed Countries Report</strong></li>
<li><strong>Information and Economy Report</strong></li>
<li><strong>Technology and Innovation Report</strong></li>
<li><strong>Commodities and Development Report</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/science-technology/india-an-overperformer-in-frontier-tech-among-developing-countries-un-report-75769" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 7087,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Artificial Intelligence & Agriculture',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/artificial-intelligence-farmer-agriculture-7069520/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;AI for the farmer&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 26/11/2020. It talks about the application of artificial intelligence in Indian agriculture.</p>
</div>
<p>As the world population continues to grow and land becomes more scarce, people need to get creative and become more efficient about how agriculture is done. This would require the use of less land to produce more crops and increasing productivity and yield.</p>
<p>Moreover, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/agriculture-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian agriculture faces multiple challenges</strong></a> like high dependence on monsoon, resource intensiveness &ndash; heavy use of resources (water, inorganic fertilisers and pesticides), degradation of land and loss of soil fertility, and low per hectare yield, among others.</p>
<p>In this context, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> (AI) can play a catalytic role in improving crop yield from various factors like the climate changes, population growth, employment issues and food security problems.</p>
<h3>Scope of AI in the Agriculture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Augmenting Entire Supply Chain:</strong> Worldwide, agriculture is a $5 trillion industry, and AI technologies can help to yield healthier crops, control pests, monitor soil and growing conditions, organize data for farmers, help with the workload, and improve a wide range of agriculture-related tasks in the entire food supply chain.</li>
<li><strong>Opportunity for High Growth:</strong> Globally, AI applications in agriculture reached a valuation of nearly $ 1 billion in 2019 and this is estimated to grow to almost $8 billion by 2030, a nearly 25% growth.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in this scenario, the Indian agri-tech market, presently valued at $204 million, has reached just 1% of its estimated potential of $ 24 billion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Huge Agricultural Data Resource:</strong> Due to the diversity of its soil types, climate and topography, India provides a great opportunity for the data scientists and AI experts to develop state of the art AI tools and solutions for agriculture.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian farms and farmers provide vast and rich data to help create AI solutions for not just the country but the world at large. And this is one of the factors that makes the opportunity for AI in Indian agriculture unparalleled.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Use of AI in Agriculture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>AI Helping Analyze Farm Data:</strong> Farms produce hundreds of thousands of data points on the ground daily. With the help of AI, farmers can now analyze a variety of things in real-time such as weather conditions, temperature, water usage or soil conditions collected from their farm to better inform their decisions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Farmers are also using AI to create seasonal forecasting models to improve agricultural accuracy and increase productivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Precision Agriculture:</strong> Precision agriculture uses AI technology to aid in detecting diseases in plants, pests, and poor plant nutrition on farms.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AI sensors can detect and target weeds and then decide which herbicides to apply within the right buffer zone.</li>
<li>This helps to prevent over-application of herbicides and excessive toxins that find their way in our food.</li>
<li>It would increase productivity by introducing precision agriculture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tackling the Labour Challenge:</strong> With fewer people entering the farming profession, most farms are facing the challenge of a workforce shortage.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One solution to help with this shortage of workers is AI agriculture bots. These bots augment the human labour workforce and are used in various forms. For example:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These bots can harvest crops at a higher volume and faster pace than human labourers, more accurately identify and eliminate weeds, and reduce costs for farms by having around the clock labour force.</li>
<li>Additionally, farmers are beginning to turn to chatbots for assistance. Chatbots help answer a variety of questions and provide advice and recommendations on specific farm problems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>With the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-s-protest#:~:text=Three%20Farm%20Bills%20that%20are,(Amendment)%20Bill%2C%202020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> recent reforms in the Agriculture sector</strong></a>, there is a likelihood of increased investments in contract farming and infusion of technology for better yields and productivity. This will further push the adoption of AI in agriculture. Further, In order to help these AI solutions scale increased investments needed, both from the public and private sector.</p>
<p>In this context, the recently concluded <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mega-virtual-summit-on-artificial-intelligence#:~:text=The%20Ministry%20of%20Electronics%20and,October%205%2D9%2C%202020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Responsible AI for Social Empowerment Summit &ndash; RAISE</strong></a> &ndash; 2020 Summit has helped provide a platform for global stakeholders to come together to finalize the roadmap for using AI for the public good.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1606478360_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1606478360_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffef5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Artificial Intelligence can play a catalytic role in improving food security in India. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NLNSwPa1PuQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/need-new-laws-for-real-time-tax-dispute-resolution/2136758/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Need new laws for real-time tax dispute resolution&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Financial Express on November 26<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6985,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Technological Revolution, Covid-19 & Labour Market',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/44/commentary/future-work-post-covid-19-world.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;The Future of Work in the Post-COVID-19 World&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Economic &amp; Political Weekly on 31/10/2020. It talks about the impact of the fourth industrial revolution and the pandemic on the labour market.</p>
</div>
<p>The emergence of the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> has caused dra&shy;stic impacts on almost every aspect of human life. One of the large uncertainties is related to the economic impact of this pandemic.</p>
<p>In the economic arena, the impact on the global labour market will undergo many important changes. However, the global labour market was already going through radical changes over the last few decades due to the upcoming <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fourth industrial revolution</strong></a> and the pandemic is likely to &shy;increase this rate.</p>
<p>Future prospects of the labour market are unpromising due to the advances and challenges generated by technologies &shy;related to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>arti&shy;ficial intelligence (AI)</strong></a>, &shy;machine learning (ML), robotics, and industrial automatisation.</p>
<p>Therefore, the real need right now is to evaluate how the Covid-19 crisis will &shy;affect this ongoing transformation and adequate policy responses.</p>
<h3>Ongoing Changes in Labour Market</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In current times, the role of technology has become self-contradictory. Even if technology has been created to support humankind, there exists an &shy;underlying fear about its impact on the labour market.</li>
<li>Traditio&shy;nally, changes affected only employees in charge of highly repetitive tasks, that is the so-called blue-collar workers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the recent impact of the fourth industrial revolution is also threatening those that carry out highly skilled tasks, that is, the so-called white-collar workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Before the Covid-19 pandemic, the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Labour Organization</strong></a> (ILO) estimated that 1,400 million workers in the world (around 37.5% of the &shy;total workers) worked in vulnerable employment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of 4<sup>th</sup> Industrial Revolution &amp; Covid-19 on Labour Market</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Process of Automation:</strong> According to ILO, the manufacturing sector employs approximately 1,600 million robots at a global scale, a number with exponential growth in recent years.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Covid-19 pandemic will quite likely ensure that companies will strive to organise supply chains that are safe and free from viruses.</li>
<li>For this, deployments of swarm robots, that is &shy;robots linked to each other for coordinated action, present important functional benefits. Therefore, in some way, it is quite likely that Covid-19 will accelerate the process of automation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Polarisation:</strong> The pandemic is also increasing social inequalities due to the disparate impact of the virus on different classes.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, before the pandemic, the most vulnerable jobs and with more risk to be automated were precisely the low-&shy;income ones.</li>
<li>The virus has a social &shy;impact that is quite undemocratic, which besides the ongoing robotisation and automation processes will drive up the &shy;levels of social polarisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Change in Work Culture:</strong> The ongoing technological revolution and the impact of the novel coronavirus might radically change the work conditions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With this new wave of forced remote working, some tech companies in Silicon Valley (such as Twitter, Square, or Facebook) have already decided to shift to <strong>permanent working from home</strong> even after the pandemic.</li>
<li>These changes will have a vast impact on the urban economies of the regions where these companies are located by affecting &shy;aspects, such as real estate, transpor&shy;tation, leisure, and social diversity, among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post-Labour Society:</strong> Some theorists predict a post-work scenario where robots would mostly replace human workforces. Among the consequences, it would mean the end of the traditional labour structure, which will require us to redefine the term work itself.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can lead to the emergence of a massive and new unworking class.</li>
<li>In addition, with the pace of technological shifts, the skills required of employees will prob&shy;ably change faster over time, creating a group of people whose skills get constantly outdated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Change in Society:</strong> Beyond the real impact of AI and robo&shy;tics on the labour market, strong chan&shy;ges are expected to disrupt societies.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Without employment providing a structure in the people&rsquo;s lives and with technology replacing many human activities, the societies are likely to shift towards more individualistic entities with less human interaction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Positive Trends:</strong> There are many studies which signify that the fourth Industrial revolution would create as many jobs as it eradicated, showing a slightly positive trend.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These studies indicate that the healthcare and educational sectors will have a growing job demand, while the manufacturing and transport sectors will suffer the largest &shy;losses of jobs.</li>
<li>Further, technology and automation could lead to a fairer economic model with lower prices, greater social awareness. Thus, there is a need for re-skilling of the workforce.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Necessity of Inclusive Development:</strong> Some governments are trying to &shy;develop strategies to face the very negative scenarios that might emerge.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this sense, one of such countermeasures is the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/universal-basic-income" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Universal Basic Income (UBI).</strong></a></li>
<li>However, developing countries like India need to develop alternative strategies. This is because providing UBI in the world's second-largest populous country would not be feasible, especially in the near future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>It is expected that the ongoing technological revolution, besides the upcoming economic crisis due to the coronavirus, might reduce the level of regulated &shy;employment. In this scenario, the relationship between employer and employee would be reduced to a minimum.</p>
<p>The supporters of this policy argue that it will boost the labour market, while critics argue that the employee will be completely unprotected.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605184704_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1605184704_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="737" height="242" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5faff;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Critically analyse the impact of the fourth industrial revolution and the Covid-19 pandemic on the labour market.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/scVWS-a-Qjg" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/road-bumps-the-hindu-editorial-on-fifteenth-finance-commission-report/article33069233.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Road bumps: On Fifteenth Finance Commission report&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on November 11<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6979,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Draft Data Centre Policy 2020',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Electronics &amp; Information Technology (MeitY)</strong> has released the <strong>Draft Data Centre Policy,</strong> which aims to simplify clearances for setting up data centres in the country.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vision of the Draft Data Centre Policy: </strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Making <strong>India a Global Data Centre hub, </strong></li>
<li><strong>Promote investment</strong> in the sector,</li>
<li>Propel <strong>digital economy</strong> growth,</li>
<li>Enable provisioning of trusted hosting infrastructure to fulfil the growing demand of the country and facilitate state of the art <strong>service delivery to citizens. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Terms Defined:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Data Centre:</strong> It is a dedicated secure space within a building/centralized location where computing and networking equipment is concentrated for the purpose of collecting, storing, processing, distributing or allowing access to large amounts of data.</li>
<li><strong>Data Centre Parks:</strong> These are specialized secure Data Zone, strategically located with the most conducive non-IT and IT infrastructure, and regulatory environment for housing mix of small scale/large scale clusters of Data Centres to serve the high needs of compute, storage, networking and provision of a wide range of data-related services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Providing <strong>Infrastructure Status to the Data Centre Sector,</strong> at par with other sectors like Railways, Roadways, and Power.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The status will help the sector <strong>avail long-term credit from domestic and international lenders</strong> at easier terms and will give a boost to the investments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demarcation of specific zones</strong> with necessary infrastructure such as roads, running water and electricity to set up data centre parks.</li>
<li>A<strong> single-window, time-bound clearance system</strong> for all the approvals required to set up a data-centre park.</li>
<li><strong>Formulation of Data Centre Incentivization Scheme (DCIS)</strong> which will specify the intended beneficiaries, applicability criteria and fiscal and non-fiscal incentives for the sector.</li>
<li>Setting-up at least four<strong> Data Centre Economic Zones (DCEZ)</strong> in the country, as a Central Sector Scheme - DCEZ Scheme. DCEZs would create an ecosystem of Hyperscale Data Centres, Cloud Service Providers, IT companies, R&amp;D units and other allied industries.</li>
<li>In order to address the issues around the high consumption of power, data centre parks would be encouraged to<strong> set up their own power generation units, </strong>and use <strong>renewable energy.</strong></li>
<li>Data centres will be declared as an <strong>Essential Service</strong> under <strong>&ldquo;The Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1968 (ESMA)&rdquo;</strong> which means that there would be a continuity of services even during times of calamities or crisis.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative</a></strong> by identifying possible opportunities of manufacturing of data centre equipment (IT as well as non-IT) in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Policy also identifies possible areas of participation by micro, small, and medium enterprises and start-ups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Collaboration with the <strong>Ministry of Skills Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> and leading academic institutes to impart large scale training to workforce on Data Centre, Digital and Cloud technologies, and facilitate sector linkages for such trained workforce.</li>
<li>An <strong>Inter-Ministerial Empowered Committee (IMEC)</strong> would be set up under the Chairmanship of Secretary, MeitY, with participation from various Central Ministries and State Governments. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It shall be the <strong>key decision-making body</strong> to facilitate the implementation of various measures as defined under this policy framework, enabling ease of doing business in the sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>An independent<strong> Data Centre Industry Council (DCIC)</strong> is proposed to be set up, which would act as an interface between the sector and the Government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for a Data Centre Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The need to set up data centre infrastructure in India comes against the backdrop of<strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/Data-Localisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> data localization</a> norms under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> proposed personal data protection legislation</a>&nbsp;</strong>and for<strong> &ldquo;protection of the digital sovereignty of the country in an increasingly connected world".</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Launch of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-digital-health-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Digital Health Mission (NDHM)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-partnership-on-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI),</strong></a> which involve use of data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> size of the digital economy</strong> in India is estimated to grow from USD 200 billion in 2017-18 to USD 1 trillion by 2025. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has witnessed <strong>an exponential growth in digital-commerce, digital entertainment and use of social media.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>mobile data consumption is already the highest in the world</strong> and is constantly increasing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India also offers <strong>advantages</strong> of having a favourable geographical location on the world map, availability of economic resources, established global connectivity through submarine cables, easy and cost-effective access power and readily available skilled manpower, enabling the nation to become a <strong>global Data Centre hub.</strong></li>
<li>There are<strong> known impediments to the growth of data centre sector</strong> such as lack of infrastructure or Industry status of the Data Centres, complex clearance processes, time consuming approvals, high cost of power, lack of published standards, absence of specialised building norms for building the Data Centres, submarine cable network connectivity limited to few states and high cost of capital and operational expenditure etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, the data centre industry has been <strong>largely concentrated in top 4 cities,</strong> with Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru and Chennai accounting for 60% of total sites.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The data centre expansion will be supported by growth in data volumes to support high growth in e-commerce, increase in usage of social media, greater preference for over the top (OTT) platforms, the government&rsquo;s impetus to the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Digital India initiative</strong> </a>and rapid digitalisation of services across industries (<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industry 4.0</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5g-technology#:~:text=The%20term%205G%20is%20used,life%2C%20and%20emitting%20less%20radiation." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>5G</strong></a>).</li>
<li>Currently, there is no large-scale foreign investment in data centres in the country. India could essentially become a data centre hub for global enterprises, if the government has a clear cut policy around it.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/it-ministry-suggests-infrastructure-status-captive-power-plants-for-for-data-centres-in-draft-policy-7001865/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6878,
		'category_id' => (int) 22,
		'title' => 'Combating Deep Fakes',
		'description' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/countering-deepfakes-the-most-serious-ai-threat/article32966578.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Countering deep fakes, the most serious AI threat&rdquo;</a> which was published in The Hindu on 20/10/2020. It talks about the dangers associated with the Deep Fakes.</p>
</div>
<p>Technological advancement that has fueled media creation today, has provided opportunities for all people, regardless of their demography, ethnicity, religion etc. It can give people a voice, purpose, and ability to make an impact at scale and with speed.</p>
<p>However, as access to synthetic media technology increases, so does the risk of exploitation. One such aspect of media creation is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deep-fakes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">deep fakes</a>. Deep Fakes are the digital media (video, audio, and images) manipulated using <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/artificial-intelligence-and-deepfakes-misuse-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial Intelligence</a>.</p>
<p>Deep fakes have evolved from mere annoyance to high stake warfare for creating social discord, increasing polarisation, and in some cases, influencing an election outcome. It allows hyper-realistic digital falsification that can inflict damage to individuals, institutions, businesses and democracy.</p>
<h3>Dangers Associated With Deep Fake</h3>
<p>Deep Fake makes it possible to fabricate media &mdash; swap faces, lip-syncing, and puppeteers &mdash; mostly without consent and bring threat to psychology, security, political stability, and business disruption.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>New Front of Warfare:</strong> A deepfake could act as a powerful tool by a nation-state to undermine public safety and create uncertainty and chaos in the target country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nation-state actors with geopolitical aspirations, ideological believers, violent extremists, and economically motivated enterprises can manipulate media narratives using deepfakes.</li>
<li>It can be used by insurgent groups and terrorist organisations, to represent their adversaries as making inflammatory speeches or engaging in provocative actions to stir up anti-state sentiments among people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Targeting Women:</strong> The malicious use of a deepfake can be seen in pornography, inflicting emotional, reputational, and in some cases, violence towards the individual.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pornographic deep fakes can threaten, intimidate, and inflict psychological harm and reduce women to sexual objects. Deepfake pornography majorly targets women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Damage to Personal Reputation</strong>: Deepfake can depict a person indulging in antisocial behaviours and saying vile things.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These can have severe implications on their reputation, sabotaging their professional and personal life.</li>
<li>Even if the victim could debunk the deep fake, it may come too late to remedy the initial harm.</li>
<li>Further, Deepfakes can be deployed to extract money, confidential information, or exact favours from individuals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Undermining Democracy:</strong> A deepfake can also aid in altering the democratic discourse and undermine trust in institutions and impair diplomacy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>False information about institutions, public policy, and politicians powered by a deepfake can be exploited to spin the story and manipulate belief.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disrupting Electioneering:</strong> A deepfake of a political candidate can sabotage their image and reputation. A well-executed one, a few days before polling, of a political candidate spewing out racial epithets or indulging in an unethical act can damage their campaign.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A high-quality deepfake can inject compelling false information that can cast a shadow of illegitimacy over the voting process and election results.</li>
<li>Leaders can also use them to increase populism and consolidate power.</li>
<li>Deepfakes can become a very effective tool to sow the seeds of polarisation, amplifying division in society, and suppressing dissent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enhancing Media Literacy:</strong> Media literacy for consumers and journalists is the most effective tool to combat disinformation and deep fakes.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Improving media literacy is a precursor to addressing the challenges presented by deepfakes.</li>
<li>Media literacy efforts must be enhanced to cultivate a discerning public.</li>
<li>As consumers of media, they must have the ability to decipher, understand, translate, and use the information.</li>
<li>Even a short intervention with media understanding, learning the motivations and context, can lessen the damage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for Regulation:</strong> Meaningful regulations with a collaborative discussion with the technology industry, civil society, and policymakers can facilitate disincentivizing the creation and distribution of malicious deep fakes.</li>
<li><strong>Technological Interventions:</strong> There is also a need for easy-to-use and accessible technology solutions to detect deep fakes, authenticate media, and amplify authoritative sources.</li>
<li><strong>Behavioural Change:</strong> On the part of society, to counter the menace of deep fakes, there is a need to take the responsibility to be a critical consumer of media on the Internet, think and pause before sharing on social media, and be part of the solution to this infodemic.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>To defend the truth and secure freedom of expression, there is a need for a multi-stakeholder and multi-modal approach. Collaborative actions and collective techniques across legislative regulations, platform policies, technology intervention, and media literacy can provide effective and ethical countermeasures to mitigate the threat of malicious deep fakes.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1603972257_image1.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1603972257_image1.webp" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" height="730" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #e3faf9; border-color: #03aba2;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1810px;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question<br /><br /></strong></em>Deep fakes allow hyper-realistic digital falsification that can inflict damage to individuals, institutions, businesses and democracy. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/s3IBTb9zAq4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/indo-us-ties-beyond-specific-leaders/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Indo-US Ties: Beyond specific leaders&rdquo;</a> which was published in The Economic Times on October 28th,2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6794,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Frontier Technologies Cloud Innovation Center',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> and <strong>Amazon Web Services</strong> (AWS) have announced the establishment of a <strong>Frontier Technologies Cloud Innovation Center</strong> (CIC), the first of its kind in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>AWS is a subsidiary of Amazon,</strong> multinational tech and online-shopping giant.</li>
<li>It provides on-demand <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/edge-computing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cloud computing</a> platforms</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/open-api-service-in-aarogya-setu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Application Programming Interfaces</strong></a> (API) to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CIC is part of the<strong> AWS CIC Global Program,</strong> which provides an <strong>opportunity for government agencies, nonprofits and educational institutions, to come together</strong> on pressing challenges, apply design thinking, test new ideas, and access the technical expertise of AWS.</li>
<li><strong>Frontier Technologies CIC</strong> will <strong>identify and prioritise projects</strong> as well as <strong>collaborate with local leaders,</strong> including subject matter experts at the state and district levels, to solve critical challenges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Local enterprises, start-ups, researchers, and universities in India can experiment and build prototypes on AWS Cloud.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is aligned to the visions of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat Mission</strong></a> and the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aim-icrest-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Atal Innovation Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Aims of Frontier Technologies CIC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>address societal challenges</strong> through digital innovation.</li>
<li>To <strong>enable budding innovators and start-ups</strong> and help in piloting state-of-the-art, cloud-centric digital innovations by leveraging emerging technologies such as <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>artificial intelligence</strong></a> (AI), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast#:~:text=Internet%20Of%20Things%20(IoT)%20is%20a%20computing%20concept%20that%20describes,than%20the%20object%20by%20itself." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Internet of Things</strong></a> (IoT), <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-robotics-and-automation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>robotics</strong></a>, etc.</li>
<li>To <strong>identify and deploy leading-edge technologies to drive continuous innovation</strong> in delivering citizen services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1665845" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 6670,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Session on Precision Agriculture',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a session on<strong> &ldquo;Sensors and Sensing for Precision Agriculture&rdquo;</strong> was organised by the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-council-of-agricultural-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Council of Agricultural Research</a>-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iari-breeds-nutrient-rich-hybrid-maize" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Agricultural Research Institute</a></strong> (ICAR-IARI).</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Precision Agriculture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Precision agriculture (PA) is an <strong>approach where inputs are utilised in precise amounts to get increased average yields,</strong> compared to traditional cultivation techniques such as <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-212" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>agroforestry</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/multi-cropping" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>intercropping</strong></a>, crop rotation, etc.</li>
<li>Sustainable PA is this century&rsquo;s most valuable innovation in farm management that is based on using <strong>Information and Communication Technologies</strong> (ICTs).</li>
<li>It is <strong>based on sustainable agriculture and healthy food production</strong> and it consists of profitability and increasing production, economic efficiency and the reduction of side effects on the environment.</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increases agriculture productivity.</li>
<li>Prevents soil degradation.</li>
<li>Reduces chemical application in crop production.</li>
<li>Efficient use of water resources.</li>
<li>Disseminates modern farm practices to improve the quality, quantity and reduced cost of production.</li>
<li>Changes the socio-economic status of farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Research suggests <strong>educational and economic challenges</strong> as the two most important in the application of precision agriculture.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Among the <strong>variables that contribute to educational challenges,</strong> lack of local experts, funds, knowledgeable research and extension personnel have more of an impact compared to others.</li>
<li>PA and initial costs have more of an impact among the<strong> economic challenges</strong> compared to the other issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Discussions at the Session:</strong> Recent <strong>advances in the field of sensors, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cartosat-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">remote sensing</a>, deep learning, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast#:~:text=Internet%20Of%20Things%20(IoT)%20is%20a%20computing%20concept%20that%20describes,than%20the%20object%20by%20itself." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet of Things</a></strong> (IoT)<strong> for monitoring and quantification</strong> of soil, plant and environment to enhance farm productivity with increased input use efficiency and environmental <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sustainability</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Part of VAIBHAV Summit:</strong> The session is a part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vaibhav-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vaishwik Bhartiya Vaigyanik (VAIBHAV) Summit 2020.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>VAIBHAV is a<strong> Government of India initiative</strong> to bring together the thought process, practices, research and development (R&amp;D) culture of overseas and Indian scientists/academicians.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Research Gaps Identified:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Development of indigenous low-cost sensors</strong> with integrated platforms, robotics, IoT for high throughput field phenotyping and soil and crop health monitoring and management.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Phenotyping is the process</strong> of determining, analysing or predicting all or part of an organism's phenotype (observable physical properties of an organism).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Big data analytics and modelling</strong> for sensor-based early detection of stresses, discrimination in the agriculture sector.</li>
<li><strong>Standardized protocols for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-anti-drone-guidelines" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unmanned Aerial Vehicle</a></strong> (UAV) based imaging using different sensors, inter sensor calibration and data analytics for near real-time crop condition monitoring and management.</li>
<li><strong>Development of affordable scale neutral precision agricultural technologies</strong> suitable to the ecosystem of Indian agriculture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Scale neutrality means, if other things remain the same, one small plot of land gives the same proportion of output as a large land holding.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Keeping in view the research gaps, a specific objective-driven collaboration needs to be proposed.</li>
<li>More R&amp;D in the field and on the concept is needed. For that, collaborations with global universities can be done for further excelling in education and research and capacity building.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1662115" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 6579,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Mega Virtual Summit on Artificial Intelligence',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> NITI Aayog</strong></a> will organize a Mega Virtual Summit on <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> (AI), <strong>RAISE 2020- &lsquo;Responsible AI for Social Empowerment 2020,&rsquo;</strong> from October 5-9, 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RAISE 2020 is a first of its kind, global meeting of minds on Artificial Intelligence to drive India's vision and roadmap for <strong>social transformation, inclusion and empowerment </strong>through <strong>responsible AI.</strong></li>
<li>This includes using AI in areas like <strong>Health, Agriculture, Education, Skilling, Mobility, Fintech, Research, Inclusive AI, Future of Work,</strong> among others.</li>
<li>The event will witness participation from <strong>global industry leaders, key opinion makers, Government representatives and academia.</strong></li>
<li>It will also feature some startups working in AI-related fields.</li>
<li><strong>India in AI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Industry analysts predict that AI could add up to 957 billion USD to India&rsquo;s economy by 2035.</li>
<li>India can leverage AI for inclusive development, representing the country's<strong> 'AI for All'</strong> strategy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-in-the-ai-race" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National AI Strategy</strong></a> and National AI Portal and has also started leveraging AI across various sectors such as education, agriculture, healthcare, e-commerce, finance, telecommunications, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, India joined the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-partnership-on-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI)'</strong></a> as a founding member to support the responsible and human-centric development and use of Artificial Intelligence (AI).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It describes the action of machines accomplishing tasks that have historically required human intelligence.</li>
<li>It includes technologies like machine learning, pattern recognition, big data, neural networks, self algorithms etc.</li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong> Facebook&rsquo;s list of suggested friends for its users, self-driving cars, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AI automates processes and reduces human error but the principal limitation of AI is that it learns from the data. This means any<strong> inaccuracies</strong> in the data will be reflected in the results.</li>
<li>It is important to make AI responsible as it can be misused for various purposes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deep-fakes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deep Fakes</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cyber-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cybercrimes</strong></a>, Social Manipulation etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1658758" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'BIS-Care',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution</strong> has launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bureau-of-indian-standards-bis-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bureau of Indian Standard</strong></a> (BIS) Mobile App <strong>&lsquo;BIS-Care&rsquo;</strong> and three portals namely the <strong>Standardization, Conformity Assessment and Training Portals of e-BIS</strong> for consumers.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BIS is the <strong>National Standard Body of India</strong> for the harmonious development of the activities of <strong>standardization, marking and quality certification</strong> of goods.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>BIS-Care App:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The app can be operated on any Android phone and is operational in <strong>Hindi and English</strong> language.</li>
<li>Consumers can <strong>check the authenticity of the ISI-marked and hallmarked products</strong> and lodge <strong>complaints</strong> using this app.</li>
<li>It is important to ensure that consumers are aware of the standards and quality products and help in eliminating the supply of sub-standard products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>e-BIS:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>e-BIS is an integrated portal covering all functions of BIS, enlisting the services of outside agencies for factory and market surveillance and development of mobile app-based and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> (AI) enabled surveillance methods.</li>
<li>Certification and surveillance to enforce the implementation of standards is an important aspect of BIS functioning which is also strengthening its capacity of enforcement by the implementation of e-BIS.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Steps Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BIS has been playing an important role in the <strong>formulation of Quality Control Orders</strong> (QCO) to make the standards mandatory.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has actively collaborated with various Ministries and Departments to help them issue QCOs for various products.</li>
<li>After standards become mandatory, manufacturers, both domestic and foreign, have to comply with them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>BIS is developing a <strong>portal on Consumer Engagement,</strong> which will facilitate the online registration of Consumer Groups, submission of proposals and approval thereof and complaint management.</li>
<li>BIS plans to implement <strong>One Nation, One Standard</strong> which is under examination and will be launched soon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For that purpose, it has formulated a scheme for the recognition of other <strong>Standard Development Organizations</strong> in the country with the objective of harmonization of the standard formulation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Standard National Action Plan</strong> has been approved and important sectors of the economy for the development of standards have been identified.</li>
<li>BIS <strong>developed Covid-19 standards</strong> for Cover-all and Ventilators and <strong>issued norms for grant of licence</strong> for N95 Masks, surgical masks and eye protectors which has resulted in an <strong>increased production of ISI-marked Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)&nbsp;items</strong>.</li>
<li>BIS has <strong>expanded and modernised its labs</strong> and has been creating testing facilities for drinking water and assaying of gold jewellery.</li>
<li>It has formulated a <strong>comprehensive Training Policy</strong> and has been <strong>imparting training to various stakeholders</strong> through its <strong>National Institute of Standardization</strong> at Noida.</li>
<li>There have been efforts to <strong>integrate the standards into the curriculum of professional education</strong> in the country and for that, an <strong>Approach Paper</strong> has been developed and shared with the Ministry of Human Resource Development, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-of-aicte" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>All India Council for Technical Education</strong></a> (AICTE) and other stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To achieve the objectives of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> and protect the interests of consumers, BIS had to further strengthen its efforts to formulate standards in the areas important for boosting India&rsquo;s exports and regulating the import of cheap and sub-standard products.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1641559" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5987,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'G20 Digital Economy Ministers Meeting',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a<strong> virtual meeting of G20 Digital Economy Ministers</strong> was hosted by <strong>Saudi Arabia</strong> in which Indian Union Minister for Electronics and Information Technology represented India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saudi-arabia-becomes-first-arab-nation-to-head-g20" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Saudi Arabia is holding the presidency</strong></a> of <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G20</a></strong> currently.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Few major initiatives taken by India to tackle Covid-19 were highlighted:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Early <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdowns</strong> </a>which helped in curbing the spread of the virus as well as preparing for the upcoming challenges effectively.</li>
<li><strong>Digital innovations for managing Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Initiatives like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aarogya-setu-app-a-technological-solutionism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aarogya Setu mobile app</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-quarantine-alert-system-cqas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 Quarantine Alert System</strong> </a>(geofencing system for monitoring quarantined patients) and <strong>Covid-19 Savdhan</strong> (bulk messaging systems).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital innovations for helping people in general:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-advisory-on-direct-benefit-transfer" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Direct Benefit Transfers</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-digital-payment-system-outside-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital payments</strong> </a>ensured that even the weakest in the society was provided various financial relief during the lockdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India Emphasised Upon:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emerging technologies like <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> should be <strong>leveraged for inclusive growth and development</strong> especially in healthcare and education.</li>
<li>In the wake of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a> like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>, there is a need for <strong>building a resilient <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-restoring-global-supply-chains" target="_blank" rel="noopener">global supply chain.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s potential as an attractive <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investments-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">destination for investment</a></strong> closely integrated with global supply chains was also brought into focus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All <strong>digital platforms need to be accountable and sensitive</strong> towards concerns related to defence and data privacy of citizens of sovereign countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The comments follow the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/banning-of-chinese-mobile-apps#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Indian%20government%20announced,most%20linked%20to%20Chinese%20companies.&amp;text=Given%20that%20India's%20digital%20economy,the%20valuations%20of%20Chinese%20companies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian government&rsquo;s move to ban 59 Chinese applications</strong> </a>citing a threat to national security and sovereignty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Step for Data Protection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is soon going to put in place a robust <strong>personal data protection law (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019#:~:text=Personal%20Data%3A%20The%20Bill%20requires,stored%20and%20processed%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Personal Data Protection Bill 2019</a>)</strong> which will not only address the data privacy-related concerns of citizens but also ensure availability of data for innovation and economic development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The digital economy must go hand in hand with the data economy because data is an important component to accelerate the digital economy.</li>
<li>There is a need to acknowledge who has sovereignty over data. Data must belong to the sovereign nation concerned, to protect the privacy of its people, to protect digital concerns for its people.</li>
<li>Digital platforms having a presence in many countries must become trustworthy, safe and secure.</li>
<li>Digital platforms anywhere in the world should be responsive and accountable towards the sovereign concerns of countries including defence, privacy and security of citizens.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1640482" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5635,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India has joined the <strong>'Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI)'</strong> as a founding member to support the<strong> responsible and human-centric development</strong> and use of Artificial Intelligence (AI).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> GPAI is an international and multi-stakeholder initiative to guide the responsible development and use of AI, based on human rights, inclusion, diversity, innovation, and economic growth.</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bridge the gap between theory and practice on AI by supporting cutting-edge research and applied activities on AI-related priorities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An example would be looking at how AI could help societies respond to and recover from the Covid-19 crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bring together leading experts from industry, civil society, governments, and academia to conduct research and pilot projects on AI.</li>
<li>It will initially <strong>comprise four working groups</strong> focused on responsible AI, data governance, the future of work, and innovation and commercialisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Founding Members:</strong> Australia, Canada, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, the United Kingdom and the United States.</li>
<li><strong>Organisation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GPAI will be supported by a Secretariat, to be hosted by <strong>Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)</strong> in Paris, as well as by two Centers of Expertise- one each in Montreal (Canada) and Paris (France).</li>
<li>GPAI will be able to take advantage of the OECD&rsquo;s expertise on AI policy and its leadership in setting out the first international standard for trustworthy AI &ndash; the OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence.</li>
<li>The OECD will also be a Permanent Observer to the GPAI&rsquo;s governing bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> Born out of the Canadian and French G7 Presidencies in 2018 and 2019, GPAI was officially proposed by France and Canada at the Biarritz Summit in August 2019.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It describes the action of machines accomplishing tasks that have historically required human intelligence.</li>
<li>It includes technologies like machine learning, pattern recognition, big data, neural networks, self algorithms etc.</li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong> Facebook&rsquo;s list of suggested friends for its users, self-driving cars, etc.</li>
<li>AI automates processes and reduces human error but the principal limitation of AI is that it learns from the data. This means any inaccuracies in the data will be reflected in the results.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was formed in<strong> 1961.</strong> It has<strong> 37 member countries. India is not a member but one of the key partners</strong> of the organisation.</li>
<li>It is an international organisation, having a goal to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-being for all.</li>
<li><strong>PISA</strong> is the OECD&rsquo;s programme for international student assessment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will participate in the PISA test 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is<strong> headquartered at Paris, France.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Financial Action Task Force (FATF)</strong> Secretariat is located at OECD headquarters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>G7</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a bloc of<strong> industrialised democracies -</strong> Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Recent Initiatives by India in the Field of AI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has recently launched National AI Strategy and National AI Portal and have also started leveraging AI across various sectors such as education, agriculture, healthcare, e-commerce, finance, telecommunications, etc.</li>
<li>The <strong>National AI strategy</strong> was released in 2018 by NITI Aayog. It is termed<strong> &lsquo;AIForAll&rsquo;</strong> as it is focused on leveraging AI for inclusive growth in line with the Government policy of Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Role of the Government has been clearly delineated to develop the research ecosystem, promote adoption and address skilling challenges.</li>
<li>The strategy also flags important issues like ethics, bias and privacy issues relating to AI and envisions Government promoting research in technology to address these concerns.</li>
<li>The focus is on sectors like agriculture, health and education where public investment and lead would be necessary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National AI Portal:</strong> It has been developed jointly by the National e-Governance Division of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and the National Association of Software and Service Companies (Nasscom). The portal is meant to work as a <strong>&ldquo;one stop digital platform"</strong> for all AI related developments in India.</li>
<li><strong>Responsible AI for Youth Programme:</strong> It is aimed at imparting education and skills in AI to students in government schools.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By joining GPAI as a founding member, India will actively participate in the global development of Artificial Intelligence, leveraging its experience around use of digital technologies for inclusive growth.</li>
<li>AI is rapidly penetrating into all the sectors of economy, if used empathetically and reasonably, it has the potential to change global social and economic interactions for the better.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1631676" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5452,
		'category_id' => (int) 15,
		'title' => 'RESTART: Rebooting the Economy through Science, Technology and Research Translations',
		'description' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0I_SLeyjKPA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Science and technology have been at the forefront of our fight against Covid-19 in various ways and means to find solutions to challenges thrown towards us. The next big challenge is to re-open and reboot the economy and make use of science and technology for the same in order to ensure a sustainable future.</p>
<p>As the world adjusts to its new normal, business leaders world over are rethinking and devising new strategies to harness technologies that would help drive resilience and make them emerge from the crisis stronger.</p>
<p>The formula of 4Ts needs to be strictly adhered to for the opening up of the economy, that is, <strong>Testing, Tagging, Tracing, and Tracking.</strong> Each one of these involves the use of effective technology. The entire spectrum of economic activities one way or another is dependent on technology.</p>
<h3>Rebooting Economy</h3>
<p>The need of the hour is to formulate a comprehensive action plan to reboot the economy. Technology and innovation are the foundation on which policies are to be based. These technologies would include medical technologies, advanced technologies, and manufacturing that would prepare India for the post-Covid-19 time.</p>
<p><strong>Self-reliance:</strong> In order to mitigate the widespread economic impact due to the present crisis and to prepare for a stronger recovery, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>self-reliance</strong></a> has to be the new mantra.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to minimize the dependence on imports and the Indian industry to play a major role in the global supply chain.</li>
<li>The Indian pharmaceutical industry is the world&rsquo;s third-largest drug producer by volume and the country&rsquo;s market manufactures 60 percent of vaccines globally.</li>
<li>However, the industry is also heavily dependent on imports of some key ingredients for antibiotics and vitamins from countries like China.</li>
<li>There is a need to encourage domestic firms to make these key ingredients, known as fermentation-based APIs.</li>
<li>Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved two schemes, namely the scheme on <a href="/printpdf/schemes-approved-to-promote-drug-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Promotion of Bulk Drug Parks and Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Research and Development:</strong> Research needs to be brought closer to the Industry in overcoming the present challenge. The pandemic is a great opportunity for R&amp;D and needs to be used for strengthening it.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Covid-19 crisis has unfolded some of the best medical advancements and innovations in history like <strong>drug discovery, vaccines, and diagnostic tools, and other medical devices,</strong> as well as ways to preserve electronic health records.</li>
<li><strong>Research needs to quickly switch over from being capital intensive to knowledge-intensive and should be brought closer to industry.</strong></li>
<li>The private-public model has encouraged R&amp;D to greater heights. Plausible translations, prototyping, start-ups, and Industry have seen immense growth.</li>
<li>Wherever readymade solutions are not available, research and development needs to be more profound, relevant, speedy, impactful, and strongly connected to the industry.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Industries and Advanced Materials:</strong> The novel materials such as special-purpose alloys, engineering polymers &amp; blends, graphene, composites, etc. will be the key to revamping the industry&rsquo;s product lines in the future.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These materials will serve as the cornerstones for new-age technology solutions for complex functional problems.</li>
<li>Investment in such knowledge-based value-added materials will go a long way in accelerating the economic activities and ensuring an attractive return for the industry.</li>
<li>We need to empower the industry with knowledge and data.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Digital transformation in Manufacturing:</strong> The manufacturing companies are undergoing digital transformation due to the Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pandemic has forced the industries that were sitting on the fence to go for digital transformation, which has brought a tremendous change.</li>
<li>The world is moving towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restart-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mass customization and mass specialization</strong></a> today, and technology like 3-D printing plays a major role in it.</li>
<li><strong>Additive manufacturing</strong> can change the fundamentals of manufacturing and hence needed to be adapted rapidly.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Additive Manufacturing</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is a transformative approach to industrial production that enables the creation of lighter, stronger parts and systems.</li>
<li>Additive manufacturing uses data computer-aided-design (CAD) software or 3D object scanners to direct hardware to deposit material, layer upon layer, in precise geometric shapes.</li>
<li>As its name implies, additive manufacturing adds material to create an object.</li>
<li>By contrast, when you create an object by traditional means, it is often necessary to remove material through milling, machining, carving, shaping, or other means.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>New age technology and 5G:</strong> Artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), the Internet of Things (IoT), and robotic process automation (RPA) are among the technologies that will make <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Revolution 4.0.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ITI Aayog has released India&rsquo;s <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence</a> (NSAI)</strong> in June 2018.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/5g-is-india-prepared" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fifth generation of mobile network</strong></a> communication technology or 5G holds the promise of applications with high social and economic value, leading to a &lsquo;hyper-connected society&rsquo; in which technology will play an even more important role in people&rsquo;s lives.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/fifth-generation-cellular-technology-5g" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>5G will also add a new dimension to the missions like Digital India and Smart Cities.</strong></a> Many mobile companies are preparing to launch 5G phones in the country.</li>
<li>The government envisages positioning India as a globally synchronized participant in the design, development, and manufacturing of 5G based technologies, products, and applications.</li>
<li>A multi-disciplinary high-level forum has been constituted to suggest vision, mission, and goals for 5G India 2020 along with action plan and roadmap.</li>
<li>The Department of Telecom is supporting research and study in 5G through financial assistance to institutions of national importance for the establishment of an Indigenous 5G Test Bed at IIT Chennai.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Sustain the Efforts:</strong> Covid-19 is here to stay for a longer duration, this means that we need to develop long-term mechanisms to sustain our efforts of social distancing and ensuring that crowding does not occur at any place.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For factories employing a large number of people, some physical barriers that integrate with the machinery of the factory need to be put in place to ensure social distancing.</li>
<li>Similar systems will be required for schools and colleges.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Policy Initiatives:</strong> One of the reasons that India&rsquo;s response to the pandemic so far has been praiseworthy is that it provided a common purpose and clear direction where all stakeholders came together to achieve a common goal and there was a market for it.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to translate this kind of collaboration and direction into well-defined policies.</li>
<li>Leveraging new-age technologies, appropriate national missions, programs, and schemes to get into quick action.</li>
<li>Find the weaker areas and ensure the ecosystem to transfer end to end knowledge to the industry.</li>
<li>Moreover, there is a need for transparent and homogenous regulations in order to ensure the smooth working of the entire industry and research ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Cooperate and collaborate:</strong> Collaboration and cooperation between industry and academia are most important in this period.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Increased partnership between govt laboratories and industries with focussed output is something that has come out of this pandemic. This partnership has to get deeper.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Relook FDI policy</strong>: A large number of companies will be moving out of china</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Our FDI policy should be such that it incentivizes these industries in terms of power, land, transport, capital, line of credit, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p>In today&rsquo;s scenario, virtual collaboration is the key to connect globally to fight against the common challenge of Covid-19, and collaboration between countries must continue with much vigour.</p>',
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		'article_id' => (int) 5325,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Aarogya Setu Data Access and Knowledge Sharing Protocol',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)</strong> has issued <strong>&lsquo;Aarogya Setu Data Access and Knowledge Sharing Protocol, 2020&rsquo;</strong> laying down guidelines for sharing such data with government agencies and third parties amid <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The executive order issued came amid <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/privacy-concern-over-aarogya-setu-app" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>concerns and privacy issues expressed by a number of experts</strong></a> over the efficacy and safety of the app.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Aarogya Setu App</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been launched by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.</li>
<li>It will help people in identifying the risk of getting affected by the Coronavirus.</li>
<li>It will also help to calculate risk based on the user's interaction with others, using cutting edge Bluetooth technology, algorithms and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>artificial intelligence</strong></a>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Once installed in a smartphone, the app detects other nearby devices with Aarogya Setu installed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The app will help the Government take necessary timely steps for assessing risk of spread of Covid-19 infection and ensuring isolation where required.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Description:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The issued Protocol intends to ensure that data collected from the app is gathered, processed and shared in an <strong>appropriate way.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> violation of the protocol</strong> will lead to the penalties under the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Disaster Management Act, 2005.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>MeitY</strong> is designated as the agency <strong>responsible for the implementation</strong> of this Protocol. Further, the app&rsquo;s developer, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rojgaar-sangi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Informatics Centre (NIC)</strong></a> shall be responsible for collection, processing and managing response data collected by the Aarogya Setu app under this Protocol.</li>
<li>Further, it also calls for the <strong>Empowered Group on Technology and Data Management</strong> to review the protocol after six months; unless extended. It will be in <strong>force only for six months</strong> from the date of its issue.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Empowered Group of Ministers</strong> (EGoM) is a Group of Ministers (GoM) of the Union Government appointed by the Cabinet or the Prime Minister for investigating and reporting on such matters as may be specified.</li>
<li>These EGoMs are also authorised to take decisions in such matters after investigation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Definition of Individual:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The order states that the data pertaining to individuals is urgently required in order to formulate appropriate health responses for addressing the Covid-19 pandemic.</li>
<li>The Protocol clarifies that individuals means persons who are infected or are at high risk of being infected or who have come in contact with infected individuals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categorisation of Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data collected by the Aarogya Setu app is broadly divided into <strong>four categories&mdash;</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Demographic Data:</strong> It includes information such as name, mobile number, age, gender, profession and travel history.</li>
<li><strong>Contact Data:</strong> It is about any other individual that a given individual has come in close proximity with, including the duration of the contact, the proximate distance between the individuals and the geographical location at which the contact occurred.</li>
<li><strong>Self-assessment Data:</strong> It includes the responses provided by that individual to the self-assessment test administered within the app.</li>
<li><strong>Location data:</strong> It comprises the geographical position of an individual in latitude and longitude.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The demographic data, contact data, self-assessment data and location data are collectively called as <strong>response data.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ground for Data Sharing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data can be shared only if it is strictly necessary to directly formulate or implement an <strong>appropriate health response.</strong></li>
<li>It can also be shared for<strong> appropriate research work.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Allowed Entities to Access Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>response data containing personal data</strong> may be shared by the app&rsquo;s developer with the Health Ministry, Health Departments of State/Union Territory governments/local governments, National and State Disaster Management Authorities, other ministries and departments of the central and state governments, and other public health institutions of the central, state and local governments.</li>
<li>It can also be shared further with any <strong>third parties</strong> that include the Indian universities or research institutions and research entities registered in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, the Protocol also empowers above mentioned universities and research entities to share the data with other such institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Checks and Balances:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>De-identified Form:</strong> Except for demographic data, the response data must be stripped of information that may make it possible to identify the individual personally. <strong>De-identification is the process used to prevent someone's personal identity from being revealed.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Stripped information must be<strong> assigned a randomly generated ID.</strong></li>
<li>The Protocol also discourages reversal of de-identification and imposes penalties under applicable laws for the time being in force.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maintenance of the List:</strong> The NIC needs to maintain a list of, the agencies with the time at which data sharing was initiated, the categories of such data and the purpose of sharing the data.</li>
<li><strong>Data Retention:</strong> Any entity with which the data has been shared shall not retain the data <strong>beyond 180 days</strong> from the day it was collected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a <strong>need for a Personal data protection law</strong> to back the government&rsquo;s decision to make the app mandatory for everyone.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Personal Data Protection Bill 2019</strong></a> is in the process of being approved by Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> clause for data sharing with third parties is open ended</strong> and has a highest possibility of being misused. The stated list of the third parties with which the data can be shared would have been helpful.</li>
<li>Further, the <strong>process of de-identifying the data should have been detailed,</strong> given that reversing de-identification was not difficult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/coronavirus-aarogya-setu-who-all-can-access-your-data-and-when-6407175/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 5140,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Deep Fakes',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, cybercrime officials in India have been tracking certain apps and websites that produce nude photographs of innocent people using <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> (AI) algorithms.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Deep Fake:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Deep fakes or deep nudes are <strong>computer-generated images and videos.</strong> Cybercriminals use AI softwares to <strong>superimpose a digital composite</strong> (assembling multiple media files to make a final one) <strong>onto an existing video, photo or audio.</strong></li>
<li>Using AI algorithms a person&rsquo;s words, head movements and expressions are transferred onto another person in such a seamless way that it becomes difficult to tell that it is a deep fake, unless one closely observes the media file.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Deep fakes <strong>first came into notice in 2017</strong> when a Reddit user posted explicit videos of celebrities. After that several instances have been reported.</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The technology becomes<strong> vulnerable</strong> because deep fake images, audio and videos are very <strong>realistic</strong> and can be<strong> used by cybercriminals to spread misinformation to intimidate or blackmail people, seek revenge or commit fraud</strong> on social networking and dating sites.</li>
<li>It has become<strong> one of the modern frauds of cyberspace,</strong> along with<strong> fake news, spam/phishing attacks, social engineering fraud, catfishing and academic fraud.</strong></li>
<li>It can be used to <strong>create fake pornographic videos</strong> and to make <strong>politicians appear to say things they did not,</strong> so the potential for damage to individuals, organisations and societies is vast.</li>
<li>With the <strong>improvement in technology,</strong> deep fakes are also getting better.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Initially,</strong> an <strong>individual with advanced knowledge</strong> of machine learning and access to the victim&rsquo;s publicly-available social media profile <strong>could only make</strong> deep fakes.</li>
<li><strong>Development of apps and websites capable</strong> of such editing became<strong> more frequent and easily accessible</strong> to an average user.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the US, the legality of deep fakes is <strong>complicated.</strong> An affected person<strong> may claim defamation</strong> but removing such content could be considered <strong>censorship.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Then, it will be a <strong>violation of the First Amendment</strong> which guarantees Americans the freedom concerning religion, expression, assembly and the right to petition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, <strong>46 states in the US have revenge porn laws.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Revenge porn</strong> refers to the creation of sexually explicit videos or images that are posted on the Internet without the consent of the subject as a way to harass them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the<strong> Right to be Forgotten,</strong> allows a user to request companies such as Facebook and Google, that have collected his/her data to take it down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ensuring strict privacy settings on social media platforms</strong> because keeping track of who downloads and misuses a user&rsquo;s pictures is impossible.</li>
<li><strong>Using freely available reverse image search tools</strong> to find images that are similar to users in case it is feared that someone is using the original user&rsquo;s pictures.</li>
<li><strong>Staying mindful of virtual interactions</strong> and <strong>checking other user&rsquo;s profiles</strong> to help determine if the person is genuine or not.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Phishing</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The email or text message carrying a link appears to come from a trusted source like a bank.</li>
<li>The link takes the user to a fake website and once details like login name and passwords are entered, the login credentials reach the hacker.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Catfish Account</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to the practice of setting up fictitious online profiles, generally, for luring another person into a fraudulent romantic relationship.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/deep-nudes-deepfake-explained-6377290/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 4256,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'Global Talent Competitiveness Index',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India has moved up eight places to the <strong>72<sup>nd</sup> position in the Global Talent Competitiveness Index (GTCI) 2020</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Switzerland topped</strong> the list of 132 nations, <strong>followed by the US and Singapore</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="width: 331px; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #4c82ed; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 22px;">
<td style="width: 83px; height: 22px; text-align: center;">
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Rank</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 150px; height: 22px;">
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Country</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 98px; height: 22px;">
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Score</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 83px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>1</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 150px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>Switzerland</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 98px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>81.23</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 83px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>2</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 150px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>US</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 98px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>79.09</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 83px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>3</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 150px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>Singapore</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 98px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>78.48</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 83px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>4</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 150px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>Sweden</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 98px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>75.82</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 83px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>5</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 150px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>Denmark</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 98px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>75.18</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 83px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>6</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 150px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>Netherlands</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 98px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>74.99</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 83px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>7</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 150px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>Finland</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 98px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>74.47</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 83px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>8</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 150px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>Luxembourg</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 98px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>73.94</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 83px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>9</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 150px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>Norway</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 98px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>72.91</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 83px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>10</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 150px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>Australia</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 98px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p>72.53</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 83px; height: 19px; text-align: center; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p><strong>72</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 150px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p><strong>India</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 98px; height: 19px; background-color: #dce4f5;">
<p><strong>40.42</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3><br />Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was started in 2013 and is an <strong>annual benchmarking report</strong> that measures the ability of countries to <strong>compete for talent, their ability to grow, attract and retain talent</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Theme</strong> for 2020 was <strong>&lsquo;Global Talent in the Age of Artificial Intelligence&rsquo;</strong>. It explores how the development of <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">artificial intelligence</a> (AI)</strong> is not only changing the nature of work but also forcing a re-evaluation of workplace practices, corporate structures and innovation ecosystems.</li>
<li><strong>Inequality:</strong> The report noted that the gap between high income, talent-rich nations and the rest of the world is widening. More than half of the population in the developing world lack basic digital skills.</li>
<li><strong>About GTCI Report:</strong> It is launched by <strong>INSEAD</strong>, a partner and sponsor of the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs)</strong> Davos, Switzerland recently.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>INSEAD is one of the world's leading and largest graduate business schools with locations all over the world and alliances with top institutions.</li>
<li>The six metrics used to decide a country's rank are - enable, attract, grow, retain, vocational skills and global knowledge skills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report stated that <strong>India's GTCI score</strong> <strong>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-growth" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GDP</a></strong> <strong>per capita are both lower</strong> than the other emerging market economies such as <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BRICS</a> - Brazil (80<sup>th</sup>), Russia (48<sup>th</sup>), China (42<sup>nd</sup>), and South Africa (70<sup>th</sup>)</strong>.</li>
<li>India's <strong>key strength</strong> relates to <strong>growing talent</strong>, due to its <strong>levels of lifelong learning</strong> and <strong>access to growth</strong>. However, more could be done to <strong>improve India&rsquo;s educational system</strong>.</li>
<li>The country's <strong>highest-ranked sub-pillar is employability</strong> but the ability to match labour market demand and supply stands in contrast to the country's poor "mid-level skills", which result in a mediocre score in vocational and technical skills.</li>
<li>India faces the <strong>challenge</strong> of <strong>attracting and retaining talent</strong> and the weak ability to overcome it. India has to <strong>strengthen the role of minorities and women</strong> to raise the level of <strong>internal openness</strong> in the country which would make it more appealing.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'article_id' => (int) 3857,
		'category_id' => (int) 21,
		'title' => 'SkillsBuild Platform: IBM',
		'description' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>SkillsBuild platform</strong> was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship (MSDE)</strong> in collaboration with <strong>International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The digital platform will provide a <strong>two-year advanced diploma</strong> in Information Technology (IT), networking and cloud computing offered by the Industrial Training Institutes <strong>(ITIs)</strong> and National Skill Training Institutes <strong>(NSTIs).</strong></li>
<li>It will further be extended to train ITI &amp; NSTI faculty on building skills in <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence (AI).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a digital platform developed by IBM and it enables holistic learning, aligning it with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skills India Initiative</strong></a> by Government of India.</li>
<li>India is the <strong>4<sup>th</sup> country</strong> to launch a platform for skill building after the <strong>UK, Germany and France.</strong></li>
<li>It will be accessible online through <strong>Bharat Skills</strong> &ndash; a learning management system for ITI/NSTI students and teachers and is free to use.</li>
<li>SkillsBuild will <strong>focus</strong> on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Personalised coaching and experiential learning.</li>
<li>Developing the skills required to join the workforce in <strong>New Collar</strong> roles.</li>
<li>Bringing untapped talent to the fore.</li>
<li>Opening roles to individuals often excluded from the labour market due to disadvantaged backgrounds, lack of knowledge, skill or experience.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This platform will provide a <strong>personal assessment</strong> for cognitive capabilities and personality via <strong>MyInnerGenius</strong> (one of the world&rsquo;s leading career assessment companies) to youths/students.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>New Collar Roles</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>New Collar roles focus more on a <strong>candidate's skills</strong> during the hiring process, rather than his or her level of education.</li>
<li>A new-collar worker is an individual who develops the technical and soft skills needed to work in technology jobs <strong>through non-traditional education paths.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong> Technical jobs including cloud computing technicians, database managers, cybersecurity, user interface designers and other IT roles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1595528" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Quantum Supremacy',
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<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-quantum-supremacy-claimed-by-google-6086628/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;What is quantum supremacy?&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 26/10/2019. It talks about quantum supremacy and its applications.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <strong>Google&rsquo;s quantum computer,</strong> named <strong>Sycamore,</strong> claimed <strong>&ldquo;quantum supremacy&rdquo;,</strong> as it reportedly did the task in 200 seconds that would have apparently taken a supercomputer 10,000 years to complete.</p>
<h3>What is &ldquo;quantum supremacy&rdquo;?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The phrase<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quantum-supremacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;quantum supremacy&rdquo;</strong> </a>was coined in <strong>2012</strong> by <strong>John Preskill.</strong></li>
<li>Quantum supremacy refers to a <strong>quantum computer solving a problem that cannot be expected of a classical computer in a normal lifetime.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Quantum Computing vs Traditional Computing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Traditional computers work on the <strong>basis of the laws of classical physics,</strong> specifically by <strong>utilizing the flow of electricity.</strong> A quantum computer, on the other hand, seeks to <strong>exploit the laws that govern the behavior of atoms and subatomic particles.</strong></li>
<li>Conventional computers process information in<strong> &lsquo;bits&rsquo; or 1s and 0s,</strong> following classical physics under which our computers <strong>can process a &lsquo;1&rsquo; or a &lsquo;0&rsquo; at a time.</strong></li>
<li>Quantum computers compute in<strong> &lsquo;qubits&rsquo; (or quantum bits).</strong> They exploit the properties of quantum mechanics, the science that governs how matter behaves on the atomic scale.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this scheme of things, processors <strong>can be a 1 and a 0 simultaneously,</strong> a state called<strong> quantum superposition.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Because of quantum superposition, a quantum computer &mdash; if it works to plan &mdash; can <strong>mimic several classical computers working in parallel.</strong></li>
<li><strong>World's most powerful supercomputers</strong> today can <strong>juggle 148,000 trillion operations in a second and requires about 9000 IBM CPUs connected in a particular combination</strong> to achieve this feat.</li>
<li><strong>At that tiny scale,</strong> many <strong>laws of classical physics cease to apply,</strong> and the <strong>unique laws of quantum physics come into play.</strong></li>
<li>Unlike classical physics, in which an object can exist in one place at one time, quantum physics looks at the probabilities of an object being at different points. Existence in multiple states is called <strong>superposition,</strong> and the relationships among these states is called <strong>entanglement.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>higher the number of qubits,</strong> the <strong>higher the amount of information stored</strong> in them. Compared to the information stored in the same number of bits, the information in qubits rises exponentially. That is what makes a quantum computer so powerful.</li>
<li><strong>Building reliable quantum hardware is challenging</strong> because of the<strong> difficulty of controlling quantum systems</strong> accurately.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How will it help us?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>speed and capability of classical supercomputers are limited by energy requirements.</strong> Along with these they also <strong>need more physical space.</strong></li>
<li>It can have a major impact through quantum chemistry, which could be important in <strong>agriculture and human health.</strong></li>
<li>It could help with the development of new pharmaceuticals, new energy sources, new ways to collect solar power, and new materials.</li>
<li><strong>Looking for really useful information</strong> by processing huge amounts of data <strong>quickly is a real-world problem</strong> and one that can be <strong>tackled faster by quantum computers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, if we have a database of a million social media profiles and had to look for a particular individual, a classical computer would have to scan each one of those profiles which would amount to a million steps.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1996, Lov K. Grover from Bell Labs</strong> discovered that a quantum computer would be able to do the same task with one thousand steps instead of a million. That <strong>translates into reduced processors and reduced energy.</strong></li>
<li>A quantum computer can attack complex problems that are beyond the scope of a classical computer. The <strong>basic advantage is speed</strong> as it is able to simulate several classical computers working in parallel.</li>
<li>Quantum computers would also be useful for tasks which <strong>handle huge amounts of data. Data mining and <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">artificial intelligence</a> would be major beneficiaries,</strong> along with sciences which deal in volumes of data, from astronomy to linguistics.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government's Initiative</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>2018, the Department of Science &amp; Technology</strong> unveiled a programme called <strong>Quantum-Enabled Science &amp; Technology (QuEST)</strong> and <strong>committed to investing ₹80 crore over the next three years</strong> to accelerate research.</li>
<li>The ostensible <strong>plan is to have a quantum computer built in India within the next decade.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated with Quantum Computing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The dark side of quantum computing is the <strong>disruptive effect that it can have on cryptographic encryption,</strong> which <strong>secures communications and computers.</strong></li>
<li>It might pose a <strong>challenge for the government also</strong> because if this technology goes into wrong hands, all the government&rsquo;s official and confidential data will be at a <strong>risk of being hacked and misused.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Long after the birth of social media and artificial intelligence, there are now <strong>demands to regulate them.</strong> It would be<strong> prudent to develop a regulatory framework for quantum computing before it becomes widely available.</strong></li>
<li>It will be better to <strong>regulate it or define the limits of its legitimate use, nationally and internationally</strong> before the problem gets out of hand like nuclear technology.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0505; background-color: #fafced;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />What do you understand by Quantum Supremacy? What can be the possible applications of quantum computing?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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