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12 Mar 2026
GS Paper 4
Theoretical Questions
Q. "Codes of Conduct and Codes of Ethics are interconnected, yet they function differently in shaping ethical behaviour and accountability in public service." Discuss. (8 marks, 125 words)
Approach:
- Start by explaining that both the Code of Conduct and the Code of Ethics guide public servants.
- Highlight the Code of Conduct's enforceability and contrast it with the Code of Ethics.
- Conclude by noting that while both codes are essential.
Introduction
Codes of conduct and codes of ethics are integral to the functioning of public services. While both aim to uphold the values of integrity, accountability, and transparency, their scope and application differ.
Body
Code of Conduct
A Code of Conduct consists of a set of specific, actionable rules that govern the professional behaviour of public servants. These codes provide clear instructions on how public officials should conduct themselves in various situations, ensuring they adhere to the standards of propriety expected in their roles.
- Provides concrete rules related to professional ethics, conflict of interest, and personal behaviour.
- Violations of the code often lead to disciplinary action or legal consequences. For example, the All-India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968 lay down specific rules regarding gift acceptance, political participation, and handling of personal interests.
Code of Ethics
A Code of Ethics, in contrast, is more abstract and focuses on the moral principles that guide the behaviour of public servants. It aims to shape a public servant’s character and approach towards making decisions in the best interest of society.
- Focuses on values such as integrity, fairness, justice, and equity.
- Rather than a set of rules, it encourages public servants to internalize ethical values, influencing their decisions in a way that upholds public trust and fosters ethical governance.
Examples
One key example of a Code of Ethics in public service is found in the principles followed by the United Nations (UN) Ethics Office, which applies to its staff and officials.
Conclusion
A balanced integration of both is critical to fostering an ethical and effective public service system that not only adheres to legal norms but also promotes the values of fairness, integrity, and public trust.
