Mains Marathon

Approach

• Briefly introduce the idea of regionalism.
• Explain regionalism in India as a demand for autonomy.
• Describe regionalism as aspirations for equitable development.
• End with a scholarly remark.

Introduction

Regionalism refers to the consciousness or assertion of the distinct identity of a region and the associated demands for political autonomy or developmental justice. In India, regionalism has emerged as a complex force that reflects both the desire for greater self-rule and the need for equitable distribution of resources and opportunities.

Body

Regionalism as a Demand for Autonomy

• Statehood Movements: The formation of Telangana (2014), based on regional underdevelopment and administrative neglect, and the continuing demand for Gorkhaland, Vidarbha, or Bundelkhand exemplify the political autonomy dimension of regionalism.
• Cultural Autonomy: Communities such as the Meiteis, Nagas, or Tamils often assert regionalism through cultural preservation and protection of language, script, and local customs.
  • Article 371 and the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provide asymmetrical federal arrangements that acknowledge such demands.
• Sub-regional Autonomy: In Northeast India, multiple ethnic groups seek autonomy under Autonomous District Councils, demanding control over land, forests, and education to protect tribal identity.

Regionalism as a Demand for Equitable Development

• Inter-regional Disparities: India’s development trajectory has created divides such as northern states vs. Southern states, or backward vs. progressive districts. Southern states have recently raised concerns about Finance Commission devolution, arguing that performing states are being penalized for controlling population growth.
• Economic Federalism and Fiscal Autonomy: Issues like GST compensation delays, cess surcharges, and revenue centralization have triggered friction between the Centre and states. States like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have demanded greater fiscal freedom to tailor policies to local needs.
• Neglect of Backward Regions: Regions like Vidarbha, Marathwada, and Purvanchal claim persistent neglect in infrastructure, irrigation, education, and healthcare despite contributing to the state's economy.

Challenges and Way Forward

• While regionalism can strengthen federalism by voicing local concerns, it can also lead to parochialism or regional chauvinism if left unaddressed.
• The need of the hour is:
  • Strengthening cooperative federalism through institutional mechanisms like the Inter-State Council, NITI Aayog, and Zonal Councils.
  • Promoting decentralized governance and ensuring region-specific planning under schemes like the Aspirational Districts Programme.
  • Addressing inter-regional fiscal imbalances through rational devolution and capacity-building support.

Conclusion:

To quote Granville Austin, “The Indian Constitution is a seamless web of federalism, democracy, and social justice.” Regionalism reflects all three. When engaged constructively, regionalism becomes a vehicle of inclusive development and participatory governance, helping India fulfill the vision of SDG Goal 10: Reducing Inequalities and SDG Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions