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24 Jul 2025
GS Paper 3
Internal Security
Day 34: “You cannot shoot your way through an ideology.” In this context, analyze the achievements and limitations of a militarized response to Left-Wing Extremism in India. (150 words)
Approach:
- Briefly introduce LWE as both a security and socio-economic challenge.
- Mention its geographical spread, origin, and ideological underpinnings.
- Analyze the achievements and limitations of a militarized response.
- Conclude with a suitable way forward.
Introduction:
Left-Wing Extremism (LWE), often described as “the single biggest internal security threat,” reflects deep socio-economic disparities, tribal alienation, and governance deficits. While security operations have curbed violence, addressing LWE solely through militarized means cannot defeat the ideology behind it.
Body :
Origin and Spread of Left-Wing Extremism in India :
- Emerging from the Naxalbari uprising of 1967, LWE has been fueled by Maoist ideology advocating armed struggle against the perceived exploitation of marginalized communities.
- The “Red Corridor,” spanning Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, and parts of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, has witnessed both security-centric measures and developmental interventions.
Achievements of Militarized Response
- Improved Security Situation: LWE-affected districts have reduced from 223 in 2010 to 70 in 2023, with incidents declining by over 70% (MHA data).
- Successful Operations: Greyhounds (AP/Telangana) and COBRA battalions have neutralized key Maoist leaders and organizational networks.
- Enhanced Infrastructure: Security domination enabled projects like LWE Road Connectivity, 4G mobile towers, and banking facilities in remote areas.
- Leadership Decapitation: Targeted operations have led to mass surrenders of cadres and a weakening of Maoist leadership.
Limitations of the Militarized Approach
- Ideological Persistence: Core issues—land alienation, poverty, and tribal exploitation—remain unaddressed.
- Human Rights Concerns: Cases like Salwa Judum (disbanded by SC in 2011) highlight security excesses eroding public trust.
- Geographical Adaptability: Maoists regroup in newer, forested zones using Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and guerrilla warfare.
- Alienation of Tribals: Over-militarization often alienates the very communities the state seeks to protect.
Conclusion:
A militarised response has undoubtedly shrunk LWE’s operational space; however, ideologies rooted in socio-economic grievances cannot be eradicated by force alone. India’s long-term success will hinge on SAMADHAN’s “D” (Development) being pursued with the same vigor as “S” (Smart Leadership) and “A” (Aggressive Strategy).
