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Impacts of Bt Cotton

This editorial analysis is based on the article The twisted trajectory of Bt cotton which was published in The Hindu on 10th of September 2020. It...

10 Sep 2020 News Editorials
UK Internal Market Bill, 2020

Why in News The new UK Internal Market Bill has run into controversy over its impact on talks with the European Union (EU) and on international...

10 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Shikshak Parv

Why in News Shikshak Parv is being celebrated from 8th-25th September 2020 to felicitate the teachers and to take New Education Policy (NEP) 2020...

10 Sep 2020 News Analysis
New FDI Policy in Defence Sector

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet approved a new Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy in the defence sector which allows the FDI through...

10 Sep 2020 News Analysis
EASE 2.0 Banking Reforms Index

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10 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Typhoon Maysak and Typhoon Haishen

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10 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-Atal New India Challenge

Why in News The Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-Atal New India Challenge (ANIC) Program, launched by the government, is a national initiative to promote...

10 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Indo-Pacific Trilateral Dialogue

Why in News Recently, India, Australia and France held a dialogue for the first time under a trilateral framework. The three sides have agreed to...

10 Sep 2020 News Analysis
NSO Report on Education

Why in News Recently, the National Statistical Organisation (NSO) released a report ‘Household Social Consumption: Education in India’,...

10 Sep 2020 News Analysis
National Statistical Organisation Survey on Digital Education Divide

Why in News A recent report on the latest National Statistical Organisation (NSO) survey shows the stark digital divide across States, cities and...

09 Sep 2020 News Analysis
India: The Tech Garage of The World

This editorial analysis is based on the article India can soon be the tech garage of the world which was published in Live Mint on 9th of September...

09 Sep 2020 News Editorials
Gap in Vaccination of Children

Why in News According to the ‘Health in India’ report recently published by the National Statistical Organisation (NSO), the full...

09 Sep 2020 News Analysis
World Solar Technology Summit

Why in News Recently, the first-ever World Solar Technology Summit (WSTS) was organised by the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and Federation of...

09 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Patrika Gate in Jaipur

Why in News The Prime Minister has inaugurated the Patrika Gate in Jaipur (Rajasthan) through video conferencing. Key Points The Gate has been...

09 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Sanskrit Grams Programme: Uttarakhand

Why in News The Uttarakhand Government has decided to develop 'Sanskrit Grams' across the state. The decision was taken after noting significant...

09 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Flying V Aircraft

Why in News A team of researchers and engineers along with a drone pilot from the Dutch-based Technical University of Delft (TU Delft) have...

09 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Launch of Bamboo Clusters

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare has virtually inaugurated 22 bamboo clusters in 9 states viz....

09 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Real Mango: An Illegal Software

Why in News In a nationwide investigation, Railway Protection Force (RPF) has disrupted the operation of illegal software called “Real...

09 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Delhi Master Plan 2041

Why in News Recently, the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) has decided to hold public consultations for the preparation of the Master Plan for...

09 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Rogan Art: Gujarat

Why in News The centuries old tradition of Rogan art (hand painting on cloth), is facing an unprecedented challenge due to pandemic. Key...

09 Sep 2020 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Impacts of Bt Cotton',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
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<p>This editorial analysis is based on the article <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-twisted-trajectory-of-bt-cotton/article32566091.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The twisted trajectory of Bt cotton</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 10<sup>th</sup> of September 2020. It analyses the impact of the Bt. Cotton on Indian farming and farmers.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-seeds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetically modified (GM) cotton</strong></a>, the plant containing the pesticide gene from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), has been grown in India for about twenty years now. This pesticide, now produced in each Bt plant cell, ought to protect the plant from bollworm, thereby increasing yields and reducing insecticide spraying on the cotton plant. However despite finding huge favour in India, the GM crop has only brought modest benefits according to several studies.</p>
<h3>History of Bt. Cotton</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cotton has been woven and used in India for thousands of years.</li>
<li>Cotton fabric from around 3,000 BCE has been excavated from the ruins of Mohenjo-daro, and archaeological findings in Mehrgarh, Pakistan, show that cotton was used in the subcontinent as far back as 5,000 BCE.</li>
<li>Much of the cotton cultivated until the 20th century in India was of the indigenous &lsquo;desi&rsquo; variety, Gossypium arboreum.</li>
<li>From the 1990s, hybrid varieties of G. hirsutum were promoted.</li>
<li>These hybrids cannot resist a variety of local pests and require more fertilizers and pesticides. Cotton suffers from plenty of infestation from moth pests such as the Pink Bollworm (PBW) and sap-sucking pests such as aphids and mealy bugs.</li>
<li>Rising debts and reducing yields, coupled with increasing insect resistance, worsened the plight of cotton farmers.</li>
<li>It was in this setting that Bt cotton was introduced in India in 2002.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Adoption of Bt. Cotton</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Ministry of Agriculture, from 2005, adoption of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bt-cotton-in-india-problems-and-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bt cotton</strong></a> rose to 81% in 2007, and up to 93% in 2011.</li>
<li>Many short-duration studies examining Bt cotton, in the early years, pronounced that Bt was a panacea for dwindling yields and pesticide expenses.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Has Bt. Cotton been really successful?</h3>
<p><strong>Discrepancy Between Yields And Bt Cover</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are discrepancies between yield and the deployment of Bt cotton.</li>
<li>For instance, the Bt acreage was only 3.4% of the total cotton area in 2003. However the increase in yield in 2003-2004 was 61% so it is not sufficient to credit the Bt. cotton for that. Similarly Bt coverage by 2005 was only 15.7 but increase in yield increases were over 90% over 2002 levels.</li>
<li>While Bt cotton adoption corresponded to a drop in spraying for bollworms, the study states, that countrywide yields stagnated after 2007 even as more farmers began to grow Bt.</li>
<li>By 2018, yields were lower than in the years of rapid Bt adoption.</li>
<li>Many State&rsquo;s Figure Correspond To Same
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Individual State data are more helpful in understanding subnational trends.</li>
<li>In Maharashtra, yields climbed in the decade after 2000, with no change in the rate of increase when Bt cotton was introduced.</li>
<li>In Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh as well, there is no correlation between the adoption of the variety and increase in yields.</li>
<li>For instance, Gujarat&rsquo;s surge in cotton yields was 138% in 2003, even as Bt cotton was used only for 5% of land under cotton.</li>
<li>Similar findings are seen in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan, where yield increase is incongruous with the spread of Bt cotton</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Low Productivity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s productivity (yield per unit area), is much lower than other major cotton-producing countries.</li>
<li>This means that a much larger area is used for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-cotton-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> cotton</strong> </a>production and hence the Bt. Cotton has failed to increase yield.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Market Capture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Commercial Bt hybrids have overshadowed the market, accompanied by the rollback of public sector cottonseed production.</li>
<li>Hence, the Indian cotton farmers are left with little choice but to use Bt hybrid seed produced by private seed companies.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Farmers Distress</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to the combination of high input and high risk, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/agricultural-distress-in-india#:~:text=Lack%20of%20Mechanisation%3A%20Introduction%20of,like%20seeds%20and%20irrigation%20facilities." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>agricultural distress</strong></a> is extremely high among hybrid cotton cultivating farmers.</li>
<li>Compact varieties (plant is sown at high density for a small period of time) would have significantly reduced this distress as well as increased yield.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Impact Assessment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Before extending GM technology to increase food crop yield it is mandatory to assess its <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>impact</strong></a> on livelihood, agrarian distress, etc. Hence, the outcome of deploying a technology must be evaluated in a particular context.</li>
<li>If the technology does not prioritize the needs of the principal stakeholders (farmers), it can have significant negative fallouts, especially in India which has a high proportion of marginal and subsistence farmers.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Change In Cropping Pattern</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are two patterns of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cropping-patterns-and-major-crops-of-india-part-two#:~:text=In%20India%2C%20the%20cropping%20pattern,economic%20conditions%20of%20the%20farmers.&amp;text=Green%20Revolution%20also%20led%20to,Punjab%2C%20Haryana%20and%20Uttar%20Pradesh." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cotton plantation.</strong></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One is compact and short term where the plant is sown at high density for a small period of time.</li>
<li>The other is for longer duration and not that dense.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India prefers longer duration with less density method.</li>
<li>However, hybrids in India are bushy, long duration and planted at a ten-fold lower density but cotton is a dryland crop and 65% of the area under cotton in India is rain-fed.</li>
<li>Farmers with insufficient access to groundwater in these areas are entirely dependent on rain. Here, the shorter duration variety has a major advantage as it reduces dependence on irrigation and risk.</li>
<li>Particularly late in the growing season when soil moisture drops following the monsoon&rsquo;s withdrawal.</li>
<li>This period is when bolls develop and water requirement is the highest.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Focus On Indigenous Breeds</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Before the advent of British in India, different varieties of cotton indigenously developed over a long period of time, were grown in different parts of the country, each being suited to the local soil, water and climate.</li>
<li>Indian cotton fabrics dominated the world trade during the succeeding millennia and were exported to many places, including Greece, Rome, Persia, Egypt, Assyria and parts of Asia.</li>
<li>The cost of ignoring &lsquo;desi&rsquo; varieties for decades has been high for India.</li>
<li>These varieties resist many pests and don&rsquo;t present the problems faced with hybrids.</li>
<li>Research suggests that with pure-line cotton varieties, high density planting, and short season plants, cotton yields in India can be good and stand a better chance at withstanding the vagaries of climate change.</li>
<li>Government backing for resources, infrastructure and seeds is essential to scale up &lsquo;desi&rsquo; varieties.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599739486_Image12.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599739486_Image12.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
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<tbody>
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<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #f70000; background-color: #f2f3fc;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;Despite finding huge favour in India, the GM crop has only brought modest benefits&rdquo;. In the light of statement critically analyse the use and impact of hybrid cotton seed in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4EeDV0ZEumU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/vaccine-for-all-on-covid-19-vaccine-policy/article32555374.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Vaccine for all: On COVID-19 vaccine policy&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on September 9<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'UK Internal Market Bill, 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>new UK Internal Market Bill</strong> has run into controversy over its impact on talks with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union</strong> </a>(EU) and on international treaties, given it could rewrite parts of the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/brexit-deal-what-lies-ahead" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Brexit withdrawal agreement.</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599737443_image11.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599737443_image11.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Bill:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bill is <strong>designed to &ldquo;protect jobs and trade&rdquo; within the UK</strong> after the end of 2020&rsquo;s<strong> transition period</strong> for leaving the EU.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the withdrawal treaty, a transition period has been<strong> finalised until December 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will enable the UK government to provide<strong> financial assistance to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland</strong> and with new <strong>powers to spend taxpayers&rsquo; money</strong> previously administered by the EU.</li>
<li>It will also <strong>empower ministers to pass regulations,</strong> specifically on<strong> trade and state aid, even if they are contrary to the agreement</strong> previously reached with the EU under what is known as the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-uk-s-constitutional-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Irish Backstop</strong></a> (earlier known as the <strong>Northern Ireland Protocol).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Irish Backstop is the draft agreement between the UK and the EU that <strong>aims to prevent a hard border</strong> (limited number of authorised crossing points staffed by customs officers and police)<strong> in Ireland after the UK leaves the EU.</strong></li>
<li>Northern Ireland will become the<strong> UK&rsquo;s only land border with the EU</strong> after the transition ends.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The UK has held that the Bill is<strong> needed for a smooth trade</strong> between England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and will <strong>help power recovery from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the UK is a part of the European single market, with <strong>jointly agreed regulations and standards</strong> right across the continent.</li>
<li>Post-Brexit, the UK wants to continue to have a<strong> joint and &ldquo;internal market&rdquo; across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.</strong></li>
<li>Due to Brexit, <strong>rules and regulations</strong> around things like food and air quality and animal welfare <strong>have to be set in the UK only but there is a conflict</strong> on who should have the ultimate authority out of the four countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticisms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the EU Withdrawal Treaty, <strong>England is meant to cooperate with Brussels (EU&rsquo;s Headquarter)</strong> on any arrangements for Northern Ireland and not decide on such matters all by itself.</li>
<li>Scotland holds that the new Bill is a<strong> just a power-grab by England</strong> from the devolved administrations in Scotland itself, Wales and Northern Ireland.</li>
<li><strong>All four nations will have to accept goods at the standards set in any one country</strong> so there are fears local <strong>quality controls could be dragged down</strong> to the lowest common denominator if England sets any such standard which is not practical or profitable for the rest of the three countries.</li>
<li>Furthermore, under the current proposals, <strong>any disputes would be settled by a new Office</strong> for the Internal Market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This might be envisioned as an independent third party forum, but the devolved administrations see it as being <strong>another example of decisions being taken out of their hands.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/uks-new-law-breaches-eu-treaty/article32564780.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uk-internal-market-bill-2020'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Shikshak Parv',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Shikshak Parv is<strong> being celebrated from 8<sup>th</sup>-25<sup>th</sup> September 2020</strong> to <strong>felicitate the teachers</strong> and to<strong> take <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">New Education Policy (NEP) 2020</a> forward.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the Shikshak Parv initiative, the<strong> Ministry of Education</strong> is organizing a series of webinars on NEP and its implementation.</li>
<li><strong>Teachers&rsquo; Day</strong> is celebrated on <strong>5<sup>th</sup> September</strong> every year throughout <strong>India</strong> in memory of <strong>Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan</strong> on his birth anniversary.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Radhakrishnan was born in a family in Tiruttani (Tamil Nadu) in 1888.</li>
<li>He has played many roles in his life. He has been a teacher, philosopher, author and politician. He was the <strong>first Vice President of India (1952&ndash;1962)</strong> and the <strong>second President of India from 1962 to 1967.</strong></li>
<li>He was awarded <strong>knighthood in 1931. </strong>In 1954, he was <strong>awarded <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/padma-awards-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bharat Ratna</a>,</strong> the highest civilian award in India. He got<strong> honorary membership of the British Royal Order of Merit</strong> in 1963.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>World Teachers&rsquo; Day</strong> is celebrated on <strong>5<sup>th</sup> October</strong> annually to commemorate the anniversary of the adoption of the <strong>1966 ILO/UNESCO Recommendation</strong> concerning the Status of Teachers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This instrument sets forth the rights and responsibilities of teachers, and standards for their initial preparation and further education, recruitment, employment, teaching and learning conditions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Education Policy (NEP) 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This policy aims to pave the way for transformational reforms in school and higher education systems in the country. This policy<strong> replaces the 34 year old National Policy on Education (NPE),1986.</strong></li>
<li>NEP 2020 is <strong>aligned to the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</a>.</strong> It is built on the <strong>foundational pillars of Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability and Accountability.</strong></li>
<li>An autonomous body, the <strong>National Educational Technology Forum (NETF),</strong> is proposed to provide a platform to facilitate decision making on the induction, deployment, and use of technology, as well as the opportunity to consult and share best practices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599734985_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599734985_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1652690" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shikshak-parv'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'New FDI Policy in Defence Sector',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet approved a new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-foreign-direct-investment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment</strong></a> <strong>(FDI)</strong> policy in the defence sector which allows the FDI through automatic approval to be increased from 49% to 74%.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the defence industry can bring FDI up to 49% under the<strong> automatic route,</strong> and above it <strong>under government route.</strong></li>
<li>However, the new policy has a <strong>&lsquo;National Security&rsquo;</strong> clause as a condition which has been proposed by the <strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Security Clause:</strong> FDI in the defence sector<strong> shall be subject to scrutiny on the ground of National Security</strong> and the <strong>Government reserves the right to review</strong> any foreign investment in the defence sector that may affect national security.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening Indigenous Manufacturing:</strong> Through more <strong>liberalised FDI policy</strong> the government is seeking<strong> to attract foreign players</strong> to set up manufacturing units in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been focusing on the <strong>defence sector to act as an engine for boosting manufacturing in the country,</strong> and is <strong>aiming</strong> to achieve a turnover of Rs 1.75 lakh crore, including exports worth Rs 35,000 crore, by 2025. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As of 2019, the defence industry, along with the aerospace and shipbuilding industry, was estimated to be worth Rs. 80,000 crore, of which the share of Public Sector Units (PSUs) was nearly 80%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government has brought a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-defence-production-and-export-promotion-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020 (DPEPP 2020)</strong></a>, which <strong>aims</strong> to provide an overarching guiding document to provide a focused, structured and significant thrust to defence production capabilities of the country for self-reliance and exports.</li>
<li>The government has also brought a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/negative-imports-list-for-defence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>negative imports list</strong></a> for defence equipment and a dedicated budget for capital acquisition from the domestic industry. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The negative imports list<strong> contains a list of weapons that will not be imported</strong> and can only be purchased from within the country.</li>
<li>It was done with an aim to <strong>reduce the defence import bill.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government has <strong>inaugurated two defence industrial corridors,</strong> in <strong>Tamil Nadu and in Uttar Pradesh,</strong> to boost the flagship <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india#:~:text=On%20September%2025%2C%202014%2C%20the,surpassing%20the%20U.S.%20and%20China." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Make in India'</strong></a> programme that in turn would attract investments as well as encourage employment generation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Foreign Direct Investment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FDI is an <strong>investment made by a firm or individual</strong> in one country into business interests located in another country.</li>
<li>Generally, FDI takes place when an investor establishes foreign business operations or acquires foreign business assets, including establishing ownership or controlling interest in a foreign company.</li>
<li>It is different from<strong> Foreign Portfolio Investment</strong> where the foreign entity merely buys equity shares of a company. FPI does not provide the investor with control over the business.</li>
<li>Routes through which India gets FDI:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Automatic Route:</strong> In this, the foreign entity does not require the prior approval of the government or the RBI.</li>
<li><strong>Government route:</strong> In this, the foreign entity has to take the approval of the government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal</strong> (FIFP) facilitates the single window clearance of applications which are through approval route.</li>
<li>This portal is administered by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new FDI policy has the potential to reduce dependency on imports in the defence sector and boost manufacturing in India.</li>
<li>It will also provide employment and business opportunities to the Indian businesses and boost self-dependency.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/govt-puts-national-security-clause-in-defence-fdi-hike-to-74-per-cent-6589841/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-fdi-policy-in-defence-sector'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'EASE 2.0  Banking Reforms Index',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>EASE (Enhanced Access and Service Excellence) 2.0 Banking Reforms Index</strong> on performance of Public Sector Banks (PSB) from March 2018-2020 was released and best performing banks on EASE were felicitated.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Union Minister of Finance &amp; Corporate Affairs also inaugurated<strong> Doorstep Banking Services by PSBs</strong> on the occasion.</li>
<li>In February, 2020, <strong>EASE 3.0 (2020-21)</strong> for smart, tech-enabled banking was also unveiled.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599732321_image9.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599732321_image9.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>EASE Reforms Agenda:</strong> It was launched in<strong> January 2018</strong> jointly<strong> by the government and PSBs.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was commissioned through <strong>Indian Banks&rsquo; Association</strong> and authored by <strong>Boston Consulting Group.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Indian Banks' Association, formed on 26<sup>th</sup> September 1946 is an association of Indian banks and financial institutions based in Mumbai.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>EASE Agenda is aimed at institutionalizing <strong>CLEAN and SMART banking.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>EASE Reforms Index:</strong> The Index measures <strong>performance of each PSB</strong> on 120+ objective metrics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Index follows a fully transparent scoring methodology, which <strong>enables banks to identify their strengths</strong> as well as<strong> areas for improvement.</strong></li>
<li>The goal is to continue driving change by <strong>encouraging healthy competition among PSBs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>EASE 1.0 :</strong> The EASE 1.0 report showed significant improvement in PSB performance in resolution of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/solving-the-npa-crisis-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non Performing Assets</a> (NPAs)</strong> transparently.</li>
<li><strong>EASE 2.0 :</strong> EASE 2.0 builds on the foundation of EASE 1.0 and introduces<strong> new reform Action Points</strong> across six themes to make reforms journey irreversible, strengthen processes and systems, and drive outcomes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>six themes</strong> of EASE 2.0 are - <br />
<ol>
<li>Responsible Banking;</li>
<li>Customer Responsiveness;</li>
<li>Credit Off-take;</li>
<li>PSBs as <strong>UdyamiMitra</strong> (SIDBI portal for credit management of MSMEs);</li>
<li>Financial Inclusion &amp; Digitalisation; and</li>
<li>Governance and HR</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Performance of PSB on EASE 2.0 Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Overall Score: Increased by 37%</strong> between March-2019 and March-2020, with the average EASE index score improving from <strong>49.2 to 67.4</strong> out of 100.</li>
<li><strong>Top Performing Banks: Bank of Baroda,</strong> State Bank of India, and erstwhile Oriental Bank of Commerce</li>
<li><strong>Major improvements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Digital Banking:</strong> Nearly 4 crore active customers on mobile and internet banking.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>50% of financial transactions through digital channels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Customer service:</strong> Increase in <strong>number of call centres</strong> and <strong>inclusion of 13 regional languages</strong> in customer service, enhanced doorstep banking support by <strong>75,000+ Bank Mitras etc.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Easy loans:</strong> Turnaround time for retail loans reduced by from <strong>nearly 30 days to nearly 10 days.</strong></li>
<li><strong>NPAs and Frauds:</strong> Gross NPAs reduced from Rs. 8.96 lakh crore in March-2018 to Rs. 6.78 lakh crore in March-2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A sharp decline in fraud occurrence from 0.65% of advances during FY10-FY14 to 0.06% in FY19-20</li>
<li>Record recovery of Rs. 2.27 lakh crore in FY19-FY20</li>
<li>Banks have taken steps like instituting <strong>data-driven risk assessments</strong> and introducing <strong>Early Warning Signals (EWS)</strong> systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599732358_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599732358_image8.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>EASE 3.0</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A comprehensive agenda for <strong>smart, tech-enabled banking</strong> has been adopted for FY 2020-21, under which PSBs have initiated<strong> eShishu Mudra</strong> (app-based lending for instant sanction of working capital up to Rs. 50,000) for straight-through processing of loans to micro-enterprises.</li>
<li>EASE 3.0 seeks to enhance ease of banking in all customer experiences, using technology viz. <strong>Dial-a-loan, Partnerships with FinTechs and E-commerce companies, [email protected], Tech-enabled agriculture lending, EASE Banking Outlets etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Doorstep Banking Services</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As part of the EASE Reforms, Doorstep Banking Services is envisaged to provide convenience of banking services to the customers at their doorstep through the universal touch points of <strong>Call Centre, Web Portal or Mobile App.</strong></li>
<li>At present,<strong> only non-financial services viz.</strong> request for account statement, delivery of cheque book, demand draft, pay order etc are available to customers. <strong>Financial services shall be made available from October 2020.</strong></li>
<li>The services shall benefit all customers, particularly<strong> Senior Citizens and Divyangs</strong> who would find it at ease to avail these services.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1652723" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-2-0-banking-reforms-index'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Typhoon Maysak and Typhoon Haishen',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Why in News</p>
<p>Recently, <strong>Korean Peninsula</strong> and<strong> Japan</strong> were hit by two typhoons named<strong> Maysak</strong> and <strong>Haishen.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Typhoons</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Typhoons are a kind of<strong> storm.</strong> The storms, depending on where they occur, may be called <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hurricane-laura" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hurricanes</a>, typhoons or cyclones.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Typhoons:</strong> In the China Sea and Pacific Ocean.</li>
<li><strong>Hurricanes:</strong> In the West Indian islands in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean.</li>
<li><strong>Tornados:</strong> In the Guinea lands of West Africa and southern USA.</li>
<li><strong>Willy-willies:</strong> In north-western Australia and</li>
<li><strong>Tropical Cyclones:</strong> In the Indian Ocean Region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scientific name for all these kinds of storms is <strong>tropical cyclones.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tropical cyclones</strong> are intense circular storms that originate over the warm tropical oceans with speed more than 119 kilometres per hour and heavy rains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599730742_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599730742_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="614" height="328" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Categorisation:</strong> Both typhoons were categorised as a <strong>Category 4 hurricane storm.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Category 4 storm has <strong>wind speeds between 130-156 mph</strong> and can uproot trees and bring down power lines.</li>
<li>Hurricanes are categorized on the <strong>Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale,</strong> which rates them on a scale of 1 to 5 based on wind speed. Hurricanes that reach category <strong>three or higher</strong> are classified as<strong> major hurricanes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Naming:</strong> The <strong>Maysak</strong> typhoon takes its name from a <strong>Cambodian word</strong> for a type of <strong>tree.</strong> While, Haishen means<strong> sea god</strong> in <strong>Chinese.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Typhoon Maysak and Haishen are referred to as typhoon number 9 and 10 in Japan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background of Naming:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>Japan</strong> the first typhoon to occur after January 1<sup>st</sup> of the year is called typhoon number 1.</li>
<li>In the <strong>USA,</strong> hurricanes are referred to by English names.</li>
<li>The intergovernmental organisation called the <strong>Typhoon Committee</strong> which has 14 members including Japan, USA and China uses Asian names for typhoons that are contributed by the member countries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Haishen was a name recommended by China, while Maysak is a Combodian name.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/typhoon-pummels-south-korea-with-flooding/article32510493.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/typhoon-maysak-and-typhoon-haishen'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-Atal New India Challenge',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>ARISE-Atal New India Challenge (ANIC) Program, launched by the government, is a<strong> national initiative</strong> to promote <strong>research &amp; innovation</strong> and increase<strong> competitiveness</strong> of Indian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/policy-reforms-for-startups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>startups</strong></a> and <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises</strong></a> (MSMEs).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To proactively collaborate with Ministries and the associated industries <strong>to catalyse research, innovation and facilitate innovative solutions</strong> to sectoral problems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objective is also to provide a steady stream of innovative products &amp; solutions where the Central Government Ministries/Departments will become the <strong>potential first buyers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative will be carried under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aim-icrest-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Innovation Mission</strong></a> <strong>(AIM - an</strong> initiative by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a>).</li>
<li>The programme will be driven by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organization</strong> </a><strong>(ISRO)</strong> and four ministries:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ministry of Defence;</li>
<li>Ministry of Food Processing Industries;</li>
<li>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; and</li>
<li>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative will help promote techno-preneurs who deserve to be supported because of their immense potential of taking India forward.</li>
<li>A total of 15 sector-specific challenges will be selected where <strong>three challenges</strong> are kept for<strong> each ministry.</strong></li>
<li>A grant-of-aid of up<strong> Rs. 50 lakh</strong> for a period of 9 to 12 months have been earmarked for startups to develop <strong>a minimum usable prototype.</strong></li>
<li>Innovators would also be attracted by using the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-gandhian-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi Challenge method.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>On the 150<sup>th</sup> birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, &lsquo;the Gandhian Challenge&rsquo; was launched.</li>
<li>It provides a platform for <strong>every child across India</strong> to ideate innovative solutions for a sustainable India of their dreams, using Gandhi&rsquo;s principles.</li>
<li>Broad categories in the challenge:<strong> Art &amp; Innovation and Science, Technology &amp; Innovation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Program is in line with the mandate of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india#:~:text=On%20September%2025%2C%202014%2C%20the,surpassing%20the%20U.S.%20and%20China." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Make in India&rdquo;</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund#:~:text=early%2Dstage%20companies.-,Startup%20India,innovation%20and%20entrepreneurship%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Startup India&rdquo;</strong></a></li>
<li>&ldquo;Aatmanirbhar Bharat&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of the Indian Space Research Organisation :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ISRO is the leading organization to promote innovations and entrepreneurship across the length and breath of our country.</li>
<li>ISRO has extensively supported MSMEs and has also set up R&amp;D labs across India to promote innovation and research in space science and technology.</li>
<li>ISRO is planning to <strong>adopt 100 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-collabcad-in-atal-tinkering-labs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atal Tinkering Labs</a>,</strong> 3 each in each state and UTs.</li>
<li><strong>Three thrust areas identified by ISRO:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Propulsion:</strong> Green propellants, electric propulsion, and advanced air-breathing.</li>
<li><strong>Geo-spatial Information:</strong> Using <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial Intelligence</a> (AI)</strong> for crop monitoring, weather forecasting and programme evaluation.</li>
<li><strong>AI and Robotics:</strong> For supporting space exploration and outer space monitoring.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of MSMEs for Indian Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are considered as the engine of growth in an economy.</li>
<li><strong>Employment:</strong> It is the second largest employment generating sector after agriculture. It provides employment to around 120 million persons in India.</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to GDP:</strong> With around 36.1 million units throughout the geographical expanse of the country, MSMEs contribute around 6.11% of the manufacturing GDP and 24.63% of the GDP from service activities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MSME ministry has set a target to up its contribution to GDP to 50% by 2025 as India becomes a $5 trillion economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exports:</strong> It contributes around 45% of the overall exports from India.</li>
<li><strong>Inclusive growth:</strong> MSMEs promote inclusive growth by providing employment opportunities in rural areas especially to people belonging to weaker sections of the society.</li>
<li><strong>Financial inclusion:</strong> Small industries and retail businesses in tier-II and tier-III cities create opportunities for people to use banking services and products.</li>
<li><strong>Promote innovation:</strong> It provides opportunity for budding entrepreneurs to build creative products boosting business competition and fuels growth.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Atal Innovation Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AIM is Government of India&rsquo;s flagship initiative to promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship in the country.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s <strong>objective</strong> is to develop new programmes and policies for fostering innovation in different sectors of the economy, provide platform and collaboration opportunities for different stakeholders, create awareness and create an umbrella structure to oversee the innovation ecosystem of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Major Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-collabcad-in-atal-tinkering-labs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Tinkering Labs</strong></a>: These are creating problem solving mindset across schools in India.</li>
<li><strong>Atal Incubation Centers:</strong> Fostering world class startups and adding a new dimension to the incubator model.</li>
<li><strong>Atal New India Challenges:</strong> Fostering product innovations and aligning them to the needs of various sectors/ministries.</li>
<li><strong>Mentor India Campaign:</strong> A national mentor network in collaboration with the public sector, corporates and institutions, to support all the initiatives of the mission.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-community-innovation-centre" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Community Innovation Center:</strong></a> To stimulate community centric innovation and ideas in the <strong>unserved/underserved regions of the</strong> <strong>country</strong> including Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities.</li>
<li><strong>Atal Research and Innovation for Small Enterprises (ARISE):</strong> To stimulate innovation and research in the MSME industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599727741_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599727741_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1652751#:~:text=ISRO%20and%20Four%20Ministries%20Roped%20In&amp;text=Atal%20Innovation%20Mission%20(AIM)%2C,in%20Indian%20MSMEs%20and%20startups." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aatmanirbhar-bharat-arise-atal-new-india-challenge'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Indo-Pacific Trilateral Dialogue',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>India, Australia and France</strong> held a dialogue for the first time under a <strong>trilateral framework.</strong> The three sides have<strong> agreed to hold the dialogue on an annual basis.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Focus: Enhancing cooperation</strong> in the<strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importancehttps://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Indo-Pacific Region.</a></strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong><strong>Australia,</strong> along with <strong>France,</strong> has emerged as a<strong> major strategic partner for India</strong> in the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean Region (IOR), especially in the maritime domain. For instance:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has <strong>logistics agreements</strong> with both countries. The logistics agreement provides for easier access to supplies of goods and services.</li>
<li>There is significant cooperation in information exchange for <strong>Maritime Domain Awareness.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>France was the first country to deploy a Liaison Officer at the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Navy&rsquo;s Information Fusion Centre (IFC-IOR)</strong></a> as part of efforts to improve Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India conducted its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-france-joint-patrolling" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first joint patrols</strong> </a>with France in Reunion Island (western Indian ocean) in February 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chinese Factor:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The trilateral cooperation will help to take on China's aggressive behaviour in the Indo-Pacific region. E.g in South China Sea.</li>
<li>This trilateral cooperation is an addition to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Quad</strong> </a>which comprises the USA, Japan, Australia and India.</li>
<li>It also adds diplomatic muscle to the global coalition that is shaping up to counter China's belligerence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Discussed:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Possibility of <strong>enhancing maritime security cooperation</strong> between the three countries in the Indo-Pacific region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also includes areas of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, maritime domain awareness, mutual logistics support and capacity-building of friendly countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region,</strong> initiatives such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-assembly-of-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure</strong></a>, and the need for a <strong>reformed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-75-declaration" target="_blank" rel="noopener">multilateralism.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Cooperation on marine global commons.</strong> It includes <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blue economy</strong></a>, <strong>marine biodiversity</strong> and <strong>environmental challenges</strong> such as marine pollution.</li>
<li><strong>Practical cooperation</strong> at the<strong> trilateral and regional level,</strong> including through regional organisations such as <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a> (IORA)</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-as-an-observer-at-ioc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Ocean Commission.</strong></a></li>
<li>The increased salience of<strong> resilient and reliable supply chains.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India, Australia and Japan recently inked an initiative to build resilient supply chains, which is named as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-of-supply-chain-resilience-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI).</strong></a> France may join this initiative too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Emerging challenges</strong> in the context of <strong>Covid-19 pandemic,</strong> including the financial impact of the pandemic on the Indian Ocean region countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Significance of the Indo-Pacific Region</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2018 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-maritime-affairs-dialogue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shangrila Dialogue</strong></a> India had clearly indicated the geographical reach of <strong>India&rsquo;s idea of the Indo-Pacific,</strong> which starts from <strong>Africa to the America,</strong> which covers both the Indian and Pacific Oceans, in tandem with that of Japan.</li>
<li>It is a very<strong> rich region in terms of natural resources</strong> (fisheries, oil, gas) as well as mineral resources.</li>
<li><strong>Trade of some of the major economies</strong> like China, Japan, Korea or the west coast of the United States goes through this region.</li>
<li>About 50% of <strong>India&rsquo;s trade</strong> is conducted through the South China Sea. India has been one of the major players in the region. <strong>India conducts many naval exercises</strong> with the United States, countries of ASEAN, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.</li>
<li>The international community including India wants freedom of navigation, freedom of over flights in the region.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599733774_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599733774_image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>France and Australia are India&rsquo;s key partners in the Indo-Pacific region. The meeting provided a unique opportunity to build upon the progress that the three countries have achieved bilaterally in recent years.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indo-pacific-cooperation-maritime-security-in-focus-at-trilateral-dialogue-6589741/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indo-pacific-trilateral-dialogue'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'NSO Report on Education',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Statistical Organisation</strong></a> (NSO) released a report &lsquo;Household Social Consumption: Education in India&rsquo;, as part of the <strong>75<sup>th</sup> round of National Sample Survey (July 2017 to June 2018).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NSO also had released a Report on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gap-in-vaccination-of-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Health in India</strong></a> based on the same survey.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599724362_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599724362_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="281" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the<strong> 6<sup>th</sup> survey on social consumption relating to education.</strong> Earlier, 35<sup>th</sup>, 42<sup>nd</sup>, 52<sup>nd</sup>, 64<sup>th</sup>, and 71<sup>st</sup> rounds had surveys on this subject. The 71<sup>st</sup> round pertained to January-June 2014.</li>
<li>A sample of 64,519 rural households from 8,097 villages and 49,238 urban households from 6,188 blocks was surveyed all over India.</li>
<li>This survey covered <strong>both qualitative and quantitative aspects</strong> related to educational attainment of the household members and educational services used by them.</li>
<li><strong>Internet access-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a major <strong>digital divide within the country</strong> across states, cities and villages, and income groups <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-statistical-organisation-survey-on-digital-education-divide" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(National Statistical Organisation Survey on Digital Education Divide).</strong></a></li>
<li>Nearly <strong>4% of rural households and 23% of urban households</strong> possessed computers and <strong>24% of the households in the country had internet access.</strong></li>
<li>Among persons of age 15-29 years, nearly <strong>24% in rural areas and 56% in urban areas were able to operate a computer.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education and Literacy Rates:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Literacy rate</strong> among persons (aged 7 years and above) in India was about 77.7%. In rural areas, the literacy rate was 73.5% compared to 87.7% in urban areas <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-literacy-rate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Report on Literacy Rate).</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Male literacy rate was higher</strong> (84.7%) than female literacy rate (70.3%).</li>
<li>Only <strong>5.7% were graduates or above in rural areas</strong> while the percentage was 21.7% in urban areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Access to schools, Attendance, Type of education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only <strong>38% of rural households have secondary schools within 1 km</strong> of the house as compared to <strong>70% for urban households.</strong></li>
<li>In rural areas <strong>92.7%</strong> of households and in urban areas, <strong>87.2%</strong> of households reported availability of primary school within 1 km from the house.</li>
<li>96.1% of students were in general education and remaining were in technical/professional education.</li>
<li><strong>Gross Attendance Ratio (GAR)</strong> at primary level was nearly 100% for both males and females in rural and urban areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For each level of education, GAR is the ratio of the number of persons attending in the level of education (For eg. Class I-V) to the number of persons in the corresponding official age-group (For eg. Total Population of age group 6-10).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Free education, Scholarships, Stipends:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At all-India level nearly <strong>14%</strong> students attending formal education received scholarship/stipend/reimbursement.</li>
<li><strong>77%</strong> of the students studying in Government institutions were receiving <strong>free education.</strong> Percentage of students studying in private unaided institutions and receiving free education was nearly 2% in rural areas and 1% in urban areas.</li>
<li>At<strong> pre-primary</strong> level nearly <strong>33% students were getting free education</strong> in India. At <strong>primary</strong> level, the proportion of students receiving free education was <strong>62%</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Private Coachings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nearly 20% of students attending pre-primary and above level were taking private coaching in India.</li>
<li>Incidence of taking private coaching was maximum at secondary level (31% of male students and 29% of female students).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Household expenditure on education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Average expenditure per student incurred during the current academic session (2017-18) for basic courses was nearly Rs. 8,331 for general courses, Rs. 50,307 for technical/professional courses.</li>
<li>The average annual expenditure on education for secondary school students is Rs. 9,013, of which Rs. 4,078 goes towards regular school fees.</li>
<li>About Rs. 1,632, or just over 18%, goes towards private coaching. In higher secondary school, students spend more than Rs. 2,500, also about 18% of the total expenditure, on private coaching.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Persons currently not attending education:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, percentages of persons in the age group of 3-35 years dropping out of studies were nearly 14% in rural areas and 10% in urban areas.</li>
<li>For the <strong>males</strong> of age 3-35 years <strong>engagement in economic activities</strong> was the most common major reason for currently not attending education, whereas for the females it was <strong>engagement in domestic activities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Digital Divide:</strong> Online education is yet to develop as a common good and too-much reliance of this mode will only lead to selective reach of education.</li>
<li><strong>Difference in literacy rate between men and women:</strong> This not only leads to <strong>increased <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-gender-gap-index-2020-wef" target="_blank" rel="noopener">gender divide</a></strong> but also leads to low participation of women in the workforce and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/women-in-research-and-development" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>research and development activities.</strong></a> Also, as the reason for women dropping out of schools remains domestic, the deep-ingrained patriarchy in the society is still the major factor behind the gender divide.</li>
<li><strong>Dependence on private coaching centres for education:</strong> This leads to the affluent having more access to education thus increasing the disparities between different social groups. It also comprises the quality of education as the emphasis often shifts to employability only, while the real motive of education should be to enhance critical thinking along with developing skills of the students.</li>
<li><strong>Heavy Household expenditure:</strong> In spite of many government initiatives to promote and improve education in governmental institutions, the cost of education is still very high for a large population to afford. The percentage of students who are receiving free education is still not enough and many needy students are outside its coverage.</li>
<li><strong>Rural and Urban Divide:</strong> The huge differences in some parameters like internet access, ability to use the internet or physical access to schools show that the Urban and rural India have very different conditions. Accordingly, there is a need for separate policies which cater to the separate needs of both, based on local input and community-led approaches.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Education Policy 2020,</strong> </a>we should hope for the education scenario in India to be improved and key concerns to be met. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>pandemic has necessitated a shift towards online education at a faster pace but the same should be complemented with infrastructure reforms, support and training by the government, aided by civil-society groups.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Source: Findings from NSO Report <a href="http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Household Social Consumption on Education in India&rdquo;.</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nso-report-on-education'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'National Statistical Organisation Survey on Digital Education Divide',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A recent report on the latest <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Statistical Organisation (NSO)</strong></a> survey shows the<strong> stark digital divide across States, cities and villages, and income groups.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey on household social consumption related to education is part of the NSO&rsquo;s 75<sup>th</sup> round of Sample Survey.</li>
<li>Schools across the country are<strong> closed for six months</strong> due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>. This means vastly different things for different people like many who have access to digital resources are getting online education, those who do not have such resources are devoid of education.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599652321_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599652321_image8.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="263" height="233" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Access to Computers and Internet:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Across India, <strong>only one in ten households have a computer &mdash;</strong> whether a desktop, laptop or tablet.</li>
<li>Almost 25%<strong> of all homes</strong> have<strong> Internet</strong> facilities, accessed via a fixed or mobile network using any device, including smartphones.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Urban-Rural Divide:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the Internet-enabled homes are located in cities, where 42% have Internet access. In rural India, however, only 15% are connected to the internet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Access and Utilization Gap:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Of course, having Internet access is no guarantee that one can use it.</li>
<li>20% of Indians above the age of 5 years had basic digital literacy,</li>
<li>Just 40% in the critical age group of 15 to 29 years, which includes all high school and college students as well as young parents responsible for teaching younger children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regional Disparity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>national capital</strong> has the <strong>highest Internet access,</strong> with<strong> 55%</strong> of homes having such facilities.</li>
<li><strong>Himachal Pradesh and Kerala</strong> are the only other States where more than half of all households have Internet.</li>
<li>Odisha is at the bottom with <strong>only one in ten homes</strong> having Internet.</li>
<li>There is less than 20% Internet penetration, even in States with software hubs such as Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disparity due to Economic status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> biggest divide</strong> is by economic status, which the NSO marks by dividing the population into five equal groups, or <strong>quintiles,</strong> based on their usual monthly per capita expenditure.</li>
<li><strong>Even in Odisha,</strong> almost<strong> 63%</strong> of homes in the<strong> top urban quintile</strong> have Internet facilities.</li>
<li>In the poorest quintile of <strong>rural Odisha,</strong> however, that figure drops to an abysmal <strong>2.4%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intra-state Inequality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kerala</strong> shows the<strong> least inequality</strong> with more than 39% of the poorest rural homes having Internet, in comparison to 67% of the richest urban homes.</li>
<li><strong>Himachal Pradesh</strong> also fares well, with 40% of the lowest rural quintile having Internet.</li>
<li><strong>Assam</strong> shows the <strong>starkest inequality,</strong> with almost 80% of the richest urban homes having the Internet access denied to 94% of those in the poorest rural homes in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre has directed State Education Departments<strong> to map the online access available to all their students</strong> in order to <strong>adequately plan curriculum and teaching methods</strong> that can reach such students.</li>
<li><strong>New Education Policy: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Education Policy, 2020</a></strong> aims at making &ldquo;India a global knowledge superpower&rdquo; by introducing several changes from the school to college level in the Indian education system with special emphasis on digital education.</li>
<li><strong>DIKSHA (Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing) platform- <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classes-in-distance-mode" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DIKSHA</a></strong> is the national platform for school education available for all states and the central government for grades 1 to 12 and was launched in September 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As part of <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-05-2020#:~:text=Technology%20Driven%20Education%20with%20Equity,one%20nation%2C%20one%20digital%20platform)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM eVidya</strong></a> announced under the Atmanirbhar Bharat programme, DIKSHA is the <strong>&lsquo;one nation; one digital platform&rsquo;</strong> for school education in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swayam Prabha TV Channel-</strong> To support and reach those who do not have access to the internet.</li>
<li><strong>Online MOOC courses-</strong> Online Massive Open Online Course MOOC courses relating to NIOS (grades 9 to 12 of open schooling) are uploaded on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swayam-and-swayam-prabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SWAYAM portal</strong></a>; around 92 courses have started and 1.5 crore students are enrolled.</li>
<li><strong>On Air &ndash;</strong> Shiksha Vani, DAISY by NIOS for differently-abled, e-PathShala- Radio broadcasting is being used for children in remote areas who are not online (especially for grades 1 to 5).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Solutions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Online education as a common good:</strong> The <strong>Centre and the state</strong> governments should start making access to technology universal and more feasible in the public education system.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, as part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility</strong></a>, private players can involve tech-based organisations to make<strong> e-resources accessible and available</strong> to students, especially in government and low-income private schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expansion in the scope of Right to Education:</strong> The definition of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> right to education</strong></a> needs to expand and promote online education so that it addresses the importance of connectivity and access to knowledge and information.</li>
<li><strong>Valuing teaching profession:</strong> Digital innovation provides a remarkable opportunity for the democratisation of education.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, there is a need to encourage conditions that give frontline educators autonomy and flexibility to act collaboratively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>e-Skilling:</strong> Inclusion of <strong>virtual vocational training,</strong> virtual labs &amp; skill development courses.</li>
<li><strong>Vernacular language:</strong> Developing <strong>quality e-content in local languages.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To begin with, we need to promote and ensure digital literacy among the masses, primarily uninterrupted Internet connectivity and mobile network signals in rural areas.</li>
<li>The implications of school closures in the country are not just about education; they are manifold. An unprecedented social disaster can be avoided if more entities - Government and private - pitch into short-term and long-term futures of the children in this digital divide.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nso-report-shows-stark-digital-divide-affects-education/article32554222.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-statistical-organisation-survey-on-digital-education-divide'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'India: The Tech Garage of The World',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial analysis is based on the article <a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/india-can-soon-be-the-tech-garage-of-the-world-11599616850502.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India can soon be the tech garage of the world</strong></a> which was published in Live Mint on 9<sup>th</sup> of September 2020. It analyses the opportunities before India to become a technological superpower of the world.</p>
</div>
<p>The strong and sustained growth and innovation in the technology space presents a unique opportunity for India to position itself as the &lsquo;Tech Garage of the World&rsquo; i.e, a technological powerhouse. Through the development of innovative digital and technology solutions, India can successfully find solutions to the massive and intractable challenges across several sectors.</p>
<h3>Opportunities</h3>
<p><strong>Unaffected By Covid-19 Pandemic</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Even as the world continues to grapple with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic, the remarkable resilience of India&rsquo;s tech industry has been on display, with investments soaring to a mammoth $38 billion.</li>
<li>A significant portion of these investments went to software based companies, which witnessed a major growth brought about by an increasing demand for digital tools and automation amid the current crisis.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Growing Market</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Eight of the world&rsquo;s 10 richest companies that grew and expanded lately were technology companies.</li>
<li>The fastest growing jobs on LinkedIn&rsquo;s list of emerging jobs globally are <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>artificial intelligence</strong></a> specialist and data scientist.</li>
<li>During the covid period itself, Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Facebook and Google enhanced their market capitalization by over $1 trillion.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Vibrant Ecosystem</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is the youngest country in the world with <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/india-s-demographic-dividend" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>demographic dividend</strong></a> and a vibrant <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>startup</strong></a> ecosystem.</li>
<li>In 2019 alone, over 1,300 startups were added, thereby solidifying India&rsquo;s position as the third largest startup ecosystem in the world.</li>
<li>Private equity investments hit a 10-year-high in 2019, attracting $17.3 billion and registering a yearly growth of 60.5%</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives In This Regard</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister recently entrusted <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> with the task of developing technological products in partnership with the private sector, which would enable India to leapfrog in the post-covid era which are currently in different stages of evolution.</li>
<li>The products and solutions showcased by NITI Aayog include:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Unnati:</strong> A technology platform upskilling blue and grey collar workers.</li>
<li><strong>KrishiNeev:</strong> Agriculture platform for price forecasting, productivity, quality certification and traceability. The platform claims to use blockchain technology as well as artificial intelligence and machine learning to arrive at outcomes</li>
<li><strong>Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP):</strong> An integrated multi-modal platform for digitising supply chain issues to address the logistics sector.</li>
<li><strong>SamShiksha:</strong> The platform has been conceptualised as an online university of the future and one-stop platform for higher education.</li>
<li><strong>KYC Setu:</strong> An integrated platform for digitally sharing KYC-data by individuals with new service providers.</li>
<li><strong>Kashi:</strong> The cash over internet service will provide low cost digital lending solutions to farmers and labourers on their direct benefit transfer (DBT) accounts.</li>
<li><strong>Swasth:</strong> A telemedicine app with over 5000 registered doctors will focus on integrated services for health issues, including mental health and integration of hospitals and doctors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Prime Minister also launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-india-atmanirbhar-bharat-innovate-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge</strong></a> to encourage the creation of world-class made in India Apps and the response was overwhelming.</li>
<li>The <a href="/search/ATAL%20INNOVATION%20MISSION" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)</strong></a> is driving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-collabcad-in-atal-tinkering-labs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Tinkering Labs</strong></a> with Artificial Intelligence, and robotics and 3D printing are being taught from class VI onwards.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AIM also supports incubators and has catalysed a creative and innovative culture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-digital-push-for-healthcare#:~:text=in%20their%20implementation.-,National%20Health%20Stack%20(NHS),the%20political%20realities%20of%20federalism." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Stack</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aarogya-setu-app-a-technological-solutionism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aarogya Setu</strong> </a>were developed envisioning a cohesive future for a healthtech ecosystem in India with public and private participation.</li>
<li>One of the most powerful examples of the potential that India has is the success of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/upi-20-launched-by-npci" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UPI</strong></a> platform in the digital financial inclusion space.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UPI, is just 4 years old but reports 10 times the number of transactions as compared to the other transactions e.g. that of through Decade-old American Express.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The development of these world-class products requires skilful application of artificial intelligence.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This necessitates critical inputs like flow of data-hungry young entrepreneurs, AI algorithm engineers, computing powers, and AI-enabling policy environment.</li>
<li>While India has humongous data, thanks to mobiles and low data costs and top-class start-up entrepreneurs, it lacks in product managers, AI scientists, product designers and software engineers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Another challenge would be to make it inclusive so that it reaches most people and must also be safe so that any issue of privacy and data theft don&rsquo;t arise.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Our Engineering colleges must be reoriented to produce AI engineers who can partner tech entrepreneurs to launch cutting-edge global tech companies.</li>
<li>The government has a crucial role to play in positioning India as the Tech Garage of the World. It should act as a catalyst, and bring together the synergies of the private sector with the aim of innovating for India and the world.</li>
<li>It has the potential to provide an enabling environment and a favourable regulatory ecosystem for the development of technology products and provide the size and scale necessary for their rollout.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The product development should ideally be undertaken through private entrepreneurship, with the government acting as a facilitator.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The key principles of product design should incorporate transparency, security and ease of access.</li>
<li>The products must have open architecture, should be portable to any hosting environment and should be available in official and regional languages.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599652575_image0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599652575_image0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9ffeb;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>India is in a bright spot to harness the power of technology and become a technological powerhouse of the world. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3m2HuaVQGAk" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/grim-sovereign-tangle-the-hindu-editorial-on-gst-compensation-standoff/article32508212.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Grim Sovereign Tangle: On GST compensation standoff&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on September 3<sup>rd</sup> 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-the-tech-garage-of-the-world'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Gap in Vaccination of Children',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the<strong> &lsquo;Health in India&rsquo;</strong> report recently published by the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Statistical Organisation</a> (NSO)</strong>, the<strong> full immunisation</strong> programme is not completed among 40% of the children.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report is based on the <strong>75<sup>th</sup> round of the National Sample Survey (July 2017-June 2018)</strong> on household social consumption related to health.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Full Immunisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It means that a<strong> child receives a cocktail of eight vaccine doses</strong> in the first year of life. This includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>BCG Vaccine:</strong> It is injected in a single dose shortly after birth, which protects against a childhood attack of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-with-the-world-bank-to-eliminate-tb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tuberculosis.</strong> </a></li>
<li><strong>Measles</strong> Vaccine: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-impact-on-measles-immunization-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Measles</strong></a> is a viral disease.</li>
<li><strong>Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV):</strong> It is given against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-polio-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>polio</strong></a> <strong>virus.</strong> Its first dose is given at birth, followed by two more doses at intervals of four weeks.</li>
<li><strong>DPT/Pentavalent Vaccine:</strong> It is injected in three doses, which is meant to protect a child from <strong>diphtheria, pertussis or whooping cough, tetanus, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-hepatitis-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hepatitis B</a>,</strong> and <strong>meningitis</strong> and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> pneumonia</strong></a> caused by <strong>haemophilus influenzae type B.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Booster doses for OPV and DPT are also given between 16 and 24 months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Across the country, only 59.2% of children under five years are fully immunised.</li>
<li>About 97% of children across the country received<strong> at least one vaccination &mdash;</strong> mostly <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/enhancing-bcg-vaccine-efficacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BCG</strong></a> or the first dose of OPV at birth.</li>
<li>Only 67% of children are protected against <strong>measles.</strong> Only 58% got their polio booster dose, while 54% got their DPT booster dose.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599645890_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599645890_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="529" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>States/UTs Specific Data:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Best Performance:</strong> Manipur (75%), Andhra Pradesh (73.6%) and Mizoram (73.4%) recorded the highest rates of full immunisation.</li>
<li><strong>Poor Performance:</strong> Nagaland (12%), followed by Puducherry (34%) and Tripura (39.6%).</li>
<li>In Delhi, less than half of all children are fully immunised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> has already impacted the childhood vaccination programme.</li>
<li>According to advocacy group <strong>Child Rights and You</strong> reports, <strong>only half of Indian families with children under five years</strong> were able to access immunisation services during the lockdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Immunisation is a<strong> simple and effective way of protecting children</strong> from serious diseases. It not only helps protect individuals, it also protects the broader community by minimising the spread of disease. Therefore the government needs to remove any gap in immunisation.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/40-of-children-are-not-fully-vaccinated-says-nso-report/article32554855.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gap-in-vaccination-of-children'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'World Solar Technology Summit',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> first-ever <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-solar-technology-summit-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Solar Technology Summit</a></strong> (WSTS) was organised by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-assembly-of-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a> (ISA) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-asean-expo-and-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry</strong></a> (FICCI).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To showcase to member countries the state of the art and next-generation solar technologies worldwide.</li>
<li>To give an opportunity to decision-makers and stakeholders to meet, and discuss their own priorities and strategic agenda towards a larger integration.</li>
<li>To discuss the recent highlights of solar technologies, cost-wise, technology-wise, technology transfers, challenges and concerns in the field.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In spite of having<strong> one of the lowest per-capita carbon emissions</strong> in the world, India has pressed ahead with the deployment of renewable energy at a fast pace for lowering carbon footprints.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has <strong>enhanced its installed renewable capacity by 2.5 times </strong>and<strong> increased the solar installed capacity by more than 13 times.</strong></li>
<li>Globally, India <strong>ranks 4<sup>th</sup> in terms of renewable power.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has <strong>scaled non-fossil fuel-based power generations to 134GW,</strong> which is about 35% of the total power generation and it is <strong>expected to increase it to 220 GW by 2022.</strong></li>
<li>India is <strong>providing capacity-building support to ISA member countries</strong> through its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vice-president-s-visit-to-comoros-and-sierra-leone#:~:text=The%20ITEC%20programme%20provides%20for,and%20feasibility%20studies%2Fconsultancy%20services." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Programme.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Project Preparation Facility</strong> has been set up to <strong>develop bankable Solar Energy</strong> projects in ISA member countries with the help of<strong> Export-Import (EXIM) Bank of India.</strong></li>
<li>In 2018, India announced about <strong>USD 1.4 billion worth of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/line-of-credit-to-pacific-island-nations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lines of credit</a></strong> (LOCs) for covering 27 solar projects across 15 countries. These projects are in various stages of implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solar Energy related Schemes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solar energy</strong></a> has taken a central place in India's <a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong> </a>with the <strong>National Solar Mission</strong> as one of the key Missions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>National Solar Mission (NSM) was launched on 11<sup>th</sup> January 2010 and is in line with India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/virtual-climate-action-ministerial" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intended Nationally Determined Contributions</strong></a> (INDCs).</li>
<li>Its objective is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy by creating the policy conditions for solar technology diffusion across the country as quickly as possible.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-sun-one-world-one-grid-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">One Sun, One World, One Grid</a> (OSOWOG):</strong> India&rsquo;s ambitious cross-border power grid plan which seeks to transfer solar power generated in one region to feed the electricity demands of others.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-website-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>KUSUM Scheme:</strong></a> It aims to replace the use of diesel in the farm sector with solar energy with the target of solarisation of 2.8 million irrigation pumps.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solar-charkha-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solar Charkha Mission:</strong></a> It is an enterprise driven scheme and envisages setting up of &lsquo;Solar Charkha Clusters&rsquo; which will have 200 to 2042 beneficiaries. These solar charkhas are operated using solar power, keeping the environment clean and generating sustainable employment for the artisans.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rewa-solar-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>750 megawatt (MW) solar project</strong> </a>which has been inaugurated in <strong>Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>treaty-based international intergovernmental organisation</strong> which was jointly launched by <strong>India and France on 30<sup>th</sup> November 2015</strong> during the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>21<sup>st</sup> session of the United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties</strong></a> (COP-21) in Paris, France.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was conceived as a coalition of solar-resource-rich countries (which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn) to address their special energy needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To lower the cost of technology and finance and thereby facilitate deployment of over 1,000 GW of solar energy and mobilize more than USD 1,000 billion into solar power by 2030 in member countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar energy is a key source of affordable and reliable energy, thus it could play a significant role in achieving the <strong>universal energy access</strong> goal <strong>(SDG 7).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter:</strong> Gurugram in Haryana, India.</li>
<li>As of June 2020, the ISA Framework Agreement has been <strong>signed by 86 countries, </strong>with <strong>68 having also deposited instruments of ratification.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1652436" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-solar-technology-summit-1'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Patrika Gate in Jaipur',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister has inaugurated the <strong>Patrika Gate in Jaipur (Rajasthan)</strong> through video conferencing.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599644220_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599644220_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="383" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Gate has been <strong>constructed by the Rajasthan Patrika Group of Publications (media conglomerate).</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>an iconic gate built as a monument</strong> under <strong>Mission Anupam</strong> of the Jaipur Development Authority.</li>
<li>The construction of Patrika Gate was in keeping with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site#:~:text=The%20Pink%20city%2C%20Jaipur%20(Rajasthan,%2D%2010th%20July%2C%202019." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jaipur having recently been recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2019, Jaipur became the <strong>second city of the country after Ahmedabad</strong> to get the recognition.</li>
<li>India has <strong>38 world heritage sites,</strong> including <strong>30 cultural</strong> properties, <strong>7 natural</strong> properties and <strong>1 mixed</strong> site.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/criticism-makes-indias-democracy-strong-says-pm-modi/article32550333.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/patrika-gate-in-jaipur'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Sanskrit Grams Programme: Uttarakhand',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Uttarakhand Government has decided to develop 'Sanskrit Grams' across the state.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decision was taken <strong>after noting significant progress in a pilot programme</strong> to teach Sanskrit to residents of two villages in Uttarakhand.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sanskrit Grams Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To teach people to use <strong>Sanskrit regularly.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Villages Selected:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Several villages were <strong>selected according to the availability of Sanskrit schools</strong> so that teachers may visit the villages often and motivate residents to learn and use Sanskrit.</li>
<li>Villages were selected at the meeting of the <strong>Uttarakhand Sanskrit Academy, chaired</strong> by the <strong>Uttarakhand Chief Minister.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also been decided to <strong>rename the academy as Uttaranchal Sanskrit Sansthanam</strong> Haridwar, Uttarakhand.</li>
<li>The academy was <strong>established in 2002.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Strategy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>focus will be on the school-going children</strong> so that they can learn the language from a young age.</li>
<li>The programme will start by teaching people smaller sentences which are used most commonly.</li>
<li>The programme will<strong> run first at the district level</strong> and then at the <strong>block level</strong> for promotion of the Sanskrit language.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Pilot Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier, <strong>villages of Kimotha in Chamoli district</strong> and <strong>Bhantola in Bageshwar district</strong> were developed as Sanskrit villages.</li>
<li>Residents have started using the<strong> language in their daily communication</strong> and they also sing folk songs in Sanskrit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Usage of Sanskrit in Uttarakhand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sanskrit is the<strong> second <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jammu-and-kashmir-official-languages-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">official language</a></strong> in Uttarakhand after Hindi <strong>(Article 345 of the Constitution: Official language or languages of a State).</strong></li>
<li>The state government currently <strong>runs 97 Sanskrit schools,</strong> where an average of <strong>2,100 students</strong> study each year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sanskrit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>old Indo-Aryan language</strong> in which the <strong>most ancient documents, Vedas</strong> are composed in what is called <strong>Vedic Sanskrit. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Classical Sanskrit,</strong> a language close to late Vedic as then used in the northwest of the subcontinent, was elegantly described in one of the <strong>finest grammars</strong> ever produced, the <strong>Aṣṭādhyāyī</strong> (&ldquo;Eight Chapters&rdquo;) composed by <strong>Pāṇini</strong> (c. 6<sup>th</sup>&ndash;5<sup>th</sup> century BCE).</li>
<li>Sanskrit has been written both in<strong> Devanāgarī script</strong> and in various regional scripts, such as Śāradā from the north (Kashmir), Bāṅglā (Bengali) in the east, Gujarātī in the west, and various southern scripts, including the <strong>Grantha alphabet,</strong> which was especially devised for Sanskrit texts.</li>
<li>There are also <strong>major works of drama and poetry,</strong> although the exact dates of many of these works and their creators have not been definitively established. Important authors and works include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bhāsa</strong> (for example, his <strong>Svapnavāsvavadatta</strong> - Vāsavadatta in a Dream), who is assigned widely varying dates but definitely worked prior to Kālidāsa, who mentions him.</li>
<li><strong>Kālidāsa,</strong> dated anywhere from the 1<sup>st</sup> century BCE to the 4<sup>th</sup> century CE, whose works include<strong> Śakuntalā, Vikramorvaśīya, Kumārasambhava</strong> and <strong>Raghuvaṃśa.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Śūdraka</strong> and his <strong>Mṛcchakatika</strong> (&ldquo;Little Clay Cart&rdquo;), possibly dating to the 3<sup>rd</sup> century CE.</li>
<li><strong>Bhāravi</strong> and his <strong>Kirātārjunīya</strong> (&ldquo;Arjuna and the Kirāta&rdquo;), from approximately the 7<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li><strong>Māgha,</strong> whose <strong>Śiśupālavadha</strong> (&ldquo;The Slaying of Śiśupāla&rdquo;) dates to the late 7<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>The two epics <strong>Rāmāyaṇa</strong> (&ldquo;Life of Rāma&rdquo;) and <strong>Mahābhārata</strong> (&ldquo;Great Tale of the Bhāratas&rdquo;) were also composed in Sanskrit, and the former is esteemed as the first poetic work (ādikāvya) of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sanskrit is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classical-languages#:~:text=Currently%20there%20are%20six%20languages,Eighth%20Schedule%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>classical</strong> </a>and an<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bill-to-change-stature-of-official-languages" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> eighth schedule</a> language.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Promotion of Sanskrit by the Central Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government has established the<strong> Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan</strong> in Delhi as a nodal authority to promote Sanskrit. The Sansthan has been allocated Rs 643.84 crore in the last three years.</li>
<li>Providing <strong>financial assistance to Adarsh Sanskrit Mahavidyalayas</strong>/Shodha Sansthans.</li>
<li>Award of <strong>merit scholarships</strong> to students of Sanskrit Pathasala to College level.</li>
<li><strong>Financial assistance to NGOs/Higher Educational Institutions</strong> of Sanskrit for various Research Projects/Programmes.</li>
<li>Retired eminent Sanskrit scholars are engaged under the <strong>Shastra Chudamani scheme</strong> for teaching.</li>
<li>Sanskrit is also taught through <strong>Non-formal Sanskrit Education (NFSE)</strong> programme, by setting up Non-Formal Sanskrit learning centres, in reputed institutions like Indian Institutes Technology, Ayurveda institutions, Modern Colleges and Universities.</li>
<li><strong>Presidential awards for Sanskrit Language</strong> are awarded annually to 16 senior scholars and to 5 young scholars.</li>
<li>Financial Assistance for <strong>Publication,</strong> Reprint of <strong>rare Sanskrit books.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ashtaadashi</strong> containing eighteen Projects for sustaining the growth of Sanskrit has been implemented.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-govt-to-develop-sanskrit-grams-across-state-6588569/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sanskrit-grams-programme-uttarakhand'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Flying V Aircraft',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A team of researchers and engineers along with a drone pilot from the <strong>Dutch-based Technical University of Delft (TU Delft)</strong> have successfully conducted the<strong> first real test flight of the scaled model of the &lsquo;Flying V&rsquo; aircraft.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Flying V is a <strong>futuristic</strong> and <strong>fuel-efficient long-distance aircraft</strong> that could one day <strong>carry passengers in its wings.</strong></li>
<li>The Flying-V design, which<strong> derives its name from its noticeable &lsquo;V&rsquo; shape,</strong> integrates the <strong>passenger cabin,</strong> the <strong>cargo hold</strong> and the<strong> fuel tanks in the wings.</strong></li>
<li>Computer calculations have predicted that the aircraft&rsquo;s improved aerodynamic shape and reduced weight will <strong>reduce fuel consumption by 20%</strong> compared to today&rsquo;s advanced aircrafts.</li>
<li>The Flying-V <strong>carries about the same number of passengers</strong> - 314 in the standard configuration &ndash; and the <strong>same amount of cargo,</strong> 160 m<sup>3</sup>.</li>
<li>The <strong>original plan</strong> for the Flying-V aircraft design came from TU Berlin student <strong>Justus Benad.</strong></li>
<li>The &lsquo;Flying V&rsquo; project was <strong>first presented at the 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the Dutch airlines KLM,</strong> which has also been a partner in the project since its <strong>beginning in 2019.</strong> Various business partners including <strong>Airbus</strong> (an aerospace company), are now involved in the project.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599643014_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599643014_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/flying-v-dutch-experts-successfully-test-energy-efficient-aircrafts-maiden-flight-in-germany-6585638/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Launch of Bamboo Clusters',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare has <strong>virtually inaugurated 22 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greening-india-by-planting-bamboo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">bamboo</a> clusters in 9 states</strong> viz. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, Uttarakhand and Karnataka.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>logo for the National Bamboo Mission</strong> (NBM) has also been released.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Initiatives to Promote Bamboo:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Use of bamboo has been an ancient tradition in India and it is now being <strong>supported with modern technology</strong> and the <strong>youth is being provided with training</strong> for the bamboo industry.</li>
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-forest-act-1927#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Forest%20Act%2C1927,and%20duty%20leviable%20forest%20produce.&amp;text=This%20act%20has%20details%20of,the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Act." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Forest Act 1927</strong></a> was <strong>amended in 2017 to remove bamboo for the category of trees.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As a result, anyone can undertake cultivation and business in bamboo and its products without the need of a felling and transit permission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Import policy has also been modified</strong> to ensure the progress of the bamboo industry in the country.</li>
<li>NBM <strong>supports local artisans through locally grown bamboo species,</strong> which will <strong>actualise the goal of <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/09-06-2020#:~:text=Promoting%20Local%3A%20Being%20vocal%20for,Glocal%E2%80%9D%20India%20will%20be%20possible." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vocal for Local</a></strong> and help <strong>increase the income</strong> of farmers, reducing dependency on imports of raw material.</li>
<li><strong>10 most important species</strong> which are required by industry have been <strong>identified </strong>and<strong> quality planting material is being made available</strong> to farmers for plantations.</li>
<li>Apart from the existing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organisations</strong></a> (FPOs), <strong>10,000 new FPOs will be formed in 5 years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Well-organized FPOs engage in providing a range of assistance to farmers like <strong>imparting better farm practices, collectivisation of input purchases, transportation, linkage with markets, and better price realisation</strong> as they do away with the intermediaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Common Facility Centres are being set up</strong> close to the plantations which will reduce the cost of transportation and increase local entrepreneurship, moving to a zero-waste approach.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Bamboo Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The restructured NBM was <strong>launched in 2018-19</strong> for the holistic development of the complete value chain of the bamboo sector and is being implemented in a<strong> hub (industry) and spoke model.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Connecting farmers to markets so as to enable farmer producers to get a ready market for the bamboo grown and to increase the supply of appropriate raw material to the domestic industry.</li>
<li>It also <strong>endeavours to upgrade skills of traditional bamboo craftsmen</strong> as per the requirement of contemporary markets with a tie-up with enterprises and premier institutes.</li>
<li>The <strong>Sector Skill Councils</strong> established under the <strong>National Skill Development Agency</strong> (NSDA) will impart skills and recognition of prior learning to traditional artisans, encouraging the youth to carry forward their family traditions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NSDA is an<strong> autonomous body under the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship</strong> that anchors the National Skill Qualifications Framework and allied quality assurance mechanisms for synergizing skill initiatives in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Logo:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599640325_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599640325_image3.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="145" height="145" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It portrays a bamboo culm in the centre of a circle composed of half an industrial wheel and half farmers, depicting the objectives of NBM appropriately.</li>
<li>The green and yellow colour of the logo symbolise <strong>bamboo often termed as green gold.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>States need to take forward the objectives of the National Bamboo Mission which would contribute to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> through an &ldquo;Aatmanirbhar Krishi (self-reliant farming)&rdquo;.</li>
<li>With the abundance of bamboo and its rapidly growing industry, India should aim to establish herself in global markets for both engineered and handcrafted products by increasing the exports even further.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1652315" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Real Mango: An Illegal Software',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In a nationwide investigation, Railway Protection Force (RPF) has disrupted the operation of <strong>illegal software called &ldquo;Real Mango&rdquo;</strong> - used for cornering<strong> confirmed Railway reservation.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> Real Mango software is an illegal software developed for booking Tatkal tickets.</li>
<li><strong>Working:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Real mango software <strong>bypasses</strong> captcha.</li>
<li>It <strong>synchronises bank OTP</strong> with help of a mobile app and feeds it to the requisite form automatically.</li>
<li>The<strong> software auto-fills</strong> the passenger details and payment details in the forms.</li>
<li>The software logs in to the IRCTC website through <strong>multiple IRCTC Ids.</strong></li>
<li>Following these steps multiple tickets can be booked. And it leads to swift online tickets booking by agents whereas common people may not get the tickets booked on their own. This creates the possibility of <strong>ticket hoarding and black marketing of tickets.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> The information supplied by RPF will help the <strong>Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS)</strong> to strengthen security features in the <strong>Passenger Reservation System (PRS).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Centre for Railway Information Systems</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Railways</strong> set up CRIS as a Society in July <strong>1986.</strong> It is the Information Technology (IT) wing of Indian Railways.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in<strong> New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>It performs the functions of Indian Railways such as passenger ticketing, freight operations, train dispatching and control, crew management, e-procurement, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Railway Protection Force</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Railway Protection Force (RPF) is a security force, established by the<strong> Railway Protection Force Act, 1957.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective</strong> of the force is "the better protection and security of railway property and passenger area".</li>
<li>It has the <strong>power to search, arrest, investigate, and prosecute offenses</strong> committed under <strong>Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act 1966, the Railways Act, 1989.</strong></li>
<li>However, the power of arrests under other penal laws rests in the hands of the <strong>Government Railway Police (GRP).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GRP is part of the<strong> state police. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Law and order and policing</strong> on railways, including on trains, is the responsibility of the GRP.</li>
<li>GRP enquire into accidents on railway,</li>
<li>GRP renders assistance to railway officers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>CAPTCHA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CAPTCHA stands for <strong>Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart.</strong></li>
<li>CAPTCHA determines whether the user is real or a spam robot.</li>
<li>CAPTCHA uses several human validation methods including math or general knowledge questions, visual puzzles and even chess puzzles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1652341" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Delhi Master Plan 2041',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Delhi Development Authority (DDA)</strong> has decided to hold public consultations for the preparation of the<strong> Master Plan for Delhi 2041,</strong> a vision document for Delhi's development over the next two decades.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>DDA,</strong> in partnership with the <strong>National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA),</strong> is currently <strong>preparing the Master Plan for Delhi 2041.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>existing Master Plan for Delhi,</strong> which lays down<strong> planning guidelines, policies, code of development, and space requirements</strong> for various socio-economic activities will come to end in 2021.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of 2041 Master Plan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This Master Plan focuses on <strong>sustainability, inclusivity and equity.</strong></li>
<li>It endeavours to be <strong>proactive and forward-looking</strong> in nature that accounts for current, emerging and anticipated drivers of urban development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Area of Focus:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>blue-green infrastructure, cycling infrastructure, walking circuits for pedestrians,</strong> and focus on <strong>unauthorised colonies</strong> to make it less dense.</li>
<li>There is also a plan to develop spaces for yoga, active sports, open air exhibitions, museums and information centres, and other low impact public uses.</li>
<li>The Master Plan will be able fulfill various provisions of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> (SDGs) like:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SDG 6-</strong> Clean water and sanitation.</li>
<li><strong>SDG 11-</strong> Sustainable cities and communities.</li>
<li><strong>SDG 14-</strong> Life below water.</li>
<li><strong>SDG 15-</strong> Life on land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Blue-Green Infra Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to <strong>urban planning</strong> where <strong>water bodies and land are interdependent,</strong> and grow with the help of each other while offering environmental and social benefits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Blue&rsquo;</strong> infrastructure refers to water bodies like rivers, canals, ponds, wetlands, floodplains, and water treatment facilities.</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Green&rsquo;</strong> stands for trees, lawns, hedgerows, parks, fields, and forests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Working:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Delhi has around 50 big drains (blue areas) but due to their poor condition and encroachment, the land around green areas has also been affected. In the recent past severe air pollution has also affected the city.</li>
<li>The master plan focuses on removal of all sources of pollution by checking the outfall of untreated wastewater as well as removal of existing pollutants. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per report by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board</strong></a>, Delhi generates 3,800 million litres of sewage per day and half of this goes directly into water bodies without being treated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>mix of mechanised and natural systems may be adopted,</strong> and<strong> dumping of solid wastes</strong> in any of these sites will be strictly prohibited by local bodies, through the imposition of <strong>penalties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lack of access to basic services</strong> of <strong>water and sanitation</strong> and other facilities.</li>
<li>Other issues included legality of some of the properties, narrow access roads, congestion, conflicts between commercial and residential uses, quality of drinking water and water logging.</li>
<li>Vulnerability and risks related to disasters such as fire, earthquakes, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of coordination between multiplicity of agencies</strong> like DDA, Delhi Jal Board, Flood and Irrigation Department, and various municipal corporations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The challenge of multiplicity of agencies needs to be dealt with by the government. This will increase coordination and cooperation among these agencies.</li>
<li>There must be a strict adherence to plans for cleaning of water bodies and drains which has been a challenge for agencies in Delhi for years. Dumping of waste in the Yamuna river also needs to be strictly regulated.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/in-master-plan-delhi-2041-focus-on-citys-water-bodies-green-lungs-and-unauthorised-colonies-6585895/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Rogan Art: Gujarat',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The centuries old tradition of Rogan art <strong>(hand painting on cloth),</strong> is facing an unprecedented challenge due to pandemic.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599635680_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599635680_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The word <strong>Rogan means &ldquo;Oil&rdquo; in Persian.</strong> With origins in Persia, it came to Kutch around 300 years ago.</li>
<li>This rare craft is practised by a lone Muslim family, the Khatris of <strong>Nirona Village, Gujarat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technique:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rogan is a form of textile painting which uses a rich, brightly coloured paint made from <strong>castor oil and natural colors.</strong> Castor is a crop commonly grown in the Kutch region of Gujarat and the artists source it from the local farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patterns:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The intricate motifs &ndash; geometric flowers, peacocks, the tree of life, etc. &ndash; are drawn from the <strong>history and folk culture of the Kutch region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The castor paste is mixed with natural colours and then is drawn out into a fine &lsquo;thread&rsquo; with a <strong>metal stylus or &lsquo;Kalam&rsquo;.</strong> This metal rod never comes in contact with the fabric.</li>
<li>The artisans then carefully twist the paint across the cloth into motifs and patterns.</li>
<li>Next, the fabric is folded thereby <strong>printing its mirror image.</strong> The finer details are then added thus completing the Rogan painting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> &lsquo;Tree of Life&rsquo;</strong> design is the most famous design in Rogan painting. It is inspired by traditional Persian designs. The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, gifted Rogan paintings to the USA president, Barack Obama, during his visit to the USA in 2014.</li>
<li>The nine artists from the Khatri family have six national awards and six State awards between them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Important Painting Styles of India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kangra-painting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kangra Miniature Painting (Himachal Pradesh)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-affects-odisha-s-art-and-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pattachitra Painting (Odisha)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Thanjavur Painting (Tamil Nadu)</strong></a></li>
<li><strong><a href="/prelims/prelims-subject-wise-compilation-gs-paper-1/ancient-history-and-art-culture" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kishangarh school of Painting (Rajasthan)</a>: </strong>The well-known painting <strong>"Bani Thani" </strong>belongs to this style of painting.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-17th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalamkari Painting (Andhra Pradesh)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madhubani-paintings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Madhubani Painting (Bihar)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/warli-adivasi-revolt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Warli Painting (Maharashtra)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/artist-jabbar-khatri-talks-about-rogan-arts-connect-during-covid-19/article32541097.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Impacts of Bt Cotton',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial analysis is based on the article <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-twisted-trajectory-of-bt-cotton/article32566091.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The twisted trajectory of Bt cotton</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 10<sup>th</sup> of September 2020. It analyses the impact of the Bt. Cotton on Indian farming and farmers.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-seeds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetically modified (GM) cotton</strong></a>, the plant containing the pesticide gene from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), has been grown in India for about twenty years now. This pesticide, now produced in each Bt plant cell, ought to protect the plant from bollworm, thereby increasing yields and reducing insecticide spraying on the cotton plant. However despite finding huge favour in India, the GM crop has only brought modest benefits according to several studies.</p>
<h3>History of Bt. Cotton</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cotton has been woven and used in India for thousands of years.</li>
<li>Cotton fabric from around 3,000 BCE has been excavated from the ruins of Mohenjo-daro, and archaeological findings in Mehrgarh, Pakistan, show that cotton was used in the subcontinent as far back as 5,000 BCE.</li>
<li>Much of the cotton cultivated until the 20th century in India was of the indigenous &lsquo;desi&rsquo; variety, Gossypium arboreum.</li>
<li>From the 1990s, hybrid varieties of G. hirsutum were promoted.</li>
<li>These hybrids cannot resist a variety of local pests and require more fertilizers and pesticides. Cotton suffers from plenty of infestation from moth pests such as the Pink Bollworm (PBW) and sap-sucking pests such as aphids and mealy bugs.</li>
<li>Rising debts and reducing yields, coupled with increasing insect resistance, worsened the plight of cotton farmers.</li>
<li>It was in this setting that Bt cotton was introduced in India in 2002.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Adoption of Bt. Cotton</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Ministry of Agriculture, from 2005, adoption of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bt-cotton-in-india-problems-and-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bt cotton</strong></a> rose to 81% in 2007, and up to 93% in 2011.</li>
<li>Many short-duration studies examining Bt cotton, in the early years, pronounced that Bt was a panacea for dwindling yields and pesticide expenses.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Has Bt. Cotton been really successful?</h3>
<p><strong>Discrepancy Between Yields And Bt Cover</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are discrepancies between yield and the deployment of Bt cotton.</li>
<li>For instance, the Bt acreage was only 3.4% of the total cotton area in 2003. However the increase in yield in 2003-2004 was 61% so it is not sufficient to credit the Bt. cotton for that. Similarly Bt coverage by 2005 was only 15.7 but increase in yield increases were over 90% over 2002 levels.</li>
<li>While Bt cotton adoption corresponded to a drop in spraying for bollworms, the study states, that countrywide yields stagnated after 2007 even as more farmers began to grow Bt.</li>
<li>By 2018, yields were lower than in the years of rapid Bt adoption.</li>
<li>Many State&rsquo;s Figure Correspond To Same
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Individual State data are more helpful in understanding subnational trends.</li>
<li>In Maharashtra, yields climbed in the decade after 2000, with no change in the rate of increase when Bt cotton was introduced.</li>
<li>In Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh as well, there is no correlation between the adoption of the variety and increase in yields.</li>
<li>For instance, Gujarat&rsquo;s surge in cotton yields was 138% in 2003, even as Bt cotton was used only for 5% of land under cotton.</li>
<li>Similar findings are seen in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan, where yield increase is incongruous with the spread of Bt cotton</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Low Productivity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s productivity (yield per unit area), is much lower than other major cotton-producing countries.</li>
<li>This means that a much larger area is used for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-cotton-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> cotton</strong> </a>production and hence the Bt. Cotton has failed to increase yield.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Market Capture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Commercial Bt hybrids have overshadowed the market, accompanied by the rollback of public sector cottonseed production.</li>
<li>Hence, the Indian cotton farmers are left with little choice but to use Bt hybrid seed produced by private seed companies.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Farmers Distress</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to the combination of high input and high risk, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/agricultural-distress-in-india#:~:text=Lack%20of%20Mechanisation%3A%20Introduction%20of,like%20seeds%20and%20irrigation%20facilities." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>agricultural distress</strong></a> is extremely high among hybrid cotton cultivating farmers.</li>
<li>Compact varieties (plant is sown at high density for a small period of time) would have significantly reduced this distress as well as increased yield.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Impact Assessment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Before extending GM technology to increase food crop yield it is mandatory to assess its <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>impact</strong></a> on livelihood, agrarian distress, etc. Hence, the outcome of deploying a technology must be evaluated in a particular context.</li>
<li>If the technology does not prioritize the needs of the principal stakeholders (farmers), it can have significant negative fallouts, especially in India which has a high proportion of marginal and subsistence farmers.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Change In Cropping Pattern</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are two patterns of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cropping-patterns-and-major-crops-of-india-part-two#:~:text=In%20India%2C%20the%20cropping%20pattern,economic%20conditions%20of%20the%20farmers.&amp;text=Green%20Revolution%20also%20led%20to,Punjab%2C%20Haryana%20and%20Uttar%20Pradesh." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cotton plantation.</strong></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One is compact and short term where the plant is sown at high density for a small period of time.</li>
<li>The other is for longer duration and not that dense.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India prefers longer duration with less density method.</li>
<li>However, hybrids in India are bushy, long duration and planted at a ten-fold lower density but cotton is a dryland crop and 65% of the area under cotton in India is rain-fed.</li>
<li>Farmers with insufficient access to groundwater in these areas are entirely dependent on rain. Here, the shorter duration variety has a major advantage as it reduces dependence on irrigation and risk.</li>
<li>Particularly late in the growing season when soil moisture drops following the monsoon&rsquo;s withdrawal.</li>
<li>This period is when bolls develop and water requirement is the highest.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Focus On Indigenous Breeds</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Before the advent of British in India, different varieties of cotton indigenously developed over a long period of time, were grown in different parts of the country, each being suited to the local soil, water and climate.</li>
<li>Indian cotton fabrics dominated the world trade during the succeeding millennia and were exported to many places, including Greece, Rome, Persia, Egypt, Assyria and parts of Asia.</li>
<li>The cost of ignoring &lsquo;desi&rsquo; varieties for decades has been high for India.</li>
<li>These varieties resist many pests and don&rsquo;t present the problems faced with hybrids.</li>
<li>Research suggests that with pure-line cotton varieties, high density planting, and short season plants, cotton yields in India can be good and stand a better chance at withstanding the vagaries of climate change.</li>
<li>Government backing for resources, infrastructure and seeds is essential to scale up &lsquo;desi&rsquo; varieties.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599739486_Image12.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599739486_Image12.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #f70000; background-color: #f2f3fc;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;Despite finding huge favour in India, the GM crop has only brought modest benefits&rdquo;. In the light of statement critically analyse the use and impact of hybrid cotton seed in India.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4EeDV0ZEumU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/vaccine-for-all-on-covid-19-vaccine-policy/article32555374.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Vaccine for all: On COVID-19 vaccine policy&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on September 9<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/impacts-of-bt-cotton'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'UK Internal Market Bill, 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>new UK Internal Market Bill</strong> has run into controversy over its impact on talks with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union</strong> </a>(EU) and on international treaties, given it could rewrite parts of the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/brexit-deal-what-lies-ahead" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Brexit withdrawal agreement.</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599737443_image11.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599737443_image11.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Bill:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bill is <strong>designed to &ldquo;protect jobs and trade&rdquo; within the UK</strong> after the end of 2020&rsquo;s<strong> transition period</strong> for leaving the EU.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the withdrawal treaty, a transition period has been<strong> finalised until December 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will enable the UK government to provide<strong> financial assistance to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland</strong> and with new <strong>powers to spend taxpayers&rsquo; money</strong> previously administered by the EU.</li>
<li>It will also <strong>empower ministers to pass regulations,</strong> specifically on<strong> trade and state aid, even if they are contrary to the agreement</strong> previously reached with the EU under what is known as the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-uk-s-constitutional-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Irish Backstop</strong></a> (earlier known as the <strong>Northern Ireland Protocol).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Irish Backstop is the draft agreement between the UK and the EU that <strong>aims to prevent a hard border</strong> (limited number of authorised crossing points staffed by customs officers and police)<strong> in Ireland after the UK leaves the EU.</strong></li>
<li>Northern Ireland will become the<strong> UK&rsquo;s only land border with the EU</strong> after the transition ends.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The UK has held that the Bill is<strong> needed for a smooth trade</strong> between England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and will <strong>help power recovery from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the UK is a part of the European single market, with <strong>jointly agreed regulations and standards</strong> right across the continent.</li>
<li>Post-Brexit, the UK wants to continue to have a<strong> joint and &ldquo;internal market&rdquo; across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.</strong></li>
<li>Due to Brexit, <strong>rules and regulations</strong> around things like food and air quality and animal welfare <strong>have to be set in the UK only but there is a conflict</strong> on who should have the ultimate authority out of the four countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticisms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the EU Withdrawal Treaty, <strong>England is meant to cooperate with Brussels (EU&rsquo;s Headquarter)</strong> on any arrangements for Northern Ireland and not decide on such matters all by itself.</li>
<li>Scotland holds that the new Bill is a<strong> just a power-grab by England</strong> from the devolved administrations in Scotland itself, Wales and Northern Ireland.</li>
<li><strong>All four nations will have to accept goods at the standards set in any one country</strong> so there are fears local <strong>quality controls could be dragged down</strong> to the lowest common denominator if England sets any such standard which is not practical or profitable for the rest of the three countries.</li>
<li>Furthermore, under the current proposals, <strong>any disputes would be settled by a new Office</strong> for the Internal Market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This might be envisioned as an independent third party forum, but the devolved administrations see it as being <strong>another example of decisions being taken out of their hands.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/uks-new-law-breaches-eu-treaty/article32564780.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uk-internal-market-bill-2020'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Shikshak Parv',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Shikshak Parv is<strong> being celebrated from 8<sup>th</sup>-25<sup>th</sup> September 2020</strong> to <strong>felicitate the teachers</strong> and to<strong> take <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">New Education Policy (NEP) 2020</a> forward.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the Shikshak Parv initiative, the<strong> Ministry of Education</strong> is organizing a series of webinars on NEP and its implementation.</li>
<li><strong>Teachers&rsquo; Day</strong> is celebrated on <strong>5<sup>th</sup> September</strong> every year throughout <strong>India</strong> in memory of <strong>Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan</strong> on his birth anniversary.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Radhakrishnan was born in a family in Tiruttani (Tamil Nadu) in 1888.</li>
<li>He has played many roles in his life. He has been a teacher, philosopher, author and politician. He was the <strong>first Vice President of India (1952&ndash;1962)</strong> and the <strong>second President of India from 1962 to 1967.</strong></li>
<li>He was awarded <strong>knighthood in 1931. </strong>In 1954, he was <strong>awarded <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/padma-awards-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bharat Ratna</a>,</strong> the highest civilian award in India. He got<strong> honorary membership of the British Royal Order of Merit</strong> in 1963.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>World Teachers&rsquo; Day</strong> is celebrated on <strong>5<sup>th</sup> October</strong> annually to commemorate the anniversary of the adoption of the <strong>1966 ILO/UNESCO Recommendation</strong> concerning the Status of Teachers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This instrument sets forth the rights and responsibilities of teachers, and standards for their initial preparation and further education, recruitment, employment, teaching and learning conditions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Education Policy (NEP) 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This policy aims to pave the way for transformational reforms in school and higher education systems in the country. This policy<strong> replaces the 34 year old National Policy on Education (NPE),1986.</strong></li>
<li>NEP 2020 is <strong>aligned to the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</a>.</strong> It is built on the <strong>foundational pillars of Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability and Accountability.</strong></li>
<li>An autonomous body, the <strong>National Educational Technology Forum (NETF),</strong> is proposed to provide a platform to facilitate decision making on the induction, deployment, and use of technology, as well as the opportunity to consult and share best practices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599734985_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599734985_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1652690" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shikshak-parv'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'New FDI Policy in Defence Sector',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet approved a new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-foreign-direct-investment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment</strong></a> <strong>(FDI)</strong> policy in the defence sector which allows the FDI through automatic approval to be increased from 49% to 74%.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the defence industry can bring FDI up to 49% under the<strong> automatic route,</strong> and above it <strong>under government route.</strong></li>
<li>However, the new policy has a <strong>&lsquo;National Security&rsquo;</strong> clause as a condition which has been proposed by the <strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Security Clause:</strong> FDI in the defence sector<strong> shall be subject to scrutiny on the ground of National Security</strong> and the <strong>Government reserves the right to review</strong> any foreign investment in the defence sector that may affect national security.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening Indigenous Manufacturing:</strong> Through more <strong>liberalised FDI policy</strong> the government is seeking<strong> to attract foreign players</strong> to set up manufacturing units in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been focusing on the <strong>defence sector to act as an engine for boosting manufacturing in the country,</strong> and is <strong>aiming</strong> to achieve a turnover of Rs 1.75 lakh crore, including exports worth Rs 35,000 crore, by 2025. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As of 2019, the defence industry, along with the aerospace and shipbuilding industry, was estimated to be worth Rs. 80,000 crore, of which the share of Public Sector Units (PSUs) was nearly 80%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government has brought a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-defence-production-and-export-promotion-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020 (DPEPP 2020)</strong></a>, which <strong>aims</strong> to provide an overarching guiding document to provide a focused, structured and significant thrust to defence production capabilities of the country for self-reliance and exports.</li>
<li>The government has also brought a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/negative-imports-list-for-defence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>negative imports list</strong></a> for defence equipment and a dedicated budget for capital acquisition from the domestic industry. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The negative imports list<strong> contains a list of weapons that will not be imported</strong> and can only be purchased from within the country.</li>
<li>It was done with an aim to <strong>reduce the defence import bill.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government has <strong>inaugurated two defence industrial corridors,</strong> in <strong>Tamil Nadu and in Uttar Pradesh,</strong> to boost the flagship <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india#:~:text=On%20September%2025%2C%202014%2C%20the,surpassing%20the%20U.S.%20and%20China." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Make in India'</strong></a> programme that in turn would attract investments as well as encourage employment generation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Foreign Direct Investment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FDI is an <strong>investment made by a firm or individual</strong> in one country into business interests located in another country.</li>
<li>Generally, FDI takes place when an investor establishes foreign business operations or acquires foreign business assets, including establishing ownership or controlling interest in a foreign company.</li>
<li>It is different from<strong> Foreign Portfolio Investment</strong> where the foreign entity merely buys equity shares of a company. FPI does not provide the investor with control over the business.</li>
<li>Routes through which India gets FDI:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Automatic Route:</strong> In this, the foreign entity does not require the prior approval of the government or the RBI.</li>
<li><strong>Government route:</strong> In this, the foreign entity has to take the approval of the government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal</strong> (FIFP) facilitates the single window clearance of applications which are through approval route.</li>
<li>This portal is administered by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new FDI policy has the potential to reduce dependency on imports in the defence sector and boost manufacturing in India.</li>
<li>It will also provide employment and business opportunities to the Indian businesses and boost self-dependency.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/govt-puts-national-security-clause-in-defence-fdi-hike-to-74-per-cent-6589841/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-fdi-policy-in-defence-sector'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'EASE 2.0  Banking Reforms Index',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>EASE (Enhanced Access and Service Excellence) 2.0 Banking Reforms Index</strong> on performance of Public Sector Banks (PSB) from March 2018-2020 was released and best performing banks on EASE were felicitated.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Union Minister of Finance &amp; Corporate Affairs also inaugurated<strong> Doorstep Banking Services by PSBs</strong> on the occasion.</li>
<li>In February, 2020, <strong>EASE 3.0 (2020-21)</strong> for smart, tech-enabled banking was also unveiled.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599732321_image9.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599732321_image9.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>EASE Reforms Agenda:</strong> It was launched in<strong> January 2018</strong> jointly<strong> by the government and PSBs.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was commissioned through <strong>Indian Banks&rsquo; Association</strong> and authored by <strong>Boston Consulting Group.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Indian Banks' Association, formed on 26<sup>th</sup> September 1946 is an association of Indian banks and financial institutions based in Mumbai.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>EASE Agenda is aimed at institutionalizing <strong>CLEAN and SMART banking.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>EASE Reforms Index:</strong> The Index measures <strong>performance of each PSB</strong> on 120+ objective metrics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Index follows a fully transparent scoring methodology, which <strong>enables banks to identify their strengths</strong> as well as<strong> areas for improvement.</strong></li>
<li>The goal is to continue driving change by <strong>encouraging healthy competition among PSBs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>EASE 1.0 :</strong> The EASE 1.0 report showed significant improvement in PSB performance in resolution of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/solving-the-npa-crisis-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non Performing Assets</a> (NPAs)</strong> transparently.</li>
<li><strong>EASE 2.0 :</strong> EASE 2.0 builds on the foundation of EASE 1.0 and introduces<strong> new reform Action Points</strong> across six themes to make reforms journey irreversible, strengthen processes and systems, and drive outcomes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>six themes</strong> of EASE 2.0 are - <br />
<ol>
<li>Responsible Banking;</li>
<li>Customer Responsiveness;</li>
<li>Credit Off-take;</li>
<li>PSBs as <strong>UdyamiMitra</strong> (SIDBI portal for credit management of MSMEs);</li>
<li>Financial Inclusion &amp; Digitalisation; and</li>
<li>Governance and HR</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Performance of PSB on EASE 2.0 Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Overall Score: Increased by 37%</strong> between March-2019 and March-2020, with the average EASE index score improving from <strong>49.2 to 67.4</strong> out of 100.</li>
<li><strong>Top Performing Banks: Bank of Baroda,</strong> State Bank of India, and erstwhile Oriental Bank of Commerce</li>
<li><strong>Major improvements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Digital Banking:</strong> Nearly 4 crore active customers on mobile and internet banking.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>50% of financial transactions through digital channels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Customer service:</strong> Increase in <strong>number of call centres</strong> and <strong>inclusion of 13 regional languages</strong> in customer service, enhanced doorstep banking support by <strong>75,000+ Bank Mitras etc.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Easy loans:</strong> Turnaround time for retail loans reduced by from <strong>nearly 30 days to nearly 10 days.</strong></li>
<li><strong>NPAs and Frauds:</strong> Gross NPAs reduced from Rs. 8.96 lakh crore in March-2018 to Rs. 6.78 lakh crore in March-2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A sharp decline in fraud occurrence from 0.65% of advances during FY10-FY14 to 0.06% in FY19-20</li>
<li>Record recovery of Rs. 2.27 lakh crore in FY19-FY20</li>
<li>Banks have taken steps like instituting <strong>data-driven risk assessments</strong> and introducing <strong>Early Warning Signals (EWS)</strong> systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599732358_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599732358_image8.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>EASE 3.0</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A comprehensive agenda for <strong>smart, tech-enabled banking</strong> has been adopted for FY 2020-21, under which PSBs have initiated<strong> eShishu Mudra</strong> (app-based lending for instant sanction of working capital up to Rs. 50,000) for straight-through processing of loans to micro-enterprises.</li>
<li>EASE 3.0 seeks to enhance ease of banking in all customer experiences, using technology viz. <strong>Dial-a-loan, Partnerships with FinTechs and E-commerce companies, [email protected], Tech-enabled agriculture lending, EASE Banking Outlets etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Doorstep Banking Services</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As part of the EASE Reforms, Doorstep Banking Services is envisaged to provide convenience of banking services to the customers at their doorstep through the universal touch points of <strong>Call Centre, Web Portal or Mobile App.</strong></li>
<li>At present,<strong> only non-financial services viz.</strong> request for account statement, delivery of cheque book, demand draft, pay order etc are available to customers. <strong>Financial services shall be made available from October 2020.</strong></li>
<li>The services shall benefit all customers, particularly<strong> Senior Citizens and Divyangs</strong> who would find it at ease to avail these services.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1652723" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-2-0-banking-reforms-index'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Typhoon Maysak and Typhoon Haishen',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Why in News</p>
<p>Recently, <strong>Korean Peninsula</strong> and<strong> Japan</strong> were hit by two typhoons named<strong> Maysak</strong> and <strong>Haishen.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Typhoons</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Typhoons are a kind of<strong> storm.</strong> The storms, depending on where they occur, may be called <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hurricane-laura" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hurricanes</a>, typhoons or cyclones.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Typhoons:</strong> In the China Sea and Pacific Ocean.</li>
<li><strong>Hurricanes:</strong> In the West Indian islands in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean.</li>
<li><strong>Tornados:</strong> In the Guinea lands of West Africa and southern USA.</li>
<li><strong>Willy-willies:</strong> In north-western Australia and</li>
<li><strong>Tropical Cyclones:</strong> In the Indian Ocean Region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scientific name for all these kinds of storms is <strong>tropical cyclones.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tropical cyclones</strong> are intense circular storms that originate over the warm tropical oceans with speed more than 119 kilometres per hour and heavy rains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599730742_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599730742_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="614" height="328" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Categorisation:</strong> Both typhoons were categorised as a <strong>Category 4 hurricane storm.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Category 4 storm has <strong>wind speeds between 130-156 mph</strong> and can uproot trees and bring down power lines.</li>
<li>Hurricanes are categorized on the <strong>Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale,</strong> which rates them on a scale of 1 to 5 based on wind speed. Hurricanes that reach category <strong>three or higher</strong> are classified as<strong> major hurricanes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Naming:</strong> The <strong>Maysak</strong> typhoon takes its name from a <strong>Cambodian word</strong> for a type of <strong>tree.</strong> While, Haishen means<strong> sea god</strong> in <strong>Chinese.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Typhoon Maysak and Haishen are referred to as typhoon number 9 and 10 in Japan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background of Naming:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>Japan</strong> the first typhoon to occur after January 1<sup>st</sup> of the year is called typhoon number 1.</li>
<li>In the <strong>USA,</strong> hurricanes are referred to by English names.</li>
<li>The intergovernmental organisation called the <strong>Typhoon Committee</strong> which has 14 members including Japan, USA and China uses Asian names for typhoons that are contributed by the member countries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Haishen was a name recommended by China, while Maysak is a Combodian name.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/typhoon-pummels-south-korea-with-flooding/article32510493.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/typhoon-maysak-and-typhoon-haishen'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-Atal New India Challenge',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>ARISE-Atal New India Challenge (ANIC) Program, launched by the government, is a<strong> national initiative</strong> to promote <strong>research &amp; innovation</strong> and increase<strong> competitiveness</strong> of Indian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/policy-reforms-for-startups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>startups</strong></a> and <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises</strong></a> (MSMEs).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To proactively collaborate with Ministries and the associated industries <strong>to catalyse research, innovation and facilitate innovative solutions</strong> to sectoral problems.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objective is also to provide a steady stream of innovative products &amp; solutions where the Central Government Ministries/Departments will become the <strong>potential first buyers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative will be carried under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aim-icrest-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Innovation Mission</strong></a> <strong>(AIM - an</strong> initiative by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a>).</li>
<li>The programme will be driven by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organization</strong> </a><strong>(ISRO)</strong> and four ministries:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ministry of Defence;</li>
<li>Ministry of Food Processing Industries;</li>
<li>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; and</li>
<li>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative will help promote techno-preneurs who deserve to be supported because of their immense potential of taking India forward.</li>
<li>A total of 15 sector-specific challenges will be selected where <strong>three challenges</strong> are kept for<strong> each ministry.</strong></li>
<li>A grant-of-aid of up<strong> Rs. 50 lakh</strong> for a period of 9 to 12 months have been earmarked for startups to develop <strong>a minimum usable prototype.</strong></li>
<li>Innovators would also be attracted by using the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-gandhian-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi Challenge method.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>On the 150<sup>th</sup> birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, &lsquo;the Gandhian Challenge&rsquo; was launched.</li>
<li>It provides a platform for <strong>every child across India</strong> to ideate innovative solutions for a sustainable India of their dreams, using Gandhi&rsquo;s principles.</li>
<li>Broad categories in the challenge:<strong> Art &amp; Innovation and Science, Technology &amp; Innovation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Program is in line with the mandate of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india#:~:text=On%20September%2025%2C%202014%2C%20the,surpassing%20the%20U.S.%20and%20China." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Make in India&rdquo;</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund#:~:text=early%2Dstage%20companies.-,Startup%20India,innovation%20and%20entrepreneurship%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Startup India&rdquo;</strong></a></li>
<li>&ldquo;Aatmanirbhar Bharat&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of the Indian Space Research Organisation :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ISRO is the leading organization to promote innovations and entrepreneurship across the length and breath of our country.</li>
<li>ISRO has extensively supported MSMEs and has also set up R&amp;D labs across India to promote innovation and research in space science and technology.</li>
<li>ISRO is planning to <strong>adopt 100 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-collabcad-in-atal-tinkering-labs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atal Tinkering Labs</a>,</strong> 3 each in each state and UTs.</li>
<li><strong>Three thrust areas identified by ISRO:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Propulsion:</strong> Green propellants, electric propulsion, and advanced air-breathing.</li>
<li><strong>Geo-spatial Information:</strong> Using <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial Intelligence</a> (AI)</strong> for crop monitoring, weather forecasting and programme evaluation.</li>
<li><strong>AI and Robotics:</strong> For supporting space exploration and outer space monitoring.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of MSMEs for Indian Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are considered as the engine of growth in an economy.</li>
<li><strong>Employment:</strong> It is the second largest employment generating sector after agriculture. It provides employment to around 120 million persons in India.</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to GDP:</strong> With around 36.1 million units throughout the geographical expanse of the country, MSMEs contribute around 6.11% of the manufacturing GDP and 24.63% of the GDP from service activities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MSME ministry has set a target to up its contribution to GDP to 50% by 2025 as India becomes a $5 trillion economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exports:</strong> It contributes around 45% of the overall exports from India.</li>
<li><strong>Inclusive growth:</strong> MSMEs promote inclusive growth by providing employment opportunities in rural areas especially to people belonging to weaker sections of the society.</li>
<li><strong>Financial inclusion:</strong> Small industries and retail businesses in tier-II and tier-III cities create opportunities for people to use banking services and products.</li>
<li><strong>Promote innovation:</strong> It provides opportunity for budding entrepreneurs to build creative products boosting business competition and fuels growth.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Atal Innovation Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AIM is Government of India&rsquo;s flagship initiative to promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship in the country.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s <strong>objective</strong> is to develop new programmes and policies for fostering innovation in different sectors of the economy, provide platform and collaboration opportunities for different stakeholders, create awareness and create an umbrella structure to oversee the innovation ecosystem of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Major Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-collabcad-in-atal-tinkering-labs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Tinkering Labs</strong></a>: These are creating problem solving mindset across schools in India.</li>
<li><strong>Atal Incubation Centers:</strong> Fostering world class startups and adding a new dimension to the incubator model.</li>
<li><strong>Atal New India Challenges:</strong> Fostering product innovations and aligning them to the needs of various sectors/ministries.</li>
<li><strong>Mentor India Campaign:</strong> A national mentor network in collaboration with the public sector, corporates and institutions, to support all the initiatives of the mission.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-community-innovation-centre" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Community Innovation Center:</strong></a> To stimulate community centric innovation and ideas in the <strong>unserved/underserved regions of the</strong> <strong>country</strong> including Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities.</li>
<li><strong>Atal Research and Innovation for Small Enterprises (ARISE):</strong> To stimulate innovation and research in the MSME industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599727741_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599727741_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1652751#:~:text=ISRO%20and%20Four%20Ministries%20Roped%20In&amp;text=Atal%20Innovation%20Mission%20(AIM)%2C,in%20Indian%20MSMEs%20and%20startups." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aatmanirbhar-bharat-arise-atal-new-india-challenge'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Indo-Pacific Trilateral Dialogue',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>India, Australia and France</strong> held a dialogue for the first time under a <strong>trilateral framework.</strong> The three sides have<strong> agreed to hold the dialogue on an annual basis.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Focus: Enhancing cooperation</strong> in the<strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importancehttps://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Indo-Pacific Region.</a></strong><strong>&nbsp;</strong><strong>Australia,</strong> along with <strong>France,</strong> has emerged as a<strong> major strategic partner for India</strong> in the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean Region (IOR), especially in the maritime domain. For instance:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has <strong>logistics agreements</strong> with both countries. The logistics agreement provides for easier access to supplies of goods and services.</li>
<li>There is significant cooperation in information exchange for <strong>Maritime Domain Awareness.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>France was the first country to deploy a Liaison Officer at the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Navy&rsquo;s Information Fusion Centre (IFC-IOR)</strong></a> as part of efforts to improve Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India conducted its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-france-joint-patrolling" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>first joint patrols</strong> </a>with France in Reunion Island (western Indian ocean) in February 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chinese Factor:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The trilateral cooperation will help to take on China's aggressive behaviour in the Indo-Pacific region. E.g in South China Sea.</li>
<li>This trilateral cooperation is an addition to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Quad</strong> </a>which comprises the USA, Japan, Australia and India.</li>
<li>It also adds diplomatic muscle to the global coalition that is shaping up to counter China's belligerence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Discussed:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Possibility of <strong>enhancing maritime security cooperation</strong> between the three countries in the Indo-Pacific region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also includes areas of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, maritime domain awareness, mutual logistics support and capacity-building of friendly countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region,</strong> initiatives such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-assembly-of-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure</strong></a>, and the need for a <strong>reformed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-75-declaration" target="_blank" rel="noopener">multilateralism.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Cooperation on marine global commons.</strong> It includes <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blue economy</strong></a>, <strong>marine biodiversity</strong> and <strong>environmental challenges</strong> such as marine pollution.</li>
<li><strong>Practical cooperation</strong> at the<strong> trilateral and regional level,</strong> including through regional organisations such as <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a> (IORA)</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-as-an-observer-at-ioc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Ocean Commission.</strong></a></li>
<li>The increased salience of<strong> resilient and reliable supply chains.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India, Australia and Japan recently inked an initiative to build resilient supply chains, which is named as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-of-supply-chain-resilience-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI).</strong></a> France may join this initiative too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Emerging challenges</strong> in the context of <strong>Covid-19 pandemic,</strong> including the financial impact of the pandemic on the Indian Ocean region countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Significance of the Indo-Pacific Region</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2018 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-maritime-affairs-dialogue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shangrila Dialogue</strong></a> India had clearly indicated the geographical reach of <strong>India&rsquo;s idea of the Indo-Pacific,</strong> which starts from <strong>Africa to the America,</strong> which covers both the Indian and Pacific Oceans, in tandem with that of Japan.</li>
<li>It is a very<strong> rich region in terms of natural resources</strong> (fisheries, oil, gas) as well as mineral resources.</li>
<li><strong>Trade of some of the major economies</strong> like China, Japan, Korea or the west coast of the United States goes through this region.</li>
<li>About 50% of <strong>India&rsquo;s trade</strong> is conducted through the South China Sea. India has been one of the major players in the region. <strong>India conducts many naval exercises</strong> with the United States, countries of ASEAN, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.</li>
<li>The international community including India wants freedom of navigation, freedom of over flights in the region.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599733774_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599733774_image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>France and Australia are India&rsquo;s key partners in the Indo-Pacific region. The meeting provided a unique opportunity to build upon the progress that the three countries have achieved bilaterally in recent years.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indo-pacific-cooperation-maritime-security-in-focus-at-trilateral-dialogue-6589741/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indo-pacific-trilateral-dialogue'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'NSO Report on Education',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Statistical Organisation</strong></a> (NSO) released a report &lsquo;Household Social Consumption: Education in India&rsquo;, as part of the <strong>75<sup>th</sup> round of National Sample Survey (July 2017 to June 2018).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NSO also had released a Report on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gap-in-vaccination-of-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Health in India</strong></a> based on the same survey.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599724362_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599724362_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="281" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the<strong> 6<sup>th</sup> survey on social consumption relating to education.</strong> Earlier, 35<sup>th</sup>, 42<sup>nd</sup>, 52<sup>nd</sup>, 64<sup>th</sup>, and 71<sup>st</sup> rounds had surveys on this subject. The 71<sup>st</sup> round pertained to January-June 2014.</li>
<li>A sample of 64,519 rural households from 8,097 villages and 49,238 urban households from 6,188 blocks was surveyed all over India.</li>
<li>This survey covered <strong>both qualitative and quantitative aspects</strong> related to educational attainment of the household members and educational services used by them.</li>
<li><strong>Internet access-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a major <strong>digital divide within the country</strong> across states, cities and villages, and income groups <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-statistical-organisation-survey-on-digital-education-divide" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(National Statistical Organisation Survey on Digital Education Divide).</strong></a></li>
<li>Nearly <strong>4% of rural households and 23% of urban households</strong> possessed computers and <strong>24% of the households in the country had internet access.</strong></li>
<li>Among persons of age 15-29 years, nearly <strong>24% in rural areas and 56% in urban areas were able to operate a computer.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Education and Literacy Rates:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Literacy rate</strong> among persons (aged 7 years and above) in India was about 77.7%. In rural areas, the literacy rate was 73.5% compared to 87.7% in urban areas <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-literacy-rate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Report on Literacy Rate).</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Male literacy rate was higher</strong> (84.7%) than female literacy rate (70.3%).</li>
<li>Only <strong>5.7% were graduates or above in rural areas</strong> while the percentage was 21.7% in urban areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Access to schools, Attendance, Type of education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only <strong>38% of rural households have secondary schools within 1 km</strong> of the house as compared to <strong>70% for urban households.</strong></li>
<li>In rural areas <strong>92.7%</strong> of households and in urban areas, <strong>87.2%</strong> of households reported availability of primary school within 1 km from the house.</li>
<li>96.1% of students were in general education and remaining were in technical/professional education.</li>
<li><strong>Gross Attendance Ratio (GAR)</strong> at primary level was nearly 100% for both males and females in rural and urban areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For each level of education, GAR is the ratio of the number of persons attending in the level of education (For eg. Class I-V) to the number of persons in the corresponding official age-group (For eg. Total Population of age group 6-10).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Free education, Scholarships, Stipends:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At all-India level nearly <strong>14%</strong> students attending formal education received scholarship/stipend/reimbursement.</li>
<li><strong>77%</strong> of the students studying in Government institutions were receiving <strong>free education.</strong> Percentage of students studying in private unaided institutions and receiving free education was nearly 2% in rural areas and 1% in urban areas.</li>
<li>At<strong> pre-primary</strong> level nearly <strong>33% students were getting free education</strong> in India. At <strong>primary</strong> level, the proportion of students receiving free education was <strong>62%</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Private Coachings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nearly 20% of students attending pre-primary and above level were taking private coaching in India.</li>
<li>Incidence of taking private coaching was maximum at secondary level (31% of male students and 29% of female students).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Household expenditure on education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Average expenditure per student incurred during the current academic session (2017-18) for basic courses was nearly Rs. 8,331 for general courses, Rs. 50,307 for technical/professional courses.</li>
<li>The average annual expenditure on education for secondary school students is Rs. 9,013, of which Rs. 4,078 goes towards regular school fees.</li>
<li>About Rs. 1,632, or just over 18%, goes towards private coaching. In higher secondary school, students spend more than Rs. 2,500, also about 18% of the total expenditure, on private coaching.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Persons currently not attending education:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, percentages of persons in the age group of 3-35 years dropping out of studies were nearly 14% in rural areas and 10% in urban areas.</li>
<li>For the <strong>males</strong> of age 3-35 years <strong>engagement in economic activities</strong> was the most common major reason for currently not attending education, whereas for the females it was <strong>engagement in domestic activities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Digital Divide:</strong> Online education is yet to develop as a common good and too-much reliance of this mode will only lead to selective reach of education.</li>
<li><strong>Difference in literacy rate between men and women:</strong> This not only leads to <strong>increased <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-gender-gap-index-2020-wef" target="_blank" rel="noopener">gender divide</a></strong> but also leads to low participation of women in the workforce and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/women-in-research-and-development" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>research and development activities.</strong></a> Also, as the reason for women dropping out of schools remains domestic, the deep-ingrained patriarchy in the society is still the major factor behind the gender divide.</li>
<li><strong>Dependence on private coaching centres for education:</strong> This leads to the affluent having more access to education thus increasing the disparities between different social groups. It also comprises the quality of education as the emphasis often shifts to employability only, while the real motive of education should be to enhance critical thinking along with developing skills of the students.</li>
<li><strong>Heavy Household expenditure:</strong> In spite of many government initiatives to promote and improve education in governmental institutions, the cost of education is still very high for a large population to afford. The percentage of students who are receiving free education is still not enough and many needy students are outside its coverage.</li>
<li><strong>Rural and Urban Divide:</strong> The huge differences in some parameters like internet access, ability to use the internet or physical access to schools show that the Urban and rural India have very different conditions. Accordingly, there is a need for separate policies which cater to the separate needs of both, based on local input and community-led approaches.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Education Policy 2020,</strong> </a>we should hope for the education scenario in India to be improved and key concerns to be met. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>pandemic has necessitated a shift towards online education at a faster pace but the same should be complemented with infrastructure reforms, support and training by the government, aided by civil-society groups.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Source: Findings from NSO Report <a href="http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Household Social Consumption on Education in India&rdquo;.</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nso-report-on-education'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'National Statistical Organisation Survey on Digital Education Divide',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A recent report on the latest <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Statistical Organisation (NSO)</strong></a> survey shows the<strong> stark digital divide across States, cities and villages, and income groups.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey on household social consumption related to education is part of the NSO&rsquo;s 75<sup>th</sup> round of Sample Survey.</li>
<li>Schools across the country are<strong> closed for six months</strong> due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>. This means vastly different things for different people like many who have access to digital resources are getting online education, those who do not have such resources are devoid of education.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599652321_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599652321_image8.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="263" height="233" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Access to Computers and Internet:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Across India, <strong>only one in ten households have a computer &mdash;</strong> whether a desktop, laptop or tablet.</li>
<li>Almost 25%<strong> of all homes</strong> have<strong> Internet</strong> facilities, accessed via a fixed or mobile network using any device, including smartphones.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Urban-Rural Divide:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the Internet-enabled homes are located in cities, where 42% have Internet access. In rural India, however, only 15% are connected to the internet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Access and Utilization Gap:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Of course, having Internet access is no guarantee that one can use it.</li>
<li>20% of Indians above the age of 5 years had basic digital literacy,</li>
<li>Just 40% in the critical age group of 15 to 29 years, which includes all high school and college students as well as young parents responsible for teaching younger children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regional Disparity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>national capital</strong> has the <strong>highest Internet access,</strong> with<strong> 55%</strong> of homes having such facilities.</li>
<li><strong>Himachal Pradesh and Kerala</strong> are the only other States where more than half of all households have Internet.</li>
<li>Odisha is at the bottom with <strong>only one in ten homes</strong> having Internet.</li>
<li>There is less than 20% Internet penetration, even in States with software hubs such as Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disparity due to Economic status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> biggest divide</strong> is by economic status, which the NSO marks by dividing the population into five equal groups, or <strong>quintiles,</strong> based on their usual monthly per capita expenditure.</li>
<li><strong>Even in Odisha,</strong> almost<strong> 63%</strong> of homes in the<strong> top urban quintile</strong> have Internet facilities.</li>
<li>In the poorest quintile of <strong>rural Odisha,</strong> however, that figure drops to an abysmal <strong>2.4%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intra-state Inequality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kerala</strong> shows the<strong> least inequality</strong> with more than 39% of the poorest rural homes having Internet, in comparison to 67% of the richest urban homes.</li>
<li><strong>Himachal Pradesh</strong> also fares well, with 40% of the lowest rural quintile having Internet.</li>
<li><strong>Assam</strong> shows the <strong>starkest inequality,</strong> with almost 80% of the richest urban homes having the Internet access denied to 94% of those in the poorest rural homes in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre has directed State Education Departments<strong> to map the online access available to all their students</strong> in order to <strong>adequately plan curriculum and teaching methods</strong> that can reach such students.</li>
<li><strong>New Education Policy: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Education Policy, 2020</a></strong> aims at making &ldquo;India a global knowledge superpower&rdquo; by introducing several changes from the school to college level in the Indian education system with special emphasis on digital education.</li>
<li><strong>DIKSHA (Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing) platform- <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classes-in-distance-mode" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DIKSHA</a></strong> is the national platform for school education available for all states and the central government for grades 1 to 12 and was launched in September 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As part of <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-05-2020#:~:text=Technology%20Driven%20Education%20with%20Equity,one%20nation%2C%20one%20digital%20platform)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM eVidya</strong></a> announced under the Atmanirbhar Bharat programme, DIKSHA is the <strong>&lsquo;one nation; one digital platform&rsquo;</strong> for school education in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swayam Prabha TV Channel-</strong> To support and reach those who do not have access to the internet.</li>
<li><strong>Online MOOC courses-</strong> Online Massive Open Online Course MOOC courses relating to NIOS (grades 9 to 12 of open schooling) are uploaded on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swayam-and-swayam-prabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SWAYAM portal</strong></a>; around 92 courses have started and 1.5 crore students are enrolled.</li>
<li><strong>On Air &ndash;</strong> Shiksha Vani, DAISY by NIOS for differently-abled, e-PathShala- Radio broadcasting is being used for children in remote areas who are not online (especially for grades 1 to 5).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Solutions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Online education as a common good:</strong> The <strong>Centre and the state</strong> governments should start making access to technology universal and more feasible in the public education system.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, as part of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility</strong></a>, private players can involve tech-based organisations to make<strong> e-resources accessible and available</strong> to students, especially in government and low-income private schools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expansion in the scope of Right to Education:</strong> The definition of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> right to education</strong></a> needs to expand and promote online education so that it addresses the importance of connectivity and access to knowledge and information.</li>
<li><strong>Valuing teaching profession:</strong> Digital innovation provides a remarkable opportunity for the democratisation of education.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, there is a need to encourage conditions that give frontline educators autonomy and flexibility to act collaboratively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>e-Skilling:</strong> Inclusion of <strong>virtual vocational training,</strong> virtual labs &amp; skill development courses.</li>
<li><strong>Vernacular language:</strong> Developing <strong>quality e-content in local languages.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To begin with, we need to promote and ensure digital literacy among the masses, primarily uninterrupted Internet connectivity and mobile network signals in rural areas.</li>
<li>The implications of school closures in the country are not just about education; they are manifold. An unprecedented social disaster can be avoided if more entities - Government and private - pitch into short-term and long-term futures of the children in this digital divide.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nso-report-shows-stark-digital-divide-affects-education/article32554222.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-statistical-organisation-survey-on-digital-education-divide'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'India: The Tech Garage of The World',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial analysis is based on the article <a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/india-can-soon-be-the-tech-garage-of-the-world-11599616850502.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India can soon be the tech garage of the world</strong></a> which was published in Live Mint on 9<sup>th</sup> of September 2020. It analyses the opportunities before India to become a technological superpower of the world.</p>
</div>
<p>The strong and sustained growth and innovation in the technology space presents a unique opportunity for India to position itself as the &lsquo;Tech Garage of the World&rsquo; i.e, a technological powerhouse. Through the development of innovative digital and technology solutions, India can successfully find solutions to the massive and intractable challenges across several sectors.</p>
<h3>Opportunities</h3>
<p><strong>Unaffected By Covid-19 Pandemic</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Even as the world continues to grapple with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic, the remarkable resilience of India&rsquo;s tech industry has been on display, with investments soaring to a mammoth $38 billion.</li>
<li>A significant portion of these investments went to software based companies, which witnessed a major growth brought about by an increasing demand for digital tools and automation amid the current crisis.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Growing Market</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Eight of the world&rsquo;s 10 richest companies that grew and expanded lately were technology companies.</li>
<li>The fastest growing jobs on LinkedIn&rsquo;s list of emerging jobs globally are <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>artificial intelligence</strong></a> specialist and data scientist.</li>
<li>During the covid period itself, Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Facebook and Google enhanced their market capitalization by over $1 trillion.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Vibrant Ecosystem</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is the youngest country in the world with <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/india-s-demographic-dividend" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>demographic dividend</strong></a> and a vibrant <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-start-up-india-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>startup</strong></a> ecosystem.</li>
<li>In 2019 alone, over 1,300 startups were added, thereby solidifying India&rsquo;s position as the third largest startup ecosystem in the world.</li>
<li>Private equity investments hit a 10-year-high in 2019, attracting $17.3 billion and registering a yearly growth of 60.5%</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives In This Regard</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister recently entrusted <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> with the task of developing technological products in partnership with the private sector, which would enable India to leapfrog in the post-covid era which are currently in different stages of evolution.</li>
<li>The products and solutions showcased by NITI Aayog include:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Unnati:</strong> A technology platform upskilling blue and grey collar workers.</li>
<li><strong>KrishiNeev:</strong> Agriculture platform for price forecasting, productivity, quality certification and traceability. The platform claims to use blockchain technology as well as artificial intelligence and machine learning to arrive at outcomes</li>
<li><strong>Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP):</strong> An integrated multi-modal platform for digitising supply chain issues to address the logistics sector.</li>
<li><strong>SamShiksha:</strong> The platform has been conceptualised as an online university of the future and one-stop platform for higher education.</li>
<li><strong>KYC Setu:</strong> An integrated platform for digitally sharing KYC-data by individuals with new service providers.</li>
<li><strong>Kashi:</strong> The cash over internet service will provide low cost digital lending solutions to farmers and labourers on their direct benefit transfer (DBT) accounts.</li>
<li><strong>Swasth:</strong> A telemedicine app with over 5000 registered doctors will focus on integrated services for health issues, including mental health and integration of hospitals and doctors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Prime Minister also launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-india-atmanirbhar-bharat-innovate-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atma Nirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge</strong></a> to encourage the creation of world-class made in India Apps and the response was overwhelming.</li>
<li>The <a href="/search/ATAL%20INNOVATION%20MISSION" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)</strong></a> is driving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-collabcad-in-atal-tinkering-labs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Tinkering Labs</strong></a> with Artificial Intelligence, and robotics and 3D printing are being taught from class VI onwards.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AIM also supports incubators and has catalysed a creative and innovative culture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-digital-push-for-healthcare#:~:text=in%20their%20implementation.-,National%20Health%20Stack%20(NHS),the%20political%20realities%20of%20federalism." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Stack</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aarogya-setu-app-a-technological-solutionism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aarogya Setu</strong> </a>were developed envisioning a cohesive future for a healthtech ecosystem in India with public and private participation.</li>
<li>One of the most powerful examples of the potential that India has is the success of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/upi-20-launched-by-npci" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UPI</strong></a> platform in the digital financial inclusion space.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UPI, is just 4 years old but reports 10 times the number of transactions as compared to the other transactions e.g. that of through Decade-old American Express.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The development of these world-class products requires skilful application of artificial intelligence.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This necessitates critical inputs like flow of data-hungry young entrepreneurs, AI algorithm engineers, computing powers, and AI-enabling policy environment.</li>
<li>While India has humongous data, thanks to mobiles and low data costs and top-class start-up entrepreneurs, it lacks in product managers, AI scientists, product designers and software engineers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Another challenge would be to make it inclusive so that it reaches most people and must also be safe so that any issue of privacy and data theft don&rsquo;t arise.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Our Engineering colleges must be reoriented to produce AI engineers who can partner tech entrepreneurs to launch cutting-edge global tech companies.</li>
<li>The government has a crucial role to play in positioning India as the Tech Garage of the World. It should act as a catalyst, and bring together the synergies of the private sector with the aim of innovating for India and the world.</li>
<li>It has the potential to provide an enabling environment and a favourable regulatory ecosystem for the development of technology products and provide the size and scale necessary for their rollout.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The product development should ideally be undertaken through private entrepreneurship, with the government acting as a facilitator.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The key principles of product design should incorporate transparency, security and ease of access.</li>
<li>The products must have open architecture, should be portable to any hosting environment and should be available in official and regional languages.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599652575_image0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599652575_image0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9ffeb;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>India is in a bright spot to harness the power of technology and become a technological powerhouse of the world. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3m2HuaVQGAk" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/grim-sovereign-tangle-the-hindu-editorial-on-gst-compensation-standoff/article32508212.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Grim Sovereign Tangle: On GST compensation standoff&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on September 3<sup>rd</sup> 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-the-tech-garage-of-the-world'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Gap in Vaccination of Children',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the<strong> &lsquo;Health in India&rsquo;</strong> report recently published by the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Statistical Organisation</a> (NSO)</strong>, the<strong> full immunisation</strong> programme is not completed among 40% of the children.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report is based on the <strong>75<sup>th</sup> round of the National Sample Survey (July 2017-June 2018)</strong> on household social consumption related to health.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Full Immunisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It means that a<strong> child receives a cocktail of eight vaccine doses</strong> in the first year of life. This includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>BCG Vaccine:</strong> It is injected in a single dose shortly after birth, which protects against a childhood attack of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-with-the-world-bank-to-eliminate-tb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tuberculosis.</strong> </a></li>
<li><strong>Measles</strong> Vaccine: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-impact-on-measles-immunization-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Measles</strong></a> is a viral disease.</li>
<li><strong>Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV):</strong> It is given against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-polio-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>polio</strong></a> <strong>virus.</strong> Its first dose is given at birth, followed by two more doses at intervals of four weeks.</li>
<li><strong>DPT/Pentavalent Vaccine:</strong> It is injected in three doses, which is meant to protect a child from <strong>diphtheria, pertussis or whooping cough, tetanus, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-hepatitis-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hepatitis B</a>,</strong> and <strong>meningitis</strong> and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> pneumonia</strong></a> caused by <strong>haemophilus influenzae type B.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Booster doses for OPV and DPT are also given between 16 and 24 months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Across the country, only 59.2% of children under five years are fully immunised.</li>
<li>About 97% of children across the country received<strong> at least one vaccination &mdash;</strong> mostly <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/enhancing-bcg-vaccine-efficacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BCG</strong></a> or the first dose of OPV at birth.</li>
<li>Only 67% of children are protected against <strong>measles.</strong> Only 58% got their polio booster dose, while 54% got their DPT booster dose.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599645890_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599645890_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="529" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>States/UTs Specific Data:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Best Performance:</strong> Manipur (75%), Andhra Pradesh (73.6%) and Mizoram (73.4%) recorded the highest rates of full immunisation.</li>
<li><strong>Poor Performance:</strong> Nagaland (12%), followed by Puducherry (34%) and Tripura (39.6%).</li>
<li>In Delhi, less than half of all children are fully immunised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> has already impacted the childhood vaccination programme.</li>
<li>According to advocacy group <strong>Child Rights and You</strong> reports, <strong>only half of Indian families with children under five years</strong> were able to access immunisation services during the lockdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Immunisation is a<strong> simple and effective way of protecting children</strong> from serious diseases. It not only helps protect individuals, it also protects the broader community by minimising the spread of disease. Therefore the government needs to remove any gap in immunisation.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/40-of-children-are-not-fully-vaccinated-says-nso-report/article32554855.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gap-in-vaccination-of-children'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'World Solar Technology Summit',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> first-ever <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-solar-technology-summit-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Solar Technology Summit</a></strong> (WSTS) was organised by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-assembly-of-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></a> (ISA) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-asean-expo-and-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry</strong></a> (FICCI).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To showcase to member countries the state of the art and next-generation solar technologies worldwide.</li>
<li>To give an opportunity to decision-makers and stakeholders to meet, and discuss their own priorities and strategic agenda towards a larger integration.</li>
<li>To discuss the recent highlights of solar technologies, cost-wise, technology-wise, technology transfers, challenges and concerns in the field.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In spite of having<strong> one of the lowest per-capita carbon emissions</strong> in the world, India has pressed ahead with the deployment of renewable energy at a fast pace for lowering carbon footprints.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has <strong>enhanced its installed renewable capacity by 2.5 times </strong>and<strong> increased the solar installed capacity by more than 13 times.</strong></li>
<li>Globally, India <strong>ranks 4<sup>th</sup> in terms of renewable power.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has <strong>scaled non-fossil fuel-based power generations to 134GW,</strong> which is about 35% of the total power generation and it is <strong>expected to increase it to 220 GW by 2022.</strong></li>
<li>India is <strong>providing capacity-building support to ISA member countries</strong> through its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vice-president-s-visit-to-comoros-and-sierra-leone#:~:text=The%20ITEC%20programme%20provides%20for,and%20feasibility%20studies%2Fconsultancy%20services." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Programme.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Project Preparation Facility</strong> has been set up to <strong>develop bankable Solar Energy</strong> projects in ISA member countries with the help of<strong> Export-Import (EXIM) Bank of India.</strong></li>
<li>In 2018, India announced about <strong>USD 1.4 billion worth of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/line-of-credit-to-pacific-island-nations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lines of credit</a></strong> (LOCs) for covering 27 solar projects across 15 countries. These projects are in various stages of implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solar Energy related Schemes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solar energy</strong></a> has taken a central place in India's <a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong> </a>with the <strong>National Solar Mission</strong> as one of the key Missions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>National Solar Mission (NSM) was launched on 11<sup>th</sup> January 2010 and is in line with India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/virtual-climate-action-ministerial" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intended Nationally Determined Contributions</strong></a> (INDCs).</li>
<li>Its objective is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy by creating the policy conditions for solar technology diffusion across the country as quickly as possible.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-sun-one-world-one-grid-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">One Sun, One World, One Grid</a> (OSOWOG):</strong> India&rsquo;s ambitious cross-border power grid plan which seeks to transfer solar power generated in one region to feed the electricity demands of others.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-website-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>KUSUM Scheme:</strong></a> It aims to replace the use of diesel in the farm sector with solar energy with the target of solarisation of 2.8 million irrigation pumps.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solar-charkha-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Solar Charkha Mission:</strong></a> It is an enterprise driven scheme and envisages setting up of &lsquo;Solar Charkha Clusters&rsquo; which will have 200 to 2042 beneficiaries. These solar charkhas are operated using solar power, keeping the environment clean and generating sustainable employment for the artisans.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rewa-solar-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>750 megawatt (MW) solar project</strong> </a>which has been inaugurated in <strong>Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>treaty-based international intergovernmental organisation</strong> which was jointly launched by <strong>India and France on 30<sup>th</sup> November 2015</strong> during the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>21<sup>st</sup> session of the United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties</strong></a> (COP-21) in Paris, France.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was conceived as a coalition of solar-resource-rich countries (which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn) to address their special energy needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To lower the cost of technology and finance and thereby facilitate deployment of over 1,000 GW of solar energy and mobilize more than USD 1,000 billion into solar power by 2030 in member countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar energy is a key source of affordable and reliable energy, thus it could play a significant role in achieving the <strong>universal energy access</strong> goal <strong>(SDG 7).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter:</strong> Gurugram in Haryana, India.</li>
<li>As of June 2020, the ISA Framework Agreement has been <strong>signed by 86 countries, </strong>with <strong>68 having also deposited instruments of ratification.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1652436" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-solar-technology-summit-1'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Patrika Gate in Jaipur',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister has inaugurated the <strong>Patrika Gate in Jaipur (Rajasthan)</strong> through video conferencing.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599644220_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599644220_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="383" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Gate has been <strong>constructed by the Rajasthan Patrika Group of Publications (media conglomerate).</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>an iconic gate built as a monument</strong> under <strong>Mission Anupam</strong> of the Jaipur Development Authority.</li>
<li>The construction of Patrika Gate was in keeping with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site#:~:text=The%20Pink%20city%2C%20Jaipur%20(Rajasthan,%2D%2010th%20July%2C%202019." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jaipur having recently been recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2019, Jaipur became the <strong>second city of the country after Ahmedabad</strong> to get the recognition.</li>
<li>India has <strong>38 world heritage sites,</strong> including <strong>30 cultural</strong> properties, <strong>7 natural</strong> properties and <strong>1 mixed</strong> site.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/criticism-makes-indias-democracy-strong-says-pm-modi/article32550333.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/patrika-gate-in-jaipur'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Sanskrit Grams Programme: Uttarakhand',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Uttarakhand Government has decided to develop 'Sanskrit Grams' across the state.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decision was taken <strong>after noting significant progress in a pilot programme</strong> to teach Sanskrit to residents of two villages in Uttarakhand.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sanskrit Grams Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To teach people to use <strong>Sanskrit regularly.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Villages Selected:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Several villages were <strong>selected according to the availability of Sanskrit schools</strong> so that teachers may visit the villages often and motivate residents to learn and use Sanskrit.</li>
<li>Villages were selected at the meeting of the <strong>Uttarakhand Sanskrit Academy, chaired</strong> by the <strong>Uttarakhand Chief Minister.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has also been decided to <strong>rename the academy as Uttaranchal Sanskrit Sansthanam</strong> Haridwar, Uttarakhand.</li>
<li>The academy was <strong>established in 2002.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Strategy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>focus will be on the school-going children</strong> so that they can learn the language from a young age.</li>
<li>The programme will start by teaching people smaller sentences which are used most commonly.</li>
<li>The programme will<strong> run first at the district level</strong> and then at the <strong>block level</strong> for promotion of the Sanskrit language.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Pilot Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier, <strong>villages of Kimotha in Chamoli district</strong> and <strong>Bhantola in Bageshwar district</strong> were developed as Sanskrit villages.</li>
<li>Residents have started using the<strong> language in their daily communication</strong> and they also sing folk songs in Sanskrit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Usage of Sanskrit in Uttarakhand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sanskrit is the<strong> second <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jammu-and-kashmir-official-languages-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">official language</a></strong> in Uttarakhand after Hindi <strong>(Article 345 of the Constitution: Official language or languages of a State).</strong></li>
<li>The state government currently <strong>runs 97 Sanskrit schools,</strong> where an average of <strong>2,100 students</strong> study each year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sanskrit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>old Indo-Aryan language</strong> in which the <strong>most ancient documents, Vedas</strong> are composed in what is called <strong>Vedic Sanskrit. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Classical Sanskrit,</strong> a language close to late Vedic as then used in the northwest of the subcontinent, was elegantly described in one of the <strong>finest grammars</strong> ever produced, the <strong>Aṣṭādhyāyī</strong> (&ldquo;Eight Chapters&rdquo;) composed by <strong>Pāṇini</strong> (c. 6<sup>th</sup>&ndash;5<sup>th</sup> century BCE).</li>
<li>Sanskrit has been written both in<strong> Devanāgarī script</strong> and in various regional scripts, such as Śāradā from the north (Kashmir), Bāṅglā (Bengali) in the east, Gujarātī in the west, and various southern scripts, including the <strong>Grantha alphabet,</strong> which was especially devised for Sanskrit texts.</li>
<li>There are also <strong>major works of drama and poetry,</strong> although the exact dates of many of these works and their creators have not been definitively established. Important authors and works include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bhāsa</strong> (for example, his <strong>Svapnavāsvavadatta</strong> - Vāsavadatta in a Dream), who is assigned widely varying dates but definitely worked prior to Kālidāsa, who mentions him.</li>
<li><strong>Kālidāsa,</strong> dated anywhere from the 1<sup>st</sup> century BCE to the 4<sup>th</sup> century CE, whose works include<strong> Śakuntalā, Vikramorvaśīya, Kumārasambhava</strong> and <strong>Raghuvaṃśa.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Śūdraka</strong> and his <strong>Mṛcchakatika</strong> (&ldquo;Little Clay Cart&rdquo;), possibly dating to the 3<sup>rd</sup> century CE.</li>
<li><strong>Bhāravi</strong> and his <strong>Kirātārjunīya</strong> (&ldquo;Arjuna and the Kirāta&rdquo;), from approximately the 7<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li><strong>Māgha,</strong> whose <strong>Śiśupālavadha</strong> (&ldquo;The Slaying of Śiśupāla&rdquo;) dates to the late 7<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>The two epics <strong>Rāmāyaṇa</strong> (&ldquo;Life of Rāma&rdquo;) and <strong>Mahābhārata</strong> (&ldquo;Great Tale of the Bhāratas&rdquo;) were also composed in Sanskrit, and the former is esteemed as the first poetic work (ādikāvya) of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sanskrit is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classical-languages#:~:text=Currently%20there%20are%20six%20languages,Eighth%20Schedule%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>classical</strong> </a>and an<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bill-to-change-stature-of-official-languages" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> eighth schedule</a> language.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Promotion of Sanskrit by the Central Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government has established the<strong> Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan</strong> in Delhi as a nodal authority to promote Sanskrit. The Sansthan has been allocated Rs 643.84 crore in the last three years.</li>
<li>Providing <strong>financial assistance to Adarsh Sanskrit Mahavidyalayas</strong>/Shodha Sansthans.</li>
<li>Award of <strong>merit scholarships</strong> to students of Sanskrit Pathasala to College level.</li>
<li><strong>Financial assistance to NGOs/Higher Educational Institutions</strong> of Sanskrit for various Research Projects/Programmes.</li>
<li>Retired eminent Sanskrit scholars are engaged under the <strong>Shastra Chudamani scheme</strong> for teaching.</li>
<li>Sanskrit is also taught through <strong>Non-formal Sanskrit Education (NFSE)</strong> programme, by setting up Non-Formal Sanskrit learning centres, in reputed institutions like Indian Institutes Technology, Ayurveda institutions, Modern Colleges and Universities.</li>
<li><strong>Presidential awards for Sanskrit Language</strong> are awarded annually to 16 senior scholars and to 5 young scholars.</li>
<li>Financial Assistance for <strong>Publication,</strong> Reprint of <strong>rare Sanskrit books.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ashtaadashi</strong> containing eighteen Projects for sustaining the growth of Sanskrit has been implemented.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-govt-to-develop-sanskrit-grams-across-state-6588569/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sanskrit-grams-programme-uttarakhand'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Flying V Aircraft',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A team of researchers and engineers along with a drone pilot from the <strong>Dutch-based Technical University of Delft (TU Delft)</strong> have successfully conducted the<strong> first real test flight of the scaled model of the &lsquo;Flying V&rsquo; aircraft.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Flying V is a <strong>futuristic</strong> and <strong>fuel-efficient long-distance aircraft</strong> that could one day <strong>carry passengers in its wings.</strong></li>
<li>The Flying-V design, which<strong> derives its name from its noticeable &lsquo;V&rsquo; shape,</strong> integrates the <strong>passenger cabin,</strong> the <strong>cargo hold</strong> and the<strong> fuel tanks in the wings.</strong></li>
<li>Computer calculations have predicted that the aircraft&rsquo;s improved aerodynamic shape and reduced weight will <strong>reduce fuel consumption by 20%</strong> compared to today&rsquo;s advanced aircrafts.</li>
<li>The Flying-V <strong>carries about the same number of passengers</strong> - 314 in the standard configuration &ndash; and the <strong>same amount of cargo,</strong> 160 m<sup>3</sup>.</li>
<li>The <strong>original plan</strong> for the Flying-V aircraft design came from TU Berlin student <strong>Justus Benad.</strong></li>
<li>The &lsquo;Flying V&rsquo; project was <strong>first presented at the 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the Dutch airlines KLM,</strong> which has also been a partner in the project since its <strong>beginning in 2019.</strong> Various business partners including <strong>Airbus</strong> (an aerospace company), are now involved in the project.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599643014_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599643014_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/flying-v-dutch-experts-successfully-test-energy-efficient-aircrafts-maiden-flight-in-germany-6585638/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/flying-v-aircraft'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Launch of Bamboo Clusters',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare has <strong>virtually inaugurated 22 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greening-india-by-planting-bamboo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">bamboo</a> clusters in 9 states</strong> viz. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, Uttarakhand and Karnataka.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>logo for the National Bamboo Mission</strong> (NBM) has also been released.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Initiatives to Promote Bamboo:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Use of bamboo has been an ancient tradition in India and it is now being <strong>supported with modern technology</strong> and the <strong>youth is being provided with training</strong> for the bamboo industry.</li>
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-forest-act-1927#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Forest%20Act%2C1927,and%20duty%20leviable%20forest%20produce.&amp;text=This%20act%20has%20details%20of,the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Act." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Forest Act 1927</strong></a> was <strong>amended in 2017 to remove bamboo for the category of trees.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As a result, anyone can undertake cultivation and business in bamboo and its products without the need of a felling and transit permission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Import policy has also been modified</strong> to ensure the progress of the bamboo industry in the country.</li>
<li>NBM <strong>supports local artisans through locally grown bamboo species,</strong> which will <strong>actualise the goal of <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/09-06-2020#:~:text=Promoting%20Local%3A%20Being%20vocal%20for,Glocal%E2%80%9D%20India%20will%20be%20possible." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vocal for Local</a></strong> and help <strong>increase the income</strong> of farmers, reducing dependency on imports of raw material.</li>
<li><strong>10 most important species</strong> which are required by industry have been <strong>identified </strong>and<strong> quality planting material is being made available</strong> to farmers for plantations.</li>
<li>Apart from the existing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organisations</strong></a> (FPOs), <strong>10,000 new FPOs will be formed in 5 years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Well-organized FPOs engage in providing a range of assistance to farmers like <strong>imparting better farm practices, collectivisation of input purchases, transportation, linkage with markets, and better price realisation</strong> as they do away with the intermediaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Common Facility Centres are being set up</strong> close to the plantations which will reduce the cost of transportation and increase local entrepreneurship, moving to a zero-waste approach.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Bamboo Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The restructured NBM was <strong>launched in 2018-19</strong> for the holistic development of the complete value chain of the bamboo sector and is being implemented in a<strong> hub (industry) and spoke model.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Connecting farmers to markets so as to enable farmer producers to get a ready market for the bamboo grown and to increase the supply of appropriate raw material to the domestic industry.</li>
<li>It also <strong>endeavours to upgrade skills of traditional bamboo craftsmen</strong> as per the requirement of contemporary markets with a tie-up with enterprises and premier institutes.</li>
<li>The <strong>Sector Skill Councils</strong> established under the <strong>National Skill Development Agency</strong> (NSDA) will impart skills and recognition of prior learning to traditional artisans, encouraging the youth to carry forward their family traditions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NSDA is an<strong> autonomous body under the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship</strong> that anchors the National Skill Qualifications Framework and allied quality assurance mechanisms for synergizing skill initiatives in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Logo:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599640325_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599640325_image3.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="145" height="145" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It portrays a bamboo culm in the centre of a circle composed of half an industrial wheel and half farmers, depicting the objectives of NBM appropriately.</li>
<li>The green and yellow colour of the logo symbolise <strong>bamboo often termed as green gold.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>States need to take forward the objectives of the National Bamboo Mission which would contribute to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> through an &ldquo;Aatmanirbhar Krishi (self-reliant farming)&rdquo;.</li>
<li>With the abundance of bamboo and its rapidly growing industry, India should aim to establish herself in global markets for both engineered and handcrafted products by increasing the exports even further.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1652315" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-bamboo-clusters'
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	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Real Mango: An Illegal Software',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In a nationwide investigation, Railway Protection Force (RPF) has disrupted the operation of <strong>illegal software called &ldquo;Real Mango&rdquo;</strong> - used for cornering<strong> confirmed Railway reservation.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> Real Mango software is an illegal software developed for booking Tatkal tickets.</li>
<li><strong>Working:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Real mango software <strong>bypasses</strong> captcha.</li>
<li>It <strong>synchronises bank OTP</strong> with help of a mobile app and feeds it to the requisite form automatically.</li>
<li>The<strong> software auto-fills</strong> the passenger details and payment details in the forms.</li>
<li>The software logs in to the IRCTC website through <strong>multiple IRCTC Ids.</strong></li>
<li>Following these steps multiple tickets can be booked. And it leads to swift online tickets booking by agents whereas common people may not get the tickets booked on their own. This creates the possibility of <strong>ticket hoarding and black marketing of tickets.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> The information supplied by RPF will help the <strong>Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS)</strong> to strengthen security features in the <strong>Passenger Reservation System (PRS).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Centre for Railway Information Systems</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Railways</strong> set up CRIS as a Society in July <strong>1986.</strong> It is the Information Technology (IT) wing of Indian Railways.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in<strong> New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>It performs the functions of Indian Railways such as passenger ticketing, freight operations, train dispatching and control, crew management, e-procurement, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Railway Protection Force</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Railway Protection Force (RPF) is a security force, established by the<strong> Railway Protection Force Act, 1957.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective</strong> of the force is "the better protection and security of railway property and passenger area".</li>
<li>It has the <strong>power to search, arrest, investigate, and prosecute offenses</strong> committed under <strong>Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act 1966, the Railways Act, 1989.</strong></li>
<li>However, the power of arrests under other penal laws rests in the hands of the <strong>Government Railway Police (GRP).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GRP is part of the<strong> state police. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Law and order and policing</strong> on railways, including on trains, is the responsibility of the GRP.</li>
<li>GRP enquire into accidents on railway,</li>
<li>GRP renders assistance to railway officers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>CAPTCHA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CAPTCHA stands for <strong>Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart.</strong></li>
<li>CAPTCHA determines whether the user is real or a spam robot.</li>
<li>CAPTCHA uses several human validation methods including math or general knowledge questions, visual puzzles and even chess puzzles.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1652341" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Delhi Master Plan 2041',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Delhi Development Authority (DDA)</strong> has decided to hold public consultations for the preparation of the<strong> Master Plan for Delhi 2041,</strong> a vision document for Delhi's development over the next two decades.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>DDA,</strong> in partnership with the <strong>National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA),</strong> is currently <strong>preparing the Master Plan for Delhi 2041.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>existing Master Plan for Delhi,</strong> which lays down<strong> planning guidelines, policies, code of development, and space requirements</strong> for various socio-economic activities will come to end in 2021.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of 2041 Master Plan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This Master Plan focuses on <strong>sustainability, inclusivity and equity.</strong></li>
<li>It endeavours to be <strong>proactive and forward-looking</strong> in nature that accounts for current, emerging and anticipated drivers of urban development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Area of Focus:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>blue-green infrastructure, cycling infrastructure, walking circuits for pedestrians,</strong> and focus on <strong>unauthorised colonies</strong> to make it less dense.</li>
<li>There is also a plan to develop spaces for yoga, active sports, open air exhibitions, museums and information centres, and other low impact public uses.</li>
<li>The Master Plan will be able fulfill various provisions of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> (SDGs) like:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>SDG 6-</strong> Clean water and sanitation.</li>
<li><strong>SDG 11-</strong> Sustainable cities and communities.</li>
<li><strong>SDG 14-</strong> Life below water.</li>
<li><strong>SDG 15-</strong> Life on land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Blue-Green Infra Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to <strong>urban planning</strong> where <strong>water bodies and land are interdependent,</strong> and grow with the help of each other while offering environmental and social benefits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Blue&rsquo;</strong> infrastructure refers to water bodies like rivers, canals, ponds, wetlands, floodplains, and water treatment facilities.</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Green&rsquo;</strong> stands for trees, lawns, hedgerows, parks, fields, and forests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Working:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Delhi has around 50 big drains (blue areas) but due to their poor condition and encroachment, the land around green areas has also been affected. In the recent past severe air pollution has also affected the city.</li>
<li>The master plan focuses on removal of all sources of pollution by checking the outfall of untreated wastewater as well as removal of existing pollutants. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per report by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-notifies-contaminated-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Pollution Control Board</strong></a>, Delhi generates 3,800 million litres of sewage per day and half of this goes directly into water bodies without being treated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>mix of mechanised and natural systems may be adopted,</strong> and<strong> dumping of solid wastes</strong> in any of these sites will be strictly prohibited by local bodies, through the imposition of <strong>penalties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lack of access to basic services</strong> of <strong>water and sanitation</strong> and other facilities.</li>
<li>Other issues included legality of some of the properties, narrow access roads, congestion, conflicts between commercial and residential uses, quality of drinking water and water logging.</li>
<li>Vulnerability and risks related to disasters such as fire, earthquakes, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of coordination between multiplicity of agencies</strong> like DDA, Delhi Jal Board, Flood and Irrigation Department, and various municipal corporations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The challenge of multiplicity of agencies needs to be dealt with by the government. This will increase coordination and cooperation among these agencies.</li>
<li>There must be a strict adherence to plans for cleaning of water bodies and drains which has been a challenge for agencies in Delhi for years. Dumping of waste in the Yamuna river also needs to be strictly regulated.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/in-master-plan-delhi-2041-focus-on-citys-water-bodies-green-lungs-and-unauthorised-colonies-6585895/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/delhi-master-plan-2041'
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Rogan Art: Gujarat',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The centuries old tradition of Rogan art <strong>(hand painting on cloth),</strong> is facing an unprecedented challenge due to pandemic.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599635680_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1599635680_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The word <strong>Rogan means &ldquo;Oil&rdquo; in Persian.</strong> With origins in Persia, it came to Kutch around 300 years ago.</li>
<li>This rare craft is practised by a lone Muslim family, the Khatris of <strong>Nirona Village, Gujarat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technique:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rogan is a form of textile painting which uses a rich, brightly coloured paint made from <strong>castor oil and natural colors.</strong> Castor is a crop commonly grown in the Kutch region of Gujarat and the artists source it from the local farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patterns:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The intricate motifs &ndash; geometric flowers, peacocks, the tree of life, etc. &ndash; are drawn from the <strong>history and folk culture of the Kutch region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The castor paste is mixed with natural colours and then is drawn out into a fine &lsquo;thread&rsquo; with a <strong>metal stylus or &lsquo;Kalam&rsquo;.</strong> This metal rod never comes in contact with the fabric.</li>
<li>The artisans then carefully twist the paint across the cloth into motifs and patterns.</li>
<li>Next, the fabric is folded thereby <strong>printing its mirror image.</strong> The finer details are then added thus completing the Rogan painting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> &lsquo;Tree of Life&rsquo;</strong> design is the most famous design in Rogan painting. It is inspired by traditional Persian designs. The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, gifted Rogan paintings to the USA president, Barack Obama, during his visit to the USA in 2014.</li>
<li>The nine artists from the Khatri family have six national awards and six State awards between them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Important Painting Styles of India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kangra-painting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kangra Miniature Painting (Himachal Pradesh)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-affects-odisha-s-art-and-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pattachitra Painting (Odisha)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Thanjavur Painting (Tamil Nadu)</strong></a></li>
<li><strong><a href="/prelims/prelims-subject-wise-compilation-gs-paper-1/ancient-history-and-art-culture" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kishangarh school of Painting (Rajasthan)</a>: </strong>The well-known painting <strong>"Bani Thani" </strong>belongs to this style of painting.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-17th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalamkari Painting (Andhra Pradesh)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madhubani-paintings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Madhubani Painting (Bihar)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/warli-adivasi-revolt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Warli Painting (Maharashtra)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/artist-jabbar-khatri-talks-about-rogan-arts-connect-during-covid-19/article32541097.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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