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Mathematical and Simulation Aspects of Covid-19

Why in News The Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) has approved funding for 11 projects under the MATRICS scheme for studying...

05 May 2020 News Analysis
Manufacturing Hits Record Low

Why in News According to a recent IHS Markit India monthly survey, Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) fell to 27.4 in April, 2020...

05 May 2020 News Analysis
Virtual NAM Summit

Why in News The virtual Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Contact Group Summit on “United against Covid-19” through video conferencing was held...

05 May 2020 News Analysis
Challenges Faced By RBI

This article is based on “RBI’s job involves trade-offs, not conflicts” which was published in The Indian Express on 02/05/2020....

04 May 2020 News Editorials
Year End Review 2019: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions

Important Schemes and Policies Good Governance Index ‘Good Governance Index’ (GGI) was launched by the Ministry of Personnel, Public...

04 May 2020 Paper 2
RBI Cancels Licence of CKP Co-op Bank

Why in News Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has cancelled the licence of Mumbai-based CKP Co-operative Bank. Key Points RBI has...

04 May 2020 News Analysis
Corona-Killer 100

Corona-Killer 100 Corona-Killer 100 is an automated disinfecting Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developed by Garuda Aerospace - an ISO- 9001...

04 May 2020 News Analysis
African Swine Fever in Assam

Why in News The Centre has advised the Assam state government to go for culling of pigs affected by the African Swine Fever (ASF). Key Points It...

04 May 2020 News Analysis
Sariska Tiger Reserve

Why in News The 13th session of the Ministry of Tourism’s Dekho Apna Desh webinar titled, ‘Destination- Sariska Tiger reserve’ was...

04 May 2020 News Analysis
Opposition to Permanent Bru Settlement in Tripura

Why in News In the middle of the Covid-19 lockdown, two community-specific groups have renewed their opposition to the permanent settlement of Bru...

04 May 2020 News Analysis
1-D Simulation Code to Study Earth’s Magnetosphere

Why in News Scientists at the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) have developed a generalized one-dimensional fluid simulation code capable of...

04 May 2020 News Analysis
Drop in FPI Outflows

Why in News According to recent data from Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL), the Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) have significantly...

04 May 2020 News Analysis
India: Permanent Seat In UNSC

This article is based on “By any calculus, India qualifies for UNSC permanent seat” which was published in The Hindu on 29/04/2020. It...

02 May 2020 News Editorials
Bengaluru Bannerghatta Biological Park

Why in News Bengaluru’s Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBBP), Karnataka has come out with the Animal Adoption Programme to conserve wildlife...

02 May 2020 News Analysis
R&D Statistics and Indicators 2019-20

Why in News According to the Research & Development (R&D) Statistics and Indicators 2019-20 report, India’s gross expenditure in...

02 May 2020 News Analysis
Demo-2 Mission

Why in News National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and SpaceX are all set for the Demo-2 mission which is scheduled for 27th May, 2020...

02 May 2020 News Analysis
China to Launch Official Digital Currency

Why in News Recently, China has started testing its official digital currency which is unofficially called “Digital Currency Electronic...

02 May 2020 News Analysis
Kisan Sabha App

Why in News The CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CSIR-CRRI), New Delhi has developed the Kisan Sabha App to connect farmers to the supply chain...

02 May 2020 News Analysis
Open Budget Survey 2019: IBP

Why in News Recently, the International Budget Partnership (IBP) has released an Open Budget Survey (OBS) 2019. The survey evaluates each country...

02 May 2020 News Analysis
Forex Reserves

Why in News According to the recent data from the Reserve Bank of India, India’s Foreign Exchange (Forex) reserves declined by $113 million to...

02 May 2020 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Mathematical and Simulation Aspects of Covid-19',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB)</strong> has approved <strong>funding for 11 projects under the MATRICS scheme</strong> for studying mathematical modelling and computational aspects to tackle the Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>statutory body under the Department of Science and Technology</strong> (DST), Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These studies attempt to propose mathematical/simulation models to account for various factors relevant to Covid-19 by <strong>modifying the basic SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) models.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An SIR model is an epidemiological model that computes the theoretical number of people infected with a contagious illness in a closed population over time.</li>
<li>The name of this class of models derives from the fact that they involve coupled equations relating the number of susceptible people , number of people infected , and number of people who have recovered .</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some of such<strong> factors</strong> are heterogeneity of population, the role of asymptomatic (showing no symptoms) population, migration and quarantine, effect of social distancing and lockdown, socioeconomic factors and so on.</li>
<li><strong>Aim</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To study Indian conditions and provide an estimate of Basic Reproduction Number (R0)- the qualitative indicator of the degree of contagiousness of the disease. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>R0 tells the <strong>average number of people who will catch the disease from one contagious person.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> larger this number, the more contagious</strong> is the disease caused by the virus and the faster it will spread in the community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also aims to identify the maximum likelihood infection tree when infection reports and contact network structure are known to the administration.</li>
<li>To identify possible cures of Covid-19 through the study of DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) structures by creating patterns of DNA of different viruses.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>MATRICS Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched in 2017<strong> by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB).</strong></li>
<li>It aims to provide fixed grant support to active researchers with good credentials in Mathematical Sciences, Theoretical Sciences and Quantitative Social Sciences.</li>
<li>The support is provided in the form of research grant of Rs. 2 lakh per annum plus overheads for a period of three years.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/homepib.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Manufacturing Hits Record Low',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent <strong>IHS Markit India</strong> monthly survey, Manufacturing <strong>Purchasing Managers&rsquo; Index (PMI)</strong> fell to 27.4 in April, 2020 from 51.8 in March, 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s<strong> manufacturing sector activity</strong> has witnessed <strong>contraction</strong> in April, 2020 due to national lockdown restrictions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new <strong>business orders</strong> have <strong>collapsed</strong> at a record pace <strong>severely hampering the demand.</strong></li>
<li>This is the <strong>sharpest deterioration</strong> in business conditions across the manufacturing sector since data collection began over 15 years ago.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The deteriorating demand conditions has led the<strong> manufacturers to drastically cut back staff numbers.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Export orders</strong> have also witnessed a sharp decline.</li>
<li>There was also <strong>evidence of supply-side disruption</strong> due to the lockdown.</li>
<li>The <strong>PMI slipped into contraction mode,</strong> after remaining in the growth territory for 32 consecutive months.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In PMI&rsquo;s language, a reading above 50 means expansion, while a score below that denotes contraction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <strong>12-month outlook for production</strong> the demand will rebound once the Covid-19 threat is diminished and lockdown restrictions are eased.</li>
<li>The <strong>Index (PMI)</strong> is compiled by <strong>IHS Markit</strong> for more than 40 economies worldwide. IHS Markit is a global leader in information, analytics and solutions for the major industries and markets that drive economies worldwide.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588663355_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588663355_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Purchasing Managers' Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Purchasing Managers&rsquo; Index (PMI) is an indicator of business activity - both in the manufacturing and services sectors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>calculated separately</strong> for the manufacturing and services sectors and then a <strong>composite index</strong> is also constructed.</li>
<li>The PMI summarizes whether<strong> market conditions as viewed by purchasing managers are</strong> expanding, neutral, or contracting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about<strong> current and future business conditions to company decision makers, analysts, and investors.</strong></li>
<li>The PMI is a number from 0 to 100.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PMI <strong>above 50 represents an expansion</strong> when compared to the previous month;</li>
<li>PMI <strong>under 50 represents a contraction,</strong> and</li>
<li>A reading at 50 indicates no change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The PMI is usually released at the start of every month. It is, therefore, considered a good leading indicator of economic activity.</li>
<li>It is <strong>different from the Index of Industrial Production (IIP),</strong> which also gauges the level of activity in the economy.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Index of Industrial Production</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index which details out the growth of various sectors in an economy such as mineral mining, electricity, manufacturing, etc.</li>
<li>It is compiled and published monthly by the <strong>National Statistical Organisation (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Base Year of the Index of Eight Core Industries</strong> has been revised from the year 2004-05 to 2011-12 from April, 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The eight core industries comprise 40.27% of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).</li>
<li>The eight Core Industries in decreasing order of their weightage: Refinery Products&gt; Electricity&gt; Steel&gt; Coal&gt; Crude Oil&gt; Natural Gas&gt; Cement&gt; Fertilizers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Difference between PMI and IIP</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IIP covers the <strong>broader industrial sector compared to PMI.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IIP shows the<strong> change in production volume</strong> in major industrial sub sectors like manufacturing, mining and electricity.</li>
<li>Similarly, the IIP also gives <strong>use based (capital goods, consumer goods etc) trends in industrial production.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMI is more dynamic compared to a standard industrial production index.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PMI senses dynamic trends because of the variable it uses for the construction of the index compared to <strong>volume based production indicators like the IIP.</strong></li>
<li>For example, new orders under PMI show growth oriented positive trends and not just volume of past production that can be traced in an ordinary Index of Industrial Production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/india-manufacturing-sector-activity-hits-record-low-in-april-amid-lockdown-survey-6392962/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Virtual NAM Summit',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The virtual <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-aligned-movement-nam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</strong></a> Contact Group Summit on<strong> &ldquo;United against Covid-19&rdquo;</strong> through video conferencing was held recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The meeting was <strong>convened at the initiative of President Ilham Aliyev of Azerbaijan, in his capacity as chair</strong> of the Non Aligned Movement.</li>
<li>Moreover 30 Heads of State and other leaders had joined the Summit. The Summit was also addressed by the UN General Assembly president and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> chief.</li>
<li>It was the first time that Prime Minister Narendra Modi participated in a NAM Summit since he assumed the office in 2014.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prime Minister Narendra Modi <strong>became the first Indian Prime Minister to skip the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/18th-non-aligned-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NAM Summit</a> in 2016 and in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Adoption of the Declaration:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Summit adopted a Declaration underlining the<strong> importance of international solidarity in the fight against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Creation of Task Force:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also announced the creation of a &lsquo;Task Force&rsquo; to identify needs and requirements of member States.</li>
<li>A common database reflecting counties&rsquo; basic medical, social and humanitarian needs in the fight against Covid-19 will be created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Stand at the Summit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Role in Fight Against Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is regarded as the pharmacy of the world especially for affordable medicines.</li>
<li>Despite its own needs during Covid-19 pandemic, it has ensured supply of medicines to 123 partner countries including 59 NAM members.</li>
<li>India is also active in global efforts to develop remedies and vaccines for Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for the New Template of Globalisation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India stated that Covid-19 has shown limitations of the existing international system. The world needs more representative international institutions and thus world order should be more representative.</li>
<li>Thus, in the post-Covid world, a new template of globalisation, based on fairness, equality, and humanity is needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NAM should call upon the international community and the WHO to focus on building health-capacity in developing countries.</li>
<li>World needs to ensure equitable, affordable and timely access to health products and technologies for all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India also flagged the issues of &ldquo;terrorism&rdquo; and &ldquo;fake news&rdquo;, calling them &ldquo;deadly viruses&rdquo; at a time when the world fights the novel coronavirus.</li>
<li>The above issues divide communities and countries creating difficult situations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Non-Aligned Movement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Non-Aligned Movement was formed <strong>during the Cold War</strong> as an organization of States that did not seek to formally align themselves with either the United States or the Soviet Union, but sought <strong>to remain independent or neutral.</strong></li>
<li>The basic concept for the group originated in <strong>1955</strong> during discussions that took place at the <strong>Asia-Africa Bandung Conference held in Indonesia.</strong></li>
<li>The Non-Aligned Movement was founded and held its<strong> first conference (the Belgrade Conference) in 1961</strong> under the leadership of <strong>Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia.</strong></li>
<li>NAM<strong> does not have a formal constitution or permanent secretariat,</strong> and its administration is non-hierarchical and rotational. Decisions are made by consensus, which requires substantial agreement, but not unanimity.</li>
<li>It has 120 members as of April 2018 comprising 53 countries from Africa, 39 from Asia, 26 from Latin America and the Caribbean and 2 from Europe (Belarus, Azerbaijan). There are 17 countries and 10 international organizations that are Observers at NAM.</li>
<li>The purpose of the organization was enumerated in the <strong>Havana Declaration of 1979</strong> to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign subjugation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-at-nam-summit-terrorism-fake-news-deadly-viruses-6394202/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Challenges Faced By RBI',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/covid-19-coronavirus-india-economy-rbi-6389454/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;RBI&rsquo;s job involves trade-offs, not conflicts&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 02/05/2020. It talks about challenges faced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in pursuance of its monetary policy.</p>
</div>
<p>In the wake of global anthropological shock <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-globalization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>, a sharp slowdown in economic growth and employment prospects is evident in the Indian economy. In this context, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India&rsquo;s</strong></a> role in ensuring economic stability, growth and development through effective monetary policy assumes more importance than ever.</p>
<p>RBI&rsquo;s job involves balancing short-term as well as long-term growth, ensuring economic growth while meeting the inflation targets. However, issues pertaining to the incomplete transmission of monetary policy and <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/29-06-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>inherent weakness of inflation targeting approach</strong></a>, are some of the challenges faced by RBI.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Monetary Policy is a macroeconomic policy by RBI, wherein through Repo, OMO, PSL etc. tools it tries to manage the money supply, interest rates, loan distribution, and thereby helping in the Economic Stability, Growth, and Development.</li>
<li>There are 3 prominent ways of making monetary policy:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Targeting Exchange rate stability</li>
<li>Targeting Multiple Indicators</li>
<li>Targeting Inflation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>From 2016, RBI has shifted to Inflation Targeting. In pursuance of this, the amendment has been made in the RBI Act, which established a statutory body called &ldquo;Monetary Policy Committee&rdquo; (MPC).</li>
<li>Role of MPC is to decide the repo rate to control inflation between 2-6%</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Incomplete Transmission of Monetary Policy</h3>
<p>Incomplete Transmission of Monetary Policy means that the cumulative easing in policy rates by RBI has not yet been reflected in the lowering of their lending rates by banks. This can be attributed to the following reasons:</p>
<p><strong>Inflexible Cost of Funds</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, customer deposit constitutes the majority of funds to be lent by the banks, whereas the market borrowings through the issuance of debentures/commercial papers is negligible.</li>
<li>The cost of funds typically remains inflexible as most of these deposits are contracted at fixed rates.</li>
<li>Further, Interest rates on small savings remained at elevated levels compared to that of banks. This has led to a decline in deposits with the banks.</li>
<li>The shortfall in the funds has made it virtually impossible for banks to lend at lower deposit rates.</li>
<li>Until and unless this problem is addressed, banks cannot transmit monetary policy signals at the desired speed and magnitude.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Policy Rates not linked to Market</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Repo rate, being the policy rate, is administered by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/repo-rate-unchanged" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monetary Policy Committee</strong> </a>and therefore cannot be treated as a market-determined rate.</li>
<li>Banks are asked to link their <strong>lending rate to repo rate,</strong> without any reference to the cost of lending funds.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>High Non-Performing Assets (NPAs)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The accumulation of large NPAs has reduced the profitability of banks. Due to this, banks keep the weighted average lending rate much higher than the marginal lending rate.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Four Balance Sheet Problem</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Former chief economic advisor, Arvind Subramanian, the economic slowdown in India is facing a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/slowdown-in-india-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Four balance sheet challenge&rsquo;.</strong></a></li>
<li>This has marred the credit growth in India and thus created hindrance in the greater transmission of monetary policy.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Monetary Policy Vs Fiscal Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>High fiscal deficit leads to more market borrowing by the governments. This results in crowding out of the private investment.</li>
<li>Also, government-determined purchase prices of agri-commodities (through minimum support prices), government subsidy levels on fuels and imperfections in agricultural markets, hinders the functioning of monetary policy. This creates a problem of non-coherence between the two policies.</li>
<li>New challenges also emanate from the evolution of cryptocurrency.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Pertaining to Inflation Targeting</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Monetary policies can stabilize inflation only caused due to demand shocks and are ineffective against supply shocks.</li>
<li>Inflation in emerging markets such as India is very sensitive to exogenous shocks like global oil prices, a weaker rupee and a poor monsoon.</li>
<li>Food inflation, which impacts the common people the most, is prone to supply-side bottlenecks, which are out of the scope of any remedy under the aegis of monetary policy of RBI.</li>
<li>In order to contain inflation, RBI often undertakes liquidity management through <strong>Open Market Operations.</strong> This sometimes leads to liquidity shocks in the market.</li>
<li>Liquidity is also an important factor as these can reinforce or negate the changes in policy rates.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Adoption to Multi-Indicator Approach</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Being the Central bank of the country, RBI has expected to take care of other parameters like economic growth, stable exchange rate and financial stability, and cannot restrict itself to the single objective of inflation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the Government should consider, Multiple Indicator Approach of RBI, where price stability, financial stability and economic growth are considered for decision-making.</li>
<li>A greater weightage to inflation can be considered in the Multiple Indicator Approach, as it is done by many emerging economies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Linking Cost of Funds with Market</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to make the cost of funds flexible, both deposit and lending rates are linked to external benchmarks like the Mumbai Inter-Bank Offer Rate (MIBOR).</li>
<li>Linking small savings scheme interest rates to the market would be beneficial.</li>
<li>An innovative way to make both asset and liability sides of a bank balance sheet flexible is to link both deposit and lending rates to the average inflation rate.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Coordination Between Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Any of these alone cannot deliver on inflation and growth.</li>
<li>If the government truly wants to reduce lending rates in India in a meaningful and sustained manner, it would be far better served to focus on bringing down its own fiscal deficit.</li>
<li>Separating debt management from monetary management in order to make the central bank more independent would be a good move.</li>
</ul>
<p>Covid-19 has to lead to economic disruption in the Indian economy. However, it also provides an opportunity to carry out much need economic reforms. Establishing synergy between Fiscal and monetary policy can be a right step in pursuit of bringing holistic reforms.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588590299_image.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588590299_image.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #edeeff;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Critically analyse the challenges faced by the banks in the transmission of monetary policy.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uH5vjMpVWPg" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/ominous-contraction-the-hindu-editorial-on-march-2020-core-sector-output/article31484662.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Ominous contraction: On core sector output&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on May 2nd, 2020. Now watch this is on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-faced-by-rbi'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Year End Review 2019: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions',
			'catname' => 'Paper 2',
			'desc' => '<h3>Important Schemes and Policies</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/good-governance-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good Governance Index</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&lsquo;Good Governance Index&rsquo; (GGI) was launched by the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances &amp; Pensions on <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good Governance Day</strong></a> i.e. 25<sup>th</sup> December, 2019.</li>
<li>It is a uniform tool across States to assess the Status of Governance and impact of various interventions taken up by the State Government and UTs.</li>
<li>The objectives of GGI are to provide <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>quantifiable data</strong> </a>to compare the state of governance in all states and UTs, enable states and UTs to formulate and implement suitable strategies for improving governance and shift to result-oriented approaches and administration.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588588999_1577346296_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588588999_1577346296_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lokpal-and-lokayukta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lokpal</strong></a></p>
<p>The Chairperson, Lokpal, Sh. Justice P. C. Ghose and its eight members were administered the Oath of Office.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 provided for <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/lokpal-lokayukta-ombudsman-upsc-governance-transparency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the establishment of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States.</strong></a></li>
<li>These institutions are statutory bodies without any constitutional status.</li>
<li>They perform the function of an "ombudsman&rdquo; and inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for related matters.</li>
<li>In India, the concept of constitutional ombudsman was first proposed by the then law minister Ashok Kumar Sen in parliament in the early 1960s.</li>
<li>The term Lokpal and Lokayukta were coined by Dr L. M. Singhvi.</li>
<li>The Bill was passed in 2013 in both the Houses of Parliament and came into force on 16 January 2014.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rti-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RTI Amendment Bill, 2019</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliament passed the Right To Information Amendment Bill, 2019.</li>
<li>In this amendment, it is proposed to amend the Right to Information Act, 2005 so as to provide that the term of office of, and the salaries, allowances and other terms and conditions of service of, the Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners and the State Chief Information Commissioner and the State Information Commissioners, shall be such as may be prescribed by the Central Government.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Right To Information</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right To Information (RTI)</strong></a> marked its 14<sup>th</sup> anniversary on 12<sup>th</sup> October 2019.</li>
<li>The right to information gained power when <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong> was adopted in 1948 providing everyone the right to seek, receive, information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.</li>
<li>The <strong>International Covenant on Civil and Political rights 1966</strong> states that everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression, the freedom to seek and impart information and ideas of all kinds.</li>
<li>The RTI Act, 2005 <strong>did not create a new bureaucracy for implementing the law.</strong> Instead, <strong>it tasked and mandated officials in every office to change their attitude</strong> and duty from one of secrecy to one of sharing and openness.</li>
<li>Right to information has been seen as the key to<strong> strengthening participatory democracy</strong> and ushering in people-centred governance.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Objectives of the Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To empower the citizens</li>
<li>To promote transparency and accountability</li>
<li>To contain corruption and</li>
<li>To enhance people&rsquo;s participation in democratic process.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Important Facts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shillong Declaration:</strong> Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) in association with Ministry of Electronics &amp; Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India and the State Government of Meghalaya organized the 22<sup>nd</sup> National Conference on e-Governance (NCeG) 2019 on 8-9<sup>th</sup> August, 2019 at Shillong, Meghalaya.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Shillong Declaration&rsquo; outlines the roadmap on e-Governance of the Nation. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nagpur Resolution:</strong> Adopted in December 2019, to empower the citizens by policy interventions for better service delivery through timely updation of citizens charters, implementation of enactments and benchmarking standards for continuous improvement, among others.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centralized-public-grievances-redress-and-monitoring-system-cpgrams" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS):</strong></a> It is an <strong>online web-enabled system</strong> developed by<strong> National Informatics Centre</strong> (Ministry of Electronics &amp; IT [MeitY]), in association with Directorate of Public Grievances (DPG) and Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The underlying idea was to receive, redress and monitor the grievances of the public.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Central Information Commission (CIC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CIC was established in 2005 by the Central Government under the provisions of Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.</li>
<li>The Chief Information Commissioner heads the Central Information Commission.</li>
<li>It hears appeals from information-seekers who have not been satisfied by the public authority and also addresses major issues concerning the RTI Act.</li>
<li>CIC submits an annual report to the Union government on the implementation of the provisions of RTI Act.</li>
<li>The Right to Information Act of 2005 provides for the creation of a State Information Commission at the state level.</li>
<li>It entertains complaints and appeals pertaining to offices, financial institutions, public sector undertakings, etc.under the concerned state government.</li>
<li>The Commission consists of a State Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten State Information Commissioners appointed by the Governor.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-personnel-public-grievances-and-pensions'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'RBI Cancels Licence of CKP Co-op Bank',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> has cancelled the licence of Mumbai-based CKP Co-operative Bank.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RBI has cancelled the licence of the bank as the financial position of the bank was highly adverse and unsustainable.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bank is not in a position to pay its present and future depositors.</li>
<li>The bank failed to meet the regulatory requirement of maintaining a <strong>minimum capital adequacy ratio</strong> of 9% and reserves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>RBI has asked the <strong>Registrar of Co-operative Societies, Maharashtra</strong> to start the process of winding up operations of CKP Co-operative bank and appoint a liquidator.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On liquidation, every depositor of the bank is entitled to get up to Rs 5 lakh from the <strong>Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In September last year,<strong> RBI had imposed restrictions on Punjab and Maharashtra Co-operative (PMC) Bank</strong> not to do any business for six months after it found major irregularities, which included financial irregularities, complete failure of internal control and systems, and wrongdoing and under-reporting of its lending exposure.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Capital Adequacy Ratio</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is the <strong>ratio of a bank&rsquo;s capital in relation to its risk weighted assets and current liabilities.</strong> It is also known as <strong>Capital-to-Risk Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR).</strong></li>
<li>It is decided by central banks to prevent commercial banks from taking excess leverage and becoming insolvent in the process.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basel-iii-requirements" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Basel III norms</strong></a> stipulated a capital to risk weighted assets of 8%.</li>
<li>However, as per<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> RBI</strong> </a>norms, Indian scheduled commercial banks are required to maintain a CAR of 9%.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DICGC came into existence in 1978 after the merger of Deposit Insurance Corporation (DIC) and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd. (CGCI) under the <strong>Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, 1961.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It serves as a <strong>deposit insurance and credit guarantee</strong> for banks in India.</li>
<li>It is a fully owned subsidiary of and is governed by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>DICGC charges 10 paise per ₹100 of deposits held by a bank. The premium paid by the insured banks to the Corporation is paid by the banks and is not to be passed on to depositors.</li>
<li>DICGC last revised the deposit insurance cover to ₹5 lakh in Feb, 2020, raising it from ₹ 1 lakh since 1993. The protection cover of deposits in Indian banks through insurance is among the lowest in the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Damodaran Committee on &lsquo;Customer Services in Banks&rsquo; (2011)</strong> had recommended a five-time increase in the cap to ₹5 lakh due to rising income levels and increasing size of individual bank deposits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Banks, including regional rural banks, local area banks, foreign banks with branches in India, and cooperative banks, are mandated to take deposit insurance cover with the DICGC.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Co-operative Banking</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/co-operative-banking-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Co-operative bank</strong> </a>is a financial entity which belongs to its members, who are at the same time the owners and the customers of their bank. It is <strong>distinct from commercial banks.</strong></li>
<li>Co-operative banks in India are registered under the <strong>States Cooperative Societies Act.</strong> The Co-operative banks are regulated by both <strong>Registrar of Co-operative Societies </strong>and<strong> Reserve Bank of India (RBI) </strong>and <strong>governed by the</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Banking Regulations Act 1949.</li>
<li>Banking Laws (Co-operative Societies) Act, 1955.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of Cooperative Banks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Customer Owned Entities:</strong> Co-operative bank members are both customer and owner of the bank.</li>
<li><strong>Democratic Member Control:</strong> Co-operative banks are owned and controlled by the members, who democratically elect a board of directors. Members usually have equal voting rights, according to the cooperative principle of &ldquo;one person, one vote&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Profit Allocation:</strong> A significant part of the yearly profit, benefits or surplus is usually allocated to constitute reserves and a part of this profit can also be distributed to the co-operative members, with legal and statutory limitations.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Inclusion:</strong> They have played a significant role in the financial inclusion of unbanked rural masses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Co-operative Banks are broadly<strong> classified into Urban and Rural co-operative banks</strong> based on their region of operation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Difference between UCBs and Commercial Banks</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Regulation:</strong> Unlike commercial banks, UCBs are <strong>only partly regulated by the RBI.</strong> Their banking operations are regulated by the RBI, which lays down their capital adequacy, risk control and lending norms. However, their management and resolution in the case of distress is regulated by the <strong>Registrar of Co-operative Societies</strong> either under the State or Central government.</li>
<li><strong>Borrower can be a Shareholder:</strong> In general for a commercial bank, there is a clear distinction between its shareholders and its borrowers whereas in a UCB, borrowers can even double up as shareholders.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/rbi-cancels-licence-of-mumbai-based-ckp-co-op-bank-6390986/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-cancels-licence-of-ckp-co-op-bank'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Corona-Killer 100',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Corona-Killer 100</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Corona-Killer 100</strong> is an automated disinfecting <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-sky-platform-drone-regulation-1-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)</strong></a> developed by<strong> Garuda Aerospace</strong> - an ISO- 9001 company.</li>
<li>These drones will aid in the sanitation of public places, hospitals and tall buildings up to 450 feet amid Covid-19 outbreak.</li>
<li>It is equipped with fuel efficient motors that enable the drone to be deployed for 12 hours a day.</li>
<li>Drone operations are faster, longer &amp; safer than manual spraying by workers who can become potential carriers of Covid-19.</li>
<li>It also consists of patented autopilot technology, advanced flight controller systems.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drone as a Service</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Historically, many UAV applications were developed in the military as spy or reconnaissance vehicles used during wartime.</li>
<li>However, the development of this type of aircraft has evolved towards commercial, civil and consumer spaces, including professional videography, surveying, construction, inspection, traffic management and last mile delivery.</li>
<li>Commercial drone services are developing UAV services, sometimes called Drones as a Service (DaaS), to help industries, such as agriculture, construction, search and rescue, package delivery, industrial inspection, insurance and videography, with tasks like collecting imagery and measurements and managing or broadcasting events.</li>
<li>Drone services seem cost-effective, portable, and &ndash; in extreme emergencies like Covid-19 can &ndash; provide the first take, including visuals, assessment and extent of damage.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1620351" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corona-killer-100'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'African Swine Fever in Assam',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Centre has advised the Assam state government to go for culling of pigs affected by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/african-swine-fever" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>African Swine Fever</strong></a> (ASF).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been advised to divide the affected areas into zones and go for culling accordingly.</li>
<li>The disease was first reported in November-December, 2019 from the areas of China bordering Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li>A few organised piggeries in Assam have been affected and the possible carrier could be humans.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, there is <strong>no confirmation on humans being the carrier</strong> of the virus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier in April, there were reported deaths of pigs due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classical-swine-fever-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Classical Swine Fever</strong> </a>(CSF).</li>
<li>ASF and CSF are different from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swine Flu (H1N1)</strong></a> and do not affect humans.</li>
<li><strong>CSF can be prevented by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classical-swine-fever-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">proper vaccination</a></strong> but there is<strong> no vaccination for ASF.</strong> Culling of the affected pigs is the only option.</li>
</ul>
<h3>African Swine Fever</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a<strong> highly contagious</strong> and <strong>fatal animal disease</strong> that infects and leads to an acute form of <strong>hemorrhagic fever in domestic and wild pigs.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>first detected in Africa </strong>in the<strong> 1920s.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>mortality</strong> is close to <strong>100%</strong> and since the fever has no cure, the only way to stop its spread is by culling the animals.</li>
<li>ASF is <strong>not a threat to human beings</strong> since it only spreads from animals to other animals.</li>
<li>ASF is a disease listed in the <strong>World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code</strong> and thus, reported to the OIE.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588585648_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588585648_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="800" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Organisation for Animal Health</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>OIE is an <strong>intergovernmental organisation</strong> responsible for improving animal health worldwide.</li>
<li>In 2018, it had a total of<strong> 182 Member Countries. India is one of the member</strong> countries.</li>
<li>OIE standards are <strong>recognised by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Trade Organization</a></strong> as reference international sanitary rules.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Paris, France.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/african-swine-fever-assam-told-to-go-for-culling/article31495025.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/african-swine-fever-in-assam'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Sariska Tiger Reserve',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The 13<sup>th</sup> session of the Ministry of Tourism&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/paryatan-parv" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dekho Apna Desh</strong></a> webinar titled, <strong>&lsquo;Destination- Sariska Tiger reserve&rsquo;</strong> was held recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The objective of the Ministry of Tourism&rsquo;s webinar series is to create awareness about and promote various tourism destinations of India &ndash; including the lesser known destinations and lesser known facets of popular destinations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sariska Tiger Reserve is located in Aravali hills and forms a part of the Alwar District of <strong>Rajasthan.</strong></li>
<li>The Reserve is immensely rich in flora and fauna, and is famous for Royal Bengal Tiger. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The park has populations of leopards, Nilgai, Sambar, chital etc. It also shelters a large population of Indian peafowl, crested serpent eagles, sand grouse, golden backed woodpeckers, great Indian horned owls, tree pies, vultures,etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sariska was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1955 and was declared the <strong>tiger reserve later in 1978,</strong> making it a part of India's <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Project Tiger.</a> </strong></li>
<li>The Sanctuary houses ruined temples, forts, pavilions and a palace. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kankarwadi fort</strong> is located in the center of the Reserve and it is said that Mughal emperor Aurangzeb had imprisoned his brother Dara Shikoh at this fort in struggle for succession to the throne.</li>
<li>The Reserve also houses a famous <strong>temple of lord Hanuman at Pandupole</strong> related to <strong>Pandavas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Tiger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project Tiger is an ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change providing central assistance to the tiger States for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves.</li>
<li>The <strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong> is a statutory body of the Ministry, with an overarching supervisory/coordination role, performing functions as provided in the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NTCA was launched in 2005, following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force. It was given statutory status by the 2006 amendment of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India now has as many as 2,967 tigers in the wild, with <strong>more than half of them in Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka,</strong> according to the latest tiger estimation report for 2018.</li>
<li>The population of tigers have <strong>increased by 33%</strong> since the last census in 2014 when the total estimate was 2,226.</li>
<li><strong>Sariska is the first tiger reserve</strong> to have successfully <strong>relocated Royal Bengal tigers in India</strong> and at present there are around 20 tigers in the reserve.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Dekho Apna Desh</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dekho Apna Desh is one of the three components of the Paryatan Parv.The other two are Tourism for All and Tourism &amp; Governance.</li>
<li>It intends to encourage Indians to travel their own country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=202744" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sariska-tiger-reserve'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Opposition to Permanent Bru Settlement in Tripura',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In the middle of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 lockdown</strong></a>, two community-specific groups have renewed their opposition to the permanent settlement of Bru refugees from Mizoram in Tripura.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two groups namely, Nagarik Suraksha Mancha (mostly representing Bengali people displaced from erstwhile East Pakistan post-partition in 1947) and the Mizo Convention have submitted a memorandum protesting against the proposed settlement of the displaced Brus in Tripura.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bru or Reang</strong> is a community indigenous to Northeast India, living mostly in <strong>Tripura, Mizoram and Assam.</strong> In<strong> Tripura,</strong> they are recognised as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group.</strong></a></li>
<li>In Mizoram, they have been targeted by groups that do not consider them indigenous to the state. In 1997, following ethnic clashes, nearly 37,000 Brus fled Mamit, Kolasib and Lunglei districts of Mizoram and were accommodated in relief camps in Tripura.</li>
<li>Since then, 5,000 have returned to Mizoram in eight phases of repatriation, while 32,000 still live in six relief camps in North Tripura.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In June 2018, community leaders from the Bru camps signed an agreement with the Centre and the two state governments, providing for repatriation in Mizoram. But most camp residents rejected the terms of the agreement.</li>
<li>The camp residents say that the agreement doesn't guarantee their safety in Mizoram.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bru-refugee-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Centre, the governments of Mizoram and Tripura and leaders of Bru organisations signed a quadripartite agreement in January</strong></a> (2020) to let the remaining 35,000 refugees who have stayed back to be resettled in Tripura. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rehabilitation package offered included financial assistance of ₹4 lakh and land for constructing a house for each family.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, tribal population makes up for 8.6% of the total population.</li>
<li>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are more vulnerable among the tribal groups.</li>
<li>In <strong>1973,</strong> the <strong>Dhebar Commission</strong> created Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) as a separate category, who are less developed among the tribal groups. In 2006, the Government of India renamed the PTGs as PVTGs.</li>
<li>PVTGs have some basic characteristics - they are mostly homogenous, with a small population, relatively physically isolated, absence of written language, relatively simple technology and a slower rate of change etc.</li>
<li>Among the <strong>75</strong> listed PVTG&rsquo;s the<strong> highest number</strong> are found in <strong>Odisha.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amid-lockdown-tripura-groups-protest-bru-settlement/article31493707.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/opposition-to-permanent-bru-settlement-in-tripura'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => '1-D Simulation Code to Study Earth’s Magnetosphere',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Scientists at the<strong> Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG)</strong> have developed a generalized <strong>one-dimensional fluid simulation code</strong> capable of <strong>studying</strong> a wide spectrum of coherent<strong> electric field structures</strong> in <strong>near-earth plasma environments</strong> or earth&rsquo;s <strong>magnetosphere.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The developed simulation code is expected to help in planning of future space missions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation of Earth&rsquo;s Magnetosphere:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sun is the major source of<strong> plasma deposition</strong> in space around the Earth. Thus, the Sun forces some of its plasma towards the earth in the form of the solar wind.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe as a whole.It consists of a gas of ions and free electrons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The speed of solar wind varies between 300 to 1500 km/s, which carries with it a solar magnetic field, called the <strong>Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>interaction of the IMF with the earth&rsquo;s magnetic field</strong> creates the magnetosphere of the earth.</li>
<li>The magnetosphere shields our home planet from solar and cosmic particle radiation, as well as erosion of the atmosphere by the solar wind - the constant flow of charged particles streaming off the sun.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regions of the Earth&rsquo;s Magnetosphere:</strong> <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588578269_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588578269_image1.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="276" height="235" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The schematic diagram of Earth&rsquo;s magnetosphere shown consists of different regions namely,<br />
<ol>
<li><strong>Bow shock :</strong> It occurs when the magnetosphere of an Earth interacts with the nearby flowing ambient plasma such as the solar wind.</li>
<li><strong>Magnetosheath:</strong> It is the region of space between the magnetopause and the bow shock of a planet's magnetosphere.</li>
<li><strong>Magnetopause :</strong> It is the boundary between the planet's magnetic field and the solar wind.</li>
<li><strong>Northern tail lobe :</strong> The magnetosphere of the earth contains two lobes, referred to as the northern and southern tail lobes. Magnetic field lines in the northern tail lobe point towards the earth.</li>
<li><strong>Southern tail lobe:</strong> The magnetic field lines in the southern tail lobes point away from the earth. Usually, the tail lobes are almost empty, with few charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind.</li>
<li><strong>Plasmasphere :</strong> The plasmasphere, or inner magnetosphere, is a region of the Earth's magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma.</li>
<li><strong>Solar winds:</strong> It is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Study of Plasma Processes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The plasma processes have the ability to hamper the working of a number of satellites that have been placed in orbit in the magnetospheric region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the morphology of these plasma processes changes over space and time. These changes can be ideally deciphered only through computer simulations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The study will help advance the knowledge of plasma waves, instabilities, and coherent effects associated with wave-particle interactions that are useful in planning future space missions.</li>
<li>It can also lead to precisely controlled fusion laboratory experiments for ever-expanding energy needs of humanity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Institute of Geomagnetism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) is an <strong>autonomous institution</strong> functioning directly under the <strong>Department of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
<li>It has its main Campus at Panvel, Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra).</li>
<li>It conducts basic and applied research in Geomagnetism (study of dynamics of earth&rsquo;s magnetic field) and allied fields like Solid Earth Geomagnetism/Geophysics, Magnetosphere, Space and Atmospheric Sciences.</li>
<li>The Institute also supports a <strong>World Data Centre for Geomagnetism (WDC, Mumbai),</strong> which is the only International centre for Geomagnetic data in South Asia and caters to the needs of Space and Earth Scientists and researchers from various universities and research institutions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1619551" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/1-d-simulation-code-to-study-earth-s-magnetosphere'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Drop in FPI Outflows',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to recent data from Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL), the <strong>Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs)</strong> have significantly reduced the pace of outflows from the <strong>equity and debt market</strong> in April, 2020, after a record net outflow of Rs 1,18,203 crore in March 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FPIs sold a net of Rs 6,883 crore from the <strong>equities market</strong> and net holdings worth Rs 12,551 crore from the <strong>debt market</strong> in April.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>equity market shares are issued and traded,</strong> either through exchanges or over-the-counter markets (i.e directly). It is also known as the stock market.</li>
<li>The <strong>debt market</strong> is the market where <strong>debt instruments are traded.</strong></li>
<li>Debt instruments are instruments that require a fixed payment to the holder, usually with interest. E.g. <strong>bonds</strong> (government or corporate) and <strong>mortgages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, they invested a net of Rs 4,032 crore in debt <strong>Voluntary Retention Route (VRR) scheme.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>VRR scheme allows FPIs to participate in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-liquidity-offer-for-mutual-funds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> repo transactions</strong></a> and also invest in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-13th-march-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>exchange traded funds</strong></a> that invest in debt instruments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Outflows have continued <strong>due to uncertainty surrounding economic conditions</strong> caused by Covid-19 lockdown and investors are cautious. However, the <strong>pessimism</strong> also continues to grip the markets.</li>
<li>So far, India has been able to contain the Covid-19 pandemic from spreading aggressively. The measures announced by the government and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> periodically to revitalize the sagging economy have also resonated well with investors.</li>
<li>With selective relaxation in the lockdown and gradual opening up of economic activity in the country, foreign investors will be closely watching the developments on this front.</li>
<li>A success on developing medicine and vaccines will lead to a <strong>V-shaped recovery</strong> in the economy and markets.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Voluntary Retention Route (VRR) scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The VRR scheme is <strong>aimed at attracting long-term and stable FPI</strong> investments into debt markets.</li>
<li>Investments through the route will be <strong>free of the regulatory norms</strong> applicable to FPI investments in debt markets, provided investors maintain a minimum share of their investments for a fixed period.</li>
<li>VRR Scheme has a minimum retention period of <strong>three years</strong> and investors need to <strong>maintain a minimum of 75% of their investments</strong> in India.</li>
<li>FPIs registered with<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Securities and Exchange Board of India</strong></a> (SEBI) are eligible to voluntarily invest through the route in government and corporate bonds.</li>
</ul>
<h3>V-Shaped Recovery</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A V-shaped recovery is characterized by <strong>a sharp economic decline followed by a quick and sustained recovery.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>recession of 1953</strong> is an example of a V-shaped recovery.</li>
<li>A V-shaped recovery is different from an L-shaped recovery, in which the economy stays in a slump for a prolonged period of time.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588577722_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588577722_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="406" height="178" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Foreign Portfolio Investment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Foreign portfolio investment (FPI)</strong> consists of securities and other financial assets <strong>passively held by foreign investors.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It does <strong>not provide the investor with direct ownership</strong> of financial assets and is relatively liquid depending on the volatility of the market.</li>
<li>Foreign portfolio investment is<strong> part of a country&rsquo;s capital account</strong> and is<strong> shown on its Balance of Payments (BOP).</strong></li>
<li>The BOP measures the <strong>amount of money flowing from one country to other</strong> countries over one monetary year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The investor <strong>does not actively manage</strong> the investments through FPIs, he does not <strong>have control over the securities or the business.</strong></li>
<li>The investor&rsquo;s goal is to create a quick return on his money.</li>
<li>FPI is more liquid and <strong>less risky than Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an investment made by a firm or individual in one country into business interests located in another country. FDI lets an investor <strong>purchase a direct business interest</strong> in a foreign country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>FPI is often referred to as<strong> &ldquo;hot money&rdquo;</strong> because of its tendency to flee at the first signs of trouble in an economy.</li>
<li>FPI and FDI are both important sources of funding for most economies. Foreign capital can be used to develop infrastructure, set up manufacturing facilities and service hubs, and invest in other productive assets such as machinery and equipment, which contributes to economic growth and stimulates employment.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/fpis-pause-selloff-mode-outflow-drops-88-in-april-6392367/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/drop-in-fpi-outflows'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'India: Permanent Seat In UNSC',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/by-any-calculus-india-qualifies-for-unsc-permanent-seat-syed-akbaruddin/article31465932.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;By any calculus, India qualifies for UNSC permanent seat&rdquo;</a> </strong>which was published in The Hindu on 29/04/2020. It talks about India's claim for permanent membership in the United Nations permanent council.</p>
</div>
<p>India is due for election to the temporary membership of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Security Council (UNSC)</strong></a> later this year, for the 2021-22 period. Moreover, India for long has been of the view that the UNSC sought to be reformed by expansion in the membership of the Security Council in both the permanent and non &ndash; permanent categories.</p>
<p>India, by any objective criteria, such as population, territorial size, GDP, economic potential, civilizational legacy, cultural diversity, political system, is eminently qualified for permanent membership.</p>
<p>Thus, the Indian tryst for permanent membership of Security Council flows broadly from a mix of, three streams, viz., India&rsquo;s historic association with the UN system, India&rsquo;s intrinsic value and place in contemporary international politics and its role as the leader of developing countries.</p>
<h3>Need for UNSC Reforms</h3>
<p>UNSC has been in existence for more than 75 years. However, it does not represent the geopolitical and economic realities of the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Undemocratic UNSC:</strong> Barring two regions (North America and Europe), other regions are either underrepresented (like Asia) or not represented at all (Africa, Latin America and the Small Island developing states).</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Global Governance:</strong> There are no regulatory mechanisms for <strong>global commons like the Internet, Space, High Seas</strong> (beyond your EEZ-exclusive economic zone) and no unanimity on how to deal with <strong>global issues like terrorism, climate change, cybersecurity and public health</strong> (as seen in the current pandemic).</li>
<li><strong>Misuse of Veto Power:</strong> The veto power is used by permanent five countries to serve the strategic interest of themselves and their allies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since 1990, the United States has cast a veto on Council resolutions 16 times, concerning Israeli-Palestinian relations. Russia has done so 17 times, including eight times over Syria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Due to all these factors, the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said that the Security Council must either reform or risk becoming increasingly irrelevant.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Case for Permanent Membership of India in UNSC</h3>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Historic Association with the UN System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is the founding member of the UN. Also, since its independence and even before that,India has been an active participant in all initiatives undertaken by the UN like <strong>Millennium Development Goals, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable development goals</a></strong> and various UN summits, including on climate change.</li>
<li>In the past, India&rsquo;s was offered to join the UNSC by both the superpowers, the US and the then Soviet Union in 1950 and in 1955 respectively, However, India denied the offer due to Cold war politics in that era.</li>
<li>India, till now has been elected for seven terms for a two-year non-permanent member seat, the last being 2011-12.</li>
<li>Today, most significantly, India has almost twice the number of peacekeepers deployed on the ground as much as by P5 countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Intrinsic Value</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India being the largest democracy and second-most populous country (soon to become most populous) in the world, are the primary reasons for India to be granted permanent membership in UNSC.</li>
<li>Also, India is now the 5th largest economy and one of the fastest-growing economies of the world.</li>
<li>India's acquired status of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/50-years-of-nuclear-non-proliferation-treaty-npt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nuclear Weapons State (NWS)</strong> </a>in May 1998 also makes India a natural claimant as a permanent member similar to the existing permanent members who are all Nuclear Weapon States.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s international profile and capabilities rise due to its ever-expanding global footprint in diverse areas like politics, sustainable development, economics, and culture and science and technology.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can be seen in proactive initiative pertaining to maritime and space diplomacy.</li>
<li>Also, India has been inducted in various <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/multilateral-export-control-regimes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>export control regimes</strong></a> like MTCR, Wassenaar arrangement, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Based on these credentials, India&rsquo;s claim for permanent membership is supported by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quad-and-g-4-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G4 countries</strong></a>, majority of the permanent members of UNSC and the majority of countries in the United nation General Assembly.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Representing the developing World</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is the undisputed leader of the Third world countries, as reflected by its leadership role in Non-Aligned Movement and G-77 grouping.</li>
<li>Therefore, India&rsquo;s inclusion in UNSC will strengthen India&rsquo;s stature as a &lsquo;moralistic force&rsquo; for the developing states and help in making UNSC more democratic.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Intended Benefit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Permanent seat in the UNSC, would provide India with the much-needed leverage to expand its geo-political and geo-economic clout globally.</li>
<li>Inclusion of India into UNSC will help in transforming its status from being a responsible stakeholder&rsquo; (following international norms) along with becoming a global rule-maker.</li>
<li>Indian presence at the Security Council would ensure Indian interests are not sacrificed at the altar of great power politics. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It would serve as an equalizer to China, its rival and an emerging hegemony in Asia and an ever-increasing strategic and security concern in its immediate neighborhood and beyond.</li>
<li>Most importantly, it will stall any possible intervention by China, a permanent member at the behest of its ally Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>RoadBlocks in India&rsquo;s Path</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is argued by critics that India has still not signed the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/50-years-of-nuclear-non-proliferation-treaty-npt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> NPT</strong></a> and also refused to sign the CTBT in 1996.</li>
<li>China, which has veto power in the UNSC being one of its five permanent members, has been stonewalling India's efforts to become a permanent member.</li>
<li>Though India is a bright spot in the global economy and its macroeconomic fundamentals are stable, yet it shows poor performance in many socio-economic indicators like the Human Development Index.</li>
<li>India is competing with other countries of G4 grouping (Japan, Brazil and Germany) for a spot for permanent membership in UNSC.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s capacity to project its military power beyond the Indian Ocean region is still to be tested. Further, India heavily relies on weaponry imports from US and Russia for its military requirements.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India has been acknowledged as a rising power by most of the states. Also, there is a pressing need to democratize multilateral fora, starting from the United Nation system itself. In this context, India is making a legitimate claim for its rightful place in the changing architecture of global governance, including the UN Security Council.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588419731_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588419731_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #efffe6;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>India is the natural claimant for becoming the permanent member in the United Nations Security Council. Analyse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pKgbQ8Fx0xA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This is editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/religion-and-freedom-the-hindu-editorial-on-india-and-communal-violence/article31475603.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Religion and Freedom&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on May 1st, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-permanent-seat-in-unsc'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Bengaluru Bannerghatta Biological Park',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Bengaluru&rsquo;s Bannerghatta Biological Park</strong> (BBBP),<strong> Karnataka</strong> has come out with the <strong>Animal Adoption Programme</strong> to conserve wildlife and allow people to<strong> adopt animals</strong> at the zoo during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown</strong></a> period.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme provides an opportunity to get involved with the feeding and veterinary care expenses for zoo animals with a provision for <strong>Income Tax rebate under 80G.</strong></li>
<li>The BBBP has released a list of <strong>animals that can be adopted:</strong> King cobra, Indian rock python, Black buck, Sambar, Emu, Golden jackal, Indian leopard, Sloth bear, Hippopotamus, Bengal tiger, Giraffe, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>2004,</strong> BBBP was<strong> carved out of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bannerghatta-park-eco-sensitive-zone-reduced" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bannerghatta National Park</a></strong> (BNP) and brought under the <strong>Zoo Authority of Karnataka</strong> (ZAK).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BNP which was declared a <strong>national park in 1974.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>BBBP has <strong>four divisions:</strong> the zoo, the safari, the butterfly park and the rescue centre.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is one among the few places in the world where wilderness is preserved so close to a big city.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>valley of Champakadhama hills</strong> is inside the park.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To complement and strengthen national efforts in ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.</li>
<li>To support the conservation of endangered species.</li>
<li>To provide opportunities for scientific studies, research and documentation on conservation and creation databases.</li>
<li>To bring awareness to the public and provide recreational opportunity to the visitors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong> Scrub type (dry deciduous forests), southern tropical dry deciduous forests, southern tropical moist mixed forests.</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> Elephant, Chital, Barking Deer, Striped Hyena, Porcupine, Peafowl, Grey Jungle Fowl, Partridges, crocodiles, tortoise, python, varieties of butterflies, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588413868_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588413868_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/lockdown-offer-adopt-cobra-2kper-annum-elephant-175-lakh-at-bengaluru-zoo/article31483258.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bengaluru-bannerghatta-biological-park'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'R&D Statistics and Indicators 2019-20',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the Research &amp; Development (R&amp;D) Statistics and Indicators 2019-20 report, India&rsquo;s gross expenditure in R&amp;D has tripled between 2008 &amp; 2018 and scientific publications have risen placing the country internationally among the top few.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The R&amp;D Statistics and Indicators 2019-20 is based on the<strong> national S&amp;T survey 2018</strong> brought out by the <strong>National Science and Technology Management Information (NSTMIS).</strong></li>
<li>The report on R&amp;D indicators for the nation is an <strong>important document for the</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Evidence-based policymaking and planning in higher education,</li>
<li>R&amp;D activities and support,</li>
<li>Intellectual property,</li>
<li>Industrial competitiveness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the report, <strong>R&amp;D is driven mainly by the government sector.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Expenditure on R&amp;D:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Gross Expenditure on R&amp;D (GERD)</strong> of India <strong>nearly tripled</strong> between 2007- 08 to 2017-18.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s<strong> per capita R&amp;D expenditure</strong> has also increased by <strong>1.5 times.</strong></li>
<li>Increase in<strong> Extramural R&amp;D support</strong> by central Science &amp; Technology agencies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Women participation</strong> in extramural R&amp;D projects has also increased significantly to 24% in 2016-17 from 13% in 2000-01.</li>
<li>These <strong>extramural expenditures</strong> are the expenditures on R&amp;D that is performed abroad but financed by domestic institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India spent 0.7% of its GDP on R&amp;D in 2017-18,</strong> While the same among other developing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brics-foreign-ministers-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BRICS countries</strong></a> was Brazil 1.3%, Russian Federation 1.1%, China 2.1% and South Africa 0.8%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Researchers and scientific publications:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>number of researchers</strong> per million populations <strong>has doubled</strong> since 2000.</li>
<li>India occupies 3<sup>rd</sup> rank in terms of number of <strong>Ph.D awarded in Science and Engineering</strong> (S&amp;E) after USA and China.</li>
<li>India is placed <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> among countries in scientific publication</strong> as per NSF database.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patent filing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is ranked at<strong> 9<sup>th</sup> position in terms of Resident Patent Filing</strong> activity in the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>During 2017-18 out of total patents filed in India, 32% patents were filed by Indian residents.</li>
<li>Patent applications filed in India are dominated by disciplines like Mechanical, Chemical, Computer/Electronics, and Communication.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institutions-international-world-intellectual-property-organisation-wipo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s Patent Office stands at the <strong>7<sup>th</sup> position</strong> among the top 10 Patent Filing Offices in the world.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Science and Technology Management Information</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Science and Technology Management Information System (NSTMIS) is a <strong>division of the Department of Science and Technology (DST).</strong></li>
<li>It has been entrusted with the task of building the information base on a continuous basis on resources devoted to scientific and technological activities for policy planning in the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=202726" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/r-d-statistics-and-indicators-2019-20'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Demo-2 Mission',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong></a> <strong>(NASA)</strong> and<strong> SpaceX</strong> are all set for the <strong>Demo-2 mission</strong> which is scheduled for 27<sup>th</sup> May, 2020 from the<strong> Kennedy Space Center</strong> in Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Demo-2 Mission will send astronauts to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-27-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Space Station</strong> </a>(ISS).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the Mission, astronauts <strong>Robert Behnken</strong> and <strong>Douglas Hurley</strong> will dock with ISS and then remain there for between one to four months, depending on the time of next mission.</li>
<li>It is a part of NASA&rsquo;s <strong>Commercial Crew Program,</strong> which is a partnership to develop and fly human space transportation systems.</li>
<li><strong>SpaceX spacecraft</strong> named <strong>Crew Dragon</strong> will be used to take them into space.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will be only the <strong>fifth class of US spacecraft</strong> to take human beings into orbit, after the <strong>Mercury, Gemini, Apollo</strong> and <strong>Space Shuttle</strong> programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>high priority mission</strong> for the US which is clear by the fact that the mission is being carried out amidst <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a>.</li>
<li>The mission is a <strong>major milestone for SpaceX,</strong> which is a private company founded by <strong>Elon Musk,</strong> who is the founder of <strong>Tesla.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has established itself as the leader in the private space sector mainly due to its <strong>reusable rocket,</strong> the <strong>Falcon 9.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NASA classifies the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/space-flight-hazards-and-human-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>impact of space flight on humans</strong> </a>in 5 broad criteria known as<strong> 5 Hazards.</strong> These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Radiation</li>
<li>Isolation and confinement</li>
<li>Distance from Earth</li>
<li>Gravity</li>
<li>Hostile/closed environments</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health Specific Impacts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Weightlessness and osteoporosis</li>
<li>Telomeres get longer during spaceflight</li>
<li>Decreased body mass and increased folate in orbit</li>
<li>Spaceflight can Trigger Gene Mutations</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Mercury (1958-63)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was the <strong>first US man-in-space program.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>objectives</strong> of the program, which made <strong>six manned flights</strong> from 1961 to 1963, were specific:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To orbit a manned spacecraft around Earth.</li>
<li>To investigate man's ability to function in space.</li>
<li>To recover both man and spacecraft safely.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gemini Program (1962-66)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Designed as a <strong>bridge between the Mercury and Apollo</strong> programs, it primarily tested equipment and mission procedures and trained astronauts and ground crews for future Apollo missions.</li>
<li><strong>Four main goals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To test an astronaut's ability to fly long-duration missions (up to two weeks in space).</li>
<li>To understand how spacecraft could meet and dock in orbit around the Earth and the moon.</li>
<li>To perfect re-entry and landing methods.</li>
<li>To further understand the effects of longer space flights on astronauts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Apollo Program (1963-72)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was<strong> designed to land humans on the Moon</strong> and bring them safely back to Earth. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Six of the missions <strong>(Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17)</strong> achieved this goal.</li>
<li>These missions returned with<strong> scientific data</strong> and almost 400 kilograms of <strong>lunar samples.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Apollo 8</strong> was the<strong> first manned mission</strong> to go to the<strong> moon.</strong> This mission<strong> did not land on the moon.</strong> It <strong>orbited</strong> the moon, then came back to Earth.</li>
<li><strong>Apollo 11</strong> was the<strong> first moon landing mission.</strong> It landed on <strong>20<sup>th</sup> July, 1969.</strong> The crew of Apollo 11 was <strong>Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Space Shuttle Program (1981-2011)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NASA's <strong>space shuttle fleet,</strong> Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour, flew 135 missions and <strong>helped construct the ISS.</strong></li>
<li>The spacecraft carried people into orbit repeatedly, launched, recovered and repaired satellites, conducted cutting-edge research and built the largest structure in space.</li>
<li>The <strong>final space shuttle mission, STS-135,</strong> ended on<strong> 21<sup>st</sup> July, 2011.</strong></li>
<li>As <strong>humanity's first reusable spacecraft,</strong> the space shuttle pushed the boundaries of discovery ever farther, requiring not only advanced technologies but the tremendous effort of a vast workforce.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nasa-spacex-to-launch-astronauts-into-space-on-may-27-despite-covid-19-pandemic/story-otLBSLJY5Z3T6W4oHkr5DI.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/demo-2-mission'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'China to Launch Official Digital Currency',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, China has started testing its official digital currency which is <strong>unofficially called &ldquo;Digital Currency Electronic Payment, DC/EP&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The digital currency of China<strong> has not been officially released</strong> but internal pilot tests are being carried out in four cities of China.</li>
<li>China is expected to officially make the sovereign digital currency available to the public later in 2020.</li>
<li>It could be considered the <strong>world&rsquo;s first Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) if it is officially issued</strong> by state bank People&rsquo;s Bank of China.</li>
<li>The total size of China&rsquo;s digital currency could reach one trillion yuan ($140 billion), equivalent to about one-eighth of China&rsquo;s cash.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Digital Currency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Digital currency is a payment method which <strong>exists only in electronic form and is not tangible.</strong></li>
<li>Digital currency can be transferred between entities or users with the help of technology like computers, smartphones and the internet.</li>
<li>Although it is similar to physical currencies, digital money allows borderless transfer of ownership as well as instantaneous transactions.</li>
<li>Digital currency is also known as digital money and cybercash.</li>
<li>E.g. Cryptocurrency</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cryptocurrency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cryptocurrencies-will-boost-illegal-transactions-rbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cryptocurrency</strong></a> is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security.</li>
<li>Cryptocurrencies use decentralized technology to let users make secure payments and store money without the need to use their name or go through a bank.</li>
<li>They run on a distributed public ledger called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-15th-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blockchain</strong></a>, which is a record of all transactions updated and held by currency holders.</li>
<li>The most common cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin,<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/libra-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Libra</strong></a>, Ethereum, Ripple, and Litecoin.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand on Digital Currency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had banned cryptocurrencies in 2018.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>RBI had considered cryptocurrencies as a poor unit of account and also demonstrated by their frequent and high fluctuation in value.</li>
<li>RBI also stated that it pose several risks, including anti-money laundering and terrorism financing concerns (AML/CFT) for the state and liquidity, credit, and operational risks for users.</li>
<li>It had also said that it would seriously<strong> consider developing a sovereign digital currency</strong> when the time is appropriate</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Subsequently, <strong>the Supreme Court has struck down a circular of the RBI,</strong> which bans financial institutions from enabling deals in digital or cryptocurrencies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ban was challenged by the Internet &amp; Mobile Association of India (IAMA) sighting that dealing and trading in cryptocurrency was a legitimate business activity and that the RBI did not have jurisdiction over it as these assets could be classified as commodities rather than currency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/china-is-testing-new-digital-currency/story-0hzLoZQruJ7O16uJQxN6rI.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:HT</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-to-launch-official-digital-currency'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Kisan Sabha App',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CSIR-CRRI),</strong> New Delhi has <strong>developed the Kisan Sabha App</strong> to connect farmers to the supply chain and freight transportation management system.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The app also intends to provide a robust supply chain management required to facilitate the timely delivery of the products at the best possible prices during the present situation of<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Covid-19</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Kisan Sabha aims to provide the <strong>most economical and timely logistics support to the farmers.</strong></li>
<li>It also intends to<strong> increase the profit margins</strong> for farmers by minimizing interference of middlemen and directly connecting with the institutional buyers.</li>
<li>It will also help in providing best market rates of crops by comparing nearest mandis, booking of freight vehicles at cheapest cost thereby giving maximum benefit to the farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stakeholders Involved:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The app connects the farmers, transporters, Service providers (like pesticides/ fertilizer/ dealers, cold store and warehouse owner), mandi dealers, customers (like big retail outlets, online stores, institutional buyers) and other related entities for a timely and effective solution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Function:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It acts as a <strong>single stop for every entity related to agriculture,</strong> be they a farmer who needs better price for the crops or mandi dealer who wants to connect to more farmers or truckers who invariably go empty from the mandis.</li>
<li>Kisan Sabha also <strong>provides a platform for people who want to buy directly from the farmers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CSIR-CRRI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) was established in 1952 as a constituent laboratory of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It is located in Delhi.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>premier national research organization for highways traffic and transport planning</strong> and all other allied aspects.</li>
<li>It carries out R&amp;D in the areas of road and road transportation and provides the highest level of professional consultancy.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1620086" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kisan-sabha-app'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Open Budget Survey 2019: IBP',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>International Budget Partnership (IBP)</strong> has released an <strong>Open Budget Survey (OBS) 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey evaluates each country on the basis of the availability of key budget documents of the Central or Federal Government, and assesses whether these are made public, in a timely manner, and provide comprehensive information.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Open Budget Survey</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Open Budget Survey is<strong> part of the International Budget Partnership's Open Budget Initiative,</strong> a global research and advocacy program to promote public access to budget information and the adoption of accountable budget systems.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>biennial</strong> survey.</li>
<li>The survey covers <strong>117</strong> countries.</li>
<li>It rates the level of budget transparency across countries on a <strong>scale of 0-100,</strong> based on several normative, internationally comparable indicators.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Improvement in Overall Score:</strong> OBS 2019 finds a <strong>modest global improvement</strong> in budget transparency, which is consistent with the overall trend measured by the survey over the past years.</li>
<li><strong>Global Avg. Transparency Score:</strong> The <strong>global average transparency score</strong> has turned out to be <strong>45 out of 100</strong> and thus levels of publicly available budget information remains limited.</li>
<li><strong>Top Scorers: New Zealand tops</strong> the chart with a<strong> score of 87.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, South Africa (87), Mexico (82) and Brazil (81) are among the top six countries providing extensive information to the public for scrutiny.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Citizens&rsquo; Participation:</strong> The citizens&rsquo; participation in the budget process continued to be at a dismal level and thus average global scores on the OBS participation measure remains <strong>14 out of 100. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Publication of Audit and Legislative Reports:</strong> Only 30 of the 117 surveyed countries have adequate scores both for audit and for legislative oversight.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India's Global Ranking:</strong> India has been placed at <strong>53<sup>rd</sup></strong> position among 117 nations in terms of budget transparency and accountability.</li>
<li><strong>Transparency Score:</strong> India's Union Budget process has a <strong>transparency score of 49 out of 100,</strong> which is <strong>higher than the global average of 45.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some of the other large developing countries, with the exception of China, have got much higher transparency scores compared to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Citizens&rsquo; Participation:</strong> The public participation in its budgets has been flagged as an area of improvement required for India.</li>
<li><strong>Publication of Audit Reports:</strong> India performs well in publishing timely and relevant information in the audit reports and in-year reports and has scored well and above many other countries.</li>
<li><strong>Publication of Pre-Budget Statement:</strong> The absence of a published Pre-Budget Statement and not bringing out a Mid-Year Review in 2018-19 pulled down the transparency score for the Union Budget of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While many governments and citizens have embraced the open budgeting agenda, more efforts to translate good intentions into better practice are required.</li>
<li>A global effort of joint, sustained activism is needed to accelerate progress and deliver the promises of open budgeting to all citizens.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Budget Partnership</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Budget Partnership (IBP) is a <strong>collaborative effort of multiple actors &ndash;</strong> including civil society, state actors, international institutions and the private sector.</li>
<li>IBP was <strong>formed in 1997</strong> to promote transparent and inclusive government budget processes as a means to improve governance and service delivery in the developing world.</li>
<li>It intends to bring citizens participation in open, inclusive budgeting processes to shape policies and practices that promote equity and justice on a sustainable basis.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IBP&rsquo;s focus on citizens and civil society organizations (CSOs) was driven by the pioneering civil society budget monitoring efforts in a small number of middle-income countries in the early 1990s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>IBP&rsquo;s ultimate aim is to ensure that public resources are used more effectively to fight poverty and promote equitable and sustainable development in countries around the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-at-53rd-position-in-budget-transparency-accountability-ibp-survey-120043000118_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:BS</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/open-budget-survey-2019-ibp'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Forex Reserves',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the recent data from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s <strong>Foreign Exchange (Forex) reserves declined by $113 million</strong> to $479.45 billion in the week to 24 April, 2020 due to a fall in <strong>foreign currency assets.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Changes in forex reserves holdings.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>foreign currency assets (FCAs)</strong> decreased by $321 million to $441.56 billion.</li>
<li><strong>Gold reserves</strong> rose by $221 million to $32.901 billion.</li>
<li>The <strong>special drawing rights</strong> with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) fell by $6 million to $1.42 billion.</li>
<li>The country&rsquo;s <strong>reserve position with the IMF</strong> also was down by $8 million to $3.57 billion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier, the reserve<strong> had touched a life-time high of $487.23</strong> billion in the week ended by 6 March, 2020.</li>
<li>During 2019-20, the country&rsquo;s foreign exchange reserves rose by almost $62 billion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Foreign Exchange Reserves</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foreign exchange reserves are<strong> assets held on reserve by a central bank in foreign</strong> currencies, which can include bonds, treasury bills and other government securities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It needs to be noted that most foreign exchange reserves are held in U.S. dollars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These assets serve many purposes but are most significantly held to ensure that the central bank has backup funds if the national currency rapidly devalues or becomes altogether insolvent.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Forex Reserve include:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Foreign Currency Assets</li>
<li>Gold reserves</li>
<li>Special Drawing Rights</li>
<li>Reserve position with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund (IMF)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Foreign Currency Assets (FCA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FCAs are assets that are valued based on a currency other than the country's own currency.</li>
<li>FCA is the <strong>largest component of the forex reserve.</strong> It is expressed in dollar terms.</li>
<li>The FCAs include <strong>the effect of appreciation or depreciation of non-US units</strong> like the euro, pound and yen held in the foreign exchange reserves.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Special drawing rights (SDR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SDR is an <strong>international reserve asset,</strong> created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement its member countries&rsquo; official reserves.</li>
<li>The SDR is neither a currency nor a claim on the IMF. Rather, it is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF members. SDRs can be exchanged for these currencies.</li>
<li>The value of the SDR is calculated from a weighted basket of<strong> major currencies,</strong> including the U.S. dollar, the euro, Japanese yen, Chinese yuan, and British pound.</li>
<li>The interest rate on SDRs or (SDRi) is the interest paid to members on their SDR holdings.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reserve Position</strong> in the International Monetary Fund</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A reserve tranche position implies a <strong>portion of the required quota of currency each member country must provide to the International Monetary Fund (IMF)</strong> that can be utilized for its own purposes.</li>
<li>The reserve tranche is basically <strong>an emergency account</strong> that IMF members can access at any time without agreeing to conditions or paying a service fee.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/forex-reserves-fall-113-mn-to-479-45-bn-6389572/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Mathematical and Simulation Aspects of Covid-19',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB)</strong> has approved <strong>funding for 11 projects under the MATRICS scheme</strong> for studying mathematical modelling and computational aspects to tackle the Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>statutory body under the Department of Science and Technology</strong> (DST), Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These studies attempt to propose mathematical/simulation models to account for various factors relevant to Covid-19 by <strong>modifying the basic SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) models.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An SIR model is an epidemiological model that computes the theoretical number of people infected with a contagious illness in a closed population over time.</li>
<li>The name of this class of models derives from the fact that they involve coupled equations relating the number of susceptible people , number of people infected , and number of people who have recovered .</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some of such<strong> factors</strong> are heterogeneity of population, the role of asymptomatic (showing no symptoms) population, migration and quarantine, effect of social distancing and lockdown, socioeconomic factors and so on.</li>
<li><strong>Aim</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To study Indian conditions and provide an estimate of Basic Reproduction Number (R0)- the qualitative indicator of the degree of contagiousness of the disease. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>R0 tells the <strong>average number of people who will catch the disease from one contagious person.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> larger this number, the more contagious</strong> is the disease caused by the virus and the faster it will spread in the community.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also aims to identify the maximum likelihood infection tree when infection reports and contact network structure are known to the administration.</li>
<li>To identify possible cures of Covid-19 through the study of DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) structures by creating patterns of DNA of different viruses.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>MATRICS Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched in 2017<strong> by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB).</strong></li>
<li>It aims to provide fixed grant support to active researchers with good credentials in Mathematical Sciences, Theoretical Sciences and Quantitative Social Sciences.</li>
<li>The support is provided in the form of research grant of Rs. 2 lakh per annum plus overheads for a period of three years.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/homepib.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Manufacturing Hits Record Low',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent <strong>IHS Markit India</strong> monthly survey, Manufacturing <strong>Purchasing Managers&rsquo; Index (PMI)</strong> fell to 27.4 in April, 2020 from 51.8 in March, 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s<strong> manufacturing sector activity</strong> has witnessed <strong>contraction</strong> in April, 2020 due to national lockdown restrictions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new <strong>business orders</strong> have <strong>collapsed</strong> at a record pace <strong>severely hampering the demand.</strong></li>
<li>This is the <strong>sharpest deterioration</strong> in business conditions across the manufacturing sector since data collection began over 15 years ago.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The deteriorating demand conditions has led the<strong> manufacturers to drastically cut back staff numbers.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Export orders</strong> have also witnessed a sharp decline.</li>
<li>There was also <strong>evidence of supply-side disruption</strong> due to the lockdown.</li>
<li>The <strong>PMI slipped into contraction mode,</strong> after remaining in the growth territory for 32 consecutive months.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In PMI&rsquo;s language, a reading above 50 means expansion, while a score below that denotes contraction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <strong>12-month outlook for production</strong> the demand will rebound once the Covid-19 threat is diminished and lockdown restrictions are eased.</li>
<li>The <strong>Index (PMI)</strong> is compiled by <strong>IHS Markit</strong> for more than 40 economies worldwide. IHS Markit is a global leader in information, analytics and solutions for the major industries and markets that drive economies worldwide.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588663355_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588663355_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Purchasing Managers' Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Purchasing Managers&rsquo; Index (PMI) is an indicator of business activity - both in the manufacturing and services sectors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>calculated separately</strong> for the manufacturing and services sectors and then a <strong>composite index</strong> is also constructed.</li>
<li>The PMI summarizes whether<strong> market conditions as viewed by purchasing managers are</strong> expanding, neutral, or contracting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about<strong> current and future business conditions to company decision makers, analysts, and investors.</strong></li>
<li>The PMI is a number from 0 to 100.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>PMI <strong>above 50 represents an expansion</strong> when compared to the previous month;</li>
<li>PMI <strong>under 50 represents a contraction,</strong> and</li>
<li>A reading at 50 indicates no change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The PMI is usually released at the start of every month. It is, therefore, considered a good leading indicator of economic activity.</li>
<li>It is <strong>different from the Index of Industrial Production (IIP),</strong> which also gauges the level of activity in the economy.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Index of Industrial Production</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index which details out the growth of various sectors in an economy such as mineral mining, electricity, manufacturing, etc.</li>
<li>It is compiled and published monthly by the <strong>National Statistical Organisation (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Base Year of the Index of Eight Core Industries</strong> has been revised from the year 2004-05 to 2011-12 from April, 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The eight core industries comprise 40.27% of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).</li>
<li>The eight Core Industries in decreasing order of their weightage: Refinery Products&gt; Electricity&gt; Steel&gt; Coal&gt; Crude Oil&gt; Natural Gas&gt; Cement&gt; Fertilizers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Difference between PMI and IIP</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IIP covers the <strong>broader industrial sector compared to PMI.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IIP shows the<strong> change in production volume</strong> in major industrial sub sectors like manufacturing, mining and electricity.</li>
<li>Similarly, the IIP also gives <strong>use based (capital goods, consumer goods etc) trends in industrial production.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PMI is more dynamic compared to a standard industrial production index.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The PMI senses dynamic trends because of the variable it uses for the construction of the index compared to <strong>volume based production indicators like the IIP.</strong></li>
<li>For example, new orders under PMI show growth oriented positive trends and not just volume of past production that can be traced in an ordinary Index of Industrial Production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/india-manufacturing-sector-activity-hits-record-low-in-april-amid-lockdown-survey-6392962/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Virtual NAM Summit',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The virtual <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-aligned-movement-nam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</strong></a> Contact Group Summit on<strong> &ldquo;United against Covid-19&rdquo;</strong> through video conferencing was held recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The meeting was <strong>convened at the initiative of President Ilham Aliyev of Azerbaijan, in his capacity as chair</strong> of the Non Aligned Movement.</li>
<li>Moreover 30 Heads of State and other leaders had joined the Summit. The Summit was also addressed by the UN General Assembly president and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> chief.</li>
<li>It was the first time that Prime Minister Narendra Modi participated in a NAM Summit since he assumed the office in 2014.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prime Minister Narendra Modi <strong>became the first Indian Prime Minister to skip the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/18th-non-aligned-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NAM Summit</a> in 2016 and in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Adoption of the Declaration:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Summit adopted a Declaration underlining the<strong> importance of international solidarity in the fight against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Creation of Task Force:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also announced the creation of a &lsquo;Task Force&rsquo; to identify needs and requirements of member States.</li>
<li>A common database reflecting counties&rsquo; basic medical, social and humanitarian needs in the fight against Covid-19 will be created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Stand at the Summit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Role in Fight Against Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is regarded as the pharmacy of the world especially for affordable medicines.</li>
<li>Despite its own needs during Covid-19 pandemic, it has ensured supply of medicines to 123 partner countries including 59 NAM members.</li>
<li>India is also active in global efforts to develop remedies and vaccines for Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for the New Template of Globalisation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India stated that Covid-19 has shown limitations of the existing international system. The world needs more representative international institutions and thus world order should be more representative.</li>
<li>Thus, in the post-Covid world, a new template of globalisation, based on fairness, equality, and humanity is needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NAM should call upon the international community and the WHO to focus on building health-capacity in developing countries.</li>
<li>World needs to ensure equitable, affordable and timely access to health products and technologies for all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India also flagged the issues of &ldquo;terrorism&rdquo; and &ldquo;fake news&rdquo;, calling them &ldquo;deadly viruses&rdquo; at a time when the world fights the novel coronavirus.</li>
<li>The above issues divide communities and countries creating difficult situations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Non-Aligned Movement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Non-Aligned Movement was formed <strong>during the Cold War</strong> as an organization of States that did not seek to formally align themselves with either the United States or the Soviet Union, but sought <strong>to remain independent or neutral.</strong></li>
<li>The basic concept for the group originated in <strong>1955</strong> during discussions that took place at the <strong>Asia-Africa Bandung Conference held in Indonesia.</strong></li>
<li>The Non-Aligned Movement was founded and held its<strong> first conference (the Belgrade Conference) in 1961</strong> under the leadership of <strong>Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia.</strong></li>
<li>NAM<strong> does not have a formal constitution or permanent secretariat,</strong> and its administration is non-hierarchical and rotational. Decisions are made by consensus, which requires substantial agreement, but not unanimity.</li>
<li>It has 120 members as of April 2018 comprising 53 countries from Africa, 39 from Asia, 26 from Latin America and the Caribbean and 2 from Europe (Belarus, Azerbaijan). There are 17 countries and 10 international organizations that are Observers at NAM.</li>
<li>The purpose of the organization was enumerated in the <strong>Havana Declaration of 1979</strong> to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign subjugation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-at-nam-summit-terrorism-fake-news-deadly-viruses-6394202/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Challenges Faced By RBI',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/covid-19-coronavirus-india-economy-rbi-6389454/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;RBI&rsquo;s job involves trade-offs, not conflicts&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 02/05/2020. It talks about challenges faced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in pursuance of its monetary policy.</p>
</div>
<p>In the wake of global anthropological shock <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-globalization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a>, a sharp slowdown in economic growth and employment prospects is evident in the Indian economy. In this context, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India&rsquo;s</strong></a> role in ensuring economic stability, growth and development through effective monetary policy assumes more importance than ever.</p>
<p>RBI&rsquo;s job involves balancing short-term as well as long-term growth, ensuring economic growth while meeting the inflation targets. However, issues pertaining to the incomplete transmission of monetary policy and <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/29-06-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>inherent weakness of inflation targeting approach</strong></a>, are some of the challenges faced by RBI.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Monetary Policy is a macroeconomic policy by RBI, wherein through Repo, OMO, PSL etc. tools it tries to manage the money supply, interest rates, loan distribution, and thereby helping in the Economic Stability, Growth, and Development.</li>
<li>There are 3 prominent ways of making monetary policy:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Targeting Exchange rate stability</li>
<li>Targeting Multiple Indicators</li>
<li>Targeting Inflation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>From 2016, RBI has shifted to Inflation Targeting. In pursuance of this, the amendment has been made in the RBI Act, which established a statutory body called &ldquo;Monetary Policy Committee&rdquo; (MPC).</li>
<li>Role of MPC is to decide the repo rate to control inflation between 2-6%</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Incomplete Transmission of Monetary Policy</h3>
<p>Incomplete Transmission of Monetary Policy means that the cumulative easing in policy rates by RBI has not yet been reflected in the lowering of their lending rates by banks. This can be attributed to the following reasons:</p>
<p><strong>Inflexible Cost of Funds</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, customer deposit constitutes the majority of funds to be lent by the banks, whereas the market borrowings through the issuance of debentures/commercial papers is negligible.</li>
<li>The cost of funds typically remains inflexible as most of these deposits are contracted at fixed rates.</li>
<li>Further, Interest rates on small savings remained at elevated levels compared to that of banks. This has led to a decline in deposits with the banks.</li>
<li>The shortfall in the funds has made it virtually impossible for banks to lend at lower deposit rates.</li>
<li>Until and unless this problem is addressed, banks cannot transmit monetary policy signals at the desired speed and magnitude.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Policy Rates not linked to Market</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Repo rate, being the policy rate, is administered by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/repo-rate-unchanged" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monetary Policy Committee</strong> </a>and therefore cannot be treated as a market-determined rate.</li>
<li>Banks are asked to link their <strong>lending rate to repo rate,</strong> without any reference to the cost of lending funds.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>High Non-Performing Assets (NPAs)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The accumulation of large NPAs has reduced the profitability of banks. Due to this, banks keep the weighted average lending rate much higher than the marginal lending rate.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Four Balance Sheet Problem</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Former chief economic advisor, Arvind Subramanian, the economic slowdown in India is facing a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/slowdown-in-india-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Four balance sheet challenge&rsquo;.</strong></a></li>
<li>This has marred the credit growth in India and thus created hindrance in the greater transmission of monetary policy.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Monetary Policy Vs Fiscal Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>High fiscal deficit leads to more market borrowing by the governments. This results in crowding out of the private investment.</li>
<li>Also, government-determined purchase prices of agri-commodities (through minimum support prices), government subsidy levels on fuels and imperfections in agricultural markets, hinders the functioning of monetary policy. This creates a problem of non-coherence between the two policies.</li>
<li>New challenges also emanate from the evolution of cryptocurrency.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Pertaining to Inflation Targeting</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Monetary policies can stabilize inflation only caused due to demand shocks and are ineffective against supply shocks.</li>
<li>Inflation in emerging markets such as India is very sensitive to exogenous shocks like global oil prices, a weaker rupee and a poor monsoon.</li>
<li>Food inflation, which impacts the common people the most, is prone to supply-side bottlenecks, which are out of the scope of any remedy under the aegis of monetary policy of RBI.</li>
<li>In order to contain inflation, RBI often undertakes liquidity management through <strong>Open Market Operations.</strong> This sometimes leads to liquidity shocks in the market.</li>
<li>Liquidity is also an important factor as these can reinforce or negate the changes in policy rates.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p><strong>Adoption to Multi-Indicator Approach</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Being the Central bank of the country, RBI has expected to take care of other parameters like economic growth, stable exchange rate and financial stability, and cannot restrict itself to the single objective of inflation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the Government should consider, Multiple Indicator Approach of RBI, where price stability, financial stability and economic growth are considered for decision-making.</li>
<li>A greater weightage to inflation can be considered in the Multiple Indicator Approach, as it is done by many emerging economies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Linking Cost of Funds with Market</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to make the cost of funds flexible, both deposit and lending rates are linked to external benchmarks like the Mumbai Inter-Bank Offer Rate (MIBOR).</li>
<li>Linking small savings scheme interest rates to the market would be beneficial.</li>
<li>An innovative way to make both asset and liability sides of a bank balance sheet flexible is to link both deposit and lending rates to the average inflation rate.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Coordination Between Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Any of these alone cannot deliver on inflation and growth.</li>
<li>If the government truly wants to reduce lending rates in India in a meaningful and sustained manner, it would be far better served to focus on bringing down its own fiscal deficit.</li>
<li>Separating debt management from monetary management in order to make the central bank more independent would be a good move.</li>
</ul>
<p>Covid-19 has to lead to economic disruption in the Indian economy. However, it also provides an opportunity to carry out much need economic reforms. Establishing synergy between Fiscal and monetary policy can be a right step in pursuit of bringing holistic reforms.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588590299_image.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588590299_image.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #edeeff;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Critically analyse the challenges faced by the banks in the transmission of monetary policy.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uH5vjMpVWPg" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/ominous-contraction-the-hindu-editorial-on-march-2020-core-sector-output/article31484662.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Ominous contraction: On core sector output&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on May 2nd, 2020. Now watch this is on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-faced-by-rbi'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Year End Review 2019: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions',
		'catname' => 'Paper 2',
		'desc' => '<h3>Important Schemes and Policies</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/good-governance-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good Governance Index</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&lsquo;Good Governance Index&rsquo; (GGI) was launched by the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances &amp; Pensions on <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good Governance Day</strong></a> i.e. 25<sup>th</sup> December, 2019.</li>
<li>It is a uniform tool across States to assess the Status of Governance and impact of various interventions taken up by the State Government and UTs.</li>
<li>The objectives of GGI are to provide <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>quantifiable data</strong> </a>to compare the state of governance in all states and UTs, enable states and UTs to formulate and implement suitable strategies for improving governance and shift to result-oriented approaches and administration.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588588999_1577346296_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588588999_1577346296_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lokpal-and-lokayukta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lokpal</strong></a></p>
<p>The Chairperson, Lokpal, Sh. Justice P. C. Ghose and its eight members were administered the Oath of Office.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 provided for <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/lokpal-lokayukta-ombudsman-upsc-governance-transparency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the establishment of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States.</strong></a></li>
<li>These institutions are statutory bodies without any constitutional status.</li>
<li>They perform the function of an "ombudsman&rdquo; and inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for related matters.</li>
<li>In India, the concept of constitutional ombudsman was first proposed by the then law minister Ashok Kumar Sen in parliament in the early 1960s.</li>
<li>The term Lokpal and Lokayukta were coined by Dr L. M. Singhvi.</li>
<li>The Bill was passed in 2013 in both the Houses of Parliament and came into force on 16 January 2014.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rti-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RTI Amendment Bill, 2019</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliament passed the Right To Information Amendment Bill, 2019.</li>
<li>In this amendment, it is proposed to amend the Right to Information Act, 2005 so as to provide that the term of office of, and the salaries, allowances and other terms and conditions of service of, the Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners and the State Chief Information Commissioner and the State Information Commissioners, shall be such as may be prescribed by the Central Government.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Right To Information</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right To Information (RTI)</strong></a> marked its 14<sup>th</sup> anniversary on 12<sup>th</sup> October 2019.</li>
<li>The right to information gained power when <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong> was adopted in 1948 providing everyone the right to seek, receive, information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.</li>
<li>The <strong>International Covenant on Civil and Political rights 1966</strong> states that everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression, the freedom to seek and impart information and ideas of all kinds.</li>
<li>The RTI Act, 2005 <strong>did not create a new bureaucracy for implementing the law.</strong> Instead, <strong>it tasked and mandated officials in every office to change their attitude</strong> and duty from one of secrecy to one of sharing and openness.</li>
<li>Right to information has been seen as the key to<strong> strengthening participatory democracy</strong> and ushering in people-centred governance.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Objectives of the Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To empower the citizens</li>
<li>To promote transparency and accountability</li>
<li>To contain corruption and</li>
<li>To enhance people&rsquo;s participation in democratic process.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Important Facts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shillong Declaration:</strong> Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) in association with Ministry of Electronics &amp; Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India and the State Government of Meghalaya organized the 22<sup>nd</sup> National Conference on e-Governance (NCeG) 2019 on 8-9<sup>th</sup> August, 2019 at Shillong, Meghalaya.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Shillong Declaration&rsquo; outlines the roadmap on e-Governance of the Nation. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nagpur Resolution:</strong> Adopted in December 2019, to empower the citizens by policy interventions for better service delivery through timely updation of citizens charters, implementation of enactments and benchmarking standards for continuous improvement, among others.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centralized-public-grievances-redress-and-monitoring-system-cpgrams" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS):</strong></a> It is an <strong>online web-enabled system</strong> developed by<strong> National Informatics Centre</strong> (Ministry of Electronics &amp; IT [MeitY]), in association with Directorate of Public Grievances (DPG) and Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The underlying idea was to receive, redress and monitor the grievances of the public.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Central Information Commission (CIC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CIC was established in 2005 by the Central Government under the provisions of Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.</li>
<li>The Chief Information Commissioner heads the Central Information Commission.</li>
<li>It hears appeals from information-seekers who have not been satisfied by the public authority and also addresses major issues concerning the RTI Act.</li>
<li>CIC submits an annual report to the Union government on the implementation of the provisions of RTI Act.</li>
<li>The Right to Information Act of 2005 provides for the creation of a State Information Commission at the state level.</li>
<li>It entertains complaints and appeals pertaining to offices, financial institutions, public sector undertakings, etc.under the concerned state government.</li>
<li>The Commission consists of a State Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten State Information Commissioners appointed by the Governor.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-personnel-public-grievances-and-pensions'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'RBI Cancels Licence of CKP Co-op Bank',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> has cancelled the licence of Mumbai-based CKP Co-operative Bank.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RBI has cancelled the licence of the bank as the financial position of the bank was highly adverse and unsustainable.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bank is not in a position to pay its present and future depositors.</li>
<li>The bank failed to meet the regulatory requirement of maintaining a <strong>minimum capital adequacy ratio</strong> of 9% and reserves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>RBI has asked the <strong>Registrar of Co-operative Societies, Maharashtra</strong> to start the process of winding up operations of CKP Co-operative bank and appoint a liquidator.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On liquidation, every depositor of the bank is entitled to get up to Rs 5 lakh from the <strong>Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In September last year,<strong> RBI had imposed restrictions on Punjab and Maharashtra Co-operative (PMC) Bank</strong> not to do any business for six months after it found major irregularities, which included financial irregularities, complete failure of internal control and systems, and wrongdoing and under-reporting of its lending exposure.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Capital Adequacy Ratio</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is the <strong>ratio of a bank&rsquo;s capital in relation to its risk weighted assets and current liabilities.</strong> It is also known as <strong>Capital-to-Risk Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR).</strong></li>
<li>It is decided by central banks to prevent commercial banks from taking excess leverage and becoming insolvent in the process.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basel-iii-requirements" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Basel III norms</strong></a> stipulated a capital to risk weighted assets of 8%.</li>
<li>However, as per<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> RBI</strong> </a>norms, Indian scheduled commercial banks are required to maintain a CAR of 9%.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DICGC came into existence in 1978 after the merger of Deposit Insurance Corporation (DIC) and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd. (CGCI) under the <strong>Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, 1961.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It serves as a <strong>deposit insurance and credit guarantee</strong> for banks in India.</li>
<li>It is a fully owned subsidiary of and is governed by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>DICGC charges 10 paise per ₹100 of deposits held by a bank. The premium paid by the insured banks to the Corporation is paid by the banks and is not to be passed on to depositors.</li>
<li>DICGC last revised the deposit insurance cover to ₹5 lakh in Feb, 2020, raising it from ₹ 1 lakh since 1993. The protection cover of deposits in Indian banks through insurance is among the lowest in the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Damodaran Committee on &lsquo;Customer Services in Banks&rsquo; (2011)</strong> had recommended a five-time increase in the cap to ₹5 lakh due to rising income levels and increasing size of individual bank deposits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Banks, including regional rural banks, local area banks, foreign banks with branches in India, and cooperative banks, are mandated to take deposit insurance cover with the DICGC.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Co-operative Banking</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/co-operative-banking-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Co-operative bank</strong> </a>is a financial entity which belongs to its members, who are at the same time the owners and the customers of their bank. It is <strong>distinct from commercial banks.</strong></li>
<li>Co-operative banks in India are registered under the <strong>States Cooperative Societies Act.</strong> The Co-operative banks are regulated by both <strong>Registrar of Co-operative Societies </strong>and<strong> Reserve Bank of India (RBI) </strong>and <strong>governed by the</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Banking Regulations Act 1949.</li>
<li>Banking Laws (Co-operative Societies) Act, 1955.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of Cooperative Banks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Customer Owned Entities:</strong> Co-operative bank members are both customer and owner of the bank.</li>
<li><strong>Democratic Member Control:</strong> Co-operative banks are owned and controlled by the members, who democratically elect a board of directors. Members usually have equal voting rights, according to the cooperative principle of &ldquo;one person, one vote&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Profit Allocation:</strong> A significant part of the yearly profit, benefits or surplus is usually allocated to constitute reserves and a part of this profit can also be distributed to the co-operative members, with legal and statutory limitations.</li>
<li><strong>Financial Inclusion:</strong> They have played a significant role in the financial inclusion of unbanked rural masses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Co-operative Banks are broadly<strong> classified into Urban and Rural co-operative banks</strong> based on their region of operation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Difference between UCBs and Commercial Banks</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Regulation:</strong> Unlike commercial banks, UCBs are <strong>only partly regulated by the RBI.</strong> Their banking operations are regulated by the RBI, which lays down their capital adequacy, risk control and lending norms. However, their management and resolution in the case of distress is regulated by the <strong>Registrar of Co-operative Societies</strong> either under the State or Central government.</li>
<li><strong>Borrower can be a Shareholder:</strong> In general for a commercial bank, there is a clear distinction between its shareholders and its borrowers whereas in a UCB, borrowers can even double up as shareholders.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/rbi-cancels-licence-of-mumbai-based-ckp-co-op-bank-6390986/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-cancels-licence-of-ckp-co-op-bank'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Corona-Killer 100',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Corona-Killer 100</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Corona-Killer 100</strong> is an automated disinfecting <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-sky-platform-drone-regulation-1-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)</strong></a> developed by<strong> Garuda Aerospace</strong> - an ISO- 9001 company.</li>
<li>These drones will aid in the sanitation of public places, hospitals and tall buildings up to 450 feet amid Covid-19 outbreak.</li>
<li>It is equipped with fuel efficient motors that enable the drone to be deployed for 12 hours a day.</li>
<li>Drone operations are faster, longer &amp; safer than manual spraying by workers who can become potential carriers of Covid-19.</li>
<li>It also consists of patented autopilot technology, advanced flight controller systems.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drone as a Service</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Historically, many UAV applications were developed in the military as spy or reconnaissance vehicles used during wartime.</li>
<li>However, the development of this type of aircraft has evolved towards commercial, civil and consumer spaces, including professional videography, surveying, construction, inspection, traffic management and last mile delivery.</li>
<li>Commercial drone services are developing UAV services, sometimes called Drones as a Service (DaaS), to help industries, such as agriculture, construction, search and rescue, package delivery, industrial inspection, insurance and videography, with tasks like collecting imagery and measurements and managing or broadcasting events.</li>
<li>Drone services seem cost-effective, portable, and &ndash; in extreme emergencies like Covid-19 can &ndash; provide the first take, including visuals, assessment and extent of damage.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1620351" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corona-killer-100'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'African Swine Fever in Assam',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Centre has advised the Assam state government to go for culling of pigs affected by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/african-swine-fever" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>African Swine Fever</strong></a> (ASF).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been advised to divide the affected areas into zones and go for culling accordingly.</li>
<li>The disease was first reported in November-December, 2019 from the areas of China bordering Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li>A few organised piggeries in Assam have been affected and the possible carrier could be humans.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, there is <strong>no confirmation on humans being the carrier</strong> of the virus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier in April, there were reported deaths of pigs due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classical-swine-fever-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Classical Swine Fever</strong> </a>(CSF).</li>
<li>ASF and CSF are different from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swine Flu (H1N1)</strong></a> and do not affect humans.</li>
<li><strong>CSF can be prevented by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classical-swine-fever-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">proper vaccination</a></strong> but there is<strong> no vaccination for ASF.</strong> Culling of the affected pigs is the only option.</li>
</ul>
<h3>African Swine Fever</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a<strong> highly contagious</strong> and <strong>fatal animal disease</strong> that infects and leads to an acute form of <strong>hemorrhagic fever in domestic and wild pigs.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>first detected in Africa </strong>in the<strong> 1920s.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>mortality</strong> is close to <strong>100%</strong> and since the fever has no cure, the only way to stop its spread is by culling the animals.</li>
<li>ASF is <strong>not a threat to human beings</strong> since it only spreads from animals to other animals.</li>
<li>ASF is a disease listed in the <strong>World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code</strong> and thus, reported to the OIE.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588585648_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588585648_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="800" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Organisation for Animal Health</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>OIE is an <strong>intergovernmental organisation</strong> responsible for improving animal health worldwide.</li>
<li>In 2018, it had a total of<strong> 182 Member Countries. India is one of the member</strong> countries.</li>
<li>OIE standards are <strong>recognised by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Trade Organization</a></strong> as reference international sanitary rules.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Paris, France.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/african-swine-fever-assam-told-to-go-for-culling/article31495025.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/african-swine-fever-in-assam'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Sariska Tiger Reserve',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The 13<sup>th</sup> session of the Ministry of Tourism&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/paryatan-parv" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dekho Apna Desh</strong></a> webinar titled, <strong>&lsquo;Destination- Sariska Tiger reserve&rsquo;</strong> was held recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The objective of the Ministry of Tourism&rsquo;s webinar series is to create awareness about and promote various tourism destinations of India &ndash; including the lesser known destinations and lesser known facets of popular destinations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sariska Tiger Reserve is located in Aravali hills and forms a part of the Alwar District of <strong>Rajasthan.</strong></li>
<li>The Reserve is immensely rich in flora and fauna, and is famous for Royal Bengal Tiger. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The park has populations of leopards, Nilgai, Sambar, chital etc. It also shelters a large population of Indian peafowl, crested serpent eagles, sand grouse, golden backed woodpeckers, great Indian horned owls, tree pies, vultures,etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sariska was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1955 and was declared the <strong>tiger reserve later in 1978,</strong> making it a part of India's <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Project Tiger.</a> </strong></li>
<li>The Sanctuary houses ruined temples, forts, pavilions and a palace. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kankarwadi fort</strong> is located in the center of the Reserve and it is said that Mughal emperor Aurangzeb had imprisoned his brother Dara Shikoh at this fort in struggle for succession to the throne.</li>
<li>The Reserve also houses a famous <strong>temple of lord Hanuman at Pandupole</strong> related to <strong>Pandavas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Tiger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project Tiger is an ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change providing central assistance to the tiger States for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves.</li>
<li>The <strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong> is a statutory body of the Ministry, with an overarching supervisory/coordination role, performing functions as provided in the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NTCA was launched in 2005, following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force. It was given statutory status by the 2006 amendment of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India now has as many as 2,967 tigers in the wild, with <strong>more than half of them in Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka,</strong> according to the latest tiger estimation report for 2018.</li>
<li>The population of tigers have <strong>increased by 33%</strong> since the last census in 2014 when the total estimate was 2,226.</li>
<li><strong>Sariska is the first tiger reserve</strong> to have successfully <strong>relocated Royal Bengal tigers in India</strong> and at present there are around 20 tigers in the reserve.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Dekho Apna Desh</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dekho Apna Desh is one of the three components of the Paryatan Parv.The other two are Tourism for All and Tourism &amp; Governance.</li>
<li>It intends to encourage Indians to travel their own country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=202744" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sariska-tiger-reserve'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Opposition to Permanent Bru Settlement in Tripura',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In the middle of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 lockdown</strong></a>, two community-specific groups have renewed their opposition to the permanent settlement of Bru refugees from Mizoram in Tripura.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two groups namely, Nagarik Suraksha Mancha (mostly representing Bengali people displaced from erstwhile East Pakistan post-partition in 1947) and the Mizo Convention have submitted a memorandum protesting against the proposed settlement of the displaced Brus in Tripura.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bru or Reang</strong> is a community indigenous to Northeast India, living mostly in <strong>Tripura, Mizoram and Assam.</strong> In<strong> Tripura,</strong> they are recognised as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group.</strong></a></li>
<li>In Mizoram, they have been targeted by groups that do not consider them indigenous to the state. In 1997, following ethnic clashes, nearly 37,000 Brus fled Mamit, Kolasib and Lunglei districts of Mizoram and were accommodated in relief camps in Tripura.</li>
<li>Since then, 5,000 have returned to Mizoram in eight phases of repatriation, while 32,000 still live in six relief camps in North Tripura.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In June 2018, community leaders from the Bru camps signed an agreement with the Centre and the two state governments, providing for repatriation in Mizoram. But most camp residents rejected the terms of the agreement.</li>
<li>The camp residents say that the agreement doesn't guarantee their safety in Mizoram.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bru-refugee-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Centre, the governments of Mizoram and Tripura and leaders of Bru organisations signed a quadripartite agreement in January</strong></a> (2020) to let the remaining 35,000 refugees who have stayed back to be resettled in Tripura. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rehabilitation package offered included financial assistance of ₹4 lakh and land for constructing a house for each family.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India, tribal population makes up for 8.6% of the total population.</li>
<li>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are more vulnerable among the tribal groups.</li>
<li>In <strong>1973,</strong> the <strong>Dhebar Commission</strong> created Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) as a separate category, who are less developed among the tribal groups. In 2006, the Government of India renamed the PTGs as PVTGs.</li>
<li>PVTGs have some basic characteristics - they are mostly homogenous, with a small population, relatively physically isolated, absence of written language, relatively simple technology and a slower rate of change etc.</li>
<li>Among the <strong>75</strong> listed PVTG&rsquo;s the<strong> highest number</strong> are found in <strong>Odisha.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amid-lockdown-tripura-groups-protest-bru-settlement/article31493707.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/opposition-to-permanent-bru-settlement-in-tripura'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => '1-D Simulation Code to Study Earth’s Magnetosphere',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Scientists at the<strong> Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG)</strong> have developed a generalized <strong>one-dimensional fluid simulation code</strong> capable of <strong>studying</strong> a wide spectrum of coherent<strong> electric field structures</strong> in <strong>near-earth plasma environments</strong> or earth&rsquo;s <strong>magnetosphere.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The developed simulation code is expected to help in planning of future space missions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formation of Earth&rsquo;s Magnetosphere:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sun is the major source of<strong> plasma deposition</strong> in space around the Earth. Thus, the Sun forces some of its plasma towards the earth in the form of the solar wind.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe as a whole.It consists of a gas of ions and free electrons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The speed of solar wind varies between 300 to 1500 km/s, which carries with it a solar magnetic field, called the <strong>Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>interaction of the IMF with the earth&rsquo;s magnetic field</strong> creates the magnetosphere of the earth.</li>
<li>The magnetosphere shields our home planet from solar and cosmic particle radiation, as well as erosion of the atmosphere by the solar wind - the constant flow of charged particles streaming off the sun.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regions of the Earth&rsquo;s Magnetosphere:</strong> <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588578269_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588578269_image1.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="276" height="235" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The schematic diagram of Earth&rsquo;s magnetosphere shown consists of different regions namely,<br />
<ol>
<li><strong>Bow shock :</strong> It occurs when the magnetosphere of an Earth interacts with the nearby flowing ambient plasma such as the solar wind.</li>
<li><strong>Magnetosheath:</strong> It is the region of space between the magnetopause and the bow shock of a planet's magnetosphere.</li>
<li><strong>Magnetopause :</strong> It is the boundary between the planet's magnetic field and the solar wind.</li>
<li><strong>Northern tail lobe :</strong> The magnetosphere of the earth contains two lobes, referred to as the northern and southern tail lobes. Magnetic field lines in the northern tail lobe point towards the earth.</li>
<li><strong>Southern tail lobe:</strong> The magnetic field lines in the southern tail lobes point away from the earth. Usually, the tail lobes are almost empty, with few charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind.</li>
<li><strong>Plasmasphere :</strong> The plasmasphere, or inner magnetosphere, is a region of the Earth's magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma.</li>
<li><strong>Solar winds:</strong> It is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Study of Plasma Processes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The plasma processes have the ability to hamper the working of a number of satellites that have been placed in orbit in the magnetospheric region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the morphology of these plasma processes changes over space and time. These changes can be ideally deciphered only through computer simulations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The study will help advance the knowledge of plasma waves, instabilities, and coherent effects associated with wave-particle interactions that are useful in planning future space missions.</li>
<li>It can also lead to precisely controlled fusion laboratory experiments for ever-expanding energy needs of humanity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Institute of Geomagnetism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) is an <strong>autonomous institution</strong> functioning directly under the <strong>Department of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
<li>It has its main Campus at Panvel, Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra).</li>
<li>It conducts basic and applied research in Geomagnetism (study of dynamics of earth&rsquo;s magnetic field) and allied fields like Solid Earth Geomagnetism/Geophysics, Magnetosphere, Space and Atmospheric Sciences.</li>
<li>The Institute also supports a <strong>World Data Centre for Geomagnetism (WDC, Mumbai),</strong> which is the only International centre for Geomagnetic data in South Asia and caters to the needs of Space and Earth Scientists and researchers from various universities and research institutions.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1619551" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/1-d-simulation-code-to-study-earth-s-magnetosphere'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Drop in FPI Outflows',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to recent data from Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL), the <strong>Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs)</strong> have significantly reduced the pace of outflows from the <strong>equity and debt market</strong> in April, 2020, after a record net outflow of Rs 1,18,203 crore in March 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FPIs sold a net of Rs 6,883 crore from the <strong>equities market</strong> and net holdings worth Rs 12,551 crore from the <strong>debt market</strong> in April.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>equity market shares are issued and traded,</strong> either through exchanges or over-the-counter markets (i.e directly). It is also known as the stock market.</li>
<li>The <strong>debt market</strong> is the market where <strong>debt instruments are traded.</strong></li>
<li>Debt instruments are instruments that require a fixed payment to the holder, usually with interest. E.g. <strong>bonds</strong> (government or corporate) and <strong>mortgages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, they invested a net of Rs 4,032 crore in debt <strong>Voluntary Retention Route (VRR) scheme.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>VRR scheme allows FPIs to participate in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-liquidity-offer-for-mutual-funds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> repo transactions</strong></a> and also invest in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-13th-march-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>exchange traded funds</strong></a> that invest in debt instruments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Outflows have continued <strong>due to uncertainty surrounding economic conditions</strong> caused by Covid-19 lockdown and investors are cautious. However, the <strong>pessimism</strong> also continues to grip the markets.</li>
<li>So far, India has been able to contain the Covid-19 pandemic from spreading aggressively. The measures announced by the government and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> periodically to revitalize the sagging economy have also resonated well with investors.</li>
<li>With selective relaxation in the lockdown and gradual opening up of economic activity in the country, foreign investors will be closely watching the developments on this front.</li>
<li>A success on developing medicine and vaccines will lead to a <strong>V-shaped recovery</strong> in the economy and markets.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Voluntary Retention Route (VRR) scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The VRR scheme is <strong>aimed at attracting long-term and stable FPI</strong> investments into debt markets.</li>
<li>Investments through the route will be <strong>free of the regulatory norms</strong> applicable to FPI investments in debt markets, provided investors maintain a minimum share of their investments for a fixed period.</li>
<li>VRR Scheme has a minimum retention period of <strong>three years</strong> and investors need to <strong>maintain a minimum of 75% of their investments</strong> in India.</li>
<li>FPIs registered with<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Securities and Exchange Board of India</strong></a> (SEBI) are eligible to voluntarily invest through the route in government and corporate bonds.</li>
</ul>
<h3>V-Shaped Recovery</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A V-shaped recovery is characterized by <strong>a sharp economic decline followed by a quick and sustained recovery.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>recession of 1953</strong> is an example of a V-shaped recovery.</li>
<li>A V-shaped recovery is different from an L-shaped recovery, in which the economy stays in a slump for a prolonged period of time.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588577722_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588577722_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="406" height="178" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Foreign Portfolio Investment</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Foreign portfolio investment (FPI)</strong> consists of securities and other financial assets <strong>passively held by foreign investors.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It does <strong>not provide the investor with direct ownership</strong> of financial assets and is relatively liquid depending on the volatility of the market.</li>
<li>Foreign portfolio investment is<strong> part of a country&rsquo;s capital account</strong> and is<strong> shown on its Balance of Payments (BOP).</strong></li>
<li>The BOP measures the <strong>amount of money flowing from one country to other</strong> countries over one monetary year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The investor <strong>does not actively manage</strong> the investments through FPIs, he does not <strong>have control over the securities or the business.</strong></li>
<li>The investor&rsquo;s goal is to create a quick return on his money.</li>
<li>FPI is more liquid and <strong>less risky than Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an investment made by a firm or individual in one country into business interests located in another country. FDI lets an investor <strong>purchase a direct business interest</strong> in a foreign country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>FPI is often referred to as<strong> &ldquo;hot money&rdquo;</strong> because of its tendency to flee at the first signs of trouble in an economy.</li>
<li>FPI and FDI are both important sources of funding for most economies. Foreign capital can be used to develop infrastructure, set up manufacturing facilities and service hubs, and invest in other productive assets such as machinery and equipment, which contributes to economic growth and stimulates employment.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/fpis-pause-selloff-mode-outflow-drops-88-in-april-6392367/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/drop-in-fpi-outflows'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'India: Permanent Seat In UNSC',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/by-any-calculus-india-qualifies-for-unsc-permanent-seat-syed-akbaruddin/article31465932.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;By any calculus, India qualifies for UNSC permanent seat&rdquo;</a> </strong>which was published in The Hindu on 29/04/2020. It talks about India's claim for permanent membership in the United Nations permanent council.</p>
</div>
<p>India is due for election to the temporary membership of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Security Council (UNSC)</strong></a> later this year, for the 2021-22 period. Moreover, India for long has been of the view that the UNSC sought to be reformed by expansion in the membership of the Security Council in both the permanent and non &ndash; permanent categories.</p>
<p>India, by any objective criteria, such as population, territorial size, GDP, economic potential, civilizational legacy, cultural diversity, political system, is eminently qualified for permanent membership.</p>
<p>Thus, the Indian tryst for permanent membership of Security Council flows broadly from a mix of, three streams, viz., India&rsquo;s historic association with the UN system, India&rsquo;s intrinsic value and place in contemporary international politics and its role as the leader of developing countries.</p>
<h3>Need for UNSC Reforms</h3>
<p>UNSC has been in existence for more than 75 years. However, it does not represent the geopolitical and economic realities of the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Undemocratic UNSC:</strong> Barring two regions (North America and Europe), other regions are either underrepresented (like Asia) or not represented at all (Africa, Latin America and the Small Island developing states).</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Global Governance:</strong> There are no regulatory mechanisms for <strong>global commons like the Internet, Space, High Seas</strong> (beyond your EEZ-exclusive economic zone) and no unanimity on how to deal with <strong>global issues like terrorism, climate change, cybersecurity and public health</strong> (as seen in the current pandemic).</li>
<li><strong>Misuse of Veto Power:</strong> The veto power is used by permanent five countries to serve the strategic interest of themselves and their allies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since 1990, the United States has cast a veto on Council resolutions 16 times, concerning Israeli-Palestinian relations. Russia has done so 17 times, including eight times over Syria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Due to all these factors, the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said that the Security Council must either reform or risk becoming increasingly irrelevant.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Case for Permanent Membership of India in UNSC</h3>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Historic Association with the UN System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is the founding member of the UN. Also, since its independence and even before that,India has been an active participant in all initiatives undertaken by the UN like <strong>Millennium Development Goals, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sustainable development goals</a></strong> and various UN summits, including on climate change.</li>
<li>In the past, India&rsquo;s was offered to join the UNSC by both the superpowers, the US and the then Soviet Union in 1950 and in 1955 respectively, However, India denied the offer due to Cold war politics in that era.</li>
<li>India, till now has been elected for seven terms for a two-year non-permanent member seat, the last being 2011-12.</li>
<li>Today, most significantly, India has almost twice the number of peacekeepers deployed on the ground as much as by P5 countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Intrinsic Value</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India being the largest democracy and second-most populous country (soon to become most populous) in the world, are the primary reasons for India to be granted permanent membership in UNSC.</li>
<li>Also, India is now the 5th largest economy and one of the fastest-growing economies of the world.</li>
<li>India's acquired status of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/50-years-of-nuclear-non-proliferation-treaty-npt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nuclear Weapons State (NWS)</strong> </a>in May 1998 also makes India a natural claimant as a permanent member similar to the existing permanent members who are all Nuclear Weapon States.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s international profile and capabilities rise due to its ever-expanding global footprint in diverse areas like politics, sustainable development, economics, and culture and science and technology.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can be seen in proactive initiative pertaining to maritime and space diplomacy.</li>
<li>Also, India has been inducted in various <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/multilateral-export-control-regimes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>export control regimes</strong></a> like MTCR, Wassenaar arrangement, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Based on these credentials, India&rsquo;s claim for permanent membership is supported by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quad-and-g-4-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G4 countries</strong></a>, majority of the permanent members of UNSC and the majority of countries in the United nation General Assembly.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Representing the developing World</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is the undisputed leader of the Third world countries, as reflected by its leadership role in Non-Aligned Movement and G-77 grouping.</li>
<li>Therefore, India&rsquo;s inclusion in UNSC will strengthen India&rsquo;s stature as a &lsquo;moralistic force&rsquo; for the developing states and help in making UNSC more democratic.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Intended Benefit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Permanent seat in the UNSC, would provide India with the much-needed leverage to expand its geo-political and geo-economic clout globally.</li>
<li>Inclusion of India into UNSC will help in transforming its status from being a responsible stakeholder&rsquo; (following international norms) along with becoming a global rule-maker.</li>
<li>Indian presence at the Security Council would ensure Indian interests are not sacrificed at the altar of great power politics. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It would serve as an equalizer to China, its rival and an emerging hegemony in Asia and an ever-increasing strategic and security concern in its immediate neighborhood and beyond.</li>
<li>Most importantly, it will stall any possible intervention by China, a permanent member at the behest of its ally Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>RoadBlocks in India&rsquo;s Path</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is argued by critics that India has still not signed the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/50-years-of-nuclear-non-proliferation-treaty-npt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> NPT</strong></a> and also refused to sign the CTBT in 1996.</li>
<li>China, which has veto power in the UNSC being one of its five permanent members, has been stonewalling India's efforts to become a permanent member.</li>
<li>Though India is a bright spot in the global economy and its macroeconomic fundamentals are stable, yet it shows poor performance in many socio-economic indicators like the Human Development Index.</li>
<li>India is competing with other countries of G4 grouping (Japan, Brazil and Germany) for a spot for permanent membership in UNSC.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s capacity to project its military power beyond the Indian Ocean region is still to be tested. Further, India heavily relies on weaponry imports from US and Russia for its military requirements.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India has been acknowledged as a rising power by most of the states. Also, there is a pressing need to democratize multilateral fora, starting from the United Nation system itself. In this context, India is making a legitimate claim for its rightful place in the changing architecture of global governance, including the UN Security Council.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588419731_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588419731_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #efffe6;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>India is the natural claimant for becoming the permanent member in the United Nations Security Council. Analyse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pKgbQ8Fx0xA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This is editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/religion-and-freedom-the-hindu-editorial-on-india-and-communal-violence/article31475603.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Religion and Freedom&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on May 1st, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-permanent-seat-in-unsc'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Bengaluru Bannerghatta Biological Park',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Bengaluru&rsquo;s Bannerghatta Biological Park</strong> (BBBP),<strong> Karnataka</strong> has come out with the <strong>Animal Adoption Programme</strong> to conserve wildlife and allow people to<strong> adopt animals</strong> at the zoo during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown</strong></a> period.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The programme provides an opportunity to get involved with the feeding and veterinary care expenses for zoo animals with a provision for <strong>Income Tax rebate under 80G.</strong></li>
<li>The BBBP has released a list of <strong>animals that can be adopted:</strong> King cobra, Indian rock python, Black buck, Sambar, Emu, Golden jackal, Indian leopard, Sloth bear, Hippopotamus, Bengal tiger, Giraffe, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>2004,</strong> BBBP was<strong> carved out of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bannerghatta-park-eco-sensitive-zone-reduced" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bannerghatta National Park</a></strong> (BNP) and brought under the <strong>Zoo Authority of Karnataka</strong> (ZAK).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BNP which was declared a <strong>national park in 1974.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>BBBP has <strong>four divisions:</strong> the zoo, the safari, the butterfly park and the rescue centre.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is one among the few places in the world where wilderness is preserved so close to a big city.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>valley of Champakadhama hills</strong> is inside the park.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To complement and strengthen national efforts in ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.</li>
<li>To support the conservation of endangered species.</li>
<li>To provide opportunities for scientific studies, research and documentation on conservation and creation databases.</li>
<li>To bring awareness to the public and provide recreational opportunity to the visitors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong> Scrub type (dry deciduous forests), southern tropical dry deciduous forests, southern tropical moist mixed forests.</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> Elephant, Chital, Barking Deer, Striped Hyena, Porcupine, Peafowl, Grey Jungle Fowl, Partridges, crocodiles, tortoise, python, varieties of butterflies, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588413868_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1588413868_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/lockdown-offer-adopt-cobra-2kper-annum-elephant-175-lakh-at-bengaluru-zoo/article31483258.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bengaluru-bannerghatta-biological-park'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'R&D Statistics and Indicators 2019-20',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the Research &amp; Development (R&amp;D) Statistics and Indicators 2019-20 report, India&rsquo;s gross expenditure in R&amp;D has tripled between 2008 &amp; 2018 and scientific publications have risen placing the country internationally among the top few.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The R&amp;D Statistics and Indicators 2019-20 is based on the<strong> national S&amp;T survey 2018</strong> brought out by the <strong>National Science and Technology Management Information (NSTMIS).</strong></li>
<li>The report on R&amp;D indicators for the nation is an <strong>important document for the</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Evidence-based policymaking and planning in higher education,</li>
<li>R&amp;D activities and support,</li>
<li>Intellectual property,</li>
<li>Industrial competitiveness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the report, <strong>R&amp;D is driven mainly by the government sector.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Expenditure on R&amp;D:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Gross Expenditure on R&amp;D (GERD)</strong> of India <strong>nearly tripled</strong> between 2007- 08 to 2017-18.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s<strong> per capita R&amp;D expenditure</strong> has also increased by <strong>1.5 times.</strong></li>
<li>Increase in<strong> Extramural R&amp;D support</strong> by central Science &amp; Technology agencies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Women participation</strong> in extramural R&amp;D projects has also increased significantly to 24% in 2016-17 from 13% in 2000-01.</li>
<li>These <strong>extramural expenditures</strong> are the expenditures on R&amp;D that is performed abroad but financed by domestic institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India spent 0.7% of its GDP on R&amp;D in 2017-18,</strong> While the same among other developing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brics-foreign-ministers-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BRICS countries</strong></a> was Brazil 1.3%, Russian Federation 1.1%, China 2.1% and South Africa 0.8%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Researchers and scientific publications:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>number of researchers</strong> per million populations <strong>has doubled</strong> since 2000.</li>
<li>India occupies 3<sup>rd</sup> rank in terms of number of <strong>Ph.D awarded in Science and Engineering</strong> (S&amp;E) after USA and China.</li>
<li>India is placed <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> among countries in scientific publication</strong> as per NSF database.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patent filing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is ranked at<strong> 9<sup>th</sup> position in terms of Resident Patent Filing</strong> activity in the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>During 2017-18 out of total patents filed in India, 32% patents were filed by Indian residents.</li>
<li>Patent applications filed in India are dominated by disciplines like Mechanical, Chemical, Computer/Electronics, and Communication.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institutions-international-world-intellectual-property-organisation-wipo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s Patent Office stands at the <strong>7<sup>th</sup> position</strong> among the top 10 Patent Filing Offices in the world.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Science and Technology Management Information</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Science and Technology Management Information System (NSTMIS) is a <strong>division of the Department of Science and Technology (DST).</strong></li>
<li>It has been entrusted with the task of building the information base on a continuous basis on resources devoted to scientific and technological activities for policy planning in the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=202726" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/r-d-statistics-and-indicators-2019-20'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Demo-2 Mission',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong></a> <strong>(NASA)</strong> and<strong> SpaceX</strong> are all set for the <strong>Demo-2 mission</strong> which is scheduled for 27<sup>th</sup> May, 2020 from the<strong> Kennedy Space Center</strong> in Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Demo-2 Mission will send astronauts to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-27-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Space Station</strong> </a>(ISS).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the Mission, astronauts <strong>Robert Behnken</strong> and <strong>Douglas Hurley</strong> will dock with ISS and then remain there for between one to four months, depending on the time of next mission.</li>
<li>It is a part of NASA&rsquo;s <strong>Commercial Crew Program,</strong> which is a partnership to develop and fly human space transportation systems.</li>
<li><strong>SpaceX spacecraft</strong> named <strong>Crew Dragon</strong> will be used to take them into space.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will be only the <strong>fifth class of US spacecraft</strong> to take human beings into orbit, after the <strong>Mercury, Gemini, Apollo</strong> and <strong>Space Shuttle</strong> programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is a <strong>high priority mission</strong> for the US which is clear by the fact that the mission is being carried out amidst <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a>.</li>
<li>The mission is a <strong>major milestone for SpaceX,</strong> which is a private company founded by <strong>Elon Musk,</strong> who is the founder of <strong>Tesla.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has established itself as the leader in the private space sector mainly due to its <strong>reusable rocket,</strong> the <strong>Falcon 9.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NASA classifies the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/space-flight-hazards-and-human-health" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>impact of space flight on humans</strong> </a>in 5 broad criteria known as<strong> 5 Hazards.</strong> These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Radiation</li>
<li>Isolation and confinement</li>
<li>Distance from Earth</li>
<li>Gravity</li>
<li>Hostile/closed environments</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health Specific Impacts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Weightlessness and osteoporosis</li>
<li>Telomeres get longer during spaceflight</li>
<li>Decreased body mass and increased folate in orbit</li>
<li>Spaceflight can Trigger Gene Mutations</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Mercury (1958-63)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was the <strong>first US man-in-space program.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>objectives</strong> of the program, which made <strong>six manned flights</strong> from 1961 to 1963, were specific:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To orbit a manned spacecraft around Earth.</li>
<li>To investigate man's ability to function in space.</li>
<li>To recover both man and spacecraft safely.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gemini Program (1962-66)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Designed as a <strong>bridge between the Mercury and Apollo</strong> programs, it primarily tested equipment and mission procedures and trained astronauts and ground crews for future Apollo missions.</li>
<li><strong>Four main goals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To test an astronaut's ability to fly long-duration missions (up to two weeks in space).</li>
<li>To understand how spacecraft could meet and dock in orbit around the Earth and the moon.</li>
<li>To perfect re-entry and landing methods.</li>
<li>To further understand the effects of longer space flights on astronauts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Apollo Program (1963-72)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was<strong> designed to land humans on the Moon</strong> and bring them safely back to Earth. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Six of the missions <strong>(Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17)</strong> achieved this goal.</li>
<li>These missions returned with<strong> scientific data</strong> and almost 400 kilograms of <strong>lunar samples.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Apollo 8</strong> was the<strong> first manned mission</strong> to go to the<strong> moon.</strong> This mission<strong> did not land on the moon.</strong> It <strong>orbited</strong> the moon, then came back to Earth.</li>
<li><strong>Apollo 11</strong> was the<strong> first moon landing mission.</strong> It landed on <strong>20<sup>th</sup> July, 1969.</strong> The crew of Apollo 11 was <strong>Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Space Shuttle Program (1981-2011)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NASA's <strong>space shuttle fleet,</strong> Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour, flew 135 missions and <strong>helped construct the ISS.</strong></li>
<li>The spacecraft carried people into orbit repeatedly, launched, recovered and repaired satellites, conducted cutting-edge research and built the largest structure in space.</li>
<li>The <strong>final space shuttle mission, STS-135,</strong> ended on<strong> 21<sup>st</sup> July, 2011.</strong></li>
<li>As <strong>humanity's first reusable spacecraft,</strong> the space shuttle pushed the boundaries of discovery ever farther, requiring not only advanced technologies but the tremendous effort of a vast workforce.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nasa-spacex-to-launch-astronauts-into-space-on-may-27-despite-covid-19-pandemic/story-otLBSLJY5Z3T6W4oHkr5DI.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/demo-2-mission'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'China to Launch Official Digital Currency',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, China has started testing its official digital currency which is <strong>unofficially called &ldquo;Digital Currency Electronic Payment, DC/EP&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The digital currency of China<strong> has not been officially released</strong> but internal pilot tests are being carried out in four cities of China.</li>
<li>China is expected to officially make the sovereign digital currency available to the public later in 2020.</li>
<li>It could be considered the <strong>world&rsquo;s first Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) if it is officially issued</strong> by state bank People&rsquo;s Bank of China.</li>
<li>The total size of China&rsquo;s digital currency could reach one trillion yuan ($140 billion), equivalent to about one-eighth of China&rsquo;s cash.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Digital Currency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Digital currency is a payment method which <strong>exists only in electronic form and is not tangible.</strong></li>
<li>Digital currency can be transferred between entities or users with the help of technology like computers, smartphones and the internet.</li>
<li>Although it is similar to physical currencies, digital money allows borderless transfer of ownership as well as instantaneous transactions.</li>
<li>Digital currency is also known as digital money and cybercash.</li>
<li>E.g. Cryptocurrency</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cryptocurrency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cryptocurrencies-will-boost-illegal-transactions-rbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cryptocurrency</strong></a> is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security.</li>
<li>Cryptocurrencies use decentralized technology to let users make secure payments and store money without the need to use their name or go through a bank.</li>
<li>They run on a distributed public ledger called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-15th-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>blockchain</strong></a>, which is a record of all transactions updated and held by currency holders.</li>
<li>The most common cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin,<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/libra-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Libra</strong></a>, Ethereum, Ripple, and Litecoin.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand on Digital Currency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had banned cryptocurrencies in 2018.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>RBI had considered cryptocurrencies as a poor unit of account and also demonstrated by their frequent and high fluctuation in value.</li>
<li>RBI also stated that it pose several risks, including anti-money laundering and terrorism financing concerns (AML/CFT) for the state and liquidity, credit, and operational risks for users.</li>
<li>It had also said that it would seriously<strong> consider developing a sovereign digital currency</strong> when the time is appropriate</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Subsequently, <strong>the Supreme Court has struck down a circular of the RBI,</strong> which bans financial institutions from enabling deals in digital or cryptocurrencies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ban was challenged by the Internet &amp; Mobile Association of India (IAMA) sighting that dealing and trading in cryptocurrency was a legitimate business activity and that the RBI did not have jurisdiction over it as these assets could be classified as commodities rather than currency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/china-is-testing-new-digital-currency/story-0hzLoZQruJ7O16uJQxN6rI.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:HT</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-to-launch-official-digital-currency'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Kisan Sabha App',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CSIR-CRRI),</strong> New Delhi has <strong>developed the Kisan Sabha App</strong> to connect farmers to the supply chain and freight transportation management system.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The app also intends to provide a robust supply chain management required to facilitate the timely delivery of the products at the best possible prices during the present situation of<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Covid-19</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Kisan Sabha aims to provide the <strong>most economical and timely logistics support to the farmers.</strong></li>
<li>It also intends to<strong> increase the profit margins</strong> for farmers by minimizing interference of middlemen and directly connecting with the institutional buyers.</li>
<li>It will also help in providing best market rates of crops by comparing nearest mandis, booking of freight vehicles at cheapest cost thereby giving maximum benefit to the farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stakeholders Involved:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The app connects the farmers, transporters, Service providers (like pesticides/ fertilizer/ dealers, cold store and warehouse owner), mandi dealers, customers (like big retail outlets, online stores, institutional buyers) and other related entities for a timely and effective solution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Function:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It acts as a <strong>single stop for every entity related to agriculture,</strong> be they a farmer who needs better price for the crops or mandi dealer who wants to connect to more farmers or truckers who invariably go empty from the mandis.</li>
<li>Kisan Sabha also <strong>provides a platform for people who want to buy directly from the farmers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CSIR-CRRI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) was established in 1952 as a constituent laboratory of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It is located in Delhi.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>premier national research organization for highways traffic and transport planning</strong> and all other allied aspects.</li>
<li>It carries out R&amp;D in the areas of road and road transportation and provides the highest level of professional consultancy.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1620086" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kisan-sabha-app'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Open Budget Survey 2019: IBP',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>International Budget Partnership (IBP)</strong> has released an <strong>Open Budget Survey (OBS) 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The survey evaluates each country on the basis of the availability of key budget documents of the Central or Federal Government, and assesses whether these are made public, in a timely manner, and provide comprehensive information.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Open Budget Survey</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Open Budget Survey is<strong> part of the International Budget Partnership's Open Budget Initiative,</strong> a global research and advocacy program to promote public access to budget information and the adoption of accountable budget systems.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>biennial</strong> survey.</li>
<li>The survey covers <strong>117</strong> countries.</li>
<li>It rates the level of budget transparency across countries on a <strong>scale of 0-100,</strong> based on several normative, internationally comparable indicators.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Improvement in Overall Score:</strong> OBS 2019 finds a <strong>modest global improvement</strong> in budget transparency, which is consistent with the overall trend measured by the survey over the past years.</li>
<li><strong>Global Avg. Transparency Score:</strong> The <strong>global average transparency score</strong> has turned out to be <strong>45 out of 100</strong> and thus levels of publicly available budget information remains limited.</li>
<li><strong>Top Scorers: New Zealand tops</strong> the chart with a<strong> score of 87.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, South Africa (87), Mexico (82) and Brazil (81) are among the top six countries providing extensive information to the public for scrutiny.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Citizens&rsquo; Participation:</strong> The citizens&rsquo; participation in the budget process continued to be at a dismal level and thus average global scores on the OBS participation measure remains <strong>14 out of 100. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Publication of Audit and Legislative Reports:</strong> Only 30 of the 117 surveyed countries have adequate scores both for audit and for legislative oversight.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India's Global Ranking:</strong> India has been placed at <strong>53<sup>rd</sup></strong> position among 117 nations in terms of budget transparency and accountability.</li>
<li><strong>Transparency Score:</strong> India's Union Budget process has a <strong>transparency score of 49 out of 100,</strong> which is <strong>higher than the global average of 45.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some of the other large developing countries, with the exception of China, have got much higher transparency scores compared to India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Citizens&rsquo; Participation:</strong> The public participation in its budgets has been flagged as an area of improvement required for India.</li>
<li><strong>Publication of Audit Reports:</strong> India performs well in publishing timely and relevant information in the audit reports and in-year reports and has scored well and above many other countries.</li>
<li><strong>Publication of Pre-Budget Statement:</strong> The absence of a published Pre-Budget Statement and not bringing out a Mid-Year Review in 2018-19 pulled down the transparency score for the Union Budget of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While many governments and citizens have embraced the open budgeting agenda, more efforts to translate good intentions into better practice are required.</li>
<li>A global effort of joint, sustained activism is needed to accelerate progress and deliver the promises of open budgeting to all citizens.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Budget Partnership</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Budget Partnership (IBP) is a <strong>collaborative effort of multiple actors &ndash;</strong> including civil society, state actors, international institutions and the private sector.</li>
<li>IBP was <strong>formed in 1997</strong> to promote transparent and inclusive government budget processes as a means to improve governance and service delivery in the developing world.</li>
<li>It intends to bring citizens participation in open, inclusive budgeting processes to shape policies and practices that promote equity and justice on a sustainable basis.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IBP&rsquo;s focus on citizens and civil society organizations (CSOs) was driven by the pioneering civil society budget monitoring efforts in a small number of middle-income countries in the early 1990s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>IBP&rsquo;s ultimate aim is to ensure that public resources are used more effectively to fight poverty and promote equitable and sustainable development in countries around the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-at-53rd-position-in-budget-transparency-accountability-ibp-survey-120043000118_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:BS</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/open-budget-survey-2019-ibp'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Forex Reserves',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the recent data from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s <strong>Foreign Exchange (Forex) reserves declined by $113 million</strong> to $479.45 billion in the week to 24 April, 2020 due to a fall in <strong>foreign currency assets.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Changes in forex reserves holdings.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>foreign currency assets (FCAs)</strong> decreased by $321 million to $441.56 billion.</li>
<li><strong>Gold reserves</strong> rose by $221 million to $32.901 billion.</li>
<li>The <strong>special drawing rights</strong> with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) fell by $6 million to $1.42 billion.</li>
<li>The country&rsquo;s <strong>reserve position with the IMF</strong> also was down by $8 million to $3.57 billion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier, the reserve<strong> had touched a life-time high of $487.23</strong> billion in the week ended by 6 March, 2020.</li>
<li>During 2019-20, the country&rsquo;s foreign exchange reserves rose by almost $62 billion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Foreign Exchange Reserves</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foreign exchange reserves are<strong> assets held on reserve by a central bank in foreign</strong> currencies, which can include bonds, treasury bills and other government securities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It needs to be noted that most foreign exchange reserves are held in U.S. dollars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These assets serve many purposes but are most significantly held to ensure that the central bank has backup funds if the national currency rapidly devalues or becomes altogether insolvent.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Forex Reserve include:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Foreign Currency Assets</li>
<li>Gold reserves</li>
<li>Special Drawing Rights</li>
<li>Reserve position with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund (IMF)</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Foreign Currency Assets (FCA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FCAs are assets that are valued based on a currency other than the country's own currency.</li>
<li>FCA is the <strong>largest component of the forex reserve.</strong> It is expressed in dollar terms.</li>
<li>The FCAs include <strong>the effect of appreciation or depreciation of non-US units</strong> like the euro, pound and yen held in the foreign exchange reserves.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Special drawing rights (SDR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The SDR is an <strong>international reserve asset,</strong> created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement its member countries&rsquo; official reserves.</li>
<li>The SDR is neither a currency nor a claim on the IMF. Rather, it is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF members. SDRs can be exchanged for these currencies.</li>
<li>The value of the SDR is calculated from a weighted basket of<strong> major currencies,</strong> including the U.S. dollar, the euro, Japanese yen, Chinese yuan, and British pound.</li>
<li>The interest rate on SDRs or (SDRi) is the interest paid to members on their SDR holdings.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reserve Position</strong> in the International Monetary Fund</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A reserve tranche position implies a <strong>portion of the required quota of currency each member country must provide to the International Monetary Fund (IMF)</strong> that can be utilized for its own purposes.</li>
<li>The reserve tranche is basically <strong>an emergency account</strong> that IMF members can access at any time without agreeing to conditions or paying a service fee.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/forex-reserves-fall-113-mn-to-479-45-bn-6389572/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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