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Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network

Why in News The Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN) is being used by the State/UT governments in India to monitor the supply chain of...

04 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Contraction in Manufacturing: PMI

Why in News According to the recent IHS Markit India Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI), India’s manufacturing sector...

04 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (2020)

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Defence has formulated a draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020 (DPEPP 2020). The DPEPP...

04 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Phase II/III Clinical Trials of Covishield

Why in News Recently, the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) has given approval to the Serum Institute of India (SII), Pune to conduct Phase...

04 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Time Capsules

Why in News The Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust has denied reports about placing of a time capsule under the ground at Ram Temple construction...

04 Aug 2020 News Analysis
100th Death Anniversary of Lokmanya Tilak

Why in News Recently, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) conducted the webinar to observe 100th death anniversary of Lokmanya Bal...

04 Aug 2020 News Analysis
PM-KISAN

This article is based on ‘‘PM-KISAN is not reaching all farmer households as intended” which was published in The Indian Express...

03 Aug 2020 News Editorials
Day 15

Art and Culture- Visual and Performing Arts Visual and Performing Arts remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked...

03 Aug 2020 60 days refresher
Bharat Air Fibre: Wireless Internet

Why in News Recently, Bharat Air Fibre Services have been inaugurated at Akola in Maharashtra providing the residents wireless internet connections...

03 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Aspirin to Prevent Cataract

Why in News Recently, scientists from the Institute of Nano Science & Technology (INST) have developed nanorods from the Non-Steroidal...

03 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Agatti Island of Lakshadweep

Why in News Recently, the southern bench of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) has granted an interim stay on felling of coconut trees on Agatti...

03 Aug 2020 News Analysis
China’s Presence Near Ecuador Waters

Why in News Recently, Ecuador has expressed an official discomfort over the sighting of a flotilla of 260 mostly Chinese fishing vessels near the...

03 Aug 2020 News Analysis
UK to Issue Coin in Honour of Mahatma Gandhi

Why in News Britain is considering minting a coin to commemorate Mahatma Gandhi. Key Points The consideration is seen as part of efforts to...

03 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Legacy of Lokmanya Tilak

This article is based on “Lokmanya Tilak: Father of the Indian renaissance” which was published in The Hindustan Times on 1/08/2020. It...

01 Aug 2020 News Editorials
China Launches BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

Why in News China has formally launched full global services of its BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System (BDS). Key Points Background: The...

01 Aug 2020 News Analysis
High Level Group on Agricultural Exports : Finance Commission

Why in News Recently, the High Level Group (HLEG) on Agricultural Exports set up by the Fifteenth Finance Commission has submitted its report to the...

01 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Increased Fiscal Deficit

Why in News As per the official data, the Centre’s fiscal deficit for the first three months of fiscal 2020-21 (April-June) was Rs. 6.62 lakh...

01 Aug 2020 News Analysis
1947 Tripartite Agreement on Gurkha soldiers

Why in News Recently, the Nepal’s Foreign Minister has said that the 1947 Tripartite Agreement between India, Nepal and the United Kingdom...

01 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Investment to Reduce Plastic Waste in India

Why in News A Singapore-based-NGO namely ‘Alliance to End Plastic Waste’ plans to invest between USD 70 million to 100 million in India...

01 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Contraction in Core Sector Industries

Why in News The output of eight core industries contracted for the fourth consecutive month - shrinking by 15% in June 2020. The eight core...

01 Aug 2020 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN)</strong> is being used by the State/UT governments in India <strong>to monitor the supply chain of Covid response material.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This has been used <strong>with the requisite customization</strong> during the Covid pandemic for <strong>ensuring continuation of the essential immunization services.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is an<strong> indigenously developed technology system</strong> that <strong>digitizes vaccine stocks</strong> and monitors the temperature of the cold chain through a smartphone application.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> It is <strong>aimed at strengthening immunization supply chain systems</strong> across the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>eVIN aims to support the Government of India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Immunization Programme</strong></a> by providing <strong>real-time information on vaccine stocks and flows, and storage temperatures</strong> across all cold chain points in these states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implemented by:</strong> It is being implemented under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong></a> by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in partnership with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).</strong></a></li>
<li>The integrated solution combines:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Technology :</strong> Online real-time information on vaccine stocks and storage temperature to facilitate <strong>evidence-based decision-making.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Governance:</strong> Systemizing record keeping, upgrading logistics and encouraging good practices to <strong>ensure efficient vaccine logistics management.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Human Resources:</strong> To <strong>empower the state cold chain network</strong> by building the capacities of handlers and managers at each stage of vaccine supply.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Universal Immunization Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched by <strong>the government in 1985,</strong> to prevent mortality and morbidity in children and pregnant women against<strong> 12 vaccine-preventable diseases.</strong></li>
<li>Under UIP free of cost vaccination is provided against twelve vaccine-preventable diseases i.e. Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Hepatitis B, Pneumonia , Meningitis due to Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib), Measles, Rubella, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) and Rotavirus diarrhoea.</li>
<li>The programme is one of the largest health programmes in the world. Despite being operational for many years, UIP has been able to fully immunize only 65% of children under 1 year of age.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This strong platform has the potential to be leveraged for <strong>any new vaccine including COVID-19 vaccine,</strong> as and when available.</li>
<li>eVIN can be a powerful contribution to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strengthening health systems</strong> </a>and <strong>ensuring equity</strong> through easy and<strong> timely availability of vaccines to all children, pregnant mothers and other vulnerable groups.</strong></li>
<li>eVIN can be upscaled to build <strong>VALUE (Vaccine and Logistics Utilisation Evaluator),</strong> which is a <strong>held device for capturing the data of vaccines administered,</strong> to monitor<a href="/mains-practice-question/question-328" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> reach till the last-mile beneficiaries.</strong></a></li>
<li>It can help to <strong>fully automate the process of indenting and supplying vaccines</strong> based on <strong>historic actual consumption of vaccines </strong>and<strong> forecasting.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643172" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Contraction in Manufacturing: PMI',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the recent <strong>IHS Markit India Manufacturing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/purchasing-manager-s-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Purchasing Managers&rsquo; Index (PMI)</a></strong>, India&rsquo;s manufacturing sector activity contracted at a faster pace in July 2020 than in June 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Manufacturing PMI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It stood at 46 in July 2020, down from 47.2 in June 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In PMI parlance, a score above 50 means <strong>growth,</strong> while a score below that denotes <strong>contraction.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is the <strong>fourth straight month of contraction</strong> for the Indian manufacturing sector. In April, the PMI had slipped into contraction mode, after remaining in growth territory for 32 consecutive months.</li>
<li>The manufacturing PMI showed some recovery in May, and further in June 2020, but it once again slipped in July 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Contraction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The demand conditions remained subdued with some businesses still closed amid lockdown extensions due to emergence of new epicentres of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Export orders have also witnessed a decline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The re-acceleration of declines in the manufacturing sector is <strong>undermining the trend towards economic stabilisation</strong> seen over the past two months. The <strong>firms have reduced both staff numbers as well as purchasing activity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Purchasing Managers' Index</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PMI is an index of the <strong>prevailing direction of economic trends</strong> in the <strong>manufacturing and service sectors.</strong></li>
<li>It consists of a diffusion index that summarizes whether market conditions, as viewed by purchasing managers, are expanding, staying the same, or contracting.</li>
<li>The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about<strong> current and future business conditions</strong> to company decision makers, analysts, and investors.</li>
<li>It is <strong>different from the Index of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contraction-in-core-sector-industries" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industrial Production (IIP)</a>,</strong> which also gauges the level of activity in the economy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IIP covers the <strong>broader industrial sector</strong> compared to PMI.</li>
<li>However, PMI is<strong> more dynamic</strong> compared to a standard industrial production index.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>In India the positive impact from unlock is not as strong as the negative impact of the lockdown. Therefore the government needs to contain the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic on a priority to make economic recovery sustainable.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/manufacturing-contracts-for-fourth-straight-month-july-pmi/article32262101.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contraction-in-manufacturing-pmi'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (2020)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Defence has formulated a <strong>draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020 (DPEPP 2020).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The DPEPP 2020 is envisaged as an overarching guiding document to provide a <strong>focused, structured</strong> and significant thrust to<strong> defence production capabilities</strong> of the country for <strong>self-reliance and exports.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Goals and Objectives:<a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596530031_image3.png"><img width="400" style="float: right;" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596530031_image3.png" class="content-img" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To achieve a <strong>turnover</strong> of <strong>Rs. 1,75,000 crore</strong>&nbsp;including <strong>export of Rs. 35,000 crore</strong> in Aerospace and Defence goods and services by <strong>2025.</strong></li>
<li>To develop a <strong>dynamic, robust and competitive Defence industry,</strong> including <strong>Aerospace and Naval Shipbuilding industry</strong> to cater to the needs of Armed forces with quality products.</li>
<li>To <strong>reduce dependence on imports</strong> and take forward<a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india"><strong> "Make in India"</strong> </a>initiatives through domestic design and development.</li>
<li>To <strong>promote the export of defence products</strong> and become part of the global defence value chains.</li>
<li>To create an environment that encourages research and development (R&amp;D), rewards innovation, create Indian <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/to-the-points/paper3/intellectual-property-rights#:~:text=Intellectual%20property%20rights%20(IPR)%20are,and%20images%20used%20in%20commerce."><strong>Intellectual Property (IP)</strong> </a>ownership and promotes a robust and self-reliant defence industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outlined Strategies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Procurement Reforms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/self-reliance-in-defence-manufacturing"><strong>Project Management Unit (PMU)</strong> </a>will be set up for the development and production of technologies involved, life cycle costs and maintenance requirements of platforms, equipment and weapon systems.</li>
<li>It also aims to <strong>move away from licensed production to design, develop and produce indigenously.</strong></li>
<li>It also aims to own the design rights and IP of the systems projected in<strong>&nbsp;the Long Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTIPP)</strong> and a<strong> Technology Assessment Cell (TAC)</strong> would be created.</li>
<li>The TAC would also assess the industrial capability for design, development and production, including re-engineering for production of major systems such as armoured vehicles, submarines, fighter aircraft, helicopters and radars with the major industries in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indigenisation And Support to MSMEs/Startups:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence"><strong>indigenisation policy</strong></a> aims to create an industry ecosystem to indigenise the imported components (including alloys and special materials) and sub-assemblies for defence equipment and platforms manufactured in India. 5,000 such items are proposed to be indigenised by 2025.</li>
<li>More than 50 startups are currently developing new <strong>&lsquo;fit-for-military-use&rsquo;</strong> technologies/products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Optimise Resource Allocation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The share of domestic procurement in overall Defence procurement is about<strong> 60%.</strong></li>
<li>To enhance procurement from domestic industry, the procurement needs to be <strong>doubled from the current Rs. 70,000 crore to Rs. 1,40,000 crore by 2025.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investment Promotion and Ease of Doing Business:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is already a <strong>large aerospace market</strong> with rising passenger traffic and increasing military expenditure, as a result of which the demand for aircraft (fixed and rotary wings) is rising.</li>
<li>The opportunities in the aerospace industry have been identified in the following segments - aircraft build work, aircraft Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO), helicopters, engine manufacturing and MRO work, line replaceable units, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and upgrades and retrofits.</li>
<li>The <strong>improvement in market size, demographic dividend and availability of diverse skill sets</strong> are evident from<strong> India's ranking in the World Bank&rsquo;s <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020">&lsquo;Ease of Doing Business&rsquo; (EoDB) report.</a></strong></li>
<li>The<strong> investments in the defence sector</strong> need to regularly sustain the steady supply of orders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Innovation and R&amp;D:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/innovations-for-defence-excellence-idex-initiative#:~:text=iDEX%20aims%20to%20promote%20innovation,to%20carry%20out%20Research%20%26%20Development."><strong>Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)</strong> </a>has been operationalised to provide necessary incubation and infrastructure support to the startups in the defence area.</li>
<li>iDEX would be further scaled up to engage with <strong>300 more startups</strong> and develop 60 new technologies/products during the <strong>next five years.</strong></li>
<li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-raksha-gyan-shakti-1"><strong>Mission Raksha Gyan Shakti</strong> </a>was launched to promote a greater culture of innovation and technology development and file a higher number of patents in Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs), Ordnance Factory Board (OFB). It would be scaled up for promoting the creation of Intellectual Property in the sector and its commercial utilisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Self-reliance in defence manufacturing is a crucial component of effective defence capability and to maintain national sovereignty and achieve military superiority.</li>
<li>The attainment of this will ensure strategic independence, cost-effective defence equipment and may lead to saving on defence import bill, which can subsequently finance the physical and social infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
<p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643194#:~:text=MoD%20releases%20draft%20Defence%20Production%20and%20Export%20Promotion%20Policy%202020&amp;text=To%20promote%20export%20of%20defence,and%20self%2Dreliant%20defence%20industry."><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-defence-production-and-export-promotion-policy-2020'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Phase II/III Clinical Trials of Covishield',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs Controller General of India</strong> </a>(DCGI) has given approval to the <strong>Serum Institute of India (SII), Pune</strong> to conduct <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/drugs-and-clinical-trials-rules-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase II/III clinical trials</strong></a> <strong>of Covishield</strong> in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SII is the world&rsquo;s largest maker of vaccines</strong> and it has a<strong> tie-up with AstraZeneca,</strong> the <strong>Swedish-British pharma giant,</strong> to manufacture the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>vaccine for <strong>low- and middle-income countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Covishield:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the name given to an<strong> Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine candidate</strong> which is technically referred to as <strong>AZD1222</strong> or <strong>ChAdOx 1 nCoV-19.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>already being tested in the UK, South Africa and Brazil,</strong> where participants are being administered two doses nearly a month apart.</li>
<li>It had <strong>triggered an immune response</strong> in humans against the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>novel coronavirus</strong></a> in early trials and is considered to be one of the global frontrunners for the Covid-19 vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Subject Expert Committee</strong> (SEC) for<strong> Covid-19 related therapies</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulatory-issues-in-indian-pharmaceutical-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation</strong></a> (CDSCO) felt that the<strong> SII needed to take a &lsquo;pan India&rsquo; approach</strong> while considering trial sites.</li>
<li>It recommended that <strong>authorisation</strong> to market Covishield<strong> should be granted after considering clinical data generated from both the India and international trials.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trials:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SII can now start its larger phase II/III trials, ahead of other vaccine candidates like <strong>Bharat Biotech&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covaxin</a></strong> and <strong>Zydus Cadila&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clinical-trial-of-covid-19-vaccine-zycov-d" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ZyCov-D</a></strong> which are still in<strong> phase I/II trials.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the <strong>exact timings of trial beginning are not clear</strong> yet. It would take at least a week to get the ethics committee&rsquo;s approval before starting the trials. If everything goes well, the vaccine could be out by the end of 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The trials for Covishield will have<strong> around 1,600 participants at 18-odd sites across the country</strong> including those identified by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-biopharma-mission#:~:text=The%20National%20Biopharma%20Mission%20(NBM,funded%20by%20World%20Bank%20loan." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Biopharma Mission</strong> </a><strong>and Grand Challenges India Programme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Trend in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India continues to improve the <strong>Case Fatality Rate</strong> (CFR-number of deaths per positive case) and maintain its global position of having <strong>one of the lowest Covid-19 fatalities rates.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> current CFR is 2.11%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Grand Challenges India Programm</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>partnership framework</strong> for the<strong> Department of Biotechnology</strong> (DBT) in India, its <strong>Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council</strong> (BIRAC) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>BIRAC is a Public Sector Enterprise,</strong> set up by the DBT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To launch <strong>joint initiatives aimed at catalyzing innovative health and development research</strong> within India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Biopharma Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> industry-academia collaborative mission</strong> for <strong>accelerating biopharmaceutical development</strong> in the country.</li>
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2017</strong> at a total cost of <strong>Rs. 1500 crore</strong> and is<strong> 50% co-funded</strong> by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> loan.</li>
<li>It is being<strong> implemented by the BIRAC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-vaccine-oxford-india-trial-6538061/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Time Capsules',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust has denied reports about placing of a time capsule under the ground at Ram Temple construction site in Ayodhya.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Time Capsule, also known as <strong>Kaal Patra,</strong> was supposed to contain the history of Ayodhya and Rama Janma Bhoomi Movement.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596526568_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596526568_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Time Capsule is a <strong>container</strong> of any size or shape, which <strong>accommodates documents,</strong> photos and artefacts typical <strong>of the current era</strong> and is<strong> buried underground,</strong> for <strong>future generations to unearth.</strong></li>
<li>To ensure that the capsules do not decay they are <strong>built using special engineering techniques</strong> like <strong>steel or aluminium encasing, vacuuming, use of acid-free paper,</strong> etc.</li>
<li>The time capsules mostly <strong>have a scheduled time for reopening,</strong> and are supposed to be buried again after opening, with people of the future adding their own contributions to the time capsule.</li>
<li>The <strong>International Time Capsule Society (ITCS),</strong> based in the USA and formed in 1990, is <strong>now defunct</strong> but continues estimating the number of time capsules in the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per its database, there are <strong>10,000-15,000 times capsules worldwide.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Famous Time Capsules in the World</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Samuel Adams and Paul Revere Time Capsule:</strong> It is the<strong> oldest known time capsule</strong> from 1795 (USA).</li>
<li><strong>The &ldquo;Century Safe":</strong> The <strong>world&rsquo;s first planned time capsule</strong> was established at Philadelphia Centennial Exposition (USA) in 1876. It was opened and resealed in 1976.</li>
<li><strong>The Crypt of Civilization in Georgia:</strong> It was built around 1940 at Oglethorpe University in Brookhaven, Georgia and is scheduled for opening in the year 8113 AD. It is a project to preserve all human knowledge and was the brainchild of <strong>Thornwell Jacobs, </strong>also known as<strong> father of time capsules.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Voyager and Voyager II Spacecraft:</strong> They are currently circling on the <strong>edge of our solar system.</strong> These capsules were created by NASA to be seen by future generations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Time Capsules In India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Outside the Red Fort:</strong> This was placed underground in 1972 by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was dug out by the subsequent government in 1977. It raised a <strong>controversy</strong> as it was said to glorify Gandhi Nehru family in indian History.</li>
<li><strong>At IIT Kanpur Campus:</strong> This time capsule was buried on 6<sup>th</sup> March, 2010 containing details on IIT Kanpur in the form of documents, photographs, and films.</li>
<li><strong>At The Alexandra Girls&rsquo; English Institution, Mumbai:</strong> It was set up in the 19<sup>th</sup> century and is scheduled to be opened in 2062. It contains information on the school.</li>
<li><strong>At Jalandhar&rsquo;s Lovely Public University:</strong> It was buried in January 2019 and contains 100 items that represent modern-day technology in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Time Capsules are intended as a <strong>method of communication with future</strong> people.</li>
<li>They are also supposed to help future <strong>archaeologists, anthropologists, or historians</strong> in knowing about the past human civilisation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Criticism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most intentional time capsules are filled with a<strong> lopsided view of history.</strong> They are often<strong> politically motivated</strong> and<strong> glorify</strong> the people who planted them.</li>
<li>They can not be regarded as facts and are<strong> not very reliable.</strong> The information in time capsules has to be verified with other sources of information.</li>
<li>Many time capsules which have been unearthed were filled with<strong> junk telling little</strong> about the people of the time.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/time-capsules-what-they-contain-ayodhya-ram-temple-how-they-are-installed-and-why-6537865/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/time-capsules'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => '100th Death Anniversary of Lokmanya Tilak',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/70-years-of-indian-council-for-cultural-relations#:~:text=and%20also%20Ayurveda.-,Indian%20Council%20for%20Cultural%20Relations,other%20countries%20and%20their%20peoples." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)</strong></a> conducted the webinar to observe <strong>100<sup>th</sup> death anniversary of</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/legacy-of-lokmanya-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak</strong></a> on the<strong> 1<sup>st</sup> August , 2020.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Council for Cultural Relations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), is an <strong>autonomous organisation</strong> of the Government of India, involved in<strong> India's external cultural relations</strong> (cultural diplomacy), through cultural exchange with other countries and their peoples.</li>
<li>It was founded in <strong>1950</strong> by <strong>Maulana Abul Kalam Azad,</strong> independent<strong> India&rsquo;s first Education Minister.</strong></li>
<li>ICCR has been assigned the responsibility of <strong>facilitating</strong> the celebration of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-day-of-yoga#:~:text=The%20International%20Day%20of%20Yoga,countries%20amid%20Covid%2D19%20pandemic." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Day of Yoga</strong></a> (21<sup>st</sup> June) by Indian Missions/Posts <strong>abroad since 2015.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596523161_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596523161_image2.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" height="168" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bal-gangadhar-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Born on 23<sup>rd</sup> July 1856</strong> </a>in <strong>Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lawyer by profession</strong> and also known as <strong>Lokmanya Tilak.</strong></li>
<li>Gave the slogan of<strong> &ldquo;Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it!&rdquo;</strong> during Indian struggle for independence.</li>
<li>He<strong> died</strong> on <strong>1<sup>st</sup> August 1920.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to Indian Struggle for Independence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>One of the earliest</strong> and the most<strong> vocal proponents</strong> of<strong> complete independence or swarajya</strong> (self-rule).</li>
<li>Along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal, he was part of the<strong> Lal-Bal-Pal trio</strong> of leaders with extremist outlooks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A book <strong>&lsquo;Indian Unrest&rsquo;</strong> written by Valentine Chirol, an English journalist, stated Tilak the<strong> &lsquo;father of Indian unrest&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Joined the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian National Congress (INC)</strong></a> in <strong>1890.</strong></li>
<li>Propagated<strong> swadeshi movements</strong> and encouraged people to<strong> boycott foreign goods.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Indian Home Rule Movement</strong> was started in 1916, it is believed to have set the stage for the independence movement under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak for the educated English speaking upper class Indians.</li>
<li>The<strong> All India Home Rule League</strong> was founded by Tilak in <strong>April 1916</strong> at Belgaum.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It worked in Maharashtra (except Bombay), the Central Provinces, Karnataka and Berar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lucknow Pact (1916)</strong> was signed between the INC headed by Tilak and All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah for hindu-muslim unity in nationalist struggle.</li>
<li>Started <strong>newspapers</strong> namely, <strong>Kesari (Marathi)</strong> and <strong>Mahratta (English)</strong> and wrote<strong> books</strong> namely,<strong> Gita Rhasya</strong> and <strong>Arctic Home of the Vedas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Contribution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Founder of the <strong>Deccan Education Society (1884)</strong> along with his associate Gopal Ganesh Agarkar and others.</li>
<li>Popularised the<strong> Ganesh Chaturthi festival in the Maharashtra</strong> region.</li>
<li>Propounded the celebration of<strong> Shiv Jayanti</strong> on the birth anniversary of the monarch Chhatrapati Shivaji.</li>
<li><strong>Devout Hindu and used Hindu scriptures</strong> to rouse people to fight oppression.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance of the Tilak&rsquo;s Ideas in Present Time</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tilak&rsquo;s stand for <strong>Swadeshi products and Swadeshi movement</strong> may help today&rsquo;s India to push <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a> Thus, revival of economic nationalism can be embibe from Tilak&rsquo;s ideology.</li>
<li>It was Tilak&rsquo;s advocacy for <strong>local languages</strong> in the Congress that made members speak in their<strong> mother tongue</strong> during its meetings. Whereas, the government has given a push to bring Sanskrit and local languages through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy (2020).</strong></a></li>
<li>Also, Tilak was a staunch <strong>opponent of untouchability</strong> and launched a huge movement to unite the society divided on the basis of caste and sects. Such <strong>behavioural push</strong> will help to <strong>unite Indian society</strong> further.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lokmanya-bal-gangadhar-tilak-death-anniversary-amit-shah-6534082/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-death-anniversary-of-lokmanya-tilak'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'PM-KISAN',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pm-kisan-farmer-scheme-lockdown-6536208/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;&lsquo;PM-KISAN is not reaching all farmer households as intended&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 03/08/2020. It talks about the significance and challenges associated with PM-KISAN</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-year-of-pm-kisan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)</strong></a> is the first<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/universal-basic-income#:~:text=Idea%20behind%20the%20Universal%20Basic,It%20is%20universal%20in%20nature." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> universal basic income</a>-type of scheme targeted towards farmers. Initially, the scheme was targeted at small and medium farmers, but with the declining growth in gross value added of the agricultural sector, it was extended to all farmers in May 2019.</p>
<p>The scheme aims to provide income support to farmers for easing their liquidity needs to facilitate timely access to inputs.</p>
<p>Various studies show that the scheme has significantly helped those who are relatively more dependent on agriculture and have poor access to credit. Nearly, 93% of non-beneficiary farmers had already applied for the scheme, depicting awareness and potential uptake.</p>
<p>Though the scheme directly or indirectly helps over 50% of the workforce, still a lot needs to be done to realize the dream of doubling the farmer&rsquo;s income by 2022.</p>
<h3>Twin Factors Aiding Success of PM-KISAN</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enabling Direct Transfers to Farmers:</strong> Direct benefit transfer is now possible, as banking infrastructure created through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-6th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)</strong></a> plays a key role in the fund disbursal.</li>
<li><strong>Digitization of Records:</strong> State governments have digitised the complete database of farmers who were now registered in the system with their credentials.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The significant efforts made by the government machinery have revolutionized the welfare framework.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages of PM-KISAN</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Easing Liquidity Constraints:</strong> India, more than half of the farming households do not have access to formal credit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In such a situation, PM-KISAN eases liquidity constraints of farmers for procuring inputs.</li>
<li>This is extremely pertinent in India, as more than 50% farmers rely on informal credit and one-fifth farmers purchase inputs on credit.</li>
<li>Producer support in India is very low compared to the other countries and the scheme will help in supplementing that.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aiding Modernisation:</strong> While the scheme is pitched as a general cash transfer scheme for the farmers, its role in the adoption of modern technologies remains an important contributing factor in modernization of agriculture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the scheme has significantly stimulated the Krishi Vigyan Kendra's impact on the adoption of modern cultivars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Turning Farmers Competitive:</strong> Cash transfer increases the net income of farmers and thus, in turn, may enhance farmers&rsquo; risks-taking capacity, leading to undertaking riskier but comparatively productive investments.</li>
<li><strong>Non-Discriminatory in Nature:</strong> There is no selection bias in choosing the PM-KISAN beneficiaries based on attributes like caste and land size.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues That Needs To Be Addressed</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ad-hocism:</strong> Ad-hoc export and import policies, lack of infrastructure, and uncertainty in agricultural markets have adversely affected agricultural productivity and stability of farm incomes.</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Support:</strong> The merit of cash transfers over loan waivers and subsidies lies in their potential greater efficiency in enabling poor households to directly purchase the required goods and services as well as enhance their market choices. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given that India&rsquo;s poverty line is ₹32 per person per day in rural areas and ₹47 in urban areas, according to the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rangarajan Committee</strong></a>, the income support of ₹17 a day for a household, which is the amount offered by PM-KISAN, is largely insufficient for even bare minimum sustenance of vulnerable farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Volatility of Markets:</strong> Due to the volatile market and price fluctuations in different regions, it is important to index the cash transfers to local inflation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, the failure of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-advisory-on-direct-benefit-transfer" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Direct Benefit Transfer</strong></a> in kerosene in Rajasthan is a case in point, where the cash transferred to families has been insufficient to purchase kerosene, as the market price increased substantially.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Grievance Redressal Mechanism:</strong> The scheme does not provide a clear design of transfers and a framework for effective grievance redress. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA)</strong></a>, for instance, State governments still struggle to resolve complaints and curb corruption.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Raising Economic Support:</strong> The impact of a welfare measure such as PM-KISAN can only be realised through financial support that provides farmers with adequate purchasing power to meet their daily basic necessities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, to be effective, any cash transfer scheme should first ensure that there is enough cash provided to help bring an affected community out of poverty.</li>
<li>For instance, the <a href="http://drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-13th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rythu Bandhu</strong></a> in Telangana provides ₹4,000 per acre to each farmer in each season, and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-governments-kalia-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income Augmentation scheme (KALIA)</strong></a> in Odisha offers a direct cash transfer of ₹5,000 for a farm family over five seasons, among other benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technology Choices for Farmers:</strong> It is realised that the adoption of technology for resolving liquidity issues is just one cog in the wheel. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Knowledge and extension support is also needed to bring about adoption.</li>
<li>Investing more in agricultural advisory services, the government can encourage farmers to invest some or all part of the income support in productive assets for achieving the multiplier effect of PM-KISAN.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Back-end Support:</strong> The scheme needs back-end infrastructure and institutions in place to be effective.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adoption of modern technologies is one of the most promising strategies to increase farm incomes.</li>
<li>Also, an alternative bottom-up strategy and well-planned implementation mechanism should be identified and implemented at the local level.</li>
<li>The most effective modalities can then be scaled nationally and ensure success.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>A direct transfer scheme like PM-KISAN is a game-changer and can have significant effects if it is timely, not transaction cost heavy and is provided with complementary inputs such as extension services.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596457787_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596457787_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #0574a1; background-color: #d9f1fa;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong><span style="color: #0574a1;">Drishti Mains Question</span><br /><br /></strong></em>PM-KISAN has the potential to break the cycle of intergenerational poverty and low income of farmers. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/pm-kisan'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Day 15',
			'catname' => '60 days refresher',
			'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Art and Culture- Visual and Performing Arts</h2>
<p>Visual and Performing Arts remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Even the static questions on this topic are generally taken from the current happenings which have been in the recent news. Thus, the important news events of the year have been given below.</p>
<h2>Indian Architecture</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natesa-pratihara-style-of-rajasthan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Natesa: Pratihara Style of Rajasthan</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mamallapuram-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mamallapuram</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hampi-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hampi</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/consecration-at-the-brihadisvara-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consecration at the Brihadisvara Temple</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ajanta and Ellora Caves</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gottiprolu-an-early-trade-centre-of-andhra-pradesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gottiprolu- An Early Trade Centre of Andhra Pradesh</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lakshmi-narasimha-temple-hoysala-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lakshmi Narasimha Temple: Hoysala Architecture</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-art-and-architecture-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mauryan Art and Architecture- Part 1</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-architecture-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mauryan Architecture- Part 2</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Temple Architecture</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/architectural-heritage-of-orchha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Architectural Heritage of Orchha</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asi-plan-to-conserve-taj-mahal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASI's Plan to Conserve Taj Mahal</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/qutb-shahi-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Qutb Shahi Architecture</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dispute-over-restoration-of-konark-sun-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dispute Over Restoration of Konark Sun Temple</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Indian Architecture</span></h3>
<p>Q. Which of the following is/are famous for Sun temples? (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Arasavalli</li>
<li>Amarakantak</li>
<li>Omkareshwar</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) 1 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. What is/are common to the two historical places known as Ajanta and Mahabalipuram? (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>Both were built in the same period.</li>
<li>Both belong to the same religious denomination.</li>
<li>Both have rock-cut monuments.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) None of the statements given above is correct</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Buddhist history, tradition and culture in India, consider the following pairs: (2014)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.94941%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 52.4486%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Famous shrine</strong></td>
<td style="width: 43.6019%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; Location</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.94941%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 52.4486%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Tabo monastery and temple complex</td>
<td style="width: 43.6019%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Spiti Valley</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.94941%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 52.4486%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Lhotsava Lhakhang temple, Nako</td>
<td style="width: 43.6019%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Zanskar Valley</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.94941%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 52.4486%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Alchi temple complex</td>
<td style="width: 43.6019%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Ladakh</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 1 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the cultural history of India, the term &lsquo;Panchayatan&rsquo; refers to (2014)</p>
<p>(a) an assembly of village elders</p>
<p>(b) a religious sect</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) a style of temple construction</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) an administrative functionary</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Some Buddhist rock-cut caves are called Chaityas, while the others are called Viharas. What is the difference between the two? (2013)</p>
<p>(a) Vihara is a place of worship, while Chaitya is the dwelling place of the monks</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) Chaitya is a place of worship, while Vihara is the dwelling place of the monks</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Chaitya is the stupa at the far end of the cave, while Vihara is the hall axial to it</p>
<p>(d) There is no material difference between the two</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following statements:(2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>White marble was used in making Buland Darwaza and Khankah at Fatehpur Sikri.</li>
<li>Red sandstone and marble were used in making Bara Imambara and Rumi Darwaza at Lucknow.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</strong></span></p>
<h2>Dance Forms and Martial Arts</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sattriya-dance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sattriya Dance</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Classical Dances</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-film-heritage-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Film Heritage Mission</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odissi-dance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Odissi Dance</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kathak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kathak</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natyashastra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Natyashastra</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rongali-bihu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rongali Bihu</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gatka-martial-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gatka Martial Art</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kalaripayattu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalaripayattu</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Dance Forms and Martial Arts</span></h3>
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2014)</p>
<ol>
<li>Garba&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; : Gujarat</li>
<li>Mohiniattam : Odisha</li>
<li>Yakshagana&nbsp; : Karnataka</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) 1 and 3 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. How do you distinguish between Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam Dances? (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dancers occasionally speaking dialogues are found in Kuchipudi dance but not in Bharatanatyam.</li>
<li>Dancing on the brass plate by keeping the feet on its edge is a feature of Bharatanatyam but Kuchipudi dance does not have such a form of movements.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) 1 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In the context of cultural history of India, a pose in dance and dramatics called &lsquo;Tribhanga&rsquo; has been a favourite of Indian artists from ancient times till today. Which one of the following statements best describes this pose? (2013)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) One leg is bent and the body is slightly but oppositely curved at waist and neck</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) Facial expressions, hand gestures and make-up are combined to symbolize certain epic or historic characters</p>
<p>(c) Movements of body, face and hands are used to express oneself or to tell a story</p>
<p>(d) A little smile, slightly curved waist and certain hand gestures are emphasized to express the feelings of love or eroticism</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to India&rsquo;s culture and tradition, what is &lsquo;Kalaripayattu&rsquo;? (2014)</p>
<p>(a) It is an ancient Bhakti cult of Shaivism still prevalent in some parts of South India</p>
<p>(b) It is an ancient style bronze and brasswork still found in southern part of Coromandel area</p>
<p>(c) It is an ancient form of dance-drama and a living tradition in the northern part of Malabar</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India</strong></span></p>
<h2>Music</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/hindustani-music-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustani Music</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/annapurna-devi-of-hindustani-music-passes-away" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Annapurna Devi of Hindustani Music Passes Away</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/carnatic-music" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Carnatic Music</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/summer-ragas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Summer Ragas</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chindu-yakshaganam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chindu Yakshaganam</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dhrupad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dhrupad</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asteroid-named-after-pandit-jasraj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asteroid named after Pandit Jasraj</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Music</span></h3>
<p>Q.With reference to cultural history of India, consider the following statements: (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Most of the Tyagaraja Kritis are devotional songs in praise of Lord Krishna.</li>
<li>Tyagaraja created several new ragas.</li>
<li>Annamacharya and Tyagaraja are contemporaries.</li>
<li>Annamacharya kirtanas are devotional songs in praise of Lord Venkateshwara.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 4 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<p>(d) 2, 3 and 4</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>It is a song and dance performance.</li>
<li>Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance.</li>
<li>It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 1 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1 only</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Dhrupad, one of the major traditions of India that has been kept alive for centuries, which of the following statements are correct? (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dhrupad originated and developed in the Rajput kingdoms during the Mughal period</li>
<li>Dhrupad is primarily a devotional and spiritual music</li>
<li>Dhrupad Alap uses Sanskrit syllables from Mantras.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1, 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) None of the above is correct</p>
<h2>Painting</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madhubani-paintings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Madhubani Paintings</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/raja-ravi-varma" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Raja Ravi Varma</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pinguli-chitrakatha-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pinguli Chitrakatha Art</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nilgiri-tribals-tensed-over-destruction-of-rock-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nilgiri Tribals Tensed Over Destruction of Rock Art</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Painting</span></h3>
<p>Q. The well-known painting &ldquo;Bani Thani&rdquo; belongs to the (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Bundi school</p>
<p>(b) Jaipur school</p>
<p>(c) Kangra school</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Kishangarh school</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the most famous and oft-illustrated paintings at (2017)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) Ajanta</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) Badami</p>
<p>(c) Bagh</p>
<p>(d) Ellora</p>
<hr />
<p>Q.Kalamkari painting refers to (2015)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) a hand-painted cotton textile in South India</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) a handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in North-East India</p>
<p>(c) a block-painted woollen cloth in Western Himalayan region of India</p>
<p>(d) a hand-painted decorative silk cloth in North-Western India</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following historical places: (2013)</p>
<ol>
<li>Ajanta Caves</li>
<li>Lepakshi Temple</li>
<li>Sanchi Stupa</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above places is/are also known for mural paintings?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 1 and 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<p>(d) None</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following historical places: (2013)</p>
<ol>
<li>Ajanta Caves</li>
<li>Lepakshi Temple</li>
<li>Sanchi Stupa</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above places is/are also known for mural paintings?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<p>(d) None</p>
<h2>Local Festivals &amp; Handicrafts</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kambala" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kambala</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pathamadai-silk-mat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pathamadai Silk Mat</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadi-mahotsav" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadi Mahotsav</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ashadhi-bij" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ashadhi Bij</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallikattu-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jallikattu</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hori-habba" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hori Habba</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/belum-caves-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belum Caves Festival</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hornbill-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hornbill Festival</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Local Festivals &amp; Handicrafts</span></h3>
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2018)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.79143%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 44.2338%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Tradition</strong></td>
<td style="width: 20.6951%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>State</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.79143%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 44.2338%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Chapchar Kut festival</td>
<td style="width: 20.6951%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Mizoram</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.79143%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 44.2338%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Khongjom Parba ballad</td>
<td style="width: 20.6951%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Manipur</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.79143%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 44.2338%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Thang-Ta dance</td>
<td style="width: 20.6951%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Sikkim</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 2 and 3 only</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2017)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.63346%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 47.7092%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Traditions</strong></td>
<td style="width: 35.861%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; Communities</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.63346%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 47.7092%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Chaliha Sahib Festival</td>
<td style="width: 35.861%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Sindhis</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.63346%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 47.7092%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra</td>
<td style="width: 35.861%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Gonds</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.63346%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 47.7092%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Wari-Warkari</td>
<td style="width: 35.861%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Santhals</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) None of the above</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2015)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 4.7393%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 48.3412%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Place of Pilgrimage</strong></td>
<td style="width: 30.8057%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp;Location</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 4.7393%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 48.3412%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Srisailam</td>
<td style="width: 30.8057%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">:&nbsp; Nallamala Hills</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 4.7393%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 48.3412%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Omkareshwar</td>
<td style="width: 30.8057%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">:&nbsp; Satmala Hills</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 4.7393%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 48.3412%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Pushkar</td>
<td style="width: 30.8057%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">:&nbsp; Mahadeo Hills</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2009)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 34px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 365px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Tradition</strong></td>
<td style="width: 234px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; State</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 34px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 365px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Gatka, a traditional martial art</td>
<td style="width: 234px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Kerala</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 34px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 365px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Madhubani, a traditional painting</td>
<td style="width: 234px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Bihar</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 34px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 365px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Singhey Khababs Sindhu Darshan Festival</td>
<td style="width: 234px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Jammu and Kashmir</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2018)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.37125%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 31.7536%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Craft</strong></td>
<td style="width: 25.1185%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Heritage of</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.37125%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 31.7536%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Puthukkuli shawls</td>
<td style="width: 25.1185%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Tamil Nadu</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.37125%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 31.7536%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Sujni embroidery&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 25.1185%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Maharashtra</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.37125%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 31.7536%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Uppada Jamdani</td>
<td style="width: 25.1185%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Karnataka saris</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>which of the pairs given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2</p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 2 and 3</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-15'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Bharat Air Fibre: Wireless Internet',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Bharat Air Fibre Services</strong> have been inaugurated at <strong>Akola in Maharashtra</strong> providing the residents <strong>wireless internet connections</strong> on demand.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bharat Air Fibre services are being <strong>introduced by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)</strong> as a part of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> initiative by the Government of India. It is <strong>being scaled pan-India</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To <strong>provide BSNL fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) wireless connectivity up to a range of 20 km</strong> from the BSNL points of presence.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>connectivity speed is 100 Mbps</strong> and BSNL is offering <strong>various broadband plans in wireline and wireless segments</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is a huge demand for high-speed broadband service in the present situation as there is the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migration</strong></a> of people from metro cities to rural areas due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The service is becoming popular due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-work-from-home-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Work from Home</strong></a> (WFH), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-learning</strong></a>, <strong>online shopping, gaming and entertainment,</strong> etc. amidst <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdowns</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>BSNL is also providing <strong>unlimited free voice calling</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism:</strong> It provides high-speed broadband to subscribers of remote areas by <strong>bridging the gap of last-mile connectivity through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ham-radio" target="_blank" rel="noopener">radio waves</a></strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A vast network of <strong>Optical Fibre</strong> has been laid by BSNL up to nearest Telephone Exchange or Mobile Tower and from there the connectivity is provided to subscribers over wireless.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596444205_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596444205_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="545" height="398" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Customers at remote locations will be benefitted as BSNL comes with the <strong>cheapest services</strong> with the support of <strong>Telecom Infrastructure Partners</strong> (TIPs).</li>
<li>These services are <strong>wireless</strong> and there are <strong>very low chances of interruption</strong> in services locally.</li>
<li>BSNL is <strong>tying up with local entrepreneurs/unemployed youth</strong> on revenue sharing basis thereby <strong>generating employment</strong> in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They will earn a regular monthly income of about one lakh per month thereby <strong>becoming self-reliant</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a> initiative.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This service could be a game-changer for rural areas as with a little <strong>integration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet of Things</a></strong> (IoT) <strong>and sensors</strong>, the <strong>moisture content of soil can be known</strong> on a real-time basis, so that <strong>irrigation can be planned</strong>, resulting in <strong>saving of water and thereby increasing productivity</strong>.</li>
<li>Sensors can be <strong>tied to the neck of dairy cattle, enabling continuous recording of body temperature</strong> so as to know the exact time when milk output is best.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1642996" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharat-air-fibre-wireless-internet'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Aspirin to Prevent Cataract',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, scientists from the <strong>Institute of Nano Science &amp; Technology (INST)</strong> have developed <strong>nanorods from the Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Aspirin to prevent cataracts</strong> in an economical and less complicated way.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aspirin</strong> is a popular medication used <strong>to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation</strong> and now it has been found to be an effective non-invasive small molecule-based nanotherapeutics against cataract.</li>
<li>INST is an <strong>autonomous institute</strong> under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cataract:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596443792_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596443792_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="397" height="238" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a major <strong>form of blindness</strong> that occurs when the <strong>structure of crystallin proteins that make up the lens</strong> in human eyes <strong>deteriorates</strong>.</li>
<li>Such deterioration causes damaged or disorganised proteins to aggregate and forms a milky blue or brown layer, which ultimately <strong>affects lens transparency</strong>.</li>
<li>As with <strong>ageing and under various conditions,</strong> the lens protein crystallin aggregates to form opaque structures in the eye lens, which <strong>impairs vision and causes cataract</strong>.</li>
<li>Thus, <strong>prevention of the formation of these aggregates as well as their destruction</strong> in the early stage of disease progression is a major treatment strategy for cataracts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Usage of Aspirin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scientists have used the <strong>anti-aggregation ability of self-build aspirin nanorods</strong> as an effective non-invasive small molecule-based nanotherapeutics against cataract.</li>
<li>It <strong>prevents the protein from aggregation</strong> through biomolecular interactions, which convert it into coils and helices and consequently fail to aggregate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aspirin nanorods due to their <strong>nano-size</strong> are expected to enhance the bioavailability, improve drug loading, lower toxicity, etc.</li>
<li>Hence, <strong>the delivery of the aspirin nanorods as eye drops</strong> is going to serve as an <strong>effective and viable option</strong> to treat cataract non-invasively.</li>
<li>It is <strong>easy to use and a low-cost alternative nonsurgical treatment</strong> method and will benefit patients in developing countries who cannot access expensive cataract treatments and surgeries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1642991#:~:text=A%20team%20of%20scientists%20from,pain%2C%20fever%2C%20or%20inflammation%20and" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aspirin-to-prevent-cataract'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Agatti Island of Lakshadweep',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the southern bench of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal</strong> </a>(NGT) has granted an interim stay on felling of coconut trees on <strong>Agatti Island</strong> in Lakshadweep.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, a <strong>petition was moved in the NGT</strong> over <strong>indiscriminate cutting of coconut trees</strong> for a beach road.</li>
<li>The tree-felling was violating the Union Territory&rsquo;s (UT) <strong>Integrated Island Management Plan</strong> (IIMP).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IIMP was formulated on the basis of a report submitted by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a>-appointed Expert Committee, headed by <strong>Justice R.V. Raveendran,</strong> a former judge of the SC.</li>
<li>IIMP includes holistic island development plans prepared by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-sustainable-coastal-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management</strong></a> (NCSCM) for implementation by coastal States/ UTs.</li>
<li>The IIMP <strong>undertakes scientific approaches,</strong> coupled with <strong>indigenous knowledge</strong> for the better management of the islands and its resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to the large scale cutting of the coconut trees, local residents are <strong>affected by losing</strong> <strong>income</strong> from the tree produces.</li>
<li>It also poses an <strong>environmental challenge</strong> because the trees on the coastline act as a <strong>green belt</strong> to protect the rest of the island during <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cyclones</strong></a> and other natural calamities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Agatti Island</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is at a <strong>distance of 459 km</strong> (248 nautical miles) from <strong>Kochi (Kerala)</strong> and is located to the <strong>west of Kavaratti Island</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kavaratti is the capital</strong> of the UT of Lakshadweep.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has an <strong>area of 3.84 sq km</strong> and has a north-east, south-west trend with a long tail on the south.</li>
<li>The <strong>lagoon area of this island is 17.50 sq km</strong> and there is plenty of <strong>coral growth and multicoloured coral fishes</strong> in the lagoons.</li>
<li><strong>Fishing is the most important industry</strong> of Agatti which is perhaps the only island besides Minicoy getting surplus fish. Next to fishing, <strong>coir</strong> (coconut fibre) and <strong>copra</strong> (dried meat or kernel of the coconut) are the main industries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596441787_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596441787_image1.png" width="360" height="445" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ngt-stays-felling-of-coconut-trees-on-lakshadweep-island/article32253771.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agatti-island-of-lakshadweep'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'China’s Presence Near Ecuador Waters',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Ecuador</strong> has expressed an <strong>official discomfort</strong> over the sighting of a flotilla of 260 mostly <strong>Chinese fishing</strong> vessels near the Galapagos archipelago (a part of Ecuador).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The flotilla also consisted of <strong>some Liberia and Panama-flagged vessels</strong> which was detected in an international water corridor situated between two areas of Ecuadorian jurisdiction&ndash; 200 miles away from both the <strong>Galapagos Islands and mainland Ecuador</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Galapagos Archipelago</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596441058_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596441058_image2.png" width="522" height="261" style="float: right;" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Galapagos Islands, spread over almost <strong>60,000 sq km, are a part of Ecuador</strong>.</li>
<li>These are located in the <strong>Pacific Ocean</strong> around 1,000 km away from the South American continent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ecuador made a part of the Galapagos a <strong>wildlife sanctuary in 1935,</strong> and the sanctuary became the <strong>Galapagos National Park in 1959</strong>.</li>
<li>In 1978, the islands became <strong>UNESCO&rsquo;s first World Heritage Site</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It contains aquatic species such as <strong>manta rays and sharks</strong> which have been endangered by commercial fishing.</li>
<li>It also hosts a wide array of aquatic wildlife, including marine iguanas, fur seals, and waved albatrosses.</li>
<li>Also, the giant tortoises found here &ndash; <strong>'Gal&aacute;pagos'</strong> in old Spanish &ndash; give the islands its name.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The British naturalist Charles Darwin made key observations in 1835 that shaped his theory of evolution.</li>
<li>Darwin described the islands as a &ldquo;world in itself&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Past Occurrences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ecuador has stated that the situation is <strong>repeated every year</strong> and such vessels reach the <strong>outer limit of the archipelago,</strong> outside the country&rsquo;s exclusive zone.</li>
<li>In 2019, 245 Chinese fishing vessels were sighted in the area where Ecuador&rsquo;s writ does not extend.</li>
<li>In 2017, a Chinese ship had entered Ecuador&rsquo;s waters and its authorities seized the ship.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>That time Ecuador had discovered <strong>300 tonnes of wildlife</strong> on board, mostly the critically endangered scalloped hammerhead sharks.</li>
<li>It has been observed that the two-thirds of hammerhead shark fins found in Hong Kong markets come from the Galapagos area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596441434_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596441434_image3.png" width="435" height="446" style="float: right;" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chinese ships are <strong>frequent</strong> in Ecuador's waters during august month of the year as the <strong>cold Humboldt Current brings in nutrients</strong> that lead to a <strong>high congregation</strong> of marine species.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Humboldt Current, also called the <strong>Peru Current,</strong> is a <strong>cold, low-salinity ocean current</strong> that flows north along the western coast of South America.</li>
<li>The Humboldt Current is a <strong>highly productive</strong> ecosystem. It is the most productive eastern boundary current system. It accounts for roughly <strong>18-20%</strong> of the total worldwide marine fish catch.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conflicts with Other Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chinese vessels have also run into trouble with other countries in the region.</li>
<li>In 2016, <strong>Argentina&rsquo;s</strong> coast guard chased and sank a vessel that it claimed had been illegally fishing in the South Atlantic Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diplomatic Consequences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The matter has been escalated to a diplomatic level and Ecuador has officially expressed its <strong>&ldquo;discomfort&rdquo;</strong> to China.</li>
<li>Ecuador has also stated that it will <strong>discuss the threat with Peru, Chile, Colombia, and Panama</strong> &ndash; coastal countries of the region that have also been affected in the past.</li>
<li>The USA, which is already opposing China on multiple fronts, expressed its support for Ecuador. The USA has also expressed that it is against any aggression directed towards <strong>economic and environmental sovereignty</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China maintains that it is a &ldquo;responsible fishing nation&rdquo; with a &ldquo;zero tolerance&rdquo; policy toward illegal fishing.</li>
<li>It also stated that China respects Ecuador's measures to protect the environment and preserve marine resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>All the nations including China need to be extra cautionary regarding environmental issues considering the looming threat of climate change.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The warming of oceans due to climate change is expected to further increase fishing pressure around these islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, effective global collaboration is the only way forward to resolve such issues.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-ecuador-was-angered-by-a-chinese-flotilla-near-its-waters-6536211/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-presence-near-ecuador-waters'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'UK to Issue Coin in Honour of Mahatma Gandhi',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Britain is considering minting a coin to commemorate <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gandhi-peace-prize" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong></a>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The consideration is seen as part of efforts to celebrate achievements of people from the <strong>Black, Asian and other Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities</strong>.</li>
<li>The British Finance Minister has written a letter to the<strong> Royal Mint Advisory Committee (RMAC)</strong>, to consider recognising the contribution of BAME communities on Britain's coinage.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The RMAC is an <strong>independent committee</strong> made up of experts who <strong>recommend themes and designs</strong> for coins.</li>
<li>The RMAC supports a campaign called <strong>&lsquo;We Too Built Britain&rsquo;</strong>, which seeks representation of non-white icons on British currency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, the murder of a Black man, George Floyd, in the United States due to police butuality has led to <strong>Black Lives Matter protests</strong> against racism, colonialism and police brutality across the globe.</li>
<li>Triggered by the death of George Floyd, some British institutions began re-examining their past, which includes their history, colonialism and racism.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Black Lives Matter Protest</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a global movement <strong>advocating for non-violent civil disobedience</strong> in protest against incidents of police brutality and all racially motivated violence against African-American people.</li>
<li>Its <strong>mission is to eradicate white supremacy</strong> and <strong>build local power</strong> to intervene in violence inflicted on Black communities by the state and vigilantes.</li>
<li>The movement was founded in 2013 in response to the acquittal of Trayvon Martin&rsquo;s (African-American) murderer in the USA.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Mahatma Gandhi</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2<sup>nd</sup> October, 1869, at Porbandar in Gujarat and died on 30<sup>th</sup> January, 1948 in New Delhi.</li>
<li>He was a lawyer, politician, social activist, writer and became the <strong>leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India</strong>.</li>
<li>He advocated for non-violence throughout his life and <strong>played a key role in India's struggle for independence</strong>.</li>
<li>His birthday, October 2, is observed as the <strong>International Day of Non-Violence by the United Nations</strong>.</li>
<li>He is considered as India&rsquo;s <strong>Father of the Nation</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596440075_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596440075_image4.jpg" width="375" height="234" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/uk-to-issue-coin-to-honour-gandhiji/article32254720.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uk-to-issue-coin-in-honour-of-mahatma-gandhi'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Legacy of Lokmanya Tilak',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/lokmanya-tilak-father-of-the-indian-renaissance/story-VbZUWCeLqAGDCSgO92DdWJ.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Lokmanya Tilak: Father of the Indian renaissance&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 1/08/2020. It talks about the Legacy of Lokmanya Tilak.</p>
</div>
<p>&ldquo;Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it!&rdquo;, this is the slogan that inculcated a political conscience among Indians regarding self-rule. The slogan was given by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bal-gangadhar-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak</strong></a> (Lokmanya means the man accepted by the people). Given his contribution, Tilak can be hailed as the first mass leader of the Indian Independence Movement.</p>
<p>Mahatma Gandhi called him<strong> &lsquo;The Maker of Modern India&rsquo;</strong> or as British colonial authorities called him<strong> &lsquo;the father of Indian unrest&rsquo;,</strong> testifies his legacy and contribution to Indian society and freedom struggle.</p>
<p>As a &thinsp;philosopher-politician, his contribution is immense as he is said to be a pioneer of ideas of swaraj and swadeshi and used culture, education and the media.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596286902_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596286902_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Contribution of Bal Gangadhar Tilak</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Igniting Patriotism:</strong> Ruthless suppression of the <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-179#:~:text=The%20revolt%20of%201857%20started,Indian%20soldiers%20at%20Meerut%20rebelled.&amp;text=This%20rebellion%20was%20a%20major,struggle%20against%20the%20British%20rule." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>revolt of 1857</strong></a> by the British and its aftermath, had created disillusionment and darkness regarding self-rule, that continued for many decades.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is when Tilak began to quicken the growth of nationalist consciousness with the advent of the 20<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>He ignited patriotic consciousness among the masses during one of the most difficult periods in the freedom struggle</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Switching to Extremism Phase:</strong> The founding of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian National Congress (INC)</strong> </a>in 1885 was aided by the British, under the narrative of safety-value theory. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a followup to that, the voice of INC was weak and subdued. Early leadership of INC was mainly focused on <strong>3Ps: Prayer, Petition and Protest.</strong></li>
<li>Along with two other congress leaders, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal (popularly known as Lal, Bal and Pal), he started the extremist phase of INC, which focused on mass mobilisation of masses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trisutri Program:</strong> Tilak gave trisutri or three-point programme for national awakening &ndash; Swaraj, Swadeshi and Nationalist Education based on vernacular.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This helped the realisation of self-pride and activism in a nation that was culturally suppressed by the British under the narrative of <strong>Whiteman&rsquo;s burden.</strong></li>
<li>For the cultivation of an enlightened mind, he used the media in the form of two newspapers, <strong>Kesari and Maratha,</strong> and national education through Deccan Education Society, an institute he established.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swadeshi Movement:</strong> Tilak started the Swadeshi movement (1905), which was not just about boycotting British goods, but his larger objective was promoting indigenous entrepreneurship. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tilak wanted to promote manufacturing in India. To that end, Tilak started collecting funds for a corpus, known as Paisa Fund.</li>
<li>This can be termed as reminiscent of the Make in India Program, in present times.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Broader Vision of Swaraj:</strong> For him, Swaraj or Home Rule meant the rule of, and the rule for, the common people of India. However, he also had a blueprint of an independent India in mind. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For him, swaraj was also linked to swa-bhasha and swa-bhusha, i.e. mother tongue and indigenous attire.</li>
<li>Perhaps, he was the first national leader who envisioned the formation of linguistic states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Laying Foundation for Gandhian way of Mass Movement:</strong> Tilak&rsquo;s two arrests by the British in (1897 and 1908) galvanised workers, peasants, professionals and youth in an unprecedented manner.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His formula for preparing the ground for political activism through culture, education and media was so powerful that later on Mahatma Gandhi, Babasaheb Ambedkar and others adopted this path.</li>
<li>Also, he prepared a fertile ground for swaraj through his home-rule movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Revival:</strong> Tilak&rsquo;s campaign against the British colonial rule was also anchored on reclaiming Indian heritage and culture. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1896, he famously initiated the &lsquo;sarvajanik Ganesh visarjan utsav&rsquo; in Bombay, in which the masses of people came out to worship and then immerse idols of Ganesha in the sea.</li>
<li>This religious drive served the political purpose of mass mobilisation.</li>
<li>Though it is seen as a communal move by many historians, his writings reflected that his call for public celebration of these festivals was not meant to rouse sentiments against any other community.</li>
<li>Its sole purpose was cultural self-assertion of his people then living the yoke of foreign rule.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Today, when we talk about <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a>, the legacy of Tilak is carried forward. Reviving the spirit of economic nationalism for indigenously manufactured goods and striving for social integration through culture (Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat) are the features of Tilak&rsquo;s strategy and they continue to be relevant even today as we observe his 100<sup>th</sup> death anniversary.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #feffdb;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><b>Drishti Mains Question</b></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Discuss the relevance of the ideas of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in the present times.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bdibELlgCoA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/on-education-a-positive-blueprint/story-G9Co2IK2AbxgSVrNEUyxIN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;On education, a positive blueprint&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on July 30<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/legacy-of-lokmanya-tilak'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'China Launches BeiDou Navigation Satellite System',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>China has formally launched full global services of its BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System (BDS).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The name BeiDou comes from Chinese word for the <strong>Big Dipper or Plough constellation.</strong></li>
<li>China's BeiDou navigation project was launched in the early 1990s. The system then became operational within China in 2000 and in the Asia-Pacific region in 2012.</li>
<li>The navigation satellite system was completed in three steps: <strong>BDS-1</strong> which provided services to <strong>China, BDS- 2</strong> to provide services to the <strong>Asia-Pacific region</strong> and <strong>BDS-3</strong> which provides services <strong>worldwide.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A hybrid constellation <strong>consisting of around 30 satellites</strong> in three kinds of orbits: <strong>Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), Inclined Geo-Synchronous Orbit (IGSO)</strong> and <strong>Medium Earth Orbit (MEO).</strong></li>
<li>Provides navigation signals of <strong>multiple frequencies,</strong> and is able to improve service accuracy by using <strong>combined multi-frequency signals.</strong></li>
<li>Offers <strong>accurate positioning, navigation</strong> and<strong> timing,</strong> as well as short messaging communication, international search and rescue, satellite-based augmentation, ground augmentation and precise point positioning, etc.</li>
<li>The services are used in various fields by China including <strong>defence, transportation, agriculture, fishing,</strong> and disaster relief.</li>
<li>It will be the <strong>fourth global satellite navigation system</strong> after the USA GPS, Russia&rsquo;s GLONASS and European Union&rsquo;s Galileo. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is said to be much<strong> more accurate than the USA&rsquo;s GPS.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)</strong> is a general term describing <strong>any satellite constellation that provides Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) services on a global basis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Challenge to the Centrality of the USA:</strong> While China says it seeks cooperation with other satellite navigation systems, Beidou is being seen as a rival to America&rsquo;s GPS, Russia&rsquo;s GLONASS and the European Union&rsquo;s Galileo networks.</li>
<li><strong>Military Implications:</strong> The development of its own secure and independent navigation system will boost China&rsquo;s military strength, especially amidst <strong>rising <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-cold-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener">US-China tensions.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Economic Implications:</strong> The <strong>better accuracy and experience</strong> of BDS, as claimed by China will<strong> lure companies</strong> to sign-up for it. As the global market is being increasingly dominated by an<strong> information-based economy,</strong> China is expected to reap huge economic benefit from BDS.</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Hold on Other Nations:</strong> China is promoting its use in the countries signed-up for its <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/obor-cpec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a>. Pakistan has already started using BDS. This will certainly give China <strong>economic and political leverage over nations adopting this system.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Edge over India:</strong> This has also given China a competitive edge over India, whose <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IRNSS-NavIC</strong></a> is still a<strong> regional</strong> navigation system.</li>
<li><strong>Importance in Covid Times:</strong> The world is becoming heavily dependent on space infrastructure due to the impact of COVID-19 limitations on in-person physical meetings and travel restrictions. Thus, <strong>information and space-based services will gain importance</strong> in present times.</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Authority in Space:</strong> The space program of China has seen rapid advancements in past few years with the launch of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tianwen-1-china-s-mars-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tianwen-1</strong></a> rover mission to Mars. China has also constructed an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/long-march-5b-rocket-by-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>experimental space station</strong></a> and sent a pair of rovers to the surface of the moon<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chinas-rover-to-far-side-of-the-moon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> (Chang&rsquo;e-4)</strong></a>. BDS is another step in <strong>marking China&rsquo;s presence in Space.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>IRNSS ― NavIC (India)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS),</strong> which was later given the operational name of <strong>NavIC</strong> or <strong>NAV</strong>igation with Indian Constellation, is the <strong>regional satellite navigation system of India.</strong></li>
<li>Launched and operated by the <strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO),</strong> IRNSS covers <strong>India and nearby regions</strong> extending up to<strong> 1,500 km.</strong></li>
<li>The constellation consists of <strong>7 active satellites,</strong> out of which three are located in <strong>Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)</strong> and four in<strong> Inclined Geo-Synchronous Orbit (IGSO).</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Satellite Orbits</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An orbit is a regular, repeating path that an object in space takes around another one. An object moving around a planet in an orbit is called a satellite. According to the height of satellites from the earth, the orbits can be classified as <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>High Earth orbit (mostly weather and communication satellites), </strong></li>
<li><strong>Medium Earth orbit (most navigation satellites)</strong> and</li>
<li><strong>Low Earth orbit (Scientific satellites like NASA&rsquo;s Earth observing Fleet).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596279416_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596279416_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Geo-Synchronous orbit :</strong> A geosynchronous orbit is any orbit which has a period equal to the earth's rotational period.</li>
<li><strong>Geostationary Orbit:</strong> A Geostationary Orbit is a time of Geosynchronous orbit in the same plane as that of the equator.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596279394_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596279394_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-says-its-beidou-system-now-fully-operational-to-challenge-us-s-gps/story-IfrxT8gHy0QUgBFHNX5F3H.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-launches-beidou-navigation-satellite-system'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'High Level Group on Agricultural Exports : Finance Commission',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> High Level Group (HLEG) on Agricultural Exports</strong> set up by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-and-15th-finance-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fifteenth Finance Commission</strong></a> has submitted its report to the Commission.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The HLEG was set up to recommend <strong>measurable performance incentives</strong> for states <strong>to encourage <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agri-export-policy#:~:text=Keeping%20in%20mind%20the%20significant,a%20stable%20trade%20policy%20regime." target="_blank" rel="noopener">agricultural exports</a> and to promote crops to enable high import substitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Finance Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Finance Commission is a <strong>constitutional body,</strong> that determines the method and formula for distributing the tax proceeds between the Centre and states, and among the states as per the constitutional arrangement and present requirements.</li>
<li>Under<strong> Article 280</strong> of the Constitution, the President of India is required to constitute a Finance Commission at an interval of five years or earlier.</li>
<li>The 15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission was constituted by the President of India in November 2017, under the <strong>chairmanship of NK Singh.</strong> Its recommendations will cover a period of five years from April 2020 to March 2025.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, the Ministry of Finance has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/grant-in-aid-for-rural-local-bodies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>released a part of grants-in-aid as a part of the Tied Grant as recommended by the 15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission (FC)</strong></a> for the Financial Year (FY) 2020-2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Purpose to Constitute HLEG:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>assess export &amp; import substitution opportunities for Indian agricultural products</strong> (commodities, semi-processed, and processed) in the changing international trade scenario and suggest ways to <strong>step up exports sustainably and reduce import dependence.</strong></li>
<li>To recommend <strong>strategies and measures to increase farm productivity, enable higher value addition, ensure waste reduction, strengthen logistics infrastructure </strong>etc. related to Indian agriculture, to improve the sector's global competitiveness.</li>
<li>To<strong> identify the impediments for private sector investments along the agricultural value chain</strong> and suggest policy measures and reforms that would help attract the required investments.</li>
<li>To <strong>suggest appropriate performance-based incentives to the state governments</strong> for the period 2021-22 to 2025-26, to accelerate reforms in the agriculture sector as well as implement other policy measures in this regard.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Crop Value Chains:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It emphasises to focus on 22 crop value chains with a <strong>demand driven approach.</strong></li>
<li>The demand driven approach refers to a development strategy where the people themselves are expected to take the initiative and the responsibility for improving supply situation rather than being passive recipients of the Government services.</li>
<li>It also suggests to solve <strong>Value Chain Clusters (VCC)</strong> holistically with focus on value addition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State-led Export Plan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a business plan for a crop value chain cluster, that will lay out the opportunity, initiatives and investment required to meet the desired value chain export aspiration.</li>
<li>These plans will be <strong>action-oriented, time-bound and outcome-focused.</strong></li>
<li>Such plans should be <strong>collaboratively prepared</strong> with private sector players and Commodity Boards presenting <strong>participation of all stakeholders.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Participation of Private Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The private sector players need to play a pivotal role in ensuring demand orientation and focus on value addition.</li>
<li>It also needs to ensure project plans are feasible, robust, implementable and appropriately funded; providing funds for technology based on business cases and for creating urgency and discipline for project implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Government&rsquo;s Role:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Central government should act as an enabler.</li>
<li>Thus, robust institutional mechanisms need to be enforced to fund and support implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Estimated Agricultural Export Potential:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s agricultural export has the potential to grow from USD 40 billion to USD 70 billion in a few years.</li>
<li>The estimated investment in agricultural export could be to the tune of USD 8-10 billion across inputs, infrastructure, processing and demand enablers.</li>
<li>Additional exports are likely to <strong>create an estimated 7-10 million jobs.</strong></li>
<li>It will also lead to <strong>higher farm productivity</strong> and farmer income.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1642591" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/high-level-group-on-agricultural-exports-finance-commission'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Increased Fiscal Deficit',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per the official data, the Centre&rsquo;s <strong>fiscal deficit</strong> for the first three months of fiscal 2020-21 <strong>(April-June)</strong> was <strong>Rs. 6.62 lakh crore,</strong> which is <strong>83% of the budgeted target</strong> for the year (Rs. 7.96 lakh crore).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the economists, the fiscal deficit<strong> may end up as high as 8% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), </strong>far <strong>exceeding the budget&rsquo;s goal of 3.5%.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596271300_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596271300_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fall in Income Component:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Union government has received Rs. 1.53 lakh crore (in terms of tax, non-tax revenue and loan recoveries) from April to June 2020.</li>
<li>This is<strong> less than 7% of budget estimates</strong> for the full year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When economic activity has been stopped because of the pandemic and lockdown, government revenues are also going to come down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Centre has also<strong> transferred Rs. 1.34 lakh crore to States as their share of taxes,</strong> which is <strong>Rs. 14,588 crore lower</strong> than the previous year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increase in Expenditure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Centre&rsquo;s total expenditure for April-June was Rs. 8.15 lakh crore, almost <strong>27% of budget estimates for the year.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to spending on free food grains and rural job programmes for millions of migrant workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There has been a<strong> 40% growth in the first quarter capital expenditure</strong> to Rs. 88,273 crore.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is historically high (in comparison to data from the last 20 years), in terms of year-on-year percentage growth for the first quarter.</li>
<li>Increased capital expenditure implies increased spending on creation of assets such as infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Borrowings:</strong> The reduced collections have forced the government to raise the amount it&rsquo;s borrowing this fiscal to a record <strong>Rs. 12 lakh crore from earlier estimates of Rs. 7.8 lakh crore</strong> to meet spending needs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Fiscal Deficit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>government describes fiscal deficit of India</strong> as &ldquo;the excess of total disbursements from the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mp-s-salaries-cut-and-mplads-suspended#:~:text=Government%20Accounts-,Consolidated%20Fund,and%20all%20non%2Dtax%20revenues." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Consolidated Fund of India</strong></a>, excluding repayment of the debt, over total receipts into the Fund (excluding the debt receipts) during a financial year&rdquo;.</li>
<li>In simple words, it is a <strong>shortfall in a government's income compared with its spending.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government that has a fiscal deficit is spending beyond its means.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>calculated as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP),</strong> or simply as total money spent in excess of income. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In either case, the income figure includes only taxes and other revenues and <strong>excludes money borrowed to make up the shortfall.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Formula:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fiscal Deficit =</strong> Total <strong>expenditure</strong> of the government <strong>(capital and revenue expenditure) &ndash;</strong> Total<strong> income</strong> of the government (Revenue receipts + recovery of loans + other receipts).</li>
<li><strong>Expenditure component:</strong> The government in its Budget allocates funds for several works, including payments of salaries, pensions, etc. <strong>(revenue expenditure)</strong> and creation of assets such as infrastructure, development, etc. <strong>(capital expenditure).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Income component:</strong> The income component is made of two variables, <strong>revenue generated from taxes</strong> levied by the Centre and the<strong> income generated from non-tax variables.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The taxable income consists of the amount generated from corporation tax, income tax, Customs duties, excise duties, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GST</a>, among others.</li>
<li>Meanwhile, the non-taxable income comes from external grants, interest receipts, dividends and profits, receipts from Union Territories, among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>different from revenue deficit</strong> which is only related to revenue expenditure and revenue receipts of the government.</li>
<li>The government <strong>meets the fiscal deficit by borrowing money.</strong> In a way, the total borrowing requirements of the government in a financial year is equal to the fiscal deficit in that year.</li>
<li>A <strong>high fiscal deficit can also be good</strong> for the economy if the money spent goes into the creation of productive assets like highways, roads, ports and airports that boost economic growth and result in job creation.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wma-borrowings-of-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act</strong></a>, <strong>2003</strong> provides that the Centre should take appropriate measures to limit the <strong>fiscal deficit upto 3% of the GDP by 31<sup>st</sup> March, 2021.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>NK Singh committee (set up in 2016)</strong> recommended that the government should target a fiscal deficit of 3% of the GDP in years up to March 31, 2020 cut it to 2.8% in 2020-21 and to 2.5% by 2023.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Given the level of contraction in the economy, the fiscal deficit is expected to be higher this year. In the current scenario, the most important thing is to bring back confidence among consumers as well as businesses. This will help in fuelling the economic recovery.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/fiscal-deficit-touches-83-of-full-year-target/article32243561.ece#:~:text=FY21%20fiscal%20defi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-fiscal-deficit'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => '1947 Tripartite Agreement on Gurkha soldiers',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Nepal&rsquo;s Foreign Minister has said that the <strong>1947 Tripartite Agreement between India, Nepal and the United Kingdom (that deals with the military service of Gurkha soldiers from Nepal)</strong> has become redundant.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He also said that Nepal would prefer to handle the matter bilaterally with India and the United Kingdom.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Tripartite Agreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1947, when India became independent, it was decided to <strong>split Gurkha regiments</strong> between the <strong>British and Indian armies.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From the first quarter of the 19<sup>th</sup> century, Gurkhas had served under the British, first in the armies of the East India Company, and then the British Indian Army.</li>
<li>East India Company first recruited Gurkhas after suffering heavy casualties during the <strong>Anglo-Nepalese War</strong> also known as the <strong>Gurkha War.</strong> The war ended with the signing of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/downturn-in-indo-nepal-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Treaty of Sugauli in 1816.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It ensured that Gurkhas in British and Indian service <strong>would enjoy broadly the same conditions of service</strong> as that of British and Indian citizens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The services include all perks, remuneration, facilities and pension schemes etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gorkha recruitment was the first window that was opened to <strong>Nepali youth to go abroad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objection from Nepal regarding the Gurkhas serving in the Indian military has become prominent in the backdrop of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/downturn-in-indo-nepal-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nepal-India territorial dispute over the Kalapani region</strong></a> of Pithoragarh district that Nepal claims as its own.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nepal has responded by publishing a new map that included the disputed territories of Kalapani region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The issue became a talking point after Indian Army Chief remarked that Nepal&rsquo;s strong protest against <strong>Indian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-nepal-border-dispute" target="_blank" rel="noopener">road construction in the Limpiadora-Kalapani-Lipulekh</a></strong> area was at the behest of a third party (China).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Napelese people believe that<strong> Indian Army Chief, who is granted the honorary post</strong> of a General in the Nepal Army has hurt the sentiments of the Nepali Gurkha Army personnel who lay down their lives to protect India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also the Gurkha veterans have been alleging that the United Kingdom has been discriminating against them in terms of pay, pension and other facilities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The British government started providing equal pay and pension to Gurkhas in 2007.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gurkhas in British Army</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After the 1947 Tripartite Agreement, the British Army amalgamated the Gurkha regiment into combined <strong>Royal Gurkha Rifles (RGR).</strong> Currently, the Gurkhas comprise up to 3% of the British Army. In 2015 they<strong> completed 200 years of service in British Army.</strong></li>
<li>Queen Elizabeth II of Britain is <strong>guarded by two personal Gurkha officers.</strong></li>
<li>The Gurkhas are <strong>recruited every year at the British Gurkha camp at Pokhara in Nepal.</strong> The camp enlists fresh recruits not only for the British Army, but also for the counter-terror arm of the<strong> Singapore Police Force.</strong></li>
<li>Their<strong> signature weapon of Gurkhas, Khukri,</strong> forms part of the Gurkha <strong>regimental insignia in Britain as well as in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has strong cultural ties with Nepal. Both countries share open borders and recognize the citizens of each other country as a national citizen. However, the bilateral relations which have soured in the recent past over border disputes, need to be strengthened through diplomatic relations.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/1947-pact-on-gorkha-soldiers-redundant-says-nepal-minister/article32243320.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Investment to Reduce Plastic Waste in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A Singapore-based-NGO namely <strong>&lsquo;Alliance to End Plastic Waste&rsquo;</strong> plans to invest between <strong>USD 70 million to 100 million</strong> in India over the <strong>next five years </strong>to<strong> reduce <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/plastic-waste-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">plastic waste.</a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Overall, the Alliance has a <strong>USD 500 million budget</strong> for environmental projects including the USD 100 million for India. The rest is for South East Asia and China.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Alliance to End Plastic Waste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Alliance to End Plastic Waste was <strong>founded in 2019</strong> as a<strong> nonprofit organisation</strong> to help solve this serious and complex issue &ndash; 8 million tons of plastic waste entering the ocean every year.</li>
<li>Nearly <strong>fifty companies across the plastics value chain</strong> have joined the Alliance and together they have <strong>committed to invest USD 1.5 billion</strong> towards solutions that will prevent the leakage as well as recover and create value from plastic waste.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>World Nature Conservation Day:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The investment to end plastic waste in India was announced on the <strong>World Nature Conservation Day (28<sup>th</sup> July).</strong></li>
<li>It is celebrated <strong>every year to create and increase awareness</strong> about the importance of natural resources.</li>
<li>The day also encourages people to save and protect Earth&rsquo;s natural resources that are fast-depleting owing to over-exploitation and even misuse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ongoing Initiatives in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, &lsquo;Alliance to End Plastic Waste&rsquo; is working on the<strong> Project Aviral</strong> which aims <strong>to reduce plastic waste in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/15-point-directive-to-clean-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ganga river.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Aviral seeks to pilot an approach to address <strong>waste management challenges.</strong> In particular, it will focus on strengthening an integrated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-retailers-to-collect-plastic-waste" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>plastic waste</strong></a> management system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worldwide Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>UN-Habitat Waste Wise Cities (WWC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Alliance to End Plastic Waste is also collaborating with the UN-Habitat to implement solutions toward a circular economy, creating business and livelihood opportunities while enhancing resource recovery.</li>
<li>It intends to use the <strong>UN-Habitat Waste Wise Cities (WWC) Tool</strong> to map waste flows and assess potential plastic leakage from waste management systems.</li>
<li>The collaboration supports the WWC Challenge to clean up and establish sustainable waste management in 20 cities around the world by 2022.</li>
<li>It is also expected to identify short- and long-term pathways to increase the amount of plastic waste collected, recycled and recovered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Zero Plastic Waste Cities Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is also implementing the <strong>Zero Plastic Waste Cities initiative in India and Vietnam</strong> which aims to tackle the plastic issue by improving and supplementing municipal waste management, repurposing collected waste and preventing it from flowing into the ocean.</li>
<li>It will also develop sustainable social businesses that improve the livelihoods of many while preventing plastic waste from escaping into the environment.</li>
<li>The two initial cities involved in this project are <strong>Puducherry</strong> in <strong>India</strong> and <strong>Tan An</strong> in the Mekong Delta region of <strong>Vietnam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Plastic Waste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over<strong> 8.3 billion tonnes</strong> of plastic has been produced <strong>since 1950,</strong> and about <strong>60%</strong> of that has ended up in landfills or in the natural environment.</li>
<li><strong>Only 9%</strong> of all plastic waste ever produced has been <strong>recycled</strong> and about <strong>12%</strong> has been <strong>incinerated,</strong> while the remaining <strong>79% has accumulated</strong> in landfills, dumps or the natural environment.</li>
<li>Plastic waste, whether in a river, an ocean, or on land can persist in the environment for centuries, hence by <strong>2050, the amount of plastic in seas and oceans across the world will weigh more than the fish.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India currently generates around <strong>26,000 tonnes of plastic waste every day</strong> and over<strong> 10,000 tonnes</strong> of which is <strong>not collected.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s per capita plastic consumption of <strong>less than 11 kg,</strong> is nearly a tenth of the United States of America (109 kg).</li>
<li>For India, bringing plastic waste back into the supply chain could bring <strong>annual benefits of Rs.40 lakh crore in 2050.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global as well as Indian Government&rsquo;s Interventions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Group of 20 (G20)</strong></a> environment ministers, agreed to adopt a new implementation framework for actions to tackle the issue of marine plastic waste on a global scale.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-world-environment-day-identify-the-dangers-of-the-plastic-era" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016</strong> </a>state that every local body has to be responsible for setting up infrastructure for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-better-way-of-waste-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>segregation</strong></a>, collection, processing, and disposal of plastic waste.</li>
<li><strong>Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2018</strong> introduced the concept of<strong> Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>EPR is a policy approach under which producers are given a significant financial and physical responsibility (with respect to segregation and collection of waste at the source) for the treatment or disposal of post-consumer products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A new<strong> national framework on plastic waste management</strong> is in the works, which will introduce third-party audits as part of the monitoring mechanism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government has to look into it with a <strong>very holistic perspective while forming policies</strong> to take all aspects into consideration and ensure strict implementation of regulations.</li>
<li><strong>Economically affordable and ecologically viable alternatives</strong> which will not burden the resources are needed and their prices will also come down with time and increase in demand.</li>
<li>Citizens have to bring <strong>behavioural change</strong> and contribute by not littering and helping in waste segregation and waste management. Everybody, by doing their bit, can ensure elimination of single use plastic.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/singapore-based-ngo-invest-usd-100m-environmental-projects-india-6532905/#:~:text=Alliance%20to%20End%20Plastic%20Waste%2C%20a%20Singapore%2Dbased%2DNGO,top%20official%20of%20the%20organisation." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Contraction in Core Sector Industries',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>output of eight core industries</strong> contracted for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/core-sector-shrinks-by-23-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fourth consecutive month</strong></a> - <strong>shrinking by 15%</strong> in June 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The eight core sector industries are <strong>coal, crude oil, natural gas, refinery products, fertilisers, steel, cement and electricity.</strong></li>
<li>These eight industries account for <strong>40.27% in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Contraction in Total Output:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During <strong>April-June 2020,</strong> the sector's output<strong> dipped by 24.6%</strong> as compared to a positive growth of 3.4% in the same period previous year.</li>
<li>However, 15% contraction in June 2020 <strong>implies some economic recovery</strong> as in May 2020, the industries&rsquo; output contracted by 22%.</li>
<li>Economists expect the <strong>negative trend to continue for at least two more months.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industry-wise Performance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>fertiliser industry is the only one which saw actual growth</strong> in June, with output rising 4.2% in comparison to June 2019. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This, however, is lower than the May 2020 growth of 7.5%, but reflects the positive outlook in the agriculture sector where a normal monsoon is leading to expectations of a good kharif crop.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rest seven sectors &ndash; coal (-15.5%), crude oil (-6.0), natural gas (-12%), refinery products (-9%), steel (-33.8%), cement (-6.9%), and electricity (-11%) &ndash; recorded negative growth in June.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> steel sector continues to remain the worst performer,</strong> with a 33% drop in production in comparison to the previous year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Index of Industrial Production</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index that<strong> shows the growth rates in different industry groups</strong> of the economy in a fixed period of time.</li>
<li>It is compiled and published monthly by the <strong>National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</strong></li>
<li>IIP is a <strong>composite indicator</strong> that measures the growth rate of industry groups classified under:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Broad sectors,</strong> namely, Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity.</li>
<li><strong>Use-based sectors,</strong> namely Basic Goods, Capital Goods, and Intermediate Goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> eight core sector industries represent about 40% of the weight</strong> of items that are included in the IIP.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The eight core industries in <strong>decreasing order</strong> of their weightage: Refinery Products&gt; Electricity&gt; Steel&gt; Coal&gt; Crude Oil&gt; Natural Gas&gt; Cement&gt; Fertilizers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Base Year</strong> for IIP calculation is <strong>2011-2012.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Significance of IIP :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IIP is the<strong> measure on the physical volume of production.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>used by government agencies</strong> including the Ministry of Finance, the Reserve Bank of India, etc, for policy-making purposes.</li>
<li>IIP remains extremely relevant for the calculation of the quarterly and advance <strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP) estimates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The positive impact from unlock is not as strong as the negative impact of the lockdown. The government needs to contain the spread of the coronavirus pandemic on a priority to make economic recovery sustainable.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/eight-core-industries-output-shrinks-by-15-in-june-2020/article32240448.ece/amp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN)</strong> is being used by the State/UT governments in India <strong>to monitor the supply chain of Covid response material.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This has been used <strong>with the requisite customization</strong> during the Covid pandemic for <strong>ensuring continuation of the essential immunization services.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is an<strong> indigenously developed technology system</strong> that <strong>digitizes vaccine stocks</strong> and monitors the temperature of the cold chain through a smartphone application.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> It is <strong>aimed at strengthening immunization supply chain systems</strong> across the country.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>eVIN aims to support the Government of India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Immunization Programme</strong></a> by providing <strong>real-time information on vaccine stocks and flows, and storage temperatures</strong> across all cold chain points in these states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implemented by:</strong> It is being implemented under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong></a> by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in partnership with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).</strong></a></li>
<li>The integrated solution combines:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Technology :</strong> Online real-time information on vaccine stocks and storage temperature to facilitate <strong>evidence-based decision-making.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Governance:</strong> Systemizing record keeping, upgrading logistics and encouraging good practices to <strong>ensure efficient vaccine logistics management.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Human Resources:</strong> To <strong>empower the state cold chain network</strong> by building the capacities of handlers and managers at each stage of vaccine supply.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Universal Immunization Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched by <strong>the government in 1985,</strong> to prevent mortality and morbidity in children and pregnant women against<strong> 12 vaccine-preventable diseases.</strong></li>
<li>Under UIP free of cost vaccination is provided against twelve vaccine-preventable diseases i.e. Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Hepatitis B, Pneumonia , Meningitis due to Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib), Measles, Rubella, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) and Rotavirus diarrhoea.</li>
<li>The programme is one of the largest health programmes in the world. Despite being operational for many years, UIP has been able to fully immunize only 65% of children under 1 year of age.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This strong platform has the potential to be leveraged for <strong>any new vaccine including COVID-19 vaccine,</strong> as and when available.</li>
<li>eVIN can be a powerful contribution to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strengthening health systems</strong> </a>and <strong>ensuring equity</strong> through easy and<strong> timely availability of vaccines to all children, pregnant mothers and other vulnerable groups.</strong></li>
<li>eVIN can be upscaled to build <strong>VALUE (Vaccine and Logistics Utilisation Evaluator),</strong> which is a <strong>held device for capturing the data of vaccines administered,</strong> to monitor<a href="/mains-practice-question/question-328" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> reach till the last-mile beneficiaries.</strong></a></li>
<li>It can help to <strong>fully automate the process of indenting and supplying vaccines</strong> based on <strong>historic actual consumption of vaccines </strong>and<strong> forecasting.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643172" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Contraction in Manufacturing: PMI',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the recent <strong>IHS Markit India Manufacturing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/purchasing-manager-s-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Purchasing Managers&rsquo; Index (PMI)</a></strong>, India&rsquo;s manufacturing sector activity contracted at a faster pace in July 2020 than in June 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Manufacturing PMI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It stood at 46 in July 2020, down from 47.2 in June 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In PMI parlance, a score above 50 means <strong>growth,</strong> while a score below that denotes <strong>contraction.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is the <strong>fourth straight month of contraction</strong> for the Indian manufacturing sector. In April, the PMI had slipped into contraction mode, after remaining in growth territory for 32 consecutive months.</li>
<li>The manufacturing PMI showed some recovery in May, and further in June 2020, but it once again slipped in July 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Contraction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The demand conditions remained subdued with some businesses still closed amid lockdown extensions due to emergence of new epicentres of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Export orders have also witnessed a decline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The re-acceleration of declines in the manufacturing sector is <strong>undermining the trend towards economic stabilisation</strong> seen over the past two months. The <strong>firms have reduced both staff numbers as well as purchasing activity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Purchasing Managers' Index</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PMI is an index of the <strong>prevailing direction of economic trends</strong> in the <strong>manufacturing and service sectors.</strong></li>
<li>It consists of a diffusion index that summarizes whether market conditions, as viewed by purchasing managers, are expanding, staying the same, or contracting.</li>
<li>The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about<strong> current and future business conditions</strong> to company decision makers, analysts, and investors.</li>
<li>It is <strong>different from the Index of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/contraction-in-core-sector-industries" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industrial Production (IIP)</a>,</strong> which also gauges the level of activity in the economy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IIP covers the <strong>broader industrial sector</strong> compared to PMI.</li>
<li>However, PMI is<strong> more dynamic</strong> compared to a standard industrial production index.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>In India the positive impact from unlock is not as strong as the negative impact of the lockdown. Therefore the government needs to contain the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic on a priority to make economic recovery sustainable.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/manufacturing-contracts-for-fourth-straight-month-july-pmi/article32262101.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (2020)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Defence has formulated a <strong>draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020 (DPEPP 2020).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The DPEPP 2020 is envisaged as an overarching guiding document to provide a <strong>focused, structured</strong> and significant thrust to<strong> defence production capabilities</strong> of the country for <strong>self-reliance and exports.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Goals and Objectives:<a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596530031_image3.png"><img width="400" style="float: right;" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596530031_image3.png" class="content-img" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To achieve a <strong>turnover</strong> of <strong>Rs. 1,75,000 crore</strong>&nbsp;including <strong>export of Rs. 35,000 crore</strong> in Aerospace and Defence goods and services by <strong>2025.</strong></li>
<li>To develop a <strong>dynamic, robust and competitive Defence industry,</strong> including <strong>Aerospace and Naval Shipbuilding industry</strong> to cater to the needs of Armed forces with quality products.</li>
<li>To <strong>reduce dependence on imports</strong> and take forward<a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india"><strong> "Make in India"</strong> </a>initiatives through domestic design and development.</li>
<li>To <strong>promote the export of defence products</strong> and become part of the global defence value chains.</li>
<li>To create an environment that encourages research and development (R&amp;D), rewards innovation, create Indian <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/to-the-points/paper3/intellectual-property-rights#:~:text=Intellectual%20property%20rights%20(IPR)%20are,and%20images%20used%20in%20commerce."><strong>Intellectual Property (IP)</strong> </a>ownership and promotes a robust and self-reliant defence industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outlined Strategies:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Procurement Reforms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/self-reliance-in-defence-manufacturing"><strong>Project Management Unit (PMU)</strong> </a>will be set up for the development and production of technologies involved, life cycle costs and maintenance requirements of platforms, equipment and weapon systems.</li>
<li>It also aims to <strong>move away from licensed production to design, develop and produce indigenously.</strong></li>
<li>It also aims to own the design rights and IP of the systems projected in<strong>&nbsp;the Long Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTIPP)</strong> and a<strong> Technology Assessment Cell (TAC)</strong> would be created.</li>
<li>The TAC would also assess the industrial capability for design, development and production, including re-engineering for production of major systems such as armoured vehicles, submarines, fighter aircraft, helicopters and radars with the major industries in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indigenisation And Support to MSMEs/Startups:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence"><strong>indigenisation policy</strong></a> aims to create an industry ecosystem to indigenise the imported components (including alloys and special materials) and sub-assemblies for defence equipment and platforms manufactured in India. 5,000 such items are proposed to be indigenised by 2025.</li>
<li>More than 50 startups are currently developing new <strong>&lsquo;fit-for-military-use&rsquo;</strong> technologies/products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Optimise Resource Allocation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The share of domestic procurement in overall Defence procurement is about<strong> 60%.</strong></li>
<li>To enhance procurement from domestic industry, the procurement needs to be <strong>doubled from the current Rs. 70,000 crore to Rs. 1,40,000 crore by 2025.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Investment Promotion and Ease of Doing Business:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is already a <strong>large aerospace market</strong> with rising passenger traffic and increasing military expenditure, as a result of which the demand for aircraft (fixed and rotary wings) is rising.</li>
<li>The opportunities in the aerospace industry have been identified in the following segments - aircraft build work, aircraft Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO), helicopters, engine manufacturing and MRO work, line replaceable units, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and upgrades and retrofits.</li>
<li>The <strong>improvement in market size, demographic dividend and availability of diverse skill sets</strong> are evident from<strong> India's ranking in the World Bank&rsquo;s <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020">&lsquo;Ease of Doing Business&rsquo; (EoDB) report.</a></strong></li>
<li>The<strong> investments in the defence sector</strong> need to regularly sustain the steady supply of orders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Innovation and R&amp;D:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/innovations-for-defence-excellence-idex-initiative#:~:text=iDEX%20aims%20to%20promote%20innovation,to%20carry%20out%20Research%20%26%20Development."><strong>Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)</strong> </a>has been operationalised to provide necessary incubation and infrastructure support to the startups in the defence area.</li>
<li>iDEX would be further scaled up to engage with <strong>300 more startups</strong> and develop 60 new technologies/products during the <strong>next five years.</strong></li>
<li><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-raksha-gyan-shakti-1"><strong>Mission Raksha Gyan Shakti</strong> </a>was launched to promote a greater culture of innovation and technology development and file a higher number of patents in Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs), Ordnance Factory Board (OFB). It would be scaled up for promoting the creation of Intellectual Property in the sector and its commercial utilisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Self-reliance in defence manufacturing is a crucial component of effective defence capability and to maintain national sovereignty and achieve military superiority.</li>
<li>The attainment of this will ensure strategic independence, cost-effective defence equipment and may lead to saving on defence import bill, which can subsequently finance the physical and social infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
<p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643194#:~:text=MoD%20releases%20draft%20Defence%20Production%20and%20Export%20Promotion%20Policy%202020&amp;text=To%20promote%20export%20of%20defence,and%20self%2Dreliant%20defence%20industry."><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-defence-production-and-export-promotion-policy-2020'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Phase II/III Clinical Trials of Covishield',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs Controller General of India</strong> </a>(DCGI) has given approval to the <strong>Serum Institute of India (SII), Pune</strong> to conduct <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/drugs-and-clinical-trials-rules-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase II/III clinical trials</strong></a> <strong>of Covishield</strong> in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SII is the world&rsquo;s largest maker of vaccines</strong> and it has a<strong> tie-up with AstraZeneca,</strong> the <strong>Swedish-British pharma giant,</strong> to manufacture the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>vaccine for <strong>low- and middle-income countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Covishield:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the name given to an<strong> Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine candidate</strong> which is technically referred to as <strong>AZD1222</strong> or <strong>ChAdOx 1 nCoV-19.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>already being tested in the UK, South Africa and Brazil,</strong> where participants are being administered two doses nearly a month apart.</li>
<li>It had <strong>triggered an immune response</strong> in humans against the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>novel coronavirus</strong></a> in early trials and is considered to be one of the global frontrunners for the Covid-19 vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Subject Expert Committee</strong> (SEC) for<strong> Covid-19 related therapies</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulatory-issues-in-indian-pharmaceutical-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation</strong></a> (CDSCO) felt that the<strong> SII needed to take a &lsquo;pan India&rsquo; approach</strong> while considering trial sites.</li>
<li>It recommended that <strong>authorisation</strong> to market Covishield<strong> should be granted after considering clinical data generated from both the India and international trials.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trials:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SII can now start its larger phase II/III trials, ahead of other vaccine candidates like <strong>Bharat Biotech&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covaxin</a></strong> and <strong>Zydus Cadila&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clinical-trial-of-covid-19-vaccine-zycov-d" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ZyCov-D</a></strong> which are still in<strong> phase I/II trials.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the <strong>exact timings of trial beginning are not clear</strong> yet. It would take at least a week to get the ethics committee&rsquo;s approval before starting the trials. If everything goes well, the vaccine could be out by the end of 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The trials for Covishield will have<strong> around 1,600 participants at 18-odd sites across the country</strong> including those identified by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-biopharma-mission#:~:text=The%20National%20Biopharma%20Mission%20(NBM,funded%20by%20World%20Bank%20loan." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Biopharma Mission</strong> </a><strong>and Grand Challenges India Programme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Trend in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India continues to improve the <strong>Case Fatality Rate</strong> (CFR-number of deaths per positive case) and maintain its global position of having <strong>one of the lowest Covid-19 fatalities rates.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> current CFR is 2.11%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Grand Challenges India Programm</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>partnership framework</strong> for the<strong> Department of Biotechnology</strong> (DBT) in India, its <strong>Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council</strong> (BIRAC) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>BIRAC is a Public Sector Enterprise,</strong> set up by the DBT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To launch <strong>joint initiatives aimed at catalyzing innovative health and development research</strong> within India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Biopharma Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> industry-academia collaborative mission</strong> for <strong>accelerating biopharmaceutical development</strong> in the country.</li>
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2017</strong> at a total cost of <strong>Rs. 1500 crore</strong> and is<strong> 50% co-funded</strong> by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> loan.</li>
<li>It is being<strong> implemented by the BIRAC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-vaccine-oxford-india-trial-6538061/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-iii-clinical-trials-of-covishield'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Time Capsules',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust has denied reports about placing of a time capsule under the ground at Ram Temple construction site in Ayodhya.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Time Capsule, also known as <strong>Kaal Patra,</strong> was supposed to contain the history of Ayodhya and Rama Janma Bhoomi Movement.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596526568_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596526568_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Time Capsule is a <strong>container</strong> of any size or shape, which <strong>accommodates documents,</strong> photos and artefacts typical <strong>of the current era</strong> and is<strong> buried underground,</strong> for <strong>future generations to unearth.</strong></li>
<li>To ensure that the capsules do not decay they are <strong>built using special engineering techniques</strong> like <strong>steel or aluminium encasing, vacuuming, use of acid-free paper,</strong> etc.</li>
<li>The time capsules mostly <strong>have a scheduled time for reopening,</strong> and are supposed to be buried again after opening, with people of the future adding their own contributions to the time capsule.</li>
<li>The <strong>International Time Capsule Society (ITCS),</strong> based in the USA and formed in 1990, is <strong>now defunct</strong> but continues estimating the number of time capsules in the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As per its database, there are <strong>10,000-15,000 times capsules worldwide.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Famous Time Capsules in the World</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Samuel Adams and Paul Revere Time Capsule:</strong> It is the<strong> oldest known time capsule</strong> from 1795 (USA).</li>
<li><strong>The &ldquo;Century Safe":</strong> The <strong>world&rsquo;s first planned time capsule</strong> was established at Philadelphia Centennial Exposition (USA) in 1876. It was opened and resealed in 1976.</li>
<li><strong>The Crypt of Civilization in Georgia:</strong> It was built around 1940 at Oglethorpe University in Brookhaven, Georgia and is scheduled for opening in the year 8113 AD. It is a project to preserve all human knowledge and was the brainchild of <strong>Thornwell Jacobs, </strong>also known as<strong> father of time capsules.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Voyager and Voyager II Spacecraft:</strong> They are currently circling on the <strong>edge of our solar system.</strong> These capsules were created by NASA to be seen by future generations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Time Capsules In India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Outside the Red Fort:</strong> This was placed underground in 1972 by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was dug out by the subsequent government in 1977. It raised a <strong>controversy</strong> as it was said to glorify Gandhi Nehru family in indian History.</li>
<li><strong>At IIT Kanpur Campus:</strong> This time capsule was buried on 6<sup>th</sup> March, 2010 containing details on IIT Kanpur in the form of documents, photographs, and films.</li>
<li><strong>At The Alexandra Girls&rsquo; English Institution, Mumbai:</strong> It was set up in the 19<sup>th</sup> century and is scheduled to be opened in 2062. It contains information on the school.</li>
<li><strong>At Jalandhar&rsquo;s Lovely Public University:</strong> It was buried in January 2019 and contains 100 items that represent modern-day technology in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Time Capsules are intended as a <strong>method of communication with future</strong> people.</li>
<li>They are also supposed to help future <strong>archaeologists, anthropologists, or historians</strong> in knowing about the past human civilisation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Criticism</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most intentional time capsules are filled with a<strong> lopsided view of history.</strong> They are often<strong> politically motivated</strong> and<strong> glorify</strong> the people who planted them.</li>
<li>They can not be regarded as facts and are<strong> not very reliable.</strong> The information in time capsules has to be verified with other sources of information.</li>
<li>Many time capsules which have been unearthed were filled with<strong> junk telling little</strong> about the people of the time.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/time-capsules-what-they-contain-ayodhya-ram-temple-how-they-are-installed-and-why-6537865/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/time-capsules'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => '100th Death Anniversary of Lokmanya Tilak',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/70-years-of-indian-council-for-cultural-relations#:~:text=and%20also%20Ayurveda.-,Indian%20Council%20for%20Cultural%20Relations,other%20countries%20and%20their%20peoples." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)</strong></a> conducted the webinar to observe <strong>100<sup>th</sup> death anniversary of</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/legacy-of-lokmanya-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak</strong></a> on the<strong> 1<sup>st</sup> August , 2020.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Council for Cultural Relations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), is an <strong>autonomous organisation</strong> of the Government of India, involved in<strong> India's external cultural relations</strong> (cultural diplomacy), through cultural exchange with other countries and their peoples.</li>
<li>It was founded in <strong>1950</strong> by <strong>Maulana Abul Kalam Azad,</strong> independent<strong> India&rsquo;s first Education Minister.</strong></li>
<li>ICCR has been assigned the responsibility of <strong>facilitating</strong> the celebration of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-day-of-yoga#:~:text=The%20International%20Day%20of%20Yoga,countries%20amid%20Covid%2D19%20pandemic." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Day of Yoga</strong></a> (21<sup>st</sup> June) by Indian Missions/Posts <strong>abroad since 2015.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596523161_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596523161_image2.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" height="168" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bal-gangadhar-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Born on 23<sup>rd</sup> July 1856</strong> </a>in <strong>Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lawyer by profession</strong> and also known as <strong>Lokmanya Tilak.</strong></li>
<li>Gave the slogan of<strong> &ldquo;Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it!&rdquo;</strong> during Indian struggle for independence.</li>
<li>He<strong> died</strong> on <strong>1<sup>st</sup> August 1920.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to Indian Struggle for Independence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>One of the earliest</strong> and the most<strong> vocal proponents</strong> of<strong> complete independence or swarajya</strong> (self-rule).</li>
<li>Along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal, he was part of the<strong> Lal-Bal-Pal trio</strong> of leaders with extremist outlooks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A book <strong>&lsquo;Indian Unrest&rsquo;</strong> written by Valentine Chirol, an English journalist, stated Tilak the<strong> &lsquo;father of Indian unrest&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Joined the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian National Congress (INC)</strong></a> in <strong>1890.</strong></li>
<li>Propagated<strong> swadeshi movements</strong> and encouraged people to<strong> boycott foreign goods.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Indian Home Rule Movement</strong> was started in 1916, it is believed to have set the stage for the independence movement under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak for the educated English speaking upper class Indians.</li>
<li>The<strong> All India Home Rule League</strong> was founded by Tilak in <strong>April 1916</strong> at Belgaum.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It worked in Maharashtra (except Bombay), the Central Provinces, Karnataka and Berar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lucknow Pact (1916)</strong> was signed between the INC headed by Tilak and All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah for hindu-muslim unity in nationalist struggle.</li>
<li>Started <strong>newspapers</strong> namely, <strong>Kesari (Marathi)</strong> and <strong>Mahratta (English)</strong> and wrote<strong> books</strong> namely,<strong> Gita Rhasya</strong> and <strong>Arctic Home of the Vedas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Contribution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Founder of the <strong>Deccan Education Society (1884)</strong> along with his associate Gopal Ganesh Agarkar and others.</li>
<li>Popularised the<strong> Ganesh Chaturthi festival in the Maharashtra</strong> region.</li>
<li>Propounded the celebration of<strong> Shiv Jayanti</strong> on the birth anniversary of the monarch Chhatrapati Shivaji.</li>
<li><strong>Devout Hindu and used Hindu scriptures</strong> to rouse people to fight oppression.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance of the Tilak&rsquo;s Ideas in Present Time</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tilak&rsquo;s stand for <strong>Swadeshi products and Swadeshi movement</strong> may help today&rsquo;s India to push <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a> Thus, revival of economic nationalism can be embibe from Tilak&rsquo;s ideology.</li>
<li>It was Tilak&rsquo;s advocacy for <strong>local languages</strong> in the Congress that made members speak in their<strong> mother tongue</strong> during its meetings. Whereas, the government has given a push to bring Sanskrit and local languages through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy (2020).</strong></a></li>
<li>Also, Tilak was a staunch <strong>opponent of untouchability</strong> and launched a huge movement to unite the society divided on the basis of caste and sects. Such <strong>behavioural push</strong> will help to <strong>unite Indian society</strong> further.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lokmanya-bal-gangadhar-tilak-death-anniversary-amit-shah-6534082/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-death-anniversary-of-lokmanya-tilak'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'PM-KISAN',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pm-kisan-farmer-scheme-lockdown-6536208/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;&lsquo;PM-KISAN is not reaching all farmer households as intended&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 03/08/2020. It talks about the significance and challenges associated with PM-KISAN</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-year-of-pm-kisan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)</strong></a> is the first<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/universal-basic-income#:~:text=Idea%20behind%20the%20Universal%20Basic,It%20is%20universal%20in%20nature." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> universal basic income</a>-type of scheme targeted towards farmers. Initially, the scheme was targeted at small and medium farmers, but with the declining growth in gross value added of the agricultural sector, it was extended to all farmers in May 2019.</p>
<p>The scheme aims to provide income support to farmers for easing their liquidity needs to facilitate timely access to inputs.</p>
<p>Various studies show that the scheme has significantly helped those who are relatively more dependent on agriculture and have poor access to credit. Nearly, 93% of non-beneficiary farmers had already applied for the scheme, depicting awareness and potential uptake.</p>
<p>Though the scheme directly or indirectly helps over 50% of the workforce, still a lot needs to be done to realize the dream of doubling the farmer&rsquo;s income by 2022.</p>
<h3>Twin Factors Aiding Success of PM-KISAN</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enabling Direct Transfers to Farmers:</strong> Direct benefit transfer is now possible, as banking infrastructure created through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-6th-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)</strong></a> plays a key role in the fund disbursal.</li>
<li><strong>Digitization of Records:</strong> State governments have digitised the complete database of farmers who were now registered in the system with their credentials.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The significant efforts made by the government machinery have revolutionized the welfare framework.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages of PM-KISAN</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Easing Liquidity Constraints:</strong> India, more than half of the farming households do not have access to formal credit.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In such a situation, PM-KISAN eases liquidity constraints of farmers for procuring inputs.</li>
<li>This is extremely pertinent in India, as more than 50% farmers rely on informal credit and one-fifth farmers purchase inputs on credit.</li>
<li>Producer support in India is very low compared to the other countries and the scheme will help in supplementing that.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aiding Modernisation:</strong> While the scheme is pitched as a general cash transfer scheme for the farmers, its role in the adoption of modern technologies remains an important contributing factor in modernization of agriculture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the scheme has significantly stimulated the Krishi Vigyan Kendra's impact on the adoption of modern cultivars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Turning Farmers Competitive:</strong> Cash transfer increases the net income of farmers and thus, in turn, may enhance farmers&rsquo; risks-taking capacity, leading to undertaking riskier but comparatively productive investments.</li>
<li><strong>Non-Discriminatory in Nature:</strong> There is no selection bias in choosing the PM-KISAN beneficiaries based on attributes like caste and land size.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues That Needs To Be Addressed</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ad-hocism:</strong> Ad-hoc export and import policies, lack of infrastructure, and uncertainty in agricultural markets have adversely affected agricultural productivity and stability of farm incomes.</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Support:</strong> The merit of cash transfers over loan waivers and subsidies lies in their potential greater efficiency in enabling poor households to directly purchase the required goods and services as well as enhance their market choices. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given that India&rsquo;s poverty line is ₹32 per person per day in rural areas and ₹47 in urban areas, according to the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/poverty-estimation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rangarajan Committee</strong></a>, the income support of ₹17 a day for a household, which is the amount offered by PM-KISAN, is largely insufficient for even bare minimum sustenance of vulnerable farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Volatility of Markets:</strong> Due to the volatile market and price fluctuations in different regions, it is important to index the cash transfers to local inflation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, the failure of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-advisory-on-direct-benefit-transfer" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Direct Benefit Transfer</strong></a> in kerosene in Rajasthan is a case in point, where the cash transferred to families has been insufficient to purchase kerosene, as the market price increased substantially.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Grievance Redressal Mechanism:</strong> The scheme does not provide a clear design of transfers and a framework for effective grievance redress. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA)</strong></a>, for instance, State governments still struggle to resolve complaints and curb corruption.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Raising Economic Support:</strong> The impact of a welfare measure such as PM-KISAN can only be realised through financial support that provides farmers with adequate purchasing power to meet their daily basic necessities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, to be effective, any cash transfer scheme should first ensure that there is enough cash provided to help bring an affected community out of poverty.</li>
<li>For instance, the <a href="http://drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-13th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rythu Bandhu</strong></a> in Telangana provides ₹4,000 per acre to each farmer in each season, and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-governments-kalia-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income Augmentation scheme (KALIA)</strong></a> in Odisha offers a direct cash transfer of ₹5,000 for a farm family over five seasons, among other benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Technology Choices for Farmers:</strong> It is realised that the adoption of technology for resolving liquidity issues is just one cog in the wheel. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Knowledge and extension support is also needed to bring about adoption.</li>
<li>Investing more in agricultural advisory services, the government can encourage farmers to invest some or all part of the income support in productive assets for achieving the multiplier effect of PM-KISAN.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Back-end Support:</strong> The scheme needs back-end infrastructure and institutions in place to be effective.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adoption of modern technologies is one of the most promising strategies to increase farm incomes.</li>
<li>Also, an alternative bottom-up strategy and well-planned implementation mechanism should be identified and implemented at the local level.</li>
<li>The most effective modalities can then be scaled nationally and ensure success.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>A direct transfer scheme like PM-KISAN is a game-changer and can have significant effects if it is timely, not transaction cost heavy and is provided with complementary inputs such as extension services.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596457787_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596457787_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #0574a1; background-color: #d9f1fa;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong><span style="color: #0574a1;">Drishti Mains Question</span><br /><br /></strong></em>PM-KISAN has the potential to break the cycle of intergenerational poverty and low income of farmers. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/pm-kisan'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Day 15',
		'catname' => '60 days refresher',
		'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Art and Culture- Visual and Performing Arts</h2>
<p>Visual and Performing Arts remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Even the static questions on this topic are generally taken from the current happenings which have been in the recent news. Thus, the important news events of the year have been given below.</p>
<h2>Indian Architecture</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natesa-pratihara-style-of-rajasthan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Natesa: Pratihara Style of Rajasthan</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mamallapuram-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mamallapuram</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hampi-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hampi</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/consecration-at-the-brihadisvara-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consecration at the Brihadisvara Temple</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ajanta and Ellora Caves</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gottiprolu-an-early-trade-centre-of-andhra-pradesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gottiprolu- An Early Trade Centre of Andhra Pradesh</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lakshmi-narasimha-temple-hoysala-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lakshmi Narasimha Temple: Hoysala Architecture</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-art-and-architecture-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mauryan Art and Architecture- Part 1</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-architecture-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mauryan Architecture- Part 2</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Temple Architecture</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/architectural-heritage-of-orchha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Architectural Heritage of Orchha</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asi-plan-to-conserve-taj-mahal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASI's Plan to Conserve Taj Mahal</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/qutb-shahi-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Qutb Shahi Architecture</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dispute-over-restoration-of-konark-sun-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dispute Over Restoration of Konark Sun Temple</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Indian Architecture</span></h3>
<p>Q. Which of the following is/are famous for Sun temples? (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Arasavalli</li>
<li>Amarakantak</li>
<li>Omkareshwar</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) 1 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. What is/are common to the two historical places known as Ajanta and Mahabalipuram? (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>Both were built in the same period.</li>
<li>Both belong to the same religious denomination.</li>
<li>Both have rock-cut monuments.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) None of the statements given above is correct</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Buddhist history, tradition and culture in India, consider the following pairs: (2014)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.94941%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 52.4486%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Famous shrine</strong></td>
<td style="width: 43.6019%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; Location</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.94941%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 52.4486%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Tabo monastery and temple complex</td>
<td style="width: 43.6019%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Spiti Valley</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.94941%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 52.4486%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Lhotsava Lhakhang temple, Nako</td>
<td style="width: 43.6019%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Zanskar Valley</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.94941%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 52.4486%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Alchi temple complex</td>
<td style="width: 43.6019%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Ladakh</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 1 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the cultural history of India, the term &lsquo;Panchayatan&rsquo; refers to (2014)</p>
<p>(a) an assembly of village elders</p>
<p>(b) a religious sect</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) a style of temple construction</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) an administrative functionary</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Some Buddhist rock-cut caves are called Chaityas, while the others are called Viharas. What is the difference between the two? (2013)</p>
<p>(a) Vihara is a place of worship, while Chaitya is the dwelling place of the monks</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) Chaitya is a place of worship, while Vihara is the dwelling place of the monks</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Chaitya is the stupa at the far end of the cave, while Vihara is the hall axial to it</p>
<p>(d) There is no material difference between the two</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following statements:(2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>White marble was used in making Buland Darwaza and Khankah at Fatehpur Sikri.</li>
<li>Red sandstone and marble were used in making Bara Imambara and Rumi Darwaza at Lucknow.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</strong></span></p>
<h2>Dance Forms and Martial Arts</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sattriya-dance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sattriya Dance</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indian-classical-dances" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Classical Dances</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-film-heritage-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Film Heritage Mission</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odissi-dance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Odissi Dance</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kathak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kathak</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natyashastra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Natyashastra</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rongali-bihu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rongali Bihu</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gatka-martial-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gatka Martial Art</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kalaripayattu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalaripayattu</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Dance Forms and Martial Arts</span></h3>
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2014)</p>
<ol>
<li>Garba&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; : Gujarat</li>
<li>Mohiniattam : Odisha</li>
<li>Yakshagana&nbsp; : Karnataka</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) 1 and 3 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. How do you distinguish between Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam Dances? (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dancers occasionally speaking dialogues are found in Kuchipudi dance but not in Bharatanatyam.</li>
<li>Dancing on the brass plate by keeping the feet on its edge is a feature of Bharatanatyam but Kuchipudi dance does not have such a form of movements.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) 1 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In the context of cultural history of India, a pose in dance and dramatics called &lsquo;Tribhanga&rsquo; has been a favourite of Indian artists from ancient times till today. Which one of the following statements best describes this pose? (2013)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) One leg is bent and the body is slightly but oppositely curved at waist and neck</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) Facial expressions, hand gestures and make-up are combined to symbolize certain epic or historic characters</p>
<p>(c) Movements of body, face and hands are used to express oneself or to tell a story</p>
<p>(d) A little smile, slightly curved waist and certain hand gestures are emphasized to express the feelings of love or eroticism</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to India&rsquo;s culture and tradition, what is &lsquo;Kalaripayattu&rsquo;? (2014)</p>
<p>(a) It is an ancient Bhakti cult of Shaivism still prevalent in some parts of South India</p>
<p>(b) It is an ancient style bronze and brasswork still found in southern part of Coromandel area</p>
<p>(c) It is an ancient form of dance-drama and a living tradition in the northern part of Malabar</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India</strong></span></p>
<h2>Music</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/hindustani-music-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustani Music</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/annapurna-devi-of-hindustani-music-passes-away" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Annapurna Devi of Hindustani Music Passes Away</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/carnatic-music" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Carnatic Music</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/summer-ragas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Summer Ragas</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chindu-yakshaganam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chindu Yakshaganam</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dhrupad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dhrupad</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asteroid-named-after-pandit-jasraj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asteroid named after Pandit Jasraj</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Music</span></h3>
<p>Q.With reference to cultural history of India, consider the following statements: (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Most of the Tyagaraja Kritis are devotional songs in praise of Lord Krishna.</li>
<li>Tyagaraja created several new ragas.</li>
<li>Annamacharya and Tyagaraja are contemporaries.</li>
<li>Annamacharya kirtanas are devotional songs in praise of Lord Venkateshwara.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 4 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<p>(d) 2, 3 and 4</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>It is a song and dance performance.</li>
<li>Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance.</li>
<li>It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 1 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1 only</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Dhrupad, one of the major traditions of India that has been kept alive for centuries, which of the following statements are correct? (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dhrupad originated and developed in the Rajput kingdoms during the Mughal period</li>
<li>Dhrupad is primarily a devotional and spiritual music</li>
<li>Dhrupad Alap uses Sanskrit syllables from Mantras.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1, 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) None of the above is correct</p>
<h2>Painting</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madhubani-paintings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Madhubani Paintings</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/raja-ravi-varma" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Raja Ravi Varma</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pinguli-chitrakatha-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pinguli Chitrakatha Art</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nilgiri-tribals-tensed-over-destruction-of-rock-art" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nilgiri Tribals Tensed Over Destruction of Rock Art</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Painting</span></h3>
<p>Q. The well-known painting &ldquo;Bani Thani&rdquo; belongs to the (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Bundi school</p>
<p>(b) Jaipur school</p>
<p>(c) Kangra school</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Kishangarh school</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the most famous and oft-illustrated paintings at (2017)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) Ajanta</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) Badami</p>
<p>(c) Bagh</p>
<p>(d) Ellora</p>
<hr />
<p>Q.Kalamkari painting refers to (2015)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) a hand-painted cotton textile in South India</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) a handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in North-East India</p>
<p>(c) a block-painted woollen cloth in Western Himalayan region of India</p>
<p>(d) a hand-painted decorative silk cloth in North-Western India</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following historical places: (2013)</p>
<ol>
<li>Ajanta Caves</li>
<li>Lepakshi Temple</li>
<li>Sanchi Stupa</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above places is/are also known for mural paintings?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 1 and 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<p>(d) None</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following historical places: (2013)</p>
<ol>
<li>Ajanta Caves</li>
<li>Lepakshi Temple</li>
<li>Sanchi Stupa</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above places is/are also known for mural paintings?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<p>(d) None</p>
<h2>Local Festivals &amp; Handicrafts</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kambala" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kambala</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pathamadai-silk-mat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pathamadai Silk Mat</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadi-mahotsav" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadi Mahotsav</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ashadhi-bij" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ashadhi Bij</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jallikattu-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jallikattu</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hori-habba" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hori Habba</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/belum-caves-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belum Caves Festival</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hornbill-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hornbill Festival</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Year Questions on Local Festivals &amp; Handicrafts</span></h3>
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2018)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.79143%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 44.2338%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Tradition</strong></td>
<td style="width: 20.6951%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>State</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.79143%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 44.2338%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Chapchar Kut festival</td>
<td style="width: 20.6951%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Mizoram</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.79143%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 44.2338%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Khongjom Parba ballad</td>
<td style="width: 20.6951%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Manipur</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.79143%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 44.2338%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Thang-Ta dance</td>
<td style="width: 20.6951%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Sikkim</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 2 and 3 only</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2017)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.63346%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 47.7092%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Traditions</strong></td>
<td style="width: 35.861%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; Communities</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.63346%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 47.7092%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Chaliha Sahib Festival</td>
<td style="width: 35.861%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Sindhis</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.63346%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 47.7092%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra</td>
<td style="width: 35.861%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Gonds</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 3.63346%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 47.7092%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Wari-Warkari</td>
<td style="width: 35.861%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Santhals</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) None of the above</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2015)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 4.7393%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 48.3412%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Place of Pilgrimage</strong></td>
<td style="width: 30.8057%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp;Location</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 4.7393%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 48.3412%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Srisailam</td>
<td style="width: 30.8057%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">:&nbsp; Nallamala Hills</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 4.7393%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 48.3412%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Omkareshwar</td>
<td style="width: 30.8057%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">:&nbsp; Satmala Hills</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 4.7393%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 48.3412%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Pushkar</td>
<td style="width: 30.8057%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">:&nbsp; Mahadeo Hills</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2009)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 34px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 365px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Tradition</strong></td>
<td style="width: 234px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; State</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 34px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 365px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Gatka, a traditional martial art</td>
<td style="width: 234px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Kerala</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 34px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 365px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Madhubani, a traditional painting</td>
<td style="width: 234px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Bihar</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 34px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 365px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Singhey Khababs Sindhu Darshan Festival</td>
<td style="width: 234px; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Jammu and Kashmir</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2018)</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.37125%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"></td>
<td style="width: 31.7536%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>Craft</strong></td>
<td style="width: 25.1185%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Heritage of</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.37125%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1.</td>
<td style="width: 31.7536%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Puthukkuli shawls</td>
<td style="width: 25.1185%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Tamil Nadu</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.37125%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2.</td>
<td style="width: 31.7536%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Sujni embroidery&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 25.1185%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Maharashtra</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.37125%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3.</td>
<td style="width: 31.7536%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">Uppada Jamdani</td>
<td style="width: 25.1185%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Karnataka saris</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>which of the pairs given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2</p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 2 and 3</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-15'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Bharat Air Fibre: Wireless Internet',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Bharat Air Fibre Services</strong> have been inaugurated at <strong>Akola in Maharashtra</strong> providing the residents <strong>wireless internet connections</strong> on demand.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bharat Air Fibre services are being <strong>introduced by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)</strong> as a part of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> initiative by the Government of India. It is <strong>being scaled pan-India</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To <strong>provide BSNL fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) wireless connectivity up to a range of 20 km</strong> from the BSNL points of presence.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>connectivity speed is 100 Mbps</strong> and BSNL is offering <strong>various broadband plans in wireline and wireless segments</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is a huge demand for high-speed broadband service in the present situation as there is the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/human-migration-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migration</strong></a> of people from metro cities to rural areas due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The service is becoming popular due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-work-from-home-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Work from Home</strong></a> (WFH), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-learning</strong></a>, <strong>online shopping, gaming and entertainment,</strong> etc. amidst <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdowns</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>BSNL is also providing <strong>unlimited free voice calling</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism:</strong> It provides high-speed broadband to subscribers of remote areas by <strong>bridging the gap of last-mile connectivity through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ham-radio" target="_blank" rel="noopener">radio waves</a></strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A vast network of <strong>Optical Fibre</strong> has been laid by BSNL up to nearest Telephone Exchange or Mobile Tower and from there the connectivity is provided to subscribers over wireless.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596444205_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596444205_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="545" height="398" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Customers at remote locations will be benefitted as BSNL comes with the <strong>cheapest services</strong> with the support of <strong>Telecom Infrastructure Partners</strong> (TIPs).</li>
<li>These services are <strong>wireless</strong> and there are <strong>very low chances of interruption</strong> in services locally.</li>
<li>BSNL is <strong>tying up with local entrepreneurs/unemployed youth</strong> on revenue sharing basis thereby <strong>generating employment</strong> in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They will earn a regular monthly income of about one lakh per month thereby <strong>becoming self-reliant</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a> initiative.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This service could be a game-changer for rural areas as with a little <strong>integration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet of Things</a></strong> (IoT) <strong>and sensors</strong>, the <strong>moisture content of soil can be known</strong> on a real-time basis, so that <strong>irrigation can be planned</strong>, resulting in <strong>saving of water and thereby increasing productivity</strong>.</li>
<li>Sensors can be <strong>tied to the neck of dairy cattle, enabling continuous recording of body temperature</strong> so as to know the exact time when milk output is best.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1642996" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharat-air-fibre-wireless-internet'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Aspirin to Prevent Cataract',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, scientists from the <strong>Institute of Nano Science &amp; Technology (INST)</strong> have developed <strong>nanorods from the Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Aspirin to prevent cataracts</strong> in an economical and less complicated way.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aspirin</strong> is a popular medication used <strong>to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation</strong> and now it has been found to be an effective non-invasive small molecule-based nanotherapeutics against cataract.</li>
<li>INST is an <strong>autonomous institute</strong> under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cataract:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596443792_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596443792_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="397" height="238" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a major <strong>form of blindness</strong> that occurs when the <strong>structure of crystallin proteins that make up the lens</strong> in human eyes <strong>deteriorates</strong>.</li>
<li>Such deterioration causes damaged or disorganised proteins to aggregate and forms a milky blue or brown layer, which ultimately <strong>affects lens transparency</strong>.</li>
<li>As with <strong>ageing and under various conditions,</strong> the lens protein crystallin aggregates to form opaque structures in the eye lens, which <strong>impairs vision and causes cataract</strong>.</li>
<li>Thus, <strong>prevention of the formation of these aggregates as well as their destruction</strong> in the early stage of disease progression is a major treatment strategy for cataracts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Usage of Aspirin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scientists have used the <strong>anti-aggregation ability of self-build aspirin nanorods</strong> as an effective non-invasive small molecule-based nanotherapeutics against cataract.</li>
<li>It <strong>prevents the protein from aggregation</strong> through biomolecular interactions, which convert it into coils and helices and consequently fail to aggregate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aspirin nanorods due to their <strong>nano-size</strong> are expected to enhance the bioavailability, improve drug loading, lower toxicity, etc.</li>
<li>Hence, <strong>the delivery of the aspirin nanorods as eye drops</strong> is going to serve as an <strong>effective and viable option</strong> to treat cataract non-invasively.</li>
<li>It is <strong>easy to use and a low-cost alternative nonsurgical treatment</strong> method and will benefit patients in developing countries who cannot access expensive cataract treatments and surgeries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1642991#:~:text=A%20team%20of%20scientists%20from,pain%2C%20fever%2C%20or%20inflammation%20and" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aspirin-to-prevent-cataract'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Agatti Island of Lakshadweep',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the southern bench of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal</strong> </a>(NGT) has granted an interim stay on felling of coconut trees on <strong>Agatti Island</strong> in Lakshadweep.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, a <strong>petition was moved in the NGT</strong> over <strong>indiscriminate cutting of coconut trees</strong> for a beach road.</li>
<li>The tree-felling was violating the Union Territory&rsquo;s (UT) <strong>Integrated Island Management Plan</strong> (IIMP).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IIMP was formulated on the basis of a report submitted by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a>-appointed Expert Committee, headed by <strong>Justice R.V. Raveendran,</strong> a former judge of the SC.</li>
<li>IIMP includes holistic island development plans prepared by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-sustainable-coastal-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management</strong></a> (NCSCM) for implementation by coastal States/ UTs.</li>
<li>The IIMP <strong>undertakes scientific approaches,</strong> coupled with <strong>indigenous knowledge</strong> for the better management of the islands and its resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to the large scale cutting of the coconut trees, local residents are <strong>affected by losing</strong> <strong>income</strong> from the tree produces.</li>
<li>It also poses an <strong>environmental challenge</strong> because the trees on the coastline act as a <strong>green belt</strong> to protect the rest of the island during <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cyclones</strong></a> and other natural calamities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Agatti Island</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is at a <strong>distance of 459 km</strong> (248 nautical miles) from <strong>Kochi (Kerala)</strong> and is located to the <strong>west of Kavaratti Island</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kavaratti is the capital</strong> of the UT of Lakshadweep.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has an <strong>area of 3.84 sq km</strong> and has a north-east, south-west trend with a long tail on the south.</li>
<li>The <strong>lagoon area of this island is 17.50 sq km</strong> and there is plenty of <strong>coral growth and multicoloured coral fishes</strong> in the lagoons.</li>
<li><strong>Fishing is the most important industry</strong> of Agatti which is perhaps the only island besides Minicoy getting surplus fish. Next to fishing, <strong>coir</strong> (coconut fibre) and <strong>copra</strong> (dried meat or kernel of the coconut) are the main industries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596441787_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596441787_image1.png" width="360" height="445" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ngt-stays-felling-of-coconut-trees-on-lakshadweep-island/article32253771.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agatti-island-of-lakshadweep'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'China’s Presence Near Ecuador Waters',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Ecuador</strong> has expressed an <strong>official discomfort</strong> over the sighting of a flotilla of 260 mostly <strong>Chinese fishing</strong> vessels near the Galapagos archipelago (a part of Ecuador).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The flotilla also consisted of <strong>some Liberia and Panama-flagged vessels</strong> which was detected in an international water corridor situated between two areas of Ecuadorian jurisdiction&ndash; 200 miles away from both the <strong>Galapagos Islands and mainland Ecuador</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Galapagos Archipelago</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596441058_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596441058_image2.png" width="522" height="261" style="float: right;" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Galapagos Islands, spread over almost <strong>60,000 sq km, are a part of Ecuador</strong>.</li>
<li>These are located in the <strong>Pacific Ocean</strong> around 1,000 km away from the South American continent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ecuador made a part of the Galapagos a <strong>wildlife sanctuary in 1935,</strong> and the sanctuary became the <strong>Galapagos National Park in 1959</strong>.</li>
<li>In 1978, the islands became <strong>UNESCO&rsquo;s first World Heritage Site</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It contains aquatic species such as <strong>manta rays and sharks</strong> which have been endangered by commercial fishing.</li>
<li>It also hosts a wide array of aquatic wildlife, including marine iguanas, fur seals, and waved albatrosses.</li>
<li>Also, the giant tortoises found here &ndash; <strong>'Gal&aacute;pagos'</strong> in old Spanish &ndash; give the islands its name.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The British naturalist Charles Darwin made key observations in 1835 that shaped his theory of evolution.</li>
<li>Darwin described the islands as a &ldquo;world in itself&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Past Occurrences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ecuador has stated that the situation is <strong>repeated every year</strong> and such vessels reach the <strong>outer limit of the archipelago,</strong> outside the country&rsquo;s exclusive zone.</li>
<li>In 2019, 245 Chinese fishing vessels were sighted in the area where Ecuador&rsquo;s writ does not extend.</li>
<li>In 2017, a Chinese ship had entered Ecuador&rsquo;s waters and its authorities seized the ship.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>That time Ecuador had discovered <strong>300 tonnes of wildlife</strong> on board, mostly the critically endangered scalloped hammerhead sharks.</li>
<li>It has been observed that the two-thirds of hammerhead shark fins found in Hong Kong markets come from the Galapagos area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596441434_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596441434_image3.png" width="435" height="446" style="float: right;" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chinese ships are <strong>frequent</strong> in Ecuador's waters during august month of the year as the <strong>cold Humboldt Current brings in nutrients</strong> that lead to a <strong>high congregation</strong> of marine species.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Humboldt Current, also called the <strong>Peru Current,</strong> is a <strong>cold, low-salinity ocean current</strong> that flows north along the western coast of South America.</li>
<li>The Humboldt Current is a <strong>highly productive</strong> ecosystem. It is the most productive eastern boundary current system. It accounts for roughly <strong>18-20%</strong> of the total worldwide marine fish catch.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conflicts with Other Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chinese vessels have also run into trouble with other countries in the region.</li>
<li>In 2016, <strong>Argentina&rsquo;s</strong> coast guard chased and sank a vessel that it claimed had been illegally fishing in the South Atlantic Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Diplomatic Consequences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The matter has been escalated to a diplomatic level and Ecuador has officially expressed its <strong>&ldquo;discomfort&rdquo;</strong> to China.</li>
<li>Ecuador has also stated that it will <strong>discuss the threat with Peru, Chile, Colombia, and Panama</strong> &ndash; coastal countries of the region that have also been affected in the past.</li>
<li>The USA, which is already opposing China on multiple fronts, expressed its support for Ecuador. The USA has also expressed that it is against any aggression directed towards <strong>economic and environmental sovereignty</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China maintains that it is a &ldquo;responsible fishing nation&rdquo; with a &ldquo;zero tolerance&rdquo; policy toward illegal fishing.</li>
<li>It also stated that China respects Ecuador's measures to protect the environment and preserve marine resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>All the nations including China need to be extra cautionary regarding environmental issues considering the looming threat of climate change.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The warming of oceans due to climate change is expected to further increase fishing pressure around these islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, effective global collaboration is the only way forward to resolve such issues.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-ecuador-was-angered-by-a-chinese-flotilla-near-its-waters-6536211/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-presence-near-ecuador-waters'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'UK to Issue Coin in Honour of Mahatma Gandhi',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Britain is considering minting a coin to commemorate <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gandhi-peace-prize" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong></a>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The consideration is seen as part of efforts to celebrate achievements of people from the <strong>Black, Asian and other Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities</strong>.</li>
<li>The British Finance Minister has written a letter to the<strong> Royal Mint Advisory Committee (RMAC)</strong>, to consider recognising the contribution of BAME communities on Britain's coinage.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The RMAC is an <strong>independent committee</strong> made up of experts who <strong>recommend themes and designs</strong> for coins.</li>
<li>The RMAC supports a campaign called <strong>&lsquo;We Too Built Britain&rsquo;</strong>, which seeks representation of non-white icons on British currency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, the murder of a Black man, George Floyd, in the United States due to police butuality has led to <strong>Black Lives Matter protests</strong> against racism, colonialism and police brutality across the globe.</li>
<li>Triggered by the death of George Floyd, some British institutions began re-examining their past, which includes their history, colonialism and racism.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Black Lives Matter Protest</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a global movement <strong>advocating for non-violent civil disobedience</strong> in protest against incidents of police brutality and all racially motivated violence against African-American people.</li>
<li>Its <strong>mission is to eradicate white supremacy</strong> and <strong>build local power</strong> to intervene in violence inflicted on Black communities by the state and vigilantes.</li>
<li>The movement was founded in 2013 in response to the acquittal of Trayvon Martin&rsquo;s (African-American) murderer in the USA.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Mahatma Gandhi</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2<sup>nd</sup> October, 1869, at Porbandar in Gujarat and died on 30<sup>th</sup> January, 1948 in New Delhi.</li>
<li>He was a lawyer, politician, social activist, writer and became the <strong>leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India</strong>.</li>
<li>He advocated for non-violence throughout his life and <strong>played a key role in India's struggle for independence</strong>.</li>
<li>His birthday, October 2, is observed as the <strong>International Day of Non-Violence by the United Nations</strong>.</li>
<li>He is considered as India&rsquo;s <strong>Father of the Nation</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596440075_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596440075_image4.jpg" width="375" height="234" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/uk-to-issue-coin-to-honour-gandhiji/article32254720.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uk-to-issue-coin-in-honour-of-mahatma-gandhi'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Legacy of Lokmanya Tilak',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/lokmanya-tilak-father-of-the-indian-renaissance/story-VbZUWCeLqAGDCSgO92DdWJ.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Lokmanya Tilak: Father of the Indian renaissance&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 1/08/2020. It talks about the Legacy of Lokmanya Tilak.</p>
</div>
<p>&ldquo;Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it!&rdquo;, this is the slogan that inculcated a political conscience among Indians regarding self-rule. The slogan was given by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bal-gangadhar-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak</strong></a> (Lokmanya means the man accepted by the people). Given his contribution, Tilak can be hailed as the first mass leader of the Indian Independence Movement.</p>
<p>Mahatma Gandhi called him<strong> &lsquo;The Maker of Modern India&rsquo;</strong> or as British colonial authorities called him<strong> &lsquo;the father of Indian unrest&rsquo;,</strong> testifies his legacy and contribution to Indian society and freedom struggle.</p>
<p>As a &thinsp;philosopher-politician, his contribution is immense as he is said to be a pioneer of ideas of swaraj and swadeshi and used culture, education and the media.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596286902_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596286902_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Contribution of Bal Gangadhar Tilak</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Igniting Patriotism:</strong> Ruthless suppression of the <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-179#:~:text=The%20revolt%20of%201857%20started,Indian%20soldiers%20at%20Meerut%20rebelled.&amp;text=This%20rebellion%20was%20a%20major,struggle%20against%20the%20British%20rule." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>revolt of 1857</strong></a> by the British and its aftermath, had created disillusionment and darkness regarding self-rule, that continued for many decades.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is when Tilak began to quicken the growth of nationalist consciousness with the advent of the 20<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li>He ignited patriotic consciousness among the masses during one of the most difficult periods in the freedom struggle</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Switching to Extremism Phase:</strong> The founding of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian National Congress (INC)</strong> </a>in 1885 was aided by the British, under the narrative of safety-value theory. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a followup to that, the voice of INC was weak and subdued. Early leadership of INC was mainly focused on <strong>3Ps: Prayer, Petition and Protest.</strong></li>
<li>Along with two other congress leaders, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal (popularly known as Lal, Bal and Pal), he started the extremist phase of INC, which focused on mass mobilisation of masses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trisutri Program:</strong> Tilak gave trisutri or three-point programme for national awakening &ndash; Swaraj, Swadeshi and Nationalist Education based on vernacular.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This helped the realisation of self-pride and activism in a nation that was culturally suppressed by the British under the narrative of <strong>Whiteman&rsquo;s burden.</strong></li>
<li>For the cultivation of an enlightened mind, he used the media in the form of two newspapers, <strong>Kesari and Maratha,</strong> and national education through Deccan Education Society, an institute he established.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swadeshi Movement:</strong> Tilak started the Swadeshi movement (1905), which was not just about boycotting British goods, but his larger objective was promoting indigenous entrepreneurship. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tilak wanted to promote manufacturing in India. To that end, Tilak started collecting funds for a corpus, known as Paisa Fund.</li>
<li>This can be termed as reminiscent of the Make in India Program, in present times.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Broader Vision of Swaraj:</strong> For him, Swaraj or Home Rule meant the rule of, and the rule for, the common people of India. However, he also had a blueprint of an independent India in mind. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For him, swaraj was also linked to swa-bhasha and swa-bhusha, i.e. mother tongue and indigenous attire.</li>
<li>Perhaps, he was the first national leader who envisioned the formation of linguistic states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Laying Foundation for Gandhian way of Mass Movement:</strong> Tilak&rsquo;s two arrests by the British in (1897 and 1908) galvanised workers, peasants, professionals and youth in an unprecedented manner.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His formula for preparing the ground for political activism through culture, education and media was so powerful that later on Mahatma Gandhi, Babasaheb Ambedkar and others adopted this path.</li>
<li>Also, he prepared a fertile ground for swaraj through his home-rule movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Revival:</strong> Tilak&rsquo;s campaign against the British colonial rule was also anchored on reclaiming Indian heritage and culture. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1896, he famously initiated the &lsquo;sarvajanik Ganesh visarjan utsav&rsquo; in Bombay, in which the masses of people came out to worship and then immerse idols of Ganesha in the sea.</li>
<li>This religious drive served the political purpose of mass mobilisation.</li>
<li>Though it is seen as a communal move by many historians, his writings reflected that his call for public celebration of these festivals was not meant to rouse sentiments against any other community.</li>
<li>Its sole purpose was cultural self-assertion of his people then living the yoke of foreign rule.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Today, when we talk about <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong></a>, the legacy of Tilak is carried forward. Reviving the spirit of economic nationalism for indigenously manufactured goods and striving for social integration through culture (Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat) are the features of Tilak&rsquo;s strategy and they continue to be relevant even today as we observe his 100<sup>th</sup> death anniversary.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #feffdb;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><b>Drishti Mains Question</b></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Discuss the relevance of the ideas of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in the present times.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bdibELlgCoA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/on-education-a-positive-blueprint/story-G9Co2IK2AbxgSVrNEUyxIN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;On education, a positive blueprint&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on July 30<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/legacy-of-lokmanya-tilak'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'China Launches BeiDou Navigation Satellite System',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>China has formally launched full global services of its BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System (BDS).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The name BeiDou comes from Chinese word for the <strong>Big Dipper or Plough constellation.</strong></li>
<li>China's BeiDou navigation project was launched in the early 1990s. The system then became operational within China in 2000 and in the Asia-Pacific region in 2012.</li>
<li>The navigation satellite system was completed in three steps: <strong>BDS-1</strong> which provided services to <strong>China, BDS- 2</strong> to provide services to the <strong>Asia-Pacific region</strong> and <strong>BDS-3</strong> which provides services <strong>worldwide.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A hybrid constellation <strong>consisting of around 30 satellites</strong> in three kinds of orbits: <strong>Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), Inclined Geo-Synchronous Orbit (IGSO)</strong> and <strong>Medium Earth Orbit (MEO).</strong></li>
<li>Provides navigation signals of <strong>multiple frequencies,</strong> and is able to improve service accuracy by using <strong>combined multi-frequency signals.</strong></li>
<li>Offers <strong>accurate positioning, navigation</strong> and<strong> timing,</strong> as well as short messaging communication, international search and rescue, satellite-based augmentation, ground augmentation and precise point positioning, etc.</li>
<li>The services are used in various fields by China including <strong>defence, transportation, agriculture, fishing,</strong> and disaster relief.</li>
<li>It will be the <strong>fourth global satellite navigation system</strong> after the USA GPS, Russia&rsquo;s GLONASS and European Union&rsquo;s Galileo. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is said to be much<strong> more accurate than the USA&rsquo;s GPS.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)</strong> is a general term describing <strong>any satellite constellation that provides Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) services on a global basis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Challenge to the Centrality of the USA:</strong> While China says it seeks cooperation with other satellite navigation systems, Beidou is being seen as a rival to America&rsquo;s GPS, Russia&rsquo;s GLONASS and the European Union&rsquo;s Galileo networks.</li>
<li><strong>Military Implications:</strong> The development of its own secure and independent navigation system will boost China&rsquo;s military strength, especially amidst <strong>rising <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/new-cold-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener">US-China tensions.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Economic Implications:</strong> The <strong>better accuracy and experience</strong> of BDS, as claimed by China will<strong> lure companies</strong> to sign-up for it. As the global market is being increasingly dominated by an<strong> information-based economy,</strong> China is expected to reap huge economic benefit from BDS.</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Hold on Other Nations:</strong> China is promoting its use in the countries signed-up for its <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/obor-cpec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a>. Pakistan has already started using BDS. This will certainly give China <strong>economic and political leverage over nations adopting this system.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Edge over India:</strong> This has also given China a competitive edge over India, whose <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IRNSS-NavIC</strong></a> is still a<strong> regional</strong> navigation system.</li>
<li><strong>Importance in Covid Times:</strong> The world is becoming heavily dependent on space infrastructure due to the impact of COVID-19 limitations on in-person physical meetings and travel restrictions. Thus, <strong>information and space-based services will gain importance</strong> in present times.</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Authority in Space:</strong> The space program of China has seen rapid advancements in past few years with the launch of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tianwen-1-china-s-mars-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tianwen-1</strong></a> rover mission to Mars. China has also constructed an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/long-march-5b-rocket-by-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>experimental space station</strong></a> and sent a pair of rovers to the surface of the moon<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chinas-rover-to-far-side-of-the-moon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> (Chang&rsquo;e-4)</strong></a>. BDS is another step in <strong>marking China&rsquo;s presence in Space.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>IRNSS ― NavIC (India)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS),</strong> which was later given the operational name of <strong>NavIC</strong> or <strong>NAV</strong>igation with Indian Constellation, is the <strong>regional satellite navigation system of India.</strong></li>
<li>Launched and operated by the <strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO),</strong> IRNSS covers <strong>India and nearby regions</strong> extending up to<strong> 1,500 km.</strong></li>
<li>The constellation consists of <strong>7 active satellites,</strong> out of which three are located in <strong>Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)</strong> and four in<strong> Inclined Geo-Synchronous Orbit (IGSO).</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Satellite Orbits</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An orbit is a regular, repeating path that an object in space takes around another one. An object moving around a planet in an orbit is called a satellite. According to the height of satellites from the earth, the orbits can be classified as <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>High Earth orbit (mostly weather and communication satellites), </strong></li>
<li><strong>Medium Earth orbit (most navigation satellites)</strong> and</li>
<li><strong>Low Earth orbit (Scientific satellites like NASA&rsquo;s Earth observing Fleet).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596279416_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596279416_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Geo-Synchronous orbit :</strong> A geosynchronous orbit is any orbit which has a period equal to the earth's rotational period.</li>
<li><strong>Geostationary Orbit:</strong> A Geostationary Orbit is a time of Geosynchronous orbit in the same plane as that of the equator.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596279394_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596279394_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-says-its-beidou-system-now-fully-operational-to-challenge-us-s-gps/story-IfrxT8gHy0QUgBFHNX5F3H.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-launches-beidou-navigation-satellite-system'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'High Level Group on Agricultural Exports : Finance Commission',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> High Level Group (HLEG) on Agricultural Exports</strong> set up by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-and-15th-finance-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fifteenth Finance Commission</strong></a> has submitted its report to the Commission.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The HLEG was set up to recommend <strong>measurable performance incentives</strong> for states <strong>to encourage <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agri-export-policy#:~:text=Keeping%20in%20mind%20the%20significant,a%20stable%20trade%20policy%20regime." target="_blank" rel="noopener">agricultural exports</a> and to promote crops to enable high import substitution.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Finance Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Finance Commission is a <strong>constitutional body,</strong> that determines the method and formula for distributing the tax proceeds between the Centre and states, and among the states as per the constitutional arrangement and present requirements.</li>
<li>Under<strong> Article 280</strong> of the Constitution, the President of India is required to constitute a Finance Commission at an interval of five years or earlier.</li>
<li>The 15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission was constituted by the President of India in November 2017, under the <strong>chairmanship of NK Singh.</strong> Its recommendations will cover a period of five years from April 2020 to March 2025.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, the Ministry of Finance has <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/grant-in-aid-for-rural-local-bodies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>released a part of grants-in-aid as a part of the Tied Grant as recommended by the 15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission (FC)</strong></a> for the Financial Year (FY) 2020-2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Purpose to Constitute HLEG:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>assess export &amp; import substitution opportunities for Indian agricultural products</strong> (commodities, semi-processed, and processed) in the changing international trade scenario and suggest ways to <strong>step up exports sustainably and reduce import dependence.</strong></li>
<li>To recommend <strong>strategies and measures to increase farm productivity, enable higher value addition, ensure waste reduction, strengthen logistics infrastructure </strong>etc. related to Indian agriculture, to improve the sector's global competitiveness.</li>
<li>To<strong> identify the impediments for private sector investments along the agricultural value chain</strong> and suggest policy measures and reforms that would help attract the required investments.</li>
<li>To <strong>suggest appropriate performance-based incentives to the state governments</strong> for the period 2021-22 to 2025-26, to accelerate reforms in the agriculture sector as well as implement other policy measures in this regard.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Crop Value Chains:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It emphasises to focus on 22 crop value chains with a <strong>demand driven approach.</strong></li>
<li>The demand driven approach refers to a development strategy where the people themselves are expected to take the initiative and the responsibility for improving supply situation rather than being passive recipients of the Government services.</li>
<li>It also suggests to solve <strong>Value Chain Clusters (VCC)</strong> holistically with focus on value addition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State-led Export Plan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a business plan for a crop value chain cluster, that will lay out the opportunity, initiatives and investment required to meet the desired value chain export aspiration.</li>
<li>These plans will be <strong>action-oriented, time-bound and outcome-focused.</strong></li>
<li>Such plans should be <strong>collaboratively prepared</strong> with private sector players and Commodity Boards presenting <strong>participation of all stakeholders.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Participation of Private Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The private sector players need to play a pivotal role in ensuring demand orientation and focus on value addition.</li>
<li>It also needs to ensure project plans are feasible, robust, implementable and appropriately funded; providing funds for technology based on business cases and for creating urgency and discipline for project implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Government&rsquo;s Role:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Central government should act as an enabler.</li>
<li>Thus, robust institutional mechanisms need to be enforced to fund and support implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Estimated Agricultural Export Potential:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s agricultural export has the potential to grow from USD 40 billion to USD 70 billion in a few years.</li>
<li>The estimated investment in agricultural export could be to the tune of USD 8-10 billion across inputs, infrastructure, processing and demand enablers.</li>
<li>Additional exports are likely to <strong>create an estimated 7-10 million jobs.</strong></li>
<li>It will also lead to <strong>higher farm productivity</strong> and farmer income.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1642591" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/high-level-group-on-agricultural-exports-finance-commission'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Increased Fiscal Deficit',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per the official data, the Centre&rsquo;s <strong>fiscal deficit</strong> for the first three months of fiscal 2020-21 <strong>(April-June)</strong> was <strong>Rs. 6.62 lakh crore,</strong> which is <strong>83% of the budgeted target</strong> for the year (Rs. 7.96 lakh crore).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the economists, the fiscal deficit<strong> may end up as high as 8% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), </strong>far <strong>exceeding the budget&rsquo;s goal of 3.5%.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596271300_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596271300_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Fall in Income Component:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Union government has received Rs. 1.53 lakh crore (in terms of tax, non-tax revenue and loan recoveries) from April to June 2020.</li>
<li>This is<strong> less than 7% of budget estimates</strong> for the full year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When economic activity has been stopped because of the pandemic and lockdown, government revenues are also going to come down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Centre has also<strong> transferred Rs. 1.34 lakh crore to States as their share of taxes,</strong> which is <strong>Rs. 14,588 crore lower</strong> than the previous year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increase in Expenditure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Centre&rsquo;s total expenditure for April-June was Rs. 8.15 lakh crore, almost <strong>27% of budget estimates for the year.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Due to spending on free food grains and rural job programmes for millions of migrant workers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There has been a<strong> 40% growth in the first quarter capital expenditure</strong> to Rs. 88,273 crore.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is historically high (in comparison to data from the last 20 years), in terms of year-on-year percentage growth for the first quarter.</li>
<li>Increased capital expenditure implies increased spending on creation of assets such as infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Borrowings:</strong> The reduced collections have forced the government to raise the amount it&rsquo;s borrowing this fiscal to a record <strong>Rs. 12 lakh crore from earlier estimates of Rs. 7.8 lakh crore</strong> to meet spending needs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Fiscal Deficit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>government describes fiscal deficit of India</strong> as &ldquo;the excess of total disbursements from the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mp-s-salaries-cut-and-mplads-suspended#:~:text=Government%20Accounts-,Consolidated%20Fund,and%20all%20non%2Dtax%20revenues." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Consolidated Fund of India</strong></a>, excluding repayment of the debt, over total receipts into the Fund (excluding the debt receipts) during a financial year&rdquo;.</li>
<li>In simple words, it is a <strong>shortfall in a government's income compared with its spending.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government that has a fiscal deficit is spending beyond its means.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>calculated as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP),</strong> or simply as total money spent in excess of income. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In either case, the income figure includes only taxes and other revenues and <strong>excludes money borrowed to make up the shortfall.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Formula:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fiscal Deficit =</strong> Total <strong>expenditure</strong> of the government <strong>(capital and revenue expenditure) &ndash;</strong> Total<strong> income</strong> of the government (Revenue receipts + recovery of loans + other receipts).</li>
<li><strong>Expenditure component:</strong> The government in its Budget allocates funds for several works, including payments of salaries, pensions, etc. <strong>(revenue expenditure)</strong> and creation of assets such as infrastructure, development, etc. <strong>(capital expenditure).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Income component:</strong> The income component is made of two variables, <strong>revenue generated from taxes</strong> levied by the Centre and the<strong> income generated from non-tax variables.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The taxable income consists of the amount generated from corporation tax, income tax, Customs duties, excise duties, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GST</a>, among others.</li>
<li>Meanwhile, the non-taxable income comes from external grants, interest receipts, dividends and profits, receipts from Union Territories, among others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>different from revenue deficit</strong> which is only related to revenue expenditure and revenue receipts of the government.</li>
<li>The government <strong>meets the fiscal deficit by borrowing money.</strong> In a way, the total borrowing requirements of the government in a financial year is equal to the fiscal deficit in that year.</li>
<li>A <strong>high fiscal deficit can also be good</strong> for the economy if the money spent goes into the creation of productive assets like highways, roads, ports and airports that boost economic growth and result in job creation.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wma-borrowings-of-states" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act</strong></a>, <strong>2003</strong> provides that the Centre should take appropriate measures to limit the <strong>fiscal deficit upto 3% of the GDP by 31<sup>st</sup> March, 2021.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>NK Singh committee (set up in 2016)</strong> recommended that the government should target a fiscal deficit of 3% of the GDP in years up to March 31, 2020 cut it to 2.8% in 2020-21 and to 2.5% by 2023.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Given the level of contraction in the economy, the fiscal deficit is expected to be higher this year. In the current scenario, the most important thing is to bring back confidence among consumers as well as businesses. This will help in fuelling the economic recovery.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/fiscal-deficit-touches-83-of-full-year-target/article32243561.ece#:~:text=FY21%20fiscal%20defi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-fiscal-deficit'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => '1947 Tripartite Agreement on Gurkha soldiers',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Nepal&rsquo;s Foreign Minister has said that the <strong>1947 Tripartite Agreement between India, Nepal and the United Kingdom (that deals with the military service of Gurkha soldiers from Nepal)</strong> has become redundant.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>He also said that Nepal would prefer to handle the matter bilaterally with India and the United Kingdom.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Tripartite Agreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1947, when India became independent, it was decided to <strong>split Gurkha regiments</strong> between the <strong>British and Indian armies.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From the first quarter of the 19<sup>th</sup> century, Gurkhas had served under the British, first in the armies of the East India Company, and then the British Indian Army.</li>
<li>East India Company first recruited Gurkhas after suffering heavy casualties during the <strong>Anglo-Nepalese War</strong> also known as the <strong>Gurkha War.</strong> The war ended with the signing of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/downturn-in-indo-nepal-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Treaty of Sugauli in 1816.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It ensured that Gurkhas in British and Indian service <strong>would enjoy broadly the same conditions of service</strong> as that of British and Indian citizens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The services include all perks, remuneration, facilities and pension schemes etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gorkha recruitment was the first window that was opened to <strong>Nepali youth to go abroad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objection from Nepal regarding the Gurkhas serving in the Indian military has become prominent in the backdrop of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/downturn-in-indo-nepal-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nepal-India territorial dispute over the Kalapani region</strong></a> of Pithoragarh district that Nepal claims as its own.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nepal has responded by publishing a new map that included the disputed territories of Kalapani region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The issue became a talking point after Indian Army Chief remarked that Nepal&rsquo;s strong protest against <strong>Indian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-nepal-border-dispute" target="_blank" rel="noopener">road construction in the Limpiadora-Kalapani-Lipulekh</a></strong> area was at the behest of a third party (China).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Napelese people believe that<strong> Indian Army Chief, who is granted the honorary post</strong> of a General in the Nepal Army has hurt the sentiments of the Nepali Gurkha Army personnel who lay down their lives to protect India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also the Gurkha veterans have been alleging that the United Kingdom has been discriminating against them in terms of pay, pension and other facilities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The British government started providing equal pay and pension to Gurkhas in 2007.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gurkhas in British Army</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After the 1947 Tripartite Agreement, the British Army amalgamated the Gurkha regiment into combined <strong>Royal Gurkha Rifles (RGR).</strong> Currently, the Gurkhas comprise up to 3% of the British Army. In 2015 they<strong> completed 200 years of service in British Army.</strong></li>
<li>Queen Elizabeth II of Britain is <strong>guarded by two personal Gurkha officers.</strong></li>
<li>The Gurkhas are <strong>recruited every year at the British Gurkha camp at Pokhara in Nepal.</strong> The camp enlists fresh recruits not only for the British Army, but also for the counter-terror arm of the<strong> Singapore Police Force.</strong></li>
<li>Their<strong> signature weapon of Gurkhas, Khukri,</strong> forms part of the Gurkha <strong>regimental insignia in Britain as well as in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has strong cultural ties with Nepal. Both countries share open borders and recognize the citizens of each other country as a national citizen. However, the bilateral relations which have soured in the recent past over border disputes, need to be strengthened through diplomatic relations.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/1947-pact-on-gorkha-soldiers-redundant-says-nepal-minister/article32243320.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/1947-tripartite-agreement-on-gurkha-soldiers'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Investment to Reduce Plastic Waste in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A Singapore-based-NGO namely <strong>&lsquo;Alliance to End Plastic Waste&rsquo;</strong> plans to invest between <strong>USD 70 million to 100 million</strong> in India over the <strong>next five years </strong>to<strong> reduce <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/plastic-waste-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">plastic waste.</a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Overall, the Alliance has a <strong>USD 500 million budget</strong> for environmental projects including the USD 100 million for India. The rest is for South East Asia and China.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Alliance to End Plastic Waste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Alliance to End Plastic Waste was <strong>founded in 2019</strong> as a<strong> nonprofit organisation</strong> to help solve this serious and complex issue &ndash; 8 million tons of plastic waste entering the ocean every year.</li>
<li>Nearly <strong>fifty companies across the plastics value chain</strong> have joined the Alliance and together they have <strong>committed to invest USD 1.5 billion</strong> towards solutions that will prevent the leakage as well as recover and create value from plastic waste.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>World Nature Conservation Day:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The investment to end plastic waste in India was announced on the <strong>World Nature Conservation Day (28<sup>th</sup> July).</strong></li>
<li>It is celebrated <strong>every year to create and increase awareness</strong> about the importance of natural resources.</li>
<li>The day also encourages people to save and protect Earth&rsquo;s natural resources that are fast-depleting owing to over-exploitation and even misuse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ongoing Initiatives in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, &lsquo;Alliance to End Plastic Waste&rsquo; is working on the<strong> Project Aviral</strong> which aims <strong>to reduce plastic waste in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/15-point-directive-to-clean-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ganga river.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Aviral seeks to pilot an approach to address <strong>waste management challenges.</strong> In particular, it will focus on strengthening an integrated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-retailers-to-collect-plastic-waste" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>plastic waste</strong></a> management system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worldwide Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>UN-Habitat Waste Wise Cities (WWC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Alliance to End Plastic Waste is also collaborating with the UN-Habitat to implement solutions toward a circular economy, creating business and livelihood opportunities while enhancing resource recovery.</li>
<li>It intends to use the <strong>UN-Habitat Waste Wise Cities (WWC) Tool</strong> to map waste flows and assess potential plastic leakage from waste management systems.</li>
<li>The collaboration supports the WWC Challenge to clean up and establish sustainable waste management in 20 cities around the world by 2022.</li>
<li>It is also expected to identify short- and long-term pathways to increase the amount of plastic waste collected, recycled and recovered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Zero Plastic Waste Cities Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is also implementing the <strong>Zero Plastic Waste Cities initiative in India and Vietnam</strong> which aims to tackle the plastic issue by improving and supplementing municipal waste management, repurposing collected waste and preventing it from flowing into the ocean.</li>
<li>It will also develop sustainable social businesses that improve the livelihoods of many while preventing plastic waste from escaping into the environment.</li>
<li>The two initial cities involved in this project are <strong>Puducherry</strong> in <strong>India</strong> and <strong>Tan An</strong> in the Mekong Delta region of <strong>Vietnam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Plastic Waste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over<strong> 8.3 billion tonnes</strong> of plastic has been produced <strong>since 1950,</strong> and about <strong>60%</strong> of that has ended up in landfills or in the natural environment.</li>
<li><strong>Only 9%</strong> of all plastic waste ever produced has been <strong>recycled</strong> and about <strong>12%</strong> has been <strong>incinerated,</strong> while the remaining <strong>79% has accumulated</strong> in landfills, dumps or the natural environment.</li>
<li>Plastic waste, whether in a river, an ocean, or on land can persist in the environment for centuries, hence by <strong>2050, the amount of plastic in seas and oceans across the world will weigh more than the fish.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India currently generates around <strong>26,000 tonnes of plastic waste every day</strong> and over<strong> 10,000 tonnes</strong> of which is <strong>not collected.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s per capita plastic consumption of <strong>less than 11 kg,</strong> is nearly a tenth of the United States of America (109 kg).</li>
<li>For India, bringing plastic waste back into the supply chain could bring <strong>annual benefits of Rs.40 lakh crore in 2050.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global as well as Indian Government&rsquo;s Interventions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Group of 20 (G20)</strong></a> environment ministers, agreed to adopt a new implementation framework for actions to tackle the issue of marine plastic waste on a global scale.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-world-environment-day-identify-the-dangers-of-the-plastic-era" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016</strong> </a>state that every local body has to be responsible for setting up infrastructure for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-better-way-of-waste-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>segregation</strong></a>, collection, processing, and disposal of plastic waste.</li>
<li><strong>Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2018</strong> introduced the concept of<strong> Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>EPR is a policy approach under which producers are given a significant financial and physical responsibility (with respect to segregation and collection of waste at the source) for the treatment or disposal of post-consumer products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A new<strong> national framework on plastic waste management</strong> is in the works, which will introduce third-party audits as part of the monitoring mechanism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government has to look into it with a <strong>very holistic perspective while forming policies</strong> to take all aspects into consideration and ensure strict implementation of regulations.</li>
<li><strong>Economically affordable and ecologically viable alternatives</strong> which will not burden the resources are needed and their prices will also come down with time and increase in demand.</li>
<li>Citizens have to bring <strong>behavioural change</strong> and contribute by not littering and helping in waste segregation and waste management. Everybody, by doing their bit, can ensure elimination of single use plastic.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/singapore-based-ngo-invest-usd-100m-environmental-projects-india-6532905/#:~:text=Alliance%20to%20End%20Plastic%20Waste%2C%20a%20Singapore%2Dbased%2DNGO,top%20official%20of%20the%20organisation." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investment-to-reduce-plastic-waste-in-india'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Contraction in Core Sector Industries',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>output of eight core industries</strong> contracted for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/core-sector-shrinks-by-23-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fourth consecutive month</strong></a> - <strong>shrinking by 15%</strong> in June 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The eight core sector industries are <strong>coal, crude oil, natural gas, refinery products, fertilisers, steel, cement and electricity.</strong></li>
<li>These eight industries account for <strong>40.27% in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Contraction in Total Output:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During <strong>April-June 2020,</strong> the sector's output<strong> dipped by 24.6%</strong> as compared to a positive growth of 3.4% in the same period previous year.</li>
<li>However, 15% contraction in June 2020 <strong>implies some economic recovery</strong> as in May 2020, the industries&rsquo; output contracted by 22%.</li>
<li>Economists expect the <strong>negative trend to continue for at least two more months.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industry-wise Performance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>fertiliser industry is the only one which saw actual growth</strong> in June, with output rising 4.2% in comparison to June 2019. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This, however, is lower than the May 2020 growth of 7.5%, but reflects the positive outlook in the agriculture sector where a normal monsoon is leading to expectations of a good kharif crop.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rest seven sectors &ndash; coal (-15.5%), crude oil (-6.0), natural gas (-12%), refinery products (-9%), steel (-33.8%), cement (-6.9%), and electricity (-11%) &ndash; recorded negative growth in June.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> steel sector continues to remain the worst performer,</strong> with a 33% drop in production in comparison to the previous year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Index of Industrial Production</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index that<strong> shows the growth rates in different industry groups</strong> of the economy in a fixed period of time.</li>
<li>It is compiled and published monthly by the <strong>National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</strong></li>
<li>IIP is a <strong>composite indicator</strong> that measures the growth rate of industry groups classified under:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Broad sectors,</strong> namely, Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity.</li>
<li><strong>Use-based sectors,</strong> namely Basic Goods, Capital Goods, and Intermediate Goods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> eight core sector industries represent about 40% of the weight</strong> of items that are included in the IIP.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The eight core industries in <strong>decreasing order</strong> of their weightage: Refinery Products&gt; Electricity&gt; Steel&gt; Coal&gt; Crude Oil&gt; Natural Gas&gt; Cement&gt; Fertilizers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Base Year</strong> for IIP calculation is <strong>2011-2012.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Significance of IIP :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IIP is the<strong> measure on the physical volume of production.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>used by government agencies</strong> including the Ministry of Finance, the Reserve Bank of India, etc, for policy-making purposes.</li>
<li>IIP remains extremely relevant for the calculation of the quarterly and advance <strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP) estimates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The positive impact from unlock is not as strong as the negative impact of the lockdown. The government needs to contain the spread of the coronavirus pandemic on a priority to make economic recovery sustainable.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/eight-core-industries-output-shrinks-by-15-in-june-2020/article32240448.ece/amp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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