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PM WANI: India’s New Public Wi-Fi Project

Why in News The Union Cabinet recently cleared a proposal by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) to set up public Wi-Fi access network...

22 Dec 2020 News Analysis
District Mineral Foundation Trust Funds

Why in News Dhanbad (Jharkhand) Deputy Commissioner has ordered an audit and an impact assessment of utilisation of funds from the District Mineral...

22 Dec 2020 News Analysis
Rise in Leopard Population

Why in News As per a recent report ‘Status of leopards in India, 2018’ released by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate...

22 Dec 2020 News Analysis
International River Governance

This article is based on “China’s Brahmaputra dam: Trans-boundary water governance in South Asia needs a rethink” which was...

21 Dec 2020 News Editorials
Goa Liberation Day

Why in News The Prime Minister of India greeted the people of Goa on Goa Liberation Day, which falls on 19th December every year. Key Points The...

21 Dec 2020 News Analysis
Indegenous Games & Khelo India

Why in News The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports has recently included Gatka, Kalaripayattu, Thang-Ta and Mallakhamba in Khelo India Youth Games...

21 Dec 2020 News Analysis
The Carnatic Wars

Though the British and the French came to India for trading proposes, they were ultimately drawn into the politics of India. Both had visions for...

21 Dec 2020 Paper 1
Coastal Radar Chain Network

Why in News India’s efforts are in advanced stages to set up coastal radar stations in Maldives, Myanmar and Bangladesh. The radar...

21 Dec 2020 News Analysis
NGT Panel for Protection of Mahanadi Floodplain

Why in News Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) has constituted a high level committee to identify floodplain zones of the...

21 Dec 2020 News Analysis
Mutated Novel Coronavirus

Why in News A mutated variant of the novel Coronavirus has been associated with recent infections in England. The virus has undergone several...

21 Dec 2020 News Analysis
Sixth Schedule Areas

This article is based on “Meghalaya and the Sixth Schedule: Why the constitutional protection needs to be revisited” which was...

19 Dec 2020 News Editorials
World Minorities Rights Day

Why in News The National Commission for Minorities celebrated World Minorities Rights Day on 18th December 2020. The United Nations on 18th...

19 Dec 2020 News Analysis
Systems Handed Over to Defence Services

Why in News Recently, the Defence Minister has handed over the Indian Maritime Situational Awareness System (IMSAS), ASTRA Mk-I and Border...

19 Dec 2020 News Analysis
SC Stays Andhra HC Order to Examine Constitutional Breakdown

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has stayed an Andhra Pradesh High Court (HC) order intending to embark on a judicial enquiry into...

19 Dec 2020 News Analysis
ISRO’s Satellite Launch: CMS-01

Why in News Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has launched a communications satellite, CMS-01, on board its Polar Satellite...

19 Dec 2020 News Analysis
India-Bangladesh Virtual Summit

Why in News Recently, India and Bangladesh have held a virtual summit covering comprehensive discussions on all aspects of bilateral relations and...

19 Dec 2020 News Analysis
Bitcoins

Why in News Recently, Bitcoin, the cryptocurrency, has crossed 20,000 US dollars in value. Bitcoin's price has always been volatile, and there is...

19 Dec 2020 News Analysis
Inter-Faith Marriage & Personal Liberty

This article is based on “UP anti-conversion law pushes women back under parental and community control” which was published in The...

18 Dec 2020 News Editorials
UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

Why in News Hawker Culture in Singapore has been inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity at the...

18 Dec 2020 News Analysis
Young Champions of the Earth: UN

Why in News A 29-year-old Indian entrepreneur is among the seven winners of the prestigious “Young Champions of the Earth” 2020 prize...

18 Dec 2020 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'PM WANI: India’s New Public Wi-Fi Project',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet recently cleared a proposal by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) to set up<strong> public Wi-Fi access</strong> network interfaces.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> public Wi-Fi Access Network Interface,</strong> which will be called <strong>&lsquo;PM-WANI&rsquo;,</strong> was first recommended by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/telecom-firms-oppose-trai%E2%80%99s-public-wi-fi-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)</strong></a> in 2017.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PM-WANI:</strong> This will involve <strong>multiple players,</strong> including PDOs, PDOAs, app providers, and a central registry. <strong>PM-WANI infrastructure</strong> can be structured in the<strong> form of a pyramid.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608631254_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608631254_1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need for a Public Wi-Fi Network in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>increase the proliferation of internet services</strong> in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With PDOs - which will basically be small retail outlets across the length and breadth of the country -<strong> last mile connectivity</strong> is being aimed at.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To <strong>offer a cost-effective option</strong> for the common man.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Even in urban areas with sufficient mobile data coverage, the <strong>mobile internet tariffs are bound to increase.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To achieve the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Digital India&rsquo;</strong></a> vision.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From <strong>2015 to June of 2020,</strong> India grew from <strong>302 million internet subscribers to 750 million.</strong> That is a <strong>Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 20%,</strong> making India one of the fastest growing internet markets in the world.</li>
<li>However, this statistic <strong>overshadows the quality of access. Only 23 million are wired internet subscribers.</strong></li>
<li>If Digital India vision is to be achieved, there is a <strong>need to deliver a resilient and reliable connection to every Indian,</strong> so that they can have reliable access everywhere, at affordable price points.</li>
<li>According to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-quality-of-life-index-2020-surfshark" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Digital Quality of Life Index 2020</strong></a>, India was placed at <strong>9<sup>th</sup> </strong>position in <strong>Internet Affordability,</strong> outperforming even countries like the UK, the USA and China. While, for<strong> Internet Quality</strong> and <strong>E-infrastructure,</strong> India was almost at the bottom of the pillar placed at <strong>78<sup>th</sup> and 79<sup>th</sup> </strong>(out of 85) positions respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has the <strong>potential to generate over 2 crore jobs and entrepreneurship opportunities,</strong> besides offering a cost-effective means of mass connectivity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Given the <strong>National Digital Communications Policy</strong> goals of creating 1 crore public Wi-Fi hotspots by 2022, and with the present number being merely at 3.5 lakh, PM-WANI is expected to result in the <strong>creation of demand and scope for developing the components for this pan-India activity (<a href="/images/uploads/1590938384_Atmanirbhar%20bharat.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a>).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PDOs can become local distribution centres for content.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Students in rural areas can access offline content without using bandwidth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Combining this with the <strong>liberalisation of the Other Service Providers (OSPs) regulations,</strong> one can see that <strong>India is paving the way for digital SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises) to go online</strong> without the burden of onerous compliances.</li>
<li>It will <strong>further<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Ease of Doing Business</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-living-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ease of Living</a></strong>, as it will enable small shopkeepers to provide Wi-Fi service.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Network Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most Wi-Fi hotspots don&rsquo;t encrypt information that is sent over the Internet and therefore aren&rsquo;t secure. This could potentially lead to <strong>hacking or unapproved access to personal information</strong> on the device.</li>
<li>However, the <strong>Indian public Wi-Fi hotspot network</strong> envisages that the access to the Internet through these points will be permitted only through <strong>electronic KYC (Know Your Customer) and a mix of OTP (One-Time Password) and MAC ID-based authentication system,</strong> thereby minimising the risk of network security being compromised.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>MAC authentication</strong> method grants access to a secure network by authenticating devices for access to the network.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Viability of the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The viability of public Wi-Fi networks in India has also been called into question with several tech-giants already having tried and failed.</li>
<li>In 2017, social media company <strong>Facebook had launched Express Wi-Fi.</strong> The project made little impact.</li>
<li><strong>Google&rsquo;s Station project,</strong> to provide free wi-fi in more than 400 railway stations across India and &ldquo;thousands&rdquo; of other public places, which was launched in <strong>2015,</strong> was shut down earlier this year.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Google cited <strong>cheaper and more accessible mobile data, government initiatives</strong> to provide access to the Internet for everyone and the <strong>challenge of varying technical requirements and infrastructure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wi-Fi</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>networking technology that uses radio waves to allow high-speed data transfer</strong> over short distances.</li>
<li>Wi-Fi <strong>allows Local Area Networks (LANs)</strong> to operate without cables and wiring, making it a popular choice for home and business networks.</li>
<li>Wi-Fi can also be used to <strong>provide wireless broadband Internet access</strong> for many modern devices, such as laptops, smartphones, tablet computers, and electronic gaming consoles.</li>
<li>Wi-Fi-enabled devices are able to connect to the Internet when they are near areas that have Wi-Fi access, called<strong> &ldquo;hot spots&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>According to <strong>Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018-2023),</strong> there will be <strong>nearly 623 million public Wi-Fi hotspots</strong> across the world by 2023, up from 169 million hotspots as of 2018. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Within this, the highest share of hotspots by 2023 will be in the Asia Pacific region at 46%. As per the calculations of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), based on Cisco&rsquo;s estimates, <strong>India should have 100 million Wi-Fi hotspots by 2023.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Centre for Development of Telematics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>C-DOT was established in 1984 as <strong>an autonomous Telecom R&amp;D centre of DoT,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>It is a<strong> registered society</strong> under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>registered &lsquo;public funded research institution&rsquo; with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR),</strong> Ministry of Science &amp; Technology.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>citizen expects</strong> robust service, protection of data integrity, transparency on commercial use of data, and security against cyberattacks.</li>
<li>The government must also ensure true unbundling of hardware, software, apps and payment gateways in the WANI system, as advocated by TRAI, to <strong>prevent monopolies.</strong> Existing public wi-fi options run on a limited scale by some entities compel consumers to pay through a single gateway app, underscoring the need for reform.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-public-wifi-project-explained-7113250/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'District Mineral Foundation Trust Funds',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Dhanbad (Jharkhand) Deputy Commissioner has ordered an audit and an impact assessment of utilisation of funds from the <strong>District Mineral Foundation Trust (DMFT)</strong> for the financial years 2017-2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Statutory Provision:</strong> As per the <strong>Mine and Minerals Development Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2015,</strong> in<strong> every district affected by mining-related operations,</strong> the<strong> state government</strong> shall, by notification, <strong>establish a trust as a non-profit body</strong> to be called the <strong>District Mineral Foundation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>DMFT Funds: Mining companies contribute 10-30% on the royalty</strong> amount that they pay to the government to DMF Trust in the district they are operating in.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> The idea behind the contribution is that local mining-affected communities, <strong>mostly tribal and among the poorest</strong> in the country, also<strong> have the right to benefit from natural resources extracted from where they live.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Status: DMFs have been set-up in 572 districts of the country,</strong> with a cumulative accrual of <strong>more than Rs. 40,000 crore</strong> so far as per Ministry of Mines (MoM) data.</li>
<li><strong>Linked with PMKKKY:</strong> The functioning of the DMF trusts and the fund use governed by states&rsquo; DMF Rules incorporate the mandates of a central guideline, <strong>Pradhan</strong> <strong>Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY)</strong> that specifies high priority areas of investments.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nodal Ministry:</strong> PMKKKY is a scheme by the <strong>Ministry of Mines</strong> for the welfare of people &amp; affected areas by using the funds accrued under District Mineral Foundation (DMF).</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To<strong> implement various developmental and welfare projects/programs in mining affected areas</strong> that complement the existing ongoing schemes/projects of State and Central Government.</li>
<li>To<strong> minimize/mitigate the adverse impacts, during and after mining,</strong> on the environment, health and socio-economics of people in mining districts.</li>
<li>To ensure <strong>long-term sustainable livelihoods</strong> for the affected people in mining areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At least <strong>60% the fund will be utilized for "High Priority Areas"</strong> like Drinking water supply, Environment preservation &amp; pollution control measure, Health care, Education, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Rest of the fund</strong> will be utilized for <strong>"Other Priority Areas",</strong> such as Physical infrastructure, Irrigation, Energy &amp; watershed development and Measures for enhancing environmental quality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dhanbad-dc-orders-audit-of-utilisation-of-dmft-funds-7114218/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Rise in Leopard Population',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per a recent report<strong> &lsquo;Status of leopards in India, 2018&rsquo;</strong> released by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change there has been a <strong>&ldquo;60% increase in the population count of leopards in India from 2014 estimates&rsquo;&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 2014 estimates placed the population of leopards at nearly <strong>8,000 which has increased to 12,852.</strong></li>
<li>The largest number of leopards have been estimated in <strong>Madhya Pradesh</strong> (3,421) followed by <strong>Karnataka</strong> (1,783) and <strong>Maharashtra</strong> (1,690).</li>
<li>Region wise distribution:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Central India and Eastern Ghats have the highest number of leopards</strong> at 8,071.</li>
<li><strong>Western Ghats:</strong> 3,387 leopards</li>
<li><strong>Shivalik and Gangetic Plains:</strong> 1,253 leopards</li>
<li><strong>Northeast hills:</strong> 141 leopards</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the estimated number of leopards has increased, the report alerts that the leopard habitat area has been<strong> shrinking alarmingly</strong> over the past 100-125 years.</li>
<li><strong>Techniques Used:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Camera Traps</li>
<li>Satellite Imaging</li>
<li>Field work by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rhinos-to-be-re-introduced-in-uttarakhand#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Uttarakhand%20State%20Wildlife,more%20would%20be%20added%20subsequently." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Institute of India</strong> </a>and <a href="/printpdf/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority</strong></a> (NTCA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limited Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While the presence of the leopard is<strong> fairly ubiquitous,</strong> the study has been conducted only in tiger- populated forests areas under <a href="/printpdf/tiger-census-2018-guinness-book-of-world-records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger.</strong></a></li>
<li>Leopard populations in other<strong> agricultural, non-forested areas like tea and coffee plantations,</strong> and in <strong>most parts of the North East have not been conducted. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats to Leopard:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fragmentation of forests as well as the decline in quality of forests leading to habitat loss.</li>
<li>Human-Leopard conflict</li>
<li>Poaching</li>
<li>Depletion of natural prey base</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature</strong></a> (IUCN): Vulnerable</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</strong> </a>(CITES): Appendix I<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Appendix I:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It lists species that are the <strong>most endangered</strong> among CITES-listed animals and plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act 1972</a>: Schedule 1</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Schedule I and part II of Schedule II</strong> provide <strong>absolute protection to threatened species.</strong> Offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wildlife Institute of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is an<strong> autonomous institution</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.</strong></li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1982.</strong></li>
<li>It is based in <strong>Dehradun, Uttarakhand.</strong></li>
<li>It offers training programs, academic courses, and advisory in wildlife research and management.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a <strong>statutory body</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.</strong></li>
<li>It was established in 2005 following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force.</li>
<li>It was constituted under enabling provisions of the <strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, as amended in 2006,</strong> for strengthening tiger conservation, as per powers and functions assigned to it.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/60-rise-in-leopard-numbers-from-2014-estimates-prakash-javadekar-7114270/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'International River Governance',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/china-s-brahmaputra-dam-trans-boundary-water-governance-in-south-asia-needs-a-rethink-74698" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;China&rsquo;s Brahmaputra dam: Trans-boundary water governance in South Asia needs a rethink&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Down to Earth on 18/12/2020. It talks about the issues related to Trans-Boundary river governance.</p>
</div>
<p>In recent times, there are many reports of China building dams on the Brahmaputra river, close to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-chinese-transgression" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control</strong></a> in Tibet. The move could have a far-reaching impact on water security in India&rsquo;s North East.</p>
<p>The major rivers that drain South Asian states, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and many of the midstream tributaries of the Ganga originate in Tibet.</p>
<p>This transboundary nature of major rivers and China being an upper riparian state has a clear advantage in building dams and other infrastructure to reduce or divert water flow from river systems originating in Tibet.</p>
<p>As the whole of South Asia comes under &lsquo;high&rsquo; to &lsquo;extremely high&rsquo; water-stressed areas, the establishment of trans-boundary rivers cooperation is the need of the hour.</p>
<h3>Significance of Trans-Boundary River Cooperation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Linkage With Climate Change:</strong> Transboundary water cooperation offers opportunities to realize and capitalise on the wider benefits e.g. strengthen resilience to climate change and prevent and resolve conflicts over water resources. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, building dams in the Himalayan region will result in emerging risks like extreme events (floods, droughts), landslides, forest fires and many other ecological threats pose new governance challenges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Linkage With SDG:</strong> Recognition of the importance of transboundary cooperation is a prerequisite for realising the water-related SDG targets and the broader <a href="/printpdf/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong> </a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Target 6.5: By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Linkage With Regional Development:</strong> As international waters can be catalytic agents, transboundary water cooperation has often resulted in improved wider economic integration between riparian states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Transboundary water cooperation can, directly or indirectly, act as a catalyst to improve international trade, economic development, navigation, energy generation, wildlife conservation, and broader regional integration.</li>
<li>Transboundary water cooperation arrangements also facilitate investments by providing a stable and reliable legal and institutional environment for investors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Natural Advantage:</strong> Dams or water diversion projects in the upstream areas of rivers have a significant effect on downstream flows. Communities in the lower riparian areas have to accept what is being offered to them.</li>
<li><strong>Neglect of International Law:</strong> Even though there is an international convention regarding the trans-boundary river governance, there is a lack of a cooperative framework for managing river systems in South Asia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, around 60% of transboundary river basins worldwide still lack any cooperative arrangement.</li>
<li>In addition, existing transboundary water treaties and institutions are often weak in terms of their mandate, design, resources, and enforcement mechanisms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Existing Legal Framework on Trans-boundary Rivers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1997</li>
<li>Helsinki Convention on the protection and use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, 1992</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of Trust:</strong> The real issue for developing trans-boundary river governance, is not the scarcity of water resources, but the scarcity of &lsquo;social resources&rsquo; and abundance of &lsquo;power disparities&rsquo; between China and South Asian countries.</li>
<li><strong>Long-term, Evolving Process:</strong> Given the dependence on these collective on water resources, coming to a consensus may take longer negotiations and even a small political tussle can derail development of cooperation framework.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Water Diplomacy:</strong> Trans-boundary river governance can be adopted by the exercise of water diplomacy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/pdf/1600513479-60-years-of-indus-water-treaty.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Water diplomacy</strong></a> is a process which operates under the authority of sovereign national governments, but which also unlocks cooperation among multiple stakeholders, including at the level of municipalities and states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>River basin management:</strong> Rather than treating rivers from the lens of political borders, there is a need to adopt a river basin management approach. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This approach respects the integrity of the landscape and the catchments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Setting-up Institutional Framework:</strong> Agreements and institutional arrangements, such as river basin organizations, can offer an important means to manage transboundary waters in an equitable and sustainable way<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A trans-boundary river governance framework should, share water in river basins and aquifers, pursue legal frameworks for international cooperation, and establish joint institutions for transboundary water governance.</li>
<li>Apart from this, there is a need for the adoption of common standards for water data collection, sharing, and analysis on transboundary waters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Disasters and climate impacts do not stop at borders and already about two billion people are living in water-stressed areas. In this context, without transboundary water cooperation, inclusive sustainable development is severely curtailed, and risks to peace and security increased.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608552772_image0.PNG" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608552772_image0.PNG" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafaff;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Without transboundary water cooperation, inclusive sustainable development is severely curtailed, and risks to peace and security increased. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/international-river-governance'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Goa Liberation Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India greeted the people of Goa on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goa-liberation-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Goa Liberation Day</strong></a>, which falls on <strong>19<sup>th</sup> December</strong> every year.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The day marks the occasion when the<strong> Indian armed forces freed Goa in 1961</strong> from 450 years of<strong> Portuguese rule.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Portuguese colonised several parts of India in<strong> 1510</strong> but by the end of the 19<sup>th</sup>-century Portuguese colonies in India were<strong> limited to Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, Nagar Haveli and Anjediva Island</strong> (a part of Goa).</li>
<li>As India gained independence on 15<sup>th</sup> August, 1947, it <strong>requested the Portuguese to cede their territories but they refused.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Goa liberation movement started off with small scale revolts, but <strong>reached its peak between 1940 to 1960.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1961,</strong> after the failure of diplomatic efforts with Portuguese, the Indian Government launched <strong>Operation Vijay and annexed Daman and Diu and Goa</strong> with the Indian mainland on 19<sup>th</sup> December.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On <strong>30<sup>th</sup> May 1987,</strong> the territory was split and Goa was formed. Daman and Diu remained a Union Territory.</li>
<li>Hence, <strong>30<sup>th</sup> May</strong> is celebrated as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statehood-day-of-goa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Statehood Day of Goa.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Goa</h3>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608547781_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608547781_image7.jpg" width="600" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is located on the <strong>southwestern coast of India</strong> within the region known as the <strong>Konkan,</strong> and geographically <strong>separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Capital:</strong> Panji.</li>
<li><strong>Official Language:</strong> Konkani.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Konkani is <strong>one of the 22 languages</strong> from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bill-to-change-stature-of-official-languages" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eight Schedule</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It was added in the list along with <strong>Manipuri and Nepali</strong> by the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>71<sup>st</sup> Amendment Act of 1992.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Borders:</strong> It is surrounded by Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south, with the Arabian Sea forming its western coast.</li>
<li><strong>Geography:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The highest point of Goa is<strong> Sonsogor.</strong></li>
<li>Goa's <strong>seven major rivers</strong> are the Zuari, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mhadei-river" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mandovi</strong></a> (also called Mhadei), Terekhol, Chapora, Galgibag, Kumbarjua canal, Talpona and the Sal.</li>
<li>Most of Goa's<strong> soil cover is made up of laterites.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dr Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mhadei-wildlife-sanctuary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/black-panther-in-netravali-sanctuary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/demand-for-declaration-of-goa-sanctuaries-as-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/demand-for-declaration-of-goa-sanctuaries-as-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary</strong></a></li>
<li>Mollem National Park</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1681887" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goa-liberation-day-1'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Indegenous Games & Khelo India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports has recently included<strong> Gatka, Kalaripayattu, Thang-Ta and Mallakhamba</strong> in Khelo India Youth Games 2021.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Khelo India Youth Games</strong> (KIYG) 2021, are scheduled to take place in <strong>Haryana.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 2020 edition of KIYG was held in <strong>Guwahati</strong> (Assam).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>KIYG is a part of the revamped <strong>national programme</strong> for <strong>development of sports &lsquo;Khelo India&rsquo;</strong> which was approved by the Union Cabinet in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Khelo India Scheme aims to<strong> encourage sports</strong> all over the country, thus allowing the population to <strong>harness the power of sports</strong> through its cross-cutting influence, namely <strong>holistic development of children &amp; youth, community development, social integration, gender equality, healthy lifestyle, national pride and economic opportunities</strong> related to sports development.</li>
<li>Under the Scheme, talented players identified in <strong>priority sports disciplines</strong> at various levels are provided <strong>annual financial assistance of Rs. 5 lakh per annum for 8 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608549588_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608549588_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gatka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gatka originates from the <strong>State of Punjab</strong> and this <strong>traditional fighting style</strong> of the <strong>Nihang Sikh Warriors</strong> is used both as <strong>self-defense</strong> as well as a <strong>sport.</strong></li>
<li>Gatka is believed to have originated when the<strong> 6<sup>th</sup> Sikh Guru Hargobind</strong> adopted <strong>&lsquo;Kirpan&rsquo;</strong> for self-defence during the Mughal era.</li>
<li>It was earlier confined to gurudwaras, nagar kirtans and akharas, but now it finds presence in the <strong>sports category</strong> after the formation of the <strong>Gatka Federation of India (GFI) in 2008.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608546365_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608546365_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kalaripayattu:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kalaripayattu,</strong> also known simply as <strong>Kalari,</strong> is an<strong> Indian martial art</strong> that originated in modern-day Kerala.</li>
<li>Kalaripayattu is held in high regard by martial artists due to its long-standing history within <strong>Indian martial arts.</strong> It is believed to be the <strong>oldest surviving martial art in India.</strong> It is also considered to be among the <strong>oldest martial arts still in existence,</strong> with its origin in the martial arts timeline dating back to at least the <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> century BCE.</strong></li>
<li>The place where this martial art is practised is called a <strong>'Kalari'.</strong> It is a Malayalam word that signifies a <strong>kind of gymnasium.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kalari literally means<strong> 'threshing floor' or 'battlefield'.</strong> The word Kalari first appears in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/sangam-age-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tamil Sangam literature</strong></a> to describe both a battlefield and combat arena.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608546388_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608546388_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mallakhamb:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mallakhamb is a traditional sport, originating from the Indian subcontinent, in which a gymnast <strong>performs aerial yoga or gymnastic postures and wrestling grips</strong> with a vertical stationary or hanging wooden pole, cane, or rope</li>
<li>The name Mallakhamb derives from the terms<strong> malla, meaning wrestler,</strong> and <strong>khamb, which means a pole.</strong> Literally meaning<strong> "wrestling pole",</strong> the term refers to a traditional training implement used by wrestlers.</li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh</strong> and <strong>Maharashtra</strong> have been the hotspots of this sport.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608546412_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608546412_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Thang Ta:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Huyen langlon</strong> is an Indian martial art from Manipur.</li>
<li>In the <strong>Meitei language, huyen means war </strong>while<strong> langlon or langlong can mean net, knowledge or art.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Huyen langlon consists of two main components: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Thang-ta</strong> (armed combat)</li>
<li><strong>sarit sarak</strong> (unarmed fighting).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The primary weapons of huyen langlon are the<strong> thang</strong> (sword) and<strong> ta</strong> (spear). Other weapons include the shield and the axe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1682218#:~:text=The%20Sports%20Ministry%20has%20approved,%2C%20Thang%2DTa%20and%20Mallakhamba." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indegenous-games-khelo-india'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'The Carnatic Wars',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<p>Though the British and the French came to India for trading proposes, they were ultimately drawn into the politics of India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both had visions for establishing political power over the region.</li>
<li>The Anglo-French rivalry in India reflected the traditional rivalry of England and France throughout their histories.</li>
<li>Specifically, in India, the rivalry, in the form of three Carnatic wars decided once for all the English and not French were the more suitable ones to establish their rule all over India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>First Carnatic War (1740-48)</h3>
<p><strong>Background:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Carnatic was the name given by the Europeans to the Coromandel coast and its hinterland.</li>
<li>The First Carnatic War was an extension of the Anglo-French War in Europe which was caused by the <strong>Austrian War of Succession.</strong></li>
<li>The First Carnatic War is remembered for the <strong>Battle of St. Thome (in Madras)</strong> fought between the French forces and the forces of <strong>Anwar-ud-din,</strong> the <strong>Nawab of Carnatic,</strong> to whom the English appealed for help.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The War of Austrian Succession</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Between 1740 and 1748, most of Europe&rsquo;s great powers were involved in a conflict caused by the question of Maria Theresa&rsquo;s succession to the Austrian Habsburg crown. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The war involved all of Europe, with France, Prussia, Spain, Bavaria and Saxony arrayed against Austria and Britain.</li>
<li>The first two series of wars, <strong>the First Silesian War (1740&ndash;42) and the Second Silesian War (1744&ndash;45)</strong> were centered around Austria and Prussia.</li>
<li>The third war was centred on the continued conflict between <strong>France and Britain</strong> over colonial possessions in India and North America.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>During the war, British troops proved their worth as soldiers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The war was concluded with the Peace treaty of<strong> Aix-la-Chapelle,</strong> signed in October 1748. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this treaty, France agreed to leave the Austrian Netherlands and give back Madras to Britain in return for Louisbourg.</li>
<li>Maria Theresa was also confirmed as Austrian ruler.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>The Cause of the War:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although France, conscious of its relatively weaker position in India, did not favour an extension of hostilities to India, the English navy under <strong>Commodore Curtis Bennett</strong> seized some French ships to provoke France. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The French Governor General, the <strong>Marquis Joseph-Fran&ccedil;ois Dupleix,</strong> appealed for protection from Anwar-ud-Din, the Nawab of Carnatic and he in turn warned the British that his province was neutral territory and that no attack on French possessions would be tolerated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>France retaliated by seizing Madras in 1746 with the help of the fleet from Mauritius, the Isle of France, under <strong>Admiral La Bourdonnais,</strong> the French governor of Mauritius. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The capture of Madras triggered a bitter argument between Dupleix and La Bourdonnais. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dupleix wanted to hand the town over to the Nawab, as compensation for breaking the Nawab's decree of neutrality, while La Bourdonnais wanted to ransom the town back to the British.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This dispute dragged on into October, and eventually Anwar-ud-Din decided to intervene. He sent an army of 10,000 men under the command of his son Mahfuzz Khan to besiege the French in Madras.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A small French army under Captain Paradise defeated the strong Indian army under Mahfuz Khan at St.Thome on the banks of the River Adyar.</li>
<li>The First Carnatic War ended in 1748 when the <strong>Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle</strong> was signed bringing the Austrian War of Succession to a conclusion. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the terms of this treaty, Madras was handed back to the English, and the French, in turn, got their territories in North America.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Significance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>War was an eye-opener for the Europeans in India:</strong> it revealed that even a small disciplined army could easily defeat a much larger Indian army.</li>
<li>Further, this war adequately brought out the importance of naval force in the Anglo-French conflict in the Deccan.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Second Carnatic War (1749-54)</h3>
<p><strong>Background:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The background for the Second Carnatic War was provided by the <strong>Anglo-French rivalry</strong> in India.</li>
<li>Even after the end of the First Carnatic War, the peace in India was short lived. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1748<strong> Nizam-ul-Mulk,</strong> the Mughal governor of the Deccan and semi-independent Nawab of Hyderabad died.</li>
<li>The succession to his position was contested, and the British and French were soon dragged into the fighting between the candidates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dupleix, the French governor who had successfully led the French forces in the First Carnatic War, sought to increase his power and French political influence in southern India by interfering in local dynastic disputes to defeat the English.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The resulting Second Carnatic War lasted from 1749 until 1754, and saw the British strengthen their position in southern India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Cause of the War:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The opportunity was provided by the death of <strong>Nizam-ul-Mulk,</strong> the founder of the independent kingdom of <strong>Hyderabad, in 1748,</strong> and the release of <strong>Chanda Sahib,</strong> the son-in-law of <strong>Dost Ali,</strong> the Nawab of Carnatic, by the Marathas in the same year.</li>
<li><strong>In Hyderabad,</strong> the accession of Nasir Jang, the son of the Nizam, to the throne of Hyderabad was opposed by Muzaffar Jang, the grandson of the Nawab, who laid claim to the throne saying that the Mughal Emperor had appointed him as the governor of Hyderabad.</li>
<li><strong>Further south</strong> there were two candidates for the <strong>Nawabship of the Carnatic,</strong> a subsidiary post officially dependent on the Nizam.</li>
<li><strong>Anwar-ud-Din</strong> had only been appointed Nawab of the Carnatic in <strong>1743,</strong> after Nizam-ul-Mulk had been forced to intervene to restore order in the province.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Anwar-ud-Din was one of the Nizam's officers.</li>
<li>Appointment of Anwar-ud-Din was resented by Chanda Sahib</li>
<li>Chanda Sahib was the son-in-law of a previous Nawab of the Carnatic, Dost Ali (1732-39). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He had been an effective ally to the French, before in 1741 being besieged in Trichinopoly by the Marathas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The French supported the claims of Muzaffar Jang and Chanda Sahib in the Deccan and Carnatic, respectively, while the English sided with Nasir Jang and Anwar-ud-din.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of the War:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The combined armies of Muzaffar Jang, Chanda Sahib and the French defeated and killed Anwar- ud-din at the <strong>Battle of Ambur</strong> (near Vellore) in<strong> 1749.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nawab was killed early in the war and left behind his son <strong>Mohammed Ali</strong> to claim the Nawabship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Muzaffar Jang was installed as the Nizam of Hyderabad and the subahdar of Deccan, and Dupleix was appointed governor of all the Mughal territories to the south of the River Krishna. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Territories near Pondicherry and also some areas on the Orissa Coast (including Masulipatnam) were ceded to the French.</li>
<li>However, Muzaffar Jung was killed a couple of months later and the French installed Muzaffar&rsquo;s uncle Salabat Jung as the new Nizam.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Having failed to provide effective assistance to Muhammad Ali at Trichinopoly, <strong>Robert Clive</strong> of the English company (first British administrator of the Bengal Presidency), put forward the proposal for a diversionary attack on the Governor Saunders of Madras. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He suggested a sudden raid on <strong>Arcot</strong> (the capital of the Carnatic) to divert the pressure from Trichinopoly in which the British won.</li>
<li>After several battles fought, Chanda Sahib was executed by Muhammad Ali who was later installed as the Nawab of Carnatic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The French authorities, annoyed at the heavy financial losses that Dupleix&rsquo;s policy involved, decided to recall him in 1754.</li>
<li><strong>Charles Robert Godeheu</strong> succeeded Dupleix as the French Governor-General in India.</li>
<li>Godeheu adopted a <strong>policy of negotiations</strong> with the English and signed the <strong>Treaty of Pondicherry</strong> with them under which the English and the French agreed not to interfere in the quarrels of native princes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, each party was left in possession of the territories actually occupied by them at the time of the treaty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Implications:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It became evident that the countenance of Indian authority was no longer necessary for European success; rather Indian authority itself was becoming dependent on European support.</li>
<li><strong>Muhammad Ali</strong> in the Carnatic and<strong> Salabat Jang</strong> in Hyderabad became clients rather than patrons.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Third Carnatic War or the Battle of Wandiwash (1758-63)</h3>
<p><strong>Background:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In Europe, when Austria wanted to recover Silesia in 1756, the <strong>Seven Years War (1756-63)</strong> started. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Britain and France were once again on opposite sides.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War in India:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1758, the French army under French General,<strong> Count Thomas Arthur de Lally</strong> captured the English forts of St. David and Vizianagaram in 1758.</li>
<li>Now, the English became offensive and inflicted heavy losses on the French fleet under <strong>Admiral D&rsquo;Ache</strong> at Masulipatnam.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Battle of Wandiwash:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decisive battle of the Third Carnatic War was won by the English on January 22, 1760 at Wandiwash (or Vandavasi) in Tamil Nadu. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>General Eyre Coote</strong> of the English totally routed the French army under<strong> Count de Lally</strong> and took Marquis de Bussy as prisoner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Pondicherry was gallantly defended by Lally for eight months before he surrendered on January 16, 1761. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the loss of Pondicherry, Gingee and Mahe, the French power in India was reduced to its lowest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lally, after being taken as prisoner of war at London, returned to France where he was imprisoned and executed in 1766.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result and Significance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Third Carnatic War proved decisive.</li>
<li>The third war ended with the <strong>Treaty of Peace of Paris (1763)</strong> under which Pondicherry and Chandannagar were returned to France but they could only have trading activities in them.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although the treaty restored to the French their factories in India, the French political influence disappeared after the war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thereafter, the French, like their Portuguese and Dutch counterparts in India, confined themselves to their small enclaves and to commerce.</li>
<li>The English became the<strong> supreme European power</strong> in the Indian subcontinent.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The victory at Wandiwash left the English East India Company with no European rival in India. Thus they were ready to take over the rule of the entire Country.</li>
<li>Significantly, in the<strong> Battle of Wandiwash,</strong> natives served in both the armies as sepoys.</li>
<li>It makes one think that irrespective of which side won, there was an inevitability about the fall of India to European invaders.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Causes for the English Success and the French Failure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lesser Governmental Control Over British:</strong> The English company was a private enterprise. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This created a sense of enthusiasm and self-confidence among the people. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With less governmental control over it, this company could take instant decisions when needed without waiting for the approval of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The French company, on the other hand, was a State concern.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was controlled and regulated by the French government and was hemmed in by government policies and delays in decision-making.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Superior British Navy and Bigger Cities Under Control:</strong> The English navy was superior to the French navy; it helped to cut off the vital sea link between the French possessions in India and France.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The English held three important places, namely, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras whereas the French had only Pondicherry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>British were Strong with Funds:</strong> The French subordinated their commercial interest to territorial ambition, which made the French company short of funds. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In spite of their imperialistic motives, the British never neglected their commercial interests. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The British always had the funds and the consequent sound financial condition to help them significantly in the wars against their rivals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Superior British Commanders:</strong> A major factor in the success of the English in India was the superiority of the commanders in the British camp. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In comparison to the long list of leaders on the English side - Sir Eyre Coote, Major Stringer Lawrence, Robert Clive and many others, there was only Dupleix on the French side.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/the-carnatic-wars'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Coastal Radar Chain Network',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s efforts are in advanced stages to set up <strong>coastal radar stations in Maldives, Myanmar and Bangladesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The radar chain&mdash;which will<strong> link up with similar systems in India, Sri Lanka, Mauritius and Seychelles&mdash;</strong>will provide<strong> a comprehensive live feed of ship movements in the Indian Ocean Region</strong> that can be used by friendly navies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Coastal Radar Chain Network:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> aim</strong> is to create<strong> a network of information and maritime domain awareness</strong> in the<strong> strategic Indian Ocean Region.</strong></li>
<li>This will also help in <strong>expanding India&rsquo;s assistance for capacity building</strong> to Indian Ocean littoral states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The assistance to these countries comes under India's programme called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-sagar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAGAR - Security and Growth for All in the Region.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under <strong>Phase-I</strong> of the coastal radar chain network, <strong>46 coastal radar stations</strong> have been set up across the country&rsquo;s coastline.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Phase-II</strong> of the project, which is currently underway, <strong>38 static radar stations and four mobile radar stations</strong> are being set up by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recaap-isc-capacity-building-workshop" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coast Guard</strong> </a>and is in an advanced stage of completion.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Indian Coast Guard is a<strong> multi-mission organization,</strong> conducting round-the-year real-life operations at sea. It operates under the <strong>Ministry of Defence.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>primary aim of surveillance radar design</strong> is to <strong>detect and track small fishing vessels</strong> for Coastal surveillance application. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the radar can also be directly used for <strong>VTS (Vessel Traffic management Services) application,</strong> harbor surveillance and navigational purposes.</li>
<li>It will also help in <strong>monitoring any illegal activities in the sea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ultimately, the data collected would feed into the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IFC has been<strong> established at Gurugram</strong> and is <strong>collocated with the Information Management and Analysis Centre</strong> which is jointly administered by the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Indian Navy&rsquo;s Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC),</strong> set up after the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks, is the<strong> nodal agency for maritime data fusion.</strong></li>
<li>It will soon become a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-maritime-domain-awareness-centre" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Maritime Domain Awareness (NDMA) centre.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>IFC-IOR has established itself as the<strong> hub of maritime security information in the IOR through white shipping information exchange agreements</strong> with 21 countries and 20 maritime security centres.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>White shipping information</strong> refers to exchange of relevant advance information on the identity and movement of commercial non-military merchant vehicles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Indian Ocean Region:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indian Ocean Region, in view of its strategic location as also being home to a vast majority of the world's population, can be considered as the economic highway that drives global commerce.</li>
<li>With <strong>over 75% of the world&rsquo;s maritime trade</strong> and <strong>50% of daily global oil consumption</strong> passing through the region; IOR is vital to world trade and the economic prosperity of many nations.</li>
<li>At any given time, there are<strong> close to 12,000 ships</strong> in the Indian Ocean Region and <strong>300 fishing vessels</strong> that need to be always monitored.</li>
<li>The IOR is also <strong>a fragile environment,</strong> with <strong>threats such as</strong> maritime terrorism, piracy, human and contraband trafficking, illegal and unregulated fishing, arms running and poaching being prevalent.</li>
<li>Further, there has been <strong>a steady rise in the deployment of Chinese research vessels in the Indian Ocean Region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing presence of China in the Indian Ocean Region has been a <strong>strategic concern for India. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The council of ministers of <strong>IORA (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a>)</strong> countries met virtually in December 2020. IORA is an<strong> inter-governmental organisation,</strong> established in 1997. <strong>India is a member country.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>four-nation <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/australia-to-be-included-in-malabar-exercise" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Malabar Exercise</a></strong> involving India, Australia, the USA and Japan was concluded and hosted in two phases by the Indian Navy in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.</li>
<li>Earlier this year in March, <strong>India joined the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-as-an-observer-at-ioc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Ocean Commission (IOC)</a> as Observer.</strong> The Commission is an important regional institution in Western/African Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The environmental threat to the marine ecosystem due to climate change and unprincipled depredation of marine resources <strong>threatens the very sustenance of some of the small island states in the Indian Ocean. India&rsquo;s presence in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/elections-for-non-permanent-members-of-the-unsc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UN Security Council</a> as a non-permanent member for the next two years</strong> and the <strong>Presidency of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g-20-summit-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G20</a> in 2023</strong> will provide it with the opportunity to highlight the issues of these small island states at multilateral forums.</li>
<li><strong>Maritime Diplomacy and &lsquo;showing the flag&rsquo;</strong> forms an important part of regional capacity building. Bilateral and multilateral naval exercises, maritime information-sharing mechanisms, developing common standard operating protocols and showing the flag through the port visits are important foreign policy instruments.</li>
<li><strong>Export of military hardware</strong> also constitutes an important aspect of economic and military diplomacy and contributes to regional capacity building. Presently India is exporting military hardware to many of its smaller neighbours but the <strong>recent transfer of a Kilo-class submarine to Myanmar</strong> was a new high and sent a distinct message to the region of the importance India attaches to regional capacity building and maritime security.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-looks-at-integrating-more-countries-into-coastal-radar-network/article33379243.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coastal-radar-chain-network'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'NGT Panel for Protection of Mahanadi Floodplain',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> has constituted a high level committee to identify <strong>floodplain zones of the Mahanadi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mahanadi</strong> is Odisha&rsquo;s <strong>largest river.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>January 2020</strong> Chief Minister of Odisha had announced that the<strong> 424 acres</strong> reclaimed from the river Mahanadi would be utilised to add <strong>ecological, recreational, sporting, cultural and technological value in the lives of the people of Cuttack.</strong></li>
<li>A local citizen approached the <strong>NGT</strong> against the state government's plan alleging that illegal construction activities will adversely <strong>affect the river ecology and disturb the flow of Mahanadi river.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NGT&rsquo;s Order:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NGT has formed a<strong> panel of experts</strong> from the <strong><a href="/daily-news-analysis/central-water-commission-on-kerala-floods" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Central Water Commission</a>, National Institute of Hydrology </strong>and <strong>state and central pollution control board</strong> for laying down norms to ensure that the riverfront development takes place without <strong>damage to the floodplains</strong> of the river.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legislation to Regulate the Flood Plains:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is<strong> no central legislation</strong> to regulate the flood plains, except a <strong>2016 notification</strong> issued by the <strong>Ministry of Water Resources, River Development, and Ganga Rejuvenation,</strong> with respect to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ganga-utsav-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ganga river</strong></a>, under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1#:~:text=On%2027%20January%201994%2C%20the,Schedule%201%20of%20the%20notification." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment (Protection) Act, 1986</strong></a>, prohibiting any construction in the active floodplain area of <strong>river Ganga or its tributaries.</strong></li>
<li>However some states have laws to regulate the flood plains :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Manipur Flood Zoning Act, 1978</strong></li>
<li><strong>Uttarakhand Flood Plain Zoning Act, 2012</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Floodplains</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608542319_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608542319_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Floodplain is an <strong>area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river,</strong> formed mainly by <strong>flooding of rivers and deposition of sand sediments</strong> on the riverbanks.</li>
<li>These sandy floodplains are <strong>exceptional aquifers</strong> where any withdrawal is compensated by gravity flow from a large surrounding area.</li>
<li>Some floodplains such as those of Himalayan Rivers contain up to <strong>20 times more water than the virgin flow in rivers in a year.</strong></li>
<li>Since<strong> recharge is by rainfall and during late floods, the water quality is good.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Mahanadi River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Mahanadi River system is the<strong> third largest of peninsular India after Godavari and Krishna,</strong> and the <strong>largest river of Odisha state.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Source of origin of the Mahanadi river:</strong> It rises from a place near Sihawa in Bastar hills in the state of Chhattisgarh to the south of Amarkantak.</li>
<li><strong>Major Tributaries of the Mahanadi river</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Seonath River</li>
<li>Hasdeo River</li>
<li>Mand River</li>
<li>Ib River</li>
<li>Jonking River</li>
<li>Tel River</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>The Basin of the Mahanadi river:</strong></li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The catchment area of the river extends to&nbsp;<strong>Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand and Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>Its basin is bounded by the <strong>Central India hills on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the south and east and by the Maikala range on the west.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ngt-panel-for-protection-of-mahanadi-floodplain'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Mutated Novel Coronavirus',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A <strong>mutated variant</strong> of the<strong> novel <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coronavirus</a></strong> has been associated with recent infections in England.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The virus has undergone <strong>several mutations</strong> since it first infected humans.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The New Mutant Coronavirus:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The mutant virus has been identified as<strong> N501Y</strong> and is likely to be a mutation in the <strong>spike protein.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the <strong>coronavirus spike protein that binds to a human protein to initiate the process of infection.</strong></li>
<li>Changes here could possibly affect how the virus behaves in terms of its <strong>ability to infect, or cause severe disease, or escape the immune response made by vaccines.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There has been a single nucleotide change in one portion of the spike protein, so there would be <strong>no bearing on the disease biology or even diagnostics.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on Infection and Vaccination:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several coronavirus vaccines are <strong>designed to create antibodies targeting the spike protein.</strong></li>
<li>The vaccines<strong> target multiple regions on the spike,</strong> while a mutation refers to a change in a single point. If there is <strong>one mutation, it does not mean vaccines would not work.</strong></li>
<li>All <strong>SARS-CoV-2</strong> strains are <strong>genetically similar to one another,</strong> and scientists do <strong>not expect</strong> these mutations to have a <strong>significant impact</strong> on their ability to cause more severe disease than what has been observed so far.</li>
<li>Many mutations mean nothing at all, or at least are more successful for reasons not known. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For instance a different<strong> strain may be more transmissible, but cause less disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Researchers need to monitor the mutations as there is <strong>no evidence that the new strain in the UK is more transmissible or more severe/resistant to treatment or vaccination.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mutant Variant in India:</strong> Researchers have<strong> not seen this variant in India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Earlier Mutation: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>D614G Mutation:</strong> This particular mutation aided the virus in attaching more efficiently with the ACE2 receptor in the human host, thereby making it more successful in entering a human body than its predecessors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>D614G</strong> showed increased infectivity but it also displayed greater ability at attaching itself to the cell walls inside an individual&rsquo;s nose and throat, increasing the viral load.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mutation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A mutation means a change in the genetic sequence of the virus.</li>
<li>In the case of<strong> SARS-CoV-2,</strong> which is an<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Ribonucleic acid (RNA)</strong> </a>virus, a mutation means a <strong>change in the sequence in which its molecules are arranged.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2</strong> is the virus that causes <a href="/printpdf/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>RNA</strong> is an<strong> important biological macromolecule</strong> that is <strong>present in all biological cells.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Principally<strong> involved in the synthesis of proteins, carrying the messenger instructions from <a href="/pdf/policy-watch-dna-technology-use-application.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)</a></strong>, which itself contains the genetic instructions required for the development and maintenance of life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>DNA</strong> is an <strong>organic chemical that contains genetic information and instructions for protein synthesis.</strong> It is found in most cells of every organism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A mutation in an RNA virus often happens when the virus makes a<strong> mistake while it is making copies of itself.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only if the mutation results in a <strong>significant change in the protein structure can the course of a disease be altered.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mutated-coronavirus-in-uk-implications-7109120/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mutated-novel-coronavirus'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Sixth Schedule Areas',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/meghalaya-and-the-sixth-schedule-7110341/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Meghalaya and the Sixth Schedule: Why the constitutional protection needs to be revisited&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 18/12/2020. It talks about the issues related to sixth schedule areas.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/indepth-6th-schedule-and-ilp#:~:text=6th%20Schedule,(1)%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sixth Schedule in the Indian Constitution</strong></a> established Autonomous District Councils (ADC) in four northeastern states, namely Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. These ADCs envisage protecting and preserving tribal culture.</p>
<p>The rationale behind the creation of ADCs is the belief that relationship to the land is the basis of tribal or indigenous identity. The culture and identity of indigenous people can be preserved by ensuring their control over land and natural resources, as these factors to a large extent determine the lifestyle and culture of the indigenous people.</p>
<p>However, this arrangement has resulted in the rise of conflict between different groups, for instance, tribal vs. non-tribal. Further, it undermines social harmony, stability and economic development of the state and the region.</p>
<h3>Special Status of Sixth Schedule Areas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sixth Schedule was originally intended for the predominantly tribal areas (tribal population over 90%) of undivided Assam, which was categorised as &ldquo;excluded areas&rdquo; under the Government of India Act, 1935 and was under the direct control of the Governor.</li>
<li>The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This special provision is provided under <strong>Article 244(2) and Article 275(1)</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
<li>The Sixth Schedule provides for autonomy in the administration of these areas through Autonomous District Councils (ADCs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These councils are empowered to make laws in respect of areas under their jurisdiction, which cover the land, forest, cultivation, inheritance, indigenous customs and traditions of tribals, etc. and also to collect land revenues and certain other taxes.</li>
<li>ADCs are like miniature states having specific powers and responsibilities in respect of all the three arms of governance: Legislature, executive and judiciary.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Related to Sixth Schedule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Undermining of Constitutional Principles:</strong> The Sixth Schedule discriminates against the non-tribal residents in various ways and infringes upon their fundamental rights, like the right to equality before the law (Article 14), right against discrimination (Article 15), and the right to settle anywhere in India (Article 19). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has resulted in repeated bouts of riots between tribals and non-tribals. This has driven many non-tribals out of the north-eastern states.</li>
<li>Many non-tribals continue to live in the shadow of violence, making a mockery of the fundamental right to life and personal liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multiple Centres of Power:</strong> It has created multiple power centres instead of bringing in a genuine process of autonomy in the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are frequent conflict of interest cases between the District Councils and the State Legislatures.</li>
<li>For example, in Meghalaya, despite the formation of the state, the whole of the state continues to be under the sixth schedule causing frequent conflict with the state government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conflict With Act-East Policy:</strong> The restrictions under the sixth schedule act as a roadblock for the success of Act East Policy, for which seamless connectivity and exchange within the Northeastern states are essential.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similarly, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagaland-extends-ilp-in-dimapur" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inner Line Permit (ILP)</strong></a> deters investors and tourists and thereby hampers economic development in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Special constitutional protections are indeed required for marginalised sections to ensure that historical wrongs done to them are reversed and not repeated, but it has denied justice to the non-tribals, who have lived in ADCs for generations but ended up marginalised.</p>
<p>Hence, the government and other agencies need to win the confidence of the tribals and non-tribals within the region and bring a sense of security and belongingness among them to deal with this sensitive issue.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffbf2;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Sixth schedule has been successful in protecting the tribal culture and inclusivity. Critically Analyse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/K0SJ3zYo6Tk" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/sanctions-overreach-on-uss-decision-to-impose-sanctions-on-turkey/article33358233.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Sanctions overreach: On U.S.'s decision to impose sanctions on Turkey&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on December 18<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sixth-schedule-areas'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'World Minorities Rights Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> National Commission for Minorities</strong> celebrated <strong>World Minorities Rights Day</strong> on <strong>18<sup>th</sup> December 2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations on 18<sup>th</sup> December, 1992 adopted the Statement on the individual's Rights belonging to religious or Linguistic National or Ethnic Minorities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992</strong> in Section 2(c) of the Act defines a minority as &ldquo;a community notified as such by the Central government&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, this applies to <strong>Muslim, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhist, Parsis (Zoroastrian) </strong>and<strong> Jain religions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per <em><strong>TMA Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka case</strong></em> (2002) in the Supreme Court, a minority, either linguistic or religious, is determinable only by reference to the demography of the State and not by taking into consideration the population of the country as a whole.</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions Related to Minorities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term <strong>"Minority"</strong> is <strong>not defined</strong> in the Indian Constitution. However, the Constitution recognises religious and linguistic minorities.</li>
<li><strong>Article 29:</strong> It provides that any section of the citizens residing in any part of India having a distinct language, script or culture of its own, shall have the right to conserve the same.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the Supreme Court held that the scope of this article is not necessarily restricted to minorities only, as use of the word<strong> &lsquo;section of citizens&rsquo;</strong> in the Article <strong>includes minorities as well as the majority.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 30:</strong> All minorities shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The protection under Article 30 is confined<strong> only to minorities</strong> (religious or linguistic) and does not extend to any section of citizens (as under Article 29).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 350-B:</strong> Originally, the Constitution of India did not make any provision with respect to the Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities. However, the 7<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956 inserted Article 350-B in the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides for a<strong> Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities</strong> appointed by the President of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission for Minorities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Genesis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1992, with the enactment of the <strong>NCM Act, 1992,</strong> NCM was formed.</li>
<li>In 1993, the first <strong>Statutory National Commission</strong> was set up and five religious communities viz the<strong> Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Zoroastrians</strong> (Parsis) were notified as minority communities.</li>
<li>In 2014,<strong> Jains</strong> were also notified as a <strong>minority community.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCM consists of a <strong>Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson and five members</strong> and all of them shall be from amongst the <strong>minority communities.</strong></li>
<li>Total of<strong> 7 persons to be nominated by the Central Government</strong> should be from amongst persons of eminence, ability and integrity.</li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> Each Member holds office for a<strong> period of three years</strong> from the date of assumption of office.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Evaluation of the progress</strong> of the development of minorities under the Union and States.</li>
<li>Monitoring of the working of the <strong>safeguards for minorities</strong> provided in the Constitution and in laws enacted by Parliament and the state legislatures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Example - <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/identification-of-minorities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Minority Education Institution (NCMEI) Act, 2004</strong></a>: It gives the minority status to the educational institutions on the basis of six religious communities notified by the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It ensures that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-15-point-programme#:~:text=PM's%20New%2015%20PP%20is,sections%20of%20the%20minority%20communities." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s 15-point programme</strong> </a>is implemented and the programmes for minority communities are actually functioning.</li>
<li>Looking into <strong>specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of minorities</strong> and taking up such matters with the appropriate authorities.</li>
<li>It investigates <strong>matters of communal conflict and riots.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1681832" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-minorities-rights-day'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Systems Handed Over to Defence Services',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Defence Minister</strong> has handed over the<strong> Indian Maritime Situational Awareness System</strong> (IMSAS), <strong>ASTRA Mk-I</strong> and <strong>Border Surveillance System</strong> (BOSS) to the Navy, Air Force and Army respectively.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong> </a>(DRDO) laboratories have <strong>indigenously developed these three systems</strong> which will lead to higher self-reliance in defence technologies.</li>
<li>The Defence Minister has also given away <strong>awards to DRDO scientists for outstanding contributions</strong> in various categories.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Maritime Situational Awareness System (IMSAS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> state-of-the-art and high performance intelligent software system</strong> that provides <strong>Global Maritime Situational Picture, marine planning tools</strong> and <strong>analytical capabilities</strong> to Indian Navy.</li>
<li>It also provides<strong> Maritime Operational Picture</strong> from naval headquarters to each individual ship in sea to enable naval command and control.</li>
<li><strong>Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics</strong> (CAIR), Bengaluru and Indian Navy has<strong> jointly conceptualised</strong> and developed the product and <strong>Bharat Electronics Limited</strong> (BEL), Bengaluru has implemented it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>ASTRA Mk-I:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the indigenously developed <strong>first Beyond Visual Range</strong> (BVR) <strong>Missile,</strong> which can be launched from <strong>Sukhoi-30, Light Combat Aircraft</strong> (LCA), <strong>Mig-29</strong> and <strong>Mig-29K.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Globally, very few countries have expertise and capabilities to design and produce this class of weapon system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The missile is <strong>designed to engage and destroy highly manoeuvring supersonic aircraft.</strong> The missile has<strong> all weather day and night capability.</strong></li>
<li>Successful development of ASTRA weapon system by <strong>Defence Research and Development Laboratory</strong> (DRDL) Hyderabad and production by <strong>Bharat Dynamics Limited</strong> (BDL), Hyderabad is a major contribution towards <strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Border Surveillance System (BOSS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an <strong>all-weather electronic surveillance system</strong> successfully designed and developed by<strong> Instruments Research and Development Establishment</strong> (IRDE), Dehradun.</li>
<li>The system has been <strong>deployed at Ladakh border</strong> area for day and night surveillance and facilitates monitoring and surveillance by <strong>automatically detecting the intrusions in harsh high-altitude sub-zero temperature areas</strong> with remote operation capability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Awards for Outstanding Contributions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>DRDO Lifetime Achievement Award, 2018:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Awarded to N V Kadam for his contributions for developing control and guidance schemes for missiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Excellence awards</strong> were given to<strong> academia and industry</strong> for technology absorption.</li>
<li>Besides, individual awards, team awards, technology spin-off awards, techno managerial awards and<strong> awards in other categories were also given.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1681732" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/systems-handed-over-to-defence-services'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'SC Stays Andhra HC Order to Examine Constitutional Breakdown',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>(SC) has stayed an <strong>Andhra Pradesh High Court</strong> (HC) order intending to embark on a <strong>judicial enquiry into whether there is a constitutional breakdown in the State machinery,</strong> requiring a declaration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-rule-in-maharashtra#:~:text=Under%20Article%20356%2C%20President's%20Rule,the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>President&rsquo;s rule</strong></a> <strong>(Article 356).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A three-judge bench headed by<strong> Chief Justice of India S A Bobde</strong> found the order <strong>disturbing</strong> and will take up the matter later on after vacations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Andhra Pradesh High Court&rsquo;s Move:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While hearing a clutch of <em><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/habeas-corpus-cases-in-jammu-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>habeas corpus</strong></a></em> petitions in <strong>October 2020,</strong> it<em><strong> suo motu</strong> </em><strong>summoned the State counsel</strong> to assist it in deciding &ldquo;whether in circumstances prevailing in the State, the<strong> court can record a finding that there is constitutional breakdown or not&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Habeas Corpus</strong> is a<strong> Latin term</strong> which literally means <strong>&lsquo;to have the body</strong> of&rsquo;. Under this the court issues an order to a person who has detained another person, to produce the body of the latter before it.</li>
<li>This <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-not-a-fundamental-right-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>writ</strong> </a>is a <strong>bulwark of individual liberty against arbitrary detention</strong> and can be issued <strong>against both public authorities as well as private individuals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State Government&rsquo;s Appeal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The HC<strong> framed the question in an unprecedented manner</strong> and <strong>without any basis or pleadings</strong> by any of the parties to that effect.</li>
<li>It highlighted that <strong>Article 356,</strong> which deals with<strong> failure of Constitutional machinery in a State,</strong> is a <strong>power exclusively vested in the executive</strong> and <strong>not the judiciary.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Constitutional framework, it is<strong> not for the Courts to decide</strong> as to whether there is a Constitutional breakdown in a State as they<strong> do not have any judicially discoverable and manageable standards to determine</strong> so.</li>
<li>The said fact is<strong> essentially an executive function and is necessarily required to be based on a detailed factual analysis.</strong></li>
<li>The HC order is a<strong> serious encroachment on the powers of the executive</strong> as enumerated under the Constitution and is<strong> violative of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/checks-balances-1#:~:text=of%20the%20government.-,The%20Doctrine%20of%20Separation%20of%20Powers,arbitrary%20excesses%20by%20the%20government." target="_blank" rel="noopener">doctrine of separation of powers</a></strong> and thus, <strong>violative of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution#:~:text=Origin%3A%20The%20basic%20structure%20theory,fundamental%20features%E2%80%9D%20of%20their%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">basic structure of the Constitution.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Separation of powers is the <strong>division of the legislative, executive, and judicial functions</strong> of government.</li>
<li>Since the sanction of all three branches is required for the making, executing, and administering of laws, it <strong>minimises the possibility of arbitrary excesses by the government.</strong></li>
<li>The constitutional demarcation <strong>precludes the concentration of excessive power by any branch</strong> of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>President&rsquo;s Rule</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It implies the <strong>suspension of a state government</strong> and the<strong> imposition of direct rule of the Centre.</strong> It is also known as<strong> &lsquo;State Emergency&rsquo;</strong> or<strong> &lsquo;Constitutional Emergency&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The SC in <em><strong>Bommai case 1994</strong></em> <strong>enlisted the situations</strong> where the exercise of power under Article 356 could be used.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One such situation is that of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/perils-of-electoral-politics" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Hung Assembly&rsquo;</strong></a>, i.e. where after general elections to the assembly, no party secures a majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President&rsquo;s rule is imposed through the invocation of <strong>Article 356</strong> of the Constitution <strong>by the President on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers</strong> (executive).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the President, upon <strong>receipt of the report from the Governor of the State</strong> or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Approval and Duration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation imposing President&rsquo;s Rule<strong> must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months</strong> from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>The approval<strong> takes place through simple majority</strong> in either House, that is, a majority of the members of the House present and voting.</li>
<li><strong>Initially valid for six months</strong>, the President&rsquo;s Rule can be <strong>extended for a maximum period of three years</strong> with the approval of the Parliament, every six months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-stays-andhra-hc-order-to-study-constitutional-breakdown-in-state/article33364452.ece#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20on%20Friday,a%20declaration%20of%20President's%20rule.&amp;text=As%20the%20apex%20court%2C%20we%20find%20this%20disturbing." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-stays-andhra-hc-order-to-examine-constitutional-breakdown'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'ISRO’s Satellite Launch: CMS-01',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation</strong></a> (ISRO) has launched a communications satellite, CMS-01, on board its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-pslv-launch" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</strong></a> (PSLV - C50) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Andhra Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Previously in November 2020, ISRO launched India&rsquo;s <a href="/printpdf/earth-observation-satellite-eos-01-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Earth Observation Satellite, EOS-01</strong></a>, and nine other customer satellites.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CMS-01</strong> is a <strong>communications satellite</strong> envisaged for providing services in extended <strong>C Band frequency spectrum.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The C band is a designation for a portion of the <strong>electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies ranging from 4.0 to 8.0 gigahertz (GHz).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its <strong>coverage</strong> will include the Indian mainland, and the Andaman &amp; Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands.</li>
<li>The satellite is expected to have <strong>a life of more than seven years.</strong></li>
<li>The satellite was injected precisely into its predefined sub-<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/types-of-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Geo-synchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)</strong></a>. Eventually, it will be placed into its specified slot in the <strong>Geo-Synchronous Orbit</strong> after a series of manoeuvres.</li>
<li>CMS-01 will<strong> replace and enhance the services of GSAT-12.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GSAT-12, a communication satellite built by ISRO, provides facilities for various communication services like<strong> Tele-education,</strong> <strong>Tele-medicine</strong> and for<strong> Village Resource Centres (VRC).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To provide the space based services <strong>directly to the rural areas,</strong> ISRO has launched the Village Resource Centres (VRCs) programme in association with NGOs/Trusts and state/central agencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Next Launch of ISRO (PSLV-C51):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>PSLV-C51,</strong> will be the next special mission for ISRO, as it will <strong>be carrying the country&rsquo;s first satellite under the space reforms programme</strong> announced by the Indian government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government had announced the opening up of the <strong>space sector to private players</strong> with the inception of<strong><a href="/printpdf/private-sector-participation-in-space" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre</a></strong> (IN-SPACe).</li>
<li>The IN-SPACe is expected to <strong>hand-hold, promote and guide the private industries</strong> in space activities through encouraging policies and a friendly regulatory environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Satellites to be on board PSLV-C51:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pixxel India named <strong>&lsquo;Anand&rsquo;, &lsquo;Satish Sat&rsquo;</strong> from Space Kidz India, <strong>&lsquo;Unity Sat&rsquo;</strong> from a consortium of universities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the <strong>third generation</strong> launch vehicle.</li>
<li>PSLV is the<strong> first launch vehicle which is equipped with liquid stages.</strong></li>
<li>PSLV&rsquo;s first successful launch was in October 1994. PSLV was used for two of the most important missions. These are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chandrayaan-1-findings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chandrayaan-1</strong></a> in 2008 and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-department-of-space#:~:text=India%27s%20first%20inter%2Dplanetary%20mission,2014%20in%20its%20first%20attempt." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mars Orbiter Spacecraft</strong> </a>in 2013.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gsat-30" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mark II</strong></a> and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gsat-29-satellite-launched-1-1#:~:text=Geosynchronous%20Transfer%20Orbit(GTO)%3A,to%20geostationary%20or%20geosynchronous%20orbit." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> GSLV MkIII</strong></a> are other two launch vehicles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>GSLV Mk II</strong> is the largest launch vehicle developed by India, which is currently in operation. This<strong> fourth generation launch vehicle</strong> is a three stage vehicle with four liquid strap-ons. The <strong>indigenously developed cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS),</strong> which is flight proven, forms the third stage of GSLV Mk II.</li>
<li><strong>GSLV MkIII,</strong> chosen to launch Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft, is a <strong>three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle</strong> developed by ISRO. The vehicle has two solid strap-ons, a core liquid booster and a cryogenic upper stage.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>GSLV Mk III is designed to carry a 4 ton class of satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) or about 10 tons to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which is about twice the capability of the GSLV Mk II.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Geo-Synchronous Orbit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>geo-synchronous orbit</strong> is a high Earth orbit that allows satellites to match<strong> Earth's rotation.</strong> Located at 22,236 miles above Earth's equator, this position is a valuable spot for monitoring weather, communications and surveillance.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Geo -synchronous Transfer Orbit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To attain geosynchronous (and also geostationary) Earth orbits, a spacecraft is first launched into an<strong> elliptical orbit.</strong> This is called a<strong> Geo -synchronous Transfer Orbit</strong> (GTO).</li>
<li>A GTO is<strong> highly elliptic.</strong> Its perigee (closest point to Earth) is typically as high as <strong>low Earth orbit</strong> (LEO), while its <strong>apogee</strong> (furthest point from Earth) is as high as <strong>geostationary</strong> (or equally, a geosynchronous) orbit.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-c50-carrying-communication-satellite-cms-01-lifts-off/article33354704.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/isro-s-satellite-launch-cms-01'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'India-Bangladesh Virtual Summit',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-bangladesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Bangladesh</strong></a> have held a <strong>virtual summit</strong> covering comprehensive discussions on all aspects of bilateral relations and exchanged views on regional and international issues.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bangladesh also invited India for the celebration of <strong>50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vijay-diwas-50-years-of-indo-pak-war-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bangladesh&rsquo;s</a></strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vijay-diwas-50-years-of-indo-pak-war-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>Independence</strong></a> in <strong>1971</strong> and <strong>50 years of India-Bangladesh diplomatic relations,</strong> to be held in <strong>March 2021.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608361143_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608361143_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Signing of Bilateral Documents and Inauguration of Projects:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sealed <strong>seven agreements</strong> to expand cooperation in <strong>diverse areas</strong> viz. hydrocarbons, elephant conservation, sanitation, and agriculture, and <strong>restored a cross-border rail link</strong> which was in operation till 1965.</li>
<li>Inaugurated a <strong>digital exhibition on Mahatma Gandhi and Bangladesh&rsquo;s founder, Sheikh Mujibur Rehman.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation in Health Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reiterating the highest priority India attaches to Bangladesh under India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/what-is-indias-neighbourhood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Neighbourhood First</strong> </a>policy, India assured that <strong>vaccines for Covid-19 would be made available to Bangladesh</strong> as and when produced in India.</li>
<li>India also<strong> offered collaboration in therapeutics and partnership in vaccine production.</strong></li>
<li>Bangladesh <strong>appreciated India&rsquo;s conducting capacity building courses</strong> for medical professionals in Bangla language.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Jointly unveiled a <strong>commemorative postal stamp issued by the Government of India on the occasion of birth centenary of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sheikh-mujibur-rehman" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.</a></strong></li>
<li>India thanked Bangladesh for <strong>issuing a stamp in honour of</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong> </a>on the occasion of his <strong>150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary</strong> celebrations.</li>
<li>Bangladesh requested India to consider <strong>Bangladesh&rsquo;s proposal to name</strong> the historic road from Mujib Nagar to Nodia on Bangladesh-India border as <em><strong>"Shadhinota Shorok&rdquo;</strong></em> commemorating the historic significance of the road during Bangladesh&rsquo;s Liberation War.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Border Management and Security Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Agreed to hold an early meeting of the <strong>Joint Boundary Conference</strong> to prepare a new set of strip maps with a view to finalizing the delineation of the boundaries.</li>
<li>It was agreed to carry out necessary work to convert the <strong>International Boundary along <em>Kuhsiyara</em> river</strong> into a fixed boundary.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kuhsiyara river (known as <strong>Barak river in India</strong>) is <strong>one of the transboundary rivers</strong> between India-Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bangladesh reiterated the request for 1.3 km<strong> Innocent Passage through river route along River Padma</strong> (main<strong> channel of Ganga in Bangladesh</strong>) near Rajshahi district (Bangladesh). India assured to consider the request.</li>
<li>Stressed on the full implementation of the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bangladesh-general-elections" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coordinated Border Management Plan.</strong></a></li>
<li>Expressed satisfaction on<strong> efforts against smuggling of arms, narcotics and fake currency and to prevent trafficking,</strong> particularly of women and children.</li>
<li>Directed officials to expeditiously conclude the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in the area of <strong>disaster management cooperation</strong> as both countries are prone to frequent natural disasters.</li>
<li>Bangladesh requested for early implementation of<strong> India&rsquo;s commitment to remove remaining restrictions on entry/exit from land ports in India</strong> for Bangladeshis travelling on valid documents in a phased manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trade Partnership for Growth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bangladesh has appreciated the <strong>Duty-Free and Quota Free access</strong> given to Bangladeshi exports to India under <strong>South Asian Free Trade Area</strong> (SAFTA) since 2011.</li>
<li>Emphasized on addressing issues of <strong>non-tariff barriers and trade facilitation</strong> including port restrictions, procedural bottlenecks and quarantine restrictions so that both countries can take full advantage of SAFTA flexibility.</li>
<li>Directed the officials to expeditiously conclude the ongoing joint study on the <strong>prospects of entering into a bilateral Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement</strong> (CEPA).</li>
<li>Welcomed the <strong>first meeting of the India-Bangladesh Textile Industry Forum</strong> and directed the officials to conclude the ongoing negotiations on various MoUs on increased linkages and collaboration in the textile sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Connectivity for Prosperity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Jointly inaugurated the <strong>newly restored railway link between Haldibari</strong> (India) and <strong>Chilahati</strong> (Bangladesh) and noted that this rail link will further strengthen trade and people to people ties between the two sides.</li>
<li>Welcomed the signing of the second addendum to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protocol-on-inland-water-transit-and-trade#:~:text=As%20per%20the%20Protocol%20on,transit%20and%20inter%20country%20trade." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Protocol on Inland Water Transit and Trade</strong> </a>(PIWTT).</li>
<li>Agreed to an early operationalization of the<strong> Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) initiative Motor Vehicles Agreement</strong> through the expeditious signing of the Enabling MoU for Bangladesh, India and Nepal to commence the movement of goods and passengers, with provision for Bhutan to join at a later date.</li>
<li>Bangladesh expressed keen interest in the ongoing <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-myanmar-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Myanmar Thailand trilateral highway project</strong> </a>and sought the support of India for enabling Bangladesh to connect with this project.</li>
<li>Satisfaction on commencement of a temporary <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/travel-bubble" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Air Travel Bubble</strong> </a>to facilitate the urgent requirements of travellers on both sides.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation in Water Resources, Power and Energy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bangladesh highlighted the need for <strong>early signing of an interim agreement for sharing of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/teesta-river#:~:text=Teesta%20river%20is%20a%20tributary,flowing%20through%20India%20and%20Bangladesh.&amp;text=The%20Teesta%20Barrage%20dam%20helps,issues%20between%20India%20and%20Bangladesh." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Teesta waters</a></strong>, as agreed upon by both the governments in 2011.</li>
<li>Underscored the need for early conclusion of <strong>Framework of Interim Agreement</strong> on sharing of waters of six joint rivers, namely, Manu, Muhuri, Khowai, Gumti, Dharla and Dudhkumar.</li>
<li>Recalled the positive contribution of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-bangladesh-joint-water-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Joint Rivers Commission</strong> </a>(JRC) and looked forward to the next round of Secretarial level JRC meeting at the earliest.</li>
<li>Agreed to expedite implementation of projects including <strong>India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline, Maitree Super Thermal Power Project</strong> as well as other projects.</li>
<li>Welcomed the signing of the<strong> Framework of Understanding on Cooperation in the Hydrocarbon Sector</strong> which would further augment energy linkages by streamlining investments, technology transfer, joint studies, training and promoting <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/hydrocarbon-exploration-and-licensing-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>hydrocarbon</strong></a> connectivity.</li>
<li>Agreed to enhance cooperation in energy efficiency and clean energy, including in <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biofuels.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Forcibly Displaced Persons from the Rakhine State of Myanmar (Rohingya):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India appreciated the generosity of Bangladesh in <strong>sheltering and providing humanitarian assistance to</strong> the 1.1 million forcibly displaced<strong> persons from the Rakhine State of Myanmar,</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-myanmar-rohingya-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rohingya Crisis.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partners in the Region and the World:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India thanked Bangladesh for supporting India in its election to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-security-council-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Security Council.</strong></a></li>
<li>Both countries agreed to continue working together towards achieving early reforms of the UN Security Council, combating <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a></strong>, attainment of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> (SDGs) and protection of the rights of migrants.</li>
<li>Highlighted that regional organisations such as the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</strong></a> (SAARC) and <strong>the</strong> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/drishti-specials-important-international-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</strong> </a>(BIMSTEC) have an important role to play.</li>
<li>Bangladesh thanked India for convening the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/video-conference-of-saarc-leaders-on-covid-19#:~:text=COVID%2D19%20Emergency%20Fund%3A,a%20contribution%20to%20the%20fund." target="_blank" rel="noopener">SAARC leaders Video Conference</a> in March 2020</strong> and for creation of the <strong>SAARC Emergency Response Fund</strong> to counter effects of the global pandemic in the South Asian region.</li>
<li>Bangladesh will assume chairmanship of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Ocean Rim Association</strong> </a>(IORA) in<strong> 2021</strong> and requested the support of India for working towards greater maritime safety and security.</li>
<li>Bangladesh appreciated the work of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5th-annual-meeting-of-ndb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> New Development Bank</strong> </a>and thanked India for inviting Bangladesh to join the institution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1681428" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-bangladesh-virtual-summit'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Bitcoins',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<strong> Bitcoin,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crypto-currency-exchange" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cryptocurrency</strong></a>, has crossed<strong> 20,000 US dollars</strong> in value.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bitcoin's price has<strong> always been volatile,</strong> and there is<strong> no clear explanation</strong> for its current rise.</li>
<li><strong>Cryptocurrency</strong> is a specific type of virtual currency, which is decentralised and protected by cryptographic encryption techniques. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple</strong> are a few notable examples of cryptocurrencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Introduction:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bitcoin is a type of digital currency that enables instant payments to anyone. Bitcoin was<strong> introduced in 2009.</strong> Bitcoin is based on an open-source protocol and is<strong> not issued by any central authority.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The origin of Bitcoin is unclear, as is who founded it. A person, or a group of people, who went by the identity of <strong>Satoshi Nakamoto</strong> are said to have conceptualised an accounting system in the aftermath of the<strong> 2008 financial crisis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Originally, Bitcoin was intended to provide an<strong> alternative to <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/05-03-2020/print" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fiat money</a></strong> and become a universally accepted <strong>medium of exchange directly between two involved parties.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Fiat money</strong> is a <strong>government-issued currency</strong> that is <strong>not backed by a commodity such as gold.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It gives central banks <strong>greater control over the economy</strong> because they can control how much money is printed.</li>
<li>Most modern paper currencies, such as the<strong> US dollar and Indian Rupee are fiat currencies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Record of Bitcoins (Blockchain):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All the transactions ever made are contained in a<strong> publicly available, open ledger,</strong> although in an anonymous and an encrypted form called a<strong> blockchain.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Transactions can be denominated in <strong>sub-units of a Bitcoin.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Satoshi</strong> is the smallest fraction of a Bitcoin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Blockchain</strong> is a<strong> shared, immutable ledger</strong> that facilitates the <strong>process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business network.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An asset can be <strong>tangible</strong> (a house, car, cash, land) or<strong> intangible</strong> (intellectual property, patents, copyrights, branding).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Virtually<strong> anything of value can be tracked and traded on a blockchain network,</strong> reducing risk and cutting costs for all involved.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A simple <strong>analogy for understanding blockchain technology</strong> is a<strong> Google Doc.</strong></li>
<li>When one creates a document and shares it with a group of people, the document is distributed instead of copied or transferred.</li>
<li>This creates a <strong>decentralized distribution chain that gives everyone access to the document at the same time.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It needs to be noted that<strong> other usage and applications of Blockchain technology</strong> have emerged in the last few years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have <strong>put the land records on the blockchain technology</strong> owing to its easy traceability feature.</li>
<li>Election Commission (EC) officials are exploring the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blockchain-technology-in-voting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> potential of using blockchain technology to enable remote voting.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Acquiring Bitcoins:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One <strong>can either mine a new Bitcoin</strong> if they have the computing capacity,<strong> purchase them via exchanges,</strong> or <strong>acquire them in over-the-counter, person-to-person transactions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Miners</strong> are the people who validate a Bitcoin transaction and secure the network with their hardware. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Bitcoin protocol is designed in such a way that new Bitcoins are created at a fixed rate.</li>
<li>No developer has the power to manipulate the system to increase their profits.</li>
<li>One unique aspect of Bitcoin is that only<strong> 21 million units</strong> will ever be created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>Bitcoin exchange</strong> functions like a bank where a person<strong> buys and sells Bitcoins with traditional currency.</strong> Depending on the demand and supply, the <strong>price of a Bitcoin keeps fluctuating.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bitcoin Regulation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The supply of bitcoins is<strong> regulated by software and the agreement of users of the system</strong> and cannot be manipulated by any government, bank, organisation or individual.</li>
<li>Bitcoin was intended to come across as a <strong>global decentralised currency,</strong> any central authority regulating it would effectively defeat that purpose.</li>
<li>It needs to be noted that multiple governments across the world are<strong> investing in developing Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs),</strong> which are digital versions of national currencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legitimacy of Bitcoins (or cryptocurrencies) in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In the 2018-19 <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">budget</a> speech,</strong> the Finance Minister announced that the <strong>government does not consider cryptocurrencies as legal tender</strong> and will take all measures to eliminate their use in financing illegitimate activities or as a part of the payment system.</li>
<li><strong>In April 2018, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</a></strong> notified that entities regulated by it should not deal in virtual currencies or provide services for facilitating any person or entity in dealing with or settling virtual currencies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ban-on-cryptocurrency-trading-removed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court struck down the ban</strong> </a>on trading of virtual currencies (VC) in India, which was imposed by the RBI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court</strong> has held that <strong>cryptocurrencies</strong> are in the nature of commodities and hence they <strong>can not be banned.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Possible Reasons for the Rise in the Value of the Bitcoin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increased acceptance during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic.</strong></a></li>
<li>Global <strong>legitimacy from large players</strong> like payments firm PayPal, and Indian lenders like State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank and Yes Bank.</li>
<li>Some <strong>pension funds </strong>and<strong> insurance funds </strong>are<strong> investing in Bitcoins.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608360316_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608360316_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/should-you-invest-in-bitcoin-7109136/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bitcoins'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Inter-Faith Marriage & Personal Liberty',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/love-jihad-uttar-pradesh-anti-conversion-law-yogi-adityanath-7107755/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;UP anti-conversion law pushes women back under parental and community control&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 17/12/2020. It talks about the issues related to laws regarding the prohibition of unlawful conversion of religion.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Government of Uttar Pradesh has passed the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/up-ordinance-on-unlawful-conversions#:~:text=UP%20Unlawful%20Religious%20Conversion%20Prohibition,religious%20conversion%20is%20two%20months." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Ordinance 2020.</strong></a> Many other states are also in the process of similar laws.</p>
<p>The UP ordinance prohibits any religious conversion due to coercion, force, undue influence, allurement, fraud or by marriage and makes such a marriage liable to be declared void. It also makes such an act of conversion a non-bailable criminal offence.</p>
<p>However, the law has been criticised as being a violation of an individual&rsquo;s right to marry a person of one&rsquo;s choice and being restrictive of the fundamental right to life, autonomy and privacy.</p>
<p>Moreover, the law has roots in the patriarchy and communalism, which may affect social harmony and respect for individual dignity.</p>
<h3>Issues Related to The Proposed Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Interfering With Secularism:</strong> Indian Constitution enshrines secularism as one of the cardinal principles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite this, several states have had anti-conversion laws for a long time, including Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh and Jharkhand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Against Personal Liberty:</strong> According to Articles 25 to 28, an Indian citizen is guaranteed the freedom to practise any religion of his or her choice. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through this ordinance, the State wants to intervene not only in the citizens&rsquo; personal liberty by interfering with the choice of their spouse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asymmetrical With Various Supreme Court&rsquo;s Judgment</strong>: The Supreme Court in <strong>Shafin Jahan v Ashok KM (2018),</strong> has upheld the right to marry a person of one&rsquo;s choice as a part of Article 21.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the Supreme Court, the Constitution protects the ability of each individual to pursue a way of life or faith to which she or he seeks to adhere. Therefore, the right to marry a person of one&rsquo;s choice is integral to Article 21 of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Further, Supreme Court in<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-judgements-of-independent-india#:~:text=Justice%20K.S.%20Puttaswamy%20vs.&amp;text=Main%20Theme%3A%20SC%20ruled%20that,21%20of%20the%20Indian%20constitution.&amp;text=They%20relied%20on%20the%20fulfilment,the%20Puttaswamy%20(2017)%20judgment." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> K.S. Puttaswamy v UOI (2017)</strong></a> judgment held that &ldquo;right of choice of a family life&rdquo; as a fundamental right.</li>
<li>The ordinance is a conflict with these judgments as it limits the choice of a prospective spouse such that this spouse would only be one approved by the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reverse Burden of Proof:</strong> The Uttar Pradesh anti-conversion ordinance allows any relative of the woman to challenge the legitimacy of her marriage. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this case, the reverse burden of proof would apply, wherein the person who facilitated the conversion would need to prove that it was not forced while disregarding the woman&rsquo;s testimony of having consented to the conversion and marriage.</li>
<li>This is a direct violation of the right to be deemed innocent until proven guilty; an aspect that is particularly worrying for women exercising their right to choose their life partners.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patriarchal Roots:</strong> This shows the law has deep-seated patriarchal roots, wherein women are infantilised, placed under parental and community control, and denied the right to take life decisions, should those decisions not be agreeable to their guardians.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Historically, marriage has been a tool to control women&rsquo;s sexualities, promulgate caste lineage and stop women from exercising their autonomy. This communal propaganda does nothing to safeguard women&rsquo;s rights, rather it further curtails their mobility, social interactions and freedom of choice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deep-Rooted Prejudice:</strong> This deep-rooted opposition to interfaith marriage is comparable to a similar deep-rooted opposition to inter-caste marriage, in that both stem from historical prejudices between specific communities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recognising this prejudice, some members of the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights, especially the women members Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Hansa Jivraj Mehta, advocated for the inclusion of interfaith marriage as a fundamental right.</li>
<li>They wanted to introduce a constitutional provision to require the state to remove any impediments to inter-faith marriages so that the social stigma against such marriages is removed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Young Indian women of all faiths are increasingly seeking freedom &mdash; to work, study, marry who they choose and live life on their own terms. These basic rights must not be questioned or curtailed.</p>
<p>A woman&rsquo;s agency is her own, and no parent, relative or state apparatus should be given the authority to coerce her. The attempt to rob women of their agency is an attempt to produce a docile female population that does as it is told, and does not rebel against societal and familial directives.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7fff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a conservative society with moral policing, any law to curb interfaith marriages is an assault on the rights of young men and women. Discuss.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mYFT9YBuAUM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/big-stakes-for-apple-india-need-to-address-all-issues/2151527/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Big stakes for Apple &amp; India, need to address all issues&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Financial Express on December 17<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Hawker Culture</strong> in<strong> Singapore</strong> has been inscribed on the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> UNESCO</strong></a> <strong>Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</strong> at the <strong>15<sup>th</sup> session of the Intergovernmental Committee</strong> (IGC) that was held online.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hawker Culture in Singapore:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a living heritage shared by those who prepare hawker food and those who dine and mingle over hawker food in community dining spaces called hawker centres.</li>
<li>It reflects Singapore&rsquo;s multicultural identity as a people and nation, and resonates strongly with Singaporeans across all races and social strata.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UNESCO&rsquo;s List of Intangible Cultural Heritage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This coveted list is made up of those<strong> intangible heritage elements that help demonstrate diversity of cultural heritage</strong> and <strong>raise awareness</strong> about its importance.</li>
<li>The list was established in <strong>2008</strong> when the <strong>Convention for Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage</strong> came into effect.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intangible Cultural Heritage of India, recognized by UNESCO:</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608287673_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608287673_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Culture</strong> has also launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-national-list-of-intangible-cultural-heritage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>draft National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of India.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The National ICH List is an attempt to recognize the diversity of Indian culture embedded in its intangible heritage.</li>
<li>This initiative is also a part of the <strong>Vision 2024 of the Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>UNESCO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNESCO is the<strong> United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.</strong> It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences and Culture.</li>
<li>UNESCO's programmes contribute to the achievement of the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sustainable Development Goals</strong> </a>defined in Agenda 2030, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015.</li>
<li>It has 193 Members and 11 Associate Members. <strong>India joined UNESCO in 1946.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2019,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/united-states-and-israel-quit-unesco#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20and%20Israel,scientific%20and%20cultural%20agency%2C%20UNESCO.&amp;text=The%20United%20States%20had%20pulled,used%20to%20advance%20Soviet%20interests." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> the USA and Israel formally quit UNESCO.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is<strong> headquartered in Paris, France.</strong></li>
<li><strong>UNESCO-IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission)</strong> is leading a global effort to establish ocean-based tsunami warning systems as part of an overall multi-hazard disaster reduction strategy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, UNESCO-IOC approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tsunami-ready-programme-unesco-ioc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>recognition of two communities of Odisha</strong> </a>viz., Venkatraipur and Noliasahi as Tsunami Ready Communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives of UNESCO:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Man and Biosphere Programme:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Biosphere Reserves focus on the harmonised management of <strong>biological and cultural diversity.</strong></li>
<li>Out of 18 notified biosphere reserves, India has 12 biosphere reserves under the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR), the latest one included is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panna-biosphere-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panna Biosphere Reserve.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Heritage Programme:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>World Heritage Sites promote the <strong>conservation of natural and cultural sites</strong> of outstanding universal value.</li>
<li>India has <strong>38 world heritage sites, including 30 cultural properties, 7 natural properties and 1 mixed site.</strong> The latest one included is <strong>Jaipur city, Rajasthan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unesco-global-geoparks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO Global Geopark Network</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>UNESCO Global Geoparks give <strong>international recognition</strong> for sites that promote the importance and significance of protecting the <strong>Earth&rsquo;s geodiversity</strong> through actively engaging with the <strong>local communities.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India does not have any UNESCO Global geopark.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unesco-s-network-of-creative-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO's Network of Creative Cities:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) was <strong>created in 2004</strong> to promote cooperation with and among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development.</li>
<li>The Network covers seven creative fields: <strong>Crafts and Folk Arts, Media Arts, Film, Design, Gastronomy, Literature and Music.</strong></li>
<li>There are<strong> five Indian cities</strong> in UCCN as follows:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hyderabad &ndash; Gastronomy (2019).</li>
<li>Mumbai &ndash; Film (2019).</li>
<li>Chennai - Creative city of Music (2017).</li>
<li>Jaipur - Crafts and Folk Arts (2015).</li>
<li>Varanasi - Creative city of Music (2015).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/singapore-street-hawker-food-unesco-recognition-7108347/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Young Champions of the Earth: UN',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A 29-year-old Indian entrepreneur is among the <strong>seven winners</strong> of the prestigious <strong>&ldquo;Young Champions of the Earth&rdquo;</strong> 2020 prize given by the <strong>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)</strong> to global change-makers using innovative ideas and ambitious action to help solve some of the world&rsquo;s most pressing environmental challenges.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Introduced in <strong>2017, Young Champions of the Earth</strong> aims to celebrate and support individuals aged between <strong>18 and 30</strong> who have outstanding <strong>potential to create a positive environmental impact.</strong></li>
<li>In 2020, seven Young Champions of the Earth will be selected from<strong> each global region:</strong> Africa, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, West Asia and two from Asia and the Pacific.</li>
<li>Each winner will receive:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>USD 10,000 in seed funding,</li>
<li>Attendance at a high-level <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN</strong></a> meeting,</li>
<li>An introduction to dignitaries at the <a href="/search/Champions%20of%20the%20Earth" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Champions of the Earth award</strong></a> ceremony,</li>
<li>Publicity and recognition through interviews and online and global media.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>7 Winners of 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fatemah Alzelzela, Kuwait: (Eco Star - Trees for waste).</strong> A non-profit recycling initiative that exchanges trees and plants for waste from homes, schools and businesses.</li>
<li><strong>Lefteris Arapakis, Greece: (Mediterranean CleanUp).</strong> Trains, empowers and incentivises the local fishing community to collect plastic from the sea, allowing both fish stocks and the ecosystem to recover.</li>
<li><strong>Max Hidalgo Quinto, Peru: (YAWA).</strong> Sustainable technology for access to water building portable wind turbines that harvest up to 300 litres of water per day from atmospheric humidity and mist.</li>
<li><strong>Niria Alicia Garcia, United States of America: (Run4Salmon).</strong> An indigenous-lead conservation uses virtual reality to bring to life the historical journey of the Sacramento chinook salmon along California&rsquo;s largest watershed, raising awareness of this invaluable ecosystem, the species and people it supports.</li>
<li><strong>Nzambi Matee, Kenya: (Building a Greener Kenya).</strong> Produces sustainable low-cost construction materials made of recycled plastic waste and sand.</li>
<li><strong>Xiaoyuan Ren, China: (MyH<sub>2</sub>O).</strong> A data platform for clean water that tests and records the quality of groundwater across a thousand villages in rural China into an app so residents know where to find clean water.</li>
<li><strong>Vidyut Mohan, India: (Takachar).</strong> Harvesting value from agricultural waste.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Takachar: Harvesting Value from Agricultural Waste</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Takachar is a<strong> social enterprise</strong> founded by <strong>Vidyut Mohan</strong> in 2018.</li>
<li>It enables farmers to prevent open burning of their waste farm residues and earn extra income by converting them into <strong>value-added chemicals.</strong></li>
<li>It is a meaningful and immediate solution to the <strong>triple planetary crises </strong>of <strong>climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedure:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Takachar buys rice husks, straw and coconut shells from farmers and turns them into charcoal, saving the debris from the fires, which are also a driver of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Open burning of agricultural residues is a big source of air pollution in many parts of the world and this innovative technology can help farmers turn what is currently thought of as waste into a valuable resource while helping clean up our environment.</li>
<li>Enables <strong>rural farmers to earn 40%</strong> more by converting their crop residues into fuels, fertilisers and value-added chemicals like activated carbon (AC) on-site.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By 2030, Takachar will impact 300 million farmers affected by this problem, create USD 4 billion/year equivalent in additional rural income and jobs, and mitigate one gigaton/year of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nation Environment Program</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), was <strong>established in 1972</strong> to guide and coordinate<strong> environmental activities</strong> within the United Nations (UN) system.</li>
<li>UNEP promotes international cooperation on environmental issues, provides guidance to UN organizations.</li>
<li>Through its scientific advisory groups, UNEP encourages the international scientific community to participate in formulating policy for many of the UN&rsquo;s environmental projects.</li>
<li>UNEP is <strong>headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
<li>The organization also encourages <strong>participation by the private sector</strong> to promote the sustainable use of the world&rsquo;s natural resources.</li>
<li><strong>Major Reports:</strong> Emission Gap Report, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-environment-outlook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Environment Outlook</strong></a>, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet.</li>
<li><strong>Major Campaigns:</strong> Beat Pollution, UN75, World Environment Day, Wild for Life.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/indian-entrepreneur-named-among-young-champions-of-the-earth-winners-unep-7108214/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'PM WANI: India’s New Public Wi-Fi Project',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet recently cleared a proposal by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) to set up<strong> public Wi-Fi access</strong> network interfaces.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> public Wi-Fi Access Network Interface,</strong> which will be called <strong>&lsquo;PM-WANI&rsquo;,</strong> was first recommended by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/telecom-firms-oppose-trai%E2%80%99s-public-wi-fi-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)</strong></a> in 2017.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PM-WANI:</strong> This will involve <strong>multiple players,</strong> including PDOs, PDOAs, app providers, and a central registry. <strong>PM-WANI infrastructure</strong> can be structured in the<strong> form of a pyramid.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608631254_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608631254_1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need for a Public Wi-Fi Network in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>increase the proliferation of internet services</strong> in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With PDOs - which will basically be small retail outlets across the length and breadth of the country -<strong> last mile connectivity</strong> is being aimed at.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To <strong>offer a cost-effective option</strong> for the common man.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Even in urban areas with sufficient mobile data coverage, the <strong>mobile internet tariffs are bound to increase.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To achieve the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Digital India&rsquo;</strong></a> vision.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From <strong>2015 to June of 2020,</strong> India grew from <strong>302 million internet subscribers to 750 million.</strong> That is a <strong>Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 20%,</strong> making India one of the fastest growing internet markets in the world.</li>
<li>However, this statistic <strong>overshadows the quality of access. Only 23 million are wired internet subscribers.</strong></li>
<li>If Digital India vision is to be achieved, there is a <strong>need to deliver a resilient and reliable connection to every Indian,</strong> so that they can have reliable access everywhere, at affordable price points.</li>
<li>According to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-quality-of-life-index-2020-surfshark" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Digital Quality of Life Index 2020</strong></a>, India was placed at <strong>9<sup>th</sup> </strong>position in <strong>Internet Affordability,</strong> outperforming even countries like the UK, the USA and China. While, for<strong> Internet Quality</strong> and <strong>E-infrastructure,</strong> India was almost at the bottom of the pillar placed at <strong>78<sup>th</sup> and 79<sup>th</sup> </strong>(out of 85) positions respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has the <strong>potential to generate over 2 crore jobs and entrepreneurship opportunities,</strong> besides offering a cost-effective means of mass connectivity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Given the <strong>National Digital Communications Policy</strong> goals of creating 1 crore public Wi-Fi hotspots by 2022, and with the present number being merely at 3.5 lakh, PM-WANI is expected to result in the <strong>creation of demand and scope for developing the components for this pan-India activity (<a href="/images/uploads/1590938384_Atmanirbhar%20bharat.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a>).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PDOs can become local distribution centres for content.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Students in rural areas can access offline content without using bandwidth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Combining this with the <strong>liberalisation of the Other Service Providers (OSPs) regulations,</strong> one can see that <strong>India is paving the way for digital SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises) to go online</strong> without the burden of onerous compliances.</li>
<li>It will <strong>further<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Ease of Doing Business</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-living-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ease of Living</a></strong>, as it will enable small shopkeepers to provide Wi-Fi service.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Network Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most Wi-Fi hotspots don&rsquo;t encrypt information that is sent over the Internet and therefore aren&rsquo;t secure. This could potentially lead to <strong>hacking or unapproved access to personal information</strong> on the device.</li>
<li>However, the <strong>Indian public Wi-Fi hotspot network</strong> envisages that the access to the Internet through these points will be permitted only through <strong>electronic KYC (Know Your Customer) and a mix of OTP (One-Time Password) and MAC ID-based authentication system,</strong> thereby minimising the risk of network security being compromised.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>MAC authentication</strong> method grants access to a secure network by authenticating devices for access to the network.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Viability of the Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The viability of public Wi-Fi networks in India has also been called into question with several tech-giants already having tried and failed.</li>
<li>In 2017, social media company <strong>Facebook had launched Express Wi-Fi.</strong> The project made little impact.</li>
<li><strong>Google&rsquo;s Station project,</strong> to provide free wi-fi in more than 400 railway stations across India and &ldquo;thousands&rdquo; of other public places, which was launched in <strong>2015,</strong> was shut down earlier this year.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Google cited <strong>cheaper and more accessible mobile data, government initiatives</strong> to provide access to the Internet for everyone and the <strong>challenge of varying technical requirements and infrastructure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wi-Fi</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>networking technology that uses radio waves to allow high-speed data transfer</strong> over short distances.</li>
<li>Wi-Fi <strong>allows Local Area Networks (LANs)</strong> to operate without cables and wiring, making it a popular choice for home and business networks.</li>
<li>Wi-Fi can also be used to <strong>provide wireless broadband Internet access</strong> for many modern devices, such as laptops, smartphones, tablet computers, and electronic gaming consoles.</li>
<li>Wi-Fi-enabled devices are able to connect to the Internet when they are near areas that have Wi-Fi access, called<strong> &ldquo;hot spots&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>According to <strong>Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018-2023),</strong> there will be <strong>nearly 623 million public Wi-Fi hotspots</strong> across the world by 2023, up from 169 million hotspots as of 2018. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Within this, the highest share of hotspots by 2023 will be in the Asia Pacific region at 46%. As per the calculations of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), based on Cisco&rsquo;s estimates, <strong>India should have 100 million Wi-Fi hotspots by 2023.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Centre for Development of Telematics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>C-DOT was established in 1984 as <strong>an autonomous Telecom R&amp;D centre of DoT,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>It is a<strong> registered society</strong> under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>registered &lsquo;public funded research institution&rsquo; with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR),</strong> Ministry of Science &amp; Technology.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>citizen expects</strong> robust service, protection of data integrity, transparency on commercial use of data, and security against cyberattacks.</li>
<li>The government must also ensure true unbundling of hardware, software, apps and payment gateways in the WANI system, as advocated by TRAI, to <strong>prevent monopolies.</strong> Existing public wi-fi options run on a limited scale by some entities compel consumers to pay through a single gateway app, underscoring the need for reform.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-public-wifi-project-explained-7113250/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-wani-india-s-new-public-wi-fi-project'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'District Mineral Foundation Trust Funds',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Dhanbad (Jharkhand) Deputy Commissioner has ordered an audit and an impact assessment of utilisation of funds from the <strong>District Mineral Foundation Trust (DMFT)</strong> for the financial years 2017-2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Statutory Provision:</strong> As per the <strong>Mine and Minerals Development Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2015,</strong> in<strong> every district affected by mining-related operations,</strong> the<strong> state government</strong> shall, by notification, <strong>establish a trust as a non-profit body</strong> to be called the <strong>District Mineral Foundation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>DMFT Funds: Mining companies contribute 10-30% on the royalty</strong> amount that they pay to the government to DMF Trust in the district they are operating in.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> The idea behind the contribution is that local mining-affected communities, <strong>mostly tribal and among the poorest</strong> in the country, also<strong> have the right to benefit from natural resources extracted from where they live.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Status: DMFs have been set-up in 572 districts of the country,</strong> with a cumulative accrual of <strong>more than Rs. 40,000 crore</strong> so far as per Ministry of Mines (MoM) data.</li>
<li><strong>Linked with PMKKKY:</strong> The functioning of the DMF trusts and the fund use governed by states&rsquo; DMF Rules incorporate the mandates of a central guideline, <strong>Pradhan</strong> <strong>Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY)</strong> that specifies high priority areas of investments.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nodal Ministry:</strong> PMKKKY is a scheme by the <strong>Ministry of Mines</strong> for the welfare of people &amp; affected areas by using the funds accrued under District Mineral Foundation (DMF).</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To<strong> implement various developmental and welfare projects/programs in mining affected areas</strong> that complement the existing ongoing schemes/projects of State and Central Government.</li>
<li>To<strong> minimize/mitigate the adverse impacts, during and after mining,</strong> on the environment, health and socio-economics of people in mining districts.</li>
<li>To ensure <strong>long-term sustainable livelihoods</strong> for the affected people in mining areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At least <strong>60% the fund will be utilized for "High Priority Areas"</strong> like Drinking water supply, Environment preservation &amp; pollution control measure, Health care, Education, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Rest of the fund</strong> will be utilized for <strong>"Other Priority Areas",</strong> such as Physical infrastructure, Irrigation, Energy &amp; watershed development and Measures for enhancing environmental quality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dhanbad-dc-orders-audit-of-utilisation-of-dmft-funds-7114218/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/district-mineral-foundation-trust-funds'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Rise in Leopard Population',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per a recent report<strong> &lsquo;Status of leopards in India, 2018&rsquo;</strong> released by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change there has been a <strong>&ldquo;60% increase in the population count of leopards in India from 2014 estimates&rsquo;&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 2014 estimates placed the population of leopards at nearly <strong>8,000 which has increased to 12,852.</strong></li>
<li>The largest number of leopards have been estimated in <strong>Madhya Pradesh</strong> (3,421) followed by <strong>Karnataka</strong> (1,783) and <strong>Maharashtra</strong> (1,690).</li>
<li>Region wise distribution:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Central India and Eastern Ghats have the highest number of leopards</strong> at 8,071.</li>
<li><strong>Western Ghats:</strong> 3,387 leopards</li>
<li><strong>Shivalik and Gangetic Plains:</strong> 1,253 leopards</li>
<li><strong>Northeast hills:</strong> 141 leopards</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the estimated number of leopards has increased, the report alerts that the leopard habitat area has been<strong> shrinking alarmingly</strong> over the past 100-125 years.</li>
<li><strong>Techniques Used:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Camera Traps</li>
<li>Satellite Imaging</li>
<li>Field work by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rhinos-to-be-re-introduced-in-uttarakhand#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Uttarakhand%20State%20Wildlife,more%20would%20be%20added%20subsequently." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Institute of India</strong> </a>and <a href="/printpdf/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority</strong></a> (NTCA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limited Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While the presence of the leopard is<strong> fairly ubiquitous,</strong> the study has been conducted only in tiger- populated forests areas under <a href="/printpdf/tiger-census-2018-guinness-book-of-world-records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger.</strong></a></li>
<li>Leopard populations in other<strong> agricultural, non-forested areas like tea and coffee plantations,</strong> and in <strong>most parts of the North East have not been conducted. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats to Leopard:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fragmentation of forests as well as the decline in quality of forests leading to habitat loss.</li>
<li>Human-Leopard conflict</li>
<li>Poaching</li>
<li>Depletion of natural prey base</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature</strong></a> (IUCN): Vulnerable</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</strong> </a>(CITES): Appendix I<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Appendix I:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It lists species that are the <strong>most endangered</strong> among CITES-listed animals and plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act 1972</a>: Schedule 1</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Schedule I and part II of Schedule II</strong> provide <strong>absolute protection to threatened species.</strong> Offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wildlife Institute of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is an<strong> autonomous institution</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.</strong></li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1982.</strong></li>
<li>It is based in <strong>Dehradun, Uttarakhand.</strong></li>
<li>It offers training programs, academic courses, and advisory in wildlife research and management.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a <strong>statutory body</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.</strong></li>
<li>It was established in 2005 following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force.</li>
<li>It was constituted under enabling provisions of the <strong>Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, as amended in 2006,</strong> for strengthening tiger conservation, as per powers and functions assigned to it.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/60-rise-in-leopard-numbers-from-2014-estimates-prakash-javadekar-7114270/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-leopard-population'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'International River Governance',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/china-s-brahmaputra-dam-trans-boundary-water-governance-in-south-asia-needs-a-rethink-74698" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;China&rsquo;s Brahmaputra dam: Trans-boundary water governance in South Asia needs a rethink&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Down to Earth on 18/12/2020. It talks about the issues related to Trans-Boundary river governance.</p>
</div>
<p>In recent times, there are many reports of China building dams on the Brahmaputra river, close to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-chinese-transgression" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control</strong></a> in Tibet. The move could have a far-reaching impact on water security in India&rsquo;s North East.</p>
<p>The major rivers that drain South Asian states, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and many of the midstream tributaries of the Ganga originate in Tibet.</p>
<p>This transboundary nature of major rivers and China being an upper riparian state has a clear advantage in building dams and other infrastructure to reduce or divert water flow from river systems originating in Tibet.</p>
<p>As the whole of South Asia comes under &lsquo;high&rsquo; to &lsquo;extremely high&rsquo; water-stressed areas, the establishment of trans-boundary rivers cooperation is the need of the hour.</p>
<h3>Significance of Trans-Boundary River Cooperation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Linkage With Climate Change:</strong> Transboundary water cooperation offers opportunities to realize and capitalise on the wider benefits e.g. strengthen resilience to climate change and prevent and resolve conflicts over water resources. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, building dams in the Himalayan region will result in emerging risks like extreme events (floods, droughts), landslides, forest fires and many other ecological threats pose new governance challenges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Linkage With SDG:</strong> Recognition of the importance of transboundary cooperation is a prerequisite for realising the water-related SDG targets and the broader <a href="/printpdf/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong> </a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Target 6.5: By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Linkage With Regional Development:</strong> As international waters can be catalytic agents, transboundary water cooperation has often resulted in improved wider economic integration between riparian states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Transboundary water cooperation can, directly or indirectly, act as a catalyst to improve international trade, economic development, navigation, energy generation, wildlife conservation, and broader regional integration.</li>
<li>Transboundary water cooperation arrangements also facilitate investments by providing a stable and reliable legal and institutional environment for investors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Natural Advantage:</strong> Dams or water diversion projects in the upstream areas of rivers have a significant effect on downstream flows. Communities in the lower riparian areas have to accept what is being offered to them.</li>
<li><strong>Neglect of International Law:</strong> Even though there is an international convention regarding the trans-boundary river governance, there is a lack of a cooperative framework for managing river systems in South Asia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, around 60% of transboundary river basins worldwide still lack any cooperative arrangement.</li>
<li>In addition, existing transboundary water treaties and institutions are often weak in terms of their mandate, design, resources, and enforcement mechanisms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Existing Legal Framework on Trans-boundary Rivers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1997</li>
<li>Helsinki Convention on the protection and use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, 1992</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of Trust:</strong> The real issue for developing trans-boundary river governance, is not the scarcity of water resources, but the scarcity of &lsquo;social resources&rsquo; and abundance of &lsquo;power disparities&rsquo; between China and South Asian countries.</li>
<li><strong>Long-term, Evolving Process:</strong> Given the dependence on these collective on water resources, coming to a consensus may take longer negotiations and even a small political tussle can derail development of cooperation framework.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Water Diplomacy:</strong> Trans-boundary river governance can be adopted by the exercise of water diplomacy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/pdf/1600513479-60-years-of-indus-water-treaty.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Water diplomacy</strong></a> is a process which operates under the authority of sovereign national governments, but which also unlocks cooperation among multiple stakeholders, including at the level of municipalities and states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>River basin management:</strong> Rather than treating rivers from the lens of political borders, there is a need to adopt a river basin management approach. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This approach respects the integrity of the landscape and the catchments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Setting-up Institutional Framework:</strong> Agreements and institutional arrangements, such as river basin organizations, can offer an important means to manage transboundary waters in an equitable and sustainable way<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A trans-boundary river governance framework should, share water in river basins and aquifers, pursue legal frameworks for international cooperation, and establish joint institutions for transboundary water governance.</li>
<li>Apart from this, there is a need for the adoption of common standards for water data collection, sharing, and analysis on transboundary waters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Disasters and climate impacts do not stop at borders and already about two billion people are living in water-stressed areas. In this context, without transboundary water cooperation, inclusive sustainable development is severely curtailed, and risks to peace and security increased.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608552772_image0.PNG" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608552772_image0.PNG" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafaff;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Without transboundary water cooperation, inclusive sustainable development is severely curtailed, and risks to peace and security increased. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/international-river-governance'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Goa Liberation Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India greeted the people of Goa on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goa-liberation-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Goa Liberation Day</strong></a>, which falls on <strong>19<sup>th</sup> December</strong> every year.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The day marks the occasion when the<strong> Indian armed forces freed Goa in 1961</strong> from 450 years of<strong> Portuguese rule.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Portuguese colonised several parts of India in<strong> 1510</strong> but by the end of the 19<sup>th</sup>-century Portuguese colonies in India were<strong> limited to Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, Nagar Haveli and Anjediva Island</strong> (a part of Goa).</li>
<li>As India gained independence on 15<sup>th</sup> August, 1947, it <strong>requested the Portuguese to cede their territories but they refused.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Goa liberation movement started off with small scale revolts, but <strong>reached its peak between 1940 to 1960.</strong></li>
<li>In <strong>1961,</strong> after the failure of diplomatic efforts with Portuguese, the Indian Government launched <strong>Operation Vijay and annexed Daman and Diu and Goa</strong> with the Indian mainland on 19<sup>th</sup> December.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On <strong>30<sup>th</sup> May 1987,</strong> the territory was split and Goa was formed. Daman and Diu remained a Union Territory.</li>
<li>Hence, <strong>30<sup>th</sup> May</strong> is celebrated as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statehood-day-of-goa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Statehood Day of Goa.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Goa</h3>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608547781_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608547781_image7.jpg" width="600" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is located on the <strong>southwestern coast of India</strong> within the region known as the <strong>Konkan,</strong> and geographically <strong>separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Capital:</strong> Panji.</li>
<li><strong>Official Language:</strong> Konkani.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Konkani is <strong>one of the 22 languages</strong> from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bill-to-change-stature-of-official-languages" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Eight Schedule</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It was added in the list along with <strong>Manipuri and Nepali</strong> by the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>71<sup>st</sup> Amendment Act of 1992.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Borders:</strong> It is surrounded by Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south, with the Arabian Sea forming its western coast.</li>
<li><strong>Geography:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The highest point of Goa is<strong> Sonsogor.</strong></li>
<li>Goa's <strong>seven major rivers</strong> are the Zuari, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mhadei-river" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mandovi</strong></a> (also called Mhadei), Terekhol, Chapora, Galgibag, Kumbarjua canal, Talpona and the Sal.</li>
<li>Most of Goa's<strong> soil cover is made up of laterites.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dr Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mhadei-wildlife-sanctuary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/black-panther-in-netravali-sanctuary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/demand-for-declaration-of-goa-sanctuaries-as-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/demand-for-declaration-of-goa-sanctuaries-as-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary</strong></a></li>
<li>Mollem National Park</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1681887" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goa-liberation-day-1'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Indegenous Games & Khelo India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports has recently included<strong> Gatka, Kalaripayattu, Thang-Ta and Mallakhamba</strong> in Khelo India Youth Games 2021.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Khelo India Youth Games</strong> (KIYG) 2021, are scheduled to take place in <strong>Haryana.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 2020 edition of KIYG was held in <strong>Guwahati</strong> (Assam).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>KIYG is a part of the revamped <strong>national programme</strong> for <strong>development of sports &lsquo;Khelo India&rsquo;</strong> which was approved by the Union Cabinet in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Khelo India Scheme aims to<strong> encourage sports</strong> all over the country, thus allowing the population to <strong>harness the power of sports</strong> through its cross-cutting influence, namely <strong>holistic development of children &amp; youth, community development, social integration, gender equality, healthy lifestyle, national pride and economic opportunities</strong> related to sports development.</li>
<li>Under the Scheme, talented players identified in <strong>priority sports disciplines</strong> at various levels are provided <strong>annual financial assistance of Rs. 5 lakh per annum for 8 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608549588_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608549588_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gatka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gatka originates from the <strong>State of Punjab</strong> and this <strong>traditional fighting style</strong> of the <strong>Nihang Sikh Warriors</strong> is used both as <strong>self-defense</strong> as well as a <strong>sport.</strong></li>
<li>Gatka is believed to have originated when the<strong> 6<sup>th</sup> Sikh Guru Hargobind</strong> adopted <strong>&lsquo;Kirpan&rsquo;</strong> for self-defence during the Mughal era.</li>
<li>It was earlier confined to gurudwaras, nagar kirtans and akharas, but now it finds presence in the <strong>sports category</strong> after the formation of the <strong>Gatka Federation of India (GFI) in 2008.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608546365_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608546365_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kalaripayattu:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kalaripayattu,</strong> also known simply as <strong>Kalari,</strong> is an<strong> Indian martial art</strong> that originated in modern-day Kerala.</li>
<li>Kalaripayattu is held in high regard by martial artists due to its long-standing history within <strong>Indian martial arts.</strong> It is believed to be the <strong>oldest surviving martial art in India.</strong> It is also considered to be among the <strong>oldest martial arts still in existence,</strong> with its origin in the martial arts timeline dating back to at least the <strong>3<sup>rd</sup> century BCE.</strong></li>
<li>The place where this martial art is practised is called a <strong>'Kalari'.</strong> It is a Malayalam word that signifies a <strong>kind of gymnasium.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kalari literally means<strong> 'threshing floor' or 'battlefield'.</strong> The word Kalari first appears in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/sangam-age-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tamil Sangam literature</strong></a> to describe both a battlefield and combat arena.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608546388_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608546388_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mallakhamb:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mallakhamb is a traditional sport, originating from the Indian subcontinent, in which a gymnast <strong>performs aerial yoga or gymnastic postures and wrestling grips</strong> with a vertical stationary or hanging wooden pole, cane, or rope</li>
<li>The name Mallakhamb derives from the terms<strong> malla, meaning wrestler,</strong> and <strong>khamb, which means a pole.</strong> Literally meaning<strong> "wrestling pole",</strong> the term refers to a traditional training implement used by wrestlers.</li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh</strong> and <strong>Maharashtra</strong> have been the hotspots of this sport.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608546412_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608546412_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Thang Ta:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Huyen langlon</strong> is an Indian martial art from Manipur.</li>
<li>In the <strong>Meitei language, huyen means war </strong>while<strong> langlon or langlong can mean net, knowledge or art.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Huyen langlon consists of two main components: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Thang-ta</strong> (armed combat)</li>
<li><strong>sarit sarak</strong> (unarmed fighting).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The primary weapons of huyen langlon are the<strong> thang</strong> (sword) and<strong> ta</strong> (spear). Other weapons include the shield and the axe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1682218#:~:text=The%20Sports%20Ministry%20has%20approved,%2C%20Thang%2DTa%20and%20Mallakhamba." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indegenous-games-khelo-india'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'The Carnatic Wars',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<p>Though the British and the French came to India for trading proposes, they were ultimately drawn into the politics of India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both had visions for establishing political power over the region.</li>
<li>The Anglo-French rivalry in India reflected the traditional rivalry of England and France throughout their histories.</li>
<li>Specifically, in India, the rivalry, in the form of three Carnatic wars decided once for all the English and not French were the more suitable ones to establish their rule all over India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>First Carnatic War (1740-48)</h3>
<p><strong>Background:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Carnatic was the name given by the Europeans to the Coromandel coast and its hinterland.</li>
<li>The First Carnatic War was an extension of the Anglo-French War in Europe which was caused by the <strong>Austrian War of Succession.</strong></li>
<li>The First Carnatic War is remembered for the <strong>Battle of St. Thome (in Madras)</strong> fought between the French forces and the forces of <strong>Anwar-ud-din,</strong> the <strong>Nawab of Carnatic,</strong> to whom the English appealed for help.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The War of Austrian Succession</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Between 1740 and 1748, most of Europe&rsquo;s great powers were involved in a conflict caused by the question of Maria Theresa&rsquo;s succession to the Austrian Habsburg crown. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The war involved all of Europe, with France, Prussia, Spain, Bavaria and Saxony arrayed against Austria and Britain.</li>
<li>The first two series of wars, <strong>the First Silesian War (1740&ndash;42) and the Second Silesian War (1744&ndash;45)</strong> were centered around Austria and Prussia.</li>
<li>The third war was centred on the continued conflict between <strong>France and Britain</strong> over colonial possessions in India and North America.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>During the war, British troops proved their worth as soldiers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The war was concluded with the Peace treaty of<strong> Aix-la-Chapelle,</strong> signed in October 1748. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this treaty, France agreed to leave the Austrian Netherlands and give back Madras to Britain in return for Louisbourg.</li>
<li>Maria Theresa was also confirmed as Austrian ruler.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>The Cause of the War:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although France, conscious of its relatively weaker position in India, did not favour an extension of hostilities to India, the English navy under <strong>Commodore Curtis Bennett</strong> seized some French ships to provoke France. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The French Governor General, the <strong>Marquis Joseph-Fran&ccedil;ois Dupleix,</strong> appealed for protection from Anwar-ud-Din, the Nawab of Carnatic and he in turn warned the British that his province was neutral territory and that no attack on French possessions would be tolerated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>France retaliated by seizing Madras in 1746 with the help of the fleet from Mauritius, the Isle of France, under <strong>Admiral La Bourdonnais,</strong> the French governor of Mauritius. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The capture of Madras triggered a bitter argument between Dupleix and La Bourdonnais. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dupleix wanted to hand the town over to the Nawab, as compensation for breaking the Nawab's decree of neutrality, while La Bourdonnais wanted to ransom the town back to the British.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This dispute dragged on into October, and eventually Anwar-ud-Din decided to intervene. He sent an army of 10,000 men under the command of his son Mahfuzz Khan to besiege the French in Madras.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A small French army under Captain Paradise defeated the strong Indian army under Mahfuz Khan at St.Thome on the banks of the River Adyar.</li>
<li>The First Carnatic War ended in 1748 when the <strong>Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle</strong> was signed bringing the Austrian War of Succession to a conclusion. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the terms of this treaty, Madras was handed back to the English, and the French, in turn, got their territories in North America.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Significance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>War was an eye-opener for the Europeans in India:</strong> it revealed that even a small disciplined army could easily defeat a much larger Indian army.</li>
<li>Further, this war adequately brought out the importance of naval force in the Anglo-French conflict in the Deccan.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Second Carnatic War (1749-54)</h3>
<p><strong>Background:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The background for the Second Carnatic War was provided by the <strong>Anglo-French rivalry</strong> in India.</li>
<li>Even after the end of the First Carnatic War, the peace in India was short lived. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1748<strong> Nizam-ul-Mulk,</strong> the Mughal governor of the Deccan and semi-independent Nawab of Hyderabad died.</li>
<li>The succession to his position was contested, and the British and French were soon dragged into the fighting between the candidates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Dupleix, the French governor who had successfully led the French forces in the First Carnatic War, sought to increase his power and French political influence in southern India by interfering in local dynastic disputes to defeat the English.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The resulting Second Carnatic War lasted from 1749 until 1754, and saw the British strengthen their position in southern India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Cause of the War:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The opportunity was provided by the death of <strong>Nizam-ul-Mulk,</strong> the founder of the independent kingdom of <strong>Hyderabad, in 1748,</strong> and the release of <strong>Chanda Sahib,</strong> the son-in-law of <strong>Dost Ali,</strong> the Nawab of Carnatic, by the Marathas in the same year.</li>
<li><strong>In Hyderabad,</strong> the accession of Nasir Jang, the son of the Nizam, to the throne of Hyderabad was opposed by Muzaffar Jang, the grandson of the Nawab, who laid claim to the throne saying that the Mughal Emperor had appointed him as the governor of Hyderabad.</li>
<li><strong>Further south</strong> there were two candidates for the <strong>Nawabship of the Carnatic,</strong> a subsidiary post officially dependent on the Nizam.</li>
<li><strong>Anwar-ud-Din</strong> had only been appointed Nawab of the Carnatic in <strong>1743,</strong> after Nizam-ul-Mulk had been forced to intervene to restore order in the province.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Anwar-ud-Din was one of the Nizam's officers.</li>
<li>Appointment of Anwar-ud-Din was resented by Chanda Sahib</li>
<li>Chanda Sahib was the son-in-law of a previous Nawab of the Carnatic, Dost Ali (1732-39). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He had been an effective ally to the French, before in 1741 being besieged in Trichinopoly by the Marathas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The French supported the claims of Muzaffar Jang and Chanda Sahib in the Deccan and Carnatic, respectively, while the English sided with Nasir Jang and Anwar-ud-din.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of the War:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The combined armies of Muzaffar Jang, Chanda Sahib and the French defeated and killed Anwar- ud-din at the <strong>Battle of Ambur</strong> (near Vellore) in<strong> 1749.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nawab was killed early in the war and left behind his son <strong>Mohammed Ali</strong> to claim the Nawabship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Muzaffar Jang was installed as the Nizam of Hyderabad and the subahdar of Deccan, and Dupleix was appointed governor of all the Mughal territories to the south of the River Krishna. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Territories near Pondicherry and also some areas on the Orissa Coast (including Masulipatnam) were ceded to the French.</li>
<li>However, Muzaffar Jung was killed a couple of months later and the French installed Muzaffar&rsquo;s uncle Salabat Jung as the new Nizam.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Having failed to provide effective assistance to Muhammad Ali at Trichinopoly, <strong>Robert Clive</strong> of the English company (first British administrator of the Bengal Presidency), put forward the proposal for a diversionary attack on the Governor Saunders of Madras. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He suggested a sudden raid on <strong>Arcot</strong> (the capital of the Carnatic) to divert the pressure from Trichinopoly in which the British won.</li>
<li>After several battles fought, Chanda Sahib was executed by Muhammad Ali who was later installed as the Nawab of Carnatic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The French authorities, annoyed at the heavy financial losses that Dupleix&rsquo;s policy involved, decided to recall him in 1754.</li>
<li><strong>Charles Robert Godeheu</strong> succeeded Dupleix as the French Governor-General in India.</li>
<li>Godeheu adopted a <strong>policy of negotiations</strong> with the English and signed the <strong>Treaty of Pondicherry</strong> with them under which the English and the French agreed not to interfere in the quarrels of native princes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, each party was left in possession of the territories actually occupied by them at the time of the treaty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Implications:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It became evident that the countenance of Indian authority was no longer necessary for European success; rather Indian authority itself was becoming dependent on European support.</li>
<li><strong>Muhammad Ali</strong> in the Carnatic and<strong> Salabat Jang</strong> in Hyderabad became clients rather than patrons.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Third Carnatic War or the Battle of Wandiwash (1758-63)</h3>
<p><strong>Background:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In Europe, when Austria wanted to recover Silesia in 1756, the <strong>Seven Years War (1756-63)</strong> started. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Britain and France were once again on opposite sides.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War in India:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1758, the French army under French General,<strong> Count Thomas Arthur de Lally</strong> captured the English forts of St. David and Vizianagaram in 1758.</li>
<li>Now, the English became offensive and inflicted heavy losses on the French fleet under <strong>Admiral D&rsquo;Ache</strong> at Masulipatnam.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Battle of Wandiwash:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decisive battle of the Third Carnatic War was won by the English on January 22, 1760 at Wandiwash (or Vandavasi) in Tamil Nadu. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>General Eyre Coote</strong> of the English totally routed the French army under<strong> Count de Lally</strong> and took Marquis de Bussy as prisoner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Pondicherry was gallantly defended by Lally for eight months before he surrendered on January 16, 1761. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the loss of Pondicherry, Gingee and Mahe, the French power in India was reduced to its lowest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lally, after being taken as prisoner of war at London, returned to France where he was imprisoned and executed in 1766.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result and Significance:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Third Carnatic War proved decisive.</li>
<li>The third war ended with the <strong>Treaty of Peace of Paris (1763)</strong> under which Pondicherry and Chandannagar were returned to France but they could only have trading activities in them.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although the treaty restored to the French their factories in India, the French political influence disappeared after the war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thereafter, the French, like their Portuguese and Dutch counterparts in India, confined themselves to their small enclaves and to commerce.</li>
<li>The English became the<strong> supreme European power</strong> in the Indian subcontinent.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The victory at Wandiwash left the English East India Company with no European rival in India. Thus they were ready to take over the rule of the entire Country.</li>
<li>Significantly, in the<strong> Battle of Wandiwash,</strong> natives served in both the armies as sepoys.</li>
<li>It makes one think that irrespective of which side won, there was an inevitability about the fall of India to European invaders.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Causes for the English Success and the French Failure</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lesser Governmental Control Over British:</strong> The English company was a private enterprise. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This created a sense of enthusiasm and self-confidence among the people. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With less governmental control over it, this company could take instant decisions when needed without waiting for the approval of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The French company, on the other hand, was a State concern.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was controlled and regulated by the French government and was hemmed in by government policies and delays in decision-making.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Superior British Navy and Bigger Cities Under Control:</strong> The English navy was superior to the French navy; it helped to cut off the vital sea link between the French possessions in India and France.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The English held three important places, namely, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras whereas the French had only Pondicherry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>British were Strong with Funds:</strong> The French subordinated their commercial interest to territorial ambition, which made the French company short of funds. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In spite of their imperialistic motives, the British never neglected their commercial interests. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The British always had the funds and the consequent sound financial condition to help them significantly in the wars against their rivals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Superior British Commanders:</strong> A major factor in the success of the English in India was the superiority of the commanders in the British camp. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In comparison to the long list of leaders on the English side - Sir Eyre Coote, Major Stringer Lawrence, Robert Clive and many others, there was only Dupleix on the French side.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/the-carnatic-wars'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Coastal Radar Chain Network',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India&rsquo;s efforts are in advanced stages to set up <strong>coastal radar stations in Maldives, Myanmar and Bangladesh.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The radar chain&mdash;which will<strong> link up with similar systems in India, Sri Lanka, Mauritius and Seychelles&mdash;</strong>will provide<strong> a comprehensive live feed of ship movements in the Indian Ocean Region</strong> that can be used by friendly navies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Coastal Radar Chain Network:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> aim</strong> is to create<strong> a network of information and maritime domain awareness</strong> in the<strong> strategic Indian Ocean Region.</strong></li>
<li>This will also help in <strong>expanding India&rsquo;s assistance for capacity building</strong> to Indian Ocean littoral states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The assistance to these countries comes under India's programme called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-sagar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAGAR - Security and Growth for All in the Region.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under <strong>Phase-I</strong> of the coastal radar chain network, <strong>46 coastal radar stations</strong> have been set up across the country&rsquo;s coastline.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Phase-II</strong> of the project, which is currently underway, <strong>38 static radar stations and four mobile radar stations</strong> are being set up by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/recaap-isc-capacity-building-workshop" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coast Guard</strong> </a>and is in an advanced stage of completion.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Indian Coast Guard is a<strong> multi-mission organization,</strong> conducting round-the-year real-life operations at sea. It operates under the <strong>Ministry of Defence.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>primary aim of surveillance radar design</strong> is to <strong>detect and track small fishing vessels</strong> for Coastal surveillance application. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the radar can also be directly used for <strong>VTS (Vessel Traffic management Services) application,</strong> harbor surveillance and navigational purposes.</li>
<li>It will also help in <strong>monitoring any illegal activities in the sea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ultimately, the data collected would feed into the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IFC has been<strong> established at Gurugram</strong> and is <strong>collocated with the Information Management and Analysis Centre</strong> which is jointly administered by the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Indian Navy&rsquo;s Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC),</strong> set up after the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks, is the<strong> nodal agency for maritime data fusion.</strong></li>
<li>It will soon become a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-maritime-domain-awareness-centre" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Maritime Domain Awareness (NDMA) centre.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>IFC-IOR has established itself as the<strong> hub of maritime security information in the IOR through white shipping information exchange agreements</strong> with 21 countries and 20 maritime security centres.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>White shipping information</strong> refers to exchange of relevant advance information on the identity and movement of commercial non-military merchant vehicles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Indian Ocean Region:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indian Ocean Region, in view of its strategic location as also being home to a vast majority of the world's population, can be considered as the economic highway that drives global commerce.</li>
<li>With <strong>over 75% of the world&rsquo;s maritime trade</strong> and <strong>50% of daily global oil consumption</strong> passing through the region; IOR is vital to world trade and the economic prosperity of many nations.</li>
<li>At any given time, there are<strong> close to 12,000 ships</strong> in the Indian Ocean Region and <strong>300 fishing vessels</strong> that need to be always monitored.</li>
<li>The IOR is also <strong>a fragile environment,</strong> with <strong>threats such as</strong> maritime terrorism, piracy, human and contraband trafficking, illegal and unregulated fishing, arms running and poaching being prevalent.</li>
<li>Further, there has been <strong>a steady rise in the deployment of Chinese research vessels in the Indian Ocean Region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing presence of China in the Indian Ocean Region has been a <strong>strategic concern for India. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The council of ministers of <strong>IORA (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a>)</strong> countries met virtually in December 2020. IORA is an<strong> inter-governmental organisation,</strong> established in 1997. <strong>India is a member country.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>four-nation <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/australia-to-be-included-in-malabar-exercise" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Malabar Exercise</a></strong> involving India, Australia, the USA and Japan was concluded and hosted in two phases by the Indian Navy in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.</li>
<li>Earlier this year in March, <strong>India joined the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-as-an-observer-at-ioc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Ocean Commission (IOC)</a> as Observer.</strong> The Commission is an important regional institution in Western/African Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The environmental threat to the marine ecosystem due to climate change and unprincipled depredation of marine resources <strong>threatens the very sustenance of some of the small island states in the Indian Ocean. India&rsquo;s presence in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/elections-for-non-permanent-members-of-the-unsc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UN Security Council</a> as a non-permanent member for the next two years</strong> and the <strong>Presidency of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g-20-summit-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G20</a> in 2023</strong> will provide it with the opportunity to highlight the issues of these small island states at multilateral forums.</li>
<li><strong>Maritime Diplomacy and &lsquo;showing the flag&rsquo;</strong> forms an important part of regional capacity building. Bilateral and multilateral naval exercises, maritime information-sharing mechanisms, developing common standard operating protocols and showing the flag through the port visits are important foreign policy instruments.</li>
<li><strong>Export of military hardware</strong> also constitutes an important aspect of economic and military diplomacy and contributes to regional capacity building. Presently India is exporting military hardware to many of its smaller neighbours but the <strong>recent transfer of a Kilo-class submarine to Myanmar</strong> was a new high and sent a distinct message to the region of the importance India attaches to regional capacity building and maritime security.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-looks-at-integrating-more-countries-into-coastal-radar-network/article33379243.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coastal-radar-chain-network'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'NGT Panel for Protection of Mahanadi Floodplain',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> has constituted a high level committee to identify <strong>floodplain zones of the Mahanadi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Mahanadi</strong> is Odisha&rsquo;s <strong>largest river.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>January 2020</strong> Chief Minister of Odisha had announced that the<strong> 424 acres</strong> reclaimed from the river Mahanadi would be utilised to add <strong>ecological, recreational, sporting, cultural and technological value in the lives of the people of Cuttack.</strong></li>
<li>A local citizen approached the <strong>NGT</strong> against the state government's plan alleging that illegal construction activities will adversely <strong>affect the river ecology and disturb the flow of Mahanadi river.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NGT&rsquo;s Order:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NGT has formed a<strong> panel of experts</strong> from the <strong><a href="/daily-news-analysis/central-water-commission-on-kerala-floods" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Central Water Commission</a>, National Institute of Hydrology </strong>and <strong>state and central pollution control board</strong> for laying down norms to ensure that the riverfront development takes place without <strong>damage to the floodplains</strong> of the river.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legislation to Regulate the Flood Plains:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is<strong> no central legislation</strong> to regulate the flood plains, except a <strong>2016 notification</strong> issued by the <strong>Ministry of Water Resources, River Development, and Ganga Rejuvenation,</strong> with respect to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ganga-utsav-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ganga river</strong></a>, under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1#:~:text=On%2027%20January%201994%2C%20the,Schedule%201%20of%20the%20notification." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment (Protection) Act, 1986</strong></a>, prohibiting any construction in the active floodplain area of <strong>river Ganga or its tributaries.</strong></li>
<li>However some states have laws to regulate the flood plains :<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Manipur Flood Zoning Act, 1978</strong></li>
<li><strong>Uttarakhand Flood Plain Zoning Act, 2012</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Floodplains</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608542319_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608542319_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Floodplain is an <strong>area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river,</strong> formed mainly by <strong>flooding of rivers and deposition of sand sediments</strong> on the riverbanks.</li>
<li>These sandy floodplains are <strong>exceptional aquifers</strong> where any withdrawal is compensated by gravity flow from a large surrounding area.</li>
<li>Some floodplains such as those of Himalayan Rivers contain up to <strong>20 times more water than the virgin flow in rivers in a year.</strong></li>
<li>Since<strong> recharge is by rainfall and during late floods, the water quality is good.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Mahanadi River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Mahanadi River system is the<strong> third largest of peninsular India after Godavari and Krishna,</strong> and the <strong>largest river of Odisha state.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Source of origin of the Mahanadi river:</strong> It rises from a place near Sihawa in Bastar hills in the state of Chhattisgarh to the south of Amarkantak.</li>
<li><strong>Major Tributaries of the Mahanadi river</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Seonath River</li>
<li>Hasdeo River</li>
<li>Mand River</li>
<li>Ib River</li>
<li>Jonking River</li>
<li>Tel River</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>The Basin of the Mahanadi river:</strong></li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The catchment area of the river extends to&nbsp;<strong>Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand and Maharashtra.</strong></li>
<li>Its basin is bounded by the <strong>Central India hills on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the south and east and by the Maikala range on the west.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ngt-panel-for-protection-of-mahanadi-floodplain'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Mutated Novel Coronavirus',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A <strong>mutated variant</strong> of the<strong> novel <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coronavirus</a></strong> has been associated with recent infections in England.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The virus has undergone <strong>several mutations</strong> since it first infected humans.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The New Mutant Coronavirus:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The mutant virus has been identified as<strong> N501Y</strong> and is likely to be a mutation in the <strong>spike protein.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the <strong>coronavirus spike protein that binds to a human protein to initiate the process of infection.</strong></li>
<li>Changes here could possibly affect how the virus behaves in terms of its <strong>ability to infect, or cause severe disease, or escape the immune response made by vaccines.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There has been a single nucleotide change in one portion of the spike protein, so there would be <strong>no bearing on the disease biology or even diagnostics.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on Infection and Vaccination:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Several coronavirus vaccines are <strong>designed to create antibodies targeting the spike protein.</strong></li>
<li>The vaccines<strong> target multiple regions on the spike,</strong> while a mutation refers to a change in a single point. If there is <strong>one mutation, it does not mean vaccines would not work.</strong></li>
<li>All <strong>SARS-CoV-2</strong> strains are <strong>genetically similar to one another,</strong> and scientists do <strong>not expect</strong> these mutations to have a <strong>significant impact</strong> on their ability to cause more severe disease than what has been observed so far.</li>
<li>Many mutations mean nothing at all, or at least are more successful for reasons not known. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For instance a different<strong> strain may be more transmissible, but cause less disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Researchers need to monitor the mutations as there is <strong>no evidence that the new strain in the UK is more transmissible or more severe/resistant to treatment or vaccination.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mutant Variant in India:</strong> Researchers have<strong> not seen this variant in India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Earlier Mutation: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>D614G Mutation:</strong> This particular mutation aided the virus in attaching more efficiently with the ACE2 receptor in the human host, thereby making it more successful in entering a human body than its predecessors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>D614G</strong> showed increased infectivity but it also displayed greater ability at attaching itself to the cell walls inside an individual&rsquo;s nose and throat, increasing the viral load.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mutation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A mutation means a change in the genetic sequence of the virus.</li>
<li>In the case of<strong> SARS-CoV-2,</strong> which is an<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Ribonucleic acid (RNA)</strong> </a>virus, a mutation means a <strong>change in the sequence in which its molecules are arranged.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2</strong> is the virus that causes <a href="/printpdf/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>RNA</strong> is an<strong> important biological macromolecule</strong> that is <strong>present in all biological cells.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Principally<strong> involved in the synthesis of proteins, carrying the messenger instructions from <a href="/pdf/policy-watch-dna-technology-use-application.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)</a></strong>, which itself contains the genetic instructions required for the development and maintenance of life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>DNA</strong> is an <strong>organic chemical that contains genetic information and instructions for protein synthesis.</strong> It is found in most cells of every organism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A mutation in an RNA virus often happens when the virus makes a<strong> mistake while it is making copies of itself.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Only if the mutation results in a <strong>significant change in the protein structure can the course of a disease be altered.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mutated-coronavirus-in-uk-implications-7109120/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mutated-novel-coronavirus'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Sixth Schedule Areas',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/meghalaya-and-the-sixth-schedule-7110341/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Meghalaya and the Sixth Schedule: Why the constitutional protection needs to be revisited&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 18/12/2020. It talks about the issues related to sixth schedule areas.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/indepth-6th-schedule-and-ilp#:~:text=6th%20Schedule,(1)%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sixth Schedule in the Indian Constitution</strong></a> established Autonomous District Councils (ADC) in four northeastern states, namely Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. These ADCs envisage protecting and preserving tribal culture.</p>
<p>The rationale behind the creation of ADCs is the belief that relationship to the land is the basis of tribal or indigenous identity. The culture and identity of indigenous people can be preserved by ensuring their control over land and natural resources, as these factors to a large extent determine the lifestyle and culture of the indigenous people.</p>
<p>However, this arrangement has resulted in the rise of conflict between different groups, for instance, tribal vs. non-tribal. Further, it undermines social harmony, stability and economic development of the state and the region.</p>
<h3>Special Status of Sixth Schedule Areas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sixth Schedule was originally intended for the predominantly tribal areas (tribal population over 90%) of undivided Assam, which was categorised as &ldquo;excluded areas&rdquo; under the Government of India Act, 1935 and was under the direct control of the Governor.</li>
<li>The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This special provision is provided under <strong>Article 244(2) and Article 275(1)</strong> of the Constitution.</li>
<li>The Sixth Schedule provides for autonomy in the administration of these areas through Autonomous District Councils (ADCs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These councils are empowered to make laws in respect of areas under their jurisdiction, which cover the land, forest, cultivation, inheritance, indigenous customs and traditions of tribals, etc. and also to collect land revenues and certain other taxes.</li>
<li>ADCs are like miniature states having specific powers and responsibilities in respect of all the three arms of governance: Legislature, executive and judiciary.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Related to Sixth Schedule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Undermining of Constitutional Principles:</strong> The Sixth Schedule discriminates against the non-tribal residents in various ways and infringes upon their fundamental rights, like the right to equality before the law (Article 14), right against discrimination (Article 15), and the right to settle anywhere in India (Article 19). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has resulted in repeated bouts of riots between tribals and non-tribals. This has driven many non-tribals out of the north-eastern states.</li>
<li>Many non-tribals continue to live in the shadow of violence, making a mockery of the fundamental right to life and personal liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multiple Centres of Power:</strong> It has created multiple power centres instead of bringing in a genuine process of autonomy in the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are frequent conflict of interest cases between the District Councils and the State Legislatures.</li>
<li>For example, in Meghalaya, despite the formation of the state, the whole of the state continues to be under the sixth schedule causing frequent conflict with the state government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conflict With Act-East Policy:</strong> The restrictions under the sixth schedule act as a roadblock for the success of Act East Policy, for which seamless connectivity and exchange within the Northeastern states are essential.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Similarly, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagaland-extends-ilp-in-dimapur" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inner Line Permit (ILP)</strong></a> deters investors and tourists and thereby hampers economic development in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Special constitutional protections are indeed required for marginalised sections to ensure that historical wrongs done to them are reversed and not repeated, but it has denied justice to the non-tribals, who have lived in ADCs for generations but ended up marginalised.</p>
<p>Hence, the government and other agencies need to win the confidence of the tribals and non-tribals within the region and bring a sense of security and belongingness among them to deal with this sensitive issue.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffbf2;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Sixth schedule has been successful in protecting the tribal culture and inclusivity. Critically Analyse.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/K0SJ3zYo6Tk" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/sanctions-overreach-on-uss-decision-to-impose-sanctions-on-turkey/article33358233.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Sanctions overreach: On U.S.'s decision to impose sanctions on Turkey&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on December 18<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sixth-schedule-areas'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'World Minorities Rights Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> National Commission for Minorities</strong> celebrated <strong>World Minorities Rights Day</strong> on <strong>18<sup>th</sup> December 2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations on 18<sup>th</sup> December, 1992 adopted the Statement on the individual's Rights belonging to religious or Linguistic National or Ethnic Minorities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992</strong> in Section 2(c) of the Act defines a minority as &ldquo;a community notified as such by the Central government&rdquo;.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, this applies to <strong>Muslim, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhist, Parsis (Zoroastrian) </strong>and<strong> Jain religions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per <em><strong>TMA Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka case</strong></em> (2002) in the Supreme Court, a minority, either linguistic or religious, is determinable only by reference to the demography of the State and not by taking into consideration the population of the country as a whole.</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions Related to Minorities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term <strong>"Minority"</strong> is <strong>not defined</strong> in the Indian Constitution. However, the Constitution recognises religious and linguistic minorities.</li>
<li><strong>Article 29:</strong> It provides that any section of the citizens residing in any part of India having a distinct language, script or culture of its own, shall have the right to conserve the same.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the Supreme Court held that the scope of this article is not necessarily restricted to minorities only, as use of the word<strong> &lsquo;section of citizens&rsquo;</strong> in the Article <strong>includes minorities as well as the majority.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 30:</strong> All minorities shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The protection under Article 30 is confined<strong> only to minorities</strong> (religious or linguistic) and does not extend to any section of citizens (as under Article 29).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 350-B:</strong> Originally, the Constitution of India did not make any provision with respect to the Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities. However, the 7<sup>th</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956 inserted Article 350-B in the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides for a<strong> Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities</strong> appointed by the President of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission for Minorities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Genesis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1992, with the enactment of the <strong>NCM Act, 1992,</strong> NCM was formed.</li>
<li>In 1993, the first <strong>Statutory National Commission</strong> was set up and five religious communities viz the<strong> Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Zoroastrians</strong> (Parsis) were notified as minority communities.</li>
<li>In 2014,<strong> Jains</strong> were also notified as a <strong>minority community.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCM consists of a <strong>Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson and five members</strong> and all of them shall be from amongst the <strong>minority communities.</strong></li>
<li>Total of<strong> 7 persons to be nominated by the Central Government</strong> should be from amongst persons of eminence, ability and integrity.</li>
<li><strong>Tenure:</strong> Each Member holds office for a<strong> period of three years</strong> from the date of assumption of office.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Evaluation of the progress</strong> of the development of minorities under the Union and States.</li>
<li>Monitoring of the working of the <strong>safeguards for minorities</strong> provided in the Constitution and in laws enacted by Parliament and the state legislatures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Example - <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/identification-of-minorities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Minority Education Institution (NCMEI) Act, 2004</strong></a>: It gives the minority status to the educational institutions on the basis of six religious communities notified by the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It ensures that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-15-point-programme#:~:text=PM's%20New%2015%20PP%20is,sections%20of%20the%20minority%20communities." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s 15-point programme</strong> </a>is implemented and the programmes for minority communities are actually functioning.</li>
<li>Looking into <strong>specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of minorities</strong> and taking up such matters with the appropriate authorities.</li>
<li>It investigates <strong>matters of communal conflict and riots.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1681832" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-minorities-rights-day'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Systems Handed Over to Defence Services',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Defence Minister</strong> has handed over the<strong> Indian Maritime Situational Awareness System</strong> (IMSAS), <strong>ASTRA Mk-I</strong> and <strong>Border Surveillance System</strong> (BOSS) to the Navy, Air Force and Army respectively.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong> </a>(DRDO) laboratories have <strong>indigenously developed these three systems</strong> which will lead to higher self-reliance in defence technologies.</li>
<li>The Defence Minister has also given away <strong>awards to DRDO scientists for outstanding contributions</strong> in various categories.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Maritime Situational Awareness System (IMSAS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> state-of-the-art and high performance intelligent software system</strong> that provides <strong>Global Maritime Situational Picture, marine planning tools</strong> and <strong>analytical capabilities</strong> to Indian Navy.</li>
<li>It also provides<strong> Maritime Operational Picture</strong> from naval headquarters to each individual ship in sea to enable naval command and control.</li>
<li><strong>Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics</strong> (CAIR), Bengaluru and Indian Navy has<strong> jointly conceptualised</strong> and developed the product and <strong>Bharat Electronics Limited</strong> (BEL), Bengaluru has implemented it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>ASTRA Mk-I:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the indigenously developed <strong>first Beyond Visual Range</strong> (BVR) <strong>Missile,</strong> which can be launched from <strong>Sukhoi-30, Light Combat Aircraft</strong> (LCA), <strong>Mig-29</strong> and <strong>Mig-29K.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Globally, very few countries have expertise and capabilities to design and produce this class of weapon system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The missile is <strong>designed to engage and destroy highly manoeuvring supersonic aircraft.</strong> The missile has<strong> all weather day and night capability.</strong></li>
<li>Successful development of ASTRA weapon system by <strong>Defence Research and Development Laboratory</strong> (DRDL) Hyderabad and production by <strong>Bharat Dynamics Limited</strong> (BDL), Hyderabad is a major contribution towards <strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Border Surveillance System (BOSS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an <strong>all-weather electronic surveillance system</strong> successfully designed and developed by<strong> Instruments Research and Development Establishment</strong> (IRDE), Dehradun.</li>
<li>The system has been <strong>deployed at Ladakh border</strong> area for day and night surveillance and facilitates monitoring and surveillance by <strong>automatically detecting the intrusions in harsh high-altitude sub-zero temperature areas</strong> with remote operation capability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Awards for Outstanding Contributions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>DRDO Lifetime Achievement Award, 2018:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Awarded to N V Kadam for his contributions for developing control and guidance schemes for missiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Excellence awards</strong> were given to<strong> academia and industry</strong> for technology absorption.</li>
<li>Besides, individual awards, team awards, technology spin-off awards, techno managerial awards and<strong> awards in other categories were also given.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1681732" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/systems-handed-over-to-defence-services'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'SC Stays Andhra HC Order to Examine Constitutional Breakdown',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong> </a>(SC) has stayed an <strong>Andhra Pradesh High Court</strong> (HC) order intending to embark on a <strong>judicial enquiry into whether there is a constitutional breakdown in the State machinery,</strong> requiring a declaration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-rule-in-maharashtra#:~:text=Under%20Article%20356%2C%20President's%20Rule,the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>President&rsquo;s rule</strong></a> <strong>(Article 356).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A three-judge bench headed by<strong> Chief Justice of India S A Bobde</strong> found the order <strong>disturbing</strong> and will take up the matter later on after vacations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Andhra Pradesh High Court&rsquo;s Move:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While hearing a clutch of <em><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/habeas-corpus-cases-in-jammu-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>habeas corpus</strong></a></em> petitions in <strong>October 2020,</strong> it<em><strong> suo motu</strong> </em><strong>summoned the State counsel</strong> to assist it in deciding &ldquo;whether in circumstances prevailing in the State, the<strong> court can record a finding that there is constitutional breakdown or not&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Habeas Corpus</strong> is a<strong> Latin term</strong> which literally means <strong>&lsquo;to have the body</strong> of&rsquo;. Under this the court issues an order to a person who has detained another person, to produce the body of the latter before it.</li>
<li>This <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-not-a-fundamental-right-supreme-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>writ</strong> </a>is a <strong>bulwark of individual liberty against arbitrary detention</strong> and can be issued <strong>against both public authorities as well as private individuals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State Government&rsquo;s Appeal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The HC<strong> framed the question in an unprecedented manner</strong> and <strong>without any basis or pleadings</strong> by any of the parties to that effect.</li>
<li>It highlighted that <strong>Article 356,</strong> which deals with<strong> failure of Constitutional machinery in a State,</strong> is a <strong>power exclusively vested in the executive</strong> and <strong>not the judiciary.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Constitutional framework, it is<strong> not for the Courts to decide</strong> as to whether there is a Constitutional breakdown in a State as they<strong> do not have any judicially discoverable and manageable standards to determine</strong> so.</li>
<li>The said fact is<strong> essentially an executive function and is necessarily required to be based on a detailed factual analysis.</strong></li>
<li>The HC order is a<strong> serious encroachment on the powers of the executive</strong> as enumerated under the Constitution and is<strong> violative of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/checks-balances-1#:~:text=of%20the%20government.-,The%20Doctrine%20of%20Separation%20of%20Powers,arbitrary%20excesses%20by%20the%20government." target="_blank" rel="noopener">doctrine of separation of powers</a></strong> and thus, <strong>violative of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution#:~:text=Origin%3A%20The%20basic%20structure%20theory,fundamental%20features%E2%80%9D%20of%20their%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener">basic structure of the Constitution.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Separation of powers is the <strong>division of the legislative, executive, and judicial functions</strong> of government.</li>
<li>Since the sanction of all three branches is required for the making, executing, and administering of laws, it <strong>minimises the possibility of arbitrary excesses by the government.</strong></li>
<li>The constitutional demarcation <strong>precludes the concentration of excessive power by any branch</strong> of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>President&rsquo;s Rule</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It implies the <strong>suspension of a state government</strong> and the<strong> imposition of direct rule of the Centre.</strong> It is also known as<strong> &lsquo;State Emergency&rsquo;</strong> or<strong> &lsquo;Constitutional Emergency&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The SC in <em><strong>Bommai case 1994</strong></em> <strong>enlisted the situations</strong> where the exercise of power under Article 356 could be used.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One such situation is that of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/perils-of-electoral-politics" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Hung Assembly&rsquo;</strong></a>, i.e. where after general elections to the assembly, no party secures a majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President&rsquo;s rule is imposed through the invocation of <strong>Article 356</strong> of the Constitution <strong>by the President on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers</strong> (executive).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the President, upon <strong>receipt of the report from the Governor of the State</strong> or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Approval and Duration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation imposing President&rsquo;s Rule<strong> must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months</strong> from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>The approval<strong> takes place through simple majority</strong> in either House, that is, a majority of the members of the House present and voting.</li>
<li><strong>Initially valid for six months</strong>, the President&rsquo;s Rule can be <strong>extended for a maximum period of three years</strong> with the approval of the Parliament, every six months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-stays-andhra-hc-order-to-study-constitutional-breakdown-in-state/article33364452.ece#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20on%20Friday,a%20declaration%20of%20President's%20rule.&amp;text=As%20the%20apex%20court%2C%20we%20find%20this%20disturbing." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-stays-andhra-hc-order-to-examine-constitutional-breakdown'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'ISRO’s Satellite Launch: CMS-01',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation</strong></a> (ISRO) has launched a communications satellite, CMS-01, on board its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-pslv-launch" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</strong></a> (PSLV - C50) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Andhra Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Previously in November 2020, ISRO launched India&rsquo;s <a href="/printpdf/earth-observation-satellite-eos-01-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Earth Observation Satellite, EOS-01</strong></a>, and nine other customer satellites.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CMS-01</strong> is a <strong>communications satellite</strong> envisaged for providing services in extended <strong>C Band frequency spectrum.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The C band is a designation for a portion of the <strong>electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies ranging from 4.0 to 8.0 gigahertz (GHz).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Its <strong>coverage</strong> will include the Indian mainland, and the Andaman &amp; Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands.</li>
<li>The satellite is expected to have <strong>a life of more than seven years.</strong></li>
<li>The satellite was injected precisely into its predefined sub-<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/types-of-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Geo-synchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)</strong></a>. Eventually, it will be placed into its specified slot in the <strong>Geo-Synchronous Orbit</strong> after a series of manoeuvres.</li>
<li>CMS-01 will<strong> replace and enhance the services of GSAT-12.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GSAT-12, a communication satellite built by ISRO, provides facilities for various communication services like<strong> Tele-education,</strong> <strong>Tele-medicine</strong> and for<strong> Village Resource Centres (VRC).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To provide the space based services <strong>directly to the rural areas,</strong> ISRO has launched the Village Resource Centres (VRCs) programme in association with NGOs/Trusts and state/central agencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Next Launch of ISRO (PSLV-C51):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>PSLV-C51,</strong> will be the next special mission for ISRO, as it will <strong>be carrying the country&rsquo;s first satellite under the space reforms programme</strong> announced by the Indian government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government had announced the opening up of the <strong>space sector to private players</strong> with the inception of<strong><a href="/printpdf/private-sector-participation-in-space" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre</a></strong> (IN-SPACe).</li>
<li>The IN-SPACe is expected to <strong>hand-hold, promote and guide the private industries</strong> in space activities through encouraging policies and a friendly regulatory environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Satellites to be on board PSLV-C51:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pixxel India named <strong>&lsquo;Anand&rsquo;, &lsquo;Satish Sat&rsquo;</strong> from Space Kidz India, <strong>&lsquo;Unity Sat&rsquo;</strong> from a consortium of universities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the <strong>third generation</strong> launch vehicle.</li>
<li>PSLV is the<strong> first launch vehicle which is equipped with liquid stages.</strong></li>
<li>PSLV&rsquo;s first successful launch was in October 1994. PSLV was used for two of the most important missions. These are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chandrayaan-1-findings" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chandrayaan-1</strong></a> in 2008 and <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-department-of-space#:~:text=India%27s%20first%20inter%2Dplanetary%20mission,2014%20in%20its%20first%20attempt." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mars Orbiter Spacecraft</strong> </a>in 2013.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gsat-30" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mark II</strong></a> and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gsat-29-satellite-launched-1-1#:~:text=Geosynchronous%20Transfer%20Orbit(GTO)%3A,to%20geostationary%20or%20geosynchronous%20orbit." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> GSLV MkIII</strong></a> are other two launch vehicles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>GSLV Mk II</strong> is the largest launch vehicle developed by India, which is currently in operation. This<strong> fourth generation launch vehicle</strong> is a three stage vehicle with four liquid strap-ons. The <strong>indigenously developed cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS),</strong> which is flight proven, forms the third stage of GSLV Mk II.</li>
<li><strong>GSLV MkIII,</strong> chosen to launch Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft, is a <strong>three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle</strong> developed by ISRO. The vehicle has two solid strap-ons, a core liquid booster and a cryogenic upper stage.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>GSLV Mk III is designed to carry a 4 ton class of satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) or about 10 tons to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which is about twice the capability of the GSLV Mk II.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Geo-Synchronous Orbit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>geo-synchronous orbit</strong> is a high Earth orbit that allows satellites to match<strong> Earth's rotation.</strong> Located at 22,236 miles above Earth's equator, this position is a valuable spot for monitoring weather, communications and surveillance.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Geo -synchronous Transfer Orbit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To attain geosynchronous (and also geostationary) Earth orbits, a spacecraft is first launched into an<strong> elliptical orbit.</strong> This is called a<strong> Geo -synchronous Transfer Orbit</strong> (GTO).</li>
<li>A GTO is<strong> highly elliptic.</strong> Its perigee (closest point to Earth) is typically as high as <strong>low Earth orbit</strong> (LEO), while its <strong>apogee</strong> (furthest point from Earth) is as high as <strong>geostationary</strong> (or equally, a geosynchronous) orbit.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-c50-carrying-communication-satellite-cms-01-lifts-off/article33354704.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/isro-s-satellite-launch-cms-01'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'India-Bangladesh Virtual Summit',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-bangladesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Bangladesh</strong></a> have held a <strong>virtual summit</strong> covering comprehensive discussions on all aspects of bilateral relations and exchanged views on regional and international issues.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bangladesh also invited India for the celebration of <strong>50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vijay-diwas-50-years-of-indo-pak-war-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bangladesh&rsquo;s</a></strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vijay-diwas-50-years-of-indo-pak-war-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>Independence</strong></a> in <strong>1971</strong> and <strong>50 years of India-Bangladesh diplomatic relations,</strong> to be held in <strong>March 2021.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608361143_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608361143_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Signing of Bilateral Documents and Inauguration of Projects:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sealed <strong>seven agreements</strong> to expand cooperation in <strong>diverse areas</strong> viz. hydrocarbons, elephant conservation, sanitation, and agriculture, and <strong>restored a cross-border rail link</strong> which was in operation till 1965.</li>
<li>Inaugurated a <strong>digital exhibition on Mahatma Gandhi and Bangladesh&rsquo;s founder, Sheikh Mujibur Rehman.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation in Health Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reiterating the highest priority India attaches to Bangladesh under India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/what-is-indias-neighbourhood" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Neighbourhood First</strong> </a>policy, India assured that <strong>vaccines for Covid-19 would be made available to Bangladesh</strong> as and when produced in India.</li>
<li>India also<strong> offered collaboration in therapeutics and partnership in vaccine production.</strong></li>
<li>Bangladesh <strong>appreciated India&rsquo;s conducting capacity building courses</strong> for medical professionals in Bangla language.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Jointly unveiled a <strong>commemorative postal stamp issued by the Government of India on the occasion of birth centenary of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sheikh-mujibur-rehman" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.</a></strong></li>
<li>India thanked Bangladesh for <strong>issuing a stamp in honour of</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong> </a>on the occasion of his <strong>150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary</strong> celebrations.</li>
<li>Bangladesh requested India to consider <strong>Bangladesh&rsquo;s proposal to name</strong> the historic road from Mujib Nagar to Nodia on Bangladesh-India border as <em><strong>"Shadhinota Shorok&rdquo;</strong></em> commemorating the historic significance of the road during Bangladesh&rsquo;s Liberation War.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Border Management and Security Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Agreed to hold an early meeting of the <strong>Joint Boundary Conference</strong> to prepare a new set of strip maps with a view to finalizing the delineation of the boundaries.</li>
<li>It was agreed to carry out necessary work to convert the <strong>International Boundary along <em>Kuhsiyara</em> river</strong> into a fixed boundary.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kuhsiyara river (known as <strong>Barak river in India</strong>) is <strong>one of the transboundary rivers</strong> between India-Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bangladesh reiterated the request for 1.3 km<strong> Innocent Passage through river route along River Padma</strong> (main<strong> channel of Ganga in Bangladesh</strong>) near Rajshahi district (Bangladesh). India assured to consider the request.</li>
<li>Stressed on the full implementation of the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bangladesh-general-elections" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coordinated Border Management Plan.</strong></a></li>
<li>Expressed satisfaction on<strong> efforts against smuggling of arms, narcotics and fake currency and to prevent trafficking,</strong> particularly of women and children.</li>
<li>Directed officials to expeditiously conclude the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in the area of <strong>disaster management cooperation</strong> as both countries are prone to frequent natural disasters.</li>
<li>Bangladesh requested for early implementation of<strong> India&rsquo;s commitment to remove remaining restrictions on entry/exit from land ports in India</strong> for Bangladeshis travelling on valid documents in a phased manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trade Partnership for Growth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bangladesh has appreciated the <strong>Duty-Free and Quota Free access</strong> given to Bangladeshi exports to India under <strong>South Asian Free Trade Area</strong> (SAFTA) since 2011.</li>
<li>Emphasized on addressing issues of <strong>non-tariff barriers and trade facilitation</strong> including port restrictions, procedural bottlenecks and quarantine restrictions so that both countries can take full advantage of SAFTA flexibility.</li>
<li>Directed the officials to expeditiously conclude the ongoing joint study on the <strong>prospects of entering into a bilateral Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement</strong> (CEPA).</li>
<li>Welcomed the <strong>first meeting of the India-Bangladesh Textile Industry Forum</strong> and directed the officials to conclude the ongoing negotiations on various MoUs on increased linkages and collaboration in the textile sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Connectivity for Prosperity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Jointly inaugurated the <strong>newly restored railway link between Haldibari</strong> (India) and <strong>Chilahati</strong> (Bangladesh) and noted that this rail link will further strengthen trade and people to people ties between the two sides.</li>
<li>Welcomed the signing of the second addendum to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protocol-on-inland-water-transit-and-trade#:~:text=As%20per%20the%20Protocol%20on,transit%20and%20inter%20country%20trade." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Protocol on Inland Water Transit and Trade</strong> </a>(PIWTT).</li>
<li>Agreed to an early operationalization of the<strong> Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) initiative Motor Vehicles Agreement</strong> through the expeditious signing of the Enabling MoU for Bangladesh, India and Nepal to commence the movement of goods and passengers, with provision for Bhutan to join at a later date.</li>
<li>Bangladesh expressed keen interest in the ongoing <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-myanmar-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Myanmar Thailand trilateral highway project</strong> </a>and sought the support of India for enabling Bangladesh to connect with this project.</li>
<li>Satisfaction on commencement of a temporary <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/travel-bubble" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Air Travel Bubble</strong> </a>to facilitate the urgent requirements of travellers on both sides.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation in Water Resources, Power and Energy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bangladesh highlighted the need for <strong>early signing of an interim agreement for sharing of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/teesta-river#:~:text=Teesta%20river%20is%20a%20tributary,flowing%20through%20India%20and%20Bangladesh.&amp;text=The%20Teesta%20Barrage%20dam%20helps,issues%20between%20India%20and%20Bangladesh." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Teesta waters</a></strong>, as agreed upon by both the governments in 2011.</li>
<li>Underscored the need for early conclusion of <strong>Framework of Interim Agreement</strong> on sharing of waters of six joint rivers, namely, Manu, Muhuri, Khowai, Gumti, Dharla and Dudhkumar.</li>
<li>Recalled the positive contribution of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-bangladesh-joint-water-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Joint Rivers Commission</strong> </a>(JRC) and looked forward to the next round of Secretarial level JRC meeting at the earliest.</li>
<li>Agreed to expedite implementation of projects including <strong>India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline, Maitree Super Thermal Power Project</strong> as well as other projects.</li>
<li>Welcomed the signing of the<strong> Framework of Understanding on Cooperation in the Hydrocarbon Sector</strong> which would further augment energy linkages by streamlining investments, technology transfer, joint studies, training and promoting <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/hydrocarbon-exploration-and-licensing-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>hydrocarbon</strong></a> connectivity.</li>
<li>Agreed to enhance cooperation in energy efficiency and clean energy, including in <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biofuels.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Forcibly Displaced Persons from the Rakhine State of Myanmar (Rohingya):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India appreciated the generosity of Bangladesh in <strong>sheltering and providing humanitarian assistance to</strong> the 1.1 million forcibly displaced<strong> persons from the Rakhine State of Myanmar,</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-myanmar-rohingya-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rohingya Crisis.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partners in the Region and the World:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India thanked Bangladesh for supporting India in its election to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-security-council-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Security Council.</strong></a></li>
<li>Both countries agreed to continue working together towards achieving early reforms of the UN Security Council, combating <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change</a></strong>, attainment of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> (SDGs) and protection of the rights of migrants.</li>
<li>Highlighted that regional organisations such as the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</strong></a> (SAARC) and <strong>the</strong> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/drishti-specials-important-international-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</strong> </a>(BIMSTEC) have an important role to play.</li>
<li>Bangladesh thanked India for convening the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/video-conference-of-saarc-leaders-on-covid-19#:~:text=COVID%2D19%20Emergency%20Fund%3A,a%20contribution%20to%20the%20fund." target="_blank" rel="noopener">SAARC leaders Video Conference</a> in March 2020</strong> and for creation of the <strong>SAARC Emergency Response Fund</strong> to counter effects of the global pandemic in the South Asian region.</li>
<li>Bangladesh will assume chairmanship of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Ocean Rim Association</strong> </a>(IORA) in<strong> 2021</strong> and requested the support of India for working towards greater maritime safety and security.</li>
<li>Bangladesh appreciated the work of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5th-annual-meeting-of-ndb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> New Development Bank</strong> </a>and thanked India for inviting Bangladesh to join the institution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1681428" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-bangladesh-virtual-summit'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Bitcoins',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<strong> Bitcoin,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crypto-currency-exchange" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cryptocurrency</strong></a>, has crossed<strong> 20,000 US dollars</strong> in value.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bitcoin's price has<strong> always been volatile,</strong> and there is<strong> no clear explanation</strong> for its current rise.</li>
<li><strong>Cryptocurrency</strong> is a specific type of virtual currency, which is decentralised and protected by cryptographic encryption techniques. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple</strong> are a few notable examples of cryptocurrencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Introduction:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bitcoin is a type of digital currency that enables instant payments to anyone. Bitcoin was<strong> introduced in 2009.</strong> Bitcoin is based on an open-source protocol and is<strong> not issued by any central authority.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The origin of Bitcoin is unclear, as is who founded it. A person, or a group of people, who went by the identity of <strong>Satoshi Nakamoto</strong> are said to have conceptualised an accounting system in the aftermath of the<strong> 2008 financial crisis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Originally, Bitcoin was intended to provide an<strong> alternative to <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/05-03-2020/print" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fiat money</a></strong> and become a universally accepted <strong>medium of exchange directly between two involved parties.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Fiat money</strong> is a <strong>government-issued currency</strong> that is <strong>not backed by a commodity such as gold.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It gives central banks <strong>greater control over the economy</strong> because they can control how much money is printed.</li>
<li>Most modern paper currencies, such as the<strong> US dollar and Indian Rupee are fiat currencies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Record of Bitcoins (Blockchain):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All the transactions ever made are contained in a<strong> publicly available, open ledger,</strong> although in an anonymous and an encrypted form called a<strong> blockchain.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Transactions can be denominated in <strong>sub-units of a Bitcoin.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Satoshi</strong> is the smallest fraction of a Bitcoin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Blockchain</strong> is a<strong> shared, immutable ledger</strong> that facilitates the <strong>process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business network.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An asset can be <strong>tangible</strong> (a house, car, cash, land) or<strong> intangible</strong> (intellectual property, patents, copyrights, branding).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Virtually<strong> anything of value can be tracked and traded on a blockchain network,</strong> reducing risk and cutting costs for all involved.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A simple <strong>analogy for understanding blockchain technology</strong> is a<strong> Google Doc.</strong></li>
<li>When one creates a document and shares it with a group of people, the document is distributed instead of copied or transferred.</li>
<li>This creates a <strong>decentralized distribution chain that gives everyone access to the document at the same time.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It needs to be noted that<strong> other usage and applications of Blockchain technology</strong> have emerged in the last few years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have <strong>put the land records on the blockchain technology</strong> owing to its easy traceability feature.</li>
<li>Election Commission (EC) officials are exploring the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blockchain-technology-in-voting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> potential of using blockchain technology to enable remote voting.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Acquiring Bitcoins:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One <strong>can either mine a new Bitcoin</strong> if they have the computing capacity,<strong> purchase them via exchanges,</strong> or <strong>acquire them in over-the-counter, person-to-person transactions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Miners</strong> are the people who validate a Bitcoin transaction and secure the network with their hardware. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Bitcoin protocol is designed in such a way that new Bitcoins are created at a fixed rate.</li>
<li>No developer has the power to manipulate the system to increase their profits.</li>
<li>One unique aspect of Bitcoin is that only<strong> 21 million units</strong> will ever be created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>Bitcoin exchange</strong> functions like a bank where a person<strong> buys and sells Bitcoins with traditional currency.</strong> Depending on the demand and supply, the <strong>price of a Bitcoin keeps fluctuating.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bitcoin Regulation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The supply of bitcoins is<strong> regulated by software and the agreement of users of the system</strong> and cannot be manipulated by any government, bank, organisation or individual.</li>
<li>Bitcoin was intended to come across as a <strong>global decentralised currency,</strong> any central authority regulating it would effectively defeat that purpose.</li>
<li>It needs to be noted that multiple governments across the world are<strong> investing in developing Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs),</strong> which are digital versions of national currencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legitimacy of Bitcoins (or cryptocurrencies) in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In the 2018-19 <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">budget</a> speech,</strong> the Finance Minister announced that the <strong>government does not consider cryptocurrencies as legal tender</strong> and will take all measures to eliminate their use in financing illegitimate activities or as a part of the payment system.</li>
<li><strong>In April 2018, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</a></strong> notified that entities regulated by it should not deal in virtual currencies or provide services for facilitating any person or entity in dealing with or settling virtual currencies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ban-on-cryptocurrency-trading-removed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court struck down the ban</strong> </a>on trading of virtual currencies (VC) in India, which was imposed by the RBI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court</strong> has held that <strong>cryptocurrencies</strong> are in the nature of commodities and hence they <strong>can not be banned.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Possible Reasons for the Rise in the Value of the Bitcoin:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increased acceptance during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic.</strong></a></li>
<li>Global <strong>legitimacy from large players</strong> like payments firm PayPal, and Indian lenders like State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank and Yes Bank.</li>
<li>Some <strong>pension funds </strong>and<strong> insurance funds </strong>are<strong> investing in Bitcoins.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608360316_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608360316_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/should-you-invest-in-bitcoin-7109136/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bitcoins'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Inter-Faith Marriage & Personal Liberty',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/love-jihad-uttar-pradesh-anti-conversion-law-yogi-adityanath-7107755/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;UP anti-conversion law pushes women back under parental and community control&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 17/12/2020. It talks about the issues related to laws regarding the prohibition of unlawful conversion of religion.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Government of Uttar Pradesh has passed the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/up-ordinance-on-unlawful-conversions#:~:text=UP%20Unlawful%20Religious%20Conversion%20Prohibition,religious%20conversion%20is%20two%20months." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Ordinance 2020.</strong></a> Many other states are also in the process of similar laws.</p>
<p>The UP ordinance prohibits any religious conversion due to coercion, force, undue influence, allurement, fraud or by marriage and makes such a marriage liable to be declared void. It also makes such an act of conversion a non-bailable criminal offence.</p>
<p>However, the law has been criticised as being a violation of an individual&rsquo;s right to marry a person of one&rsquo;s choice and being restrictive of the fundamental right to life, autonomy and privacy.</p>
<p>Moreover, the law has roots in the patriarchy and communalism, which may affect social harmony and respect for individual dignity.</p>
<h3>Issues Related to The Proposed Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Interfering With Secularism:</strong> Indian Constitution enshrines secularism as one of the cardinal principles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Despite this, several states have had anti-conversion laws for a long time, including Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh and Jharkhand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Against Personal Liberty:</strong> According to Articles 25 to 28, an Indian citizen is guaranteed the freedom to practise any religion of his or her choice. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through this ordinance, the State wants to intervene not only in the citizens&rsquo; personal liberty by interfering with the choice of their spouse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asymmetrical With Various Supreme Court&rsquo;s Judgment</strong>: The Supreme Court in <strong>Shafin Jahan v Ashok KM (2018),</strong> has upheld the right to marry a person of one&rsquo;s choice as a part of Article 21.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the Supreme Court, the Constitution protects the ability of each individual to pursue a way of life or faith to which she or he seeks to adhere. Therefore, the right to marry a person of one&rsquo;s choice is integral to Article 21 of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Further, Supreme Court in<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-judgements-of-independent-india#:~:text=Justice%20K.S.%20Puttaswamy%20vs.&amp;text=Main%20Theme%3A%20SC%20ruled%20that,21%20of%20the%20Indian%20constitution.&amp;text=They%20relied%20on%20the%20fulfilment,the%20Puttaswamy%20(2017)%20judgment." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> K.S. Puttaswamy v UOI (2017)</strong></a> judgment held that &ldquo;right of choice of a family life&rdquo; as a fundamental right.</li>
<li>The ordinance is a conflict with these judgments as it limits the choice of a prospective spouse such that this spouse would only be one approved by the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reverse Burden of Proof:</strong> The Uttar Pradesh anti-conversion ordinance allows any relative of the woman to challenge the legitimacy of her marriage. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this case, the reverse burden of proof would apply, wherein the person who facilitated the conversion would need to prove that it was not forced while disregarding the woman&rsquo;s testimony of having consented to the conversion and marriage.</li>
<li>This is a direct violation of the right to be deemed innocent until proven guilty; an aspect that is particularly worrying for women exercising their right to choose their life partners.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Patriarchal Roots:</strong> This shows the law has deep-seated patriarchal roots, wherein women are infantilised, placed under parental and community control, and denied the right to take life decisions, should those decisions not be agreeable to their guardians.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Historically, marriage has been a tool to control women&rsquo;s sexualities, promulgate caste lineage and stop women from exercising their autonomy. This communal propaganda does nothing to safeguard women&rsquo;s rights, rather it further curtails their mobility, social interactions and freedom of choice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Deep-Rooted Prejudice:</strong> This deep-rooted opposition to interfaith marriage is comparable to a similar deep-rooted opposition to inter-caste marriage, in that both stem from historical prejudices between specific communities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recognising this prejudice, some members of the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights, especially the women members Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Hansa Jivraj Mehta, advocated for the inclusion of interfaith marriage as a fundamental right.</li>
<li>They wanted to introduce a constitutional provision to require the state to remove any impediments to inter-faith marriages so that the social stigma against such marriages is removed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Young Indian women of all faiths are increasingly seeking freedom &mdash; to work, study, marry who they choose and live life on their own terms. These basic rights must not be questioned or curtailed.</p>
<p>A woman&rsquo;s agency is her own, and no parent, relative or state apparatus should be given the authority to coerce her. The attempt to rob women of their agency is an attempt to produce a docile female population that does as it is told, and does not rebel against societal and familial directives.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7fff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a conservative society with moral policing, any law to curb interfaith marriages is an assault on the rights of young men and women. Discuss.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mYFT9YBuAUM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/big-stakes-for-apple-india-need-to-address-all-issues/2151527/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Big stakes for Apple &amp; India, need to address all issues&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Financial Express on December 17<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/inter-faith-marriage-personal-liberty'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Hawker Culture</strong> in<strong> Singapore</strong> has been inscribed on the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> UNESCO</strong></a> <strong>Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</strong> at the <strong>15<sup>th</sup> session of the Intergovernmental Committee</strong> (IGC) that was held online.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hawker Culture in Singapore:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a living heritage shared by those who prepare hawker food and those who dine and mingle over hawker food in community dining spaces called hawker centres.</li>
<li>It reflects Singapore&rsquo;s multicultural identity as a people and nation, and resonates strongly with Singaporeans across all races and social strata.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UNESCO&rsquo;s List of Intangible Cultural Heritage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This coveted list is made up of those<strong> intangible heritage elements that help demonstrate diversity of cultural heritage</strong> and <strong>raise awareness</strong> about its importance.</li>
<li>The list was established in <strong>2008</strong> when the <strong>Convention for Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage</strong> came into effect.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intangible Cultural Heritage of India, recognized by UNESCO:</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608287673_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1608287673_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Culture</strong> has also launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-national-list-of-intangible-cultural-heritage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>draft National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of India.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The National ICH List is an attempt to recognize the diversity of Indian culture embedded in its intangible heritage.</li>
<li>This initiative is also a part of the <strong>Vision 2024 of the Ministry of Culture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>UNESCO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNESCO is the<strong> United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.</strong> It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences and Culture.</li>
<li>UNESCO's programmes contribute to the achievement of the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sustainable Development Goals</strong> </a>defined in Agenda 2030, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015.</li>
<li>It has 193 Members and 11 Associate Members. <strong>India joined UNESCO in 1946.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2019,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/united-states-and-israel-quit-unesco#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20and%20Israel,scientific%20and%20cultural%20agency%2C%20UNESCO.&amp;text=The%20United%20States%20had%20pulled,used%20to%20advance%20Soviet%20interests." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> the USA and Israel formally quit UNESCO.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is<strong> headquartered in Paris, France.</strong></li>
<li><strong>UNESCO-IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission)</strong> is leading a global effort to establish ocean-based tsunami warning systems as part of an overall multi-hazard disaster reduction strategy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, UNESCO-IOC approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tsunami-ready-programme-unesco-ioc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>recognition of two communities of Odisha</strong> </a>viz., Venkatraipur and Noliasahi as Tsunami Ready Communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives of UNESCO:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Man and Biosphere Programme:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Biosphere Reserves focus on the harmonised management of <strong>biological and cultural diversity.</strong></li>
<li>Out of 18 notified biosphere reserves, India has 12 biosphere reserves under the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR), the latest one included is <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panna-biosphere-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panna Biosphere Reserve.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Heritage Programme:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>World Heritage Sites promote the <strong>conservation of natural and cultural sites</strong> of outstanding universal value.</li>
<li>India has <strong>38 world heritage sites, including 30 cultural properties, 7 natural properties and 1 mixed site.</strong> The latest one included is <strong>Jaipur city, Rajasthan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unesco-global-geoparks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO Global Geopark Network</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>UNESCO Global Geoparks give <strong>international recognition</strong> for sites that promote the importance and significance of protecting the <strong>Earth&rsquo;s geodiversity</strong> through actively engaging with the <strong>local communities.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India does not have any UNESCO Global geopark.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unesco-s-network-of-creative-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO's Network of Creative Cities:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) was <strong>created in 2004</strong> to promote cooperation with and among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development.</li>
<li>The Network covers seven creative fields: <strong>Crafts and Folk Arts, Media Arts, Film, Design, Gastronomy, Literature and Music.</strong></li>
<li>There are<strong> five Indian cities</strong> in UCCN as follows:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hyderabad &ndash; Gastronomy (2019).</li>
<li>Mumbai &ndash; Film (2019).</li>
<li>Chennai - Creative city of Music (2017).</li>
<li>Jaipur - Crafts and Folk Arts (2015).</li>
<li>Varanasi - Creative city of Music (2015).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/singapore-street-hawker-food-unesco-recognition-7108347/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Young Champions of the Earth: UN',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A 29-year-old Indian entrepreneur is among the <strong>seven winners</strong> of the prestigious <strong>&ldquo;Young Champions of the Earth&rdquo;</strong> 2020 prize given by the <strong>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)</strong> to global change-makers using innovative ideas and ambitious action to help solve some of the world&rsquo;s most pressing environmental challenges.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Introduced in <strong>2017, Young Champions of the Earth</strong> aims to celebrate and support individuals aged between <strong>18 and 30</strong> who have outstanding <strong>potential to create a positive environmental impact.</strong></li>
<li>In 2020, seven Young Champions of the Earth will be selected from<strong> each global region:</strong> Africa, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, West Asia and two from Asia and the Pacific.</li>
<li>Each winner will receive:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>USD 10,000 in seed funding,</li>
<li>Attendance at a high-level <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN</strong></a> meeting,</li>
<li>An introduction to dignitaries at the <a href="/search/Champions%20of%20the%20Earth" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Champions of the Earth award</strong></a> ceremony,</li>
<li>Publicity and recognition through interviews and online and global media.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>7 Winners of 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fatemah Alzelzela, Kuwait: (Eco Star - Trees for waste).</strong> A non-profit recycling initiative that exchanges trees and plants for waste from homes, schools and businesses.</li>
<li><strong>Lefteris Arapakis, Greece: (Mediterranean CleanUp).</strong> Trains, empowers and incentivises the local fishing community to collect plastic from the sea, allowing both fish stocks and the ecosystem to recover.</li>
<li><strong>Max Hidalgo Quinto, Peru: (YAWA).</strong> Sustainable technology for access to water building portable wind turbines that harvest up to 300 litres of water per day from atmospheric humidity and mist.</li>
<li><strong>Niria Alicia Garcia, United States of America: (Run4Salmon).</strong> An indigenous-lead conservation uses virtual reality to bring to life the historical journey of the Sacramento chinook salmon along California&rsquo;s largest watershed, raising awareness of this invaluable ecosystem, the species and people it supports.</li>
<li><strong>Nzambi Matee, Kenya: (Building a Greener Kenya).</strong> Produces sustainable low-cost construction materials made of recycled plastic waste and sand.</li>
<li><strong>Xiaoyuan Ren, China: (MyH<sub>2</sub>O).</strong> A data platform for clean water that tests and records the quality of groundwater across a thousand villages in rural China into an app so residents know where to find clean water.</li>
<li><strong>Vidyut Mohan, India: (Takachar).</strong> Harvesting value from agricultural waste.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Takachar: Harvesting Value from Agricultural Waste</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Takachar is a<strong> social enterprise</strong> founded by <strong>Vidyut Mohan</strong> in 2018.</li>
<li>It enables farmers to prevent open burning of their waste farm residues and earn extra income by converting them into <strong>value-added chemicals.</strong></li>
<li>It is a meaningful and immediate solution to the <strong>triple planetary crises </strong>of <strong>climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedure:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Takachar buys rice husks, straw and coconut shells from farmers and turns them into charcoal, saving the debris from the fires, which are also a driver of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Open burning of agricultural residues is a big source of air pollution in many parts of the world and this innovative technology can help farmers turn what is currently thought of as waste into a valuable resource while helping clean up our environment.</li>
<li>Enables <strong>rural farmers to earn 40%</strong> more by converting their crop residues into fuels, fertilisers and value-added chemicals like activated carbon (AC) on-site.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By 2030, Takachar will impact 300 million farmers affected by this problem, create USD 4 billion/year equivalent in additional rural income and jobs, and mitigate one gigaton/year of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nation Environment Program</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), was <strong>established in 1972</strong> to guide and coordinate<strong> environmental activities</strong> within the United Nations (UN) system.</li>
<li>UNEP promotes international cooperation on environmental issues, provides guidance to UN organizations.</li>
<li>Through its scientific advisory groups, UNEP encourages the international scientific community to participate in formulating policy for many of the UN&rsquo;s environmental projects.</li>
<li>UNEP is <strong>headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
<li>The organization also encourages <strong>participation by the private sector</strong> to promote the sustainable use of the world&rsquo;s natural resources.</li>
<li><strong>Major Reports:</strong> Emission Gap Report, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-environment-outlook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Environment Outlook</strong></a>, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet.</li>
<li><strong>Major Campaigns:</strong> Beat Pollution, UN75, World Environment Day, Wild for Life.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/indian-entrepreneur-named-among-young-champions-of-the-earth-winners-unep-7108214/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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