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Biotech-KISAN Programme

Why in News As per the recent information shared by the Union Minister of Science and Technology in Lok Sabha, Biotech-Krishi Innovation Science...

19 Sep 2020 News Analysis
60 Years of Indus Water Treaty

Why in News The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) between India and Pakistan marks its 60th anniversary on 19th September 2020. Key Points About: The...

19 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Eight Indian Beaches Recommended for Blue Flag

Why in News On the occasion of International Coastal Clean-Up Day, for the first time eight beaches of India are recommended for the coveted...

19 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Nandankanan Zoological Park: Odisha

Why in News Recently, death of two sloth bears have been reported from the Nandankanan Zoological Park, Bhubaneswar (Odisha). The exact cause of...

19 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Arsenic-affected Habitations Increased

Why in News According to data shared in the Parliament, the number of arsenic-affected habitations in India has increased by 145% in the last five...

19 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Free Internet Gadget and Package to Poor Students

Why in News The Delhi High Court has directed both private and government schools in Delhi to provide gadgets and Internet packages free of cost to...

19 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Country of Origin Rules: CAROTAR, 2020

Why in News The Customs (Administration of Rules of Origin under Trade Agreements) Rules, 2020 (CAROTAR, 2020), will come into force from 21st...

19 Sep 2020 News Analysis
World Bamboo Day

Why in News World Bamboo Day is celebrated every year on 18th September. Theme of 2020: Bamboo Now Key Points World Bamboo Day : It was...

19 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Necessity of Coal Based Energy

This editorial is based on “Reject this inequitable climate proposal” which was published in The Hindu on 18/09//2020. It talks about...

18 Sep 2020 News Editorials
BRICS National Security Advisers Meet

Why in News Recently, Russia hosted virtual National Security Advisers (NSAs) meet of the Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS)...

18 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister of Textiles provided information on implementation of Scheme for Integrated Textile Park (SITP), in Rajya...

18 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Gilgit-Baltistan to Become a Pakistani Province

Why in News Recently, Pakistan has decided to elevate Gilgit-Baltistan’s status to that of a full-fledged province. Gilgit-Baltistan is one...

18 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement: USA

Why in News The USA is looking forward to India signing the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geo-Spatial cooperation (BECA), at the next...

18 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Support to Self-Employment Schemes: MSME

Why in News The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) has announced expansion of and doubling of support to beneficiary oriented...

18 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Reversing Global Wildlife Decline

Why in News Wildlife populations have fallen by more than two-thirds over the last 50 years, according to a Living Planet Report 2020 of the World...

18 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Freedom of Media

This editorial is based on “Stop press: On blanket gag order against the media” which was published in The Hindu on 17/09//2020. It...

17 Sep 2020 News Editorials
Initiatives Launched on G20 EMM

Why in News Recently, the G20 Environment Ministers Meeting (EMM) has taken place under the Presidency of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Global...

17 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Japan’s New Prime Minister

Why in News Japan recently elected Yoshihide Suga as its new Prime Minister. He belongs to the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) of Japan. Key...

17 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Pact for Sputnik V Availability in India

Why in News The Russia Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), which is piloting Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine, has partnered with the Hyderabad-based Dr....

17 Sep 2020 News Analysis
Djibouti Code of Conduct

Why in News India joined the Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCOC) as an observer as part of efforts aimed at enhancing maritime security in the Indian...

17 Sep 2020 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Biotech-KISAN Programme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per the recent information shared by the Union Minister of Science and Technology in Lok Sabha, <strong>Biotech-Krishi Innovation Science Application Network (Biotech-KISAN) programme</strong> plays an important role in taking innovative <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biotechnologies</strong></a> to the farmers.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Biotech-KISAN programme is a <strong>farmer-centric scheme</strong> for farmers, developed by and with farmers under the <strong>Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>pan-India program,</strong> following a<strong> hub-and-spoke model</strong> and stimulates <strong>entrepreneurship and innovation in farmers</strong> and <strong>empowers women farmers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has a<strong> unique feature</strong> to identify and promote local farm<strong> leadership in both genders.</strong> Such leadership helps to develop science-based farming besides facilitating the transfer of knowledge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To <strong>understand the problems</strong> of water, soil, seed and market faced by the farmers and<strong> provide simple solutions</strong> to them.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The programme links available science and technology to the farm by first understanding the problem of the local farmer and then providing scientific solutions to those problems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Biotech-KISAN hubs</strong> are expected to fulfil the technology required to generate agriculture and bio-resource related jobs and better livelihood ensuring biotechnological benefits to small and marginal farmers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, there are a total of eight Biotech-KISAN Hubs in different Agro-climatic Zones.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Biotechnology in Agriculture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Government supports</strong> research institutes, central and state agriculture universities for competitive research and development and demonstration<strong> activities in agriculture biotechnology </strong>including<strong> organic farming.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been supported across the country including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational Districts.</strong> </a></li>
<li>During the last three years, approximately Rs. 310 crores have been invested in supporting the use of biotechnology in agriculture.</li>
<li>The <strong>Integrated Human Resource Development Programme</strong> under the Department of Biotechnology has been implemented to <strong>provide biotechnology trained personnel in various fields</strong> including agriculture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alternative of Conventional Farming:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>understanding of genetics and biotechnology</strong> could enable farmers to obtain maximum yield from their fields and to minimise the use of fertilisers and chemicals so as to avoid their harmful effects on the environment.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-seeds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetically Modified Organisms&rsquo;</strong></a> (GMO) use is a possible solution and an alternative path to conventional farming.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>GMOs have made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses, reduced reliance on chemical pesticides, reduced post-harvest losses, increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants and enhanced nutritional value of food.</li>
<li>For example, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bt-cotton-in-india-problems-and-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bt cotton</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/illegal-cultivation-of-bt-brinjal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bt Brinjal</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Genetically Modified Biopesticides</strong> are biologically based agents used for the control of plant pests.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They <strong>can be living organisms</strong> (nematodes or micro-organisms) or<strong> naturally occurring substances,</strong> such as plant extracts or insect pheromones which can <strong>provide resistance to insects without the need for chemical insecticides.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1656225" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => '60 Years of Indus Water Treaty',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indus-waters-treaty-1960" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Water Treaty</strong></a> (IWT) between India and Pakistan marks its <strong>60<sup>th</sup> anniversary on 19<sup>th</sup> September 2020.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600510118_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600510118_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indus system comprises the main <strong>Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.</strong> The basin is mainly <strong>shared by India and Pakistan</strong> with a small share for China and Afghanistan.</li>
<li>With the <strong>partition of India in 1947,</strong> waters of Indus rivers system were also divided.</li>
<li>The sharing formula, devised after prolonged negotiations, sliced the Indus system into two halves. The three <strong>&lsquo;western rivers&rsquo; (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab)</strong> went to <strong>Pakistan</strong> and the three <strong>&lsquo;eastern rivers&rsquo; (Sutlej, Ravi and Beas)</strong> were portioned to India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is<strong> allowed to use 20% water of the western rivers</strong> for irrigation, power generation and transport purposes.</li>
<li>IWT <strong>granted 3.6 million acre-feet (MAF) of &ldquo;permissible storage capacity&rdquo;</strong> to India on the western rivers but due to poor water development projects, 2-3 MAF of water easily flows into Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It seemed equitable but <strong>India conceded 80.52% of the aggregate water flows</strong> in the Indus system to Pakistan and also <strong>gave Rs. 83 crore in pounds sterling to Pakistan to help build replacement canals</strong> from the western rivers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India conceded its upper riparian position on the western rivers<strong> for the complete rights on the eastern rivers.</strong></li>
<li>It was important to get the waters of the &lsquo;eastern rivers&rsquo; for the<strong> Indira Gandhi Canal in Rajasthan</strong> (starts from the <strong>Harike Barrage,</strong> a few kilometers below the confluence of the<strong> Satluj and Beas rivers</strong>) and the <strong>Bhakra Dam</strong> (on the Sutlej River in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh) without which both Punjab and Rajasthan would be left dry, severely hampering India&rsquo;s food production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Bank</strong></a>, as the third party, played a pivotal role in crafting the IWT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pakistan&rsquo;s Responses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Pakistan leadership <strong>considers</strong> the sharing of the waters with India an <strong>unfinished business.</strong></li>
<li>Pakistan is not comfortable with the fact that <strong>India got away with the total flow of 33 million acre-feet on the eastern rivers,</strong> while it had to share the waters of western rivers.</li>
<li>Being a lower riparian state, <strong>Pakistan&rsquo;s scepticism of India allows it to increasingly politicise the issue.</strong> It maintains<strong> high troop levels and alertness around the canals on the eastern front,</strong> fearing that India will try to take control of the western rivers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Changing Perspectives in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Every now and then, there is an<strong> uproar in India for abrogating the IWT</strong> as a response to Pakistan&rsquo;s<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cross-border-terrorism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> cross-border terrorism</strong> </a><strong>and tenacity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Abrogating IWT would <strong>require a number of politico-diplomatic and hydrological factors to be determined</strong> and also a<strong> political consensus.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Terror attacks</strong> in Indian Parliament in 2001, Mumbai in 2008, and the incidents in Uri in 2016 and Pulwama in 2019 could have prompted India, within the<strong> Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,</strong> to withdraw from the IWT. However, on each occasion, India chose not to do so.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,</strong> an <strong>international agreement governing treaties between states</strong> that was drafted by the<strong> International Law Commission</strong> of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was adopted in 1969 and entered into force in January 1980.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is because India <strong>respects its signature and values trans-boundary rivers as an important connector</strong> in the region in terms of both diplomacy and economic prosperity.</li>
<li>However, in light of India being hesitant to abrogate the treaty, there have been <strong>suggestions to modify</strong> it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Currently, with a new set of hydrological realities, advanced engineering methods in dam construction and de-siltation, there is an urgent need to modify the treaty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article XII of the IWT</strong> says that it <strong>&ldquo;may from time to time be modified&rdquo;</strong> but carefully notes <strong>&ldquo;by a duly ratified treaty concluded for that purpose between the two governments&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pakistan will see no merit in any modification, having already got a good deal in 1960.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s best option, therefore, would be to optimise the provisions of the treaty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the developments on western rivers, the <strong>permissible storage capacity on the western rivers needs to be urgently utilised.</strong> Out of the total estimated <strong>capacity of 11406 MW electricity</strong> that can be harnessed from the three western rivers in Kashmir, only 3034 MW has been tapped so far, which also <strong>needs to be looked into.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tulbul Navigation project on Jhelum, Ratle and Bagliha</strong> hydro projects on Chenab,<strong> Bursar hydroelectric project</strong> on one of the tributaries of the Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir are few of the projects to utilise the waters of western rivers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bursar, once completed, will be India&rsquo;s first project on the western rivers to have storage infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has fast-tracked the work on <strong>Shahpur Kandi dam project,</strong> a <strong>second Sutlej-Beas link in Punjab</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ujh-multipurpose-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ujh Dam project</strong></a> in Jammu and Kashmir to <strong>fully utilise the waters of eastern rivers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The role of India, as a responsible upper riparian abiding by the provisions of the treaty, has been remarkable but the country is under pressure to rethink the extent to which it can remain committed to the provisions, as its overall political relations with Pakistan becomes intractable.</li>
<li>IWT is often cited as an example of the possibilities of peaceful coexistence that exist despite the troubled relationship between both neighbouring countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/indus-water-treaty-at-60-why-there-is-a-need-to-give-it-a-fresh-look-6601741/#:~:text=Water%20was%20critical%20for%20India's,severely%20hampering%20India's%20food%20production." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Eight Indian Beaches Recommended for Blue Flag',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>On the occasion of<strong> International Coastal Clean-Up Day,</strong> for the first time eight beaches of India are recommended for the coveted International eco-label, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blue-flag-certification" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Blue flag certification.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>eight beaches are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Shivrajpur in Gujarat,</li>
<li>Ghoghla in Daman &amp; Diu,</li>
<li>Kasarkod and Padubidri beach in Karnataka,</li>
<li>Kappad in Kerala,</li>
<li>Rushikonda in Andhra Pradesh,</li>
<li>Golden beach of Odisha and</li>
<li>Radhanagar beach in Andaman and Nicobar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Blue Flag Certification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Blue Flag beaches are considered the <strong>cleanest</strong> beaches of the world.</li>
<li>The Blue Flag is one of the world&rsquo;s most recognised <strong>voluntary eco-labels</strong> awarded to beaches, marinas, and sustainable boating tourism operators.</li>
<li>In order to qualify for the Blue Flag, a series of stringent environmental, educational, safety, and accessibility criteria must be met and maintained.</li>
<li>The Blue Flag Programme for beaches and marinas is run by the international, non-governmental, non-profit organisation FEE (the <strong>Foundation for Environmental Education).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>FEE (the Foundation for Environmental Education) was established in France in 1985.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the lines of Blue Flag certification, India has also launched<strong> its own eco-label BEAMS.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>BEAMS</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On this occasion, India has also launched India&rsquo;s own eco-label BEAMS <strong>(Beach Environment &amp; Aesthetics Management Services)</strong> under <strong>ICZM (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-coastal-zone-management-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Integrated Coastal Zone Management</a>)</strong> project.</li>
<li>This is launched by the <strong>Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM)</strong> and the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).</li>
<li>The objectives of <em><strong>BEAMS</strong></em> program is to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Abate pollution in coastal waters,</li>
<li>Promote sustainable development of beach facilities,</li>
<li>Protect &amp; conserve coastal ecosystems &amp; natural resources,</li>
<li>Strive and maintain high standards of cleanliness,</li>
<li>Hygiene &amp; safety for beachgoers in accordance with coastal environment &amp; regulations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan</strong> (ICZM) is a process for the management of the coast using an integrated approach, regarding all aspects of the coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, in an attempt to achieve sustainability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concept of ICZM was born in <strong>1992</strong> during the Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro.</li>
<li>The specifics regarding ICZM is set out in the proceedings of the summit within Agenda 21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> assisted project and is being implemented by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC).</li>
<li>The<strong> National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM),</strong> Chennai, is providing scientific and technical inputs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Society of Integrated Coastal Management</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM) has been established under the aegis of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.</li>
<li>It has a vision for a vibrant, healthy and resilient coastal and marine environment for the continuous and enhanced outflow of benefits to the country and the coastal community.</li>
<li>SICOM is the national project management unit of India in strategic planning, management, execution, monitoring and successful implementation of the ICZMP-Phase-I.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Coastal Clean-Up Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been celebrated across 100 countries since 1986.</li>
<li>The day is marked each year on the<strong> third Saturday of September</strong> as an initiative of the Washington-based Ocean Conservancy, a volunteer effort for ocean health.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1656392" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Nandankanan Zoological Park: Odisha',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, death of two <strong>sloth bears</strong> have been reported from the <strong>Nandankanan Zoological Park,</strong> Bhubaneswar (Odisha).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The exact cause of deaths is not yet known. Earlier, a 28-year-old <strong>Himalayan black bear</strong> died probably due to old age as bears are known to live for about 30 years.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nandankanan Zoological Park:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is 15 kms from <strong>Odisha's capital, Bhubaneswar.</strong> It was <strong>inaugurated in 1960.</strong></li>
<li>First zoo in the country to become a <strong>member of the World Association of Zoos &amp; Aquariums (WAZA).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>WAZA is the global alliance of regional associations, national federations, zoos and aquariums, dedicated to the care and conservation of animals and their habitats around the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is recognized as a leading zoo for the <strong>breeding of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-pangolin" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian pangolin </a></strong>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> white tiger.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Leopards, mouse deer, lions, ratel and vultures are also bred here.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was the <strong>world&rsquo;s first captive crocodile breeding centre,</strong> where <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/release-of-gharials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>gharials</strong> </a>were bred in captivity in 1980.</li>
<li>The <strong>State Botanical Garden of Nandankanan</strong> is one of the pioneering plant conservation and nature education centres of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sloth Bears:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600503966_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600503966_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> <em>Melursus ursinus</em></li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Also called honey bear, <strong>Hindi bhalu,</strong> it is a forest-dwelling member of the <strong>family Ursidae</strong> (comprises 8 species of bears) that inhabits tropical or subtropical regions of India and Sri Lanka.</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Vulnerable&rsquo;</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Appendix I</strong> in <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CITES</a> listing.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Schedule I</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong> Habitat loss, poaching for body parts and are sometimes captured for use in performances or hunted because of their aggressive behavior and destruction of crops.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Himalayan Black Bear:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600503985_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600503985_image3.jpg" width="300" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> <em>Ursus thibetenus</em></li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Also called <strong>Asiatic black bear,</strong> it inhabits mountainous and heavily forested areas across southern and eastern Asia.</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Vulnerable&rsquo; </strong>in the<strong> IUCN Red List.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Appendix I</strong> in<strong> CITES listing.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Schedule I </strong>of the<strong> Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats</strong>: Illegal hunting for body parts, specifically the gallbladder, paws and skiing poses the main threat, together with habitat loss caused by logging, expansion of human settlements and roads.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/death-of-two-sloth-bears-worries-nandankanan-authorities/article32642562.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park-odisha'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Arsenic-affected Habitations Increased',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to data shared in the Parliament, the number of<strong> arsenic-affected habitations in India has increased by 145%</strong> in the last five years (2015-20).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increase:</strong> India had <strong>1,800 arsenic-affected habitations</strong> in 2015. This increased to 4,421 habitations as of September 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Habitations</strong> are the group of households at a community level in a village.</li>
<li>These are the smallest level of settlements that can have between 10-100 households.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regions Affected:</strong> Most of the arsenic-affected habitations lie in the <strong>Ganga and Brahmaputra alluvial plains.</strong> i.e in<strong> Assam, Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh</strong> (UP). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Assam had the highest share</strong> of such habitations (1,853), followed by <strong>West Bengal</strong> (1,383).</li>
<li><strong>Jharkhand,</strong> which did not have any such habitation in 2015, has two now (2020).</li>
<li>However, <strong>Karnataka</strong> which had nine habitations in 2015, had none in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decrease in Fluoride Habitations:</strong> The number of <strong>fluoride</strong> affected habitations has significantly come down from 12,727 in 2015 to 5,485 as of September 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rajasthan</strong> had the highest number of such habitations (2,956), followed by<strong> Bihar</strong> (861).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a> <strong>(JJM),</strong> priority has been given to such quality-affected habitations through<strong> Community Water Purification Plants</strong> (CWPP) to meet drinking and cooking needs &mdash; until potable water supply through tap connection is provided.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>JJM</strong> was <strong>started in 2019</strong> with the <strong>aim to provide piped water supply</strong> to every household by<strong> 2024.</strong></li>
<li>Under JJM, upto 2% of the allocation to states/ UTs can be utilised for <strong>Water Quality Monitoring &amp; Surveillance activities (WQM&amp;S).</strong></li>
<li>The WQM&amp;S includes setting up and strengthening of water quality testing laboratories, surveillance by community using field test kits (FTKs), awareness generation and educational programmes on water quality, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A new Sub-programme under <strong>National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP)</strong> viz. <strong>National Water Quality Sub-Mission (NWQSM)</strong> was started by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (now merged with Ministry of Jal Shakti) in 2017 to address the urgent need for providing clean drinking water in about 28000 Arsenic &amp; Fluoride affected habitations.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NWQSM aims to cover all rural populations in Arsenic/Fluoride affected habitations with <strong>clean drinking water on a sustainable basis by March 2021. </strong></li>
<li>The NWQSM was launched with an outlay of <strong>Rs. 25,000 crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>NRDWP was started in 2009</strong>, with a major emphasis on ensuring sustainability of water availability in terms of potability, adequacy, convenience, affordability and equity.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NRDWP is a <strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme with 50:50 fund sharing</strong> between the Centre and the States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Arsenic Poisoning</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Arsenic is naturally present at high levels in the <strong>earth crust</strong> and <strong>groundwater</strong> of a number of countries. It is<strong> highly toxic</strong> in its inorganic form.</li>
<li><strong>Contaminated water</strong> used for drinking, food preparation and irrigation of food crops poses the greatest threat to public health from arsenic.</li>
<li>Long-term exposure to arsenic from drinking-water and food can cause <strong>cancer, skin disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In early childhood exposure, it has been linked to negative impacts on<strong> cognitive development</strong> and <strong>increased deaths in young adults.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <strong>WHO&rsquo;s guidelines for drinking water quality (2011)</strong>, the permissible limit of <strong>Arsenic in groundwater is 0.01 mg per litre.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in India the permissible limit in drinking water has recently been revised from <strong>0.05 mg per litre to 0.01 mg per litre.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The most important action in affected communities is the <strong>prevention of further exposure</strong> to arsenic by provision of a <strong>safe water supply.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Fluoride Toxicity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Excessive fluoride intake usually occurs through the <strong>consumption of groundwater naturally rich in fluoride,</strong> particularly in warm climates where water consumption is greater, or where high-fluoride water is used in food preparation or irrigation of crops.</li>
<li>Such exposure may lead to <strong>dental fluorosis (tooth decay)</strong> or <strong>crippling skeletal fluorosis,</strong> which is associated with <strong>bone deformities. </strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/arsenic-affected-habitations-in-india-up-145-in-last-5-yrs-73450" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/arsenic-affected-habitations-increased'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Free Internet Gadget and Package to Poor Students',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Delhi High Court has directed <strong>both private and government schools</strong> in Delhi to provide<strong> gadgets and Internet packages free of cost to poor students</strong> for attending online classes.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ruling:</strong> If a school decides to opt for online mode as a medium of instruction, it will have to ensure that students belonging to the <strong>Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and Disadvantaged Group (DG) category</strong> also have access and are able to avail of the same.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Private unaided schools will be <strong>entitled to claim reimbursement</strong> of reasonable cost for procurement of the gadget and Internet package from the government under <strong>Section 12(2)</strong> of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Education (RTE)</strong></a> Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Provisions: Intra-class discrimination,</strong> especially between the 75% fee-paying students and the 25% EWS/DG students, <strong>upsets the level playing field</strong> and creates a <strong>digital divide</strong> in the classroom which is violative of<strong> RTE Act, 2009, and Articles 14, 20 and 21 of the Constitution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to <strong>RTE Act,</strong> private unaided institutions and special category schools shall provide free and compulsory education to at least <strong>25%</strong> children belonging to DG/EWS category admitted to class I or pre-primary classes. They will also be <strong>reimbursed by the government</strong> for this.</li>
<li><strong>Article 14</strong> of the Constitution of India provides for equality before the law or equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 20</strong> of the Constitution of India provides that no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of the law in force at the time of the offence.</li>
<li><strong>Article 21</strong> provides for the protection of life and personal liberty. It states that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The ruling is aimed at narrowing the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Covid-19</a> pandemic-induced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-internet-access-and-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">digital divide.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the recently released<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> UN Report on the Impact of Covid-19 on Children</strong></a>, almost <strong>24 million children could drop out</strong> or not have access to school next year due to the <strong>economic impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a>.</strong></li>
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nso-report-on-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NSO report on Education</strong></a>, nearly 4% of rural households and 23% of urban households possessed computers and 24% of the households in the country had internet access.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Among persons of age 15-29 years, only 24% in rural areas and 56% in urban areas were able to operate a computer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-education-monitoring-report-2020-unesco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Education Monitoring Report, 2020</strong></a>, released by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</strong></a> (UNESCO), Covid-19 had worsened the inequalities in education systems worldwide.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>During the height of school closures in April 2020, almost 91% of students around the world were out of school.</li>
<li>About 40% of low and lower middle income countries have not supported learners at risk of exclusion during this crisis, such as the poor, linguistic minorities and learners with disabilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Judgments on Right to Internet Access</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Kerala High Court, in Faheema Shirin vs the State of Kerala case, 2019</strong> declared the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/access-to-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>right to Internet access as a fundamental right</strong></a> forming a part of the right to privacy and the right to education under Article 21 of the Constitution.</li>
<li>In the <strong>Supreme Court decision</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-s-verdict-on-curbs-imposed-in-j-k" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Anuradha Bhasin case (2020)</strong></a>, freedom of free speech and expression on the Internet was accepted as a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. Trade, occupation or commerce dependent on the Internet is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(g).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre has directed State Education Departments<strong> to map the online access available to all their students</strong> in order to <strong>adequately plan curriculum and teaching methods</strong> that can reach such students.</li>
<li><strong>New Education Policy: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Education Policy, 2020</a></strong> aims at making &ldquo;India a global knowledge superpower&rdquo; by introducing several changes from the school to college level in the Indian education system with special emphasis on digital education.</li>
<li><strong>DIKSHA (Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing) platform- <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classes-in-distance-mode" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DIKSHA</a></strong> is the national platform for school education available for all states and the central government for grades 1 to 12 and was launched in September 2017.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As part of <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-05-2020#:~:text=Technology%20Driven%20Education%20with%20Equity,one%20nation%2C%20one%20digital%20platform)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM eVidya</strong></a> announced under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>programme, DIKSHA is the <strong>&lsquo;one nation; one digital platform&rsquo;</strong> for school education in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swayam Prabha TV Channel-</strong> To support and reach those who do not have access to the internet.</li>
<li><strong>Online MOOC courses-</strong> Online Massive Open Online Course MOOC courses relating to NIOS (grades 9 to 12 of open schooling) are uploaded on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swayam-and-swayam-prabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SWAYAM portal</strong></a>; around 92 courses have started and 1.5 crore students are enrolled.</li>
<li><strong>On Air &ndash;</strong> Shiksha Vani, DAISY by NIOS for differently-abled, e-PathShala- Radio broadcasting is being used for children in remote areas who are not online (especially for grades 1 to 5).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The current ruling will help in the bridging the digital divide in Delhi and other states must follow suit. Though <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>pandemic has necessitated a shift towards online education at a faster pace, the same should be complemented with infrastructure reforms, support and training by the government, aided by civil-society groups.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/free-internet-gadget-and-package-to-poor-students'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Country of Origin Rules: CAROTAR, 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Customs (Administration of Rules of Origin under Trade Agreements) Rules, 2020</strong> (CAROTAR, 2020), will come into force from 21<sup>st</sup> September 2020. It was notified on 21<sup>st</sup> August 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The importers and other stakeholders were given a 30-day period to familiarise themselves with new provisions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stricter Rules:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Importers will have to ensure that imported goods meet the prescribed<strong> &lsquo;rules of origin&rsquo;</strong> provisions for availing concessional rate of customs duty under <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/a-note-on-free-trade-agreements-and-their-costs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Free Trade Agreements</strong></a> (FTAs).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Importers have to prove that imported products have undergone value addition of at least 35% in the countries of origin.</li>
<li>Earlier, merely a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/display-of-country-of-origin-must-for-e-commerce-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>country of origin</strong></a> certificate, issued by a notified agency in the country of export was sufficient to avail the benefits of FTAs.</li>
<li>This was exploited in many cases, i.e. the<strong> FTA partner countries have been claiming to have produced the goods in question without having the necessary technological capacity</strong> for the required value addition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Stricter Rule:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The investigation into FTA imports in the last few years has revealed that the <strong>rules of origin, under respective FTAs, were not being followed</strong> in the true spirit.</li>
<li>Customs officials suspect that China diverts its supplies to India through <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Association of Southeast Asian Nations</strong> </a>(ASEAN) nations, abusing rules of origin, to illegally take advantage of <strong>duty-free market access under FTA.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Major imports to India</strong> come from five ASEAN countries &mdash; Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam.</li>
<li>The ASEAN FTA allows imports of most items at zero or concessional basic customs duty from the 10-nation bloc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Given the latest <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/galwan-valley-clash" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>border standoff between India and China</strong></a>, the diversion may surge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new rules will make the importer to correctly ascertain the country of origin, properly claim the concessional duty and assist customs authorities in smooth clearance of legitimate imports under FTAs.</li>
<li>The domestic industry will be protected from misuse of FTAs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Free Trade Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> arrangement between two or more countries</strong> or <strong>trading blocs</strong> that primarily agree to<strong> reduce or eliminate customs tariff and non tariff barriers</strong> on substantial trade between them.</li>
<li>It covers<strong> trade in goods</strong> (such as agricultural or industrial products) or <strong>trade in services</strong> (such as banking, construction, trading etc.). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also <strong>covers other areas such as intellectual property rights</strong> (IPRs), <strong>investment, government procurement</strong> and <strong>competition policy</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has inked FTAs with several countries, including <strong>Japan, South Korea, Sri Lanka and ASEAN members.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Benefit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By eliminating tariffs and some non-tariff barriers, FTA partners get easier market access into one another's countries.</li>
<li>Exporters prefer FTAs to multilateral trade liberalization because they get preferential treatment over non-FTA member country competitors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/country-of-origin-onus-is-on-importers/article32644784.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/country-of-origin-rules-carotar-2020'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'World Bamboo Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greening-india-by-planting-bamboo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bamboo Day</strong></a> is celebrated every year on 18<sup>th</sup> September.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Theme of 2020: <strong>Bamboo Now</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>World Bamboo Day :</strong> It was officially established by the <strong>World Bamboo organization</strong> at the<strong> 8<sup>th</sup> World Bamboo Congress</strong> held in Bangkok in 2009.</li>
<li><strong>World Bamboo Organization :</strong> It was set up at the <strong>1992 International Bamboo Congress in Japan.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an international coordinating body for bamboo practitioners dedicated to promoting the use of bamboo and bamboo products for the sake of the environment and economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Properties of Bamboo</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Versatile Uses:</strong> Bamboo can be used in 1,500 different ways including as food, a substitute for wood, building and construction material, for handicrafts and paper. Due to its versatile nature and multiple uses, it is also called<strong> &lsquo;poor man&rsquo;s timber&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Environmental Benefits:</strong> It can be planted to <strong>reclaim severely degraded sites and wastelands.</strong> It is a good<strong> soil binder</strong> owing to its peculiar clump formation and fibrous root system and hence also plays an important role in soil and water conservation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the fastest growing canopy, <strong>releasing 35% more oxygen than trees</strong> and can sequester 12 tonnes of carbon dioxide from per hectare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use in Covid-19 :</strong> Bamboo has been a key ingredient in new antimicrobial soaps and hand mists developed by scientists from the Philippines to fight the novel <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Nutraceutical Bamboo Shoot:</strong> Bamboo shoots have nutraceutical properties, according to experts. <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600498104_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600498104_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The term &lsquo;nutraceutical&rsquo; is used to describe <strong>medicinally or nutritionally functional foods.</strong></li>
<li>Bamboo shoots or bamboo sprouts are the edible newly sprouted canes of bamboo that form just under the soil and have a firm, crisp texture.</li>
<li>Bamboo shoots are emerging as <strong>high-value and safe edibles</strong> and are also among the<strong> cheapest immunity boosters</strong> for increasing the human body&rsquo;s resistance to viral attacks.</li>
<li>The<strong> protein</strong> content in fresh bamboo shoots can range between 1.49-4.04%. They also contain<strong> 17 amino acids,</strong> eight of which are essential for the human body.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Market:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The present global market of bamboo shoots is around <strong>1,700 million USD.</strong></li>
<li>More than <strong>3 million tonnes</strong> of bamboo shoots are consumed across the earth annually.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR),</strong> China exports 68% of the world&rsquo;s bamboo and rattan (a type of Palm Fibre) products valued at 1,112 million USD. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>INBAR is a multilateral development organisation, founded in 1997 which promotes environmentally sustainable development using bamboo and rattan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <strong>National Bamboo Mission,</strong> India has the highest area (13.96 million hectares) under bamboo.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>second richest country after China</strong> in terms of bamboo diversity with 136 species.</li>
<li>The annual production of bamboo in India is <strong>14.6 million tonnes</strong> and the bamboo-rattan industry in the country was worth Rs. 28,005 crore in 2017.</li>
<li>Bamboo shoot production and consumption in India are <strong>confined mostly to the north-eastern States.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives to Promote Bamboo</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bamboo Clusters:</strong> Recently, the Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare has virtually inaugurated 22 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-bamboo-clusters" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bamboo clusters</strong></a> in 9 states viz. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, Uttarakhand and Karnataka.</li>
<li><strong>MSP Hike:</strong> Recently, the Central government has revised the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Minor Forest Produce (MFP).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MFP includes all non-timber forest produce of plant origin and includes bamboo, canes, fodder, leaves, waxes, resins and many forms of food including nuts, wild fruits, lac, tusser etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Bamboo Mission:</strong> The restructured NBM was <strong>launched in 2018-19</strong> for the holistic development of the complete value chain of the bamboo sector and is being implemented in a<strong> hub (industry) and spoke model.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It supports local artisans through locally grown bamboo species, which will actualise the goal of <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/09-06-2020#:~:text=Promoting%20Local%3A%20Being%20vocal%20for,Glocal%E2%80%9D%20India%20will%20be%20possible." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vocal for Local</strong></a> and help increase the income of farmers, reducing dependency on imports of raw material.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal of Bamboo from &lsquo;Tree&rsquo; Category:</strong> The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-forest-act-1927#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Forest%20Act%2C1927,and%20duty%20leviable%20forest%20produce.&amp;text=This%20act%20has%20details%20of,the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Act." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Forest Act 1927</strong></a> was <strong>amended in 2017 to remove bamboo for the category of trees.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a result, anyone can undertake cultivation and business in bamboo and its products without the need of a felling and transit permission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Farmer Producer Organisations </strong>(FPOs)<strong>:</strong> <strong>10,000 new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FPOs</a> will be formed in 5 years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FPOs engage in providing a range of assistance to farmers like <strong>imparting better farm practices, collectivisation of input purchases, transportation, linkage with markets, and better price realisation</strong> as they do away with the intermediaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to promote Bamboo Shoots as a<strong> super-food.</strong> It will help in alleviation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition</strong></a> and hunger.</li>
<li><strong>Value-addition in Bamboo shoots</strong> which enhances storage and diversification in new-age food products like vegetable protein concentrates can enhance its market potential and consumer acceptability.</li>
<li>States need to take forward the objectives of the National Bamboo Mission which would contribute to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> through Aatmanirbhar Krishi (self-reliant farming).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bamboo-shoots-can-be-among-cheapest-immunity-boosters/article32644025.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-bamboo-day'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Necessity of Coal Based Energy',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/reject-this-inequitable-climate-proposal/article32634171.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Reject this inequitable climate proposal&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 18/09//2020. It talks about the importance of coal energy over renewable energy for India.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the UN Secretary General highlighting the importance of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris accord &amp; meeting its target</strong></a> had called India to give up coal immediately and reduce emissions by 45% by 2030.</p>
<p>Although India is one of the few countries with at least 2&deg; Celsius warming compliant climate action plan, the above said proposal is not in compliance with foundational principle of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNFCCC i.e. Common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR).</strong></a></p>
<p>CBDR distinguishes sharply between the responsibilities and commitments of developed countries vis-&agrave;-vis those of developing countries. If India makes no new investment in coal after 2020, it would possibly de-industrialise the country and lead to a low-development trap.</p>
<p>Therefore, India while adhering to the principles of balance between development and environment, must actively engage with developed countries to achieve the target of Paris Accord.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>GHG Emissions in India vis-a-vis World</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has the one of lowest per capita GHG emission among the G-20 countries.</li>
<li>Despite the accelerated economic growth of recent decades India&rsquo;s annual emissions, at 0.5 tonnes per capita. These are well below the global average of 1.3 tonnes.</li>
<li>Also, those of China, the United States and the European Union (EU), the three leading emitters in absolute terms, whose per capita emissions are higher than global average.</li>
<li>In terms of cumulative emissions, India&rsquo;s contribution by 2017 was only 4% for a population of 1.3 billion, whereas the European Union, with a population of only 448 million, was responsible for 20%.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This highlights the fact that the global North has continued dependence on fossil fuels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The UNFCCC itself has reported that between 1990 and 2017, the developed nations (excluding Russia and east Europe) have reduced their annual emissions by only 1.3%.</li>
<li>Moreover, the U.S. one of the leading producers of GHG has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Coal vs Renewable Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India still a Developing Country:</strong> Unlike developed countries, India (given it's development obligations) cannot substitute coal and other fossil fuels substantially with renewable energy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given lack of production capacity in renewable energy technologies and their large- scale operation, shutting coal based energy and replacing it with renewables will expose India to increasing imports of renewable technology equipment and dependence on external sources and supply chains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No Overnight Transition to Renewable Energy:</strong> With India on course for a 285% increase in electricity generation by 2050, traditional energy sources will prove crucial.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Renewables alone will not be able to meet those needs.</li>
<li>The near-term future of renewable energy requires that alternative power sources are integrated into dynamic grids alongside fossil fuels.</li>
<li>Further, manufacturing growth powered by fossil fuel-based energy is itself a necessity, both technological and economic, for the transition to renewables.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fossil-Fueled Energy Requirement for Manufacturing:</strong> As the manufacturing industry requires uninterrupted supply of power, renewable energy doesn't really drive manufacturing industry. Power supply from renewable energy cannot be switched on and off like a fossil-fuel power plant.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, renewables are not always reliable and cannot consistently cover baseload power supply, especially during times of peak demand.</li>
<li>This reinforces the need for traditional energy sources including coal that can provide power when renewables fail to meet demand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coal is the Base of Power Supply in India:</strong> Even though roughly 2 GW of coal-based generation is being decommissioned per year, coal is the dominant source of electricity in India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It currently accounts for nearly 2/3<sup>rd</sup> of power supply, the bulk of which is processed in thermal power plants.</li>
<li>The 2019 report published by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prakash-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Electric Authority</strong></a> predicts that coal will still account for around half of India's power generation in 2030 and remain crucial beyond then.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Making Coal Energy More Environmentally Compatible:</strong> Instead of abrupt transition to renewable energy, a range of new technologies (like <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coal-gasification-plant-for-urea-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coal gasification</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coal-sector-reforms#:~:text=Coal%20washeries%20are%20units%20that,grade%2C%20high%20ash%20Indian%20coal." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coal beneficiation</a></strong>, etc.) can be deployed to make coal-fired power plants more environmentally compatible.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will dramatically reduce the harmful environmental impacts of burning coal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Engaging With Developed Countries:</strong> Since the Copenhagen Accord 2009, signalled the end of legally binding commitments to emissions reduction by the developed countries, technology development in climate change mitigation technologies has registered a significant fall.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, India can actively engage with developed countries to mobilise funds and technology for Climate mitigation and adaptation.</li>
<li>In this pursuit, India can actively collaborate with <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union (EU)</strong></a> which envisages to achieve <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eu-green-deal#:~:text=Major%20Decisions%20under%20Green%20Deal&amp;text=Climate%20neutrality%20is%20achieved%20when,state%20of%20net%2Dzero%20emissions." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;carbon neutrality&rdquo; by 2050 under a green climate deal.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India is on the fast track to sustainability. According to the Central Electric Authority, renewable sources will generate half of the country's power by 2030, with wind and solar accounting for the lion's share. Yet to make that transition smooth and realize its long-term vision of a carbon-free energy future, the country will have to complement renewables with traditional sources.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600430352_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600430352_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ebffe8;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In order to realize the long-term vision of a carbon-free energy future, the country will have to complement renewables with traditional sources. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OVMh7DP3wv0" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/new-order-in-west-asia-the-hindu-editorial-on-abraham-accords-between-uae-bahrain-and-israel/article32623639.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;New order in West Asia: On Abraham Accords&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The HIndu on September 17<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/necessity-of-coal-based-energy'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'BRICS National Security Advisers Meet',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Russia hosted virtual National Security Advisers (NSAs) meet of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS)</strong> </a>grouping.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Draft Anti-terrorism Plan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The group discussed a <strong>draft anti-terrorism strategy</strong> that is expected to be approved at an upcoming summit.</li>
<li><strong>The anti-terrorism plan</strong> reflects fundamental aspects of the BRICS states, such as respect for sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs, adherence to international law and recognition of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nation</strong></a> (UN)&rsquo;s central role in security matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Discussed Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Challenges and threats</strong> to global, regional and national security.</li>
<li>Called for <strong>biological security cooperation</strong> and<strong> information and communications technology security.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There was also a proposal to continue work on a system for<strong> countering security threats in the sphere of information.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Russian side criticised the <strong>deployment of weapons in space by the USA</strong> and the use of outer space for military operations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also expressed <strong>concern</strong> over the escalation of tensions with the USA in Iran, Venezuela and Syria.</li>
<li>It also proposed the creation of new mechanisms in the field of countering epidemiological threats and to conduct expert consultations on biosafety in the BRICS format.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The five countries are cooperating within the framework of building a <strong>multi-polar system</strong> based on justice and equality.</li>
<li>They have also agreed to work on <strong>deepening coordination</strong> at key international organisations and forums, especially the United Nations (UN).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>BRICS</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BRICS is an <strong>acronym</strong> for the grouping of the world&rsquo;s leading emerging economies, namely <strong>Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2001, the British Economist <strong>Jim O&rsquo;Neill coined the term BRIC</strong> to describe the four emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China.</li>
<li>The grouping was <strong>formalised</strong> during the first meeting of BRIC Foreign Ministers&rsquo; in <strong>2006.</strong></li>
<li><strong>South Africa</strong> was invited to join BRIC in December <strong>2010,</strong> after which the group adopted the acronym BRICS.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>chairmanship of the forum is rotated annually among the members,</strong> in accordance with the acronym B-R-I-C-S.</li>
<li>During the <strong>Sixth BRICS Summit in Fortaleza</strong> (Brazil) in <strong>2014,</strong> the leaders signed the Agreement establishing the <strong>New Development Bank</strong> (NDB - Shanghai, China). They also signed the<strong> BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement</strong> to provide short-term liquidity support to the members.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600422730_1599307403_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600422730_1599307403_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Terrorism is a big threat to India. If the draft anti-terrorism strategy is adopted by the BRICS members, it will help India to counter the terrorism. It will also expose the terror sponsored countries.</li>
<li>Although the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-China standoff at Ladakh</strong></a> was not discussed at the NSAs meet, BRICS is an important platform where India can engage with China diplomatically.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/brics-nsas-discuss-anti-terror-plan/story-THxC3GWYX2BeZVzV0vgrXM.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brics-national-security-advisers-meet'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Minister of Textiles</strong> provided information on implementation of <strong>Scheme for Integrated Textile Park (SITP),</strong> in Rajya Sabha.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SITP was launched in <strong>2005.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> To provide the industry with world-class state of the art infrastructure facilities for setting up their textile units. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To attract foreign investors to the domestic textile sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Key features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the SITP, infrastructure facilities for setting up of textile units are developed in a <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) model.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Government of India <strong>grants upto 40%</strong> of the project cost.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, it grants <strong>upto 90% of the project cost</strong> for the first <strong>two projects</strong> (each) in the North Eastern States, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Union Territory of Jammu &amp; Kashmir and Union Territory of Ladakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government's support is limited to<strong> Rs. 40 crores</strong> for each textile park.</li>
<li>Each <strong>Integrated Textile Park</strong> (ITP) under the scheme would normally have<strong> 50 units.</strong> The number of entrepreneurs and the resultant investments in each ITP could vary from project to project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A total of 59 textile parks have been sanctioned under SITP by the textiles ministry out of which 22 textile parks have been completed.</li>
<li>Further, the proposal to set up<strong> Mega Textile Parks</strong> by the Ministry of Textiles is at the advanced stage of discussion.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government is considering a plan to set up 1,000-acre mega textile parks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>slow progress of SITP</strong> is attributed to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Delay in obtaining land.</li>
<li>Other statutory clearances from state governments.</li>
<li>Slow fund mobilisation by the textile parks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of Textile Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The sector accounts for 7% of India&rsquo;s manufacturing output, 2% of GDP, 12% of exports and employs directly and indirectly about 10 crore people.</li>
<li>Owing to the abundant supply of raw material and labour, India is-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> largest producer of cotton,</strong> accounting for 25% of the global output.</li>
<li>The <strong>world&rsquo;s second-largest producer of textiles and garments</strong> after China.</li>
<li>The<strong> second-largest producer of man-made fibres &mdash;</strong> polyester and viscose.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per India Brand Equity Foundation, the sector has demonstrated encouraging growth trends in India with a <strong>compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8%</strong> for the last few years wherein it has reached a size of $13 billion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highly fragmentation and domination by the unorganized sector.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> introduction of new tax structure</strong> under <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST</strong></a> (Goods and Service Tax) makes the garments expensive.</li>
<li>Increasing <strong>interest rates</strong> and <strong>labor wages and workers&rsquo; salaries.</strong></li>
<li>Faces a<strong> lack of access to the latest technology</strong> and fails to meet the global standards in the highly competitive export market.</li>
<li>The <strong>fierce competition</strong> from China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka in the low price garment market.</li>
<li>The <strong>environmental and social issues</strong> like child labor and personal safety.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Government Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Comprehensive Scheme for Development of Knitting and Knitwear Sector:</strong> The Government has launched a separate scheme for development of Knitting and Knitwear Sector to boost production in the knitting and knitwear cluster at <strong>Ludhiana, Kolkata and Tirupur.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme is launched under Power-Tex India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>North East Region Textile Promotion Scheme (NERTPS)</strong> for promoting textiles industry in the NER by providing infrastructure, capacity building and marketing support to all segments of textile industry.</li>
<li>A skill development scheme titled <strong>SAMARTH (Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector)</strong> covers the entire value chain of the textile sector, excluding Spinning and Weaving in the organized sector, on pan India basis.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-1st-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Power-Tex India</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silk-samagra#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20India%20has,of%20sericulture%20in%20the%20country.&amp;text=It%20focuses%20on%20improving%20the,country's%20dependence%20on%20imported%20silk." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Silk Samagra Scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/20-06-2020#:~:text=Amended%20Technology%20Upgradation%20Fund%20Scheme,cost%20for%20the%20textile%20industry." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-handloom-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Handloom Day</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/packaging-in-jute-bags-made-mandatory#:~:text=Jute%2DICARE%20(Jute%3A%20Improved,retting%20technologies%20under%20water%20limiting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jute ICARE</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Technical Textile Mission</strong> </a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Toward an organised sector:</strong> India can make the sector organised by setting up mega apparel parks and common infrastructure for the textile industry.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will increase the scale of production and help Indian players to produce faster and at a lower cost with maximum efficiency in operation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Facilitate modernisation of the industry:</strong> Focus should be on the modernisation of the obsolete machinery and technology. This can help increase the production and productivity of the textile industry and thereby increase the export also.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1655530#:~:text=It%20is%20expected%20to%20attract,the%20textile%20sector%20by%202022." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-for-integrated-textile-parks'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Gilgit-Baltistan to Become a Pakistani Province',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Pakistan has decided to elevate Gilgit-Baltistan&rsquo;s status</strong> to that of a full-fledged province.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gilgit-Baltistan is one of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/disputed-territories-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>disputed territories</strong></a> of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600420482_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600420482_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Current Status of Gilgit-Baltistan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an<strong> autonomous region</strong> now and with this elevation, it will <strong>become the 5<sup>th</sup> province</strong> of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Currently, <strong>Pakistan has four provinces</strong> namely <strong>Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab,</strong> and <strong>Sindh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chronology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>1999:</strong> Pakistan&rsquo;s Supreme Court ruled that the people of Gilgit-Baltistan are Pakistani citizens and directed the federal government to start appropriate administrative and legislative measures.</li>
<li><strong>2009:</strong> The <strong>Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order</strong> was introduced, whereby the <strong>Northern Areas were renamed as Gilgit-Baltistan</strong> and the region was given <strong>province-like status but without representation in Parliament.</strong></li>
<li><strong>2015:</strong> A committee constituted by the federal government <strong>proposed</strong> giving Gilgit-Baltistan the status of a province.</li>
<li><strong>2018:</strong> A new order was introduced which <strong>transferred all powers of the Gilgit-Baltistan council to its assembly.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This elevation will <strong>lead to adequate representation from the province on all constitutional bodies,</strong> including the National Assembly and the Senate.</li>
<li>The Government will also start working on the <strong>Moqpondass Special Economic Zone</strong> (SEZ) under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/viability-of-bri-and-cpec#:~:text=22%20members%20currently.-,China%20Pakistan%20Economic%20Corridor,and%20other%20infrastructure%20development%20projects." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China Pakistan Economic Corridor</strong></a> (CPEC).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SEZs work as an engine for economic growth supported by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package, both at the Centre and the State level, with the minimum possible regulations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Developments by China in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir under CPEC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/diamer-bhasha-dam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Diamer-Bhasha Dam.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kohala-hydropower-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kohala hydropower Project.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/azad-pattan-pok-hydel-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Azad Pattan Hydel Power Project.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India's Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has held that the <strong>Government of Pakistan or its judiciary has no locus standi on territories illegally and forcibly occupied</strong> by it.</li>
<li>India completely <strong>rejects such actions</strong> and continued attempts to bring material changes in Pakistan occupied areas of the Indian territory of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>While protesting Islamabad&rsquo;s efforts to bring material change in Pakistan occupied territories, India held that <strong>Pakistan should immediately vacate all areas under its illegal occupation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>China Pakistan Economic Corridor</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the flagship project of China&rsquo;s ambitious <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/italy-joins-belt-road-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative</strong> </a>(BRI).</li>
<li>The <strong>bilateral project between Pakistan and China</strong> intends to promote connectivity across Pakistan with a network of highways, railways, and pipelines accompanied by energy, industrial and other infrastructure development projects.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Originally valued at USD 46 billion, the projects were<strong> worth over USD 60 billion as of 2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It links the <strong>Western part of China (Xinjiang) to the Gwadar Port in Balochistan,</strong> Pakistan<strong> via Khunjerab Pass in Northern Pakistan.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India has protested to China over the CPEC</strong> as it is being<strong> laid through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600420835_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600420835_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pak-to-make-gilgit-baltistan-a-full-fledged-province-report/article32633442.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gilgit-baltistan-to-become-a-pakistani-province'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement: USA',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The USA is looking forward to India signing the <strong>Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geo-Spatial cooperation (BECA),</strong> at the next<strong> India-USA 2+2 ministerial dialogue</strong> likely to be held in October, 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>2+2 talks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are a <strong>dialogue between two appointed ministers from each country.</strong> This meeting aims to discuss issues of strategic and security interests between the two countries.</li>
<li>Defense and foreign ministers or secretaries meet with their counterparts from another country.</li>
<li>India <strong>holds such talks with Japan and Australia,</strong> at the foreign secretary and defense secretary level.</li>
<li>India<strong> holds ministerial-level talks only with the USA.</strong> Apart from India, the United States holds such ministerial dialogues with Australia and Japan also.</li>
<li>The talks were announced in June 2017. The 2+2 dialogue has replaced the Strategic and Commercial Dialogue between the foreign and commerce ministers of the two countries that were held previously.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>BECA:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BECA will allow India to use the <strong>geospatial maps of the USA</strong> to get pinpoint military accuracy of automated hardware systems and weapons such as cruise and ballistic missiles.</li>
<li>BECA is an important precursor to India <strong>acquiring armed unmanned aerial vehicles such as the Predator-B</strong> from the USA. Predator-B uses spatial data for accurate strikes on enemy targets.</li>
<li>BECA is <strong>one of the four foundational military communication agreements</strong> between the two countries. The other three being GSOMIA, LEMOA, CISMOA.</li>
<li>Initially, India had reservations to <strong>geospatial mapping on the grounds of national security,</strong> but they were later addressed by mutual dialogue and discussion between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>General Security Of Military Information Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GSOMIA allows <strong>militaries to share the intelligence</strong> gathered by them.</li>
<li>Signed by India in 2002.</li>
<li>An extension to the GSOMIA, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indo-us-2-2-dialogue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Security Annex</strong></a> (ISA), was signed at the 2+2 dialogue in 2019.</li>
<li>ISA provides a framework for exchange and protection of classified military information <strong>between the USA and Indian defence industries.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LEMOA allows both countries to<strong> have access to each other&rsquo;s designated military facilities</strong> for refueling and replenishment.</li>
<li>Signed by India in 2016.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Communications and Information Security Memorandum of Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>COMCASA (Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement) is the India specific version of CISMOA.</li>
<li>Valid for 10 years, COMCASA aims to provide a legal framework for the <strong>transfer of highly sensitive communication security equipment from the USA to India</strong> that will streamline and facilitate interoperability between their armed forces.</li>
<li>Signed by India in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Other Maritime Developments Between India and the USA</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>maritime information agreement</strong> is also under active deliberation between India and the USA. Once concluded, India will have such arrangements with all Quad countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/four%20corners:%20on%20the%20quad%E2%80%99s%20agenda" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)</strong></a> is the informal strategic dialogue between India, USA, Japan and Australia with a shared objective to ensure and support a <strong>free, open and prosperous Indo-Pacific region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In increasing military to military interactions, the USA has also posted a liaison officer at the Navy&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre for Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR)</strong></a> meant to promote <strong>Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Information Fusion Centre serves countries that have <strong>White Shipping Information Exchange</strong> (White-shipping refers to commercial shipping information about the movement of cargo ships) agreements with India.</li>
<li><strong>MDA</strong> is defined by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/international-maritime-organization-and-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Maritime Organization</strong></a> as the effective understanding of anything associated with the maritime domain that could impact the security, safety, economy, or environment of a country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, India posted a liaison officer at the USA Navy Central Command in Bahrain.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Signing BECA is crucial for India in order to neutralise the Russia-China-Pakistan axis in the maritime domain and for the stability of the Indo-Pacific region. The acquisition of aerial platforms like the USA naval helicopters and multi-role fighters is a key priority for India in the current scenario of increasing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-China conflict.</strong></a></li>
<li>The increase in India&rsquo;s maritime interactions with the Quad countries centred around information sharing for improved MDA in the Indian Ocean Region and<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indo-Pacific</strong> </a>will strengthen India&rsquo;s position internationally.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-embrace-of-strategic-hedging" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Strategic hedging</strong> </a>is the key to move forward in relationships with powerful countries like the USA. India and the USA must now strive to complete the unfinished agreements and set the course for a <strong>Comprehensive Strategic Global Partnership.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/us-keen-on-finalising-geo-spatial-cooperation-at-22-dialogue-in-october/article32633882.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-exchange-and-cooperation-agreement-usa'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Support to Self-Employment Schemes: MSME',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-micro-small-and-medium-enterprises" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises</strong></a> <strong>(MSME)</strong> has announced expansion of and doubling of support to beneficiary oriented Self-Employment schemes aimed at contributing to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government will provide assistance to artisans engaged in<strong> Pottery Activity and Beekeeping Activity.</strong></li>
<li>Previously, the Ministry of MSME approved a programme for the benefit of artisans involved in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiative-under-gramodyog-vikas-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>manufacturing of Agarbatti under the Gramodyog Vikas Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Pottery Activity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The assistance includes<strong> technical knowhow, quality standardization of products, skill-development to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Self Help Groups</a> (SHGs), encouragement to the successful traditional potter to set up units</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pmegp-and-cgtmse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation Programme</strong></a> (PMEGP) scheme, necessary market linkages by tying up with exports and large buying houses etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PMEGP is a <strong>credit-linked subsidy scheme</strong> which promotes self-employment through setting up of micro-enterprises.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also includes setting up of clusters in <strong>Terracotta, Red clay pottery,</strong> with new innovative value added products to build pottery to crockery/tile making capabilities under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/support-and-outreach-initiative-for-msme-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SFURTI scheme.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)</strong> aims to make traditional industries more productive and competitive by organizing the traditional industries and artisans into<strong> clusters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Terracotta</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Terracotta is a type of ceramic pottery, made by baking terracotta clay.</li>
<li>The word &ldquo;terracotta&rdquo; comes from the Italian words for &ldquo;baked earth.&rdquo;</li>
<li>It is often used for making pipes, bricks, and sculptures.</li>
<li>Recently, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/terracotta-grinder" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Terracotta Grinder</strong></a> was launched at Varanasi by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gi-tags-to-two-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh) terracotta</strong></a> has been given the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/potential-of-gis-is-waiting-to-be-tapped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) tag.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Terracotta Figurines</strong> were also made during the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley Civilization.</strong></a> They were either used as toys or objects of worship and represented birds, dogs, sheep, cattle and monkeys. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The famous terracotta figure of the Mother Goddess was discovered in Mohen-jodaro which shows the Mother Goddess as the symbol of fertility and prosperity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Beekeeping Activity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to <strong>create sustainable employment for the beekeepers/farmers,</strong> help artisans adopt <strong>scientific Beekeeping</strong> &amp; Management practices, utilize available natural resources; and <strong>create awareness about the benefits</strong> of beekeeping in cross pollination.</li>
<li>It involves distributing tools and equipment to migrant labourers in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/garib-kalyan-rojgar-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister Gareeb Kalyan Rozgar Abhiyaan</strong></a> (PMGKRA) districts and providing training to the beneficiaries, setting up clusters under the SFURTI Scheme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PMGKRA empowers and provides livelihood opportunities to the <strong>returnee<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> migrant workers</a> and rural citizens</strong> who have returned to their home states due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> induced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, the Ministry of MSME flagged off <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apiary-on-wheels" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Apiary on Wheels&rsquo;.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Apiary on Wheels&rsquo; is a unique concept designed by the KVIC for the easy upkeep and migration of Bee Boxes having live Bee colonies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beekeeping-development-committee" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Beekeeping Development Committee</strong></a> was also constituted in 2019 under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/r-d-expenditure-ecosystem-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister</strong></a> (EAC-PM) to give recommendations to enhance the contribution of the beekeeping sector for achieving the target of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/doubling-farmers-income-a-promise-to-be-fulfilled-by-2022" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>doubling farmers&rsquo; incomes by 2022.</strong></a></li>
<li>KVIC also launched a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Honey Mission</strong></a> in 2017 under which it provides awareness, training and <strong>&lsquo;Bee Boxes&rsquo; along with Bee Colonies</strong> to the farmers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Honey mission was in line with the &lsquo;Sweet Revolution&rsquo;, launched in 2016 to promote beekeeping and associated activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The program will immediately benefit about 1500 artisans, in providing sustainable employment with increased earnings.</li>
<li>Artisans living in <strong>rural areas, Self Help Groups and Migrant workers</strong> will particularly benefit from the program.</li>
<li>In addition to enhancing employment opportunities locally, the programme will also help in<strong> capturing the export market</strong> in such products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The MSME sector has been badly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, especially the rural enterprise owners. In addition to these self-employment schemes, the government can provide tax relief (GST and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gst-council-and-corporate-tax" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>corporate tax</strong></a>), give swift refunds, and provide liquidity to rural India (may be through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-year-of-pm-kisan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM-Kisan</strong></a>) to boost demand for MSME products.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1655512" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/support-to-self-employment-schemes-msme'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Reversing Global Wildlife Decline',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Wildlife populations have fallen by <strong>more than two-thirds</strong> over the <strong>last 50 years,</strong> according to a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Living Planet Report 2020</strong></a> of the <strong>World Wildlife Fund.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Related to Biodiversity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There has been a<strong> reduction of 68% in the global wildlife population between 1970 and 2016.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The highest biodiversity loss due to land use change:</strong> (1) Europe and Central Asia at 57.9 %; (2) North America at 52.5 %; (3) Latin America and Caribbean at 51.2 %; (4) Africa at 45.9 %; (5) Asia at 43%.</li>
<li>The <strong>sharpest declines</strong> have occurred throughout the world&rsquo;s <strong>rivers and lakes,</strong> where <strong>freshwater wildlife</strong> has <strong>plummeted by 84%</strong> since 1970 &mdash; about <strong>4% per year.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related to Land and Oceans:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>75% of the Earth&rsquo;s ice-free land surface</strong> has already been significantly <strong>altered.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the <strong>oceans are polluted.</strong></li>
<li>More than <strong>85% of the area of wetlands has been lost</strong> during 1970-2016.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has 2.4% global land share, about 8% global biodiversity and around 16% global population</li>
<li>However, it has lost 12% of its wild mammals, 19% amphibians and 3% birds over the last five decades.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>ecological footprint per person is less than 1.6 global hectares (gha)/person</strong> (smaller than that of many large countries). But, its high population size has made the gross footprint significantly high.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Ecological Footprint:</strong> It is the amount of the environment necessary to produce the goods and services necessary to support a particular lifestyle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors responsible for this decline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Changes in how land is used &ndash; from pristine forest to cropland or pasture &ndash; rank among the greatest threats to biodiversity on land worldwide.</li>
<li>Use and trade of wildlife.</li>
<li>Natural habitat loss.</li>
<li>Degradation and deforestation driven by food production processes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for Conservation Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because the<strong> health of nature is intimately linked to the health of humans.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>emergence of new infectious diseases like Covid-19</strong> tend to be related to the destruction of forests and wilderness.</li>
<li>Healthy ecosystems are the foundation of today&rsquo;s global economies and societies, and the ones we aspire to build.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As more and more species are drawn towards extinction, the very life support systems on which civilisation depends are eroded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per the World Economic Forum, biodiversity loss is a disturbing threat with few parallels like extreme weather events, climate change, severe income inequality etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Biodiversity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to <strong>all the varieties of life that can be found on Earth</strong> (plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms) as well as to the <strong>communities that they form and the habitats in which they live.</strong></li>
<li><strong>As per the Convention on Biological Diversity (Article 2):</strong> Biological Diversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.</li>
<li>It can be understood at three levels:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Species diversity</strong> refers to the variety of different species (plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms) such as palm trees, elephants or bacteria.</li>
<li><strong>Genetic diversity</strong> corresponds to the variety of genes contained in plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. It occurs within a species as well as between species.</li>
<li><strong>Ecosystem diversity</strong> refers to all the different habitats - or places - that exist, like tropical or temperate forests, hot and cold deserts, wetlands, rivers, mountains, coral reefs, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Convention on Biological Diversity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sixth-national-report-to-the-convention-of-biological-diversity#:~:text=The%20Convention%20on%20Biological%20Diversity%20(CBD)%2C%20a%20legally%20binding,It%20has%203%20main%20objectives%3A&amp;text=The%20sustainable%20use%20of%20the,the%20utilization%20of%20genetic%20resources." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)</strong></a>, <strong>a legally binding treaty</strong> to conserve biodiversity has been in force <strong>since 1993.</strong> It has <strong>3 main objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> conservation</strong> of biological diversity.</li>
<li>The<strong> sustainable use</strong> of the components of biological diversity.</li>
<li>The <strong>fair and equitable sharing</strong> of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The targets of the Convention calls for global trends of terrestrial wildlife to stop declining and start recovering by 2050 or earlier.</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> became a <strong>party to the Convention</strong> in <strong>1994.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Major Indian Government Initiatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife protection Act 1972.</strong></a></li>
<li>Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1974.</li>
<li>Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1981.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1#:~:text=On%2027%20January%201994%2C%20the,Schedule%201%20of%20the%20notification." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment Protection Act 1986.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/6th-national-report-to-cbd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biological Diversity Act 2002.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/forest-rights-act-2006" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers (recognition of rights) Act 2006.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Areas of Action</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Conservation Reserves:</strong> There must be<strong> renewed ambition</strong> from the world&rsquo;s governments to establish large-scale conservation areas, placed in the most valuable hotspots for biodiversity worldwide, such as small islands with species found nowhere else.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These reserves, in which wildlife will live and roam freely, will need to cover <strong>at least 40%</strong> of the world&rsquo;s land surface to help bend the curve from decline to recovery for species and entire ecosystems.</li>
<li>Management is more important than the size of reserves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat restoration</strong> and conservation efforts need to be targeted where they are needed most &ndash; for species and habitats on the verge of extinction.</li>
<li><strong>Food Production:</strong> Need is to transform <strong>our food systems</strong> to produce more on less land.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If every farmer on Earth used the best available farming practices, only half of the total area of cropland would be needed to feed the world. There are lots of other inefficiencies that could be ironed out too.</li>
<li>Reducing waste and favouring healthier and more environmentally friendly diets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restoring Land:</strong> Efforts to restore degraded land are also required. Such as farmland that&rsquo;s becoming unproductive as a result of soil erosion. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This could return 8% of the world&rsquo;s land to nature by 2050.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Afforestation:</strong> This can help not only in arresting soil erosion but also expansion of desertification along with avenues for biodiversity replenishment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While giving back to nature, the conservation measures would simultaneously slow climate change, reduce pressure on water, limit nitrogen pollution in the world&rsquo;s waterways and boost human health.</li>
<li>Only a comprehensive set of policy measures that transform our relationship with the land and rapidly scale down pollution can build the necessary momentum.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/how-to-reverse-global-wildlife-declines-by-2050-73400" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reversing-global-wildlife-decline'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Freedom of Media',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/stop-press-the-hindu-editorial-on-blanket-gag-order-against-the-media/article32623638.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Stop press: On blanket gag order against the media&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 17/09//2020. It talks about importance and issues related to freedom of media.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the higher judiciary passed an order that pertains to regulation of Media. In one order, Andhra Pradesh High Court imposed a ban on the media, and even social media, from mentioning anything in relation to a case linked to former Advocate General of the State.</p>
<p>In the second case, the Supreme Court passed an interim order which stopped the telecast of the remaining episodes of a news channel, as it was engaged in the vilification of a particular community. Though both the order will have consequences for free speech and the citizen&rsquo;s right to receive information, they should be seen in different contexts.</p>
<p>While the first order may envisage to prevent possible defamation or invasion of privacy or at protecting the fairness of a trial or investigation, the other may be seen as putting a check on propagation of hate. In this context, there is a need for fine balance between rights of individual and free press.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Freedom of Press</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution, the supreme law of the land, guarantees <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-protest-in-a-free-society#:~:text=The%20Right%20to%20protest%20peacefully,assemble%20peaceably%20and%20without%20arms." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>freedom of speech and expression under Article 19</strong></a>, which deals with &lsquo;Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.</li>
<li>Freedom of press is not expressly protected by Indian legal system but it is impliedly protected under article 19(1) (a) of the constitution, which states - "All citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression".</li>
<li>In 1950, the Supreme Court in <strong>Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras</strong> observed that freedom of the press lay at the foundation of all democratic organisations.</li>
<li>However, Freedom of press is also not absolute. A law could impose only those restrictions on the exercise of this right, it faces certain restrictions under article 19(2), which is as follows-
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Matters related to interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Importance of Free Media</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Free Media promotes open discussion of ideas that allows individuals to fully participate in political life, making informed decisions and strengthening society as a result &mdash; especially in a large democracy such as India.</li>
<li>A free exchange of ideas, free exchange of information and knowledge, debating and expression of different viewpoints is important for smooth functioning of democracy. As the free media by virtue of being the voice of masses, empowers them with the right to express opinions.Thus, free media is critical in a democracy.</li>
<li>With Free Media, people will be able to exercise their rights as questioning decisions of government. Such an environment can be created only when freedom of press is achieved.</li>
<li>Hence, Media can be rightly considered as the fourth pillar of democracy, the other three being legislature, executive and judiciary.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Related with The Present Media</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Right to Privacy:</strong> The right to privacy emanates from natural rights, which are basic, inherent and inalienable rights.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Article 21 which guarantees right to life guarantees right to privacy impliedly.</li>
<li>Many times, the media has crossed its limits of fair reporting and intruded in personal spheres of life.</li>
<li>In Aarushi Talwar Murder Case, the Supreme Court took a view that transparency and secrecy in an investigation are two different things. Where the apex court questioned a section of media for reporting that had resulted in tarnishing the reputation of the victim and her family members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Media Trials:</strong> The <strong>Supreme Court in Sahara vs. SEBI (2012)</strong> observed that the court can grant preventive relief on a balancing of the right to free trial and a free press.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from this, the Supreme Court was of the view many times that the media covers issues in such a way that it seems like a trial.</li>
<li>Since such trials by the media are likely to affect the reputation of the judiciary and judicial proceedings adversely, it interferes with the functioning of the judiciary as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Paid News:</strong> Paid news and fake news can manipulate public perception and can instigate hatred, violence, and disharmony among the various communities within society.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The absence of objective journalism leads to the false presentation of truth in a society which affects the perception and opinions of people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strengthening Institutional Framework:</strong> The Press Council of India, a regulatory body, can warn and regulate media if it finds that a newspaper or a news agency has violated media ethics.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Statutory status should be given to News Broadcasters Association (NBA) which represents the private television news and current affairs broadcasters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tackling Fake News:</strong> Countering content manipulation and fake news to restore faith in the media without undermining its freedom will require public education, strengthening of regulations and effort of tech companies to make suitable algorithms for news curation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any future legislation to curb fake news should take the whole picture into account and not blame the media and go for knee-jerk reactions; in this age of new media anyone can create and circulate new for undisclosed benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adherence to Media Ethics:</strong> It is important that the media stick to the core principles like truth and accuracy, transparency, independence, fairness and impartiality, responsibility and fair play.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>There is the need to maintain a balance between free expression and other community and individual rights; this responsibility should not be borne by the judiciary alone, but by all those who enjoy these rights.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600345324_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600345324_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #edfcde;">
<p><span style="color: #003366;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Though Free media is critical in a democracy, there is a need for a fine balance between rights of individual and free press. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_FOouNR8VRM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/chinas-watching-new-delhi-needs-to-prepare-defences-against-beijings-hybrid-warfare/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;China&rsquo;s watching&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Times of India on September 16<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/freedom-of-media'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Initiatives Launched on G20 EMM',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> G20</strong> </a><strong>Environment Ministers Meeting</strong> (EMM) has taken place under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saudi-arabia-becomes-first-arab-nation-to-head-g20" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Presidency of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Global <strong>initiatives to reduce <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-degradation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Land Degradation</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coral-reefs-could-survive-global-warming-says-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coral Reef</a> Programme</strong> and two <strong>documents on climate change,</strong> related to managing emissions and climate change adaptations under the G20 in 2020, have been launched.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g20-and-marine-plastic-waste" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20 EMM, 2019</strong></a> saw an agreement on adopting a new implementation framework for actions to tackle the issue of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-biodiversity-warning-bells" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>marine plastic waste</strong></a> on a global scale.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Initiative on Reducing Land Degradation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to strengthen the implementation of existing frameworks to <strong>prevent, halt, and reverse land degradation</strong> within G20 member states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Scientific Conceptual Framework for Land Degradation Neutrality</strong> (LDN), developed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-convention-to-combat-desertification-cop-14#:~:text=The%2014th%20edition%20of,on%2013th%20September%202019.&amp;text=India%20is%20among%20the%20select,climate%20change%2C%20biodiversity%20and%20land." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</strong></a> (UNCCD), provides a scientific foundation for understanding, implementing and monitoring land degradation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Globally, it aims to take into account possible implications on the achievement of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3#:~:text=Three%20core%20elements%20of%20sustainable,are%20important%20for%20sustainable%20development." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong> </a><strong>(SDG-13: Climate Action, SDG-14: Life below Water, SDG-15: Life on Land)</strong> and adhere to the principle of doing no harm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Coral Reef Research and Development Accelerator Platform:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an innovative action-oriented initiative aimed at <strong>creating a global research and development programme to advance research, innovation and capacity building</strong> in all facets of coral reef conservation, restoration and adaptation.</li>
<li>It will <strong>strengthen ongoing efforts and commitments</strong> made to enhance coral reefs conservation and stop their further degradation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Limiting global average temperature and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase, in line with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a>, <strong>provides the only chance for the survival of coral reefs globally.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India intends to take measures to enhance <strong>coral reef conservation</strong> under the <strong>National Coastal Mission Programme.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The proposed mission under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong></a> (NAPCC) will address the impact of climate change on coastal and marine ecosystems.</li>
<li>It will include all phases of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-coastal-zone-management-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Coastal Zone Management</strong></a> (ICZM) Project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has also put <strong>efforts towards achieving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integration-of-land-and-water-schemes-to-tackle-land-degradation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">land degradation neutrality</a></strong> and towards the attainment of global goals of climate change mitigation and adaptation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Indian government sees schemes such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojanas-failure-in-north-east" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-soil-health-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Soil Health Card Scheme</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-krishi-sinchayee-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana</strong></a> as tools to tackle the problem of land degradation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is committed to working with G20 nations for a better world and is taking adequate action to meet the <strong>Paris Agreement</strong> and its climate commitments.</li>
<li>It was emphasised that<strong> equity, common but differentiated responsibilities, finance and technology partnerships</strong> are the key pillars to tackle the problem of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was adopted by <strong>195 parties at the UN climate conference "COP 21"</strong> held in <strong>Paris</strong> in <strong>2015</strong> with an aim to <strong>reduce the hazardous <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">greenhouse gas</a> (GHG) emissions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To prevent an increase in global average temperature and keep it well below 2 degrees Celsius.</li>
<li>It emphasised that<strong> global GHG emissions must fall 45% by 2030</strong> and reach <strong>net zero by 2050</strong> to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.</li>
<li>19 members of the G20, <strong>except the USA which has pulled out of it,</strong> have voiced their commitment to the full implementation of the deal.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>G20</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>informal group of 19 countries and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Union</a></strong> (EU), with representatives of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> </a>and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> It operates as a forum and not as an organisation. Therefore, it does not have any permanent secretariat or management and administrative structure.</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the UK, the USA, and the EU.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1655306" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-launched-on-g20-emm'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Japan’s New Prime Minister',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Japan recently elected <strong>Yoshihide Suga</strong> as its new Prime Minister. He belongs to the ruling <strong>Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)</strong> of Japan.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Challenges Ahead:</strong> The new PM has to battle with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, rebuild the economy and also plan the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tokyo-olympics-2020-postponed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Olympics</strong></a> scheduled to take place in Tokyo in 2021.</li>
<li><strong>Political System of Japan :<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600338461_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600338461_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Japan has a <strong>multi-party, bicameral, parliamentary, representative democratic constitutional monarchy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Constitution:</strong> It has a <strong>unitary model</strong> with <strong>supremacy of constitution.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Constitution of Japan is the fundamental law of Japan, enacted on 3<sup>rd</sup> May 1947.</li>
<li>It is one of the very few democratic constitutions in the world having fundamental duties, apart from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government:</strong> The Government of Japan consists of a legislature, executive and judiciary.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Emperor is the Head of State</strong> and the<strong> Prime Minister is the Head of Government and the Head of the Cabinet (executive).</strong></li>
<li>The Emperor holds<strong> nominal ceremonial authority.</strong> For e.g. The legislature is known as the<strong> National Diet.</strong> Its members are directly elected by the people.</li>
<li>The Diet has two houses- upper <strong>House of Representatives</strong> and lower <strong>House of Councillors.</strong></li>
<li>The Prime minister is<strong> designated by the National Diet</strong> but only the Emperor has the authority to appoint the Prime Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Feature Borrowed in Indian Constitution:</strong> The Indian Constitution derives its <strong>&ldquo;Procedure established by Law&rdquo;</strong> component from the Japanese constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The expression occurs in <strong>Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty).</strong></li>
<li>It means that law duly enacted by the legislature or the concerned body is valid <strong>only if</strong> the correct procedure has been followed to the letter.</li>
<li>Hence, the validity of a law that has prescribed a procedure cannot be questioned on the ground that the law is unreasonable, unfair or unjust.</li>
<li>It is different from the expression <strong>&lsquo;due process of law&rsquo;</strong> contained in the <strong>American Constitution,</strong> which not only checks if there is a law to deprive the life and personal liberty of a person but also ensures that the law is made fair and just.</li>
<li>With the Supreme Court pronouncement of &ldquo;due process of Law &ldquo;in the <em><strong>Maneka Gandhi case</strong></em> (1978), the court asserted the <strong>principle of reasonableness while deciding a case.</strong> It now means that the procedure must satisfy certain requisites in the sense of being fair and reasonable. The procedure <strong>cannot be arbitrary, unfair or unreasonable.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Developments in India-Japan Relations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, India and Japan signed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-japan-logistics-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>logistics agreement</strong></a> that will allow armed forces of both sides to coordinate closely in services and supplies. The agreement is known as <strong>Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement</strong> (ACSA).</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-japan-s-cooperation-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian and Japanese warships conducted naval exercises</strong></a> in the Indian Ocean.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India and Japan defence forces organize a series of bilateral exercises namely, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-08th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>JIMEX</strong></a> <strong>(naval exercise), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SHINYUU Maitri</a> (air force exercise),</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-dharma-guardian-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dharma Guardian</strong> </a><strong>(military exercise).</strong> Both countries also participate in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-malabar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malabar exercise</strong></a> with the USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Japan has mooted the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-of-supply-chain-resilience-initiative#:~:text=Supply%20Chain%20Resilience%20Initiative%20(SCRI)%3A,lead%20to%20the%20supply%20chain." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI)</strong></a> as a <strong>trilateral approach</strong> to trade, with India and Australia as the key-partners.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Supply chain resilience is an approach that helps a country to ensure that it has <strong>diversified its supply risk across a clutch of supplying nations instead of being dependent on just one</strong> or a few.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-japan-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>President of India visited Japan in 2019.</strong> </a>The visit was the first presidential visit to Japan after a gap of 29 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Pact for Sputnik V Availability in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Russia Direct Investment Fund (RDIF),</strong> which is piloting <strong>Russia&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/russian-covid-vaccine-sputnik-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sputnik V</a> vaccine,</strong> has partnered with the <strong>Hyderabad-based Dr. Reddy&rsquo;s Laboratories</strong> to supply 100 million doses of the vaccine.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sputnik V:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Russian vaccine has been named after the <strong>first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik-I</strong> launched by the Soviet Union.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>first Covid-19 vaccine</strong> to be approved by any government for common people.</li>
<li>The Russian vaccine <strong>has outrun other Covid-19 vaccines</strong> like <strong>Oxford-Astra Zeneca, Moderna and Pfizer</strong> which are still in trials.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covaxin</strong></a> has been approved for human clinical trials.</li>
<li>Another Indian vaccine <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clinical-trial-of-covid-19-vaccine-zycov-d" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ZyCoV-D</strong></a> has entered phase I/II of clinical trials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has been developed by Moscow&rsquo;s <strong>Gamaleya National Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</strong> in collaboration with the Russia&rsquo;s defence ministry.</li>
<li>It is based on the<strong> DNA</strong> of a<strong> SARS-CoV-2</strong> type <strong>adenovirus,</strong> a common cold virus.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It uses the <strong>weakened virus</strong> to deliver small parts of a pathogen and stimulate an immune response.</li>
<li>It is administered in <strong>two doses</strong> and consists of two types of a human adenovirus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Phase 1 and 2 results have shown promise.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The results of Phase I and Phase II clinical trials of the vaccine were published in The Lancet, demonstrating no serious adverse effects and a stable immune response in 100% of the participants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phase 3 trials will be conducted in India</strong> to meet the requirements of the Indian regulators.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sputnik V vaccine could provide a credible option in India&rsquo;s fight against Covid-19.</li>
<li>India has also <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-u-s-to-collaborate-on-covid-19-vaccine-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>partnered with the USA</strong></a> for development of Covid-19 vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulatory Requirements in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> approval</strong> for a vaccine is given by the<strong> Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A vaccine, developed outside India, needs to be<strong> tested with late-phase human trials,</strong> usually both phase-2 and phase-3, on an <strong>Indian population</strong> as a part of general requirement.</li>
<li>CDSCO can also give<strong> emergency authorisation</strong> without late-phase trials, considering the extraordinary situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns Regarding the Vaccine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Experts expressed concerns over the safety and efficacy of the vaccine due to its <strong>extremely fast production and lack of published data</strong> on the vaccine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Russia has only made<strong> public</strong> the <strong>results of phase I and phase II</strong> of the clinical trials, which it claimed were successful and produced the desired immune response.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The late-phase human trials are important because the vaccine&rsquo;s efficacy can differ on different population groups. After trials, vaccines are given to a large number of people, and the risks involved are much higher if trials are not comprehensive.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Russia, however, has claimed that this was made possible due to the fact that its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>vaccine candidate closely resembled a vaccine for <strong>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)</strong> disease, caused by another coronavirus, that had already been tested extensively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are also issues in manufacturing the vaccine in India as there is<strong> no agreement for its production in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pune-based Serum Institute of India,<strong> the world&rsquo;s largest manufacturer of vaccines by volume,</strong> has already entered into tie-ups with developers to mass-produce their vaccines. Other Indian companies have also done similar agreements but there is none with Russia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccine Base in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides a big domestic market, India is a strong player globally in the field of vaccines. In FY20, vaccine exports accounted for 4.27% of total pharma exports.</li>
<li>Its manufacturing skill is evident from the fact that about 70% WHO vaccines and 90% of measles shots are sourced from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Adenovirus Vector Vaccine</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this vaccine, adenovirus is used as a tool to deliver genes or vaccine antigens to the target host tissue.</li>
<li>Adenoviruses (ADVs) are <strong>DNA viruses</strong> ranging from 70-90 nanometre in size, which induce many illnesses in humans like cold, respiratory infection etc.</li>
<li>Adenoviruses are preferred for vaccines because their DNA is <strong>double stranded</strong> which makes them <strong>genetically more stable</strong> and the chances of them changing after injection are lower.</li>
<li>However, there are drawbacks of adenovirus vector vaccines like <strong>pre-existing immunity in humans and inflammatory responses</strong> which may make vaccines less effective.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CDSCO,</strong> under Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare, is the <strong>National Regulatory Authority</strong> (NRA) of India.</li>
<li>Under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, CDSCO is responsible for<strong> approval of Drugs, Conduct of Clinical Trials, laying down the standards for Drugs, control over the quality of imported Drugs in the country and coordination of the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/russia-inks-pact-to-test-supply-sputnik-v-vaccine-to-india/article32624204.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Djibouti Code of Conduct',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India</strong> joined the <strong>Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCOC)</strong> as <strong>an observer</strong> as part of efforts aimed at enhancing maritime security in the Indian Ocean region.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600331585_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600331585_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Djibouti Code of Conduct:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is also known as the <strong>Code of Conduct concerning the Repression of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships </strong>in the <strong>Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was adopted on <strong>29<sup>th</sup> January 2009.</strong></li>
<li>It was established under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/international-maritime-organization-and-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> Under the code, the signatories agreed to co-operate to the fullest possible extent in the repression of piracy and armed robbery against ships.</li>
<li><strong>Jeddah Amendment:</strong> An amendment to DCOC was made in <strong>2017</strong> to cover other illicit maritime activities, including human trafficking and illegal, <strong>unreported and unregulated fishing</strong> and to build national and regional capacity to address <strong>wider maritime security issues,</strong> as a basis for <strong>sustainable development of the maritime sector.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Signatories:</strong> It has been signed by<strong> 20 countries</strong> including Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Seychelles, Somalia, the United Republic of Tanzania, Yemen, Comoros, Egypt, Eritrea, Jordan, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sudan and the United Arab Emirates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The member states are<strong> located in areas adjoining the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and the east coast of Africa</strong> and include island nations in the Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Observers: India, Japan, Norway, the UK and the USA.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600331563_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600331563_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of India Becoming an Observer</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Boosting its Indian Ocean Outreach:</strong> As India is strengthening its position in the Indian Ocean and nearby waters as part of its overall <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Pacific policy</strong></a>, this move will help it in <strong>increasing its strategic footprints in Western and Eastern Indian Ocean besides Eastern African coastal states.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Blue Economy: <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Blue economy</a></strong> is one of the key areas of the Jeddah Amendment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It refers to the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and ocean ecosystem health.</li>
<li>India has also focussed on the growth of the blue economy through its framework of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Ocean Rim Association</strong></a> and DCOC may be another step in that direction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India-China:</strong> China&rsquo;s territorial claims in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/china-in-south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South China Sea</strong></a>, its claim in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/senkaku-islands" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>East China Sea</strong> </a>and its rapid advance into the Indian Ocean through ambitious strategic and economic initiatives like the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/19-11-2019/print" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>String of pearls</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt-and-Road Initiative</strong> </a>may pose a threat to india. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, China is modernising its military base at Djibouti.</li>
<li>Given India&rsquo;s stakes in Indian ocean and rising <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-China conflicts</strong></a>, it is very significant for India to develop blue-water naval capabilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India in Indo-Pacific</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shangrila Dialogue:</strong> India has internationally emphasized on including the western Pacific and the Indian Ocean in the concept of <strong>Indo-Pacific,</strong> like at Shangrila Dialogue in <strong>2018.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In accordance, it also set up an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indo-pacific-wing-in-mea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Pacific division</strong></a> in the Ministry of External Affairs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Quad: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/four%20corners:%20on%20the%20quad%E2%80%99s%20agenda" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)</a></strong> refers to an ad hoc group including Australia, India, Japan, and the USA with a shared objective to ensure and support a &ldquo;free, open and prosperous&rdquo; Indo-Pacific region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has signed reciprocal <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-japan-logistics-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>military logistics support agreements with Australia, USA and Japan</strong></a> to increase interoperability with the navies of those countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>ASEAN:</strong> India has emphasized the centrality of ASEAN in its Indo-Pacific framework and India&rsquo;s<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-act-east-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Act East policy</strong></a> provides strategic direction to increase its cooperation with ASEAN members.</li>
<li><strong>SAGAR:</strong> The Indian government introduced the concept of SAGAR <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sagar-vision" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Security And Growth for All in the Region)</strong></a> in 2015 as its strategic vision for the Indian Ocean Region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through SAGAR, India seeks to deepen <strong>economic and security cooperation</strong> with its maritime neighbours and assist in building their <strong>maritime security capabilities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s other policies impacting the maritime domain include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-09th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Sagarmala</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Mausam</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre (IFC) for the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)</strong></a>, etc.</li>
<li>India has also begun to focus on its strategic partners in the <strong>Western Indian ocean.</strong> It has been accepted as an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-as-an-observer-at-ioc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>observer at Indian Ocean Commission.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600331530_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600331530_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-joins-indian-ocean-grouping-against-piracy-as-observer/story-ki47pyuwxJeZhk4Wzbxr9O.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Biotech-KISAN Programme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per the recent information shared by the Union Minister of Science and Technology in Lok Sabha, <strong>Biotech-Krishi Innovation Science Application Network (Biotech-KISAN) programme</strong> plays an important role in taking innovative <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biotechnology-and-its-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>biotechnologies</strong></a> to the farmers.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Biotech-KISAN programme is a <strong>farmer-centric scheme</strong> for farmers, developed by and with farmers under the <strong>Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>pan-India program,</strong> following a<strong> hub-and-spoke model</strong> and stimulates <strong>entrepreneurship and innovation in farmers</strong> and <strong>empowers women farmers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has a<strong> unique feature</strong> to identify and promote local farm<strong> leadership in both genders.</strong> Such leadership helps to develop science-based farming besides facilitating the transfer of knowledge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To <strong>understand the problems</strong> of water, soil, seed and market faced by the farmers and<strong> provide simple solutions</strong> to them.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The programme links available science and technology to the farm by first understanding the problem of the local farmer and then providing scientific solutions to those problems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Biotech-KISAN hubs</strong> are expected to fulfil the technology required to generate agriculture and bio-resource related jobs and better livelihood ensuring biotechnological benefits to small and marginal farmers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, there are a total of eight Biotech-KISAN Hubs in different Agro-climatic Zones.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Biotechnology in Agriculture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Government supports</strong> research institutes, central and state agriculture universities for competitive research and development and demonstration<strong> activities in agriculture biotechnology </strong>including<strong> organic farming.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been supported across the country including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aspirational Districts.</strong> </a></li>
<li>During the last three years, approximately Rs. 310 crores have been invested in supporting the use of biotechnology in agriculture.</li>
<li>The <strong>Integrated Human Resource Development Programme</strong> under the Department of Biotechnology has been implemented to <strong>provide biotechnology trained personnel in various fields</strong> including agriculture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alternative of Conventional Farming:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>understanding of genetics and biotechnology</strong> could enable farmers to obtain maximum yield from their fields and to minimise the use of fertilisers and chemicals so as to avoid their harmful effects on the environment.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-seeds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetically Modified Organisms&rsquo;</strong></a> (GMO) use is a possible solution and an alternative path to conventional farming.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>GMOs have made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses, reduced reliance on chemical pesticides, reduced post-harvest losses, increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants and enhanced nutritional value of food.</li>
<li>For example, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bt-cotton-in-india-problems-and-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bt cotton</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/illegal-cultivation-of-bt-brinjal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bt Brinjal</strong></a>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Genetically Modified Biopesticides</strong> are biologically based agents used for the control of plant pests.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They <strong>can be living organisms</strong> (nematodes or micro-organisms) or<strong> naturally occurring substances,</strong> such as plant extracts or insect pheromones which can <strong>provide resistance to insects without the need for chemical insecticides.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1656225" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/biotech-kisan-programme'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => '60 Years of Indus Water Treaty',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indus-waters-treaty-1960" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Water Treaty</strong></a> (IWT) between India and Pakistan marks its <strong>60<sup>th</sup> anniversary on 19<sup>th</sup> September 2020.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600510118_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600510118_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indus system comprises the main <strong>Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.</strong> The basin is mainly <strong>shared by India and Pakistan</strong> with a small share for China and Afghanistan.</li>
<li>With the <strong>partition of India in 1947,</strong> waters of Indus rivers system were also divided.</li>
<li>The sharing formula, devised after prolonged negotiations, sliced the Indus system into two halves. The three <strong>&lsquo;western rivers&rsquo; (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab)</strong> went to <strong>Pakistan</strong> and the three <strong>&lsquo;eastern rivers&rsquo; (Sutlej, Ravi and Beas)</strong> were portioned to India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is<strong> allowed to use 20% water of the western rivers</strong> for irrigation, power generation and transport purposes.</li>
<li>IWT <strong>granted 3.6 million acre-feet (MAF) of &ldquo;permissible storage capacity&rdquo;</strong> to India on the western rivers but due to poor water development projects, 2-3 MAF of water easily flows into Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It seemed equitable but <strong>India conceded 80.52% of the aggregate water flows</strong> in the Indus system to Pakistan and also <strong>gave Rs. 83 crore in pounds sterling to Pakistan to help build replacement canals</strong> from the western rivers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India conceded its upper riparian position on the western rivers<strong> for the complete rights on the eastern rivers.</strong></li>
<li>It was important to get the waters of the &lsquo;eastern rivers&rsquo; for the<strong> Indira Gandhi Canal in Rajasthan</strong> (starts from the <strong>Harike Barrage,</strong> a few kilometers below the confluence of the<strong> Satluj and Beas rivers</strong>) and the <strong>Bhakra Dam</strong> (on the Sutlej River in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh) without which both Punjab and Rajasthan would be left dry, severely hampering India&rsquo;s food production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> World Bank</strong></a>, as the third party, played a pivotal role in crafting the IWT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pakistan&rsquo;s Responses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Pakistan leadership <strong>considers</strong> the sharing of the waters with India an <strong>unfinished business.</strong></li>
<li>Pakistan is not comfortable with the fact that <strong>India got away with the total flow of 33 million acre-feet on the eastern rivers,</strong> while it had to share the waters of western rivers.</li>
<li>Being a lower riparian state, <strong>Pakistan&rsquo;s scepticism of India allows it to increasingly politicise the issue.</strong> It maintains<strong> high troop levels and alertness around the canals on the eastern front,</strong> fearing that India will try to take control of the western rivers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Changing Perspectives in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Every now and then, there is an<strong> uproar in India for abrogating the IWT</strong> as a response to Pakistan&rsquo;s<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cross-border-terrorism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> cross-border terrorism</strong> </a><strong>and tenacity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Abrogating IWT would <strong>require a number of politico-diplomatic and hydrological factors to be determined</strong> and also a<strong> political consensus.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Terror attacks</strong> in Indian Parliament in 2001, Mumbai in 2008, and the incidents in Uri in 2016 and Pulwama in 2019 could have prompted India, within the<strong> Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,</strong> to withdraw from the IWT. However, on each occasion, India chose not to do so.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,</strong> an <strong>international agreement governing treaties between states</strong> that was drafted by the<strong> International Law Commission</strong> of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations.</strong></a></li>
<li>It was adopted in 1969 and entered into force in January 1980.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is because India <strong>respects its signature and values trans-boundary rivers as an important connector</strong> in the region in terms of both diplomacy and economic prosperity.</li>
<li>However, in light of India being hesitant to abrogate the treaty, there have been <strong>suggestions to modify</strong> it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Currently, with a new set of hydrological realities, advanced engineering methods in dam construction and de-siltation, there is an urgent need to modify the treaty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article XII of the IWT</strong> says that it <strong>&ldquo;may from time to time be modified&rdquo;</strong> but carefully notes <strong>&ldquo;by a duly ratified treaty concluded for that purpose between the two governments&rdquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pakistan will see no merit in any modification, having already got a good deal in 1960.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s best option, therefore, would be to optimise the provisions of the treaty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the developments on western rivers, the <strong>permissible storage capacity on the western rivers needs to be urgently utilised.</strong> Out of the total estimated <strong>capacity of 11406 MW electricity</strong> that can be harnessed from the three western rivers in Kashmir, only 3034 MW has been tapped so far, which also <strong>needs to be looked into.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tulbul Navigation project on Jhelum, Ratle and Bagliha</strong> hydro projects on Chenab,<strong> Bursar hydroelectric project</strong> on one of the tributaries of the Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir are few of the projects to utilise the waters of western rivers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bursar, once completed, will be India&rsquo;s first project on the western rivers to have storage infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has fast-tracked the work on <strong>Shahpur Kandi dam project,</strong> a <strong>second Sutlej-Beas link in Punjab</strong> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ujh-multipurpose-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ujh Dam project</strong></a> in Jammu and Kashmir to <strong>fully utilise the waters of eastern rivers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The role of India, as a responsible upper riparian abiding by the provisions of the treaty, has been remarkable but the country is under pressure to rethink the extent to which it can remain committed to the provisions, as its overall political relations with Pakistan becomes intractable.</li>
<li>IWT is often cited as an example of the possibilities of peaceful coexistence that exist despite the troubled relationship between both neighbouring countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/indus-water-treaty-at-60-why-there-is-a-need-to-give-it-a-fresh-look-6601741/#:~:text=Water%20was%20critical%20for%20India's,severely%20hampering%20India's%20food%20production." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/60-years-of-indus-water-treaty'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Eight Indian Beaches Recommended for Blue Flag',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>On the occasion of<strong> International Coastal Clean-Up Day,</strong> for the first time eight beaches of India are recommended for the coveted International eco-label, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blue-flag-certification" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Blue flag certification.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>eight beaches are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Shivrajpur in Gujarat,</li>
<li>Ghoghla in Daman &amp; Diu,</li>
<li>Kasarkod and Padubidri beach in Karnataka,</li>
<li>Kappad in Kerala,</li>
<li>Rushikonda in Andhra Pradesh,</li>
<li>Golden beach of Odisha and</li>
<li>Radhanagar beach in Andaman and Nicobar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Blue Flag Certification:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Blue Flag beaches are considered the <strong>cleanest</strong> beaches of the world.</li>
<li>The Blue Flag is one of the world&rsquo;s most recognised <strong>voluntary eco-labels</strong> awarded to beaches, marinas, and sustainable boating tourism operators.</li>
<li>In order to qualify for the Blue Flag, a series of stringent environmental, educational, safety, and accessibility criteria must be met and maintained.</li>
<li>The Blue Flag Programme for beaches and marinas is run by the international, non-governmental, non-profit organisation FEE (the <strong>Foundation for Environmental Education).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>FEE (the Foundation for Environmental Education) was established in France in 1985.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On the lines of Blue Flag certification, India has also launched<strong> its own eco-label BEAMS.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>BEAMS</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On this occasion, India has also launched India&rsquo;s own eco-label BEAMS <strong>(Beach Environment &amp; Aesthetics Management Services)</strong> under <strong>ICZM (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-coastal-zone-management-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Integrated Coastal Zone Management</a>)</strong> project.</li>
<li>This is launched by the <strong>Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM)</strong> and the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).</li>
<li>The objectives of <em><strong>BEAMS</strong></em> program is to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Abate pollution in coastal waters,</li>
<li>Promote sustainable development of beach facilities,</li>
<li>Protect &amp; conserve coastal ecosystems &amp; natural resources,</li>
<li>Strive and maintain high standards of cleanliness,</li>
<li>Hygiene &amp; safety for beachgoers in accordance with coastal environment &amp; regulations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan</strong> (ICZM) is a process for the management of the coast using an integrated approach, regarding all aspects of the coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, in an attempt to achieve sustainability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concept of ICZM was born in <strong>1992</strong> during the Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro.</li>
<li>The specifics regarding ICZM is set out in the proceedings of the summit within Agenda 21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> assisted project and is being implemented by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC).</li>
<li>The<strong> National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM),</strong> Chennai, is providing scientific and technical inputs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Society of Integrated Coastal Management</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM) has been established under the aegis of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.</li>
<li>It has a vision for a vibrant, healthy and resilient coastal and marine environment for the continuous and enhanced outflow of benefits to the country and the coastal community.</li>
<li>SICOM is the national project management unit of India in strategic planning, management, execution, monitoring and successful implementation of the ICZMP-Phase-I.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>International Coastal Clean-Up Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been celebrated across 100 countries since 1986.</li>
<li>The day is marked each year on the<strong> third Saturday of September</strong> as an initiative of the Washington-based Ocean Conservancy, a volunteer effort for ocean health.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1656392" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eight-indian-beaches-recommended-for-blue-flag'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Nandankanan Zoological Park: Odisha',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, death of two <strong>sloth bears</strong> have been reported from the <strong>Nandankanan Zoological Park,</strong> Bhubaneswar (Odisha).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The exact cause of deaths is not yet known. Earlier, a 28-year-old <strong>Himalayan black bear</strong> died probably due to old age as bears are known to live for about 30 years.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nandankanan Zoological Park:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is 15 kms from <strong>Odisha's capital, Bhubaneswar.</strong> It was <strong>inaugurated in 1960.</strong></li>
<li>First zoo in the country to become a <strong>member of the World Association of Zoos &amp; Aquariums (WAZA).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>WAZA is the global alliance of regional associations, national federations, zoos and aquariums, dedicated to the care and conservation of animals and their habitats around the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is recognized as a leading zoo for the <strong>breeding of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-pangolin" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian pangolin </a></strong>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> white tiger.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Leopards, mouse deer, lions, ratel and vultures are also bred here.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was the <strong>world&rsquo;s first captive crocodile breeding centre,</strong> where <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/release-of-gharials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>gharials</strong> </a>were bred in captivity in 1980.</li>
<li>The <strong>State Botanical Garden of Nandankanan</strong> is one of the pioneering plant conservation and nature education centres of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sloth Bears:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600503966_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600503966_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> <em>Melursus ursinus</em></li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Also called honey bear, <strong>Hindi bhalu,</strong> it is a forest-dwelling member of the <strong>family Ursidae</strong> (comprises 8 species of bears) that inhabits tropical or subtropical regions of India and Sri Lanka.</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Vulnerable&rsquo;</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Appendix I</strong> in <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CITES</a> listing.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Schedule I</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong> Habitat loss, poaching for body parts and are sometimes captured for use in performances or hunted because of their aggressive behavior and destruction of crops.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Himalayan Black Bear:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600503985_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600503985_image3.jpg" width="300" caption="false" style="float: right;" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Scientific Name:</strong> <em>Ursus thibetenus</em></li>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Also called <strong>Asiatic black bear,</strong> it inhabits mountainous and heavily forested areas across southern and eastern Asia.</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Vulnerable&rsquo; </strong>in the<strong> IUCN Red List.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Appendix I</strong> in<strong> CITES listing.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Schedule I </strong>of the<strong> Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats</strong>: Illegal hunting for body parts, specifically the gallbladder, paws and skiing poses the main threat, together with habitat loss caused by logging, expansion of human settlements and roads.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/death-of-two-sloth-bears-worries-nandankanan-authorities/article32642562.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park-odisha'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Arsenic-affected Habitations Increased',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to data shared in the Parliament, the number of<strong> arsenic-affected habitations in India has increased by 145%</strong> in the last five years (2015-20).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increase:</strong> India had <strong>1,800 arsenic-affected habitations</strong> in 2015. This increased to 4,421 habitations as of September 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Habitations</strong> are the group of households at a community level in a village.</li>
<li>These are the smallest level of settlements that can have between 10-100 households.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regions Affected:</strong> Most of the arsenic-affected habitations lie in the <strong>Ganga and Brahmaputra alluvial plains.</strong> i.e in<strong> Assam, Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh</strong> (UP). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Assam had the highest share</strong> of such habitations (1,853), followed by <strong>West Bengal</strong> (1,383).</li>
<li><strong>Jharkhand,</strong> which did not have any such habitation in 2015, has two now (2020).</li>
<li>However, <strong>Karnataka</strong> which had nine habitations in 2015, had none in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decrease in Fluoride Habitations:</strong> The number of <strong>fluoride</strong> affected habitations has significantly come down from 12,727 in 2015 to 5,485 as of September 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rajasthan</strong> had the highest number of such habitations (2,956), followed by<strong> Bihar</strong> (861).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-jeevan-mission-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission</strong></a> <strong>(JJM),</strong> priority has been given to such quality-affected habitations through<strong> Community Water Purification Plants</strong> (CWPP) to meet drinking and cooking needs &mdash; until potable water supply through tap connection is provided.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>JJM</strong> was <strong>started in 2019</strong> with the <strong>aim to provide piped water supply</strong> to every household by<strong> 2024.</strong></li>
<li>Under JJM, upto 2% of the allocation to states/ UTs can be utilised for <strong>Water Quality Monitoring &amp; Surveillance activities (WQM&amp;S).</strong></li>
<li>The WQM&amp;S includes setting up and strengthening of water quality testing laboratories, surveillance by community using field test kits (FTKs), awareness generation and educational programmes on water quality, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A new Sub-programme under <strong>National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP)</strong> viz. <strong>National Water Quality Sub-Mission (NWQSM)</strong> was started by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (now merged with Ministry of Jal Shakti) in 2017 to address the urgent need for providing clean drinking water in about 28000 Arsenic &amp; Fluoride affected habitations.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NWQSM aims to cover all rural populations in Arsenic/Fluoride affected habitations with <strong>clean drinking water on a sustainable basis by March 2021. </strong></li>
<li>The NWQSM was launched with an outlay of <strong>Rs. 25,000 crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>NRDWP was started in 2009</strong>, with a major emphasis on ensuring sustainability of water availability in terms of potability, adequacy, convenience, affordability and equity.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NRDWP is a <strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme with 50:50 fund sharing</strong> between the Centre and the States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Arsenic Poisoning</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Arsenic is naturally present at high levels in the <strong>earth crust</strong> and <strong>groundwater</strong> of a number of countries. It is<strong> highly toxic</strong> in its inorganic form.</li>
<li><strong>Contaminated water</strong> used for drinking, food preparation and irrigation of food crops poses the greatest threat to public health from arsenic.</li>
<li>Long-term exposure to arsenic from drinking-water and food can cause <strong>cancer, skin disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In early childhood exposure, it has been linked to negative impacts on<strong> cognitive development</strong> and <strong>increased deaths in young adults.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <strong>WHO&rsquo;s guidelines for drinking water quality (2011)</strong>, the permissible limit of <strong>Arsenic in groundwater is 0.01 mg per litre.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in India the permissible limit in drinking water has recently been revised from <strong>0.05 mg per litre to 0.01 mg per litre.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The most important action in affected communities is the <strong>prevention of further exposure</strong> to arsenic by provision of a <strong>safe water supply.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Fluoride Toxicity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Excessive fluoride intake usually occurs through the <strong>consumption of groundwater naturally rich in fluoride,</strong> particularly in warm climates where water consumption is greater, or where high-fluoride water is used in food preparation or irrigation of crops.</li>
<li>Such exposure may lead to <strong>dental fluorosis (tooth decay)</strong> or <strong>crippling skeletal fluorosis,</strong> which is associated with <strong>bone deformities. </strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/arsenic-affected-habitations-in-india-up-145-in-last-5-yrs-73450" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/arsenic-affected-habitations-increased'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Free Internet Gadget and Package to Poor Students',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Delhi High Court has directed <strong>both private and government schools</strong> in Delhi to provide<strong> gadgets and Internet packages free of cost to poor students</strong> for attending online classes.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ruling:</strong> If a school decides to opt for online mode as a medium of instruction, it will have to ensure that students belonging to the <strong>Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and Disadvantaged Group (DG) category</strong> also have access and are able to avail of the same.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Private unaided schools will be <strong>entitled to claim reimbursement</strong> of reasonable cost for procurement of the gadget and Internet package from the government under <strong>Section 12(2)</strong> of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right to Education (RTE)</strong></a> Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Provisions: Intra-class discrimination,</strong> especially between the 75% fee-paying students and the 25% EWS/DG students, <strong>upsets the level playing field</strong> and creates a <strong>digital divide</strong> in the classroom which is violative of<strong> RTE Act, 2009, and Articles 14, 20 and 21 of the Constitution.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to <strong>RTE Act,</strong> private unaided institutions and special category schools shall provide free and compulsory education to at least <strong>25%</strong> children belonging to DG/EWS category admitted to class I or pre-primary classes. They will also be <strong>reimbursed by the government</strong> for this.</li>
<li><strong>Article 14</strong> of the Constitution of India provides for equality before the law or equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 20</strong> of the Constitution of India provides that no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of the law in force at the time of the offence.</li>
<li><strong>Article 21</strong> provides for the protection of life and personal liberty. It states that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The ruling is aimed at narrowing the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Covid-19</a> pandemic-induced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-internet-access-and-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">digital divide.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the recently released<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> UN Report on the Impact of Covid-19 on Children</strong></a>, almost <strong>24 million children could drop out</strong> or not have access to school next year due to the <strong>economic impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a>.</strong></li>
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nso-report-on-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NSO report on Education</strong></a>, nearly 4% of rural households and 23% of urban households possessed computers and 24% of the households in the country had internet access.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Among persons of age 15-29 years, only 24% in rural areas and 56% in urban areas were able to operate a computer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-education-monitoring-report-2020-unesco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Education Monitoring Report, 2020</strong></a>, released by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</strong></a> (UNESCO), Covid-19 had worsened the inequalities in education systems worldwide.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>During the height of school closures in April 2020, almost 91% of students around the world were out of school.</li>
<li>About 40% of low and lower middle income countries have not supported learners at risk of exclusion during this crisis, such as the poor, linguistic minorities and learners with disabilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Judgments on Right to Internet Access</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Kerala High Court, in Faheema Shirin vs the State of Kerala case, 2019</strong> declared the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/access-to-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>right to Internet access as a fundamental right</strong></a> forming a part of the right to privacy and the right to education under Article 21 of the Constitution.</li>
<li>In the <strong>Supreme Court decision</strong> in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-s-verdict-on-curbs-imposed-in-j-k" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Anuradha Bhasin case (2020)</strong></a>, freedom of free speech and expression on the Internet was accepted as a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. Trade, occupation or commerce dependent on the Internet is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(g).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre has directed State Education Departments<strong> to map the online access available to all their students</strong> in order to <strong>adequately plan curriculum and teaching methods</strong> that can reach such students.</li>
<li><strong>New Education Policy: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Education Policy, 2020</a></strong> aims at making &ldquo;India a global knowledge superpower&rdquo; by introducing several changes from the school to college level in the Indian education system with special emphasis on digital education.</li>
<li><strong>DIKSHA (Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing) platform- <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classes-in-distance-mode" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DIKSHA</a></strong> is the national platform for school education available for all states and the central government for grades 1 to 12 and was launched in September 2017.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As part of <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-05-2020#:~:text=Technology%20Driven%20Education%20with%20Equity,one%20nation%2C%20one%20digital%20platform)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM eVidya</strong></a> announced under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>programme, DIKSHA is the <strong>&lsquo;one nation; one digital platform&rsquo;</strong> for school education in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swayam Prabha TV Channel-</strong> To support and reach those who do not have access to the internet.</li>
<li><strong>Online MOOC courses-</strong> Online Massive Open Online Course MOOC courses relating to NIOS (grades 9 to 12 of open schooling) are uploaded on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swayam-and-swayam-prabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SWAYAM portal</strong></a>; around 92 courses have started and 1.5 crore students are enrolled.</li>
<li><strong>On Air &ndash;</strong> Shiksha Vani, DAISY by NIOS for differently-abled, e-PathShala- Radio broadcasting is being used for children in remote areas who are not online (especially for grades 1 to 5).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The current ruling will help in the bridging the digital divide in Delhi and other states must follow suit. Though <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>pandemic has necessitated a shift towards online education at a faster pace, the same should be complemented with infrastructure reforms, support and training by the government, aided by civil-society groups.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/free-internet-gadget-and-package-to-poor-students'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Country of Origin Rules: CAROTAR, 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Customs (Administration of Rules of Origin under Trade Agreements) Rules, 2020</strong> (CAROTAR, 2020), will come into force from 21<sup>st</sup> September 2020. It was notified on 21<sup>st</sup> August 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The importers and other stakeholders were given a 30-day period to familiarise themselves with new provisions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stricter Rules:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Importers will have to ensure that imported goods meet the prescribed<strong> &lsquo;rules of origin&rsquo;</strong> provisions for availing concessional rate of customs duty under <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/a-note-on-free-trade-agreements-and-their-costs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Free Trade Agreements</strong></a> (FTAs).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Importers have to prove that imported products have undergone value addition of at least 35% in the countries of origin.</li>
<li>Earlier, merely a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/display-of-country-of-origin-must-for-e-commerce-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>country of origin</strong></a> certificate, issued by a notified agency in the country of export was sufficient to avail the benefits of FTAs.</li>
<li>This was exploited in many cases, i.e. the<strong> FTA partner countries have been claiming to have produced the goods in question without having the necessary technological capacity</strong> for the required value addition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Stricter Rule:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The investigation into FTA imports in the last few years has revealed that the <strong>rules of origin, under respective FTAs, were not being followed</strong> in the true spirit.</li>
<li>Customs officials suspect that China diverts its supplies to India through <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Association of Southeast Asian Nations</strong> </a>(ASEAN) nations, abusing rules of origin, to illegally take advantage of <strong>duty-free market access under FTA.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Major imports to India</strong> come from five ASEAN countries &mdash; Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam.</li>
<li>The ASEAN FTA allows imports of most items at zero or concessional basic customs duty from the 10-nation bloc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Given the latest <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/galwan-valley-clash" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>border standoff between India and China</strong></a>, the diversion may surge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The new rules will make the importer to correctly ascertain the country of origin, properly claim the concessional duty and assist customs authorities in smooth clearance of legitimate imports under FTAs.</li>
<li>The domestic industry will be protected from misuse of FTAs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Free Trade Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an<strong> arrangement between two or more countries</strong> or <strong>trading blocs</strong> that primarily agree to<strong> reduce or eliminate customs tariff and non tariff barriers</strong> on substantial trade between them.</li>
<li>It covers<strong> trade in goods</strong> (such as agricultural or industrial products) or <strong>trade in services</strong> (such as banking, construction, trading etc.). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also <strong>covers other areas such as intellectual property rights</strong> (IPRs), <strong>investment, government procurement</strong> and <strong>competition policy</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has inked FTAs with several countries, including <strong>Japan, South Korea, Sri Lanka and ASEAN members.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Benefit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By eliminating tariffs and some non-tariff barriers, FTA partners get easier market access into one another's countries.</li>
<li>Exporters prefer FTAs to multilateral trade liberalization because they get preferential treatment over non-FTA member country competitors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/country-of-origin-onus-is-on-importers/article32644784.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/country-of-origin-rules-carotar-2020'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'World Bamboo Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greening-india-by-planting-bamboo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bamboo Day</strong></a> is celebrated every year on 18<sup>th</sup> September.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Theme of 2020: <strong>Bamboo Now</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>World Bamboo Day :</strong> It was officially established by the <strong>World Bamboo organization</strong> at the<strong> 8<sup>th</sup> World Bamboo Congress</strong> held in Bangkok in 2009.</li>
<li><strong>World Bamboo Organization :</strong> It was set up at the <strong>1992 International Bamboo Congress in Japan.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an international coordinating body for bamboo practitioners dedicated to promoting the use of bamboo and bamboo products for the sake of the environment and economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Properties of Bamboo</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Versatile Uses:</strong> Bamboo can be used in 1,500 different ways including as food, a substitute for wood, building and construction material, for handicrafts and paper. Due to its versatile nature and multiple uses, it is also called<strong> &lsquo;poor man&rsquo;s timber&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Environmental Benefits:</strong> It can be planted to <strong>reclaim severely degraded sites and wastelands.</strong> It is a good<strong> soil binder</strong> owing to its peculiar clump formation and fibrous root system and hence also plays an important role in soil and water conservation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the fastest growing canopy, <strong>releasing 35% more oxygen than trees</strong> and can sequester 12 tonnes of carbon dioxide from per hectare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use in Covid-19 :</strong> Bamboo has been a key ingredient in new antimicrobial soaps and hand mists developed by scientists from the Philippines to fight the novel <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>coronavirus.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Nutraceutical Bamboo Shoot:</strong> Bamboo shoots have nutraceutical properties, according to experts. <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600498104_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600498104_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="200" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The term &lsquo;nutraceutical&rsquo; is used to describe <strong>medicinally or nutritionally functional foods.</strong></li>
<li>Bamboo shoots or bamboo sprouts are the edible newly sprouted canes of bamboo that form just under the soil and have a firm, crisp texture.</li>
<li>Bamboo shoots are emerging as <strong>high-value and safe edibles</strong> and are also among the<strong> cheapest immunity boosters</strong> for increasing the human body&rsquo;s resistance to viral attacks.</li>
<li>The<strong> protein</strong> content in fresh bamboo shoots can range between 1.49-4.04%. They also contain<strong> 17 amino acids,</strong> eight of which are essential for the human body.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Market:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The present global market of bamboo shoots is around <strong>1,700 million USD.</strong></li>
<li>More than <strong>3 million tonnes</strong> of bamboo shoots are consumed across the earth annually.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR),</strong> China exports 68% of the world&rsquo;s bamboo and rattan (a type of Palm Fibre) products valued at 1,112 million USD. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>INBAR is a multilateral development organisation, founded in 1997 which promotes environmentally sustainable development using bamboo and rattan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <strong>National Bamboo Mission,</strong> India has the highest area (13.96 million hectares) under bamboo.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>second richest country after China</strong> in terms of bamboo diversity with 136 species.</li>
<li>The annual production of bamboo in India is <strong>14.6 million tonnes</strong> and the bamboo-rattan industry in the country was worth Rs. 28,005 crore in 2017.</li>
<li>Bamboo shoot production and consumption in India are <strong>confined mostly to the north-eastern States.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives to Promote Bamboo</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bamboo Clusters:</strong> Recently, the Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare has virtually inaugurated 22 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-bamboo-clusters" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bamboo clusters</strong></a> in 9 states viz. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, Uttarakhand and Karnataka.</li>
<li><strong>MSP Hike:</strong> Recently, the Central government has revised the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Minor Forest Produce (MFP).</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MFP includes all non-timber forest produce of plant origin and includes bamboo, canes, fodder, leaves, waxes, resins and many forms of food including nuts, wild fruits, lac, tusser etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Bamboo Mission:</strong> The restructured NBM was <strong>launched in 2018-19</strong> for the holistic development of the complete value chain of the bamboo sector and is being implemented in a<strong> hub (industry) and spoke model.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It supports local artisans through locally grown bamboo species, which will actualise the goal of <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/09-06-2020#:~:text=Promoting%20Local%3A%20Being%20vocal%20for,Glocal%E2%80%9D%20India%20will%20be%20possible." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vocal for Local</strong></a> and help increase the income of farmers, reducing dependency on imports of raw material.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal of Bamboo from &lsquo;Tree&rsquo; Category:</strong> The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-forest-act-1927#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Forest%20Act%2C1927,and%20duty%20leviable%20forest%20produce.&amp;text=This%20act%20has%20details%20of,the%20provisions%20of%20the%20Act." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Forest Act 1927</strong></a> was <strong>amended in 2017 to remove bamboo for the category of trees.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As a result, anyone can undertake cultivation and business in bamboo and its products without the need of a felling and transit permission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Farmer Producer Organisations </strong>(FPOs)<strong>:</strong> <strong>10,000 new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FPOs</a> will be formed in 5 years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FPOs engage in providing a range of assistance to farmers like <strong>imparting better farm practices, collectivisation of input purchases, transportation, linkage with markets, and better price realisation</strong> as they do away with the intermediaries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to promote Bamboo Shoots as a<strong> super-food.</strong> It will help in alleviation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition</strong></a> and hunger.</li>
<li><strong>Value-addition in Bamboo shoots</strong> which enhances storage and diversification in new-age food products like vegetable protein concentrates can enhance its market potential and consumer acceptability.</li>
<li>States need to take forward the objectives of the National Bamboo Mission which would contribute to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> through Aatmanirbhar Krishi (self-reliant farming).</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bamboo-shoots-can-be-among-cheapest-immunity-boosters/article32644025.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-bamboo-day'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Necessity of Coal Based Energy',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/reject-this-inequitable-climate-proposal/article32634171.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Reject this inequitable climate proposal&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 18/09//2020. It talks about the importance of coal energy over renewable energy for India.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the UN Secretary General highlighting the importance of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris accord &amp; meeting its target</strong></a> had called India to give up coal immediately and reduce emissions by 45% by 2030.</p>
<p>Although India is one of the few countries with at least 2&deg; Celsius warming compliant climate action plan, the above said proposal is not in compliance with foundational principle of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNFCCC i.e. Common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR).</strong></a></p>
<p>CBDR distinguishes sharply between the responsibilities and commitments of developed countries vis-&agrave;-vis those of developing countries. If India makes no new investment in coal after 2020, it would possibly de-industrialise the country and lead to a low-development trap.</p>
<p>Therefore, India while adhering to the principles of balance between development and environment, must actively engage with developed countries to achieve the target of Paris Accord.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>GHG Emissions in India vis-a-vis World</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has the one of lowest per capita GHG emission among the G-20 countries.</li>
<li>Despite the accelerated economic growth of recent decades India&rsquo;s annual emissions, at 0.5 tonnes per capita. These are well below the global average of 1.3 tonnes.</li>
<li>Also, those of China, the United States and the European Union (EU), the three leading emitters in absolute terms, whose per capita emissions are higher than global average.</li>
<li>In terms of cumulative emissions, India&rsquo;s contribution by 2017 was only 4% for a population of 1.3 billion, whereas the European Union, with a population of only 448 million, was responsible for 20%.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This highlights the fact that the global North has continued dependence on fossil fuels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The UNFCCC itself has reported that between 1990 and 2017, the developed nations (excluding Russia and east Europe) have reduced their annual emissions by only 1.3%.</li>
<li>Moreover, the U.S. one of the leading producers of GHG has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Coal vs Renewable Energy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India still a Developing Country:</strong> Unlike developed countries, India (given it's development obligations) cannot substitute coal and other fossil fuels substantially with renewable energy.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given lack of production capacity in renewable energy technologies and their large- scale operation, shutting coal based energy and replacing it with renewables will expose India to increasing imports of renewable technology equipment and dependence on external sources and supply chains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No Overnight Transition to Renewable Energy:</strong> With India on course for a 285% increase in electricity generation by 2050, traditional energy sources will prove crucial.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Renewables alone will not be able to meet those needs.</li>
<li>The near-term future of renewable energy requires that alternative power sources are integrated into dynamic grids alongside fossil fuels.</li>
<li>Further, manufacturing growth powered by fossil fuel-based energy is itself a necessity, both technological and economic, for the transition to renewables.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fossil-Fueled Energy Requirement for Manufacturing:</strong> As the manufacturing industry requires uninterrupted supply of power, renewable energy doesn't really drive manufacturing industry. Power supply from renewable energy cannot be switched on and off like a fossil-fuel power plant.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, renewables are not always reliable and cannot consistently cover baseload power supply, especially during times of peak demand.</li>
<li>This reinforces the need for traditional energy sources including coal that can provide power when renewables fail to meet demand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coal is the Base of Power Supply in India:</strong> Even though roughly 2 GW of coal-based generation is being decommissioned per year, coal is the dominant source of electricity in India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It currently accounts for nearly 2/3<sup>rd</sup> of power supply, the bulk of which is processed in thermal power plants.</li>
<li>The 2019 report published by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prakash-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Electric Authority</strong></a> predicts that coal will still account for around half of India's power generation in 2030 and remain crucial beyond then.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Making Coal Energy More Environmentally Compatible:</strong> Instead of abrupt transition to renewable energy, a range of new technologies (like <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coal-gasification-plant-for-urea-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coal gasification</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coal-sector-reforms#:~:text=Coal%20washeries%20are%20units%20that,grade%2C%20high%20ash%20Indian%20coal." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coal beneficiation</a></strong>, etc.) can be deployed to make coal-fired power plants more environmentally compatible.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will dramatically reduce the harmful environmental impacts of burning coal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Engaging With Developed Countries:</strong> Since the Copenhagen Accord 2009, signalled the end of legally binding commitments to emissions reduction by the developed countries, technology development in climate change mitigation technologies has registered a significant fall.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, India can actively engage with developed countries to mobilise funds and technology for Climate mitigation and adaptation.</li>
<li>In this pursuit, India can actively collaborate with <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>European Union (EU)</strong></a> which envisages to achieve <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eu-green-deal#:~:text=Major%20Decisions%20under%20Green%20Deal&amp;text=Climate%20neutrality%20is%20achieved%20when,state%20of%20net%2Dzero%20emissions." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;carbon neutrality&rdquo; by 2050 under a green climate deal.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>India is on the fast track to sustainability. According to the Central Electric Authority, renewable sources will generate half of the country's power by 2030, with wind and solar accounting for the lion's share. Yet to make that transition smooth and realize its long-term vision of a carbon-free energy future, the country will have to complement renewables with traditional sources.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600430352_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600430352_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ebffe8;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>In order to realize the long-term vision of a carbon-free energy future, the country will have to complement renewables with traditional sources. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OVMh7DP3wv0" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/new-order-in-west-asia-the-hindu-editorial-on-abraham-accords-between-uae-bahrain-and-israel/article32623639.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;New order in West Asia: On Abraham Accords&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The HIndu on September 17<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/necessity-of-coal-based-energy'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'BRICS National Security Advisers Meet',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Russia hosted virtual National Security Advisers (NSAs) meet of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS)</strong> </a>grouping.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Draft Anti-terrorism Plan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The group discussed a <strong>draft anti-terrorism strategy</strong> that is expected to be approved at an upcoming summit.</li>
<li><strong>The anti-terrorism plan</strong> reflects fundamental aspects of the BRICS states, such as respect for sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs, adherence to international law and recognition of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nation</strong></a> (UN)&rsquo;s central role in security matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Discussed Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Challenges and threats</strong> to global, regional and national security.</li>
<li>Called for <strong>biological security cooperation</strong> and<strong> information and communications technology security.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There was also a proposal to continue work on a system for<strong> countering security threats in the sphere of information.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Russian side criticised the <strong>deployment of weapons in space by the USA</strong> and the use of outer space for military operations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also expressed <strong>concern</strong> over the escalation of tensions with the USA in Iran, Venezuela and Syria.</li>
<li>It also proposed the creation of new mechanisms in the field of countering epidemiological threats and to conduct expert consultations on biosafety in the BRICS format.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The five countries are cooperating within the framework of building a <strong>multi-polar system</strong> based on justice and equality.</li>
<li>They have also agreed to work on <strong>deepening coordination</strong> at key international organisations and forums, especially the United Nations (UN).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>BRICS</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BRICS is an <strong>acronym</strong> for the grouping of the world&rsquo;s leading emerging economies, namely <strong>Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2001, the British Economist <strong>Jim O&rsquo;Neill coined the term BRIC</strong> to describe the four emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China.</li>
<li>The grouping was <strong>formalised</strong> during the first meeting of BRIC Foreign Ministers&rsquo; in <strong>2006.</strong></li>
<li><strong>South Africa</strong> was invited to join BRIC in December <strong>2010,</strong> after which the group adopted the acronym BRICS.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>chairmanship of the forum is rotated annually among the members,</strong> in accordance with the acronym B-R-I-C-S.</li>
<li>During the <strong>Sixth BRICS Summit in Fortaleza</strong> (Brazil) in <strong>2014,</strong> the leaders signed the Agreement establishing the <strong>New Development Bank</strong> (NDB - Shanghai, China). They also signed the<strong> BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement</strong> to provide short-term liquidity support to the members.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600422730_1599307403_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600422730_1599307403_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Terrorism is a big threat to India. If the draft anti-terrorism strategy is adopted by the BRICS members, it will help India to counter the terrorism. It will also expose the terror sponsored countries.</li>
<li>Although the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India-China standoff at Ladakh</strong></a> was not discussed at the NSAs meet, BRICS is an important platform where India can engage with China diplomatically.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/brics-nsas-discuss-anti-terror-plan/story-THxC3GWYX2BeZVzV0vgrXM.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/brics-national-security-advisers-meet'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Union Minister of Textiles</strong> provided information on implementation of <strong>Scheme for Integrated Textile Park (SITP),</strong> in Rajya Sabha.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SITP was launched in <strong>2005.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> To provide the industry with world-class state of the art infrastructure facilities for setting up their textile units. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To attract foreign investors to the domestic textile sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Key features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the SITP, infrastructure facilities for setting up of textile units are developed in a <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) model.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Government of India <strong>grants upto 40%</strong> of the project cost.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, it grants <strong>upto 90% of the project cost</strong> for the first <strong>two projects</strong> (each) in the North Eastern States, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Union Territory of Jammu &amp; Kashmir and Union Territory of Ladakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The government's support is limited to<strong> Rs. 40 crores</strong> for each textile park.</li>
<li>Each <strong>Integrated Textile Park</strong> (ITP) under the scheme would normally have<strong> 50 units.</strong> The number of entrepreneurs and the resultant investments in each ITP could vary from project to project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A total of 59 textile parks have been sanctioned under SITP by the textiles ministry out of which 22 textile parks have been completed.</li>
<li>Further, the proposal to set up<strong> Mega Textile Parks</strong> by the Ministry of Textiles is at the advanced stage of discussion.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government is considering a plan to set up 1,000-acre mega textile parks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>slow progress of SITP</strong> is attributed to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Delay in obtaining land.</li>
<li>Other statutory clearances from state governments.</li>
<li>Slow fund mobilisation by the textile parks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance of Textile Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The sector accounts for 7% of India&rsquo;s manufacturing output, 2% of GDP, 12% of exports and employs directly and indirectly about 10 crore people.</li>
<li>Owing to the abundant supply of raw material and labour, India is-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> largest producer of cotton,</strong> accounting for 25% of the global output.</li>
<li>The <strong>world&rsquo;s second-largest producer of textiles and garments</strong> after China.</li>
<li>The<strong> second-largest producer of man-made fibres &mdash;</strong> polyester and viscose.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per India Brand Equity Foundation, the sector has demonstrated encouraging growth trends in India with a <strong>compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8%</strong> for the last few years wherein it has reached a size of $13 billion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highly fragmentation and domination by the unorganized sector.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> introduction of new tax structure</strong> under <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/goods-and-services-tax-gst-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST</strong></a> (Goods and Service Tax) makes the garments expensive.</li>
<li>Increasing <strong>interest rates</strong> and <strong>labor wages and workers&rsquo; salaries.</strong></li>
<li>Faces a<strong> lack of access to the latest technology</strong> and fails to meet the global standards in the highly competitive export market.</li>
<li>The <strong>fierce competition</strong> from China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka in the low price garment market.</li>
<li>The <strong>environmental and social issues</strong> like child labor and personal safety.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Government Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Comprehensive Scheme for Development of Knitting and Knitwear Sector:</strong> The Government has launched a separate scheme for development of Knitting and Knitwear Sector to boost production in the knitting and knitwear cluster at <strong>Ludhiana, Kolkata and Tirupur.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme is launched under Power-Tex India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>North East Region Textile Promotion Scheme (NERTPS)</strong> for promoting textiles industry in the NER by providing infrastructure, capacity building and marketing support to all segments of textile industry.</li>
<li>A skill development scheme titled <strong>SAMARTH (Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector)</strong> covers the entire value chain of the textile sector, excluding Spinning and Weaving in the organized sector, on pan India basis.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-1st-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Power-Tex India</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silk-samagra#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20India%20has,of%20sericulture%20in%20the%20country.&amp;text=It%20focuses%20on%20improving%20the,country's%20dependence%20on%20imported%20silk." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Silk Samagra Scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/20-06-2020#:~:text=Amended%20Technology%20Upgradation%20Fund%20Scheme,cost%20for%20the%20textile%20industry." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-handloom-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Handloom Day</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/packaging-in-jute-bags-made-mandatory#:~:text=Jute%2DICARE%20(Jute%3A%20Improved,retting%20technologies%20under%20water%20limiting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jute ICARE</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Technical Textile Mission</strong> </a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Toward an organised sector:</strong> India can make the sector organised by setting up mega apparel parks and common infrastructure for the textile industry.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will increase the scale of production and help Indian players to produce faster and at a lower cost with maximum efficiency in operation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Facilitate modernisation of the industry:</strong> Focus should be on the modernisation of the obsolete machinery and technology. This can help increase the production and productivity of the textile industry and thereby increase the export also.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1655530#:~:text=It%20is%20expected%20to%20attract,the%20textile%20sector%20by%202022." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-for-integrated-textile-parks'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Gilgit-Baltistan to Become a Pakistani Province',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Pakistan has decided to elevate Gilgit-Baltistan&rsquo;s status</strong> to that of a full-fledged province.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gilgit-Baltistan is one of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/disputed-territories-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>disputed territories</strong></a> of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600420482_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600420482_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Current Status of Gilgit-Baltistan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an<strong> autonomous region</strong> now and with this elevation, it will <strong>become the 5<sup>th</sup> province</strong> of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Currently, <strong>Pakistan has four provinces</strong> namely <strong>Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab,</strong> and <strong>Sindh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Chronology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>1999:</strong> Pakistan&rsquo;s Supreme Court ruled that the people of Gilgit-Baltistan are Pakistani citizens and directed the federal government to start appropriate administrative and legislative measures.</li>
<li><strong>2009:</strong> The <strong>Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order</strong> was introduced, whereby the <strong>Northern Areas were renamed as Gilgit-Baltistan</strong> and the region was given <strong>province-like status but without representation in Parliament.</strong></li>
<li><strong>2015:</strong> A committee constituted by the federal government <strong>proposed</strong> giving Gilgit-Baltistan the status of a province.</li>
<li><strong>2018:</strong> A new order was introduced which <strong>transferred all powers of the Gilgit-Baltistan council to its assembly.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This elevation will <strong>lead to adequate representation from the province on all constitutional bodies,</strong> including the National Assembly and the Senate.</li>
<li>The Government will also start working on the <strong>Moqpondass Special Economic Zone</strong> (SEZ) under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/viability-of-bri-and-cpec#:~:text=22%20members%20currently.-,China%20Pakistan%20Economic%20Corridor,and%20other%20infrastructure%20development%20projects." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China Pakistan Economic Corridor</strong></a> (CPEC).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SEZs work as an engine for economic growth supported by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package, both at the Centre and the State level, with the minimum possible regulations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Developments by China in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir under CPEC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/diamer-bhasha-dam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Diamer-Bhasha Dam.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kohala-hydropower-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kohala hydropower Project.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/azad-pattan-pok-hydel-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Azad Pattan Hydel Power Project.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India's Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has held that the <strong>Government of Pakistan or its judiciary has no locus standi on territories illegally and forcibly occupied</strong> by it.</li>
<li>India completely <strong>rejects such actions</strong> and continued attempts to bring material changes in Pakistan occupied areas of the Indian territory of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>While protesting Islamabad&rsquo;s efforts to bring material change in Pakistan occupied territories, India held that <strong>Pakistan should immediately vacate all areas under its illegal occupation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>China Pakistan Economic Corridor</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the flagship project of China&rsquo;s ambitious <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/italy-joins-belt-road-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative</strong> </a>(BRI).</li>
<li>The <strong>bilateral project between Pakistan and China</strong> intends to promote connectivity across Pakistan with a network of highways, railways, and pipelines accompanied by energy, industrial and other infrastructure development projects.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Originally valued at USD 46 billion, the projects were<strong> worth over USD 60 billion as of 2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It links the <strong>Western part of China (Xinjiang) to the Gwadar Port in Balochistan,</strong> Pakistan<strong> via Khunjerab Pass in Northern Pakistan.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India has protested to China over the CPEC</strong> as it is being<strong> laid through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600420835_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600420835_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pak-to-make-gilgit-baltistan-a-full-fledged-province-report/article32633442.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gilgit-baltistan-to-become-a-pakistani-province'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement: USA',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The USA is looking forward to India signing the <strong>Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geo-Spatial cooperation (BECA),</strong> at the next<strong> India-USA 2+2 ministerial dialogue</strong> likely to be held in October, 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>2+2 talks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are a <strong>dialogue between two appointed ministers from each country.</strong> This meeting aims to discuss issues of strategic and security interests between the two countries.</li>
<li>Defense and foreign ministers or secretaries meet with their counterparts from another country.</li>
<li>India <strong>holds such talks with Japan and Australia,</strong> at the foreign secretary and defense secretary level.</li>
<li>India<strong> holds ministerial-level talks only with the USA.</strong> Apart from India, the United States holds such ministerial dialogues with Australia and Japan also.</li>
<li>The talks were announced in June 2017. The 2+2 dialogue has replaced the Strategic and Commercial Dialogue between the foreign and commerce ministers of the two countries that were held previously.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>BECA:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BECA will allow India to use the <strong>geospatial maps of the USA</strong> to get pinpoint military accuracy of automated hardware systems and weapons such as cruise and ballistic missiles.</li>
<li>BECA is an important precursor to India <strong>acquiring armed unmanned aerial vehicles such as the Predator-B</strong> from the USA. Predator-B uses spatial data for accurate strikes on enemy targets.</li>
<li>BECA is <strong>one of the four foundational military communication agreements</strong> between the two countries. The other three being GSOMIA, LEMOA, CISMOA.</li>
<li>Initially, India had reservations to <strong>geospatial mapping on the grounds of national security,</strong> but they were later addressed by mutual dialogue and discussion between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>General Security Of Military Information Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GSOMIA allows <strong>militaries to share the intelligence</strong> gathered by them.</li>
<li>Signed by India in 2002.</li>
<li>An extension to the GSOMIA, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indo-us-2-2-dialogue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Security Annex</strong></a> (ISA), was signed at the 2+2 dialogue in 2019.</li>
<li>ISA provides a framework for exchange and protection of classified military information <strong>between the USA and Indian defence industries.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LEMOA allows both countries to<strong> have access to each other&rsquo;s designated military facilities</strong> for refueling and replenishment.</li>
<li>Signed by India in 2016.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Communications and Information Security Memorandum of Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>COMCASA (Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement) is the India specific version of CISMOA.</li>
<li>Valid for 10 years, COMCASA aims to provide a legal framework for the <strong>transfer of highly sensitive communication security equipment from the USA to India</strong> that will streamline and facilitate interoperability between their armed forces.</li>
<li>Signed by India in 2018.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Other Maritime Developments Between India and the USA</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>maritime information agreement</strong> is also under active deliberation between India and the USA. Once concluded, India will have such arrangements with all Quad countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/four%20corners:%20on%20the%20quad%E2%80%99s%20agenda" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)</strong></a> is the informal strategic dialogue between India, USA, Japan and Australia with a shared objective to ensure and support a <strong>free, open and prosperous Indo-Pacific region.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In increasing military to military interactions, the USA has also posted a liaison officer at the Navy&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre for Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR)</strong></a> meant to promote <strong>Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Information Fusion Centre serves countries that have <strong>White Shipping Information Exchange</strong> (White-shipping refers to commercial shipping information about the movement of cargo ships) agreements with India.</li>
<li><strong>MDA</strong> is defined by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/international-maritime-organization-and-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Maritime Organization</strong></a> as the effective understanding of anything associated with the maritime domain that could impact the security, safety, economy, or environment of a country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, India posted a liaison officer at the USA Navy Central Command in Bahrain.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Signing BECA is crucial for India in order to neutralise the Russia-China-Pakistan axis in the maritime domain and for the stability of the Indo-Pacific region. The acquisition of aerial platforms like the USA naval helicopters and multi-role fighters is a key priority for India in the current scenario of increasing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-China conflict.</strong></a></li>
<li>The increase in India&rsquo;s maritime interactions with the Quad countries centred around information sharing for improved MDA in the Indian Ocean Region and<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indo-Pacific</strong> </a>will strengthen India&rsquo;s position internationally.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-embrace-of-strategic-hedging" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Strategic hedging</strong> </a>is the key to move forward in relationships with powerful countries like the USA. India and the USA must now strive to complete the unfinished agreements and set the course for a <strong>Comprehensive Strategic Global Partnership.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/us-keen-on-finalising-geo-spatial-cooperation-at-22-dialogue-in-october/article32633882.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-exchange-and-cooperation-agreement-usa'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Support to Self-Employment Schemes: MSME',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-micro-small-and-medium-enterprises" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises</strong></a> <strong>(MSME)</strong> has announced expansion of and doubling of support to beneficiary oriented Self-Employment schemes aimed at contributing to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government will provide assistance to artisans engaged in<strong> Pottery Activity and Beekeeping Activity.</strong></li>
<li>Previously, the Ministry of MSME approved a programme for the benefit of artisans involved in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiative-under-gramodyog-vikas-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>manufacturing of Agarbatti under the Gramodyog Vikas Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Pottery Activity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The assistance includes<strong> technical knowhow, quality standardization of products, skill-development to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Self Help Groups</a> (SHGs), encouragement to the successful traditional potter to set up units</strong> under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pmegp-and-cgtmse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation Programme</strong></a> (PMEGP) scheme, necessary market linkages by tying up with exports and large buying houses etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PMEGP is a <strong>credit-linked subsidy scheme</strong> which promotes self-employment through setting up of micro-enterprises.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also includes setting up of clusters in <strong>Terracotta, Red clay pottery,</strong> with new innovative value added products to build pottery to crockery/tile making capabilities under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/support-and-outreach-initiative-for-msme-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SFURTI scheme.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)</strong> aims to make traditional industries more productive and competitive by organizing the traditional industries and artisans into<strong> clusters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Terracotta</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Terracotta is a type of ceramic pottery, made by baking terracotta clay.</li>
<li>The word &ldquo;terracotta&rdquo; comes from the Italian words for &ldquo;baked earth.&rdquo;</li>
<li>It is often used for making pipes, bricks, and sculptures.</li>
<li>Recently, a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/terracotta-grinder" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Terracotta Grinder</strong></a> was launched at Varanasi by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gi-tags-to-two-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh) terracotta</strong></a> has been given the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/potential-of-gis-is-waiting-to-be-tapped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) tag.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Terracotta Figurines</strong> were also made during the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley Civilization.</strong></a> They were either used as toys or objects of worship and represented birds, dogs, sheep, cattle and monkeys. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The famous terracotta figure of the Mother Goddess was discovered in Mohen-jodaro which shows the Mother Goddess as the symbol of fertility and prosperity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Beekeeping Activity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to <strong>create sustainable employment for the beekeepers/farmers,</strong> help artisans adopt <strong>scientific Beekeeping</strong> &amp; Management practices, utilize available natural resources; and <strong>create awareness about the benefits</strong> of beekeeping in cross pollination.</li>
<li>It involves distributing tools and equipment to migrant labourers in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/garib-kalyan-rojgar-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister Gareeb Kalyan Rozgar Abhiyaan</strong></a> (PMGKRA) districts and providing training to the beneficiaries, setting up clusters under the SFURTI Scheme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>PMGKRA empowers and provides livelihood opportunities to the <strong>returnee<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> migrant workers</a> and rural citizens</strong> who have returned to their home states due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> induced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/21-days-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, the Ministry of MSME flagged off <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apiary-on-wheels" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Apiary on Wheels&rsquo;.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Apiary on Wheels&rsquo; is a unique concept designed by the KVIC for the easy upkeep and migration of Bee Boxes having live Bee colonies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beekeeping-development-committee" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Beekeeping Development Committee</strong></a> was also constituted in 2019 under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/r-d-expenditure-ecosystem-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister</strong></a> (EAC-PM) to give recommendations to enhance the contribution of the beekeeping sector for achieving the target of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/doubling-farmers-income-a-promise-to-be-fulfilled-by-2022" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>doubling farmers&rsquo; incomes by 2022.</strong></a></li>
<li>KVIC also launched a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Honey Mission</strong></a> in 2017 under which it provides awareness, training and <strong>&lsquo;Bee Boxes&rsquo; along with Bee Colonies</strong> to the farmers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Honey mission was in line with the &lsquo;Sweet Revolution&rsquo;, launched in 2016 to promote beekeeping and associated activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The program will immediately benefit about 1500 artisans, in providing sustainable employment with increased earnings.</li>
<li>Artisans living in <strong>rural areas, Self Help Groups and Migrant workers</strong> will particularly benefit from the program.</li>
<li>In addition to enhancing employment opportunities locally, the programme will also help in<strong> capturing the export market</strong> in such products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The MSME sector has been badly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, especially the rural enterprise owners. In addition to these self-employment schemes, the government can provide tax relief (GST and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gst-council-and-corporate-tax" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>corporate tax</strong></a>), give swift refunds, and provide liquidity to rural India (may be through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-year-of-pm-kisan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM-Kisan</strong></a>) to boost demand for MSME products.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1655512" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/support-to-self-employment-schemes-msme'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Reversing Global Wildlife Decline',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Wildlife populations have fallen by <strong>more than two-thirds</strong> over the <strong>last 50 years,</strong> according to a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Living Planet Report 2020</strong></a> of the <strong>World Wildlife Fund.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Related to Biodiversity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There has been a<strong> reduction of 68% in the global wildlife population between 1970 and 2016.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The highest biodiversity loss due to land use change:</strong> (1) Europe and Central Asia at 57.9 %; (2) North America at 52.5 %; (3) Latin America and Caribbean at 51.2 %; (4) Africa at 45.9 %; (5) Asia at 43%.</li>
<li>The <strong>sharpest declines</strong> have occurred throughout the world&rsquo;s <strong>rivers and lakes,</strong> where <strong>freshwater wildlife</strong> has <strong>plummeted by 84%</strong> since 1970 &mdash; about <strong>4% per year.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related to Land and Oceans:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>75% of the Earth&rsquo;s ice-free land surface</strong> has already been significantly <strong>altered.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the <strong>oceans are polluted.</strong></li>
<li>More than <strong>85% of the area of wetlands has been lost</strong> during 1970-2016.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has 2.4% global land share, about 8% global biodiversity and around 16% global population</li>
<li>However, it has lost 12% of its wild mammals, 19% amphibians and 3% birds over the last five decades.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>ecological footprint per person is less than 1.6 global hectares (gha)/person</strong> (smaller than that of many large countries). But, its high population size has made the gross footprint significantly high.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Ecological Footprint:</strong> It is the amount of the environment necessary to produce the goods and services necessary to support a particular lifestyle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors responsible for this decline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Changes in how land is used &ndash; from pristine forest to cropland or pasture &ndash; rank among the greatest threats to biodiversity on land worldwide.</li>
<li>Use and trade of wildlife.</li>
<li>Natural habitat loss.</li>
<li>Degradation and deforestation driven by food production processes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need for Conservation Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Because the<strong> health of nature is intimately linked to the health of humans.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>emergence of new infectious diseases like Covid-19</strong> tend to be related to the destruction of forests and wilderness.</li>
<li>Healthy ecosystems are the foundation of today&rsquo;s global economies and societies, and the ones we aspire to build.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As more and more species are drawn towards extinction, the very life support systems on which civilisation depends are eroded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per the World Economic Forum, biodiversity loss is a disturbing threat with few parallels like extreme weather events, climate change, severe income inequality etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Biodiversity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to <strong>all the varieties of life that can be found on Earth</strong> (plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms) as well as to the <strong>communities that they form and the habitats in which they live.</strong></li>
<li><strong>As per the Convention on Biological Diversity (Article 2):</strong> Biological Diversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.</li>
<li>It can be understood at three levels:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Species diversity</strong> refers to the variety of different species (plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms) such as palm trees, elephants or bacteria.</li>
<li><strong>Genetic diversity</strong> corresponds to the variety of genes contained in plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. It occurs within a species as well as between species.</li>
<li><strong>Ecosystem diversity</strong> refers to all the different habitats - or places - that exist, like tropical or temperate forests, hot and cold deserts, wetlands, rivers, mountains, coral reefs, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Convention on Biological Diversity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sixth-national-report-to-the-convention-of-biological-diversity#:~:text=The%20Convention%20on%20Biological%20Diversity%20(CBD)%2C%20a%20legally%20binding,It%20has%203%20main%20objectives%3A&amp;text=The%20sustainable%20use%20of%20the,the%20utilization%20of%20genetic%20resources." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)</strong></a>, <strong>a legally binding treaty</strong> to conserve biodiversity has been in force <strong>since 1993.</strong> It has <strong>3 main objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> conservation</strong> of biological diversity.</li>
<li>The<strong> sustainable use</strong> of the components of biological diversity.</li>
<li>The <strong>fair and equitable sharing</strong> of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The targets of the Convention calls for global trends of terrestrial wildlife to stop declining and start recovering by 2050 or earlier.</li>
<li><strong>India</strong> became a <strong>party to the Convention</strong> in <strong>1994.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Major Indian Government Initiatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife protection Act 1972.</strong></a></li>
<li>Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1974.</li>
<li>Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1981.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/environmental-impact-assessment-1#:~:text=On%2027%20January%201994%2C%20the,Schedule%201%20of%20the%20notification." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Environment Protection Act 1986.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/6th-national-report-to-cbd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Biological Diversity Act 2002.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/forest-rights-act-2006" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers (recognition of rights) Act 2006.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Areas of Action</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Conservation Reserves:</strong> There must be<strong> renewed ambition</strong> from the world&rsquo;s governments to establish large-scale conservation areas, placed in the most valuable hotspots for biodiversity worldwide, such as small islands with species found nowhere else.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These reserves, in which wildlife will live and roam freely, will need to cover <strong>at least 40%</strong> of the world&rsquo;s land surface to help bend the curve from decline to recovery for species and entire ecosystems.</li>
<li>Management is more important than the size of reserves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat restoration</strong> and conservation efforts need to be targeted where they are needed most &ndash; for species and habitats on the verge of extinction.</li>
<li><strong>Food Production:</strong> Need is to transform <strong>our food systems</strong> to produce more on less land.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If every farmer on Earth used the best available farming practices, only half of the total area of cropland would be needed to feed the world. There are lots of other inefficiencies that could be ironed out too.</li>
<li>Reducing waste and favouring healthier and more environmentally friendly diets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restoring Land:</strong> Efforts to restore degraded land are also required. Such as farmland that&rsquo;s becoming unproductive as a result of soil erosion. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This could return 8% of the world&rsquo;s land to nature by 2050.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Afforestation:</strong> This can help not only in arresting soil erosion but also expansion of desertification along with avenues for biodiversity replenishment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While giving back to nature, the conservation measures would simultaneously slow climate change, reduce pressure on water, limit nitrogen pollution in the world&rsquo;s waterways and boost human health.</li>
<li>Only a comprehensive set of policy measures that transform our relationship with the land and rapidly scale down pollution can build the necessary momentum.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/how-to-reverse-global-wildlife-declines-by-2050-73400" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reversing-global-wildlife-decline'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Freedom of Media',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/stop-press-the-hindu-editorial-on-blanket-gag-order-against-the-media/article32623638.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Stop press: On blanket gag order against the media&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 17/09//2020. It talks about importance and issues related to freedom of media.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the higher judiciary passed an order that pertains to regulation of Media. In one order, Andhra Pradesh High Court imposed a ban on the media, and even social media, from mentioning anything in relation to a case linked to former Advocate General of the State.</p>
<p>In the second case, the Supreme Court passed an interim order which stopped the telecast of the remaining episodes of a news channel, as it was engaged in the vilification of a particular community. Though both the order will have consequences for free speech and the citizen&rsquo;s right to receive information, they should be seen in different contexts.</p>
<p>While the first order may envisage to prevent possible defamation or invasion of privacy or at protecting the fairness of a trial or investigation, the other may be seen as putting a check on propagation of hate. In this context, there is a need for fine balance between rights of individual and free press.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Freedom of Press</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution, the supreme law of the land, guarantees <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-protest-in-a-free-society#:~:text=The%20Right%20to%20protest%20peacefully,assemble%20peaceably%20and%20without%20arms." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>freedom of speech and expression under Article 19</strong></a>, which deals with &lsquo;Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.</li>
<li>Freedom of press is not expressly protected by Indian legal system but it is impliedly protected under article 19(1) (a) of the constitution, which states - "All citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression".</li>
<li>In 1950, the Supreme Court in <strong>Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras</strong> observed that freedom of the press lay at the foundation of all democratic organisations.</li>
<li>However, Freedom of press is also not absolute. A law could impose only those restrictions on the exercise of this right, it faces certain restrictions under article 19(2), which is as follows-
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Matters related to interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Importance of Free Media</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Free Media promotes open discussion of ideas that allows individuals to fully participate in political life, making informed decisions and strengthening society as a result &mdash; especially in a large democracy such as India.</li>
<li>A free exchange of ideas, free exchange of information and knowledge, debating and expression of different viewpoints is important for smooth functioning of democracy. As the free media by virtue of being the voice of masses, empowers them with the right to express opinions.Thus, free media is critical in a democracy.</li>
<li>With Free Media, people will be able to exercise their rights as questioning decisions of government. Such an environment can be created only when freedom of press is achieved.</li>
<li>Hence, Media can be rightly considered as the fourth pillar of democracy, the other three being legislature, executive and judiciary.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Related with The Present Media</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Right to Privacy:</strong> The right to privacy emanates from natural rights, which are basic, inherent and inalienable rights.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Article 21 which guarantees right to life guarantees right to privacy impliedly.</li>
<li>Many times, the media has crossed its limits of fair reporting and intruded in personal spheres of life.</li>
<li>In Aarushi Talwar Murder Case, the Supreme Court took a view that transparency and secrecy in an investigation are two different things. Where the apex court questioned a section of media for reporting that had resulted in tarnishing the reputation of the victim and her family members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Media Trials:</strong> The <strong>Supreme Court in Sahara vs. SEBI (2012)</strong> observed that the court can grant preventive relief on a balancing of the right to free trial and a free press.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from this, the Supreme Court was of the view many times that the media covers issues in such a way that it seems like a trial.</li>
<li>Since such trials by the media are likely to affect the reputation of the judiciary and judicial proceedings adversely, it interferes with the functioning of the judiciary as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Paid News:</strong> Paid news and fake news can manipulate public perception and can instigate hatred, violence, and disharmony among the various communities within society.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The absence of objective journalism leads to the false presentation of truth in a society which affects the perception and opinions of people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strengthening Institutional Framework:</strong> The Press Council of India, a regulatory body, can warn and regulate media if it finds that a newspaper or a news agency has violated media ethics.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Statutory status should be given to News Broadcasters Association (NBA) which represents the private television news and current affairs broadcasters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tackling Fake News:</strong> Countering content manipulation and fake news to restore faith in the media without undermining its freedom will require public education, strengthening of regulations and effort of tech companies to make suitable algorithms for news curation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any future legislation to curb fake news should take the whole picture into account and not blame the media and go for knee-jerk reactions; in this age of new media anyone can create and circulate new for undisclosed benefits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Adherence to Media Ethics:</strong> It is important that the media stick to the core principles like truth and accuracy, transparency, independence, fairness and impartiality, responsibility and fair play.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>There is the need to maintain a balance between free expression and other community and individual rights; this responsibility should not be borne by the judiciary alone, but by all those who enjoy these rights.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600345324_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600345324_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #edfcde;">
<p><span style="color: #003366;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Though Free media is critical in a democracy, there is a need for a fine balance between rights of individual and free press. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_FOouNR8VRM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/chinas-watching-new-delhi-needs-to-prepare-defences-against-beijings-hybrid-warfare/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;China&rsquo;s watching&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Times of India on September 16<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/freedom-of-media'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Initiatives Launched on G20 EMM',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> G20</strong> </a><strong>Environment Ministers Meeting</strong> (EMM) has taken place under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saudi-arabia-becomes-first-arab-nation-to-head-g20" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Presidency of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Global <strong>initiatives to reduce <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-degradation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Land Degradation</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coral-reefs-could-survive-global-warming-says-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coral Reef</a> Programme</strong> and two <strong>documents on climate change,</strong> related to managing emissions and climate change adaptations under the G20 in 2020, have been launched.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g20-and-marine-plastic-waste" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20 EMM, 2019</strong></a> saw an agreement on adopting a new implementation framework for actions to tackle the issue of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-biodiversity-warning-bells" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>marine plastic waste</strong></a> on a global scale.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Initiative on Reducing Land Degradation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to strengthen the implementation of existing frameworks to <strong>prevent, halt, and reverse land degradation</strong> within G20 member states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Scientific Conceptual Framework for Land Degradation Neutrality</strong> (LDN), developed by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-convention-to-combat-desertification-cop-14#:~:text=The%2014th%20edition%20of,on%2013th%20September%202019.&amp;text=India%20is%20among%20the%20select,climate%20change%2C%20biodiversity%20and%20land." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</strong></a> (UNCCD), provides a scientific foundation for understanding, implementing and monitoring land degradation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Globally, it aims to take into account possible implications on the achievement of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3#:~:text=Three%20core%20elements%20of%20sustainable,are%20important%20for%20sustainable%20development." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong> </a><strong>(SDG-13: Climate Action, SDG-14: Life below Water, SDG-15: Life on Land)</strong> and adhere to the principle of doing no harm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Coral Reef Research and Development Accelerator Platform:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an innovative action-oriented initiative aimed at <strong>creating a global research and development programme to advance research, innovation and capacity building</strong> in all facets of coral reef conservation, restoration and adaptation.</li>
<li>It will <strong>strengthen ongoing efforts and commitments</strong> made to enhance coral reefs conservation and stop their further degradation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Limiting global average temperature and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase, in line with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a>, <strong>provides the only chance for the survival of coral reefs globally.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India intends to take measures to enhance <strong>coral reef conservation</strong> under the <strong>National Coastal Mission Programme.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The proposed mission under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong></a> (NAPCC) will address the impact of climate change on coastal and marine ecosystems.</li>
<li>It will include all phases of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-coastal-zone-management-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Coastal Zone Management</strong></a> (ICZM) Project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has also put <strong>efforts towards achieving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integration-of-land-and-water-schemes-to-tackle-land-degradation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">land degradation neutrality</a></strong> and towards the attainment of global goals of climate change mitigation and adaptation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Indian government sees schemes such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojanas-failure-in-north-east" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-soil-health-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Soil Health Card Scheme</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-krishi-sinchayee-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana</strong></a> as tools to tackle the problem of land degradation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is committed to working with G20 nations for a better world and is taking adequate action to meet the <strong>Paris Agreement</strong> and its climate commitments.</li>
<li>It was emphasised that<strong> equity, common but differentiated responsibilities, finance and technology partnerships</strong> are the key pillars to tackle the problem of climate change.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was adopted by <strong>195 parties at the UN climate conference "COP 21"</strong> held in <strong>Paris</strong> in <strong>2015</strong> with an aim to <strong>reduce the hazardous <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">greenhouse gas</a> (GHG) emissions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To prevent an increase in global average temperature and keep it well below 2 degrees Celsius.</li>
<li>It emphasised that<strong> global GHG emissions must fall 45% by 2030</strong> and reach <strong>net zero by 2050</strong> to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.</li>
<li>19 members of the G20, <strong>except the USA which has pulled out of it,</strong> have voiced their commitment to the full implementation of the deal.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>G20</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>informal group of 19 countries and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Union</a></strong> (EU), with representatives of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> </a>and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a>.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> It operates as a forum and not as an organisation. Therefore, it does not have any permanent secretariat or management and administrative structure.</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the UK, the USA, and the EU.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1655306" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-launched-on-g20-emm'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Japan’s New Prime Minister',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Japan recently elected <strong>Yoshihide Suga</strong> as its new Prime Minister. He belongs to the ruling <strong>Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)</strong> of Japan.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Challenges Ahead:</strong> The new PM has to battle with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, rebuild the economy and also plan the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tokyo-olympics-2020-postponed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Olympics</strong></a> scheduled to take place in Tokyo in 2021.</li>
<li><strong>Political System of Japan :<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600338461_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600338461_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Japan has a <strong>multi-party, bicameral, parliamentary, representative democratic constitutional monarchy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Constitution:</strong> It has a <strong>unitary model</strong> with <strong>supremacy of constitution.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Constitution of Japan is the fundamental law of Japan, enacted on 3<sup>rd</sup> May 1947.</li>
<li>It is one of the very few democratic constitutions in the world having fundamental duties, apart from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government:</strong> The Government of Japan consists of a legislature, executive and judiciary.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Emperor is the Head of State</strong> and the<strong> Prime Minister is the Head of Government and the Head of the Cabinet (executive).</strong></li>
<li>The Emperor holds<strong> nominal ceremonial authority.</strong> For e.g. The legislature is known as the<strong> National Diet.</strong> Its members are directly elected by the people.</li>
<li>The Diet has two houses- upper <strong>House of Representatives</strong> and lower <strong>House of Councillors.</strong></li>
<li>The Prime minister is<strong> designated by the National Diet</strong> but only the Emperor has the authority to appoint the Prime Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Feature Borrowed in Indian Constitution:</strong> The Indian Constitution derives its <strong>&ldquo;Procedure established by Law&rdquo;</strong> component from the Japanese constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The expression occurs in <strong>Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty).</strong></li>
<li>It means that law duly enacted by the legislature or the concerned body is valid <strong>only if</strong> the correct procedure has been followed to the letter.</li>
<li>Hence, the validity of a law that has prescribed a procedure cannot be questioned on the ground that the law is unreasonable, unfair or unjust.</li>
<li>It is different from the expression <strong>&lsquo;due process of law&rsquo;</strong> contained in the <strong>American Constitution,</strong> which not only checks if there is a law to deprive the life and personal liberty of a person but also ensures that the law is made fair and just.</li>
<li>With the Supreme Court pronouncement of &ldquo;due process of Law &ldquo;in the <em><strong>Maneka Gandhi case</strong></em> (1978), the court asserted the <strong>principle of reasonableness while deciding a case.</strong> It now means that the procedure must satisfy certain requisites in the sense of being fair and reasonable. The procedure <strong>cannot be arbitrary, unfair or unreasonable.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Developments in India-Japan Relations</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, India and Japan signed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-japan-logistics-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>logistics agreement</strong></a> that will allow armed forces of both sides to coordinate closely in services and supplies. The agreement is known as <strong>Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement</strong> (ACSA).</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-japan-s-cooperation-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian and Japanese warships conducted naval exercises</strong></a> in the Indian Ocean.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India and Japan defence forces organize a series of bilateral exercises namely, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-08th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>JIMEX</strong></a> <strong>(naval exercise), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SHINYUU Maitri</a> (air force exercise),</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-dharma-guardian-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dharma Guardian</strong> </a><strong>(military exercise).</strong> Both countries also participate in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-malabar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malabar exercise</strong></a> with the USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Japan has mooted the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-of-supply-chain-resilience-initiative#:~:text=Supply%20Chain%20Resilience%20Initiative%20(SCRI)%3A,lead%20to%20the%20supply%20chain." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI)</strong></a> as a <strong>trilateral approach</strong> to trade, with India and Australia as the key-partners.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Supply chain resilience is an approach that helps a country to ensure that it has <strong>diversified its supply risk across a clutch of supplying nations instead of being dependent on just one</strong> or a few.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-japan-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>President of India visited Japan in 2019.</strong> </a>The visit was the first presidential visit to Japan after a gap of 29 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/japan-s-new-prime-minister'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Pact for Sputnik V Availability in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Russia Direct Investment Fund (RDIF),</strong> which is piloting <strong>Russia&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/russian-covid-vaccine-sputnik-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sputnik V</a> vaccine,</strong> has partnered with the <strong>Hyderabad-based Dr. Reddy&rsquo;s Laboratories</strong> to supply 100 million doses of the vaccine.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sputnik V:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Russian vaccine has been named after the <strong>first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik-I</strong> launched by the Soviet Union.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>first Covid-19 vaccine</strong> to be approved by any government for common people.</li>
<li>The Russian vaccine <strong>has outrun other Covid-19 vaccines</strong> like <strong>Oxford-Astra Zeneca, Moderna and Pfizer</strong> which are still in trials.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covaxin-approved-for-human-clinical-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covaxin</strong></a> has been approved for human clinical trials.</li>
<li>Another Indian vaccine <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/clinical-trial-of-covid-19-vaccine-zycov-d" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ZyCoV-D</strong></a> has entered phase I/II of clinical trials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It has been developed by Moscow&rsquo;s <strong>Gamaleya National Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</strong> in collaboration with the Russia&rsquo;s defence ministry.</li>
<li>It is based on the<strong> DNA</strong> of a<strong> SARS-CoV-2</strong> type <strong>adenovirus,</strong> a common cold virus.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It uses the <strong>weakened virus</strong> to deliver small parts of a pathogen and stimulate an immune response.</li>
<li>It is administered in <strong>two doses</strong> and consists of two types of a human adenovirus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Phase 1 and 2 results have shown promise.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The results of Phase I and Phase II clinical trials of the vaccine were published in The Lancet, demonstrating no serious adverse effects and a stable immune response in 100% of the participants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phase 3 trials will be conducted in India</strong> to meet the requirements of the Indian regulators.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sputnik V vaccine could provide a credible option in India&rsquo;s fight against Covid-19.</li>
<li>India has also <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-u-s-to-collaborate-on-covid-19-vaccine-trials" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>partnered with the USA</strong></a> for development of Covid-19 vaccine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulatory Requirements in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> approval</strong> for a vaccine is given by the<strong> Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A vaccine, developed outside India, needs to be<strong> tested with late-phase human trials,</strong> usually both phase-2 and phase-3, on an <strong>Indian population</strong> as a part of general requirement.</li>
<li>CDSCO can also give<strong> emergency authorisation</strong> without late-phase trials, considering the extraordinary situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns Regarding the Vaccine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Experts expressed concerns over the safety and efficacy of the vaccine due to its <strong>extremely fast production and lack of published data</strong> on the vaccine.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Russia has only made<strong> public</strong> the <strong>results of phase I and phase II</strong> of the clinical trials, which it claimed were successful and produced the desired immune response.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The late-phase human trials are important because the vaccine&rsquo;s efficacy can differ on different population groups. After trials, vaccines are given to a large number of people, and the risks involved are much higher if trials are not comprehensive.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Russia, however, has claimed that this was made possible due to the fact that its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong> </a>vaccine candidate closely resembled a vaccine for <strong>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)</strong> disease, caused by another coronavirus, that had already been tested extensively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are also issues in manufacturing the vaccine in India as there is<strong> no agreement for its production in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pune-based Serum Institute of India,<strong> the world&rsquo;s largest manufacturer of vaccines by volume,</strong> has already entered into tie-ups with developers to mass-produce their vaccines. Other Indian companies have also done similar agreements but there is none with Russia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vaccine Base in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides a big domestic market, India is a strong player globally in the field of vaccines. In FY20, vaccine exports accounted for 4.27% of total pharma exports.</li>
<li>Its manufacturing skill is evident from the fact that about 70% WHO vaccines and 90% of measles shots are sourced from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Adenovirus Vector Vaccine</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In this vaccine, adenovirus is used as a tool to deliver genes or vaccine antigens to the target host tissue.</li>
<li>Adenoviruses (ADVs) are <strong>DNA viruses</strong> ranging from 70-90 nanometre in size, which induce many illnesses in humans like cold, respiratory infection etc.</li>
<li>Adenoviruses are preferred for vaccines because their DNA is <strong>double stranded</strong> which makes them <strong>genetically more stable</strong> and the chances of them changing after injection are lower.</li>
<li>However, there are drawbacks of adenovirus vector vaccines like <strong>pre-existing immunity in humans and inflammatory responses</strong> which may make vaccines less effective.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>CDSCO,</strong> under Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare, is the <strong>National Regulatory Authority</strong> (NRA) of India.</li>
<li>Under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, CDSCO is responsible for<strong> approval of Drugs, Conduct of Clinical Trials, laying down the standards for Drugs, control over the quality of imported Drugs in the country and coordination of the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/russia-inks-pact-to-test-supply-sputnik-v-vaccine-to-india/article32624204.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pact-for-sputnik-v-availability-in-india'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Djibouti Code of Conduct',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India</strong> joined the <strong>Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCOC)</strong> as <strong>an observer</strong> as part of efforts aimed at enhancing maritime security in the Indian Ocean region.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600331585_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600331585_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Djibouti Code of Conduct:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is also known as the <strong>Code of Conduct concerning the Repression of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships </strong>in the <strong>Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was adopted on <strong>29<sup>th</sup> January 2009.</strong></li>
<li>It was established under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/international-maritime-organization-and-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> Under the code, the signatories agreed to co-operate to the fullest possible extent in the repression of piracy and armed robbery against ships.</li>
<li><strong>Jeddah Amendment:</strong> An amendment to DCOC was made in <strong>2017</strong> to cover other illicit maritime activities, including human trafficking and illegal, <strong>unreported and unregulated fishing</strong> and to build national and regional capacity to address <strong>wider maritime security issues,</strong> as a basis for <strong>sustainable development of the maritime sector.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Signatories:</strong> It has been signed by<strong> 20 countries</strong> including Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Seychelles, Somalia, the United Republic of Tanzania, Yemen, Comoros, Egypt, Eritrea, Jordan, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sudan and the United Arab Emirates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The member states are<strong> located in areas adjoining the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and the east coast of Africa</strong> and include island nations in the Indian Ocean.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Observers: India, Japan, Norway, the UK and the USA.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600331563_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600331563_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of India Becoming an Observer</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Boosting its Indian Ocean Outreach:</strong> As India is strengthening its position in the Indian Ocean and nearby waters as part of its overall <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Pacific policy</strong></a>, this move will help it in <strong>increasing its strategic footprints in Western and Eastern Indian Ocean besides Eastern African coastal states.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Blue Economy: <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/blue-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Blue economy</a></strong> is one of the key areas of the Jeddah Amendment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It refers to the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and ocean ecosystem health.</li>
<li>India has also focussed on the growth of the blue economy through its framework of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Ocean Rim Association</strong></a> and DCOC may be another step in that direction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India-China:</strong> China&rsquo;s territorial claims in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/china-in-south-china-sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South China Sea</strong></a>, its claim in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/senkaku-islands" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>East China Sea</strong> </a>and its rapid advance into the Indian Ocean through ambitious strategic and economic initiatives like the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/19-11-2019/print" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>String of pearls</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt-and-Road Initiative</strong> </a>may pose a threat to india. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Further, China is modernising its military base at Djibouti.</li>
<li>Given India&rsquo;s stakes in Indian ocean and rising <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-China conflicts</strong></a>, it is very significant for India to develop blue-water naval capabilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India in Indo-Pacific</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shangrila Dialogue:</strong> India has internationally emphasized on including the western Pacific and the Indian Ocean in the concept of <strong>Indo-Pacific,</strong> like at Shangrila Dialogue in <strong>2018.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In accordance, it also set up an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indo-pacific-wing-in-mea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Pacific division</strong></a> in the Ministry of External Affairs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Quad: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quad-3https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/four%20corners:%20on%20the%20quad%E2%80%99s%20agenda" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)</a></strong> refers to an ad hoc group including Australia, India, Japan, and the USA with a shared objective to ensure and support a &ldquo;free, open and prosperous&rdquo; Indo-Pacific region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has signed reciprocal <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-japan-logistics-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>military logistics support agreements with Australia, USA and Japan</strong></a> to increase interoperability with the navies of those countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>ASEAN:</strong> India has emphasized the centrality of ASEAN in its Indo-Pacific framework and India&rsquo;s<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-act-east-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Act East policy</strong></a> provides strategic direction to increase its cooperation with ASEAN members.</li>
<li><strong>SAGAR:</strong> The Indian government introduced the concept of SAGAR <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sagar-vision" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Security And Growth for All in the Region)</strong></a> in 2015 as its strategic vision for the Indian Ocean Region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through SAGAR, India seeks to deepen <strong>economic and security cooperation</strong> with its maritime neighbours and assist in building their <strong>maritime security capabilities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s other policies impacting the maritime domain include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-09th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Sagarmala</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Mausam</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre (IFC) for the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)</strong></a>, etc.</li>
<li>India has also begun to focus on its strategic partners in the <strong>Western Indian ocean.</strong> It has been accepted as an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-as-an-observer-at-ioc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>observer at Indian Ocean Commission.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600331530_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1600331530_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="750" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-joins-indian-ocean-grouping-against-piracy-as-observer/story-ki47pyuwxJeZhk4Wzbxr9O.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
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