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Increasing Inequalities

This article is based on “Troubling trends: On widening inequality” which was published in The Hindu on 26/01/2021. It talks about the...

28 Jan 2021 News Editorials
Agreement With IEA

Why in News India has inked a Strategic Partnership Agreement with the International Energy Agency (IEA) to strengthen cooperation in global energy...

28 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Missed Annual Disinvestment Targets

Why in News The government has raised less than 3% of budgeted revenues from disinvestment in 2020-21. As a result, the fiscal deficit for the...

28 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Collegium System for the Appointment of Judges

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) questioned the government about the delay in clearing Collegium recommendations for judicial...

28 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Cyber Insurance Policy

Why in News A committee set up by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) has recommended the introduction of a cyber...

28 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant

Why in News Recently, a statue of freedom fighter Govind Ballabh Pant was unveiled at its new location on a roundabout at the Pandit Pant Marg, New...

28 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Kanha Tiger Reserve

Why in News A tigress was found dead in the buffer zone of Kanha tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh. Key Points Location: It stretches over an area...

28 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Digital Services Tax

This article is based on “Digital Services Tax: Not about India vs US” which was published in The Indian Express on 25/01/2021. It...

27 Jan 2021 News Editorials
PM2.5 and Anaemia

Why in News A recent study by IIT delhi has tried to establish the association between ambient PM 2.5 exposure and occurrence of anaemia among...

27 Jan 2021 News Analysis
50 Years of India Bangladesh Relations

Why in News Commemorating 50 years of the 1971 India-Pakistan war that led to the liberation of Bangladesh, a 122-member contingent of the...

27 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Investment Trends Monitor Report: UNCTAD

Why in News According to the recent Investment Trends Monitor Report issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD),...

27 Jan 2021 News Analysis
World Economic Outlook: IMF

Why in News Recently, the latest World Economic Outlook of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has estimated that India’s Gross Domestic...

27 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Transit Oriented Development

Why in News The redevelopment of New Delhi Railway Station (NDLS) has become the first project to be undertaken on the Transit-Oriented Development...

27 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Padma Awards 2021

Why in News Recently, the Padma Awards for the year 2021 were announced on the occasion of 72nd Republic Day. Key Points Awardees (2021): A...

27 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Shadow Entrepreneurship

This article is based on “Rise of shadow entrepreneurship” which was published in The Hindu on 18/01/2021. It talks about the benefits...

25 Jan 2021 News Editorials
The Inequality Virus Report: Oxfam International

Why in News Recently, the Inequality Virus Report, released by Oxfam International, has found that the Covid pandemic deeply increased the existing...

25 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Risa: Tripura's Signature Garment

Why in News The State government of Tripura aims to promote risa nationally as Tripura’s signature garment. For this, various initiatives...

25 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Decriminalisation of Offences Under LLP Act

Why in News Recently, the Company Law Committee (CLC) has recommended that 12 offences under the Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act 2008 be...

25 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Anglo-Mysore Wars

The Anglo-Mysore Wars was a series of four military confrontations in India between the British and the rulers of Mysore. First Anglo-Mysore War...

25 Jan 2021 Paper 1
Bringing a Law into Force

Why in News The farmers have rejected the government’s offer of keeping the three contentious farm laws on hold for one to one-and-a-half...

25 Jan 2021 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Increasing Inequalities',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/troubling-trends-the-hindu-editorial-on-widening-inequality/article33679075.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Troubling trends: On widening inequality&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 26/01/2021. It talks about the increasing inequalities in the world.</p>
</div>
<p>The world economy is slowly recovering from the devastation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the recovery is uneven among countries and within countries. It is an emerging universal truth that, in the post-pandemic world, economic inequality is rising sharply in all countries.</p>
<p>This can be reflected in a new report by Oxfam, which has revealed that the 1,000 wealthiest people worldwide recovered their losses from the pandemic within nine months as opposed to the world&rsquo;s poorest, who might take a decade to limp back to their pre-pandemic standing.</p>
<p>In this context, the World Economic Forum has proposed <strong>&lsquo;the Great Reset of Capitalism,&rsquo;</strong> which says it is a &ldquo;commitment to jointly and urgently build the foundations of our economic and social system for a more fair, sustainable and resilient future.&rdquo;</p>
<p>In the past, many such slogans were raised. However, it is the perils of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/perils-of-neo-liberal-era#:~:text=Current%20world%20economic%20order%20can,%2C%20services%2C%20investment%20and%20ideas." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>neo-liberal economic order</strong></a> that continues to grow inequalities worldwide.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The current world economic order can be termed neo-capitalism or neo-liberalism, which focuses on Laissez-faire (market freedom), globalization, intellectual property rights, free movement of goods, services investment, and ideas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Inequalities in India</h3>
<p>Inequality was alarmingly high and destabilizing social and political order in much of the world even before the pandemic struck. Inequality is widening across the world, and India is no exception.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the recent Oxfam report, Inequality in India has risen to levels last seen when it was colonized.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The additional wealth acquired by India&rsquo;s 100 billionaires since March when the lockdown was imposed is enough to give every one of the 138 million poorest ₹94,045.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>An unskilled worker in India would take three years to earn the richest person earned in one second last year.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns Associated with Inequalities</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Normalization of Inequalities:</strong> Many major economists worldwide try to justify growing inequalities as an inevitable by-product of economic growth that led to the reduction of absolute poverty.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, concerns about inequality could also be easily dismissed as being informed by socialism, which is portrayed as a threat to democracy.</li>
<li>Due to this, the distribution of new wealth between capital and labor has become so one-sided that workers are constantly being pushed to penury while the rich are getting richer.</li>
<li>Further, the worsening inequality in income and opportunities impacts some sections disproportionately due to discrimination based on gender, caste, and other factors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Creation of Monopolies:</strong> Despite its alleged commitment to market competition, the neoliberal economic agenda instead brought the decline of competition and the rise of close to monopoly power in vast swaths of the economy: pharmaceuticals, telecom, airlines, agriculture, banking, industrials, retail.</li>
<li><strong>Unsustainable Economic Growth:</strong> One of the chief characteristics of economic development is the intensification of energy use. There is an unprecedented concentration of high energy density in all economic development strategies.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bulk of the energy continues to be generated from non-renewable sources.</li>
<li>The developed world&rsquo;s primary objective is to capture energy-generating resources from across continents and put them to use to push their GDP growth to greater heights.</li>
<li>This unsustainable economic growth model is against the concept of sustainability, as it sacrifices the need of future generations for the welfare of present generations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nordic Economic Model:</strong> To make the current redistribution of wealth more equitable, the current neo-liberal model can be replaced by the &lsquo;Nordic Economic Model.&rsquo;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nordic Economic Model consists of effective welfare safety nets for all, corruption-free governance, the fundamental right to quality education &amp; healthcare, high taxes for the rich, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>4P Model of Capitalism:</strong> Rather than just rhetoric, the new capitalism model should focus on 4P&rsquo;s viz. &lsquo;Profit, People, Planet, Purpose and it should be the government&rsquo;s task to ensure that the corporates adhere to this model.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Unlike in the 20<sup>th</sup> century, India can and must actively contribute to the framing of new rules to govern global capitalism and the reshaping of international institutions.</p>
<p>Simultaneously, as the Great Reset narrative unfolds, it must also reform its economy and society to make it more equitable, sustainable, and capable of coping with rapid external change.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffdf0;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The worsening inequality in income and opportunities impacts some sections disproportionately due to discrimination based on gender, caste, and other factors. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zWr3gQi5HLM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/covid-19-sero-survey-delhi-coronavirus-vaccination-herd-immunity-7162844/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Keep the vigil&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Indian Express on January 27<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Agreement With IEA',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India has inked a <strong>Strategic Partnership Agreement with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-energy-review-2020-iea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></strong> to strengthen cooperation in global<strong> energy security, stability and sustainability.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To encourage and promote strategic and technical cooperation in the energy sector.</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will lead to a wider exchange of knowledge and will be a step towards making India a full member of the IEA.</li>
<li>Strengthen mutual trust and cooperation &amp; enhance global energy security, stability and sustainability.</li>
<li>A phased increase in benefits and responsibilities for India as an IEA strategic partner.</li>
<li>Building on existing areas of work and the <strong>Clean Energy Transitions Programme (CETP),</strong> such as energy security, clean and sustainable energy, energy efficiency, enhancing petroleum storage capacity, expansion of gas-based economy in India etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation of the Agreement:</strong> IEA Secretariat</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Energy Agency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established: In 1974 as per framework of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</strong></a>. IEA is an autonomous intergovernmental organisation.</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong> Established in the wake of the <strong>oil crisis of 1973-1974,</strong> to help its members respond to major disruptions in oil supply.</li>
<li><strong>Mandate:</strong> Over time, the mandate of the IEA has expanded to include tracking and analyzing key global energy trends, promoting sound energy policy and encouraging multinational energy technology cooperation.</li>
<li><strong>Mission:</strong> Its mission is to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its member countries and beyond.</li>
<li><strong>Areas of Focus:</strong> Its mission is guided by <strong>four main areas (4E&rsquo;s): </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Energy Security, </strong></li>
<li><strong>Economic Development, </strong></li>
<li><strong>Environmental Awareness </strong>and</li>
<li><strong>Engagement Worldwide.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter (Secretariat):</strong> Paris (France).</li>
<li>The Governing Board is the main decision-making body of the IEA. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is composed of energy ministers or their senior representatives from each Member country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> It has 30 members at present.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A candidate country <strong>must be a member country</strong> of the OECD. But all OECD members are not IEA members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility for Membership:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Crude oil and/or product reserves equivalent to <strong>90 days of the previous year&rsquo;s net imports.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India<strong> falls short</strong> on the criteria of <strong>Crude oil reserve:</strong> India stores 10 days of the country&rsquo;s crude oil requirements currently, with domestic refiners also maintaining 65 days of crude storage. The government is also building <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-strategic-petroleum-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strategic crude oil reserves</strong></a> to support another 12 days of crude oil needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduce national oil consumption by up to 10%.</strong></li>
<li>Legislation and organisation to operate the <strong>Coordinated Emergency Response Measures (CERM)</strong> on a national basis.</li>
<li>Measures in place to ensure the capability of contributing its share of an IEA collective action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-energy-and-carbon-dioxide-emissions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Energy &amp; CO<sub>2</sub> Status Report</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-energy-outlook-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Energy Outlook</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-3rd-largest-producer-of-electricity#:~:text=As%20per%20the%20Key%20World,per%20capita%20consumption%20in%202017." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Energy Statistics</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>World Energy Balances</strong></li>
<li><strong>Energy Technology Perspectives</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Clean Energy Transitions Programme (CETP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Launched in<strong> November 2017,</strong> the IEA Clean Energy Transitions Programme (CETP) is an effort to accelerate global clean energy transitions.</li>
<li>The programme provides independent, cutting-edge support to governments in order to catalyze the global transition towards more sustainable energy production and use.</li>
<li>Priority countries include<strong> Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa,</strong> as well as <strong>other IEA Association countries and key regions such as Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa.</strong></li>
<li>CETP activities include collaborative analytical work, technical cooperation, training and capacity building and strategic dialogues.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/india-inks-mou-with-international-energy-agency-for-global-energy-security-sustainability/article33676836.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Missed Annual Disinvestment Targets',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>government has raised less than 3% of budgeted revenues from disinvestment in 2020-21.</strong> As a result, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-fiscal-deficit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fiscal deficit</strong></a> for the current year is <strong>set to worsen.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government describes fiscal deficit of India as &ldquo;the excess of total disbursements from the Consolidated Fund of India, excluding repayment of the debt, over total receipts into the Fund (excluding the debt receipts) during a financial year&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disinvestment Targets for 2020-21:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Presenting the Union Budget of 2020, the Finance Minister had announced a <strong>disinvestment target of Rs 2.1 lakh crore.</strong> Such ambitious targets were set to keep the fiscal deficit under check.</li>
<li>However, the total disinvestment receipts from disinvestment so far this year have amounted to <strong>Rs. 17.9 thousand crore which is just around 3% of the targeted revenues. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Low Revenues:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Annual<strong> targets were set three to four times the usual targeted revenue from disinvestment.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> slow pace of sales of the public assets</strong> marked for disinvestment.</li>
<li>In the current year, all aspects of the government&rsquo;s functioning was severely impacted by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It has been in trend that except in a few years, the <strong>government has been unable to raise as much money as it wanted</strong> at the start of the year from disinvestment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611830230_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611830230_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meaning of Disinvestment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Disinvestment means sale or liquidation of assets by the government, usually Central and state public sector enterprises, projects, or other fixed assets.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privatisation-of-pses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government undertakes disinvestment</strong></a> to reduce the fiscal burden on the exchequer, or to raise money for meeting specific needs, such as to bridge the revenue shortfall from other regular sources.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For e.g. the Union government invests in several <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>public sector undertakings</strong></a> (PSUs) such as Air India, Bharat Petroleum, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation etc.</li>
<li>Since it is the majority shareholder (meaning that it owns more than 51% of the shares), the Centre can raise money through the liquidation of its shareholding in these PSUs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types of Disinvestment Methods: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Minority Disinvestment:</strong> This type of disinvestment in PSUs is such that, at the end of it, if the government of <strong>India retains a majority stake (typically more than 51%)</strong> in the company, it ensures management control. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For e.g. Reduced government&rsquo;s share in Life Insurance Corporation in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Majority Disinvestment:</strong> When disinvestment in PSUs is such that, at the end of it, the <strong>government of India retains a minority stake</strong> in the company i.e. it sells off a majority stake.</li>
<li><strong>Complete Disinvestment or Privatization:</strong> It is a form of majority disinvestment wherein <strong>100% control of the company is passed on to a buyer</strong> i.e government of India completely disinvests from that PSU. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Like Bharat Aluminium Company, which was sold to the Vedanta group in 2001.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons Behind Disinvesting in PSUs.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Improving the overall efficiency of their functioning.</li>
<li><strong>Insulating them from political considerations</strong> overshadowing economic and corporate interests.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Especially when PSU transacts with the government &mdash; for example when it sells its products and services to the government, the pricing may be influenced by factors other than market factors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To make such a PSU more efficient as it would not be accountable to people and entities other than the government.</li>
<li>Private or corporate ownership could result in more efficient management.</li>
<li>Plugging budget deficits i.e. filling the gap between its expenditures and tax revenues.</li>
<li>Making more money available for other sectors like infrastructure and welfare schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Changed Perspective about Disinvestment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Before economic liberalisation, such efforts to monetise government&rsquo;s assets were criticised as selling the family silver.</li>
<li>But post-liberalisation, reducing government stake, especially in sectors such as the strategic sectors like defence where government presence is not necessary, disinvestment is welcomed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Agency for Disinvestment: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strategic-disinvestment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM)</strong> </a>under the Ministry of Finance is tasked with managing the Centre&rsquo;s investments in the PSUs.</li>
<li>Sale of the Centre&rsquo;s assets falls within the mandate of DIPAM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/budget-nirmala-sitharaman-psu-coronavirus-economy-disinvestment-7162876/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Collegium System for the Appointment of Judges',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong> </a>questioned the government about the delay in clearing<strong> Collegium recommendations for judicial appointments</strong> to various High Courts (HC).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Collegium System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the<strong> system of appointment and transfer of judges that has evolved through judgments of the SC,</strong> and not by an Act of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/parliament-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Parliament</strong></a> or by a provision of the Constitution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Evolution of the System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>First Judges Case (1981)</strong>: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It declared that the<strong> &ldquo;primacy&rdquo;</strong> of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/47th-chief-justice-of-india#:~:text=Justice%20Sharad%20Arvind%20Bobde%2C%20has,office%20on%2023rd%20April%2C%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chief Justice of India</a> (CJI)s</strong> recommendation on judicial appointments and transfers can be refused for &ldquo;cogent reasons.&rdquo; </li>
<li>The r<strong>uling gave the Executive primacy over the Judiciary in judicial appointments</strong> for the next 12 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second Judges Case (1993):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SC <strong>introduced the Collegium system,</strong> holding that &ldquo;consultation&rdquo; really meant &ldquo;concurrence&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It added that it was not the CJI&rsquo;s individual opinion, but an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the SC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Judges Case (1998):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SC on President&rsquo;s reference <strong>expanded the Collegium to a five-member body,</strong> comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> SC collegium is headed by the CJI</strong> and <strong>comprises four other senior most judges</strong> of the court.</li>
<li>A <strong>HC collegium is led by its Chief Justice </strong>and<strong> four other senior most judges of that court.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Names recommended for appointment by a HC collegium reaches the government only after approval by the CJI and the SC collegium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Judges of the higher judiciary are appointed only through the collegium system and the <strong>government has a role only after names have been decided by the collegium.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>government&rsquo;s role is limited to getting an inquiry conducted by the Intelligence Bureau (IB)</strong> if a lawyer is to be elevated as a judge in a High Court or the Supreme Court. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Intelligence Bureau (IB):</strong> It is a reputed and established intelligence agency. It is authoritatively controlled by the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>can also raise objections</strong> and seek clarifications regarding the collegium&rsquo;s choices, <strong>but if the collegium reiterates</strong> the same names, the government is bound, under Constitution Bench judgments, to appoint them as judges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedure for Various Judicial Appointments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For CJI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> President of India appoints the CJI and the other SC judges.</strong></li>
<li>As far as the CJI is concerned, the outgoing CJI recommends his successor.</li>
<li>In practice, it has been strictly by seniority ever since the supersession controversy of the 1970s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For SC Judges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For other judges of the SC, the proposal is initiated by the CJI.</li>
<li>The<strong> CJI consults the rest of the Collegium members,</strong> as well as the senior-most judge of the court hailing from the High Court to which the recommended person belongs.</li>
<li>The consultees must record their opinions in writing and it should form part of the file.</li>
<li>The Collegium sends the recommendation to the Law Minister, who forwards it to the Prime Minister to advise the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Chief Justice of High Courts:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Chief Justice of High Court is appointed as per the policy of having Chief Justices from outside the respective States.</li>
<li>The Collegium takes the call on the elevation.</li>
<li>High Court judges are recommended by a Collegium comprising the CJI and two senior-most judges.</li>
<li>The proposal, however, is initiated by the outgoing Chief Justice of the High Court concerned in consultation with two senior-most colleagues.</li>
<li>The recommendation is sent to the Chief Minister, who advises the Governor to send the proposal to the Union Law Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism of the Collegium System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Opaqueness and a lack of transparency.</li>
<li>Scope for nepotism.</li>
<li>Embroilment in public controversies.</li>
<li>Overlooks several talented junior judges and advocates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Attempts to reform the Appointment System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The attempt made to replace it by a <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-94" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;National Judicial Appointments Commission&rsquo;</strong></a> was struck down by the court in 2015 on the ground that it posed a threat to the independence of the judiciary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Related Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 124(2)</strong> of the Indian Constitution provides that the Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President after consultation with such a number of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary for the purpose.</li>
<li><strong>Article 217</strong> of the Indian Constitution states that the Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Filling up of vacancies is a continuous and collaborative process involving the executive and the judiciary, and <strong>there cannot be a time frame for it.</strong> However, it is time to think of a <strong>permanent, independent body to institutionalize the process</strong> with adequate safeguards to preserve the judiciary&rsquo;s independence guaranteeing <strong>judicial primacy</strong> but <strong>not judicial exclusivity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should ensure<strong> independence, reflect diversity, demonstrate professional competence and integrity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Instead of selecting the number of judges required against a certain number of vacancies, <strong>the collegium must provide a panel of possible names to the President</strong> to appoint in order of preference and other valid criteria.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hc-vacancies-sc-questions-govt-over-delay-in-action-on-collegium-recommendations-7164469/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/collegium-system-for-the-appointment-of-judges'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Cyber Insurance Policy',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A committee set up by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sandbox-for-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI)</strong></a> has recommended the introduction of a <strong>cyber insurance policy.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cyber insurance policy is a risk transfer mechanism for cyber risk.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cyber risk is commonly defined as exposure to harm or loss resulting from breaches of or attacks on information systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This policy will protect the policyholders from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rising-cybercrimes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cybercrimes</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In October 2020, the IRDAI had set up a committee for cyber liability insurance under<strong> P Umesh.</strong></li>
<li>Amid the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, there has been rising incidences of <strong>cyberattacks</strong> and a growing number of high-profile data violations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data highlighted:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the committee report, the <strong>number of internet users in India</strong> is currently estimated at <strong>700 million.</strong></li>
<li>India was ranked as the <strong>second-largest online market</strong> worldwide in 2019, coming second only to China.</li>
<li>The <strong>number of internet users is estimated to increase in both urban as well as rural regions.</strong> This number is increasing rapidly so also is the <strong>number of users of online banking.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of an Individual cyber insurance policy (cover):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Theft of Funds, Identity Theft Cover, Social Media cover, Cyber Stalking, Malware Cover, Phishing cover, Data Breach and Privacy Breach Cover, etc</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong> Cyber insurance policies currently available address requirements of individuals reasonably well. However, there are some areas in the product features and processes which need improvement.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>FIR on higher claims:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Insurers should not insist on police FIR (First Information Report) for claims upto Rs. 5,000.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>FIR is a critical requirement to assess claims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Clarity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Clarity in exclusion language relating to compliance with reasonable practices and precautions and need for coverage for bricking costs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Bricking</strong> refers to a loss of use or functionality of hardware as a result of a cyber event.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On Standardisation of Cyber Insurance Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cyber risks are dynamic and evolving. Standardisation is a good idea but may not be able to address all the emerging risks and is likely to limit innovation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cyber Security</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In computers and computer networks, an attack is any attempt to expose, alter, disable, destroy, steal or gain unauthorized access to or make unauthorized use of an asset.</li>
<li>A cyberattack is any type of offensive maneuver that targets computer information systems, infrastructures, computer networks, or personal computer devices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to<strong> Nasscom's Data Security Council of India (DSCI) report 2019,</strong> India witnessed the<strong> second-highest</strong> number of cyber attacks in the world between 2016 and 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ways of Cyberattack:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Phishing or Spoofing attacks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Spoofing is an identity theft where a person is trying to use the identity of a legitimate user. Phishing is where a person steals the sensitive information of users like bank account details.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Malware or Spyware:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Spyware is classified as a type of malware (malicious software) designed to gain access to or damage one&rsquo;s computer, often without one&rsquo;s knowledge. Spyware gathers one&rsquo;s personal information and relays it to advertisers, data firms, or external users.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SIM Swap:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Original SIM gets cloned and becomes invalid, and the duplicate SIM can be misused to access the user&rsquo;s online bank account to transfer funds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Credential Stuffing (compromising devices and stealing data):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Credential stuffing is a type of cyberattack where stolen account credentials typically consisting of lists of usernames and/or email addresses and the corresponding passwords are used to gain unauthorized access to user accounts through large-scale automated login requests directed against a web application.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Man-in-the-middle attacks</strong> during online payments or transactions, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives to tackle cyber attacks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in 2018 with an aim to spread awareness about cybercrime and building capacity for safety measures for Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) and frontline IT staff across all government departments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre (NCCC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Its mandate is to scan internet traffic and communication metadata (which are little snippets of information hidden inside each communication) coming into the country to detect real-time cyber threats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cyber Swachhta Kendra:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2017, this platform was introduced for internet users to clean their computers and devices by wiping out viruses and malware.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information Security Education and Awareness Project (ISEA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A project to raise awareness and to provide research, education and training in the field of Information Security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/35-percent-of-cyber-attacks-on-indian-sites-from-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Computer Emergency Response Team</strong></a> (CERT-In) functions as the nodal agency for coordination of all cyber security efforts, emergency responses, and crisis management.</li>
<li>Protection and resilience of critical information infrastructure with the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cyber-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre</strong> </a>(NCIIPC) operating as the nodal agency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NCIIPC was created under the Information Technology Act, 2000 to secure India&rsquo;s critical information infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information Technology Act, 2000:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-it-rules-issued-by-government" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Act</strong></a> regulates use of computers, computer systems, computer networks and also data and information in electronic format.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Mechanisms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The International Telecommunication Union</strong> (ITU) : It is a<strong> specialized agency within the United Nations</strong> which plays a leading role in the standardization and development of telecommunications and cyber security issues.</li>
<li><strong>Budapest Convention on Cybercrime:</strong> It is an<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/convention-on-global-cybercrime" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> international treaty</strong></a> that seeks to address Internet and computer crime by harmonizing national laws, improving investigative techniques, and increasing cooperation among nations. It came into force on 1<sup>st</sup> July 2004.<strong> India is not a signatory</strong> to this convention.</li>
<li><strong>Internet Governance Forum</strong> (IGF): It brings together all stakeholders i.e. government, private sector and civil society on the Internet governance debate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/irdai-panel-proposes-norms-for-rising-silent-cyber-risks-7162817/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyber-insurance-policy'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a statue of freedom fighter <strong>Govind Ballabh Pant</strong> was unveiled at its new location on a roundabout at the Pandit Pant Marg, New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The statue had to be relocated from its earlier location near Raisina Road circle as it 'fell within the new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-vista-redevelopment-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parliament building layout</strong></a>'</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611825353_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611825353_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brief Profile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Govind Ballabh Pant is remembered as one of the country’s <strong>most prominent freedom fighters and an administrator</strong> who played a key role in shaping modern India.</li>
<li>He was the <strong>Premier of United Provinces</strong> (1937 - 1939),<strong> First Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh</strong> (1946 -1954) and <strong>Union Home Minister</strong> (1955 - 1961) and was a recipient of the highest civilian award, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-28th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the Bharat Ratna</strong> </a>in 1957.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Early Life:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pant was born on 10<sup>th</sup> September <strong>1887 in Uttarakhand, at Almora.</strong></li>
<li>When he was 18 years old, he started serving as a volunteer at sessions of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian National Congress</strong></a>, looking up to<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gopal-krishna-gokhale" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Gopalkrishna Gokhale</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madan-mohan-malaviya-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></strong> as his idols.</li>
<li>In 1907, he decided to study law, after receiving his degree, he started to practise law in Almora in 1910 and eventually moved to Kashipur.</li>
<li>In Kashipur, he <strong>established an organisation called Prem Sabha,</strong> that started working towards several reforms and also saved a school from shutting down due to non-payment of taxes to the British government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution in National Movement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Govind Ballabh Pant joined the Congress in December 1921 and soon joined the <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-208" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>non- cooperation movement</strong></a>.</li>
<li>In 1930, he was imprisoned for organizing a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-dedicates-salt-satyagraha-memorial-to-nation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Salt March</strong> </a>inspired by Gandhi's earlier actions.</li>
<li>He was elected to the Uttar Pradesh (then known as United Provinces) Legislative Assembly as the<strong> candidate of the Swarajist Party</strong> from Nainital.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When in Government, he tried to bring in reforms which would do away with the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/land-revenue-systems-in-british-india#:~:text=The%20zamindari%20system%20was%20introduced,occupancy%20right%20for%20actual%20cultivators." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Zamindari system</strong></a>.</li>
<li>He also pleaded to the Government for lowering agricultural taxes on farmers.</li>
<li>He<strong> encouraged many cottage industries</strong> in the country and <strong>raised his voice against the coolie-beggar law,</strong> which forced porters to transport the heavy luggage of British officials without any payment.</li>
<li>Pant was always <strong>against a separate electorate for minorities,</strong> saying the step would further divide communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>During the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second World War</strong></a>, Pant tried to <strong>conciliate between <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gandhi's</a> faction,</strong> which advocated supporting the British Crown in their war effort, and <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/subhash-chandra-bose-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Subash Chandra Bose</a>'s faction</strong>, which advocated taking advantage of the situation to expel the British Raj by any means necessary.</li>
<li>In 1942 he was arrested again, this time for signing the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quit-india-movement-1#:~:text=About%3A%20On%208th%20August,known%20as%20August%20Kranti%20Maidan." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quit India resolution</strong></a>, and spent three years in Ahmednagar Fort along with other members of the Congress working committee until March 1945. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru pleaded successfully for Pant's release, on grounds of failing health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post Independence</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After independence, Govind Ballabh Pant became the <strong>Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.</strong> He worked for the upliftment of the farmers and the eradication of untouchability.</li>
<li>After the death of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-unity-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sardar Patel</strong></a>, Govind Ballabh Pant was <strong>made the Home Minister in the Union Government.</strong></li>
<li>As a Home Minister, he <strong>championed the cause of Hindi as the national language</strong> or rashtrabhasha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1692684" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pandit-govind-ballabh-pant'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Kanha Tiger Reserve',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A tigress was found dead in the <strong>buffer zone of Kanha tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It stretches over an area of 940 square km in the<strong> two districts - Mandla and Balaghat - of Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>History:</strong> The present-day Kanha area <strong>was divided into two sanctuaries, Hallon and Banjar. Kanha National Park was created in 1955</strong> and in <strong>1973</strong> was made the<strong> Kanha Tiger Reserve.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Kanha National Park is the<strong> largest National Park in Central India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>State animal of Madhya Pradesh - Hard Ground Barasingha (Swamp deer or<em> Rucervus duvaucelii</em>)</strong> is found<strong> exclusively</strong> in Kanha Tiger Reserve.</li>
<li>Other Species found include<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-2018-guinness-book-of-world-records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Tiger</strong></a>, Leopard, Dhole, Bear,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-bison-gaur" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Gaur</strong></a> and Indian Python etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is best known for its evergreen <strong>Sal forests <em>(Shorea Robusta)</em>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the<strong> first tiger reserve in India to officially introduce a mascot, &ldquo;Bhoorsingh the Barasingha&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Tiger Reserves in Madhya Pradesh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sanjay-Dubri.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panna-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panna.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/satpura-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Satpura.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/elephant-colony-in-bandhavgarh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bandhavgarh.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/animals-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pench.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Core and Buffer Zone</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For the purpose of management, tiger reserves are constituted on a &lsquo;core &ndash; buffer&rsquo; strategy.</li>
<li>In<strong> core areas,</strong> forestry operations, collection of minor forest produce, grazing, human settlement and other biotic disturbances are not allowed and are singularly oriented towards conservation.</li>
<li>The<strong> buffer zone</strong> is managed as a &lsquo;multiple use area&rsquo; with conservation oriented land use, having the twin objectives of providing habitat supplement to the spillover population of wild animals from the core, apart from facilitating site specific eco developmental inputs to stakeholder communities.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Barasingha<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611819470_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611819470_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Subspecies:</strong> There are<strong> three subspecies of swamp deer</strong> found in the Indian Subcontinent. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>western swamp deer</strong> (Rucervus duvaucelii) found in <strong>Nepal,</strong></li>
<li><strong>Southern swamp deer/Hard Ground Barasingha</strong> <em>(Rucervus duvaucelii branderi)</em> found in <strong>central and north India</strong> and</li>
<li><strong>Eastern swamp deer</strong> <em>(Rucervus duvaucelii ranjitsinhi)</em> found in the <a href="https://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&amp;biw=1398&amp;bih=685&amp;sxsrf=ALeKk02nHbg9a_Qwxv1nKm2BnfHXIVHSPQ%3A1611816190604&amp;ei=_lwSYIWlJMeR4-EP5M-PmAM&amp;q=kaziranga+drishti+ias&amp;oq=kaziranga+drishti+ias&amp;gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIGCAAQBxAeOgQIABANUO8PWNweYIolaABwAHgAgAG7AogBlxKSAQUyLTcuMpgBAKABAaoBB2d3cy13aXrAAQE&amp;sclient=psy-ab&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiFnO-bg77uAhXHyDgGHeTnAzMQ4dUDCA0&amp;uact=5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaziranga</strong></a> (Assam)<strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dudhwa-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dudhwa</a> National Parks</strong> (Uttar Pradesh).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status of Swamp Deer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Vulnerable</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/madhya-pradesh-tigress-dies-after-getting-trapped-in-snare-7164475/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kanha-tiger-reserve'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Digital Services Tax',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/digital-services-tax-not-about-india-vs-us-7161267/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Digital Services Tax: Not about India vs US&rdquo;</a> which was published in The Indian Express on 25/01/2021. It talks about the rationale and concerns associated with the digital services tax.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-digital-tax-discriminatory-ustr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United States Trade Representative (USTR) published a report concluding that the 2% digital services tax</a> (DST) introduced by the Indian government ( by the 2020 Finance Act) discriminates against US businesses and contravenes settled principles of international tax law.</p>
<p>The DST is aimed at ensuring that non-resident, digital service providers pay their fair share of tax on revenues generated in the Indian digital market. India&rsquo;s 2% DST is levied on revenues generated from digital services offered in India, including digital platform services, digital content sales, and data-related services.</p>
<p>As the digital economy is increasingly becoming a separate sector of the economy itself, developed countries like the US (where the majority of digital service providers come from) must understand that it would be now difficult to ring-fence the digital economy from the rest of the economy for tax purposes.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India was one of the first countries in the world to introduce a <strong>6% equalization levy</strong> in 2016, but the levy was restricted to online advertisement services (commonly known as &ldquo;digital advertising taxes&rdquo; or &ldquo;DATs&rdquo;).</li>
<li>In March 2020, it expanded the scope of the existing equalization levy to a range of digital services that includes e-commerce platforms. Any payment made by non-residents in connection with an Indian user will now attract a 2% levy.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Concerns Raised by USTR &amp; Counterclaim</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The USTR conducted an investigation under section 301 of the US Trade Act, 1974, which authorizes it to appropriately respond to a foreign country&rsquo;s action that is discriminatory and negatively affects US commerce.</li>
<li>The USTR report found the DST to be discriminatory on <strong>two counts</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>First, it states that the DST discriminates against US digital businesses because it specifically <strong>excludes from its ambit domestic (Indian) digital businesses</strong>.</li>
<li>Second, according to the report, the DST does not extend to identical services provided by non-digital service providers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, India clarified that the DST itself in no way discriminates based on the size of operations or nationality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It may predominantly appear that DST is applicable to US companies because the market for digital services is dominated by US-based firms.</li>
<li>Further, any company that has a permanent residence in India is excluded since it is already subject to tax in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rationale of DST</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Prolonged International Tax Law Negotiation:</strong> The agenda to reform international tax law so that digital companies are taxed where economic activities are carried out was formally framed within the <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-223" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OECD&rsquo;s base erosion and profit shifting program</a>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, seven years since its inception, it is still a work in progress.</li>
<li>Due to this, countries are worried that they might cede their right to tax incomes. Therefore, many countries have either proposed or implemented a digital services tax.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) refers to tax avoidance strategies that exploit gaps and mismatches in tax rules to artificially shift profits to low or no-tax locations.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Changing International Economic Order:&nbsp;</strong>The proliferation of digital service taxes (DSTs) is a symptom of the changing international economic order. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Countries such as India which provide large markets for digital corporations seek a greater right to tax incomes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asymmetrical Digital Power:</strong> The taxation of the digitaliized economy turned out to be a relatively contentious issue because there is a huge asymmetry in digital service providers and consumers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, a redistribution of taxing rights can have significant revenue implications for countries like India and the US. This makes a consensus-based solution harder to achieve.</li>
<li>Thus, countries claim that the exponential increase of the digital economy and the digitalization of the traditional economy require the adoption of new tax rules.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Concerns With DST</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eventually Burdening Digital Consumers:</strong> Experts suggest that DST can be passed on to consumers. While the Indian customer may not pay this as a tax, this could mean higher prices, contrary to the claim that it taxes the company.</li>
<li><strong>Retaliatory Tariffs:</strong> The USTR investigations could pose a threat of retaliatory tariffs, as similar tariffs were imposed by the US on France.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, it could turn into a <strong>digital trade war-like scenario</strong> and could harm India&rsquo;s Information and communication technology industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Double Taxation:</strong> This was severely criticized by many countries as a unilateral measure that would result in double taxation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>New Model of Digital Taxation:</strong> The core problem that the international tax reform seeks to address is that digital corporations, unlike their brick-and-mortar counterparts, can operate in a market without a physical presence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, taxing in a particular jurisdiction may not augur well with the growth of the digital economy.</li>
<li>To overcome this challenge, countries suggested that a new basis to tax, say, the number of users in a country, could address the challenge to some extent.</li>
<li>The EU and India were among the advocates of this approach.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expediting Multilateral Negotiations:</strong> While the digital economy and its implications continue to evolve, the multilateral solution at the level of the OECD must be expedited.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, it would also require political consensus on multiple issues, including sensitive matters such as setting up of an alternative dispute resolution process comparable to arbitration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>As countries calibrate their response to competing demands for sovereignty to tax, DST is an interim alternative outside tax treaties. It possesses the advantage of taxing incomes that currently escape tax and creates space to negotiate a final, overarching solution to this conundrum.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #dcf6fa; border-color: #1da1b5;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em><br /><br />As countries calibrate their response to the growing implications of the digital economy, Digital Services Tax is an interim alternative outside tax treaties. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/acSeBqfO2UA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">This editorial is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/climate-change-donald-trump-joe-biden-us-elections-7160172/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Changing climate&rdquo;</a> published in The Indian Express on January 25<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-services-tax-1'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'PM2.5 and Anaemia',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A recent study by<strong> IIT delhi has tried to establish the association between ambient PM 2.5 exposure and occurrence of anaemia among children under the age of 5 years of age in India</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PM2.5 refers to particles that have diameter <strong>less than 2.5 micrometres</strong> (more than 100 times thinner than a human hair) and remain suspended for longer.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These particles are formed as a result of <strong>burning fuel and chemical reactions</strong> that take place in the atmosphere. Natural processes such as <strong>forest fires</strong> also contribute to PM2.5 in the air. These particles are also the primary reason for occurrence of smog.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Extended periods of exposure to PM 2.5 can lead to anaemia among children under the age of 5 years. About 63% of the included children were found to be anaemic.</li>
<li><strong>Children at Risk:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Young Children:</strong> Children with lower age had higher vulnerability of being anaemic.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty:</strong> Children from lower wealth index levels had higher percentages of anaemia.</li>
<li><strong>Maternal Anaemia:</strong> Children born to anaemic women have higher chances of developing anaemia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intensity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Higher PM2.5 levels exposure, decreases the average haemoglobin levels in children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study is important because so far anaemia has been looked at through the prism of <strong>nutrition deficiency</strong>, specifically that of iron.</li>
<li>Exposure to air pollution, especially PM 2.5, has been shown to induce systemic inflammation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inflammation refers to the body's process of fighting against things that harm it, such as infections, injuries, and toxins, in an attempt to heal itself.</li>
<li>Over time, chronic inflammation may have a negative impact on tissues and organs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong> According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India National Family and Health Survey 2015&ndash;2016 (NFHS-4)</strong></a>, 53.1%of women in India with 15&ndash;49 years of age and 58.5 % of children under five were anaemic.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A<strong> &lsquo;Lancet Global Health report&rsquo;</strong> also revealed that<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-among-men" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 23% of Indian men suffer from anaemia</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Anaemia</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization</strong></a> (WHO) defines anaemia as a condition in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiological needs.</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong> Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia, although other conditions, such as <strong>folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin A deficiencies, chronic inflammation, parasitic infections, and inherited disorders can all cause anaemia</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> In its severe form, it is associated with fatigue, weakness, dizziness and drowsiness. Pregnant women and children are particularly vulnerable.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611748364_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611748364_image1.jpg" width="474" height="399" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Government Programmes Related to Anaemia:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, the government of India launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women#:~:text=Weekly%20Iron%20and%20Folic%20Acid,Folic%20Acid%20(IFA)%20tablet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Anaemia Mukt Bharat</strong></a> (AMB) as part of the <strong>Intensified National Iron Plus Initiative</strong> (NIPI) Program for accelerating the annual rate of decline of anaemia from one to three percentage points.</li>
<li>The target groups for AMB are Children (6-59 months, 5-9 years), Adolescent Girls &amp; Boys (10-19 years), Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 years), Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers.</li>
<li>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has also launched the <strong>Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) Programme</strong> to meet the challenge of high prevalence and incidence of anaemia amongst adolescent girls and boys.</li>
<li>Other programmes include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Scheme</strong></a> (ICDS), <strong>National Nutritional Anemia Control Program</strong> (NNACP), etc to combat anemia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Emphasis must be laid on to curb PM 2.5 levels, especially in urban areas. A holistic health strategy is required to effectively address the issue of anaemia. Also, there is a need to bridge the gap between policy and practice.</li>
<li>The mother&rsquo;s health needs to be addressed as anaemia in mothers and premature delivery can also lead to childhood anaemia.</li>
<li>In addition to the maternal influence on childhood anaemia, paternal and overall household influences need to be considered for a more comprehensive policy framework for intervention at the household level.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/exposure-to-pm-2-5-raises-anaemia-risk-in-kids-under-5-study-conducted-by-iit-delhi-7162933/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm2-5-and-anaemia'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => '50 Years of India Bangladesh Relations',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Commemorating <strong>50 years of the 1971 India-Pakistan war</strong> that led to the liberation of Bangladesh, a 122-member contingent of the Bangladesh Armed Forces has recently participated in the <strong>72<sup>nd</sup> Republic Day</strong> parade.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This year, India and Bangladesh are also celebrating <strong>50 years of the establishment of their ties</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611742627_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611742627_image4.jpg" width="333" height="235" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the <strong>third time</strong> the Republic Day parade in India has witnessed the participation of a military contingent from abroad.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Previously <strong>French troops</strong> marched in 2016 and <strong>UAE</strong> troops in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bangladesh War of Independence:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vijay-diwas-50-years-of-indo-pak-war-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vijay Diwas</strong></a> is observed on 16<sup>th</sup> December every year to mark India's victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government of India, on 3<sup>rd</sup> December 1971, declared that it would go for war with Pakistan to save Bengali Muslims and Hindus.</li>
<li>This war was fought between India and Pakistan for 13 days.</li>
<li>On 16<sup>th</sup> December 1971, the chief of the Pakistani forces with 93,000 soldiers had surrendered unconditionally to the allied forces consisting of <strong>Indian Army</strong> and <strong>Mukti Bahini</strong> in Dhaka.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mukti Bahini refers to the armed organizations that fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War. It was a guerrilla resistance movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bangladesh was born on this day. Hence, Bangladesh celebrates its <strong>independence day (Bijoy Dibos) on 16<sup>th</sup> December every year</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India-Bangladesh Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India was one of the first countries to recognize Bangladesh and establish diplomatic relations immediately after its independence in December 1971.</li>
<li><strong>Defence Cooperation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various <strong>Joint exercises</strong> of Army <strong>(Exercise Sampriti)</strong> and Navy <strong>(Exercise Milan)</strong> take place between the two countries.</li>
<li><strong>Border Management:</strong> India and Bangladesh share <strong>4096.7 km.</strong> of border, which <strong>is the longest land boundary that India shares with any of its neighbours</strong>.</li>
<li>The India-Bangladesh <strong>Land Boundary Agreement</strong> (LBA) came into force following the exchange of instruments of ratification in June 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation over Rivers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Bangladesh share <strong>54 common rivers</strong>. A bilateral <strong>Joint Rivers Commission</strong> (JRC) has been working since June 1972 to maintain liaison between the two countries to maximize benefits from common river systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bangladesh is India&rsquo;s <strong>biggest trade partner</strong> in South Asia. India&rsquo;s exports to Bangladesh for financial year 2018-19 (April-March) stood at <strong>US 9.21 billion</strong> USD and imports from Bangladesh for the same period stood at US <strong>1.22 Billion</strong> USD.</li>
<li>Bangladesh has appreciated the <strong>Duty-Free and Quota Free access</strong> given to Bangladeshi exports to India under <strong>South Asian Free Trade Area</strong> (SAFTA) since 2011.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation in Connectivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries jointly inaugurated the newly restored railway link between <strong>Haldibari (India) and Chilahati (Bangladesh)</strong>.</li>
<li>Welcomed the signing of the second addendum to the Protocol on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protocol-on-inland-water-transit-and-trade#:~:text=As%20per%20the%20Protocol%20on,transit%20and%20inter%20country%20trade." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inland Water Transit and Trade</strong></a> (PIWTT).</li>
<li>Agreed to an early operationalization of the <strong>Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) initiative Motor Vehicles Agreement</strong> through the expeditious signing of the Enabling MoU for Bangladesh, India and Nepal to commence the movement of goods and passengers, with provision for Bhutan to join at a later date</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation in Power Sector:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has become one of the hallmarks of India- Bangladesh relations. Bangladesh is currently importing <strong>1160 MW</strong> of power from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partnership on Multilateral forums:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India thanked Bangladesh for supporting India in its election to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-security-council-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the United Nations Security Council</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Both countries agreed to continue working together towards achieving early reforms of the <strong>UN Security Council,</strong> combating climate change, attainment of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> (SDGs) and protection of the rights of migrants.</li>
<li>Highlighted that regional organisations such as the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</strong></a> (SAARC) and the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/drishti-specials-important-international-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</a> (BIMSTEC)</strong> have an important role to play.</li>
<li>Bangladesh thanked India for convening the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/video-conference-of-saarc-leaders-on-covid-19#:~:text=COVID-19%20Emergency%20Fund%3A,a%20contribution%20to%20the%20fund." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAARC leaders Video Conference</strong></a> in March 2020 and for creation of <strong>the SAARC Emergency Response Fund</strong> to counter effects of the global pandemic in the South Asian region.</li>
<li>Bangladesh will assume chairmanship of <strong>the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a> (IORA) in 2021</strong> and requested the support of India for working towards greater maritime safety and security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Development:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, India and Bangladesh signed seven agreements and also inaugurated three projects to deepen their partnership.</li>
<li>The use of the <strong>Chattogram and Mongla ports</strong> in Bangladesh for movement of goods to and from India, particularly from Northeastern India.</li>
<li>Use of <strong>Bangladesh&rsquo;s Feni river for</strong> drinking water supply in Tripura.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Further areas of Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two countries need to focus on priority areas, such as <strong>investments, security connectivity development, cross border energy cooperation, blue economy, cultural economy, environment and disaster management</strong> etc.</li>
<li>Resolve the refugees (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/wrong-on-the-rohingya" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rohingyas</a>) crisis.</li>
<li><strong>During Covid 19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reiterating the highest priority India attaches to Bangladesh under India&rsquo;s Neighbourhood First policy, <strong>India assured that vaccines for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a></strong> would be made available to Bangladesh as and when produced in India.</li>
<li>India also offered collaboration in therapeutics and partnership in vaccine production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Emerging Disputes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There should be efforts to resolve pending issues concerning <strong>sharing of waters, resolving continental shelf issues in the Bay of Bengal, bringing down border incidents to zero, and managing the media</strong>.</li>
<li>Bangladesh has already raised concerns over roll out of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Register of Citizens (NRC)</strong></a> in Assam, an exercise carried out to identify genuine Indian citizens living in Assam and weed out illegal Bangladeshis.</li>
<li>Currently, Bangladesh is an active partner of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/obor-cpec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a> that Delhi has not signed up to.</li>
<li>In the security sector, Bangladesh is also a major recipient of Chinese military inventory, including submarines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/republic-day-bangladesh-contingent-1971-war-7162921/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50-years-of-india-bangladesh-relations'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Investment Trends Monitor Report: UNCTAD',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-fdi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Investment Trends Monitor Report</strong></a> issued by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-investment-report-unctad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</strong></a>, global <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-foreign-direct-investment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong></a> collapsed in 2020 by 42% to an estimated USD 859 billion from USD 1.5 trillion in 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Such a low level was <strong>last seen in the 1990s</strong> and is more than 30% below the investment decline that followed the <strong>2008-2009 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/understanding-financial=-crisis-of-2007-08" target="_blank" rel="noopener">global financial crisis</a></strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Trend:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India and China:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India witnessed a 13% year-on-year rise, the <strong>highest among key nations</strong>, in FDI inflows in 2020, China&rsquo;s rose by 4%.</li>
<li>In absolute terms, <strong>China remained way ahead, with an inflow of as much as $163 billion,</strong> while <strong>India&rsquo;s stood at $57 billion</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advanced Economies:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The UK and Italy saw an over 100% crash each in FDI inflows, followed by <strong>Russia</strong> (96% drop), <strong>Germany</strong> (61%), <strong>Brazil</strong> (50%), the <strong>US</strong> (49%), <strong>Australia</strong> (46%) and <strong>France</strong> (39%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developing Economies:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Developing economies drew as much as <strong>72% of global FDI</strong> in 2020 &ndash; their highest share on record.</li>
<li><strong>Asian nations</strong> did particularly well, <strong>attracting USD 476 billion</strong> in FDI in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Future Projection:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The uncertainty about the <strong>Covid-19</strong> evolution <strong>will continue to hamper global FDI inflows in 2021,</strong> threatening sustainable recovery prospects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for the Rise in FDI in India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inflows into <strong>digital sector</strong>. The sector has particularly high return capabilities in India as favourable demographics, substantial mobile and internet penetration, massive consumption along with technology uptake provides great market opportunity for a foreign investor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Measures to Increase FDI:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In 2020,</strong> schemes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for electronics manufacturing</strong></a>, have been notified to attract foreign investments.</li>
<li><strong>In 2019,</strong> the Central Government <strong>amended FDI Policy 2017,</strong> to permit <strong>100% FDI under automatic route in coal mining activities</strong>.</li>
<li>FDI in manufacturing was already under the 100% automatic route, however <strong>in 2019, the government clarified that investments in Indian entities engaged in contract manufacturing is also permitted under the 100% automatic route</strong> provided it is undertaken through a legitimate contract.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Contract Manufacturing:</strong> Production of goods by one firm, under the label or brand of another firm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal (FIFP):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the online single point interface of the Government of India with investors to facilitate FDI. It is administered by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Foreign Direct Investment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FDI is an <strong>investment made by a firm or individual in one country into business interests located in another country</strong>.</li>
<li>The key feature of foreign direct investment is that <strong>it establishes either effective control of, or at least substantial influence over, the decision-making</strong> of a foreign business.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This makes it <strong>different from portfolio investments</strong> in which an investor merely purchases equities of foreign-based companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FDI is important because it <strong>gives countries access to external capital, technology, market access and tax contributions</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types:</strong> FDI are commonly categorized as being horizontal, vertical or conglomerate.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Horizontal:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A horizontal direct investment refers to the <strong>investor establishing the same type of business operation</strong> in a foreign country as it operates in its home country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vertical:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A vertical investment is one in which <strong>different but related business activities from the investor's main business are established</strong> or acquired in a foreign country, such as when a manufacturing company acquires an interest in a foreign company that supplies parts or raw materials required for the manufacturing company to make its products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conglomerate:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A conglomerate type of foreign direct investment is one where a <strong>company or individual makes a foreign investment in a business that is unrelated to its existing business</strong> in its home country.</li>
<li>Since this type of investment involves entering an industry the investor has no previous experience in, it often takes the form of a joint venture with a foreign company already operating in the industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Components:</strong> FDI has three components, viz., <strong>equity capital, reinvested earnings and intra-company loans</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Equity Capital:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the foreign direct investor&rsquo;s <strong>purchase of shares of an enterprise</strong> in a country other than its own.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reinvested Earnings:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Comprise the <strong>direct investors&rsquo; share</strong> (in proportion to direct equity participation) of earnings not distributed as dividends by affiliates, or earnings not remitted to the direct investor.</li>
<li>Such retained profits by affiliates are reinvested.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intra-company loans or intra-company debt transactions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Refer to <strong>short- or long-term borrowing and lending of funds</strong> between direct investors (or enterprises) and affiliate enterprises.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Routes:</strong> Routes through which India gets FDI:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Automatic Route:</strong> In this, the foreign entity <strong>does not require the prior approval of the government</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Government route:</strong> In this, the foreign entity has to <strong>take the approval of the government</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNCTAD is a permanent intergovernmental body established in 1964.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a permanent intergovernmental body headquartered at Geneva in Switzerland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It promotes development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reports Published:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/trade-and-development-report-2018-power-platforms-and-the-free-trade-delusion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Trade and Development Report</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-investment-report-unctad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Investment Report</strong></a></li>
<li>The Least Developed Countries Report</li>
<li>Information and Economy Report</li>
<li>Technology and Innovation Report</li>
<li>Commodities and Development Report.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/unctad-report-india-sees-sharpest-rise-in-fdi-inflows-among-key-nations/2178663/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: FE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investment-trends-monitor-report-unctad'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'World Economic Outlook: IMF',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737448_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737448_image3.png" width="276" height="238" style="float: right; margin: 10px;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>Recently, the latest <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-outlook-report-imf#:~:text=Advanced%20economies%20will%20have%20an,and%20grow%20by%204.7%25%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Economic Outlook</strong></a> of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund (IMF)</strong></a> has estimated that India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong></a> will grow by<strong> 11.5%</strong> in the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Financial Year</a> (FY)</strong> 2021-22.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India Specific Projections:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>FY 2020-21:</strong> For the current fiscal, the IMF had forecast a record <strong>10.3% contraction</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>FY 2021-22:</strong> For the next fiscal, starting from April 1st, GDP growth projection is at <strong>11.5%</strong>, 2.7% higher than the projection made in October, 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Last October, the IMF had projected an 8.8% real GDP growth for India in <strong>FY 2021-22,</strong> highest globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>FY 2022-23:</strong> In FY 2022-23, the economy will likely grow <strong>6.8%</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governments Projection for 2020-21:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The latest revision for the current fiscal is higher than the <strong>government&rsquo;s first advance estimate of 7.7%</strong> and also the <strong>RBI&rsquo;s estimate of 7.5%</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Increase in the Estimates by IMF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has taken very decisive action, very decisive steps to deal with the <strong>pandemic</strong> and to deal with the economic consequences of it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Measures to Deal With the Pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India&rsquo;s Covid19 Economic Relief Package</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana:</strong> The government announced Rs 1.70 lakh crore relief package under the newly framed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana</strong></a> for the poor to help them fight the battle against covid-19.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> <strong>(or Self-reliant India Mission):</strong> The Self-Reliant India Mission <strong>aims towards cutting down import dependence</strong> by focussing on substitution while improving safety compliance and quality goods to gain global market share.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Government announced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-i#:~:text=The%20announced%20measures%20also%20form,financing%20measures%20and%20credit%20guarantees." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>liquidity measures for businesses, especially Micro, Small and Medium enterprises (MSMEs)</strong></a> under the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Projections:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737606_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737606_image5.png" width="401" height="325" style="float: right;" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global Economy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The global economy is projected to grow <strong>5.5% in 2021 </strong>and <strong>4.2% in 2022</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The IMF also saw a narrower 3.5% contraction in world output in 2020 as opposed to a 4.4% decline seen earlier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It attributed the 0.3% point upward revision for 2021 to <strong>&ldquo;expectations of a vaccine-powered strengthening</strong> of activity later in the year and additional <strong>policy support</strong> in a few large economies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Trade Volumes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are forecasted to grow about <strong>8% in 2021</strong>.</li>
<li>The IMF expects <strong>oil prices to rise</strong> in 2021 by just over 20% from the low base for 2020 but they will still remain well below their average for 2019.</li>
<li><strong>Non-oil commodity prices are also expected to increase</strong> with those of metals, in particular, projected to accelerate strongly in 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Economies with High percentage of Growth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>China</strong> would grow 8.1% in 2021, followed by <strong>Spain</strong> (5.9%) and <strong>France</strong> (5.5 %).</li>
<li>China, which was the only major country to register a growth rate of 2.3 % in 2020, will expand 5.6% in 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Inequality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report highlighted the <strong>pandemic-induced acceleration in inequality</strong> by reiterating that close to <strong>90 million people are likely to fall below the extreme poverty threshold during 2020-21</strong> as workers with less education, women, youth, those in contact-intensive sectors, and those informally employed suffer disproportionate livelihood and income losses.</li>
<li>The <strong>pandemic is expected to reverse the progress</strong> made in poverty reduction across the past two decades.</li>
<li>It can be noted that recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-inequality-virus-report-oxfam-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inequality Virus Report</strong></a>, released by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-inequality-crisis-report-oxfam-international#:~:text=The%20report%20focuses%20on%20the,hands%20of%20a%20rich%20few." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Oxfam International</strong></a>, has also found that the <strong>Covid pandemic deeply increased the existing inequalities in India and around the world</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IMF was set up along with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> after the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second World War</strong></a> <strong>to assist in the reconstruction of war-ravaged countries</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two organisations were agreed to be set up at a conference in Bretton Woods in the US. Hence, they are known as the <strong>Bretton Woods twins</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Created in <strong>1945</strong>, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the <strong>189 countries</strong> that make up its near-global membership.India joined on December 27, 1945.</li>
<li>The IMF's <strong>primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system&nbsp;</strong>&mdash; the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Fund's <strong>mandate</strong> was updated in 2012 to <strong>include all macroeconomic and financial sector issues that bear on global stability</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Reports by IMF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-11th-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Financial Stability Report</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/imf-projects-impressive-11-5-per-cent-growth-rate-for-india-in-2021-7162652/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-outlook-imf-1'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Transit Oriented Development',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The redevelopment of <strong>New Delhi Railway Station (NDLS)</strong> has become the first project to be undertaken on the <strong>Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) concept in the NCR</strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Approving Authority:</strong> The project has been approved by the <strong>Rail Land Development Authority (RLDA)</strong> which is a <strong>statutory body</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Railways</strong> responsible for the development of vacant railway land.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the Indian Railways has approximately 43,000 hectares of vacant land across the country.</li>
<li>The Government, in recent times, has been promoting <strong>&lsquo;transit-oriented development&rsquo;</strong> where public transport is the backbone of cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737136_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737136_image1.png" style="float: right; margin: 5px;" width="428" height="407" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)</strong> integrates land use and transport planning and aims to develop planned sustainable urban growth centers, having walkable and livable communes with high density mixed land-use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plan of TOD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A TOD typically includes a <strong>central transit stop</strong> (such as a train station, or light rail or bus stop) surrounded by a <strong>high-density mixed-use area,</strong> with <strong>lower-density areas spreading out from this center</strong>.</li>
<li>A TOD is also typically designed to be <strong>more walkable</strong> than other built-up areas, through using smaller block sizes and reducing the land area dedicated to automobiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need of TOD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Factors such as <strong>rapidly growing population,<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-transforming-indian-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Urbanization</a>, migration to cities, and traffic congestion etc</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Higher quality of life with better places to live, work, and play, greater mobility with ease of moving around, reduced traffic congestion, car accidents and injuries, reduced household spending on transportation, resulting in more affordable housing etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TOD &amp; Policy Initiatives in India: It is based on three pillars:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enable Transformation (From Private to Public Transportation):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To assist in transformation of cities from private vehicle dependent city to public transport oriented development</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accessible Public Transport (Promote Green Mobility):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To promote the usage of public transport by making it accessible, encourage green mobility by encouraging people to walk and cycle and at the same time curb pollution and other negative impacts of motorization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Compact Walkable Communities:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To create livable and affordable communities, which are compact and walkable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of TOD Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Public Transport:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To promote the use of public transport and reduction in private owned vehicles by developing high density zones in the influence area, which would increase the share of transit and walk trips and also result in <strong>reduction in pollution and congestion</strong> in the influence area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduction in Travel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To provide all the basic needs of work/ job, shopping, public amenities, entertainment in the influence zone with mixed land-use development which would reduce the need for travel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Road Network:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To establish a dense road network within the development area for safe and easy movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inclusivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>develop inclusive habitat</strong> in the influence area so that the people dependent on public transport can live in the livable communities within the walkable distance of transit stations.</li>
<li>To integrate the <strong>Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and affordable housing</strong> in the influence zone by allocating a prescribed proportion of built-up area for them in the total housing supply.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Safety to Vulnerable Section:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To ensure development of a safe society with special attention to safety of women, children, senior citizens and differently abled by making necessary amendments to the building bye laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planned Urbanization:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To prevent urban sprawl by accommodating the growing population in a compact area with access to the transit corridor, which would also consolidate investments and bring down the infrastructure cost for development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Friendly:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To reduce carbon footprints by shifting towards environmentally friendly travel options for the line haul as well as for access and egress trips.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/rlda-e-roadshows-showcase-ndls-redevelopment-work/article33639515.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/transit-oriented-development'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Padma Awards 2021',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Padma Awards for the year 2021</strong> were announced on the occasion of <strong>72<sup>nd</sup> <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/republic-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Republic Day</a></strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Awardees (2021):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A total of <strong>119 Padma awards</strong> will be conferred, including <strong>7 padma vibhushan, 10 padma bhushan</strong> and <strong>102 padma shri</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Vibhushan Awardees (out of 7)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shri Shinzo Abe</strong> (Japan), <strong>Shri S P Balasubramaniam</strong> (Posthumous), <strong>Dr. Belle Monappa Hegde</strong> (Medicine), <strong>Shri Sudarshan Sahoo</strong> (Art), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Bhushan Awardees (out of 10)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ms. Krishnan Nair Shantakumari Chithra, Shri Tarun Gogoi, Ms. Sumitra Mahajan, Shri Ram Vilas Paswan,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Shri Awardees (out of 102)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shri Gulfam Ahmed</strong> (Art), <strong>Ms. P. Anitha</strong> (Sports), <strong>Shri Rama Swamy Annavarapu</strong> (Art), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Padma Awards are announced annually on the <strong>Republic Day</strong> (26<sup>th</sup> January).</li>
<li>Instituted in <strong>1954</strong>, it is <strong>one of the highest civilian honours</strong> of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Award seeks to recognize achievements in all fields of activities or disciplines where an <strong>element of public service is involved</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Awards are given in three categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Padma Vibhushan</strong> (for exceptional and distinguished service),</li>
<li><strong>Padma Bhushan</strong> (distinguished service of higher-order) and</li>
<li><strong>Padma Shri</strong> (distinguished service).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Padma Vibhushan is highest in the hierarchy of Padma Awards</strong> followed by Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disciplines:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- <strong>art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, civil service</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Selection Process:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Padma Awards Committee:</strong> The Awards are conferred on the recommendations made by the Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted by the Prime Minister every year.</li>
<li><strong>Awarded by President:</strong> The awards are presented by the President of India usually in the month of March/April every year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bharat Ratna</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the country.</strong></li>
<li>It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the <strong>highest order in any field of human endeavour</strong>.</li>
<li>It is treated on a different footing from Padma Award. The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are <strong>made by the Prime Minister to the President of India</strong>.</li>
<li>The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a <strong>maximum of three</strong> in a particular year.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/padma-vibhushan-for-abe-gogoi-keshubhai-paswan-in-honours-list-7161613/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/padma-awards-2021'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Shadow Entrepreneurship',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/rise-of-shadow-entrepreneurship/article33594643.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Rise of shadow entrepreneurship&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 18/01/2021. It talks about the benefits and issues associated with the Shadow Entrepreneurship.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, a business school professor allegedly misused his faculty position to provide fake certificates to students. This is one of the many cases whereby people across the globe get cheated, owing to the unregulated nature of online activities.</p>
<p>The abovesaid case highlights the ill-effects of the global rise of shadow entrepreneurship. Shadow entrepreneurs manage a business that sells legitimate goods and services but they do not register their businesses. Shadow entrepreneurship is a key factor affecting economic development, both in a positive and negative sense.</p>
<p>Moreover, India has one of the highest numbers of shadow entrepreneurs in the world and with a rising gig economy, understanding shadow entrepreneurship becomes incredibly important.</p>
<h3>Positives of Shadow Entrepreneurship</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Providing Employment:</strong> Presently, India&rsquo;s manufacturing sector is unable to provide adequate formal employment opportunities to the youth. Moreover, there is a mismatch between education and job skills in the market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the phenomenon of shadow entrepreneurship is seen as a potential driver of job growth and economic development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bridging Market Gap:</strong> Shadow entrepreneurs can help release the associated distortions and frictions in the market. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They can offer complementary services that traditional service providers may be constrained to offer or consumers might not be able to access.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Augmenting Social Services:</strong> Shadow entrepreneurialism may extend welfare support of government schemes, as they can address the accessibility, availability, or affordability issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Concerns With Shadow Entrepreneurship</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extension of Informal Labour:</strong> As Shadow Entrepreneurship is largely unregulated, it provides little job security and few benefits to its workers like social security, insurance, etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, it is an extension of India&rsquo;s informal labor, which has been prevalent for a long time and has remained unregulated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hampering Economic Growth:</strong> Shadow Entrepreneurship results in loss of tax revenue, the unfair competition to registered businesses, and also poor productivity - factors that hinder economic development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, as the Shadow Entrepreneurship businesses are not registered, it takes them beyond the reach of the law and makes shadow economy entrepreneurs vulnerable to corrupt government officials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Security Implications:</strong> Shadow Entrepreneurship may also have cross-border and national security implications. For instance, the recently reported suspicious loans being provided by Chinese instant loan providers online.</li>
<li><strong>Increase in Scams:</strong> It will also mean that unscrupulous individuals who are not entrepreneurs per se but are complementary service providers will potentially take more advantage of these post-pandemic market constraints, extracting money from consumers by means such as document forgery.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formalization:</strong> Informal sector entrepreneurship, poverty, and inequality are conditioned by a country's economic and political institutions. Therefore, Government policies could play a big role in helping shadow economy entrepreneurs transition to the formal economy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, with proper economic and political frameworks in place, individuals are more likely to become 'formal' entrepreneurs and register their businesses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Harmonization:</strong> There is a need for associated harmonization of activities between competition authorities of governments (in India&rsquo;s case the Ministry of Corporate Affairs in regulating shadow entrepreneurship and government departments in healthcare, education, or finance).</li>
<li><strong>Legislation:</strong> Given the magnitude of shadow entrepreneurship in India, it is not possible to formalize it in a short span of time. Therefore, the need of the hour is enabling legislation that regulates and provides social security benefits also.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the recent <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Code on Social Security Bill, 2020</a></strong>, is a step in the right direction. For the first time, it acknowledges platform workers and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gig-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>gig workers</strong></a> as new occupational categories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Shadow entrepreneurship may temporarily tackle issues like the unemployment crisis or market gap but given monitoring needs of public goods distribution for the developing world, without regulation, the situation could spiral out of control.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Shadow entrepreneurship is a key factor affecting economic development, both in a positive and negative sense. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/shadow-entrepreneurship'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'The Inequality Virus Report: Oxfam International',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Inequality Virus Report,</strong> released by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-inequality-crisis-report-oxfam-international#:~:text=The%20report%20focuses%20on%20the,hands%20of%20a%20rich%20few." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Oxfam International</strong></a>, has found that the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid pandemic</strong></a> deeply<strong> increased the existing inequalities</strong> in India and around the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report states that<strong> Covid has the potential to increase economic inequality</strong> in almost every country at once - the first time this has happened since records began over a century ago.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impact of the Pandemic on Rich vis-a-vis Poor: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India introduced one of the earliest and most stringent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lockdowns</a></strong> in the face of the pandemic and its enforcement <strong>brought the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-economic-impact-of-covid-19-dsge-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">economy to a standstill</a>, triggering <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/unemployment-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">unemployment</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-the-hunger-fight" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hunger</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">distress migration</a> and untold hardship</strong> in its wake.</li>
<li>The <strong>rich were able to escape</strong> the pandemic&rsquo;s worst impact; and while the<strong> white-collar workers isolated themselves and worked from home, a majority of the not-so-fortunate Indians lost their livelihood.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>wealth of Indian billionaires increased by 35%</strong> during the lockdown and by 90% since 2009 to USD 422.9 billion, <strong>ranking India sixth in the world after the USA, China, Germany, Russia and France.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Informal Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s large informal workforce <strong>was the worst hit</strong> as it made up 75% of the<strong> 122 million jobs lost.</strong></li>
<li>Informal workers had relatively<strong> fewer opportunities to work from home and suffered more job loss</strong> compared to the formal sector.</li>
<li>The 40-50 million <strong>seasonal migrant workers,</strong> typically engaged working in construction sites, factories etc. were <strong>particularly distressed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the past year as <strong>education shifted online,</strong> India saw the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-internet-access-and-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">digital divide</a> worsening inequalities.</strong></li>
<li>On the one hand, <strong>private providers experienced exponential growth</strong> yet, on the other, just <strong>3% of the poorest 20% of Indian households had access to a computer and just 9% had access to the internet.</strong></li>
<li>It noted that<strong> the long disruption of schooling risked doubling the rate of out of school,</strong> especially among the poor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health Inequalities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Oxfam found that since India does not report case data desegregated by socio-economic or social categories, it is <strong>difficult to gauge the distribution of the disease amongst various communities.</strong></li>
<li>India currently has the <strong>world&rsquo;s second-largest cumulative number of Covid-19 positive cases</strong> and globally, the poor, marginalised and vulnerable communities have higher rates of Covid-19 prevalence.</li>
<li>The<strong> spread of disease was swift among poor communities,</strong> often living in cramped areas with poor sanitation and using shared common facilities such as toilets and water points.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sanitation Facility: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Only 6% of the poorest 20% households had access to non-shared sources of improved sanitation,</strong> compared to 93% of the top 20% households in India.</li>
<li>In terms of caste,<strong> just 37.2% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Castes</a> (SCs) households and 25.9% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Tribes</a> (STs) households had access to non-shared sanitation facilities, </strong>compared to 65.7% for the general population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Disparities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Employment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> unemployment rate among women</strong> rose from already high<strong> 15% before Covid to 18%.</strong></li>
<li>This increase in unemployment of women<strong> can result in a loss to India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</a></strong> of about 8% or USD 218 billion.</li>
<li>Of the women who retained their jobs, as many <strong>83% were subjected to a cut in income according to a survey by the Institute of Social Studies Trust.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Beyond income and job losses, <strong>poorer women also suffered healthwise because of the disruption in regular health services</strong> and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anganwadi-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Anganwadi centres.</strong> </a></li>
<li>It is predicted that the<strong> closure of family planning services</strong> will result in 2.95 million unintended pregnancies, 1.80 million abortions (including 1.04 million unsafe abortions) and 2,165 maternal deaths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domestic Violence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/domestic-violence-during-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic also fueled domestic violence against women</strong></a>. As of November 2020, cases of domestic violence rose by almost 60% over the past 12 months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is an urgent need for policymakers to <strong>tax the wealthy individuals and rich corporates and use that money to invest in free quality public services and social protection</strong> to support everyone, from cradle to grave.</li>
<li>Reducing inequalities is very important but it should be a medium-term target. Between growth and distribution, India must get the sequencing right.</li>
<li>India <strong>needs to grow first before it can distribute.</strong> Otherwise, it can get stuck in a low-income equilibrium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Oxfam International</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oxfam International is a <strong>group of independent non-governmental organisations</strong> formed in <strong>1995.</strong></li>
<li>The name &ldquo;Oxfam&rdquo; comes from the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, founded in Britain in 1942.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The group campaigned for food supplies to starving women and children in enemy-occupied Greece during the Second World War.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>aims to maximize efficiency and achieve greater impact to reduce global poverty and injustice.</strong></li>
<li>The Oxfam International Secretariat is based in <strong>Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/covid-deepened-inequalities-wealth-education-gender-7160341/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-inequality-virus-report-oxfam-international'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Risa: Tripura's Signature Garment',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>State government of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statehood-day-of-manipur-meghalaya-and-tripura#:~:text=Merger%20of%20Tripura%20with%20India,on%2015th%20November%2C%201949.&amp;text=So%20his%20widow%20queen%20Kanchan,Tripura%20kingdom%20in%20Indian%20Union." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tripura</a> aims to promote risa nationally</strong> as Tripura&rsquo;s signature garment.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For this, various initiatives have been taken like<strong> providing risa uniforms to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anganwadi-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anganwadi</a></strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-institute-of-health-family-welfare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASHA workers</strong> </a>and facilitating<strong> training for making risa</strong> at Tripura Handloom and Handicrafts Development Corporation.</li>
<li>The risa is <strong>being branded under the India Handloom Brand.</strong> This supports the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/09-06-2020#:~:text=Promoting%20Local%3A%20Being%20vocal%20for,Glocal%E2%80%9D%20India%20will%20be%20possible." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Vocal for Local&rsquo; initiative</strong> </a>of the central government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611563257_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611563257_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Risa:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Risa is a <strong>handwoven cloth</strong> used as a female upper garment.</li>
<li>Risa is<strong> a part of traditional Tripuri attire</strong> that comprises three parts -<strong> risa, rignai and rikutu.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Rignai:</strong> It is primarily worn as the<strong> lower garment</strong> and literally translates into &lsquo;to wear&rsquo;. It can be understood as an indigenous variety of the <em><strong>sari</strong> </em>of mainland India.</li>
<li><strong>Rituku:</strong> It is mainly used as a wrap, or like a <em><strong>&lsquo;chunri&rsquo; </strong></em><strong>or a</strong><em><strong> &lsquo;pallu&rsquo;</strong></em>of the Indian saree.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sometimes, Risa is also used as <strong>headgear, a stole, or a present</strong> to express respect.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Importance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adolescent Tripuri girls are first given a risa to wear in an event called<strong> Risa Sormani,</strong> at age 12 to 14.</li>
<li>Risa is also used as a <strong>turban by men</strong> during weddings and festivals.</li>
<li>Risa is <strong>common in almost all 19 indigenous tribal communities</strong> of Tripura. However,<strong> each community has its own designs.</strong></li>
<li>It is used in religious festivals such as<strong> Garia Puja</strong> by tribal communities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Garia Puja Festival:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a major <strong>festival in Tripura,</strong> held on the <strong>last day of the month of Chaitra.</strong></li>
<li>Celebrated as a<strong> harvest festival</strong> by the ethnic tribes - <strong>Tripuris and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bru-refugee-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reangs</a>.</strong></li>
<li>In this festival, the<strong> Garia dance</strong> is also performed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tripura-culture-risa-trend-explained-7155359/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/risa-tripura-s-signature-garment'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Decriminalisation of Offences Under LLP Act',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/committee-to-review-the-offences-under-the-companies-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Company Law Committee (CLC)</strong></a> has recommended that 12 offences under the <strong>Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act 2008</strong> be decriminalised and that LLPs be allowed to issue <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-30th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Convertible Debentures (NCDs)</strong></a> to raise funds with the aim of improving ease of doing business for LLP firms.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Company Law Committee (CLC)</strong> was<strong> set up by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs</strong> in September, 2019 to promote Ease of Living in the country by providing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steps-to-boost-ease-of-doing-business" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong></a> to law-abiding corporates and fostering improved corporate compliance for stakeholders at large.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Company Law Committees (CLC&rsquo;s) Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Decriminalisation of Offences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Several offences related to<strong> timely filings,</strong> including <strong>annual reports and filings on changes in partnership status of the LLP,</strong> not related to fraud have been recommended for decriminalisation.</li>
<li>While <strong>none of these provisions</strong> recommended for decriminalisation currently <strong>have prison terms</strong> as a possible punishment, the committee has <strong>recommended that companies be required to pay penalties for non-compliance, instead of fines which are imposed after a partner or the LLP is found guilty of misconduct by a court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risk Involved in Imposing Fines:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Committee has noted that there is a <strong>risk of a convicted person being disqualified or becoming ineligible for various posts</strong> in the case of fines imposed by courts, which would not be the case for penalties imposed by an appropriate authority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Authority to Levy Penalties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Registrar of Companies (ROC)</strong> would have the authority to levy penalties for any contravention of provisions of the LLP Act.</li>
<li>ROC <strong>appointed under Section 609 of the Companies Act</strong> covering the various States and Union Territories are <strong>vested with the primary duty of registering companies and LLPs</strong> floated in the respective states and the Union Territories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Permission to Issue NCDs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>LLPs which are currently not allowed to issue debt securities should be permitted to issue NCDs <strong>to facilitate raising of capital and financing operations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The move is likely to benefit<strong> startups and small firms</strong> in sectors which require heavy capital investment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Limited Liability Partnership</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) <strong>have limited liabilities.</strong></li>
<li>In an LLP, <strong>each partner is not responsible or liable for another partner's misconduct or negligence.</strong></li>
<li>The LLP can<strong> continue its existence irrespective of changes in partners.</strong> It is capable of entering into contracts and holding property in its own name.</li>
<li>The LLP is a <strong>separate legal entity,</strong> is liable to the full extent of its assets but liability of the partners is limited to their agreed contribution in the LLP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>LLP vs Traditional Partnership Firm:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under &ldquo;traditional partnership firm&rdquo;, every partner is liable, jointly with all the other partners and also severally for all acts of the firm done while he is a partner.</li>
<li>Under LLP structure, liability of the partner is limited to his agreed contribution. Thus, individual partners are shielded from joint liability created by another partner&rsquo;s wrongful acts or misconduct.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>LLP vs a Company:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The internal governance structure of a company is regulated by statute (i.e. <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-the-companies-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Companies Act</strong></a>, 2013) whereas for an LLP it would be by a contractual agreement between partners.</li>
<li>The <strong>management-ownership divide</strong> inherent in a company is not there in a limited liability partnership.</li>
<li>LLP will have more<strong> flexibility</strong> as compared to a company.</li>
<li>LLP will have lesser <strong>compliance</strong> requirements as compared to a company.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Non-Convertible Debentures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Debentures are<strong> long-term financial instruments</strong> that are issued by companies to borrow money.</li>
<li>Some debentures have a<strong> feature of convertibility into shares</strong> after a certain point of time at the discretion of the debenture holder.</li>
<li>The <strong>debentures which cannot be converted into shares</strong> are called non-convertible debentures (or NCDs).</li>
<li>There are two types of NCDs-secured and unsecured.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Secured:</strong> A secured NCD is backed by the assets of the company. If the company fails to pay the obligation, the investor holding the debenture can claim that through liquidation of those assets.</li>
<li><strong>Unsecured:</strong> Contrary to secured NCD, there is no backing in unsecured NCDs if the company defaults.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-decriminalisation-of-offences-under-llp-act-could-help-unclog-judicial-system-7160354/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decriminalisation-of-offences-under-llp-act'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Anglo-Mysore Wars',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<p>The Anglo-Mysore Wars was a series of <strong>four military confrontations</strong> in India between the <strong>British and the rulers of Mysore.</strong></p>
<h3>First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>In 1612,</strong> a Hindu kingdom under the <strong>Wodeyars</strong> emerged in the region of Mysore. <strong>Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar</strong> <strong>II</strong> ruled from <strong>1734 to 1766. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Haider Ali</strong> who was appointed as a soldier in the army of Wodeyars became the<strong> de-facto ruler of Mysore</strong> with his great administrative skills and military tactics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the second half of the 18<sup>th</sup> century, Mysore emerged as a formidable power under his leadership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mysore&rsquo;s proximity with the French</strong> and<strong> Haidar Ali&rsquo;s control</strong> over the rich trade of the<strong> Malabar coast</strong> threatened the political and commercial interests of the English and their control over Madras.</li>
<li>The British, after their success in the<strong> Battle of Buxar</strong> with the nawab of Bengal, signed a treaty with the <strong>Nizam of Hyderabad</strong> persuading him to give them the <strong>Northern Circars for protecting the Nizam from Haidar Ali</strong> who already had disputes with the <strong>Marathas.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nizam of Hyderabad, the Marathas, and the English allied together against Haidar Ali.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Haider diplomatically turned the Marathas neutral and Nizam into his ally against Nawab of Arcot.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Haider Ali</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Haider Ali (1721-1782),</strong> born in an obscure family, started his career as a <strong>horseman in the Mysore army</strong> under the ministers of king<strong> Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was uneducated but <strong>intellectual </strong>and <strong>diplomatically &amp; militarily skilled.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He became the <strong><em>de facto</em> ruler of Mysore in 1761</strong> and <strong>introduced western methods</strong> of training into his army with the <strong>help of the French army.</strong></li>
<li>With his excellent military skills,<strong> he took over the Nizami army and the Marathas</strong> and captured<strong> Dod Ballapur, Sera, Bednur and Hoskote</strong> in 1761- 63 and brought to submission the troublesome<strong> Poligars of South India</strong> (Tamil Nadu).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poligars or Palaiyakkarars were appointed as <strong>military chiefs and administrative governors</strong> from the time of the <strong>Vijayanagara Empire</strong> in parts of Southern India. They also collected taxes from the cultivators.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recovering from their defeat, the Marathas under <strong>Madhavrao attacked Mysore,</strong> and<strong> defeated Haidar Ali in 1764, 1766, and 1771.</strong></li>
<li>To buy peace, Haidar Ali had to give them large sums of money, but after Madhavrao&rsquo;s death in 1772, <strong>Haidar Ali raided the Marathas</strong> a number of times <strong>during 1774-76,</strong> and <strong>recovered all the territories</strong> he had previously lost, besides <strong>capturing new areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The war continued for<strong> a year-and-a-half</strong> without any conclusion.</li>
<li>Haidar changed his strategy and suddenly appeared before the gates of Madras causing complete chaos and panic at Madras.</li>
<li>This forced the English to conclude a<strong> treaty with Haidar on April 4, 1769</strong> known as the <strong>Treaty of Madras.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The treaty provided for the<strong> exchange of prisoners</strong> and the <strong>conquered areas.</strong></li>
<li>Haidar Ali was <strong>promised the help of the English</strong> in case he was attacked by any other power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The British<strong> failed to adhere to the treaty of Madras</strong> when Mysore was attacked by the <strong>Maratha army in 1771.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Haider Ali accused them for breach of faith.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover,<strong> Haider Ali found the French more resourceful</strong> in terms of fulfilling the army requirements of guns, saltpetre and lead.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently, he started <strong>importing French war materials</strong> to Mysore <strong>through Mahe,</strong> a French possession on the Malabar Coast.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The increasing friendship between the two raised concern for the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently the British tried to capture Mahe which was under Haider Ali&rsquo;s protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Haidar Ali forged an <strong>alliance with the Marathas and the Nizam</strong> against the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He<strong> attacked the Carnatic and captured Arcot</strong> and <strong>defeated the English</strong> army under<strong> Colonel Baillie in 1781.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the meantime, the English (<strong>under Sir Eyre Coote) detached both the Marathas and the Nizam from Haidar&rsquo;s side,</strong> but the undeterred Haidar faced the English boldly only to suffer a<strong> defeat at Porto Novo</strong> (present day Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu) <strong>in November 1781.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, he regrouped his forces and defeated the English and captured their commander, Braithwaite.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Haidar Ali <strong>died of cancer</strong> on<strong> December 7, 1782.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His son Tipu Sultan carried on the war for one year without any positive outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fed up with an inconclusive war, both sides opted for peace, negotiating the<strong> Treaty of Mangalore (March, 1784)</strong> under which both the parties gave back the territories they had taken from each other.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tipu Sultan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Born in <strong>November 1750,</strong> Tipu Sultan was Haidar Ali&rsquo;s son and a <strong>great warrior</strong> also known as the<strong> Tiger of Mysore.</strong></li>
<li>He was a<strong> well educated man</strong> fluent in<strong> Arabic, Persian, Kanarese and Urdu.</strong></li>
<li>Tipu, like his father Haider Ali, gave maximum care to the raising and maintenance of <strong>an efficient military force.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He organised his <strong>army on the European model with Persian words of command.</strong></li>
<li>Though he took the help of the French officers to train his soldiers, he never allowed them (French) to develop into a pressure group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was well aware of the importance of a naval force. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In 1796,</strong> he set up a Board of Admiralty and planned for<strong> a fleet of 22 battleships and 20 large frigates.</strong></li>
<li>He established<strong> three dockyards at Mangalore, Wajedabad and Molidabad.</strong> However, his plans did not fructify.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He was also a <strong>patron of science and technology</strong> and is credited as the<strong> &lsquo;pioneer of rocket technology&rsquo;</strong> in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He wrote a military manual explaining the operation of rockets.</li>
<li>He was also a pioneer in <strong>introducing sericulture to the Mysore State.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was a <strong>great lover of democracy and a great diplomat</strong> who gave his support to the French soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up a<strong> Jacobin Club in 1797.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tipu himself became a member of the Jacobin Club and allowed himself to be called <strong>Citizen Tipu.</strong></li>
<li>He planted the <strong>Tree of Liberty at Seringapatam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Treaty of Mangalore was not enough to resolve the conflicts between Tipu Sultan and the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both were aiming to establish their own political supremacy over the Deccan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Third Anglo-Mysore War</strong> began when<strong> Tipu attacked Travancore,</strong> an ally of the English and the <strong>only source of pepper for the East India Company.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Travancore had purchased Jalkottal and Cannanore from the Dutch in the Cochin state which was a feudatory of Tipu, he considered the act of Travancore as a violation of his sovereign rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The British sided with Travancore and attacked Mysore. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nizam and the Marathas who were jealous of Tipu&rsquo;s growing power joined the British.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1790, Tipu Sultan defeated the British army under <strong>General Meadows.</strong></li>
<li>In 1791,<strong> Lord Cornwallis</strong> took the leadership and at the head of a large army marched through <strong>Ambur and Vellore to Bangalore</strong> (captured in March 1791) and from there to<strong> Seringapatam.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Coimbatore fell to them, but they lost it again, and at last with the support of the Marathas and the Nizam, the British attacked Seringapatam for the second time.</li>
<li>Tipu offered serious opposition, but the odds were against him.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The war was concluded with the <strong>Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this treaty, nearly <strong>half of the Mysorean territory was taken over</strong> by the alliance of the British, Nizam and the Marathas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Baramahal, Dindigul and Malabar went to the British,</strong> while the <strong>Marathas</strong> got the regions surrounding the <strong>Tungabhadra and its tributaries</strong> and the <strong>Nizam acquired the areas from Krishna</strong> to beyond the <strong>Pennar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides, a<strong> war damage of three crore rupees</strong> was also taken from Tipu.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Half of the war indemnity was to be paid immediately while the rest was to be given in installments, for which Tipu&rsquo;s two sons were taken as hostages by the English.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Third Anglo-Mysore War destroyed Tipu&rsquo;s dominant position in the south and firmly established British supremacy there.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The period of 1792-99 was used by both the British and Tipu Sultan to recoup their losses. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tipu fulfilled all the terms of the Treaty of Seringapatam and got his sons released.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1796, when the Hindu ruler of the Wodeyar dynasty died, Tipu declared himself as the Sultan and decided to avenge his humiliating defeat in the previous war.</li>
<li><strong>In 1798, Lord Wellesley,</strong> an imperialist to the core,<strong> succeeded Sir John Shore</strong> as the new Governor General.</li>
<li>Tipu&rsquo;s growing friendship with the French raised concerns for Wellesley. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aimed at annihilating Tipu&rsquo;s independent existence, he forced him into submission through the system of <strong>Subsidiary Alliance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was accused of plotting against the British by sending emissaries to Arabia, Afghanistan and to the Isle of France (Mauritius) and Versailles, with treasonable intent. Tipu&rsquo;s explanation did not satisfy Wellesley thus the fourth Anglo-Mysore war began.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Subsidiary Alliance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1798, <strong>Lord Wellesley introduced the Subsidiary Alliance</strong> system in India, under which the ruler of the allying Indian state was <strong>compelled to pay a subsidy</strong> for the<strong> maintenance of British army</strong> in return for <strong>getting protection from the British</strong> against their enemies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provided for the posting of a<strong> British Resident at the ruler&rsquo;s court</strong> restricting the ruler from employing any European in his service without the approval of the British.</li>
<li>Sometimes the ruler ceded part of his territory instead of paying annual subsidy.</li>
<li>The first Indian ruler to sign the <strong>Subsidiary Alliance was the Nizam of Hydera&shy;bad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Those native princes or rulers who would enter into Subsidiary Alliance were not free to declare war against any other power or enter into negotiations without the con&shy;sent of the British.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The princes who were comparatively strong and powerful were permitted to retain their armies, but their armies were placed under British generals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Subsidiary Alliance was a policy of<strong> non-interference in the internal affairs of the allied state,</strong> but this was a promise seldom kept by the British.</li>
<li>The payment of the arbitrarily-fixed and artificially-bloated subsidy invariably disrupted the economy of the state and impoverished its people.</li>
<li>On the other hand, the British could now maintain a large army at the cost of the Indian states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They controlled the defence and foreign relations of the protected ally, and had a powerful force stationed at the very heart of his lands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The war began on <strong>April 17, 1799</strong> and ended on <strong>May 4, 1799</strong> with the fall of Seringapatam. Tipu was defeated first by British General Stuart and then by General Harris.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Arthur Wellesley, the brother of Lord Wellesley, also participated in the war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Marathas and the Nizam again helped the British as the<strong> Marathas had been promised half of the territory of Tipu</strong> and the<strong> Nizam had already signed the Subsidiary Alliance.</strong></li>
<li>Tipu Sultan died in the war and all his treasures were confiscated by the British.</li>
<li>The British chose a boy from the earlier Hindu royal family of Mysore as the maharaja and also imposed the subsidiary alliance system on him.</li>
<li>It had taken the English 32 years to subjugate Mysore. The threat of French revival in the Deccan was permanently eliminated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Post War Scenario</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lord Wellesley offered <strong>Soonda and Harponelly districts of Mysore Kingdom</strong> to the <strong>Marathas,</strong> which the latter <strong>refused.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Nizam</strong> was given the districts of <strong>Gooty and Gurramkonda.</strong></li>
<li>The British took possession of Kanara, <strong>Wayanad, Coimbatore, Dwaraporam and Seringapatam.</strong></li>
<li>The new state of Mysore was handed over to the old Hindu dynasty (Wodeyars) under a minor ruler Krishnaraja III, who accepted the subsidiary alliance.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/anglo-mysore-wars'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Bringing a Law into Force',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The farmers have<strong> rejected the government&rsquo;s offer of keeping the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-agriculture-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">three contentious farm laws</a> on hold</strong> for one to one-and-a-half years. Farmers insist that the laws be repealed.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the years,<strong> Parliament has repealed several laws</strong> and there have also been precedents of the <strong>government not bringing a law into force for several years</strong> after it has been passed.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bringing/Repealing a Law:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Parliament has the power to make a law and to remove</strong> it from the statute books (a law can be struck down by the judiciary if it is unconstitutional).</li>
<li>A<strong> Bill is a draft proposal,</strong> which needs to be <strong>passed in the Lower and Upper House,</strong> and only after the <strong>President gives his assent, it becomes an Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Repeal</strong> means to<strong> revoke, abrogate or cancel particularly a statute.</strong> Any statute may repeal any Act in whole or in part, either expressly or impliedly by enacting matters contrary to and inconsistent with the prior legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>President&rsquo;s Assent:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 111 of the Constitution</strong> specifies that the <strong>President can either sign off on the Bill or withhold his consent.</strong></li>
<li><strong>A Bill is sent to Parliament for reconsideration</strong> if the President withholds his assent on it. And if Parliament sends it back to the President, he has no choice but to approve it. Thus, the <strong>President enjoys only a 'suspensive veto'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Making Law Operational:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rules &amp; Regulation: Parliament gives the government the responsibility</strong> of making rules and regulations for efficient functioning of the Act.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government not only has the power to make rules but <strong>can also suppress rules</strong> made by it earlier.</li>
<li>If the government does not make rules and regulations, <strong>a law or parts of it will not get implemented.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Benami Transactions Act of 1988</strong> is an <strong>example</strong> of a <strong>complete law remaining unimplemented</strong> in the absence of regulations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Time Period:</strong> Parliament has recommended that the government make rules <strong>within six months of passing a law.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/role-of-parliamentary-committees" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> parliamentary committee</strong> </a>has observed that this recommendation is <strong>&ldquo;being followed in breach by various ministries&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Veto Power of the President</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Three Types of Veto Power:</strong> Absolute veto, Suspensive veto and Pocket veto.</li>
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> The President has <strong>no veto power</strong> when it comes to the <strong>constitutional amendment bills.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Absolute Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> It refers to the power of the President to <strong>withhold his assent to a bill</strong> passed by the Parliament. The<strong> bill then ends and does not become an act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Generally Used in Following Two Cases:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When the bill passed by the Parliament is a<strong> Private Member Bill.</strong></li>
<li><strong>When the cabinet resigns</strong> before the President could give his assent to the bill. The new cabinet may advise the President to not give his assent to the bill passed by the old cabinet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suspensive Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President uses a suspensive veto when he <strong>returns the bill to the Indian Parliament for its reconsideration.</strong></li>
<li>If the Parliament <strong>resends the bill with or without amendment</strong> to the President, he <strong>has to approve the bill without using any of his veto powers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> The President <strong>cannot exercise his suspensive veto</strong> in relation to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-dismissed-aadhaar-review-petitions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Money Bill</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pocket Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> The<strong> bill is kept pending by the President for an indefinite period</strong> when he exercises his pocket veto.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He<strong> neither rejects the bill nor returns the bill for reconsideration.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Unlike the American President</strong> who has to<strong> resend the bill within 10 days, the Indian President has no such time-rule.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Veto over State Bills:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>governor is empowered to reserve certain types of bills passed by the state&nbsp;</strong><strong>legislature for the consideration of the President.</strong></li>
<li>The President <strong>can withhold his assent to such bills not only in the first instance but also in the second instance.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, the President <strong>enjoys absolute veto (and not suspensive veto) over state bills.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the President<strong> can exercise pocket veto</strong> in respect of state legislation also.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/when-parliament-passed-bills-but-govt-did-not-give-effect-to-those-laws-7157986/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Increasing Inequalities',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/troubling-trends-the-hindu-editorial-on-widening-inequality/article33679075.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Troubling trends: On widening inequality&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 26/01/2021. It talks about the increasing inequalities in the world.</p>
</div>
<p>The world economy is slowly recovering from the devastation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the recovery is uneven among countries and within countries. It is an emerging universal truth that, in the post-pandemic world, economic inequality is rising sharply in all countries.</p>
<p>This can be reflected in a new report by Oxfam, which has revealed that the 1,000 wealthiest people worldwide recovered their losses from the pandemic within nine months as opposed to the world&rsquo;s poorest, who might take a decade to limp back to their pre-pandemic standing.</p>
<p>In this context, the World Economic Forum has proposed <strong>&lsquo;the Great Reset of Capitalism,&rsquo;</strong> which says it is a &ldquo;commitment to jointly and urgently build the foundations of our economic and social system for a more fair, sustainable and resilient future.&rdquo;</p>
<p>In the past, many such slogans were raised. However, it is the perils of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/perils-of-neo-liberal-era#:~:text=Current%20world%20economic%20order%20can,%2C%20services%2C%20investment%20and%20ideas." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>neo-liberal economic order</strong></a> that continues to grow inequalities worldwide.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The current world economic order can be termed neo-capitalism or neo-liberalism, which focuses on Laissez-faire (market freedom), globalization, intellectual property rights, free movement of goods, services investment, and ideas.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Inequalities in India</h3>
<p>Inequality was alarmingly high and destabilizing social and political order in much of the world even before the pandemic struck. Inequality is widening across the world, and India is no exception.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the recent Oxfam report, Inequality in India has risen to levels last seen when it was colonized.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The additional wealth acquired by India&rsquo;s 100 billionaires since March when the lockdown was imposed is enough to give every one of the 138 million poorest ₹94,045.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>An unskilled worker in India would take three years to earn the richest person earned in one second last year.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns Associated with Inequalities</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Normalization of Inequalities:</strong> Many major economists worldwide try to justify growing inequalities as an inevitable by-product of economic growth that led to the reduction of absolute poverty.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, concerns about inequality could also be easily dismissed as being informed by socialism, which is portrayed as a threat to democracy.</li>
<li>Due to this, the distribution of new wealth between capital and labor has become so one-sided that workers are constantly being pushed to penury while the rich are getting richer.</li>
<li>Further, the worsening inequality in income and opportunities impacts some sections disproportionately due to discrimination based on gender, caste, and other factors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Creation of Monopolies:</strong> Despite its alleged commitment to market competition, the neoliberal economic agenda instead brought the decline of competition and the rise of close to monopoly power in vast swaths of the economy: pharmaceuticals, telecom, airlines, agriculture, banking, industrials, retail.</li>
<li><strong>Unsustainable Economic Growth:</strong> One of the chief characteristics of economic development is the intensification of energy use. There is an unprecedented concentration of high energy density in all economic development strategies.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bulk of the energy continues to be generated from non-renewable sources.</li>
<li>The developed world&rsquo;s primary objective is to capture energy-generating resources from across continents and put them to use to push their GDP growth to greater heights.</li>
<li>This unsustainable economic growth model is against the concept of sustainability, as it sacrifices the need of future generations for the welfare of present generations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nordic Economic Model:</strong> To make the current redistribution of wealth more equitable, the current neo-liberal model can be replaced by the &lsquo;Nordic Economic Model.&rsquo;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nordic Economic Model consists of effective welfare safety nets for all, corruption-free governance, the fundamental right to quality education &amp; healthcare, high taxes for the rich, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>4P Model of Capitalism:</strong> Rather than just rhetoric, the new capitalism model should focus on 4P&rsquo;s viz. &lsquo;Profit, People, Planet, Purpose and it should be the government&rsquo;s task to ensure that the corporates adhere to this model.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Unlike in the 20<sup>th</sup> century, India can and must actively contribute to the framing of new rules to govern global capitalism and the reshaping of international institutions.</p>
<p>Simultaneously, as the Great Reset narrative unfolds, it must also reform its economy and society to make it more equitable, sustainable, and capable of coping with rapid external change.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffdf0;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The worsening inequality in income and opportunities impacts some sections disproportionately due to discrimination based on gender, caste, and other factors. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zWr3gQi5HLM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/covid-19-sero-survey-delhi-coronavirus-vaccination-herd-immunity-7162844/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Keep the vigil&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Indian Express on January 27<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Agreement With IEA',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>India has inked a <strong>Strategic Partnership Agreement with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-energy-review-2020-iea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></strong> to strengthen cooperation in global<strong> energy security, stability and sustainability.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To encourage and promote strategic and technical cooperation in the energy sector.</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will lead to a wider exchange of knowledge and will be a step towards making India a full member of the IEA.</li>
<li>Strengthen mutual trust and cooperation &amp; enhance global energy security, stability and sustainability.</li>
<li>A phased increase in benefits and responsibilities for India as an IEA strategic partner.</li>
<li>Building on existing areas of work and the <strong>Clean Energy Transitions Programme (CETP),</strong> such as energy security, clean and sustainable energy, energy efficiency, enhancing petroleum storage capacity, expansion of gas-based economy in India etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation of the Agreement:</strong> IEA Secretariat</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Energy Agency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established: In 1974 as per framework of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</strong></a>. IEA is an autonomous intergovernmental organisation.</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong> Established in the wake of the <strong>oil crisis of 1973-1974,</strong> to help its members respond to major disruptions in oil supply.</li>
<li><strong>Mandate:</strong> Over time, the mandate of the IEA has expanded to include tracking and analyzing key global energy trends, promoting sound energy policy and encouraging multinational energy technology cooperation.</li>
<li><strong>Mission:</strong> Its mission is to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its member countries and beyond.</li>
<li><strong>Areas of Focus:</strong> Its mission is guided by <strong>four main areas (4E&rsquo;s): </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Energy Security, </strong></li>
<li><strong>Economic Development, </strong></li>
<li><strong>Environmental Awareness </strong>and</li>
<li><strong>Engagement Worldwide.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter (Secretariat):</strong> Paris (France).</li>
<li>The Governing Board is the main decision-making body of the IEA. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is composed of energy ministers or their senior representatives from each Member country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> It has 30 members at present.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A candidate country <strong>must be a member country</strong> of the OECD. But all OECD members are not IEA members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eligibility for Membership:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Crude oil and/or product reserves equivalent to <strong>90 days of the previous year&rsquo;s net imports.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India<strong> falls short</strong> on the criteria of <strong>Crude oil reserve:</strong> India stores 10 days of the country&rsquo;s crude oil requirements currently, with domestic refiners also maintaining 65 days of crude storage. The government is also building <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-strategic-petroleum-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strategic crude oil reserves</strong></a> to support another 12 days of crude oil needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduce national oil consumption by up to 10%.</strong></li>
<li>Legislation and organisation to operate the <strong>Coordinated Emergency Response Measures (CERM)</strong> on a national basis.</li>
<li>Measures in place to ensure the capability of contributing its share of an IEA collective action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-energy-and-carbon-dioxide-emissions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Energy &amp; CO<sub>2</sub> Status Report</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-energy-outlook-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Energy Outlook</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-3rd-largest-producer-of-electricity#:~:text=As%20per%20the%20Key%20World,per%20capita%20consumption%20in%202017." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Energy Statistics</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>World Energy Balances</strong></li>
<li><strong>Energy Technology Perspectives</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Clean Energy Transitions Programme (CETP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Launched in<strong> November 2017,</strong> the IEA Clean Energy Transitions Programme (CETP) is an effort to accelerate global clean energy transitions.</li>
<li>The programme provides independent, cutting-edge support to governments in order to catalyze the global transition towards more sustainable energy production and use.</li>
<li>Priority countries include<strong> Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa,</strong> as well as <strong>other IEA Association countries and key regions such as Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa.</strong></li>
<li>CETP activities include collaborative analytical work, technical cooperation, training and capacity building and strategic dialogues.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/india-inks-mou-with-international-energy-agency-for-global-energy-security-sustainability/article33676836.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Missed Annual Disinvestment Targets',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>government has raised less than 3% of budgeted revenues from disinvestment in 2020-21.</strong> As a result, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-fiscal-deficit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>fiscal deficit</strong></a> for the current year is <strong>set to worsen.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government describes fiscal deficit of India as &ldquo;the excess of total disbursements from the Consolidated Fund of India, excluding repayment of the debt, over total receipts into the Fund (excluding the debt receipts) during a financial year&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disinvestment Targets for 2020-21:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Presenting the Union Budget of 2020, the Finance Minister had announced a <strong>disinvestment target of Rs 2.1 lakh crore.</strong> Such ambitious targets were set to keep the fiscal deficit under check.</li>
<li>However, the total disinvestment receipts from disinvestment so far this year have amounted to <strong>Rs. 17.9 thousand crore which is just around 3% of the targeted revenues. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Low Revenues:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Annual<strong> targets were set three to four times the usual targeted revenue from disinvestment.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> slow pace of sales of the public assets</strong> marked for disinvestment.</li>
<li>In the current year, all aspects of the government&rsquo;s functioning was severely impacted by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>It has been in trend that except in a few years, the <strong>government has been unable to raise as much money as it wanted</strong> at the start of the year from disinvestment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611830230_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611830230_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meaning of Disinvestment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Disinvestment means sale or liquidation of assets by the government, usually Central and state public sector enterprises, projects, or other fixed assets.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privatisation-of-pses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government undertakes disinvestment</strong></a> to reduce the fiscal burden on the exchequer, or to raise money for meeting specific needs, such as to bridge the revenue shortfall from other regular sources.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For e.g. the Union government invests in several <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>public sector undertakings</strong></a> (PSUs) such as Air India, Bharat Petroleum, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation etc.</li>
<li>Since it is the majority shareholder (meaning that it owns more than 51% of the shares), the Centre can raise money through the liquidation of its shareholding in these PSUs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types of Disinvestment Methods: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Minority Disinvestment:</strong> This type of disinvestment in PSUs is such that, at the end of it, if the government of <strong>India retains a majority stake (typically more than 51%)</strong> in the company, it ensures management control. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For e.g. Reduced government&rsquo;s share in Life Insurance Corporation in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Majority Disinvestment:</strong> When disinvestment in PSUs is such that, at the end of it, the <strong>government of India retains a minority stake</strong> in the company i.e. it sells off a majority stake.</li>
<li><strong>Complete Disinvestment or Privatization:</strong> It is a form of majority disinvestment wherein <strong>100% control of the company is passed on to a buyer</strong> i.e government of India completely disinvests from that PSU. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Like Bharat Aluminium Company, which was sold to the Vedanta group in 2001.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons Behind Disinvesting in PSUs.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Improving the overall efficiency of their functioning.</li>
<li><strong>Insulating them from political considerations</strong> overshadowing economic and corporate interests.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Especially when PSU transacts with the government &mdash; for example when it sells its products and services to the government, the pricing may be influenced by factors other than market factors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To make such a PSU more efficient as it would not be accountable to people and entities other than the government.</li>
<li>Private or corporate ownership could result in more efficient management.</li>
<li>Plugging budget deficits i.e. filling the gap between its expenditures and tax revenues.</li>
<li>Making more money available for other sectors like infrastructure and welfare schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Changed Perspective about Disinvestment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Before economic liberalisation, such efforts to monetise government&rsquo;s assets were criticised as selling the family silver.</li>
<li>But post-liberalisation, reducing government stake, especially in sectors such as the strategic sectors like defence where government presence is not necessary, disinvestment is welcomed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nodal Agency for Disinvestment: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strategic-disinvestment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM)</strong> </a>under the Ministry of Finance is tasked with managing the Centre&rsquo;s investments in the PSUs.</li>
<li>Sale of the Centre&rsquo;s assets falls within the mandate of DIPAM.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/budget-nirmala-sitharaman-psu-coronavirus-economy-disinvestment-7162876/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Collegium System for the Appointment of Judges',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong> </a>questioned the government about the delay in clearing<strong> Collegium recommendations for judicial appointments</strong> to various High Courts (HC).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Collegium System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the<strong> system of appointment and transfer of judges that has evolved through judgments of the SC,</strong> and not by an Act of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/parliament-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Parliament</strong></a> or by a provision of the Constitution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Evolution of the System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>First Judges Case (1981)</strong>: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It declared that the<strong> &ldquo;primacy&rdquo;</strong> of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/47th-chief-justice-of-india#:~:text=Justice%20Sharad%20Arvind%20Bobde%2C%20has,office%20on%2023rd%20April%2C%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chief Justice of India</a> (CJI)s</strong> recommendation on judicial appointments and transfers can be refused for &ldquo;cogent reasons.&rdquo; </li>
<li>The r<strong>uling gave the Executive primacy over the Judiciary in judicial appointments</strong> for the next 12 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second Judges Case (1993):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SC <strong>introduced the Collegium system,</strong> holding that &ldquo;consultation&rdquo; really meant &ldquo;concurrence&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It added that it was not the CJI&rsquo;s individual opinion, but an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the SC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Judges Case (1998):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SC on President&rsquo;s reference <strong>expanded the Collegium to a five-member body,</strong> comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> SC collegium is headed by the CJI</strong> and <strong>comprises four other senior most judges</strong> of the court.</li>
<li>A <strong>HC collegium is led by its Chief Justice </strong>and<strong> four other senior most judges of that court.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Names recommended for appointment by a HC collegium reaches the government only after approval by the CJI and the SC collegium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Judges of the higher judiciary are appointed only through the collegium system and the <strong>government has a role only after names have been decided by the collegium.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>government&rsquo;s role is limited to getting an inquiry conducted by the Intelligence Bureau (IB)</strong> if a lawyer is to be elevated as a judge in a High Court or the Supreme Court. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Intelligence Bureau (IB):</strong> It is a reputed and established intelligence agency. It is authoritatively controlled by the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>can also raise objections</strong> and seek clarifications regarding the collegium&rsquo;s choices, <strong>but if the collegium reiterates</strong> the same names, the government is bound, under Constitution Bench judgments, to appoint them as judges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedure for Various Judicial Appointments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For CJI:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> President of India appoints the CJI and the other SC judges.</strong></li>
<li>As far as the CJI is concerned, the outgoing CJI recommends his successor.</li>
<li>In practice, it has been strictly by seniority ever since the supersession controversy of the 1970s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For SC Judges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For other judges of the SC, the proposal is initiated by the CJI.</li>
<li>The<strong> CJI consults the rest of the Collegium members,</strong> as well as the senior-most judge of the court hailing from the High Court to which the recommended person belongs.</li>
<li>The consultees must record their opinions in writing and it should form part of the file.</li>
<li>The Collegium sends the recommendation to the Law Minister, who forwards it to the Prime Minister to advise the President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Chief Justice of High Courts:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Chief Justice of High Court is appointed as per the policy of having Chief Justices from outside the respective States.</li>
<li>The Collegium takes the call on the elevation.</li>
<li>High Court judges are recommended by a Collegium comprising the CJI and two senior-most judges.</li>
<li>The proposal, however, is initiated by the outgoing Chief Justice of the High Court concerned in consultation with two senior-most colleagues.</li>
<li>The recommendation is sent to the Chief Minister, who advises the Governor to send the proposal to the Union Law Minister.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism of the Collegium System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Opaqueness and a lack of transparency.</li>
<li>Scope for nepotism.</li>
<li>Embroilment in public controversies.</li>
<li>Overlooks several talented junior judges and advocates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Attempts to reform the Appointment System:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The attempt made to replace it by a <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-94" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;National Judicial Appointments Commission&rsquo;</strong></a> was struck down by the court in 2015 on the ground that it posed a threat to the independence of the judiciary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Related Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 124(2)</strong> of the Indian Constitution provides that the Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President after consultation with such a number of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary for the purpose.</li>
<li><strong>Article 217</strong> of the Indian Constitution states that the Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Filling up of vacancies is a continuous and collaborative process involving the executive and the judiciary, and <strong>there cannot be a time frame for it.</strong> However, it is time to think of a <strong>permanent, independent body to institutionalize the process</strong> with adequate safeguards to preserve the judiciary&rsquo;s independence guaranteeing <strong>judicial primacy</strong> but <strong>not judicial exclusivity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should ensure<strong> independence, reflect diversity, demonstrate professional competence and integrity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Instead of selecting the number of judges required against a certain number of vacancies, <strong>the collegium must provide a panel of possible names to the President</strong> to appoint in order of preference and other valid criteria.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hc-vacancies-sc-questions-govt-over-delay-in-action-on-collegium-recommendations-7164469/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/collegium-system-for-the-appointment-of-judges'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Cyber Insurance Policy',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A committee set up by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sandbox-for-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI)</strong></a> has recommended the introduction of a <strong>cyber insurance policy.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cyber insurance policy is a risk transfer mechanism for cyber risk.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cyber risk is commonly defined as exposure to harm or loss resulting from breaches of or attacks on information systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This policy will protect the policyholders from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rising-cybercrimes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cybercrimes</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In October 2020, the IRDAI had set up a committee for cyber liability insurance under<strong> P Umesh.</strong></li>
<li>Amid the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, there has been rising incidences of <strong>cyberattacks</strong> and a growing number of high-profile data violations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data highlighted:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the committee report, the <strong>number of internet users in India</strong> is currently estimated at <strong>700 million.</strong></li>
<li>India was ranked as the <strong>second-largest online market</strong> worldwide in 2019, coming second only to China.</li>
<li>The <strong>number of internet users is estimated to increase in both urban as well as rural regions.</strong> This number is increasing rapidly so also is the <strong>number of users of online banking.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of an Individual cyber insurance policy (cover):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Theft of Funds, Identity Theft Cover, Social Media cover, Cyber Stalking, Malware Cover, Phishing cover, Data Breach and Privacy Breach Cover, etc</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong> Cyber insurance policies currently available address requirements of individuals reasonably well. However, there are some areas in the product features and processes which need improvement.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>FIR on higher claims:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Insurers should not insist on police FIR (First Information Report) for claims upto Rs. 5,000.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>FIR is a critical requirement to assess claims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Clarity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Clarity in exclusion language relating to compliance with reasonable practices and precautions and need for coverage for bricking costs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Bricking</strong> refers to a loss of use or functionality of hardware as a result of a cyber event.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On Standardisation of Cyber Insurance Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cyber risks are dynamic and evolving. Standardisation is a good idea but may not be able to address all the emerging risks and is likely to limit innovation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cyber Security</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In computers and computer networks, an attack is any attempt to expose, alter, disable, destroy, steal or gain unauthorized access to or make unauthorized use of an asset.</li>
<li>A cyberattack is any type of offensive maneuver that targets computer information systems, infrastructures, computer networks, or personal computer devices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to<strong> Nasscom's Data Security Council of India (DSCI) report 2019,</strong> India witnessed the<strong> second-highest</strong> number of cyber attacks in the world between 2016 and 2018.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ways of Cyberattack:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Phishing or Spoofing attacks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Spoofing is an identity theft where a person is trying to use the identity of a legitimate user. Phishing is where a person steals the sensitive information of users like bank account details.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Malware or Spyware:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Spyware is classified as a type of malware (malicious software) designed to gain access to or damage one&rsquo;s computer, often without one&rsquo;s knowledge. Spyware gathers one&rsquo;s personal information and relays it to advertisers, data firms, or external users.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SIM Swap:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Original SIM gets cloned and becomes invalid, and the duplicate SIM can be misused to access the user&rsquo;s online bank account to transfer funds.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Credential Stuffing (compromising devices and stealing data):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Credential stuffing is a type of cyberattack where stolen account credentials typically consisting of lists of usernames and/or email addresses and the corresponding passwords are used to gain unauthorized access to user accounts through large-scale automated login requests directed against a web application.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Man-in-the-middle attacks</strong> during online payments or transactions, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives to tackle cyber attacks:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in 2018 with an aim to spread awareness about cybercrime and building capacity for safety measures for Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) and frontline IT staff across all government departments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre (NCCC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Its mandate is to scan internet traffic and communication metadata (which are little snippets of information hidden inside each communication) coming into the country to detect real-time cyber threats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cyber Swachhta Kendra:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2017, this platform was introduced for internet users to clean their computers and devices by wiping out viruses and malware.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information Security Education and Awareness Project (ISEA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A project to raise awareness and to provide research, education and training in the field of Information Security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/35-percent-of-cyber-attacks-on-indian-sites-from-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Computer Emergency Response Team</strong></a> (CERT-In) functions as the nodal agency for coordination of all cyber security efforts, emergency responses, and crisis management.</li>
<li>Protection and resilience of critical information infrastructure with the<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cyber-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre</strong> </a>(NCIIPC) operating as the nodal agency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NCIIPC was created under the Information Technology Act, 2000 to secure India&rsquo;s critical information infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Information Technology Act, 2000:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/draft-it-rules-issued-by-government" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Act</strong></a> regulates use of computers, computer systems, computer networks and also data and information in electronic format.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>International Mechanisms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The International Telecommunication Union</strong> (ITU) : It is a<strong> specialized agency within the United Nations</strong> which plays a leading role in the standardization and development of telecommunications and cyber security issues.</li>
<li><strong>Budapest Convention on Cybercrime:</strong> It is an<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/convention-on-global-cybercrime" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> international treaty</strong></a> that seeks to address Internet and computer crime by harmonizing national laws, improving investigative techniques, and increasing cooperation among nations. It came into force on 1<sup>st</sup> July 2004.<strong> India is not a signatory</strong> to this convention.</li>
<li><strong>Internet Governance Forum</strong> (IGF): It brings together all stakeholders i.e. government, private sector and civil society on the Internet governance debate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/irdai-panel-proposes-norms-for-rising-silent-cyber-risks-7162817/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyber-insurance-policy'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a statue of freedom fighter <strong>Govind Ballabh Pant</strong> was unveiled at its new location on a roundabout at the Pandit Pant Marg, New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The statue had to be relocated from its earlier location near Raisina Road circle as it 'fell within the new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-vista-redevelopment-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parliament building layout</strong></a>'</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611825353_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611825353_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Brief Profile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Govind Ballabh Pant is remembered as one of the country’s <strong>most prominent freedom fighters and an administrator</strong> who played a key role in shaping modern India.</li>
<li>He was the <strong>Premier of United Provinces</strong> (1937 - 1939),<strong> First Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh</strong> (1946 -1954) and <strong>Union Home Minister</strong> (1955 - 1961) and was a recipient of the highest civilian award, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-28th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the Bharat Ratna</strong> </a>in 1957.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Early Life:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Pant was born on 10<sup>th</sup> September <strong>1887 in Uttarakhand, at Almora.</strong></li>
<li>When he was 18 years old, he started serving as a volunteer at sessions of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian National Congress</strong></a>, looking up to<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gopal-krishna-gokhale" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Gopalkrishna Gokhale</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madan-mohan-malaviya-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></strong> as his idols.</li>
<li>In 1907, he decided to study law, after receiving his degree, he started to practise law in Almora in 1910 and eventually moved to Kashipur.</li>
<li>In Kashipur, he <strong>established an organisation called Prem Sabha,</strong> that started working towards several reforms and also saved a school from shutting down due to non-payment of taxes to the British government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution in National Movement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Govind Ballabh Pant joined the Congress in December 1921 and soon joined the <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-208" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>non- cooperation movement</strong></a>.</li>
<li>In 1930, he was imprisoned for organizing a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-dedicates-salt-satyagraha-memorial-to-nation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Salt March</strong> </a>inspired by Gandhi's earlier actions.</li>
<li>He was elected to the Uttar Pradesh (then known as United Provinces) Legislative Assembly as the<strong> candidate of the Swarajist Party</strong> from Nainital.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When in Government, he tried to bring in reforms which would do away with the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/land-revenue-systems-in-british-india#:~:text=The%20zamindari%20system%20was%20introduced,occupancy%20right%20for%20actual%20cultivators." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Zamindari system</strong></a>.</li>
<li>He also pleaded to the Government for lowering agricultural taxes on farmers.</li>
<li>He<strong> encouraged many cottage industries</strong> in the country and <strong>raised his voice against the coolie-beggar law,</strong> which forced porters to transport the heavy luggage of British officials without any payment.</li>
<li>Pant was always <strong>against a separate electorate for minorities,</strong> saying the step would further divide communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>During the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second World War</strong></a>, Pant tried to <strong>conciliate between <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gandhi's</a> faction,</strong> which advocated supporting the British Crown in their war effort, and <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/subhash-chandra-bose-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Subash Chandra Bose</a>'s faction</strong>, which advocated taking advantage of the situation to expel the British Raj by any means necessary.</li>
<li>In 1942 he was arrested again, this time for signing the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quit-india-movement-1#:~:text=About%3A%20On%208th%20August,known%20as%20August%20Kranti%20Maidan." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quit India resolution</strong></a>, and spent three years in Ahmednagar Fort along with other members of the Congress working committee until March 1945. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru pleaded successfully for Pant's release, on grounds of failing health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post Independence</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After independence, Govind Ballabh Pant became the <strong>Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.</strong> He worked for the upliftment of the farmers and the eradication of untouchability.</li>
<li>After the death of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-unity-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sardar Patel</strong></a>, Govind Ballabh Pant was <strong>made the Home Minister in the Union Government.</strong></li>
<li>As a Home Minister, he <strong>championed the cause of Hindi as the national language</strong> or rashtrabhasha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1692684" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pandit-govind-ballabh-pant'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Kanha Tiger Reserve',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A tigress was found dead in the <strong>buffer zone of Kanha tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It stretches over an area of 940 square km in the<strong> two districts - Mandla and Balaghat - of Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>History:</strong> The present-day Kanha area <strong>was divided into two sanctuaries, Hallon and Banjar. Kanha National Park was created in 1955</strong> and in <strong>1973</strong> was made the<strong> Kanha Tiger Reserve.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Kanha National Park is the<strong> largest National Park in Central India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>State animal of Madhya Pradesh - Hard Ground Barasingha (Swamp deer or<em> Rucervus duvaucelii</em>)</strong> is found<strong> exclusively</strong> in Kanha Tiger Reserve.</li>
<li>Other Species found include<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-2018-guinness-book-of-world-records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Tiger</strong></a>, Leopard, Dhole, Bear,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-bison-gaur" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Gaur</strong></a> and Indian Python etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is best known for its evergreen <strong>Sal forests <em>(Shorea Robusta)</em>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is the<strong> first tiger reserve in India to officially introduce a mascot, &ldquo;Bhoorsingh the Barasingha&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Tiger Reserves in Madhya Pradesh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sanjay-Dubri.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panna-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panna.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/satpura-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Satpura.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/elephant-colony-in-bandhavgarh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bandhavgarh.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/animals-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pench.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Core and Buffer Zone</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For the purpose of management, tiger reserves are constituted on a &lsquo;core &ndash; buffer&rsquo; strategy.</li>
<li>In<strong> core areas,</strong> forestry operations, collection of minor forest produce, grazing, human settlement and other biotic disturbances are not allowed and are singularly oriented towards conservation.</li>
<li>The<strong> buffer zone</strong> is managed as a &lsquo;multiple use area&rsquo; with conservation oriented land use, having the twin objectives of providing habitat supplement to the spillover population of wild animals from the core, apart from facilitating site specific eco developmental inputs to stakeholder communities.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Barasingha<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611819470_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611819470_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Subspecies:</strong> There are<strong> three subspecies of swamp deer</strong> found in the Indian Subcontinent. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>western swamp deer</strong> (Rucervus duvaucelii) found in <strong>Nepal,</strong></li>
<li><strong>Southern swamp deer/Hard Ground Barasingha</strong> <em>(Rucervus duvaucelii branderi)</em> found in <strong>central and north India</strong> and</li>
<li><strong>Eastern swamp deer</strong> <em>(Rucervus duvaucelii ranjitsinhi)</em> found in the <a href="https://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&amp;biw=1398&amp;bih=685&amp;sxsrf=ALeKk02nHbg9a_Qwxv1nKm2BnfHXIVHSPQ%3A1611816190604&amp;ei=_lwSYIWlJMeR4-EP5M-PmAM&amp;q=kaziranga+drishti+ias&amp;oq=kaziranga+drishti+ias&amp;gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIGCAAQBxAeOgQIABANUO8PWNweYIolaABwAHgAgAG7AogBlxKSAQUyLTcuMpgBAKABAaoBB2d3cy13aXrAAQE&amp;sclient=psy-ab&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiFnO-bg77uAhXHyDgGHeTnAzMQ4dUDCA0&amp;uact=5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaziranga</strong></a> (Assam)<strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dudhwa-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dudhwa</a> National Parks</strong> (Uttar Pradesh).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status of Swamp Deer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Vulnerable</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/madhya-pradesh-tigress-dies-after-getting-trapped-in-snare-7164475/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kanha-tiger-reserve'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Digital Services Tax',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/digital-services-tax-not-about-india-vs-us-7161267/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Digital Services Tax: Not about India vs US&rdquo;</a> which was published in The Indian Express on 25/01/2021. It talks about the rationale and concerns associated with the digital services tax.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-digital-tax-discriminatory-ustr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United States Trade Representative (USTR) published a report concluding that the 2% digital services tax</a> (DST) introduced by the Indian government ( by the 2020 Finance Act) discriminates against US businesses and contravenes settled principles of international tax law.</p>
<p>The DST is aimed at ensuring that non-resident, digital service providers pay their fair share of tax on revenues generated in the Indian digital market. India&rsquo;s 2% DST is levied on revenues generated from digital services offered in India, including digital platform services, digital content sales, and data-related services.</p>
<p>As the digital economy is increasingly becoming a separate sector of the economy itself, developed countries like the US (where the majority of digital service providers come from) must understand that it would be now difficult to ring-fence the digital economy from the rest of the economy for tax purposes.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India was one of the first countries in the world to introduce a <strong>6% equalization levy</strong> in 2016, but the levy was restricted to online advertisement services (commonly known as &ldquo;digital advertising taxes&rdquo; or &ldquo;DATs&rdquo;).</li>
<li>In March 2020, it expanded the scope of the existing equalization levy to a range of digital services that includes e-commerce platforms. Any payment made by non-residents in connection with an Indian user will now attract a 2% levy.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Concerns Raised by USTR &amp; Counterclaim</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The USTR conducted an investigation under section 301 of the US Trade Act, 1974, which authorizes it to appropriately respond to a foreign country&rsquo;s action that is discriminatory and negatively affects US commerce.</li>
<li>The USTR report found the DST to be discriminatory on <strong>two counts</strong>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>First, it states that the DST discriminates against US digital businesses because it specifically <strong>excludes from its ambit domestic (Indian) digital businesses</strong>.</li>
<li>Second, according to the report, the DST does not extend to identical services provided by non-digital service providers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, India clarified that the DST itself in no way discriminates based on the size of operations or nationality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It may predominantly appear that DST is applicable to US companies because the market for digital services is dominated by US-based firms.</li>
<li>Further, any company that has a permanent residence in India is excluded since it is already subject to tax in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rationale of DST</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Prolonged International Tax Law Negotiation:</strong> The agenda to reform international tax law so that digital companies are taxed where economic activities are carried out was formally framed within the <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-223" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OECD&rsquo;s base erosion and profit shifting program</a>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, seven years since its inception, it is still a work in progress.</li>
<li>Due to this, countries are worried that they might cede their right to tax incomes. Therefore, many countries have either proposed or implemented a digital services tax.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) refers to tax avoidance strategies that exploit gaps and mismatches in tax rules to artificially shift profits to low or no-tax locations.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Changing International Economic Order:&nbsp;</strong>The proliferation of digital service taxes (DSTs) is a symptom of the changing international economic order. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Countries such as India which provide large markets for digital corporations seek a greater right to tax incomes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asymmetrical Digital Power:</strong> The taxation of the digitaliized economy turned out to be a relatively contentious issue because there is a huge asymmetry in digital service providers and consumers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, a redistribution of taxing rights can have significant revenue implications for countries like India and the US. This makes a consensus-based solution harder to achieve.</li>
<li>Thus, countries claim that the exponential increase of the digital economy and the digitalization of the traditional economy require the adoption of new tax rules.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Concerns With DST</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Eventually Burdening Digital Consumers:</strong> Experts suggest that DST can be passed on to consumers. While the Indian customer may not pay this as a tax, this could mean higher prices, contrary to the claim that it taxes the company.</li>
<li><strong>Retaliatory Tariffs:</strong> The USTR investigations could pose a threat of retaliatory tariffs, as similar tariffs were imposed by the US on France.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, it could turn into a <strong>digital trade war-like scenario</strong> and could harm India&rsquo;s Information and communication technology industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Double Taxation:</strong> This was severely criticized by many countries as a unilateral measure that would result in double taxation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>New Model of Digital Taxation:</strong> The core problem that the international tax reform seeks to address is that digital corporations, unlike their brick-and-mortar counterparts, can operate in a market without a physical presence. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, taxing in a particular jurisdiction may not augur well with the growth of the digital economy.</li>
<li>To overcome this challenge, countries suggested that a new basis to tax, say, the number of users in a country, could address the challenge to some extent.</li>
<li>The EU and India were among the advocates of this approach.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expediting Multilateral Negotiations:</strong> While the digital economy and its implications continue to evolve, the multilateral solution at the level of the OECD must be expedited.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, it would also require political consensus on multiple issues, including sensitive matters such as setting up of an alternative dispute resolution process comparable to arbitration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>As countries calibrate their response to competing demands for sovereignty to tax, DST is an interim alternative outside tax treaties. It possesses the advantage of taxing incomes that currently escape tax and creates space to negotiate a final, overarching solution to this conundrum.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #dcf6fa; border-color: #1da1b5;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em><br /><br />As countries calibrate their response to the growing implications of the digital economy, Digital Services Tax is an interim alternative outside tax treaties. Discuss.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/acSeBqfO2UA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">This editorial is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/climate-change-donald-trump-joe-biden-us-elections-7160172/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Changing climate&rdquo;</a> published in The Indian Express on January 25<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-services-tax-1'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'PM2.5 and Anaemia',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A recent study by<strong> IIT delhi has tried to establish the association between ambient PM 2.5 exposure and occurrence of anaemia among children under the age of 5 years of age in India</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PM2.5 refers to particles that have diameter <strong>less than 2.5 micrometres</strong> (more than 100 times thinner than a human hair) and remain suspended for longer.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These particles are formed as a result of <strong>burning fuel and chemical reactions</strong> that take place in the atmosphere. Natural processes such as <strong>forest fires</strong> also contribute to PM2.5 in the air. These particles are also the primary reason for occurrence of smog.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Extended periods of exposure to PM 2.5 can lead to anaemia among children under the age of 5 years. About 63% of the included children were found to be anaemic.</li>
<li><strong>Children at Risk:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Young Children:</strong> Children with lower age had higher vulnerability of being anaemic.</li>
<li><strong>Poverty:</strong> Children from lower wealth index levels had higher percentages of anaemia.</li>
<li><strong>Maternal Anaemia:</strong> Children born to anaemic women have higher chances of developing anaemia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intensity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Higher PM2.5 levels exposure, decreases the average haemoglobin levels in children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study is important because so far anaemia has been looked at through the prism of <strong>nutrition deficiency</strong>, specifically that of iron.</li>
<li>Exposure to air pollution, especially PM 2.5, has been shown to induce systemic inflammation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inflammation refers to the body's process of fighting against things that harm it, such as infections, injuries, and toxins, in an attempt to heal itself.</li>
<li>Over time, chronic inflammation may have a negative impact on tissues and organs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong> According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India National Family and Health Survey 2015&ndash;2016 (NFHS-4)</strong></a>, 53.1%of women in India with 15&ndash;49 years of age and 58.5 % of children under five were anaemic.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A<strong> &lsquo;Lancet Global Health report&rsquo;</strong> also revealed that<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-among-men" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 23% of Indian men suffer from anaemia</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Anaemia</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization</strong></a> (WHO) defines anaemia as a condition in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiological needs.</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong> Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia, although other conditions, such as <strong>folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin A deficiencies, chronic inflammation, parasitic infections, and inherited disorders can all cause anaemia</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> In its severe form, it is associated with fatigue, weakness, dizziness and drowsiness. Pregnant women and children are particularly vulnerable.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611748364_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611748364_image1.jpg" width="474" height="399" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Government Programmes Related to Anaemia:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018, the government of India launched <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women#:~:text=Weekly%20Iron%20and%20Folic%20Acid,Folic%20Acid%20(IFA)%20tablet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Anaemia Mukt Bharat</strong></a> (AMB) as part of the <strong>Intensified National Iron Plus Initiative</strong> (NIPI) Program for accelerating the annual rate of decline of anaemia from one to three percentage points.</li>
<li>The target groups for AMB are Children (6-59 months, 5-9 years), Adolescent Girls &amp; Boys (10-19 years), Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 years), Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers.</li>
<li>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has also launched the <strong>Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) Programme</strong> to meet the challenge of high prevalence and incidence of anaemia amongst adolescent girls and boys.</li>
<li>Other programmes include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Scheme</strong></a> (ICDS), <strong>National Nutritional Anemia Control Program</strong> (NNACP), etc to combat anemia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Emphasis must be laid on to curb PM 2.5 levels, especially in urban areas. A holistic health strategy is required to effectively address the issue of anaemia. Also, there is a need to bridge the gap between policy and practice.</li>
<li>The mother&rsquo;s health needs to be addressed as anaemia in mothers and premature delivery can also lead to childhood anaemia.</li>
<li>In addition to the maternal influence on childhood anaemia, paternal and overall household influences need to be considered for a more comprehensive policy framework for intervention at the household level.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/exposure-to-pm-2-5-raises-anaemia-risk-in-kids-under-5-study-conducted-by-iit-delhi-7162933/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm2-5-and-anaemia'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => '50 Years of India Bangladesh Relations',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Commemorating <strong>50 years of the 1971 India-Pakistan war</strong> that led to the liberation of Bangladesh, a 122-member contingent of the Bangladesh Armed Forces has recently participated in the <strong>72<sup>nd</sup> Republic Day</strong> parade.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This year, India and Bangladesh are also celebrating <strong>50 years of the establishment of their ties</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611742627_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611742627_image4.jpg" width="333" height="235" style="float: right;" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the <strong>third time</strong> the Republic Day parade in India has witnessed the participation of a military contingent from abroad.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Previously <strong>French troops</strong> marched in 2016 and <strong>UAE</strong> troops in 2017.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bangladesh War of Independence:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vijay-diwas-50-years-of-indo-pak-war-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vijay Diwas</strong></a> is observed on 16<sup>th</sup> December every year to mark India's victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Government of India, on 3<sup>rd</sup> December 1971, declared that it would go for war with Pakistan to save Bengali Muslims and Hindus.</li>
<li>This war was fought between India and Pakistan for 13 days.</li>
<li>On 16<sup>th</sup> December 1971, the chief of the Pakistani forces with 93,000 soldiers had surrendered unconditionally to the allied forces consisting of <strong>Indian Army</strong> and <strong>Mukti Bahini</strong> in Dhaka.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mukti Bahini refers to the armed organizations that fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War. It was a guerrilla resistance movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bangladesh was born on this day. Hence, Bangladesh celebrates its <strong>independence day (Bijoy Dibos) on 16<sup>th</sup> December every year</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India-Bangladesh Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India was one of the first countries to recognize Bangladesh and establish diplomatic relations immediately after its independence in December 1971.</li>
<li><strong>Defence Cooperation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various <strong>Joint exercises</strong> of Army <strong>(Exercise Sampriti)</strong> and Navy <strong>(Exercise Milan)</strong> take place between the two countries.</li>
<li><strong>Border Management:</strong> India and Bangladesh share <strong>4096.7 km.</strong> of border, which <strong>is the longest land boundary that India shares with any of its neighbours</strong>.</li>
<li>The India-Bangladesh <strong>Land Boundary Agreement</strong> (LBA) came into force following the exchange of instruments of ratification in June 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation over Rivers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Bangladesh share <strong>54 common rivers</strong>. A bilateral <strong>Joint Rivers Commission</strong> (JRC) has been working since June 1972 to maintain liaison between the two countries to maximize benefits from common river systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bangladesh is India&rsquo;s <strong>biggest trade partner</strong> in South Asia. India&rsquo;s exports to Bangladesh for financial year 2018-19 (April-March) stood at <strong>US 9.21 billion</strong> USD and imports from Bangladesh for the same period stood at US <strong>1.22 Billion</strong> USD.</li>
<li>Bangladesh has appreciated the <strong>Duty-Free and Quota Free access</strong> given to Bangladeshi exports to India under <strong>South Asian Free Trade Area</strong> (SAFTA) since 2011.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation in Connectivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both countries jointly inaugurated the newly restored railway link between <strong>Haldibari (India) and Chilahati (Bangladesh)</strong>.</li>
<li>Welcomed the signing of the second addendum to the Protocol on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protocol-on-inland-water-transit-and-trade#:~:text=As%20per%20the%20Protocol%20on,transit%20and%20inter%20country%20trade." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inland Water Transit and Trade</strong></a> (PIWTT).</li>
<li>Agreed to an early operationalization of the <strong>Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) initiative Motor Vehicles Agreement</strong> through the expeditious signing of the Enabling MoU for Bangladesh, India and Nepal to commence the movement of goods and passengers, with provision for Bhutan to join at a later date</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation in Power Sector:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has become one of the hallmarks of India- Bangladesh relations. Bangladesh is currently importing <strong>1160 MW</strong> of power from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partnership on Multilateral forums:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India thanked Bangladesh for supporting India in its election to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-security-council-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the United Nations Security Council</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Both countries agreed to continue working together towards achieving early reforms of the <strong>UN Security Council,</strong> combating climate change, attainment of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> (SDGs) and protection of the rights of migrants.</li>
<li>Highlighted that regional organisations such as the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</strong></a> (SAARC) and the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/drishti-specials-important-international-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</a> (BIMSTEC)</strong> have an important role to play.</li>
<li>Bangladesh thanked India for convening the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/video-conference-of-saarc-leaders-on-covid-19#:~:text=COVID-19%20Emergency%20Fund%3A,a%20contribution%20to%20the%20fund." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAARC leaders Video Conference</strong></a> in March 2020 and for creation of <strong>the SAARC Emergency Response Fund</strong> to counter effects of the global pandemic in the South Asian region.</li>
<li>Bangladesh will assume chairmanship of <strong>the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a> (IORA) in 2021</strong> and requested the support of India for working towards greater maritime safety and security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Development:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, India and Bangladesh signed seven agreements and also inaugurated three projects to deepen their partnership.</li>
<li>The use of the <strong>Chattogram and Mongla ports</strong> in Bangladesh for movement of goods to and from India, particularly from Northeastern India.</li>
<li>Use of <strong>Bangladesh&rsquo;s Feni river for</strong> drinking water supply in Tripura.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Further areas of Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two countries need to focus on priority areas, such as <strong>investments, security connectivity development, cross border energy cooperation, blue economy, cultural economy, environment and disaster management</strong> etc.</li>
<li>Resolve the refugees (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/wrong-on-the-rohingya" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rohingyas</a>) crisis.</li>
<li><strong>During Covid 19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reiterating the highest priority India attaches to Bangladesh under India&rsquo;s Neighbourhood First policy, <strong>India assured that vaccines for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a></strong> would be made available to Bangladesh as and when produced in India.</li>
<li>India also offered collaboration in therapeutics and partnership in vaccine production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Emerging Disputes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There should be efforts to resolve pending issues concerning <strong>sharing of waters, resolving continental shelf issues in the Bay of Bengal, bringing down border incidents to zero, and managing the media</strong>.</li>
<li>Bangladesh has already raised concerns over roll out of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Register of Citizens (NRC)</strong></a> in Assam, an exercise carried out to identify genuine Indian citizens living in Assam and weed out illegal Bangladeshis.</li>
<li>Currently, Bangladesh is an active partner of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/obor-cpec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a> that Delhi has not signed up to.</li>
<li>In the security sector, Bangladesh is also a major recipient of Chinese military inventory, including submarines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/republic-day-bangladesh-contingent-1971-war-7162921/lite/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50-years-of-india-bangladesh-relations'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Investment Trends Monitor Report: UNCTAD',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-fdi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Investment Trends Monitor Report</strong></a> issued by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-investment-report-unctad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</strong></a>, global <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-foreign-direct-investment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong></a> collapsed in 2020 by 42% to an estimated USD 859 billion from USD 1.5 trillion in 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Such a low level was <strong>last seen in the 1990s</strong> and is more than 30% below the investment decline that followed the <strong>2008-2009 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/understanding-financial=-crisis-of-2007-08" target="_blank" rel="noopener">global financial crisis</a></strong>.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Trend:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India and China:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India witnessed a 13% year-on-year rise, the <strong>highest among key nations</strong>, in FDI inflows in 2020, China&rsquo;s rose by 4%.</li>
<li>In absolute terms, <strong>China remained way ahead, with an inflow of as much as $163 billion,</strong> while <strong>India&rsquo;s stood at $57 billion</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advanced Economies:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The UK and Italy saw an over 100% crash each in FDI inflows, followed by <strong>Russia</strong> (96% drop), <strong>Germany</strong> (61%), <strong>Brazil</strong> (50%), the <strong>US</strong> (49%), <strong>Australia</strong> (46%) and <strong>France</strong> (39%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developing Economies:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Developing economies drew as much as <strong>72% of global FDI</strong> in 2020 &ndash; their highest share on record.</li>
<li><strong>Asian nations</strong> did particularly well, <strong>attracting USD 476 billion</strong> in FDI in 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Future Projection:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The uncertainty about the <strong>Covid-19</strong> evolution <strong>will continue to hamper global FDI inflows in 2021,</strong> threatening sustainable recovery prospects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for the Rise in FDI in India:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inflows into <strong>digital sector</strong>. The sector has particularly high return capabilities in India as favourable demographics, substantial mobile and internet penetration, massive consumption along with technology uptake provides great market opportunity for a foreign investor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Measures to Increase FDI:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In 2020,</strong> schemes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for electronics manufacturing</strong></a>, have been notified to attract foreign investments.</li>
<li><strong>In 2019,</strong> the Central Government <strong>amended FDI Policy 2017,</strong> to permit <strong>100% FDI under automatic route in coal mining activities</strong>.</li>
<li>FDI in manufacturing was already under the 100% automatic route, however <strong>in 2019, the government clarified that investments in Indian entities engaged in contract manufacturing is also permitted under the 100% automatic route</strong> provided it is undertaken through a legitimate contract.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Contract Manufacturing:</strong> Production of goods by one firm, under the label or brand of another firm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal (FIFP):</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the online single point interface of the Government of India with investors to facilitate FDI. It is administered by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Foreign Direct Investment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FDI is an <strong>investment made by a firm or individual in one country into business interests located in another country</strong>.</li>
<li>The key feature of foreign direct investment is that <strong>it establishes either effective control of, or at least substantial influence over, the decision-making</strong> of a foreign business.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This makes it <strong>different from portfolio investments</strong> in which an investor merely purchases equities of foreign-based companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Importance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FDI is important because it <strong>gives countries access to external capital, technology, market access and tax contributions</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types:</strong> FDI are commonly categorized as being horizontal, vertical or conglomerate.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Horizontal:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A horizontal direct investment refers to the <strong>investor establishing the same type of business operation</strong> in a foreign country as it operates in its home country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vertical:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A vertical investment is one in which <strong>different but related business activities from the investor's main business are established</strong> or acquired in a foreign country, such as when a manufacturing company acquires an interest in a foreign company that supplies parts or raw materials required for the manufacturing company to make its products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conglomerate:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A conglomerate type of foreign direct investment is one where a <strong>company or individual makes a foreign investment in a business that is unrelated to its existing business</strong> in its home country.</li>
<li>Since this type of investment involves entering an industry the investor has no previous experience in, it often takes the form of a joint venture with a foreign company already operating in the industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Components:</strong> FDI has three components, viz., <strong>equity capital, reinvested earnings and intra-company loans</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Equity Capital:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is the foreign direct investor&rsquo;s <strong>purchase of shares of an enterprise</strong> in a country other than its own.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reinvested Earnings:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Comprise the <strong>direct investors&rsquo; share</strong> (in proportion to direct equity participation) of earnings not distributed as dividends by affiliates, or earnings not remitted to the direct investor.</li>
<li>Such retained profits by affiliates are reinvested.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Intra-company loans or intra-company debt transactions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Refer to <strong>short- or long-term borrowing and lending of funds</strong> between direct investors (or enterprises) and affiliate enterprises.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Routes:</strong> Routes through which India gets FDI:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Automatic Route:</strong> In this, the foreign entity <strong>does not require the prior approval of the government</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Government route:</strong> In this, the foreign entity has to <strong>take the approval of the government</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNCTAD is a permanent intergovernmental body established in 1964.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarter:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a permanent intergovernmental body headquartered at Geneva in Switzerland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It promotes development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reports Published:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/summary-of-important-reports/trade-and-development-report-2018-power-platforms-and-the-free-trade-delusion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Trade and Development Report</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-investment-report-unctad" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Investment Report</strong></a></li>
<li>The Least Developed Countries Report</li>
<li>Information and Economy Report</li>
<li>Technology and Innovation Report</li>
<li>Commodities and Development Report.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/unctad-report-india-sees-sharpest-rise-in-fdi-inflows-among-key-nations/2178663/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: FE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/investment-trends-monitor-report-unctad'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'World Economic Outlook: IMF',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737448_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737448_image3.png" width="276" height="238" style="float: right; margin: 10px;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<p>Recently, the latest <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-outlook-report-imf#:~:text=Advanced%20economies%20will%20have%20an,and%20grow%20by%204.7%25%202021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Economic Outlook</strong></a> of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund (IMF)</strong></a> has estimated that India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong></a> will grow by<strong> 11.5%</strong> in the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/government-budgeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Financial Year</a> (FY)</strong> 2021-22.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India Specific Projections:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>FY 2020-21:</strong> For the current fiscal, the IMF had forecast a record <strong>10.3% contraction</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>FY 2021-22:</strong> For the next fiscal, starting from April 1st, GDP growth projection is at <strong>11.5%</strong>, 2.7% higher than the projection made in October, 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Last October, the IMF had projected an 8.8% real GDP growth for India in <strong>FY 2021-22,</strong> highest globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>FY 2022-23:</strong> In FY 2022-23, the economy will likely grow <strong>6.8%</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governments Projection for 2020-21:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The latest revision for the current fiscal is higher than the <strong>government&rsquo;s first advance estimate of 7.7%</strong> and also the <strong>RBI&rsquo;s estimate of 7.5%</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Increase in the Estimates by IMF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has taken very decisive action, very decisive steps to deal with the <strong>pandemic</strong> and to deal with the economic consequences of it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Measures to Deal With the Pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India&rsquo;s Covid19 Economic Relief Package</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana:</strong> The government announced Rs 1.70 lakh crore relief package under the newly framed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana</strong></a> for the poor to help them fight the battle against covid-19.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> <strong>(or Self-reliant India Mission):</strong> The Self-Reliant India Mission <strong>aims towards cutting down import dependence</strong> by focussing on substitution while improving safety compliance and quality goods to gain global market share.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Government announced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-i#:~:text=The%20announced%20measures%20also%20form,financing%20measures%20and%20credit%20guarantees." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>liquidity measures for businesses, especially Micro, Small and Medium enterprises (MSMEs)</strong></a> under the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Projections:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737606_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737606_image5.png" width="401" height="325" style="float: right;" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global Economy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The global economy is projected to grow <strong>5.5% in 2021 </strong>and <strong>4.2% in 2022</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The IMF also saw a narrower 3.5% contraction in world output in 2020 as opposed to a 4.4% decline seen earlier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It attributed the 0.3% point upward revision for 2021 to <strong>&ldquo;expectations of a vaccine-powered strengthening</strong> of activity later in the year and additional <strong>policy support</strong> in a few large economies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Trade Volumes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are forecasted to grow about <strong>8% in 2021</strong>.</li>
<li>The IMF expects <strong>oil prices to rise</strong> in 2021 by just over 20% from the low base for 2020 but they will still remain well below their average for 2019.</li>
<li><strong>Non-oil commodity prices are also expected to increase</strong> with those of metals, in particular, projected to accelerate strongly in 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Economies with High percentage of Growth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>China</strong> would grow 8.1% in 2021, followed by <strong>Spain</strong> (5.9%) and <strong>France</strong> (5.5 %).</li>
<li>China, which was the only major country to register a growth rate of 2.3 % in 2020, will expand 5.6% in 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increased Inequality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report highlighted the <strong>pandemic-induced acceleration in inequality</strong> by reiterating that close to <strong>90 million people are likely to fall below the extreme poverty threshold during 2020-21</strong> as workers with less education, women, youth, those in contact-intensive sectors, and those informally employed suffer disproportionate livelihood and income losses.</li>
<li>The <strong>pandemic is expected to reverse the progress</strong> made in poverty reduction across the past two decades.</li>
<li>It can be noted that recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-inequality-virus-report-oxfam-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inequality Virus Report</strong></a>, released by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-inequality-crisis-report-oxfam-international#:~:text=The%20report%20focuses%20on%20the,hands%20of%20a%20rich%20few." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Oxfam International</strong></a>, has also found that the <strong>Covid pandemic deeply increased the existing inequalities in India and around the world</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IMF was set up along with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> after the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second World War</strong></a> <strong>to assist in the reconstruction of war-ravaged countries</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The two organisations were agreed to be set up at a conference in Bretton Woods in the US. Hence, they are known as the <strong>Bretton Woods twins</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Created in <strong>1945</strong>, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the <strong>189 countries</strong> that make up its near-global membership.India joined on December 27, 1945.</li>
<li>The IMF's <strong>primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system&nbsp;</strong>&mdash; the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Fund's <strong>mandate</strong> was updated in 2012 to <strong>include all macroeconomic and financial sector issues that bear on global stability</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Reports by IMF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-11th-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Financial Stability Report</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/imf-projects-impressive-11-5-per-cent-growth-rate-for-india-in-2021-7162652/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-outlook-imf-1'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Transit Oriented Development',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The redevelopment of <strong>New Delhi Railway Station (NDLS)</strong> has become the first project to be undertaken on the <strong>Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) concept in the NCR</strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Approving Authority:</strong> The project has been approved by the <strong>Rail Land Development Authority (RLDA)</strong> which is a <strong>statutory body</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Railways</strong> responsible for the development of vacant railway land.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the Indian Railways has approximately 43,000 hectares of vacant land across the country.</li>
<li>The Government, in recent times, has been promoting <strong>&lsquo;transit-oriented development&rsquo;</strong> where public transport is the backbone of cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737136_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737136_image1.png" style="float: right; margin: 5px;" width="428" height="407" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)</strong> integrates land use and transport planning and aims to develop planned sustainable urban growth centers, having walkable and livable communes with high density mixed land-use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plan of TOD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A TOD typically includes a <strong>central transit stop</strong> (such as a train station, or light rail or bus stop) surrounded by a <strong>high-density mixed-use area,</strong> with <strong>lower-density areas spreading out from this center</strong>.</li>
<li>A TOD is also typically designed to be <strong>more walkable</strong> than other built-up areas, through using smaller block sizes and reducing the land area dedicated to automobiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need of TOD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Factors such as <strong>rapidly growing population,<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-transforming-indian-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Urbanization</a>, migration to cities, and traffic congestion etc</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Higher quality of life with better places to live, work, and play, greater mobility with ease of moving around, reduced traffic congestion, car accidents and injuries, reduced household spending on transportation, resulting in more affordable housing etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TOD &amp; Policy Initiatives in India: It is based on three pillars:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enable Transformation (From Private to Public Transportation):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To assist in transformation of cities from private vehicle dependent city to public transport oriented development</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accessible Public Transport (Promote Green Mobility):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To promote the usage of public transport by making it accessible, encourage green mobility by encouraging people to walk and cycle and at the same time curb pollution and other negative impacts of motorization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Compact Walkable Communities:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To create livable and affordable communities, which are compact and walkable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of TOD Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Public Transport:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To promote the use of public transport and reduction in private owned vehicles by developing high density zones in the influence area, which would increase the share of transit and walk trips and also result in <strong>reduction in pollution and congestion</strong> in the influence area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduction in Travel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To provide all the basic needs of work/ job, shopping, public amenities, entertainment in the influence zone with mixed land-use development which would reduce the need for travel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Road Network:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To establish a dense road network within the development area for safe and easy movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inclusivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>develop inclusive habitat</strong> in the influence area so that the people dependent on public transport can live in the livable communities within the walkable distance of transit stations.</li>
<li>To integrate the <strong>Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and affordable housing</strong> in the influence zone by allocating a prescribed proportion of built-up area for them in the total housing supply.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Safety to Vulnerable Section:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To ensure development of a safe society with special attention to safety of women, children, senior citizens and differently abled by making necessary amendments to the building bye laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planned Urbanization:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To prevent urban sprawl by accommodating the growing population in a compact area with access to the transit corridor, which would also consolidate investments and bring down the infrastructure cost for development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Friendly:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To reduce carbon footprints by shifting towards environmentally friendly travel options for the line haul as well as for access and egress trips.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/rlda-e-roadshows-showcase-ndls-redevelopment-work/article33639515.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/transit-oriented-development'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Padma Awards 2021',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Padma Awards for the year 2021</strong> were announced on the occasion of <strong>72<sup>nd</sup> <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/republic-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Republic Day</a></strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Awardees (2021):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A total of <strong>119 Padma awards</strong> will be conferred, including <strong>7 padma vibhushan, 10 padma bhushan</strong> and <strong>102 padma shri</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Vibhushan Awardees (out of 7)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shri Shinzo Abe</strong> (Japan), <strong>Shri S P Balasubramaniam</strong> (Posthumous), <strong>Dr. Belle Monappa Hegde</strong> (Medicine), <strong>Shri Sudarshan Sahoo</strong> (Art), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Bhushan Awardees (out of 10)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ms. Krishnan Nair Shantakumari Chithra, Shri Tarun Gogoi, Ms. Sumitra Mahajan, Shri Ram Vilas Paswan,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Shri Awardees (out of 102)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shri Gulfam Ahmed</strong> (Art), <strong>Ms. P. Anitha</strong> (Sports), <strong>Shri Rama Swamy Annavarapu</strong> (Art), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Padma Awards are announced annually on the <strong>Republic Day</strong> (26<sup>th</sup> January).</li>
<li>Instituted in <strong>1954</strong>, it is <strong>one of the highest civilian honours</strong> of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Award seeks to recognize achievements in all fields of activities or disciplines where an <strong>element of public service is involved</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Awards are given in three categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Padma Vibhushan</strong> (for exceptional and distinguished service),</li>
<li><strong>Padma Bhushan</strong> (distinguished service of higher-order) and</li>
<li><strong>Padma Shri</strong> (distinguished service).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Padma Vibhushan is highest in the hierarchy of Padma Awards</strong> followed by Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disciplines:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- <strong>art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, civil service</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Selection Process:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Padma Awards Committee:</strong> The Awards are conferred on the recommendations made by the Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted by the Prime Minister every year.</li>
<li><strong>Awarded by President:</strong> The awards are presented by the President of India usually in the month of March/April every year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bharat Ratna</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the country.</strong></li>
<li>It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the <strong>highest order in any field of human endeavour</strong>.</li>
<li>It is treated on a different footing from Padma Award. The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are <strong>made by the Prime Minister to the President of India</strong>.</li>
<li>The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a <strong>maximum of three</strong> in a particular year.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/padma-vibhushan-for-abe-gogoi-keshubhai-paswan-in-honours-list-7161613/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/padma-awards-2021'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Shadow Entrepreneurship',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/rise-of-shadow-entrepreneurship/article33594643.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Rise of shadow entrepreneurship&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 18/01/2021. It talks about the benefits and issues associated with the Shadow Entrepreneurship.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, a business school professor allegedly misused his faculty position to provide fake certificates to students. This is one of the many cases whereby people across the globe get cheated, owing to the unregulated nature of online activities.</p>
<p>The abovesaid case highlights the ill-effects of the global rise of shadow entrepreneurship. Shadow entrepreneurs manage a business that sells legitimate goods and services but they do not register their businesses. Shadow entrepreneurship is a key factor affecting economic development, both in a positive and negative sense.</p>
<p>Moreover, India has one of the highest numbers of shadow entrepreneurs in the world and with a rising gig economy, understanding shadow entrepreneurship becomes incredibly important.</p>
<h3>Positives of Shadow Entrepreneurship</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Providing Employment:</strong> Presently, India&rsquo;s manufacturing sector is unable to provide adequate formal employment opportunities to the youth. Moreover, there is a mismatch between education and job skills in the market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the phenomenon of shadow entrepreneurship is seen as a potential driver of job growth and economic development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bridging Market Gap:</strong> Shadow entrepreneurs can help release the associated distortions and frictions in the market. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They can offer complementary services that traditional service providers may be constrained to offer or consumers might not be able to access.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Augmenting Social Services:</strong> Shadow entrepreneurialism may extend welfare support of government schemes, as they can address the accessibility, availability, or affordability issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Concerns With Shadow Entrepreneurship</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extension of Informal Labour:</strong> As Shadow Entrepreneurship is largely unregulated, it provides little job security and few benefits to its workers like social security, insurance, etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, it is an extension of India&rsquo;s informal labor, which has been prevalent for a long time and has remained unregulated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hampering Economic Growth:</strong> Shadow Entrepreneurship results in loss of tax revenue, the unfair competition to registered businesses, and also poor productivity - factors that hinder economic development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, as the Shadow Entrepreneurship businesses are not registered, it takes them beyond the reach of the law and makes shadow economy entrepreneurs vulnerable to corrupt government officials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Security Implications:</strong> Shadow Entrepreneurship may also have cross-border and national security implications. For instance, the recently reported suspicious loans being provided by Chinese instant loan providers online.</li>
<li><strong>Increase in Scams:</strong> It will also mean that unscrupulous individuals who are not entrepreneurs per se but are complementary service providers will potentially take more advantage of these post-pandemic market constraints, extracting money from consumers by means such as document forgery.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formalization:</strong> Informal sector entrepreneurship, poverty, and inequality are conditioned by a country's economic and political institutions. Therefore, Government policies could play a big role in helping shadow economy entrepreneurs transition to the formal economy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, with proper economic and political frameworks in place, individuals are more likely to become 'formal' entrepreneurs and register their businesses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Harmonization:</strong> There is a need for associated harmonization of activities between competition authorities of governments (in India&rsquo;s case the Ministry of Corporate Affairs in regulating shadow entrepreneurship and government departments in healthcare, education, or finance).</li>
<li><strong>Legislation:</strong> Given the magnitude of shadow entrepreneurship in India, it is not possible to formalize it in a short span of time. Therefore, the need of the hour is enabling legislation that regulates and provides social security benefits also.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the recent <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Code on Social Security Bill, 2020</a></strong>, is a step in the right direction. For the first time, it acknowledges platform workers and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gig-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>gig workers</strong></a> as new occupational categories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Shadow entrepreneurship may temporarily tackle issues like the unemployment crisis or market gap but given monitoring needs of public goods distribution for the developing world, without regulation, the situation could spiral out of control.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Shadow entrepreneurship is a key factor affecting economic development, both in a positive and negative sense. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/shadow-entrepreneurship'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'The Inequality Virus Report: Oxfam International',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Inequality Virus Report,</strong> released by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-inequality-crisis-report-oxfam-international#:~:text=The%20report%20focuses%20on%20the,hands%20of%20a%20rich%20few." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Oxfam International</strong></a>, has found that the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid pandemic</strong></a> deeply<strong> increased the existing inequalities</strong> in India and around the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report states that<strong> Covid has the potential to increase economic inequality</strong> in almost every country at once - the first time this has happened since records began over a century ago.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impact of the Pandemic on Rich vis-a-vis Poor: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India introduced one of the earliest and most stringent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lockdowns</a></strong> in the face of the pandemic and its enforcement <strong>brought the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-economic-impact-of-covid-19-dsge-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">economy to a standstill</a>, triggering <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/unemployment-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">unemployment</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-the-hunger-fight" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hunger</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">distress migration</a> and untold hardship</strong> in its wake.</li>
<li>The <strong>rich were able to escape</strong> the pandemic&rsquo;s worst impact; and while the<strong> white-collar workers isolated themselves and worked from home, a majority of the not-so-fortunate Indians lost their livelihood.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>wealth of Indian billionaires increased by 35%</strong> during the lockdown and by 90% since 2009 to USD 422.9 billion, <strong>ranking India sixth in the world after the USA, China, Germany, Russia and France.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Informal Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s large informal workforce <strong>was the worst hit</strong> as it made up 75% of the<strong> 122 million jobs lost.</strong></li>
<li>Informal workers had relatively<strong> fewer opportunities to work from home and suffered more job loss</strong> compared to the formal sector.</li>
<li>The 40-50 million <strong>seasonal migrant workers,</strong> typically engaged working in construction sites, factories etc. were <strong>particularly distressed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the past year as <strong>education shifted online,</strong> India saw the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-internet-access-and-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">digital divide</a> worsening inequalities.</strong></li>
<li>On the one hand, <strong>private providers experienced exponential growth</strong> yet, on the other, just <strong>3% of the poorest 20% of Indian households had access to a computer and just 9% had access to the internet.</strong></li>
<li>It noted that<strong> the long disruption of schooling risked doubling the rate of out of school,</strong> especially among the poor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health Inequalities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Oxfam found that since India does not report case data desegregated by socio-economic or social categories, it is <strong>difficult to gauge the distribution of the disease amongst various communities.</strong></li>
<li>India currently has the <strong>world&rsquo;s second-largest cumulative number of Covid-19 positive cases</strong> and globally, the poor, marginalised and vulnerable communities have higher rates of Covid-19 prevalence.</li>
<li>The<strong> spread of disease was swift among poor communities,</strong> often living in cramped areas with poor sanitation and using shared common facilities such as toilets and water points.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sanitation Facility: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Only 6% of the poorest 20% households had access to non-shared sources of improved sanitation,</strong> compared to 93% of the top 20% households in India.</li>
<li>In terms of caste,<strong> just 37.2% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Castes</a> (SCs) households and 25.9% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Tribes</a> (STs) households had access to non-shared sanitation facilities, </strong>compared to 65.7% for the general population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Disparities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Employment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> unemployment rate among women</strong> rose from already high<strong> 15% before Covid to 18%.</strong></li>
<li>This increase in unemployment of women<strong> can result in a loss to India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</a></strong> of about 8% or USD 218 billion.</li>
<li>Of the women who retained their jobs, as many <strong>83% were subjected to a cut in income according to a survey by the Institute of Social Studies Trust.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Beyond income and job losses, <strong>poorer women also suffered healthwise because of the disruption in regular health services</strong> and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anganwadi-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Anganwadi centres.</strong> </a></li>
<li>It is predicted that the<strong> closure of family planning services</strong> will result in 2.95 million unintended pregnancies, 1.80 million abortions (including 1.04 million unsafe abortions) and 2,165 maternal deaths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domestic Violence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/domestic-violence-during-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic also fueled domestic violence against women</strong></a>. As of November 2020, cases of domestic violence rose by almost 60% over the past 12 months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is an urgent need for policymakers to <strong>tax the wealthy individuals and rich corporates and use that money to invest in free quality public services and social protection</strong> to support everyone, from cradle to grave.</li>
<li>Reducing inequalities is very important but it should be a medium-term target. Between growth and distribution, India must get the sequencing right.</li>
<li>India <strong>needs to grow first before it can distribute.</strong> Otherwise, it can get stuck in a low-income equilibrium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Oxfam International</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oxfam International is a <strong>group of independent non-governmental organisations</strong> formed in <strong>1995.</strong></li>
<li>The name &ldquo;Oxfam&rdquo; comes from the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, founded in Britain in 1942.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The group campaigned for food supplies to starving women and children in enemy-occupied Greece during the Second World War.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>aims to maximize efficiency and achieve greater impact to reduce global poverty and injustice.</strong></li>
<li>The Oxfam International Secretariat is based in <strong>Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/covid-deepened-inequalities-wealth-education-gender-7160341/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-inequality-virus-report-oxfam-international'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Risa: Tripura's Signature Garment',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>State government of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statehood-day-of-manipur-meghalaya-and-tripura#:~:text=Merger%20of%20Tripura%20with%20India,on%2015th%20November%2C%201949.&amp;text=So%20his%20widow%20queen%20Kanchan,Tripura%20kingdom%20in%20Indian%20Union." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tripura</a> aims to promote risa nationally</strong> as Tripura&rsquo;s signature garment.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For this, various initiatives have been taken like<strong> providing risa uniforms to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anganwadi-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anganwadi</a></strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-institute-of-health-family-welfare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASHA workers</strong> </a>and facilitating<strong> training for making risa</strong> at Tripura Handloom and Handicrafts Development Corporation.</li>
<li>The risa is <strong>being branded under the India Handloom Brand.</strong> This supports the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/09-06-2020#:~:text=Promoting%20Local%3A%20Being%20vocal%20for,Glocal%E2%80%9D%20India%20will%20be%20possible." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Vocal for Local&rsquo; initiative</strong> </a>of the central government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611563257_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611563257_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Risa:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Risa is a <strong>handwoven cloth</strong> used as a female upper garment.</li>
<li>Risa is<strong> a part of traditional Tripuri attire</strong> that comprises three parts -<strong> risa, rignai and rikutu.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Rignai:</strong> It is primarily worn as the<strong> lower garment</strong> and literally translates into &lsquo;to wear&rsquo;. It can be understood as an indigenous variety of the <em><strong>sari</strong> </em>of mainland India.</li>
<li><strong>Rituku:</strong> It is mainly used as a wrap, or like a <em><strong>&lsquo;chunri&rsquo; </strong></em><strong>or a</strong><em><strong> &lsquo;pallu&rsquo;</strong></em>of the Indian saree.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sometimes, Risa is also used as <strong>headgear, a stole, or a present</strong> to express respect.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Importance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adolescent Tripuri girls are first given a risa to wear in an event called<strong> Risa Sormani,</strong> at age 12 to 14.</li>
<li>Risa is also used as a <strong>turban by men</strong> during weddings and festivals.</li>
<li>Risa is <strong>common in almost all 19 indigenous tribal communities</strong> of Tripura. However,<strong> each community has its own designs.</strong></li>
<li>It is used in religious festivals such as<strong> Garia Puja</strong> by tribal communities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Garia Puja Festival:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a major <strong>festival in Tripura,</strong> held on the <strong>last day of the month of Chaitra.</strong></li>
<li>Celebrated as a<strong> harvest festival</strong> by the ethnic tribes - <strong>Tripuris and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bru-refugee-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reangs</a>.</strong></li>
<li>In this festival, the<strong> Garia dance</strong> is also performed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tripura-culture-risa-trend-explained-7155359/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/risa-tripura-s-signature-garment'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Decriminalisation of Offences Under LLP Act',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/committee-to-review-the-offences-under-the-companies-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Company Law Committee (CLC)</strong></a> has recommended that 12 offences under the <strong>Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act 2008</strong> be decriminalised and that LLPs be allowed to issue <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-30th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Convertible Debentures (NCDs)</strong></a> to raise funds with the aim of improving ease of doing business for LLP firms.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Company Law Committee (CLC)</strong> was<strong> set up by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs</strong> in September, 2019 to promote Ease of Living in the country by providing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steps-to-boost-ease-of-doing-business" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong></a> to law-abiding corporates and fostering improved corporate compliance for stakeholders at large.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Company Law Committees (CLC&rsquo;s) Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Decriminalisation of Offences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Several offences related to<strong> timely filings,</strong> including <strong>annual reports and filings on changes in partnership status of the LLP,</strong> not related to fraud have been recommended for decriminalisation.</li>
<li>While <strong>none of these provisions</strong> recommended for decriminalisation currently <strong>have prison terms</strong> as a possible punishment, the committee has <strong>recommended that companies be required to pay penalties for non-compliance, instead of fines which are imposed after a partner or the LLP is found guilty of misconduct by a court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risk Involved in Imposing Fines:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Committee has noted that there is a <strong>risk of a convicted person being disqualified or becoming ineligible for various posts</strong> in the case of fines imposed by courts, which would not be the case for penalties imposed by an appropriate authority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Authority to Levy Penalties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Registrar of Companies (ROC)</strong> would have the authority to levy penalties for any contravention of provisions of the LLP Act.</li>
<li>ROC <strong>appointed under Section 609 of the Companies Act</strong> covering the various States and Union Territories are <strong>vested with the primary duty of registering companies and LLPs</strong> floated in the respective states and the Union Territories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Permission to Issue NCDs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>LLPs which are currently not allowed to issue debt securities should be permitted to issue NCDs <strong>to facilitate raising of capital and financing operations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The move is likely to benefit<strong> startups and small firms</strong> in sectors which require heavy capital investment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Limited Liability Partnership</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) <strong>have limited liabilities.</strong></li>
<li>In an LLP, <strong>each partner is not responsible or liable for another partner's misconduct or negligence.</strong></li>
<li>The LLP can<strong> continue its existence irrespective of changes in partners.</strong> It is capable of entering into contracts and holding property in its own name.</li>
<li>The LLP is a <strong>separate legal entity,</strong> is liable to the full extent of its assets but liability of the partners is limited to their agreed contribution in the LLP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>LLP vs Traditional Partnership Firm:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under &ldquo;traditional partnership firm&rdquo;, every partner is liable, jointly with all the other partners and also severally for all acts of the firm done while he is a partner.</li>
<li>Under LLP structure, liability of the partner is limited to his agreed contribution. Thus, individual partners are shielded from joint liability created by another partner&rsquo;s wrongful acts or misconduct.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>LLP vs a Company:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The internal governance structure of a company is regulated by statute (i.e. <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-the-companies-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Companies Act</strong></a>, 2013) whereas for an LLP it would be by a contractual agreement between partners.</li>
<li>The <strong>management-ownership divide</strong> inherent in a company is not there in a limited liability partnership.</li>
<li>LLP will have more<strong> flexibility</strong> as compared to a company.</li>
<li>LLP will have lesser <strong>compliance</strong> requirements as compared to a company.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Non-Convertible Debentures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Debentures are<strong> long-term financial instruments</strong> that are issued by companies to borrow money.</li>
<li>Some debentures have a<strong> feature of convertibility into shares</strong> after a certain point of time at the discretion of the debenture holder.</li>
<li>The <strong>debentures which cannot be converted into shares</strong> are called non-convertible debentures (or NCDs).</li>
<li>There are two types of NCDs-secured and unsecured.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Secured:</strong> A secured NCD is backed by the assets of the company. If the company fails to pay the obligation, the investor holding the debenture can claim that through liquidation of those assets.</li>
<li><strong>Unsecured:</strong> Contrary to secured NCD, there is no backing in unsecured NCDs if the company defaults.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-decriminalisation-of-offences-under-llp-act-could-help-unclog-judicial-system-7160354/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decriminalisation-of-offences-under-llp-act'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Anglo-Mysore Wars',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<p>The Anglo-Mysore Wars was a series of <strong>four military confrontations</strong> in India between the <strong>British and the rulers of Mysore.</strong></p>
<h3>First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>In 1612,</strong> a Hindu kingdom under the <strong>Wodeyars</strong> emerged in the region of Mysore. <strong>Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar</strong> <strong>II</strong> ruled from <strong>1734 to 1766. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Haider Ali</strong> who was appointed as a soldier in the army of Wodeyars became the<strong> de-facto ruler of Mysore</strong> with his great administrative skills and military tactics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the second half of the 18<sup>th</sup> century, Mysore emerged as a formidable power under his leadership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mysore&rsquo;s proximity with the French</strong> and<strong> Haidar Ali&rsquo;s control</strong> over the rich trade of the<strong> Malabar coast</strong> threatened the political and commercial interests of the English and their control over Madras.</li>
<li>The British, after their success in the<strong> Battle of Buxar</strong> with the nawab of Bengal, signed a treaty with the <strong>Nizam of Hyderabad</strong> persuading him to give them the <strong>Northern Circars for protecting the Nizam from Haidar Ali</strong> who already had disputes with the <strong>Marathas.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nizam of Hyderabad, the Marathas, and the English allied together against Haidar Ali.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Haider diplomatically turned the Marathas neutral and Nizam into his ally against Nawab of Arcot.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Haider Ali</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Haider Ali (1721-1782),</strong> born in an obscure family, started his career as a <strong>horseman in the Mysore army</strong> under the ministers of king<strong> Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was uneducated but <strong>intellectual </strong>and <strong>diplomatically &amp; militarily skilled.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He became the <strong><em>de facto</em> ruler of Mysore in 1761</strong> and <strong>introduced western methods</strong> of training into his army with the <strong>help of the French army.</strong></li>
<li>With his excellent military skills,<strong> he took over the Nizami army and the Marathas</strong> and captured<strong> Dod Ballapur, Sera, Bednur and Hoskote</strong> in 1761- 63 and brought to submission the troublesome<strong> Poligars of South India</strong> (Tamil Nadu).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poligars or Palaiyakkarars were appointed as <strong>military chiefs and administrative governors</strong> from the time of the <strong>Vijayanagara Empire</strong> in parts of Southern India. They also collected taxes from the cultivators.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recovering from their defeat, the Marathas under <strong>Madhavrao attacked Mysore,</strong> and<strong> defeated Haidar Ali in 1764, 1766, and 1771.</strong></li>
<li>To buy peace, Haidar Ali had to give them large sums of money, but after Madhavrao&rsquo;s death in 1772, <strong>Haidar Ali raided the Marathas</strong> a number of times <strong>during 1774-76,</strong> and <strong>recovered all the territories</strong> he had previously lost, besides <strong>capturing new areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The war continued for<strong> a year-and-a-half</strong> without any conclusion.</li>
<li>Haidar changed his strategy and suddenly appeared before the gates of Madras causing complete chaos and panic at Madras.</li>
<li>This forced the English to conclude a<strong> treaty with Haidar on April 4, 1769</strong> known as the <strong>Treaty of Madras.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The treaty provided for the<strong> exchange of prisoners</strong> and the <strong>conquered areas.</strong></li>
<li>Haidar Ali was <strong>promised the help of the English</strong> in case he was attacked by any other power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The British<strong> failed to adhere to the treaty of Madras</strong> when Mysore was attacked by the <strong>Maratha army in 1771.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Haider Ali accused them for breach of faith.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover,<strong> Haider Ali found the French more resourceful</strong> in terms of fulfilling the army requirements of guns, saltpetre and lead.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently, he started <strong>importing French war materials</strong> to Mysore <strong>through Mahe,</strong> a French possession on the Malabar Coast.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The increasing friendship between the two raised concern for the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently the British tried to capture Mahe which was under Haider Ali&rsquo;s protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Haidar Ali forged an <strong>alliance with the Marathas and the Nizam</strong> against the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He<strong> attacked the Carnatic and captured Arcot</strong> and <strong>defeated the English</strong> army under<strong> Colonel Baillie in 1781.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the meantime, the English (<strong>under Sir Eyre Coote) detached both the Marathas and the Nizam from Haidar&rsquo;s side,</strong> but the undeterred Haidar faced the English boldly only to suffer a<strong> defeat at Porto Novo</strong> (present day Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu) <strong>in November 1781.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, he regrouped his forces and defeated the English and captured their commander, Braithwaite.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Haidar Ali <strong>died of cancer</strong> on<strong> December 7, 1782.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His son Tipu Sultan carried on the war for one year without any positive outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fed up with an inconclusive war, both sides opted for peace, negotiating the<strong> Treaty of Mangalore (March, 1784)</strong> under which both the parties gave back the territories they had taken from each other.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tipu Sultan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Born in <strong>November 1750,</strong> Tipu Sultan was Haidar Ali&rsquo;s son and a <strong>great warrior</strong> also known as the<strong> Tiger of Mysore.</strong></li>
<li>He was a<strong> well educated man</strong> fluent in<strong> Arabic, Persian, Kanarese and Urdu.</strong></li>
<li>Tipu, like his father Haider Ali, gave maximum care to the raising and maintenance of <strong>an efficient military force.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He organised his <strong>army on the European model with Persian words of command.</strong></li>
<li>Though he took the help of the French officers to train his soldiers, he never allowed them (French) to develop into a pressure group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was well aware of the importance of a naval force. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In 1796,</strong> he set up a Board of Admiralty and planned for<strong> a fleet of 22 battleships and 20 large frigates.</strong></li>
<li>He established<strong> three dockyards at Mangalore, Wajedabad and Molidabad.</strong> However, his plans did not fructify.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He was also a <strong>patron of science and technology</strong> and is credited as the<strong> &lsquo;pioneer of rocket technology&rsquo;</strong> in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He wrote a military manual explaining the operation of rockets.</li>
<li>He was also a pioneer in <strong>introducing sericulture to the Mysore State.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was a <strong>great lover of democracy and a great diplomat</strong> who gave his support to the French soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up a<strong> Jacobin Club in 1797.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tipu himself became a member of the Jacobin Club and allowed himself to be called <strong>Citizen Tipu.</strong></li>
<li>He planted the <strong>Tree of Liberty at Seringapatam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Treaty of Mangalore was not enough to resolve the conflicts between Tipu Sultan and the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both were aiming to establish their own political supremacy over the Deccan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Third Anglo-Mysore War</strong> began when<strong> Tipu attacked Travancore,</strong> an ally of the English and the <strong>only source of pepper for the East India Company.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Travancore had purchased Jalkottal and Cannanore from the Dutch in the Cochin state which was a feudatory of Tipu, he considered the act of Travancore as a violation of his sovereign rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The British sided with Travancore and attacked Mysore. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nizam and the Marathas who were jealous of Tipu&rsquo;s growing power joined the British.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1790, Tipu Sultan defeated the British army under <strong>General Meadows.</strong></li>
<li>In 1791,<strong> Lord Cornwallis</strong> took the leadership and at the head of a large army marched through <strong>Ambur and Vellore to Bangalore</strong> (captured in March 1791) and from there to<strong> Seringapatam.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Coimbatore fell to them, but they lost it again, and at last with the support of the Marathas and the Nizam, the British attacked Seringapatam for the second time.</li>
<li>Tipu offered serious opposition, but the odds were against him.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The war was concluded with the <strong>Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this treaty, nearly <strong>half of the Mysorean territory was taken over</strong> by the alliance of the British, Nizam and the Marathas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Baramahal, Dindigul and Malabar went to the British,</strong> while the <strong>Marathas</strong> got the regions surrounding the <strong>Tungabhadra and its tributaries</strong> and the <strong>Nizam acquired the areas from Krishna</strong> to beyond the <strong>Pennar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides, a<strong> war damage of three crore rupees</strong> was also taken from Tipu.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Half of the war indemnity was to be paid immediately while the rest was to be given in installments, for which Tipu&rsquo;s two sons were taken as hostages by the English.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Third Anglo-Mysore War destroyed Tipu&rsquo;s dominant position in the south and firmly established British supremacy there.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The period of 1792-99 was used by both the British and Tipu Sultan to recoup their losses. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tipu fulfilled all the terms of the Treaty of Seringapatam and got his sons released.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1796, when the Hindu ruler of the Wodeyar dynasty died, Tipu declared himself as the Sultan and decided to avenge his humiliating defeat in the previous war.</li>
<li><strong>In 1798, Lord Wellesley,</strong> an imperialist to the core,<strong> succeeded Sir John Shore</strong> as the new Governor General.</li>
<li>Tipu&rsquo;s growing friendship with the French raised concerns for Wellesley. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aimed at annihilating Tipu&rsquo;s independent existence, he forced him into submission through the system of <strong>Subsidiary Alliance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was accused of plotting against the British by sending emissaries to Arabia, Afghanistan and to the Isle of France (Mauritius) and Versailles, with treasonable intent. Tipu&rsquo;s explanation did not satisfy Wellesley thus the fourth Anglo-Mysore war began.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Subsidiary Alliance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1798, <strong>Lord Wellesley introduced the Subsidiary Alliance</strong> system in India, under which the ruler of the allying Indian state was <strong>compelled to pay a subsidy</strong> for the<strong> maintenance of British army</strong> in return for <strong>getting protection from the British</strong> against their enemies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provided for the posting of a<strong> British Resident at the ruler&rsquo;s court</strong> restricting the ruler from employing any European in his service without the approval of the British.</li>
<li>Sometimes the ruler ceded part of his territory instead of paying annual subsidy.</li>
<li>The first Indian ruler to sign the <strong>Subsidiary Alliance was the Nizam of Hydera&shy;bad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Those native princes or rulers who would enter into Subsidiary Alliance were not free to declare war against any other power or enter into negotiations without the con&shy;sent of the British.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The princes who were comparatively strong and powerful were permitted to retain their armies, but their armies were placed under British generals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Subsidiary Alliance was a policy of<strong> non-interference in the internal affairs of the allied state,</strong> but this was a promise seldom kept by the British.</li>
<li>The payment of the arbitrarily-fixed and artificially-bloated subsidy invariably disrupted the economy of the state and impoverished its people.</li>
<li>On the other hand, the British could now maintain a large army at the cost of the Indian states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They controlled the defence and foreign relations of the protected ally, and had a powerful force stationed at the very heart of his lands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The war began on <strong>April 17, 1799</strong> and ended on <strong>May 4, 1799</strong> with the fall of Seringapatam. Tipu was defeated first by British General Stuart and then by General Harris.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Arthur Wellesley, the brother of Lord Wellesley, also participated in the war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Marathas and the Nizam again helped the British as the<strong> Marathas had been promised half of the territory of Tipu</strong> and the<strong> Nizam had already signed the Subsidiary Alliance.</strong></li>
<li>Tipu Sultan died in the war and all his treasures were confiscated by the British.</li>
<li>The British chose a boy from the earlier Hindu royal family of Mysore as the maharaja and also imposed the subsidiary alliance system on him.</li>
<li>It had taken the English 32 years to subjugate Mysore. The threat of French revival in the Deccan was permanently eliminated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Post War Scenario</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lord Wellesley offered <strong>Soonda and Harponelly districts of Mysore Kingdom</strong> to the <strong>Marathas,</strong> which the latter <strong>refused.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Nizam</strong> was given the districts of <strong>Gooty and Gurramkonda.</strong></li>
<li>The British took possession of Kanara, <strong>Wayanad, Coimbatore, Dwaraporam and Seringapatam.</strong></li>
<li>The new state of Mysore was handed over to the old Hindu dynasty (Wodeyars) under a minor ruler Krishnaraja III, who accepted the subsidiary alliance.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/anglo-mysore-wars'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Bringing a Law into Force',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The farmers have<strong> rejected the government&rsquo;s offer of keeping the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-agriculture-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">three contentious farm laws</a> on hold</strong> for one to one-and-a-half years. Farmers insist that the laws be repealed.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the years,<strong> Parliament has repealed several laws</strong> and there have also been precedents of the <strong>government not bringing a law into force for several years</strong> after it has been passed.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bringing/Repealing a Law:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Parliament has the power to make a law and to remove</strong> it from the statute books (a law can be struck down by the judiciary if it is unconstitutional).</li>
<li>A<strong> Bill is a draft proposal,</strong> which needs to be <strong>passed in the Lower and Upper House,</strong> and only after the <strong>President gives his assent, it becomes an Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Repeal</strong> means to<strong> revoke, abrogate or cancel particularly a statute.</strong> Any statute may repeal any Act in whole or in part, either expressly or impliedly by enacting matters contrary to and inconsistent with the prior legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>President&rsquo;s Assent:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 111 of the Constitution</strong> specifies that the <strong>President can either sign off on the Bill or withhold his consent.</strong></li>
<li><strong>A Bill is sent to Parliament for reconsideration</strong> if the President withholds his assent on it. And if Parliament sends it back to the President, he has no choice but to approve it. Thus, the <strong>President enjoys only a 'suspensive veto'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Making Law Operational:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rules &amp; Regulation: Parliament gives the government the responsibility</strong> of making rules and regulations for efficient functioning of the Act.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government not only has the power to make rules but <strong>can also suppress rules</strong> made by it earlier.</li>
<li>If the government does not make rules and regulations, <strong>a law or parts of it will not get implemented.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Benami Transactions Act of 1988</strong> is an <strong>example</strong> of a <strong>complete law remaining unimplemented</strong> in the absence of regulations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Time Period:</strong> Parliament has recommended that the government make rules <strong>within six months of passing a law.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/role-of-parliamentary-committees" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> parliamentary committee</strong> </a>has observed that this recommendation is <strong>&ldquo;being followed in breach by various ministries&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Veto Power of the President</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Three Types of Veto Power:</strong> Absolute veto, Suspensive veto and Pocket veto.</li>
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> The President has <strong>no veto power</strong> when it comes to the <strong>constitutional amendment bills.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Absolute Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> It refers to the power of the President to <strong>withhold his assent to a bill</strong> passed by the Parliament. The<strong> bill then ends and does not become an act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Generally Used in Following Two Cases:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When the bill passed by the Parliament is a<strong> Private Member Bill.</strong></li>
<li><strong>When the cabinet resigns</strong> before the President could give his assent to the bill. The new cabinet may advise the President to not give his assent to the bill passed by the old cabinet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suspensive Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President uses a suspensive veto when he <strong>returns the bill to the Indian Parliament for its reconsideration.</strong></li>
<li>If the Parliament <strong>resends the bill with or without amendment</strong> to the President, he <strong>has to approve the bill without using any of his veto powers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> The President <strong>cannot exercise his suspensive veto</strong> in relation to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-dismissed-aadhaar-review-petitions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Money Bill</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pocket Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> The<strong> bill is kept pending by the President for an indefinite period</strong> when he exercises his pocket veto.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He<strong> neither rejects the bill nor returns the bill for reconsideration.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Unlike the American President</strong> who has to<strong> resend the bill within 10 days, the Indian President has no such time-rule.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Veto over State Bills:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>governor is empowered to reserve certain types of bills passed by the state&nbsp;</strong><strong>legislature for the consideration of the President.</strong></li>
<li>The President <strong>can withhold his assent to such bills not only in the first instance but also in the second instance.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, the President <strong>enjoys absolute veto (and not suspensive veto) over state bills.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the President<strong> can exercise pocket veto</strong> in respect of state legislation also.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/when-parliament-passed-bills-but-govt-did-not-give-effect-to-those-laws-7157986/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bringing-a-law-into-force'
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$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 334
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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