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Plastic Marine Pollution

Why in News A study published in ‘Nature Communications’ has estimated the amount of microplastic pollution in the Atlantic Ocean and...

20 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Revamp of Lingaraj Temple: Odisha

Why in News The Odisha government has decided to give a facelift to the 11th century Lingaraj Temple, akin to its pre-350-year structural...

20 Aug 2020 News Analysis
National Recruitment Agency

Why in News The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister has decided to set up a National Recruitment Agency (NRA) to conduct a common...

20 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Jurisdictional Conflict in Delhi

This article is based on Jurisdictional conflict in the running of Delhi” which was published in The Hindu on 19/08/2020. It talks about the...

19 Aug 2020 News Editorials
National Cancer Registry Programme Report 2020

Why in News According to the recently released National Cancer Registry Programme Report 2020, cancer cases in India are likely to increase to 15.6...

19 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Digital Quality of Life Index 2020: SurfShark

Why in News Recently, the Digital Quality of Life (DQL) Index 2020 has been released by SurfShark, an online privacy solutions...

19 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Invisible Shield against Electromagnetic Interference

Why in News Recently, scientists from the Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bengaluru, have designed a metal mesh structure to...

19 Aug 2020 News Analysis
No Audit of PM-CARES Funds by CAG: SC

Why in News The Supreme Court said that being a public charitable trust, “there is no occasion for audit of Prime Minister’s Citizen...

19 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Jobs Data: CMIE

Why in News Recently, the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) has released data related to jobs gained or lost during the Covid-19 lockdown...

19 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Dhanwantri Rath: Ayurveda Health Services

Why in News A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between the All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA) and Delhi Police for extending...

19 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge

Why in News The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has announced ‘Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge- Innovate...

19 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Reservations Based on Place of Birth

Why in News Recently, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh has announced that the government jobs will be reserved for the “children” of...

19 Aug 2020 News Analysis
A Digital Push For Healthcare

This editorial analysis is about the “A digital push for healthcare” which was published in The Indian Express on 14/08/2020. It talks...

18 Aug 2020 News Editorials
High Temperature at Death Valley

Why in News Recently, Death Valley (USA) registered a temperature of 54.4°C which, once verified, could be the highest temperature in more than...

18 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Day 29

Science and Tech: Information and Nuclear Technology Following topics of Science and Tech. relating to Information and Nuclear Technology have...

18 Aug 2020 60 days refresher
Bhadbhut Project

Why in News Recently, the Gujarat government has awarded the contract for the Bhadbhut project in Bharuch. The Inland Waterway Authority of India...

18 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Marthoman Jacobite Syrian Cathedral Church

Why in News Recently, the Kerala government has taken control of Marthoman Jacobite Syrian Cathedral Church at Mulanthuruthy in Ernakulam district,...

18 Aug 2020 News Analysis
World Solar Technology Summit: ISA

Why in News The International Solar Alliance (ISA) will organise the First World Solar Technology Summit on 8th September, 2020 on a virtual...

18 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Green Corridor: Organ Donation

Why in News Recently, a heart was brought from Pune to Chennai with the help of a “green corridor” created for unrestricted...

18 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Ganga Rejuvenation Monitoring

Why in News Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) has observed that the pollutants are still being discharged into the river Ganga, despite...

18 Aug 2020 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Plastic Marine Pollution',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A study published in &lsquo;Nature Communications&rsquo; has estimated the <strong>amount of microplastic pollution in the Atlantic Ocean </strong>and put it at<strong> 11.6-21.1 million tonnes.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There has been an uncertainty about the magnitude of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/plastic-waste-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>plastic pollution</strong></a> in marine environments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Estimated Pollution:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Measurements of the<strong> top 200 meters</strong> of the Atlantic found 11.6 - 21.1 million tonnes of microscopic particles.</li>
<li>Scientists studied pollution of the Atlantic Ocean caused by <strong>three types of plastics - polyethylene, polypropylene, </strong>and <strong>polystyrene -</strong> which were suspended in the top 200 metres of the ocean.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These three types of plastic are <strong>most commonly used for packaging.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Based on plastic waste generation trends from 1950-2015 and considering that the Atlantic Ocean has received 0.3-0.8% of the global plastic waste for 65 years, the Atlantic waters could hold <strong>17-47 million tonnes of plastic waste.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conclusion:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Smaller plastic particles are a hazard,</strong> as it is easier for them to sink to greater ocean depths and some marine species such as zooplanktons show preferential ingestion of smaller particles, making them easier to enter the food chain.</li>
<li>Considering that plastics of other sizes and polymer types will be found in the deeper ocean and in the sediments, the study indicates that both inputs and<strong> stocks of ocean plastics are much higher than determined.</strong></li>
<li>It is thus critical to <strong>assess across all size categories and polymer groups</strong> to determine the fate and danger of plastic contamination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Plastic Pollution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issue:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Plastic is a <strong>synthetic organic polymer made from petroleum</strong> with properties ideally suited for a wide variety of applications, including packaging, building and construction, household and sports equipment, vehicles, electronics and agriculture. Plastic is<strong> cheap, lightweight, strong and malleable. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Over 300 million tons of plastic</strong> are produced every year,<strong> half of which is used to design single-use items</strong> such as shopping bags, cups and straws.</li>
<li>According to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</strong></a>, at least <strong>8 million tons of plastic end up in the oceans every year. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sources of Marine Plastic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main sources of marine plastic are<strong> land-based,</strong> from urban and storm runoff, <strong>sewer overflows,</strong> beach visitors, inadequate waste disposal and management, <strong>industrial activities,</strong> construction and illegal dumping.</li>
<li><strong>Ocean-based plastic</strong> originates mainly from the <strong>fishing industry, nautical activities and aquaculture.</strong></li>
<li>Under the influence of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ultraviolet-light-and-viruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> solar UV radiation,</strong></a> wind, currents and other natural factors, plastic fragments into small particles, termed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/microplastics-in-deep-oceans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>microplastics</strong></a> <strong>(particles smaller than 5 mm) </strong>or <strong>nanoplastics (particles smaller than 100 nm).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In addition,<strong> microbeads,</strong> a type of microplastic, are very tiny pieces of manufactured polyethylene plastic that are added as exfoliants in health and beauty products, such as cleansers and toothpastes. These tiny particles <strong>easily pass through water filtration systems and end up in the ocean</strong> and lakes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Plastic Pollution:</strong> Plastic can take hundreds to thousands of years to decompose depending on the type of plastic and where it has been dumped.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>On Marine Environment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The most visible and disturbing impacts of marine plastics are the<strong> ingestion, suffocation and entanglement of hundreds of marine species.</strong></li>
<li>Floating plastics also contribute to the <strong>spread of invasive marine organisms</strong> and bacteria, which disrupt ecosystems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On Food and Health:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Toxic contaminants accumulate on the surface of plastic materials as a result of prolonged exposure to seawater. When marine organisms ingest plastic debris, these contaminants enter their digestive systems, and overtime accumulate in the food web.</li>
<li>The <strong>transfer of contaminants between marine species and humans through consumption of seafood</strong> has been identified as a health hazard, but has not yet been adequately researched.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impacts on Climate Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Plastic, which is a petroleum product, also contributes to<strong> global warming.</strong> If plastic waste is incinerated, it releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thereby increasing carbon emissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impacts on Tourism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Plastic waste damages the aesthetic value of tourist destinations, leading to decreased tourism-related incomes and <strong>major economic costs</strong> related to the cleaning and maintenance of the sites.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Plastic Waste Crisis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Single-use plastics or disposable plastics, are commonly used for packaging. Nearly half of the plastics produced in India are single use plastics.</li>
<li>Most cities and towns have not implemented the provisions of the <strong>Plastic Waste Management Rules of 2016 or PWR.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to PWR, plastic manufacturers and retail establishments that use plastics are legally bound to collect back plastic waste. This is referred to as <strong>&lsquo;extended producers responsibility&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The rules also mandate the responsibilities of local bodies, gram panchayats, waste generators and retailers to manage waste.</li>
<li>This includes collecting and segregating recyclable plastic, non-recyclable plastic and other waste separately for processing.</li>
<li>But most cities and towns have not implemented these provisions due to the lack of a disciplined system of segregation and recycling.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India<strong> banned imports of solid plastic waste only in 2019.</strong></li>
<li>The government has set an ambitious <strong>target of eliminating single-use plastics by 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Existing international instruments should be further explored</strong> to address plastic pollution. The most important are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (or the London Convention).</strong></li>
<li><strong>The 1996 Protocol to the London Convention (the London Protocol).</strong></li>
<li><strong>The 1978 Protocol to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recycling and reuse of plastic materials</strong> are the most effective actions available to reduce the environmental impacts of open landfills and open-air burning that are often practiced to manage domestic waste.</li>
<li>Governments, research institutions and industries also need to work collaboratively <strong>redesigning products, and rethink their usage and disposal,</strong> in order to reduce microplastics waste from pellets, synthetic textiles and tyres.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Knowledge of the full extent of plastic pollution and its impacts would provide policy-makers, manufacturers and consumers with scientific evidence needed to spearhead appropriate technological, behavioural and policy solutions. It would also accelerate the conceptualisation of new technology, materials or products to replace plastics.</p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-severe-is-plastic-pollution-in-atlantic-ocean-6561382/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Revamp of Lingaraj Temple: Odisha',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Odisha government has decided to give a facelift to the 11<sup>th</sup> century Lingaraj Temple, akin to its pre-350-year structural status.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This announcement has come despite the massive financial burden on the State economy in the wake of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The efforts will be to create a <strong>spiritual and ecological ambience</strong> in and around the Lingaraj Temple.</li>
<li>The <strong>redevelopment plan of the peripheral area of the temple,</strong> known as <strong>&lsquo;Ekamravan Kshetra&rsquo;,</strong> in Bhubaneswar, has been approved.</li>
<li>Further, the government is planning a <strong>barrier-free access between the Temple and Bindusagar lake.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After the Lingaraj Temple, the Bindusagar (a sprawling pond) is the second major attraction for devotees. The pond has a religious relationship with the main temple.</li>
<li>Historical records suggest that about 350 years ago, there was nothing between the Temple and the Lake except some temples.</li>
<li><strong>Bindhyabasini, Bhabani Shankar, Shukasari and Mohini temples</strong> will be part of the redevelopment plan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is a part of the <strong>Lingaraj Temple Heritage Development Project</strong> under <strong>Ekamra plan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through Ekmara plan, it is expected that heritage redevelopment will enhance the attraction of <strong>Bhubaneswar</strong> as a tourist site and<strong> claim for a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO heritage site</a> will be stronger.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597910389_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597910389_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="412" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lingaraj Temple</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lingaraj Temple, built in <strong>11<sup>th</sup> century AD,</strong> is dedicated to<strong> Lord Shiva</strong> and is considered as the largest temple of the city<strong> Bhubaneswar.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>believed</strong> to have been <strong>built by the Somvanshi King Yayati I.</strong></li>
<li>The main tower of this temple measures <strong>180-feet in height.</strong></li>
<li>It is built in<strong> red stone</strong> and is a classic example of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalinga style of architecture</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The temple is divided into <strong>four sections</strong>―Garbh Griha (sanctum sanctorum), Yajna Shala (the hall for prayers), Bhoga Mandap (the hall of offering) and the Natya Shala (hall of dance).</li>
<li>The sprawling temple complex has <strong>one hundred and fifty subsidiary shrines.</strong></li>
<li>Lingaraj is referred to as<strong> &lsquo;Swayambhu&rdquo; &ndash;</strong> self-originated Shivling.</li>
<li>Another important aspect of the temple is that it signifies the <strong>syncretisation of Shaivism and Vaishnavism sects in Odisha.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Perhaps the rising cult of Lord Jagannath (considered an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) which coincided with the completion of the Lingaraja Temple had a role to play.</li>
<li>The presiding deity in the Temple is known as Hari-Hara; Hari denotes Lord Vishnu and Hara meaning Lord Shiva.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The temple is <strong>out of bounds for non-Hindus.</strong></li>
<li>The other attraction of the temple is the<strong> Bindusagar Lake,</strong> located in the north side of the temple.</li>
<li>On the western banks of Bindusagar, lies the <strong>garden of Ekamra Van</strong> named after the Hindu mythological texts where Bhubaneswar the capital city of Odisha was referred as Ekamra Van or a forest of a single mango tree.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Important Monuments in Odisha</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solarisation-of-konark-sun-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Konark Sun Temple</strong></a> (UNESCO World Heritage Site)</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/construction-of-rath-yatra-chariots-allowed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jagannath Temple</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tara-tarini-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tara Tarini Temple</strong></a></li>
<li>Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-to-give-facelift-to-11th-century-lingaraj-temple/article32379704.ece#:~:text=Notwithstanding%20the%20massive%20financial%20burden,%2D350%2Dyear%20structural%20status." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'National Recruitment Agency',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister has decided to set up a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-recruitment-agency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Recruitment Agency (NRA)</strong></a> to conduct a <strong>common preliminary examination</strong> for various recruitments in the central government.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NRA will conduct the <strong>Common Eligibility Test (CET)</strong> for recruitment to<strong> non-gazetted posts</strong> in government and public sector banks. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Approximately 1.25 lakh government jobs are advertised every year for which 2.5 crore aspirants appear in various examinations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This test aims to <strong>replace multiple examinations</strong> conducted by different recruiting agencies for selection to government jobs advertised each year, with a <strong>single online</strong> test.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Government also plans to provide outreach and awareness facilities to assist candidates in rural and far flung areas to familiarize them with the online examination system.</li>
<li>A 24x7 helpline will be set up for answering queries, complaints and queries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The present recruitment agencies&ndash;<strong> Staff Selection Commission (SSC), Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) and the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS)&mdash;</strong> will remain in place.</li>
<li>Based on the preliminary screening done at the CET score level, final selection for recruitment shall be made through <strong>separate specialised Tiers</strong> (II, III, etc.) of examination which shall be <strong>conducted by the respective recruitment agencies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Salient Features of CET:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Common Eligibility Test will be held<strong> twice a year.</strong></li>
<li>There will be different CETs for <strong>graduate level, 12<sup>th</sup> Pass level and 10<sup>th</sup> pass level</strong> to facilitate recruitment to vacancies at various levels.</li>
<li>The curriculum for CET would be <strong>common.</strong></li>
<li>The CET will be conducted in<strong> 12 major Indian languages.</strong> This is a major change, as hitherto examinations for recruitment to Central Government jobs were held <strong>only in English and Hindi.</strong></li>
<li>Initially, CET will cover recruitments made by three agencies : viz. SSC, RRB and IBPS at <strong>Group B and C (non -technical)</strong> posts. This will be expanded in a phased manner.</li>
<li>CET will be held in <strong>1,000 centres</strong> across India in a bid to remove the currently prevalent urban bias. There will be an examination centre in<strong> every district</strong> of the country. There will be a special thrust on creating <strong>examination infrastructure in the 117 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">aspirational districts.</a></strong></li>
<li>CET will be a first level test to shortlist candidates and the score will be <strong>valid for three years.</strong></li>
<li>There shall be <strong>no restriction on the number of attempts</strong> to be taken by a candidate to appear in the CET subject to the <strong>upper age limit.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Age relaxation for<strong> SC/ST and OBC</strong> candidates as per existing rules will apply.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About NRA:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Recruitment Agency will be a Society registered under the <strong>Societies Registration Act,1860.</strong></li>
<li>It will be headed by a <strong>Chairman</strong> of the rank of the Secretary to the Government of India. It will have<strong> representatives</strong> of the Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Finance/Department of Financial Services, the SSC, RRB &amp; IBPS.</li>
<li>The Government has sanctioned a sum of Rs. 1517.57 crore for the National Recruitment Agency (NRA).</li>
<li>The expenditure will be undertaken over a <strong>period of three years.</strong></li>
<li>It is envisioned that the NRA would be a specialist body bringing the state-of-the-art technology and best practices to the field of Central Government recruitment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At present, candidates seeking government jobs have to appear for separate examinations conducted by <strong>multiple recruiting agencies</strong> for various posts.</li>
<li>Candidates have to <strong>pay fees</strong> to multiple recruiting agencies and also have to travel long distances for appearing in various exams.</li>
<li><strong>Women candidates</strong> especially from rural areas<strong> face constraints</strong> in appearing in multiple examinations as they have to arrange for transportation and places to stay in places that are far away.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages for Students:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Removes the <strong>hassle</strong> of appearing in multiple examinations.</li>
<li>Single examination fee would <strong>reduce the financial burden</strong> that multiple exams imposed.</li>
<li>Since exams will be held in every district, it would substantially <strong>save travel and lodging cost</strong> for the candidates. Examination in their own district would encourage more and <strong>more women candidates</strong> also to apply for government jobs.</li>
<li>Applicants are required to register on a <strong>single Registration portal.</strong></li>
<li>It will also prevent the issue of <strong>clashing examination dates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages for Institutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Removes the <strong>hassle of conducting preliminary/screening tests</strong> of candidates.</li>
<li>Drastically <strong>reduces the time of recruitment cycle.</strong></li>
<li>Brings <strong>standardization</strong> in examination pattern.</li>
<li><strong>Reduces costs</strong> for different recruiting agencies. <strong>Rs 600 crore savings</strong> expected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Staff Selection Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Staff Selection Commission is an <strong>attached office of the Department of Personnel and Training</strong> under the<strong> Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.</strong></li>
<li>The Government of India, in the Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms, vide its resolution dated the 4<sup>th</sup> November 1975 constituted a Commission called the Subordinate Services Commission. The same was re-designated as Staff Selection Commission effective from 26<sup>th</sup> September 1977.</li>
<li>It makes recruitment to various <strong>Group &ldquo;B&rdquo; and Group &ldquo;C&rdquo; posts</strong> in the various Ministries/Departments of the Government of India and in Subordinate Offices.</li>
<li>It has its headquarters in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Institute of Banking Personnel Selection</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IBPS is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> formed in 1984.</li>
<li>It is registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and also a Public Trust under the Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950.</li>
<li>It was created to render <strong>assistance to organisations in the areas of personnel such as recruitment, selection, placement, etc.</strong></li>
<li>It has its headquarters in <strong>Mumbai, Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/national-recruitment-agency-nra-government-jobs-6561491/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></strong></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-recruitment-agency-1'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Jurisdictional Conflict in Delhi',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/jurisdictional-conflict-in-the-running-of-delhi/article32378854.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jurisdictional conflict in the running of Delhi&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 19/08/2020. It talks about the never-ending power tussle between the Lieutenant Governor and state government of Delhi</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Delhi government has appointed the public prosecutors for conducting the Delhi riot cases in the High Court. However, the Lieutenant Governor (LG) has stalled this decision, by referring it to the President under proviso to Article 239AA(4).</p>
<p>Delhi Government has held that the appointment of prosecutors to the Supreme Court and High Court, is exclusively within the purview of the State government. On the other hand, LG appointed all the prosecutors whose names were submitted by the Delhi Police (under the control of Ministry of Home Affairs) and thus the State government&rsquo;s list was rejected.</p>
<p>This development has reignited the LG vs Delhi Government&rsquo;s jurisdiction debate that the Supreme Court sought to address in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-judgement-on-delhi-centre-tussle" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NCT of Delhi vs. Union of India (2018).</strong></a></p>
<h3>Legal Controversy Between LG &amp; Delhi Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to the co-existence of Article 239 and 239AA, there is a jurisdictional conflict between the government of NCT and the Union Government and its representative, the Lieutenant Governor.</li>
<li>According to the Union government, New Delhi being a Union Territory Article 239 empowers the Lieutenant Governor to act independently of his Council of Ministers.</li>
<li>However, the state government of Delhi held that the Article 239AA of the Constitution bestows special status to Delhi of having its own legislatively elected government.</li>
<li>This creates a tussle around the administrative powers of the LG and state government of NCT of Delhi.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the 2018 Judgement</h3>
<p><strong>Status of Delhi under the Constitution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Administration of Union Territory under Article 239(1) is different from Article 239AA which provides for an elected Legislature.</li>
<li>The court held that Parliament can legislate for Delhi on any matter in the State List and the Concurrent List but the executive power in relation to Delhi except the &lsquo;Police&rsquo;, &lsquo;Land&rsquo; and &lsquo;Public Orders&rsquo; vests only in the state government headed by the Chief Minister.</li>
<li>It also held that the executive power of the Union does not extend to any of the matters which come within the jurisdiction of the Delhi Assembly.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>LG to act on 'aid and advice' of the Council of Ministers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court held that for establishing a democratic and representative form of government for NCT of Delhi, Government of Delhi that enjoys the confidence of the people of Delhi should have the functional autonomy to legislate for the NCT of Delhi.</li>
<li>Hence, through the judgement, the Supreme Court has settled the law in regard to the &lsquo;aid and advice&rsquo; of the Council of Ministers by affirming that the LG is bound to act on the aid and advice except in respect of &lsquo;Land&rsquo;, &lsquo;Public Order&rsquo; and the &lsquo;Police&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>LG cannot refer 'every' matter to the President</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 239AA (4) says that in the case of a difference of opinion between the LG and his Ministers on<strong> any matter,</strong> the LG shall refer it to the President for final decision and act according to it.</li>
<li>However, the court inferred that the words &lsquo;any matter&rsquo; employed in the proviso to Article 239AA (4) cannot be inferred to mean &lsquo;every matter&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The power of the Lieutenant Governor under the said proviso represents the exception and not the general rule which has to be exercised in exceptional circumstances by the LG.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Limited References to be made to the President</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LG does not to refer to the President normal administrative matters as that would disturb the concept of Constitutional governance, principles of collaborative federalism and the standards of Constitutional morality.</li>
<li>The Court also held that the President is the highest Constitutional authority and his decision should be sought only on constitutionally important issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Unresolved Areas in the Judgement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Overlapping Areas:</strong> Though the court has settled that LG is bound to act on the aid and advice except in respect of &lsquo;Land&rsquo;, &lsquo;Public Order&rsquo; and the &lsquo;Police&rsquo;. However, Public Order is a very wide connotation, which subsequently leads to overlapping executive powers.</li>
<li><strong>Still No Clarity on Article 239AA (4):</strong> The court did not very clearly delineate the issues in respect of which the LG can refer a decision taken by the Council of Ministers to the President in the event of a difference of opinion between the LG and the State government.</li>
<li><strong>Open-Ended Terminologies:</strong> In the event of referring any matter to the President, the Court enunciated that LG must adhere to the constitutional principles of <strong>collaborative federalism, constitutional balance and the concept of constitutional governance.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, these terms are very wide and open-ended and subject to different interpretations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Harmonious Functioning:</strong> Constitutional scheme adopted for the NCT of Delhi conceives of the Council of Ministers as the representatives of the people on the one hand and the LG as the nominee of the President on the other.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For the sake of adhering to the principle of representative democracy and cooperative federalism, it is required that both the constitutional offices should function in harmony within the Constitutional parameters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incorporating the Washington DC Model:</strong> Indian Government can emulate the model of administrative sharing of power between the Federal Government of US and state of Washington.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under that scheme, only the strategic areas and buildings are under the effective control of the federal government and the rest of the areas are under jurisdiction of Washington state.</li>
<li>Given this, the institution of strategic importance like Parliament, Supreme Court etc. can remain under the jurisdiction of Union Government and areas other than these can be given statehood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court in NCT of Delhi vs. Union of India (2018) case did well in resolving the legal controversy between the LG and Delhi Government. However, the present controversy shows there are still many areas to be resolved. Thus, the Supreme court must leverage the present controversy to resolve this jurisdictional conflict for good.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; background-color: #edfcff; border-color: #ff0000;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The tussle between the LG and Delhi government can only be solved by showing true statesmanship by both the offices. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1CK_eKoulPU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/historic-ratification-the-hindu-editorial-on-universal-ratification-of-a-labour-standard/article32347515.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Historic ratification: On universal ratification of a labour standard&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on August 14<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/jurisdictional-conflict-in-delhi'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'National Cancer Registry Programme Report 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the recently released <strong>National Cancer Registry Programme Report 2020, cancer cases in India are likely to increase</strong> to 15.6 lakhs by 2025, a 12% increase from the current estimated cases.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report has been released by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icmr-recommends-use-of-hydroxy-chloroquine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Medical Research</strong> </a>(ICMR) and the <strong>National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research</strong> (NCDIR), Bengaluru.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of Cases:</strong> The number of cases are likely to touch 15.6 lakhs by 2025 from the current 13.9 lakhs in 2020.</li>
<li><strong>Major Cause: Tobacco-related cancers</strong> are estimated to contribute<strong> 27.1% of the total cancer burden.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Regional Distribution:</strong> Cancers related to use of any form of tobacco were <strong>highest in the northeastern region</strong> of the country and in <strong>higher proportions in men.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Gender Prevalence:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Among <strong>women, breast cancers</strong> are estimated to contribute 14.8% and <strong>cervical cancer</strong> (tumour of the cervix, the lowermost part of the uterus) are estimated to contribute 5.4%.</li>
<li>For <strong>both men and women, cancers of the gastrointestinal tract</strong> are estimated to contribute 19.7% of the total cancer burden.</li>
<li>Cancers of the<strong> lung, mouth, stomach and oesophagus</strong> (the muscular tube that runs from the throat to the stomach) are the most common cancers among men.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Detection and Spread:</strong> <strong>Cancers of the lung</strong> were diagnosed at a <strong>stage of spread to distant sites,</strong> while <strong>cancers of head and neck, stomach, breast and cervix</strong> were in <strong>higher proportions with a locoregional</strong> (restricted to a localized region of the body) <strong>spread.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Cancer Incidence Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For the <strong>male population,</strong> it ranges from 269.4 (Aizawl, Mizoram) to 39.5 (Osmanabad and Beed, Maharashtra) per 1,00,000 population.</li>
<li>For the <strong>female population,</strong> it ranges from 219.8 (Papumpare, Arunachal Pradesh) to 49.4 (Osmanabad and Beed, Maharashtra) per 1,00,000 population.</li>
<li>A significant <strong>increase in the incidence rates of breast cancers in women</strong> and <strong>lung and head and neck cancers in both men and women</strong> was observed.</li>
<li>A <strong>declining trend</strong> was seen in most of the registries for <strong>cancer of the cervix.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cancer</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cancer is a generic term for a <strong>large group of diseases characterized by the growth of abnormal cells beyond their usual boundaries</strong> that can then invade adjoining parts of the body and/or spread to other organs.</li>
<li>Other common terms used for cancer are <strong>malignant tumors and neoplasms.</strong></li>
<li>Cancer is one of the <strong>leading causes of death globally.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-cancer-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Cancer Day</strong></a> is organized by the<strong> Union for International Cancer Control</strong> (UICC) and celebrated each year on<strong> 4<sup>th</sup> February.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>2020 theme: &lsquo;I Am and I Will&rsquo;,</strong> which acknowledges that everyone has the capacity to address the cancer burden.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Council of Medical Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion</strong> of biomedical research.</li>
<li><strong>Mandate:</strong> To conduct, coordinate and implement medical research for the benefit of the society, translating medical innovations into products/processes and introducing them into the public health system.</li>
<li>It is <strong>funded by the Government of India</strong> through the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one of its kind of unique institution which <strong>utilizes information science for health research</strong> as its integral component.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To <strong>sustain and develop a national research data-base</strong> on cancer, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-diabetes-day-2019#:~:text=Diabetes%20is%20a%20Non%2DCommunicable,use%20the%20insulin%20it%20produces." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>diabetes</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-mortality-from-cardio-vascular-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cardiovascular disease</strong></a> (CVD) and stroke through recent advances in electronic information technology with a national collaborative network.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/report-predicts-12-rise-in-indias-cancer-burden/article32386880.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-cancer-registry-programme-report-2020'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Digital Quality of Life Index 2020: SurfShark',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Digital Quality of Life (DQL) Index 2020</strong> has been released by <strong>SurfShark,</strong> an online privacy solutions provider.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to it,<strong> India ranks among the lowest</strong> in the world in terms of Internet quality.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> It is <strong>global research on the quality of digital wellbeing in 85 countries</strong> (81% of the global population).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597831230_image2.PNG" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597831230_image2.PNG" style="float: right;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li><strong>Parameters:</strong> The study indexes the countries by looking at<strong> five fundamental pillars</strong> that define the digital quality of life namely,<strong> internet affordability, internet quality, electronic infrastructure, electronic security and electronic government.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Underpinning these pillars are 12 indicators that are interrelated and work together to provide a measure of the overall digital quality of life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>GDP and DQL:</strong> Although<strong> GDP per capita has a strong correlation with the DQL,</strong> there are countries that have a better digital quality of life with a lower GDP per capita than expected.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>13 countries</strong> (Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Greece, etc.) <strong>exceed the expected digital quality of life by outperforming others</strong> in providing higher levels of e-security and more affordable internet connectivity.</li>
<li><strong>Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia</strong> with relatively high GDP per capita are <strong>underperforming</strong> in providing better digital wellbeing for their citizens due to low levels of internet quality and e-security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Affordability:</strong> The <strong>affordability of the internet plays a major role in ensuring accessibility</strong> but has a notably <strong>lower correlation with the DQL</strong> than the other pillars.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, the internet is less affordable in some Southern or Eastern European countries but people there still enjoy higher than the average digital quality of life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Internet Infrastructure:</strong> The<strong> stability of the internet infrastructure</strong> has become of crucial importance during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong> </a>when video conferences replaced live meetings. Consequently, it impacted the quality of people&rsquo;s digital lives.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the first month of the lockdowns, 49 of 85 countries experienced deteriorated speeds of mobile internet and 44 countries experienced deteriorated speeds of broadband connection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Rankings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>7 out of 10 countries with the highest DQL are in Europe,</strong> with <strong>Denmark leading</strong> among 85 countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Scandinavian countries excel</strong> in offering high-quality digital wellbeing to their citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Canada leads in American continents, Japan in Asia, South Africa in Africa and News Zealand in Oceania.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Rankings:</strong> India stands at the<strong> overall rank of 57</strong> out of the 85 countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Internet Affordability: 9<sup>th</sup> place</strong> and outperforms countries like the UK, the USA and China.</li>
<li><strong>Internet Quality: 78<sup>th</sup> place</strong> and is almost at the bottom of the pillar.</li>
<li><strong>E-infrastructure: 79<sup>th</sup> place</strong> and below countries like Guatemala and Sri Lanka.</li>
<li><strong>Electronic Security: 57<sup>th</sup> position.</strong></li>
<li><strong>E-government: 15<sup>th</sup> place</strong> and just below countries like New Zealand and Italy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Initiatives Related to Internet</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-india-atmanirbhar-bharat-innovate-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India Programme</strong></a>: It is an umbrella program to prepare India for a knowledge-based transformation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>e-Kranti:</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National e-Governance Plan 2.0</strong></a> which is an essential pillar of the Digital India initiative.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digilocker" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digilockers:</strong> </a>It enables Indian citizens to store certain official documents on the cloud.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhim-2-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BHIM App:</strong> </a>To enable digital payments.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/conference-on-digital-cashless-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan:</strong></a> To make citizens digitally literate.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Net programme:</strong> </a>To provide an optical fibre network in all gram panchayats.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-ranks-among-lowest-in-terms-of-internet-quality/article32385913.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-quality-of-life-index-2020-surfshark'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Invisible Shield against Electromagnetic Interference',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, scientists from the <strong>Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS),</strong> Bengaluru, have <strong>designed a metal mesh structure</strong> to construct an <strong>invisible shield</strong> against<strong> Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CeNS is an autonomous institute under the Department of Science &amp; Technology, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Electromagnetic Interference</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>EMI is an <strong>electromagnetic emission</strong> that <strong>causes a disturbance</strong> in another piece of electrical equipment. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any device that has an electronic circuit can be susceptible to EMI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>compromises the performance</strong> of electrical equipment by obstructing and degrading data, sometimes even losing data completely.</li>
<li>EMI can be<strong> attributed to a wide span of the electromagnetic spectrum</strong> including radio and microwave frequencies.</li>
<li>In 1933, the <strong>International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR)</strong> was created to address emerging concerns over EMI.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Metal Mesh Structure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scientists have developed a <strong>copper metal mesh on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet,</strong> instead of continuous film, which exhibits a <strong>visible transmittance</strong> of about 85%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Transmittance</strong> describes how much light passes through a sample. In other words, it is light that is not absorbed, scattered, or reflected. It is usually measured in percentage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>metal mesh networks on the substrate are more transparent than continuous film </strong>because it covers only 7% area of the substrate, unlike 100% coverage of continuous film.</li>
<li>Metal mesh provides <strong>better electromagnetic shielding</strong> compared to the same thickness of continuous metal film where transparency can be compromised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main purpose of the EMI shield is to <strong>isolate a device's energy</strong> so it doesn't affect anything else and <strong>blocks external energy</strong> from getting in. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Without shielding, electronics wouldn't function as designed or may even stop working altogether.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This &lsquo;invisible&rsquo; shield can be<strong> used in various military stealth applications</strong> and can cover electromagnetic wave emitter or absorber devices without compromising aesthetics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Besides the physical shape, reducing the electromagnetic signature, which includes radar waves and radio signals, is an important element for enhancing the stealth capability of a weapon platform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1646583" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invisible-shield-against-electromagnetic-interference'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'No Audit of PM-CARES Funds by CAG: SC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court said that <strong>being a public charitable trust,</strong> &ldquo;there is no occasion for audit of Prime Minister&rsquo;s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-cares-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM-CARES Fund</strong></a>) by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comptroller &amp; Auditor General (CAG) of India</strong></a>&rdquo;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It also refused to order transfer of funds from the PM CARES Fund to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-disaster-response-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No Audit by CAG:</strong> The Court ruled that while NDRF is to be audited by the CAG of India according to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Disaster Management Act, 2005</strong></a>, a public charitable trust like PM-CARES Fund need not be.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Fund will, however, be <strong>audited by an independent auditor.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No Transfer of Funds of PM-CARES to NDRF:</strong> The Court ruled &rdquo;The PM CARES Fund is a charitable trust registered under the <strong>Registration Act, 1908.</strong> The trust does not receive any Budgetary support or any Government money.&rdquo;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NDRF, formed under <strong>Section 46</strong> of the DM Act of 2005, were provided for by Central and State Budgets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individuals Can Contribute to NDRF:</strong> The court held that there is &ldquo;no statutory prohibition on individuals to make voluntary contributions to NDRF&rdquo; under <strong>Section 46(1)(b)</strong> of the DM Act.</li>
<li><strong>No New National Plan:</strong> The Court also also rejected the request for a direction to the government to put in place a new <strong>National Disaster Management Plan</strong> under the DM Act, to deal with Covid-19 situation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bench said &ldquo;all aspects of epidemics, all measures to contain an epidemic, preparedness, response, mitigation have been elaborately dealt in the<strong> National Disaster Management Plan, 2019.&rdquo;</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No intervention in Minimum Standards of Relief:</strong> The court also declined to intervene with the &ldquo;minimum standards of relief&rdquo; and the necessary guidelines issued by the government under<strong> Section 12</strong> of the DM Act.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The provision holds that the<strong> National Authority shall recommend guidelines for the minimum standards of relief to be provided to persons affected by disaster,</strong> which shall include the minimum requirements to be provided in the relief camps in relation to shelter, food, drinking water, medical cover and sanitation; special provisions to be made for widows and orphans; ex gratia assistance on account of loss of life as also assistance on account of damage to houses and for restoration of means of livelihood, among other things.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government authorities<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invocation-of-disaster-management-act-2005-to-deal-with-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> invoked their respective powers</strong> </a>under<strong> the Disaster Management (DM) Act, 2005</strong> to deal with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 outbreak</strong></a> in the country.</li>
<li>The PM-CARES Fund was created to <strong>deal with any kind of emergency or distress situation like posed by the Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></li>
<li>The Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office (PMO) said that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-cares-not-under-rti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM-CARES Fund is not a public authority</strong></a> under the ambit of the Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005.</li>
<li>It also <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rti-on-pm-cares-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>denied information on the number of applications and appeals</strong></a> related to PM-CARES and the Prime Minister&rsquo;s National Relief Fund, raising concerns on its <strong>transparency</strong> and<strong> accountability.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, the Fund&rsquo;s website gave information that it collected more than ₹3,076 crore in the first five days after it was set up which also includes foreign donations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Fund&rsquo;s website says that ₹3,100 crore have been sanctioned from the PM-CARES Fund to be spent on ventilators, migrant worker welfare and vaccine development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It provides a framework and direction to the government agencies for all phases of the disaster management cycle.</li>
<li>The primary aim of the plan is to make India disaster resilient and drastically lessen the damage caused during and in the aftermath of disasters, natural and man-made.</li>
<li>The National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) was first released in 2016.The plan was updated in 2016, 2018 and 2019.</li>
<li>The <strong>NDMP 2019 incorporates Prime Minister's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-conference-on-coastal-disaster-risk-reduction-and-resilience" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ten point agenda for Disaster Risk Reduction.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-cares-contribution-need-not-be-credited-to-ndrf-supreme-court/article32381595.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source :TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-audit-of-pm-cares-funds-by-cag-sc'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Jobs Data: CMIE',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)</strong> has released data related to jobs gained or lost during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 lockdown</strong></a> period (April-July 2020).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CMIE is a leading <strong>business information company.</strong> It was established in 1976, primarily as an independent think tank.</li>
<li>CMIE produces <strong>economic and business databases</strong> and develops specialised analytical tools to deliver these to its customers for decision making and for research. It<strong> analyses the data to decipher trends in the economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Salaried Jobs:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They suffered a <strong>total loss estimated to be 18.9 million</strong> during April-July 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>17.7 million salaried jobs were lost in April. After gaining 3.9 million jobs in June, 5 million jobs were again lost in July.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They <strong>offer better terms of employment</strong> and better wages, and have a<strong> higher share in urban parts</strong> of the country than rural parts.</li>
<li>They are<strong> more resilient to economic shocks</strong> and not lost easily, however, once lost they are far more difficult to retrieve.</li>
<li>Only 21% of all employment in India is in the form of a salaried employment.</li>
<li>Loss of urban salaried jobs is likely to have a particular <strong>debilitating impact on the economy,</strong> besides causing<strong> immediate hardship to middle-class households.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since the lockdown was announced, several companies across sectors have taken to job cuts, along with salary reductions and leave without pay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Informal and Non-Salaried Jobs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This category of job has <strong>shown improvement</strong> during the April-July 2020 increasing to 325.6 million in July 2020 from 317.6 million in 2019, an increase of 2.5%. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is because of the<strong> opening of the country in a phased manner.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This category of employment <strong>accounted for about 32% of the total employment but it suffered 75%</strong> of the hit in April 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Out of total 121.5 million jobs lost in April 2020, 91.2 million of the jobs were lost from this category.</li>
<li>Small traders, hawkers and daily wage labourers were the worst hit by the lockdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Farm Jobs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The jobs lost in the non-farm sectors have resulted in <strong>people moving towards farm employment.</strong> The farm sector gained 14.9 million jobs in the April-July 2020 period.</li>
<li>In 2019, 42.39% of the workforce in India was employed in agriculture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597825839_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597825839_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="631" height="378" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/lockdown-takes-toll-on-18-9-mn-salaried-jobs-informal-sector-shows-silver-lining-6560451/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jobs-data-cmie'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Dhanwantri Rath: Ayurveda Health Services',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between the<strong> All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA)</strong> and <strong>Delhi Police</strong> for extending the<strong> Ayurveda Preventive and Promotive health services</strong> in the residential colonies of <strong>Delhi Police.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These services are to be provided through a <strong>mobile unit named &lsquo;Dhanwantari Rath&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>Police Wellness Centres</strong> and are to be catered by AIIA, supported by the Ministry of AYUSH.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dhanwantari Rath and Police Wellness Centres would be <strong>outreach OPD (OutPatient Department) services of AIIA</strong> and aim to benefit the Families of Delhi Police through Ayurveda preventive health care services.</li>
<li><strong>Dhanwantari Rath &ndash;</strong> a mobile unit of Ayurveda health care services would consist of a team of Doctors who would be visiting Delhi Police colonies regularly. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Ayurveda health care services are <strong>expected to reduce the incidence/prevalence of various diseases</strong> and also<strong> reduce the number of referrals to hospitals</strong> thereby <strong>reducing cost to the healthcare system</strong> as well<strong> as patients.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier,<strong> AYURAKSHA, a joint venture of AIIA and Delhi Police</strong> aimed for <strong>maintaining the health of frontline Covid warriors like Delhi police personnel</strong> through Ayurveda immunity boosting measures was launched. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the latest MoU, Ayurveda Preventive and Promotive health care will be extended to the families of Delhi Police personnel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ayurveda</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is made up of two words-<strong> Ayuh</strong> and<strong> Veda.</strong> Ayuh means life and Veda means knowledge or science. Thus &lsquo;Ayurveda&rsquo; in totality means &lsquo;Science of life&rsquo;.</li>
<li>It incorporates all aspects of life whether physical, psychological, spiritual or social.</li>
<li>It is considered as <strong>one of the ancient health care systems.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Atharva-veda</strong> mainly deals with extensive Ayurvedic information. That is why Ayurveda is said to be the offshoot of Atharva-Veda.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Ministry of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy)</a></strong> was formed in 2014 to ensure the optimal development and propagation of AYUSH systems of health care.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>All India Institute of Ayurveda</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>autonomous organisation under the Ministry of AYUSH.</strong></li>
<li>It has been conceived as an <strong>apex institute for Ayurveda.</strong></li>
<li>It aims at<strong> bringing a synergy between traditional wisdom of Ayurveda and modern tools and technology.</strong></li>
<li>The institute offers postgraduate and doctoral courses in various disciplines of Ayurveda and focuses on fundamental research of Ayurveda, drug development, standardization, quality control, safety evaluation and scientific validation of Ayurvedic medicine.</li>
<li>It is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1646768" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dhanwantri-rath-ayurveda-health-services'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)</strong> has announced <strong>&lsquo;Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge- Innovate Solutions for #Aatmanirbhar Bharat&rsquo;</strong> to provide further impetus to the <strong>Start-up ecosystem, innovation and research</strong> in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MeitY has taken various initiatives and measures to improve innovation-led ecosystem with a <strong>Technology Incubation and Development of Entrepreneurs (TIDE) scheme, Centre of Excellences in IoT/<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/daily-updates-news-editorials-the-challenges-for-fintech-adoption-in-India" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FinTech</a> space,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge- Innovate Solutions for #Aatmanirbhar Bharat&rsquo;</strong> seeks to invite <strong>innovators, startups and students to use microprocessors,</strong> developed by IIT Madras and C-DAC, to <strong>generate various technology products.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>IIT Madras</strong> and<strong> Center for Development of Advance Computing (C-DAC)</strong> have developed two microprocessors named <strong>SHAKTI (32 bit)</strong> and<strong> VEGA (64 bit)</strong> respectively using<strong> Open Source Architecture</strong> under the aegis of <strong>Microprocessor Development Programme</strong> of MeitY.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Challenge demands contestants to not only<strong> tinker with the Swadeshi Processor IPs</strong> and facilitate them with<strong> innovating the economical solutions for societal needs</strong> but also make available the entire <strong>home-grown ecosystem around Swadeshi Processors</strong> to develop the complex designs for catering to both global and domestic requirements in near future.</li>
<li>The Challenge spread over <strong>10 months,</strong> kick-started with the<strong> registration process through MyGov Portal</strong> on <strong>18<sup>th</sup> August 2020</strong> and will culminate in June 2021</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Aatmanibhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, there is a<strong> growing need for Swadeshi Compute Hardware,</strong> that shall be part of every smart device deployed in different domains, including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electronics-manufacturing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>electronics</strong></a> for public utility services such as surveillance, transportation, environmental condition monitoring, to commodity appliances like smart fans/ locks/ washing machines.</li>
<li>In addition, with <strong>growing penetration of smart electronics in strategic areas including space, defence and nuclear energy,</strong> the need for Swadeshi Compute Hardware is crucial.</li>
<li>The<strong> dependence on external vendors,</strong> quick enhancements to suit the ever-growing requirements, and most-importantly<strong> security,</strong> further drives self-reliance in the hardware domain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Microprocessor Development Program</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was approved in <strong>August 2017</strong> with <strong>Rs. 289.21</strong> crore earmarked for the programme over four years.</li>
<li><strong>C-DAC, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras</strong> and<strong> IIT Bombay</strong> were roped in for implementation of the project.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>C-DAC is the premier R&amp;D organisation of the MeitY</strong> for carrying out R&amp;D in IT, Electronics and associated areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>development of an indigenous microprocessor is necessary</strong> to meet domestic needs and shield the country from potential future embargoes on transfer of critical technology.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A microprocessor is an <strong>Integrated Circuit (IC)</strong> that contains a few millions of transistors (semiconductor-based electronic devices) fused on a semiconductor chip. It is just a few millimetres in dimension and is used in almost every electronic device&mdash;from the microwave and washing machine in homes to advanced supercomputers of a space station.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The MDP was expected to lead to a <strong>reduction in overall cost of production, maintenance and upgradation of electronic products and systems</strong> in India, and cut foreign exchange outgo.</li>
<li>Under the program, not only industry-grade microprocessors have been designed from the scratch but also the &lsquo;compute ecosystem&rsquo; around them has been evolved as a step towards meeting India's future requirements.<strong> SHAKTI</strong> and <strong>VEGA</strong> are two microprocessors developed under the programme.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Open Source Architecture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Open-source architecture is a concept that combines the advances in design and technologies with the practices and ideas from open-source projects to help reframe an architectural design as a collective and collaborative endeavor.</li>
<li>Some of its<strong> features</strong> are as follow:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The solutions provided are not restrictive. Future modifications or add-ons to the architecture are possible for the best interest of the end user.</li>
<li>It helps in the integration of the widest range of technologies and components.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> proprietary design or technique</strong> is one that is owned by a company. It also implies that the company has not divulged specifications that would allow other companies to duplicate the product.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>MyGov</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MyGov platform was launched in <strong>2014</strong> by the Prime Minister of India.</li>
<li>It is a unique first of its kind <strong>participatory governance initiative</strong> involving the common citizen at large.</li>
<li>The idea of MyGov brings the government closer to the common man by the use of an online platform creating an interface for healthy exchange of ideas and views involving the common citizen and experts with the ultimate goal to contribute to the social and economic transformation of India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1646676" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swadeshi-microprocessor-challenge'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Reservations Based on Place of Birth',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh has announced that the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government jobs will be reserved</strong> </a>for the &ldquo;children&rdquo; of the state and legal provisions will be made for the same.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Arguments Against Providing Reservation Based on Place of Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 16</strong> in the Constitution of India refers to equality of opportunity in government jobs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 16(1)</strong> provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to 'employment or appointment' to any office under the State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(2)</strong> provides that there cannot be any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Reservation on the basis of domicile and residence would mean <strong>discrimination</strong> as even a minimal departure creates an irrational class depriving a meritorious candidate of his fundamental rights.</li>
<li>This kind of parochialism encourages <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/regionalism-in-india-upsc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>regionalism</strong></a> and<strong> threatens the unity of the nation. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments in Favour of Providing Reservation Based on Place of Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 16(3), allows for making provisions in government appointments with respect to residence</strong> (not place of birth).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Parliament (and not the legislature of a state)</strong> can prescribe residence within a state or union territory as a condition for certain employments or appointments in that state or union territory, or local authority or other authority within that state or union territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some states have been using the loopholes in the laws to reserve government jobs for locals. They have used <strong>other criteria like language tests or proof of having resided/studied in the state for a certain period of time.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In Maharashtra, only those living in the state for over 15 years with fluency in Marathi are eligible.</li>
<li>In Jammu and Kashmir, government jobs are reserved for &ldquo;domiciles&rdquo;</li>
<li>In West Bengal, reading and writing skills in Bengali is a criterion in recruitment to some posts.</li>
<li>Last year, the Govt of Karnataka issued a notification mandating private employers to give &ldquo;priority&rdquo; to Kannadigas for clerical and factory jobs in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is argued that giving preferential treatment to the residents of a state will help in <strong>rightful allocation of the resources of the state</strong> and would encourage people to work within the boundaries of their state.</li>
<li>This is also seen as a way to <strong>stop <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2011-census-data-on-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener">migration</a> of people</strong> from backward states to metropolitans, thereby reducing the burden on such cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Distinction between domicile status and place of birth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the SC ruling in DP Joshi vs Madhya Bharat case,1955, <strong>Domicile or status of residence is a fluid concept</strong> that can change from time to time,<strong> unlike place of birth,</strong> which is fixed.</li>
<li>Domicile of a person means his <strong>permanent home.</strong></li>
<li>The place of birth is one of several grounds on which domicile status is conferred.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SC Judgments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>2019, the Allahabad High Court</strong> struck down a recruitment notification issued by the Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Service Selection Commission, which prescribed preference for women who were &ldquo;original residents&rdquo; of the state.</li>
<li>In the <strong>Kailash Chand Sharma vs State Of Rajasthan case, 2002,</strong> the Supreme Court ruled that residence, be it within a state, district or any other area, cannot be a basis for preferential reservation or treatment.</li>
<li>While the Constitution specifically prohibits discrimination based on place of birth, the Supreme Court, in <strong>DP Joshi vs Madhya Bharat case, 1955</strong> has held domicile reservation, especially in educational institutions, as constitutional.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move to give reservation to the candidates born in the state itself runs <strong>against the spirit of constitutional equality and fraternity.</strong> It is more likely that such politically motivated steps would be overturned by the judiciary as has been done several times in the past.</li>
<li>Also, the government is not an employment guaranteeing agency rather an authority which should create an environment through its policies which minimizes inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/courts-have-earlier-struck-down-job-quota-based-on-place-of-birth-6560463/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservations-based-on-place-of-birth'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'A Digital Push For Healthcare',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial analysis is about the<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-health-sector-data-ecosystem-niti-aayog-national-health-stack-bluebook-6553690/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;A digital push for healthcare&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 14/08/2020. It talks about the need for digitisation of healthcare and challenges that lie ahead.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, many digital initiatives have been launched in India such as the National Digital Health Blueprint, National Health Stack (NHS), etc. These initiatives are aimed at re-imagining India&rsquo;s health data ecosystem.</p>
<p>The basic idea is that instead of ferrying medical records in polythene bags from doctor to doctor, Indian should be able to access their lab reports, x-rays and prescriptions irrespective of where they were generated, and share them with doctors or family members with consent.</p>
<p>Indeed these initiatives have intended benefits but there are many challenges in their implementation.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Health Stack (NHS)</strong></p>
<p>NHS is digital infrastructure built with the aim of making the health insurance system more transparent and robust, while factoring in the uniqueness of India&rsquo;s health sector, and the political realities of federalism. There are<strong> five components </strong>of NHS:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An <strong>electronic national health registry</strong> that would serve as a single source of health data for the nation;</li>
<li><strong>A coverage and claims platform</strong> that would serve as the building blocks for large health protection schemes, allow for the horizontal and vertical expansion of schemes like Ayushman Bharat by states, and enable a robust system of fraud detection;</li>
<li><strong>A federated personal health records</strong> (PHR) framework that would serve the twin purposes of access to their own health data by patients, and the availability of health data for medical research, which is critical for advancing the understanding of human health;</li>
<li><strong>A national health analytics platform</strong> that would provide a holistic view combining information on multiple health initiatives, and feed into smart policymaking, for instance, through improved predictive analytics; and</li>
<li>Other horizontal components including <strong>a unique digital health ID, health data dictionaries and supply chain management for drugs, payment gateways, etc.,</strong> shared across all health programmes.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597756815_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597756815_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Digital Health Blueprint (NDHB)</strong></p>
<p>This National Digital Health Blueprint is<strong> an extension of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Health Policy of 2017</a></strong> (NHP 2017) that was formulated to provide universal healthcare to all citizens of India based on digital technologies for achieving higher efficiency and effectiveness.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NDHB is the<strong> architectural document for the implementation of the National Health Stack.</strong></li>
<li>The NDHB identifies the necessity to establish a specific organisation, called the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) that can facilitate the implementation of the blueprint, to support and simplify the development of a national digital health ecosystem.</li>
<li>The <strong>key features of this blueprint include a unified architecture, a set of architectural elements, a five-layered structure of architectural institutional blocks, a Unique Health ID (UHID), privacy and consent control, national portability, electronic health records, appropriate principles and guidelines, and health analytics.</strong></li>
<li>It also<strong> aims to deploy Artificial Intelligence (AI)</strong> in leveraging health records.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597756794_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597756794_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="505" height="578" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Intended Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Coherence Between Central and State Health Schemes:</strong> Currently, apart from Ayushman Bharat or Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), there are many secondary and tertiary care schemes running in the states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiatives like NDHB will help in creating synergy between union and states. Thereby, promoting the cause of cooperative federalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aiding Integration of Ayushman Bharat Scheme:</strong> Without integration between the two components <strong>(Health &amp; wellness centres and</strong> PMJAY) of <strong>Ayushman Bharat Scheme,</strong> the goal of continuum of care cannot be met.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NDHB and NHS will help in<strong> integration of the two arms of Ayushman Bharat.</strong></li>
<li>This will help in shifting focus from <strong>&ldquo;Illness to Wellness&rdquo;</strong> to drive down future cost of health protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Interoperability of Health Schemes:</strong> NHS will also provide for a common digital language for the operationalisation and interoperability of various health schemes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Also the continuum of healthcare will be promoted</strong> as the NHS supports information flow across primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effective Governance:</strong> Transparency principle that is imbibed in the NHS and NDHB will help in furtherance of effective public service delivery in many fronts. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Cashless Care</strong> to ensure financial protection to the poor.</li>
<li><strong>Timely Payments on Scientific Package Rates</strong> to service providers, a strong lever to participate in government-funded healthcare programs.</li>
<li><strong>Robust Fraud Detection</strong> to prevent funds leakage.</li>
<li><strong>Improved Policy Making</strong> through access to timely reporting on utilization and measurement of impact across health initiatives.</li>
<li><strong>Enhanced Trust and Accountability</strong> through non-repudiable transaction audit trails.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Procedural Challenges:</strong> First, to enable seamless data exchange, all users must be incentivised or mandated to adopt a standard language of communication.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A claims-driven documentation system, that also serves as a medico-legal instrument, runs the risk of reducing highly-trained professionals to data-entry operators who must enter billing and legal information, that has little relevance for clinical care.</li>
<li>It is imperative that India, while embracing global standards, seriously rethinks what to document, when, why, and most importantly, by whom.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data Security and Privacy:</strong> One of the biggest concerns has been regarding data security and privacy of patients. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concerns were aggravated after an Assam minister and a senior official of the National Health Authority posted patient details on Twitter recently.</li>
<li>The concerns with universal IDs are particularly salient when it comes to sensitive personal data like health data.</li>
<li>More than a year after the Justice Srikrishna Committee prepared a draft data privacy law, there has been little meaningful movement on it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Health Stack will<strong> facilitate collection of comprehensive healthcare data</strong> across the country.</li>
<li>Designed to leverage India Stack, subsequent data analysis on NHS will not only allow <strong>policy makers to experiment with policies, detect fraud in health insurance, measure outcomes and move towards smart policy making,</strong> it will also engage market players (NGOs, researchers, watchdog organizations) to innovate and build relevant services on top of the platform and fill the gaps.</li>
<li>The portability of clinically-relevant data across private public divides and states <strong>will cut costs and save time, the ability to monitor compliance,</strong> say, with responsible use of antibiotics, can profoundly alter practice and improve the quality of care, and the ability to conduct timely institution-based syndromic surveillance may alter the course of an epidemic, and of a nation</li>
<li>The design is geared to generate vast amounts of data resulting in some of the largest health databases with secured aggregated data that will <strong>put India at the forefront of medical research in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffef5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Explain how initiatives like National Health Stack will provide a much needed digital push in India&rsquo;s health infrastructure.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7kL4Y1zGH4Y" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/limited-peace-the-hindu-editorial-on-uae-israel-peace-agreement/article32359121.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Limited peace: On UAE-Israel peace agreement&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on August 15<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube Channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-digital-push-for-healthcare'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'High Temperature at Death Valley',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Death Valley</strong> (USA) registered a temperature of 54.4&deg;C which, once verified, could be the <strong>highest temperature in more than a century.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The temperature was recorded at the <strong>USA National Weather Service&rsquo;s automated weather station at Furnace Creek</strong> on 16<sup>th</sup> August 2020.</li>
<li>The Death Valley in <strong>southeastern California is the lowest point in the North American continent,</strong> and is a National Park. It is also the <strong>hottest and driest</strong> part of the continent.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597746150_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597746150_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The temperature has been<strong> termed as preliminary and not final as it awaits verification.</strong></li>
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-global-climate-wmo#:~:text=The%20World%20Meteorological%20Organization%20(WMO,1873%20Vienna%20International%20Meteorological%20Congress." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Meteorological Organization</strong> </a>(WMO), Death Valley&rsquo;s <strong>all-time record high is 56.7&deg;C taken on 10<sup>th</sup> July 1913</strong> at Greenland Ranch.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It still stands as the <strong>hottest ever recorded on the planet&rsquo;s surface.</strong></li>
<li>However, since the temperature-recording mechanisms a century ago were not as advanced, many have doubted if that reading was reliable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cause:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The high temperature is a result of a<strong> &lsquo;heat dome&rsquo;</strong> that is smothering the west coast of the USA.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Heat Domes:</strong> High-pressure circulation traps hot ocean air like a lid or a cap trapping heat at the surface and favouring the formation of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-waves#:~:text=The%20heat%20wave%20is%20considered,to%20be%20heat%20wave%20condition." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>heat wave.</strong></a></li>
<li>Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent globally due to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-melting-himalayas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>climate change.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of Extreme Heat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization</strong></a> (WHO), extreme heat can <strong>exacerbate pre-existing health conditions,</strong> including respiratory diseases, heart conditions and kidney disorders.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>immediate effects</strong> on the human body are heat cramps, dehydration and even potentially fatal heat strokes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can also have a <strong>severe impact on agriculture and forests.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It either causes <strong>vegetables to wilt and die </strong>or<strong> encourage the spread of plant diseases.</strong></li>
<li>It causes <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wildfires-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>wildfires</strong> </a>which lead to<strong> forest cover reduction and death of fauna.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>affects infrastructure too</strong> by straining power grids and causing blackouts. It can ground planes, melt roads and cause the inside of vehicles to overheat to dangerous levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/at-54-4-c-death-valley-in-us-sees-hottest-temp-since-1913/story-5gmrGAlR6D83bYngRadMQK.html#:~:text=Death%20Valley's%20all%2Dtime%20record,surface%2C%20according%20to%20the%20WMO." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/high-temperature-at-death-valley'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Day 29',
			'catname' => '60 days refresher',
			'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Science and Tech: Information and Nuclear Technology</h2>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Following topics of Science and Tech. relating to Information and Nuclear Technology&nbsp; have been at the forefront of the news headlines, and as UPSC always attempts to test the basics, a basic awareness is required. Questions from this topic are largely asked from static as well as current affairs portions. According to the trend observed, the facts, their contexts, basic background information can be asked by the UPSC from these topics.</span></p>
<h2>Cyber Security</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/cyber-security-framework-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyber Security Framework In India</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyber-frauds-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyber Frauds and Covid-19</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/spyware-pegasus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Spyware Pegasus</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/infographics/info-paper3/ransomware-wannacry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ransomware - WannaCry</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/malware-smominru" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malware Smominru</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/tiktok-app-ban-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TikTok-app-ban-case</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulation-of-public-data" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Regulation of Public Data</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/jio-facebook-deal-and-its-implications" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jio-Facebook Deal and Its Implications</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Personal Data Protection Bill 2019</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/convention-on-global-cybercrime" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on Global Cybercrime</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/zoom-not-a-safe-platform-mha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Zoom- Not a Safe Platform: MHA</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Digital Technologies &amp; Related Concepts</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-to-launch-official-digital-currency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China to Launch Official Digital Currency</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/social-media-and-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Media And Democracy</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quantum-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quantum Technology</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quantum-supremacy-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quantum Supremacy</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/edge-computing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Edge Computing</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/supreme-court-on-cryptocurrency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court on Cryptocurrency</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/5g-is-india-prepared" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>5G: Is India Prepared?</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navic-in-mobiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NavIC in Mobiles</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/libra-facebook-s-currency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>LIBRA: Facebook's Currency</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/big-data-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Big Data</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/software-defined-networking" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Software-Defined Networking</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sandbox-for-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sandbox for Fintech</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/internet-trends-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Internet Trends Report:2019</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icann-and-nasscom-collaboration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ICANN and NASSCOM Collaboration</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/globalization-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Globalization 4.0</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-approves-net-neutrality-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Government Approves Net Neutrality in India</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h2>E-Governance Initiatives</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-diplomacy-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-Diplomacy</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-dispute-resolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Online Dispute Resolution</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharat-air-fibre-wireless-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Air Fibre: Wireless Internet</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PRAGYATA: Guidelines on Digital Education</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Online Education</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aarogya-setu-app-a-technological-solutionism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aarogya Setu App: A Technological Solutionism</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-to-launch-official-digital-currency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China to Launch Official Digital Currency</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mainstreaming-healthcare-startups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mainstreaming Healthcare Startups</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-dispute-resolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Online Dispute Resolution</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/citizen-centric-services-of-ncrb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizen-centric Services of NCRB</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trifed-s-digitisation-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TRIFED's Digitisation Drive</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-instant-messaging-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Government Instant Messaging System</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steering-committee-on-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Steering Committee on Fintech</strong></a></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gramnet-to-connect-all-villages-through-wi-fi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GramNet</a> </strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/internet-saathi-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Internet Saathi Program</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-national-policy-on-software-products-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Policy on Software Products, 2019</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/data-localisation-and-undivided-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Data Localisation and Undivided Internet</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/upi-20-launched-by-npci" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UPI 2.0 Launched by NPCI</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/automated-multi-modal-biometric-identification-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Automated Multi-modal Biometric Identification System (AMBIS)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/frontier-technologies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Frontier Technologies</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-visual-positioning-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Visual Positioning System</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icedash-and-atithi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ICEDASH and ATITHI</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhim-2-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BHIM 2.0</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-dth-v-s-ott" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DTH v/s OTT</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-of-digitisation-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Challenges of Digitisation and Way Forward</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Artificial Intelligence &amp; Robotics</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>In Depth &ndash; Artificial Intelligence</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/negative-impacts-of-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Negative Impacts of Artificial Intelligence</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/responsible-ai-for-youth" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Responsible AI for Youth</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deep-fakes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deep Fakes</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ai-based-voice-tool-to-detect-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AI-based Voice Tool to Detect Covid-19</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-facial-recognition-uses-concerns" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Big Picture: Facial Recognition - Uses &amp; Concerns</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/facial-recognition-for-elections" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Facial Recognition for Elections</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/artificial-humans-neons" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Humans -NEONs</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/satcom-technology-deployed-for-learning" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Satcom Technology</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-robotics-and-automation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Robotics and Automation in India</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-in-the-ai-race" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India in the AI Race</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-robots-xenobots" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Living Robots: Xenobots</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/producing-new-antibiotics-through-robotics" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Producing New Antibiotics Through Robotics</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ai-da-robot" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ai-Da Robot</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Nuclear Technology</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-department-of-atomic-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Year-End Review 2019: Department of Atomic Energy</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/credibility-of-nuclear-deterrence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The credibility of Nuclear Deterrence</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hiroshima-black-rain" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hiroshima Black Rain</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-thermonuclear-experimental-reactor-iter-assembly" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Assembly</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/russia-accused-of-testing-anti-satellite-weapon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Russia Accused of Testing Anti-Satellite Weapon</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kakrapar-atomic-plant-achieves-criticality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kakrapar Atomic Plant Achieves Criticality</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natanz-underground-nuclear-facility-of-iran" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Natanz: Underground Nuclear Facility of Iran</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iran-blocking-sites-access-iaea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Iran Blocking Sites Access: IAEA</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increasing-nuclear-stockpiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Increasing Nuclear Stockpiles</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/energy-needs-in-the-context-of-climate-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Energy Needs in the Context of Climate Crisis</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nuclear-power-plants-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nuclear Power Plants in India</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/multilateral-export-control-regimes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Multilateral Export Control Regimes</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-start-treaty" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New START Treaty</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/nuclear-doctrine-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nuclear Doctrine of India</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-nsg-bid" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India's NSG bid</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fast-neutrino-oscillations-and-supernova" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fast Neutrino Oscillations and Supernova</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India's Prospects as a Nuclear Power</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/akula-class-attack-submarine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Akula Class &ndash; Attack Submarine</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/deterrence-or-danger" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deterrence or Danger?</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Years Questions</span></h3>
<p>Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)</p>
<p>A digital signature is</p>
<ol>
<li>an electronic record that identifies the certifying authority issuing it</li>
<li>used to serve as a proof of identity of an individual to access information or server on Internet</li>
<li>an electronic method of signing an electronic document and ensuring that the original content is unchanged</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to digital payments, consider the following statements: (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>BHIM app allows the user to transfer money to anyone with a UPI-enabled bank account.</li>
<li>While a chip-pin debit card has four factors of authentication, BHIM app has only two factors of authentication.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The identity platform &lsquo;Aadhaar&rsquo; provides open &ldquo;Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)&rdquo;. What does it imply? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>It can be integrated into any electronic device.</li>
<li>Online authentication using iris is possible.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The terms &lsquo;WannaCry, Petya and EternalBlue&rsquo; sometimes mentioned in the news recently are related to (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Exoplanets</p>
<p>(b) Cryptocurrency</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Cyberattacks</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Mini satellites</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In which of the following areas can GPS technology be used? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Mobile phone operations</li>
<li>Banking operations</li>
<li>Controlling the power grids</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of &ldquo;Digital India&rdquo; Plan of the Government of India? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Formation of India&rsquo;s own Internet companies like China did.</li>
<li>Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries.</li>
<li>Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 3 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Regarding &lsquo;DigiLocker&rsquo;, sometimes seen in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>It is a digital locker system offered by the Government under Digital India Programme.</li>
<li>It allows you to access your e-documents irrespective of your physical location.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q.&lsquo;Project Loon&rsquo;, sometimes seen in the news, is related to (2016)</p>
<p>(a) waste management technology</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) wireless communication technology</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) solar power production technology</p>
<p>(d) water conservation technology</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to &lsquo;LiFi&rsquo;, recently in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>It uses light as the medium for high-speed data transmission.</li>
<li>It is a wireless technology and is several times faster than &lsquo;WiFi&rsquo;.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to &lsquo;Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology&rsquo;, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>It is a contactless communication technology that uses electromagnetic radio fields.</li>
<li>NFC is designed for use by devices which can be at a distance of even a metre from each other.</li>
<li>NFC can use encryption when sending sensitive information.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) 1 and 3 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2018)&nbsp;</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Terms sometimes seen in news</strong></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; Context/Topic</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1. Belle II experiment</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Artificial Intelligence</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2. Blockchain technology</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Digital/Cryptocurrency</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3. CRISPR &ndash; Cas9&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Particle Physics</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. &ldquo;3D printing&rdquo; has applications in which of the following? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Preparation of confectionery items</li>
<li>Manufacture of bionic ears</li>
<li>Automotive industry</li>
<li>Reconstructive surgeries</li>
<li>Data processing technologies</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below.</p>
<p>(a) 1, 3 and 4 only</p>
<p>(b) 2, 3 and 5 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 4 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. What is &lsquo;Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)&rsquo;, recently in the news? (2016)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) Electric plane tested by NASA</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan</p>
<p>(c) Space observatory launched by China</p>
<p>(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government.</li>
<li>NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India&rsquo;s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which among the following do/does not belong/belongs to GSM family of wireless technologies? (2010)</p>
<p>(a) EDGE</p>
<p>(b) LTE</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) DSL</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Both EDGE and LTE</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. WiMAX is related to which one of the following? (2009)</p>
<p>(a) Biotechnology</p>
<p>(b) Space technology</p>
<p>(c) Missile technology</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) Communication technology</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. What is the difference between Bluetooth and Wi-Fi devices? (2011)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) Bluetooth uses 2.4 GHz radio frequency band whereas Wi-Fi can use 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency band</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) Bluetooth is used for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) only, whereas Wi-Fi is<br />used for Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN) only</p>
<p>(c) When information is transmitted between two devices using Bluetooth technology, the devices have to be in the line of sight of each other, but when Wi-Fi technology is used the devices need not be in the line of sight of each other</p>
<p>(d) The statements (a) and (b) given above are correct in this context</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. A new optical disc format known as the Blu-ray Disc (BD) is becoming popular. In what way is it different from the traditional DVD? (2011)</p>
<ol>
<li>DVD supports Standard Definition video while BD supports High Definition video.</li>
<li>Compared to a DVD the BD format has several times more storage capacity.</li>
<li>Thickness of BD is 2.4 mm while that of DVD is 1.2 mm.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Service providers</li>
<li>Data centres</li>
<li>Body corporate</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The terms &lsquo;WannaCry, Petya and EternalBlue&rsquo; sometimes mentioned in the news recently are related to (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Exoplanets</p>
<p>(b) Cryptocurrency</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Cyber attacks</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Mini satellites</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In which of the following areas can GPS technology be used? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Mobile phone operations</li>
<li>Banking operations</li>
<li>Controlling the power grids</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-29'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Bhadbhut Project',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Gujarat government has awarded the contract for the <strong>Bhadbhut project</strong> in <strong>Bharuch.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/use-of-waterways-for-reducing-transportation-cost" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inland Waterway Authority of India</strong> </a>has given clearance for this project.</li>
<li>The project has <strong>faced protests from local fishermen</strong> because it is <strong>likely to impact fishing patterns,</strong> mainly those of<strong> hilsa</strong> <em>(Tenualosa ilisha).</em></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of the Project:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597745482_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597745482_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is located across the river <strong>Narmada,</strong> 5 km from Bhadbhut village and 25 km from the mouth of the river, where it flows into the <strong>Gulf of Khambhat.</strong></li>
<li>The project is<strong> part of the larger Kalpasar Project,</strong> which entails the construction of a <strong>30-km dam across the Gulf of Khambhat</strong> between Bharuch and Bhavnagar districts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kalpasar Project aims to<strong> store Gujarat&rsquo;s 25% average annual surface water</strong> resources..</li>
<li>This reservoir will <strong>store about 8,000 million cubic metres</strong> (MCM) of surface water and will be one of the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest freshwater reservoirs in the sea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Purpose:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To<strong> prevent salinity ingress.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Salinity ingress</strong> refers to the process of saltwater invading areas which previously contained only freshwater.</li>
<li>Due to the reduced flow of freshwater, saline seawater gushes into the Narmada estuary during high tide, thus increasing salinity along the banks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will<strong> stop most of the excess water flowing out of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gujarat-madhya-pradesh-tussle-over-the-narmada" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sardar Sarovar Dam</a></strong> from reaching the sea and will <strong>create a sweet water lake</strong> of 600 MCM on the river, solving the freshwater problems in Bharuch.</li>
<li>This will tap the excess waters of the <strong>Narmada, Mahisagar and Sabarmati rivers</strong> in the reservoir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The barrage is <strong>expected to interfere with the migration and breeding cycle of hilsa,</strong> blocking their natural entry.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hilsa is a <strong>marine fish which migrates upstream and arrives in the brackish water of the Narmada estuary</strong> near Bharuch<strong> for spawning</strong> usually during the monsoon months of July and August and continues doing so till November.</li>
<li>The <strong>reduced outflow of water from the dam, industrial effluents flowing into the river</strong> and <strong>salinity ingress</strong> are believed to be the major causes of the decline of hilsa.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Part of <strong>Aliya Bet,</strong> an <strong>island in the delta of the Narmada</strong> and known for <strong>shrimp farming,</strong> is likely to get submerged.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A portion of the forest in Aliya Bet too will get affected by the project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/barrage-across-narmada-promise-of-sweet-water-worries-about-hilsa-6558972/#:~:text=The%20barrage%20is%20expected%20to,continue%20doing%20so%20till%20November." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhadbhut-project'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Marthoman Jacobite Syrian Cathedral Church',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Kerala government has taken control of<strong> Marthoman Jacobite Syrian Cathedral Church at Mulanthuruthy</strong> in Ernakulam district, <strong>Kerala.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Malankara Church:</strong> The Church at Mulanthuruthy has been in the focus of a <strong>dispute between Jacobite and Orthodox factions of the Malankara Church, </strong>a prominent <strong>non-Catholic Christian community.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Malankara Church <strong>first split in 1912,</strong> into the Jacobite and Orthodox groups. However, the two Churches reunified in 1959, but the truce lasted only until 1972-73.</li>
<li>Since then, the two factions have been engaged in battle over ownership of churches and their wealth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Management Shift:</strong> The Church at Mulanthuruthy has been <strong>managed by the Jacobite faction,</strong> but as per a 2017 Supreme Court (SC) verdict, its <strong>ownership went to the rival Orthodox faction.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC had upheld the validity of the 1934 constitution of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church to govern the parishes (administration) under the Church.</li>
<li>However, the Orthodox faction was still denied access to the Church, therefore they appealed in the Kerala High Court, which directed the Kerala government to take over the Church and hand it over to Orthodox faction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kerala&rsquo;s Church Groups: </strong>The Christian population of Kerala comprises <strong>Catholic, Jacobite Syrian, Orthodox Syrian, Mar Thoma, Church of South India, Dalit Christians and Pentecostal Churches.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Catholics form 61% of Kerala&rsquo;s Christian population.</li>
<li>The Malankara Church constitutes 15.9% of the Christian population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mulanthuruthy Church:</strong> The Marthoman Jacobite Syrian Cathedral Church at Mulanthuruthy was<strong> established in 1200 AD.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Church is a fine example of <strong>Gothic architecture.</strong></li>
<li>The carvings, sculptures, symbolic icons and wall paintings, are a<strong> blend of Indian, West-Asian and European architecture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597744099_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597744099_image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gothic Architecture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a<strong> European style of architecture</strong> popular in the 12<sup>th</sup>-16<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> This architecture has its roots in<strong> France and England.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> Pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses.</li>
<li>The Britishers merged some<strong> Indian features</strong> of architecture to the Gothic architecture, which resulted in the <strong>Indo-Gothic style of architecture</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Examples of Indo-Gothic style of architecture:</strong> Madras High Court, Victoria Memorial, The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (previously Victoria Terminus) etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-marthoman-jacobite-syrian-cathedral-church-mulanthuruthy-kerala-govt-takeover-sc-verdict-6558373/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/marthoman-jacobite-syrian-cathedral-church'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'World Solar Technology Summit: ISA',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> International Solar Alliance (ISA)</strong> will organise the<strong> First World Solar Technology</strong> Summit on<strong> 8<sup>th</sup> September, 2020</strong> on a virtual platform.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of the event is to bring the spotlight on <strong>state-of-the-art technologies</strong> as well as <strong>next-generation technologies</strong> which will provide impetus to the efforts towards harnessing <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solar energy</strong></a> more efficiently.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Participants:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Prime Minister of India</strong> will deliver the inaugural address of the First World Solar Technology Summit, to be graced by <strong>Ministers from member countries from across all ISA regions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Dr. M. Stanley Whittingham</strong> who was awarded the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prizes-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nobel Prize</a> in Chemistry</strong> (jointly with <strong>John B Goodenough &amp; Akira Yoshino</strong>) in <strong>2019</strong> for the revolutionizing discovery of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increasing-imports-of-li-ion-batteries" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lithium ion batteries.</a> </strong></li>
<li><strong>CEOs of top global corporations</strong> will share their vision on how scientific breakthroughs and innovations can be commercially made available to all parts of the world for wider consumption.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Four Sessions:</strong> The event will hold four technical sessions that would be available to the participants in different languages namely <strong>English, Spanish, French &amp; Arabic.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Session -1: Vision 2030 &amp; Beyond:</strong> The overall context of Photovoltaic (PV) technology development and its future, on its way towards becoming the first source of energy worldwide, with PV technologies supplying 70% of the world&rsquo;s electricity generation.</li>
<li><strong>Session -2: Towards a Decarbonised Grid:</strong> The most recent advances (conversion efficiency improvements and declining costs) regarding key components such as PV modules and storage technologies.</li>
<li><strong>Session -3: Disruptive Solar Technologies:</strong> On-grid applications, whether ground-mounted, floating, or integrated in residential and commercial rooftops.</li>
<li><strong>Session -4: Solar Beyond the Power Sector:</strong> Innovative applications where PV is used to move, heat, cool, and drive eco-friendly industrial processes and produce fuels as well as off-grid applications, to provide universal access to energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>I JOSE:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ISA would also launch the <strong>ISA Journal on Solar Energy (I JOSE)</strong> that would help authors from across the globe to publish their articles on solar energy, during the event.</li>
<li>The articles in this journal would be reviewed by global experts and will reach the Member countries through ISA&rsquo;s vast network of <strong>NFPs (National Focal points) </strong>and <strong>STAR (Solar Technology and Application Resource centers)</strong> centers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Solar Energy Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar energy has taken a central place in India's<a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong> </a>with the <strong>National Solar Mission </strong>as <strong>one of the key Missions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>National Solar Mission (NSM) was launched on 11<sup>th</sup> January, 2010.</li>
<li>Its objective is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy by creating the policy conditions for solar technology diffusion across the country as quickly as possible.</li>
<li>It targets installing <strong>100 GW grid-connected solar power plants by the year 2022. </strong>This is <strong>in line with India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/virtual-climate-action-ministerial" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)</a> target</strong> to achieve about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources and to reduce the emission intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% from 2005 level by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In order to achieve the above target, the Government of India has launched various <strong>schemes</strong> to encourage generation of solar power in the country like <strong>Solar Park Scheme,</strong> Canal bank &amp; Canal top Scheme, Bundling Scheme,<strong> Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Scheme etc.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Solar power capacity has increased by more than 11 times in the last five years</strong> from 2.6 GW in March, 2014 to 30 GW in July, 2019.</li>
<li>Recently, a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rewa-solar-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 750 megawatt (MW) solar project</strong> </a>has been inaugurated in<strong> Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>India has an ambitious cross-border power grid plan&mdash;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-sun-one-world-one-grid-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;One Sun One World One Grid&rsquo;</strong></a>&mdash; that seeks to transfer solar power generated in one region to feed the electricity demands of others</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>launch</strong> of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) was announced by the <strong>Prime Minister of India</strong> (Narendra Modi) and former<strong> President of France</strong> (Francois Hollande) on <strong>30<sup>th</sup> November 2015,</strong> at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>21<sup>st</sup> session of United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP-21)</strong></a> in Paris, France. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was conceived as a coalition of solar-resource-rich countries (which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn) to address their special energy needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>67 countries</strong> have signed and ratified the ISA framework agreement.</li>
<li>The <strong>Assembly of the ISA is the apex decision-making body</strong> which comprises representatives from each Member Country.</li>
<li>It<strong> aims</strong> at lowering the cost of technology and finance and thereby facilitate deployment of over 1,000 GW of solar energy and mobilize more than USD 1,000 billion into solar power by 2030 in Member countries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar is a key source of affordable and reliable energy, thus it could play a significant role in achieving the<strong> universal energy access goal (SDG 7).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Government of India has allotted 5 acres of land to the ISA in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solar-thermal-energy-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE)</strong></a> campus,<strong> Gurugram</strong> and has released a sum of Rs. 160 crore for creating a corpus fund, building infrastructure and meeting day to day recurring expenditure of the ISA up to the year 2021-22.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1646492" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Green Corridor: Organ Donation',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a heart was brought from Pune to Chennai with the help of a <strong>&ldquo;green corridor&rdquo;</strong> created for unrestricted movement.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> A green corridor is a demarcated, cleared out<strong> special road route</strong> created for an ambulance that enables retrieved organs meant for transplant to reach the destined hospital.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Green corridors require a concentrated effort from transplant coordinators, local police, traffic police and airport staff. Awareness of the general public towards green corridors is also important.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedure:</strong> When a patient is declared brain dead and his family consents to organ donation, the availability of a recipient is first checked within the city, state, region and then nationally.</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong> Organs have a short preservation time, and green corridors ensure the ambulance escapes traffic congestion and reaches the destination in the shortest possible time.</li>
<li><strong>Coordinated by:</strong> The requisite regulatory procedures and coordination was carried out with <strong>National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization (NOTTO) is a National level organization set up under <strong>Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, located in New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>NOTTO&rsquo;s various state centers are called <strong>State Organ and Tissue Transplantation Organisation (SOTTO).</strong></li>
<li>It coordinates and establishes a network for procurement and distribution of organs and tissues as per the <strong>Transplantation of Human Organs (Amendment) Act 2011.</strong></li>
<li>NOTTO in collaboration with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nic-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Informatics Centre (NIC)</strong></a> is developing a national registry of organ and tissue donors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This initiative will help in maintaining data and surveillance of all transplants across the country and also plans to <strong>map post-transplant survival rate of patients.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heart-flown-from-pune-to-chennai-for-transplant/article32378251.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Ganga Rejuvenation Monitoring',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> has observed that the pollutants are still being discharged into the river Ganga, despite several directions of various courts.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The states of <strong>Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and West Bengal</strong> have failed in preventing discharge of untreated effluents in violation of provisions of the<strong> Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597738224_image0.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597738224_image0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="638" height="479" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Right:</strong> Pollution-free environment is the <strong>constitutional right</strong> of every citizen and<strong> constitutional obligation</strong> of States. However, the states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and West Bengal are certainly failing in providing pollution free Ganga.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring:</strong> The NGT has directed the above states to <strong>periodically monitor</strong> the rejuvenation of the Ganga.</li>
<li><strong>Joint Meetings:</strong> It has also called for periodic joint meetings of the above states to consider vital issues like <strong>pooling of human resources</strong> and <strong>sharing best practices</strong> for rejuvenation of Ganga.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The meetings shall be focussed on<strong> preventing discharge of sewage</strong> and other pollutants in Ganga directly or through its tributaries or drains connected thereto.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives Taken to Clean Ganga</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ganga Action Plan:</strong> It was the <strong>first River Action Plan</strong> that was taken up by the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in 1985,</strong> to improve the water quality by the interception, diversion, and treatment of domestic sewage.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>National River Conservation Plan</strong> is an extension to the Ganga Action Plan. It aims at cleaning the Ganga river under Ganga Action Plan phase-2.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA):</strong> It was formed by the Government of India in the year 2009 under Section-3 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It declared the Ganga as the<strong> &lsquo;National River&rsquo;</strong> of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Namami Gange Programme:</strong> It is an<strong> Integrated Conservation<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-mission-for-clean-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Mission</a></strong>, approved as a &lsquo;Flagship Programme&rsquo; by the Union Government in June 2014 to accomplish the twin objectives of <strong>effective abatement of pollution </strong>and <strong>conservation and rejuvenation of National River Ganga.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is being operated under the<strong> Ministry of Jal Shakti.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Clean Ganga Fund:</strong> In 2014, it was formed for cleaning up of the Ganga, setting up of waste treatment plants, and conservation of biotic diversity of the river.</li>
<li><strong>Bhuvan-Ganga Web App</strong>: It ensures involvement of the public in monitoring of pollution entering into the river Ganga.</li>
<li><strong>Ban on Waste Disposal:</strong> In 2017, the<strong> NGT</strong> banned the disposal of any waste in the Ganga.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to successfully rejuvenate Ganga, there is a<strong> need for a strategic blueprint</strong> that includes the strict monitoring of pollution and strict implementation of present laws and courts guidelines related to pollution.</li>
<li>There is also a need for <strong>rigorous planning action at the highest level monitoring</strong> for meaning enforcement of the <strong>rule of law</strong> for protection of environment and public health and also rejuvenation of Ganga river.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ngt-tells-states-to-monitor-ganga-rejuvenation/article32379167.ece#:~:text=The%20National%20Green%20Tribunal%20(NGT,several%20directions%20of%20various%20courts." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Plastic Marine Pollution',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A study published in &lsquo;Nature Communications&rsquo; has estimated the <strong>amount of microplastic pollution in the Atlantic Ocean </strong>and put it at<strong> 11.6-21.1 million tonnes.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There has been an uncertainty about the magnitude of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/plastic-waste-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>plastic pollution</strong></a> in marine environments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Estimated Pollution:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Measurements of the<strong> top 200 meters</strong> of the Atlantic found 11.6 - 21.1 million tonnes of microscopic particles.</li>
<li>Scientists studied pollution of the Atlantic Ocean caused by <strong>three types of plastics - polyethylene, polypropylene, </strong>and <strong>polystyrene -</strong> which were suspended in the top 200 metres of the ocean.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These three types of plastic are <strong>most commonly used for packaging.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Based on plastic waste generation trends from 1950-2015 and considering that the Atlantic Ocean has received 0.3-0.8% of the global plastic waste for 65 years, the Atlantic waters could hold <strong>17-47 million tonnes of plastic waste.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conclusion:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Smaller plastic particles are a hazard,</strong> as it is easier for them to sink to greater ocean depths and some marine species such as zooplanktons show preferential ingestion of smaller particles, making them easier to enter the food chain.</li>
<li>Considering that plastics of other sizes and polymer types will be found in the deeper ocean and in the sediments, the study indicates that both inputs and<strong> stocks of ocean plastics are much higher than determined.</strong></li>
<li>It is thus critical to <strong>assess across all size categories and polymer groups</strong> to determine the fate and danger of plastic contamination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Plastic Pollution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issue:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Plastic is a <strong>synthetic organic polymer made from petroleum</strong> with properties ideally suited for a wide variety of applications, including packaging, building and construction, household and sports equipment, vehicles, electronics and agriculture. Plastic is<strong> cheap, lightweight, strong and malleable. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Over 300 million tons of plastic</strong> are produced every year,<strong> half of which is used to design single-use items</strong> such as shopping bags, cups and straws.</li>
<li>According to the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</strong></a>, at least <strong>8 million tons of plastic end up in the oceans every year. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sources of Marine Plastic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main sources of marine plastic are<strong> land-based,</strong> from urban and storm runoff, <strong>sewer overflows,</strong> beach visitors, inadequate waste disposal and management, <strong>industrial activities,</strong> construction and illegal dumping.</li>
<li><strong>Ocean-based plastic</strong> originates mainly from the <strong>fishing industry, nautical activities and aquaculture.</strong></li>
<li>Under the influence of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ultraviolet-light-and-viruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> solar UV radiation,</strong></a> wind, currents and other natural factors, plastic fragments into small particles, termed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/microplastics-in-deep-oceans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>microplastics</strong></a> <strong>(particles smaller than 5 mm) </strong>or <strong>nanoplastics (particles smaller than 100 nm).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In addition,<strong> microbeads,</strong> a type of microplastic, are very tiny pieces of manufactured polyethylene plastic that are added as exfoliants in health and beauty products, such as cleansers and toothpastes. These tiny particles <strong>easily pass through water filtration systems and end up in the ocean</strong> and lakes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Plastic Pollution:</strong> Plastic can take hundreds to thousands of years to decompose depending on the type of plastic and where it has been dumped.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>On Marine Environment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The most visible and disturbing impacts of marine plastics are the<strong> ingestion, suffocation and entanglement of hundreds of marine species.</strong></li>
<li>Floating plastics also contribute to the <strong>spread of invasive marine organisms</strong> and bacteria, which disrupt ecosystems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On Food and Health:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Toxic contaminants accumulate on the surface of plastic materials as a result of prolonged exposure to seawater. When marine organisms ingest plastic debris, these contaminants enter their digestive systems, and overtime accumulate in the food web.</li>
<li>The <strong>transfer of contaminants between marine species and humans through consumption of seafood</strong> has been identified as a health hazard, but has not yet been adequately researched.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impacts on Climate Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Plastic, which is a petroleum product, also contributes to<strong> global warming.</strong> If plastic waste is incinerated, it releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thereby increasing carbon emissions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impacts on Tourism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Plastic waste damages the aesthetic value of tourist destinations, leading to decreased tourism-related incomes and <strong>major economic costs</strong> related to the cleaning and maintenance of the sites.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&rsquo;s Plastic Waste Crisis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Single-use plastics or disposable plastics, are commonly used for packaging. Nearly half of the plastics produced in India are single use plastics.</li>
<li>Most cities and towns have not implemented the provisions of the <strong>Plastic Waste Management Rules of 2016 or PWR.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to PWR, plastic manufacturers and retail establishments that use plastics are legally bound to collect back plastic waste. This is referred to as <strong>&lsquo;extended producers responsibility&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The rules also mandate the responsibilities of local bodies, gram panchayats, waste generators and retailers to manage waste.</li>
<li>This includes collecting and segregating recyclable plastic, non-recyclable plastic and other waste separately for processing.</li>
<li>But most cities and towns have not implemented these provisions due to the lack of a disciplined system of segregation and recycling.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India<strong> banned imports of solid plastic waste only in 2019.</strong></li>
<li>The government has set an ambitious <strong>target of eliminating single-use plastics by 2022.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Existing international instruments should be further explored</strong> to address plastic pollution. The most important are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (or the London Convention).</strong></li>
<li><strong>The 1996 Protocol to the London Convention (the London Protocol).</strong></li>
<li><strong>The 1978 Protocol to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recycling and reuse of plastic materials</strong> are the most effective actions available to reduce the environmental impacts of open landfills and open-air burning that are often practiced to manage domestic waste.</li>
<li>Governments, research institutions and industries also need to work collaboratively <strong>redesigning products, and rethink their usage and disposal,</strong> in order to reduce microplastics waste from pellets, synthetic textiles and tyres.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Knowledge of the full extent of plastic pollution and its impacts would provide policy-makers, manufacturers and consumers with scientific evidence needed to spearhead appropriate technological, behavioural and policy solutions. It would also accelerate the conceptualisation of new technology, materials or products to replace plastics.</p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-severe-is-plastic-pollution-in-atlantic-ocean-6561382/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Revamp of Lingaraj Temple: Odisha',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Odisha government has decided to give a facelift to the 11<sup>th</sup> century Lingaraj Temple, akin to its pre-350-year structural status.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This announcement has come despite the massive financial burden on the State economy in the wake of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The efforts will be to create a <strong>spiritual and ecological ambience</strong> in and around the Lingaraj Temple.</li>
<li>The <strong>redevelopment plan of the peripheral area of the temple,</strong> known as <strong>&lsquo;Ekamravan Kshetra&rsquo;,</strong> in Bhubaneswar, has been approved.</li>
<li>Further, the government is planning a <strong>barrier-free access between the Temple and Bindusagar lake.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After the Lingaraj Temple, the Bindusagar (a sprawling pond) is the second major attraction for devotees. The pond has a religious relationship with the main temple.</li>
<li>Historical records suggest that about 350 years ago, there was nothing between the Temple and the Lake except some temples.</li>
<li><strong>Bindhyabasini, Bhabani Shankar, Shukasari and Mohini temples</strong> will be part of the redevelopment plan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is a part of the <strong>Lingaraj Temple Heritage Development Project</strong> under <strong>Ekamra plan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through Ekmara plan, it is expected that heritage redevelopment will enhance the attraction of <strong>Bhubaneswar</strong> as a tourist site and<strong> claim for a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO heritage site</a> will be stronger.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597910389_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597910389_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="412" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lingaraj Temple</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lingaraj Temple, built in <strong>11<sup>th</sup> century AD,</strong> is dedicated to<strong> Lord Shiva</strong> and is considered as the largest temple of the city<strong> Bhubaneswar.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>believed</strong> to have been <strong>built by the Somvanshi King Yayati I.</strong></li>
<li>The main tower of this temple measures <strong>180-feet in height.</strong></li>
<li>It is built in<strong> red stone</strong> and is a classic example of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kalinga style of architecture</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The temple is divided into <strong>four sections</strong>―Garbh Griha (sanctum sanctorum), Yajna Shala (the hall for prayers), Bhoga Mandap (the hall of offering) and the Natya Shala (hall of dance).</li>
<li>The sprawling temple complex has <strong>one hundred and fifty subsidiary shrines.</strong></li>
<li>Lingaraj is referred to as<strong> &lsquo;Swayambhu&rdquo; &ndash;</strong> self-originated Shivling.</li>
<li>Another important aspect of the temple is that it signifies the <strong>syncretisation of Shaivism and Vaishnavism sects in Odisha.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Perhaps the rising cult of Lord Jagannath (considered an incarnation of Lord Vishnu) which coincided with the completion of the Lingaraja Temple had a role to play.</li>
<li>The presiding deity in the Temple is known as Hari-Hara; Hari denotes Lord Vishnu and Hara meaning Lord Shiva.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The temple is <strong>out of bounds for non-Hindus.</strong></li>
<li>The other attraction of the temple is the<strong> Bindusagar Lake,</strong> located in the north side of the temple.</li>
<li>On the western banks of Bindusagar, lies the <strong>garden of Ekamra Van</strong> named after the Hindu mythological texts where Bhubaneswar the capital city of Odisha was referred as Ekamra Van or a forest of a single mango tree.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Important Monuments in Odisha</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solarisation-of-konark-sun-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Konark Sun Temple</strong></a> (UNESCO World Heritage Site)</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/construction-of-rath-yatra-chariots-allowed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jagannath Temple</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tara-tarini-temple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tara Tarini Temple</strong></a></li>
<li>Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-to-give-facelift-to-11th-century-lingaraj-temple/article32379704.ece#:~:text=Notwithstanding%20the%20massive%20financial%20burden,%2D350%2Dyear%20structural%20status." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/revamp-of-lingaraj-temple-odisha'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'National Recruitment Agency',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister has decided to set up a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-recruitment-agency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Recruitment Agency (NRA)</strong></a> to conduct a <strong>common preliminary examination</strong> for various recruitments in the central government.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NRA will conduct the <strong>Common Eligibility Test (CET)</strong> for recruitment to<strong> non-gazetted posts</strong> in government and public sector banks. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Approximately 1.25 lakh government jobs are advertised every year for which 2.5 crore aspirants appear in various examinations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This test aims to <strong>replace multiple examinations</strong> conducted by different recruiting agencies for selection to government jobs advertised each year, with a <strong>single online</strong> test.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Government also plans to provide outreach and awareness facilities to assist candidates in rural and far flung areas to familiarize them with the online examination system.</li>
<li>A 24x7 helpline will be set up for answering queries, complaints and queries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The present recruitment agencies&ndash;<strong> Staff Selection Commission (SSC), Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) and the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS)&mdash;</strong> will remain in place.</li>
<li>Based on the preliminary screening done at the CET score level, final selection for recruitment shall be made through <strong>separate specialised Tiers</strong> (II, III, etc.) of examination which shall be <strong>conducted by the respective recruitment agencies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Salient Features of CET:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Common Eligibility Test will be held<strong> twice a year.</strong></li>
<li>There will be different CETs for <strong>graduate level, 12<sup>th</sup> Pass level and 10<sup>th</sup> pass level</strong> to facilitate recruitment to vacancies at various levels.</li>
<li>The curriculum for CET would be <strong>common.</strong></li>
<li>The CET will be conducted in<strong> 12 major Indian languages.</strong> This is a major change, as hitherto examinations for recruitment to Central Government jobs were held <strong>only in English and Hindi.</strong></li>
<li>Initially, CET will cover recruitments made by three agencies : viz. SSC, RRB and IBPS at <strong>Group B and C (non -technical)</strong> posts. This will be expanded in a phased manner.</li>
<li>CET will be held in <strong>1,000 centres</strong> across India in a bid to remove the currently prevalent urban bias. There will be an examination centre in<strong> every district</strong> of the country. There will be a special thrust on creating <strong>examination infrastructure in the 117 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aspirational-districts-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">aspirational districts.</a></strong></li>
<li>CET will be a first level test to shortlist candidates and the score will be <strong>valid for three years.</strong></li>
<li>There shall be <strong>no restriction on the number of attempts</strong> to be taken by a candidate to appear in the CET subject to the <strong>upper age limit.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Age relaxation for<strong> SC/ST and OBC</strong> candidates as per existing rules will apply.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About NRA:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Recruitment Agency will be a Society registered under the <strong>Societies Registration Act,1860.</strong></li>
<li>It will be headed by a <strong>Chairman</strong> of the rank of the Secretary to the Government of India. It will have<strong> representatives</strong> of the Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Finance/Department of Financial Services, the SSC, RRB &amp; IBPS.</li>
<li>The Government has sanctioned a sum of Rs. 1517.57 crore for the National Recruitment Agency (NRA).</li>
<li>The expenditure will be undertaken over a <strong>period of three years.</strong></li>
<li>It is envisioned that the NRA would be a specialist body bringing the state-of-the-art technology and best practices to the field of Central Government recruitment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At present, candidates seeking government jobs have to appear for separate examinations conducted by <strong>multiple recruiting agencies</strong> for various posts.</li>
<li>Candidates have to <strong>pay fees</strong> to multiple recruiting agencies and also have to travel long distances for appearing in various exams.</li>
<li><strong>Women candidates</strong> especially from rural areas<strong> face constraints</strong> in appearing in multiple examinations as they have to arrange for transportation and places to stay in places that are far away.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages for Students:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Removes the <strong>hassle</strong> of appearing in multiple examinations.</li>
<li>Single examination fee would <strong>reduce the financial burden</strong> that multiple exams imposed.</li>
<li>Since exams will be held in every district, it would substantially <strong>save travel and lodging cost</strong> for the candidates. Examination in their own district would encourage more and <strong>more women candidates</strong> also to apply for government jobs.</li>
<li>Applicants are required to register on a <strong>single Registration portal.</strong></li>
<li>It will also prevent the issue of <strong>clashing examination dates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages for Institutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Removes the <strong>hassle of conducting preliminary/screening tests</strong> of candidates.</li>
<li>Drastically <strong>reduces the time of recruitment cycle.</strong></li>
<li>Brings <strong>standardization</strong> in examination pattern.</li>
<li><strong>Reduces costs</strong> for different recruiting agencies. <strong>Rs 600 crore savings</strong> expected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Staff Selection Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Staff Selection Commission is an <strong>attached office of the Department of Personnel and Training</strong> under the<strong> Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.</strong></li>
<li>The Government of India, in the Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms, vide its resolution dated the 4<sup>th</sup> November 1975 constituted a Commission called the Subordinate Services Commission. The same was re-designated as Staff Selection Commission effective from 26<sup>th</sup> September 1977.</li>
<li>It makes recruitment to various <strong>Group &ldquo;B&rdquo; and Group &ldquo;C&rdquo; posts</strong> in the various Ministries/Departments of the Government of India and in Subordinate Offices.</li>
<li>It has its headquarters in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Institute of Banking Personnel Selection</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IBPS is an <strong>autonomous body</strong> formed in 1984.</li>
<li>It is registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and also a Public Trust under the Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950.</li>
<li>It was created to render <strong>assistance to organisations in the areas of personnel such as recruitment, selection, placement, etc.</strong></li>
<li>It has its headquarters in <strong>Mumbai, Maharashtra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/national-recruitment-agency-nra-government-jobs-6561491/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: IE</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-recruitment-agency-1'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Jurisdictional Conflict in Delhi',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/jurisdictional-conflict-in-the-running-of-delhi/article32378854.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jurisdictional conflict in the running of Delhi&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 19/08/2020. It talks about the never-ending power tussle between the Lieutenant Governor and state government of Delhi</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Delhi government has appointed the public prosecutors for conducting the Delhi riot cases in the High Court. However, the Lieutenant Governor (LG) has stalled this decision, by referring it to the President under proviso to Article 239AA(4).</p>
<p>Delhi Government has held that the appointment of prosecutors to the Supreme Court and High Court, is exclusively within the purview of the State government. On the other hand, LG appointed all the prosecutors whose names were submitted by the Delhi Police (under the control of Ministry of Home Affairs) and thus the State government&rsquo;s list was rejected.</p>
<p>This development has reignited the LG vs Delhi Government&rsquo;s jurisdiction debate that the Supreme Court sought to address in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-judgement-on-delhi-centre-tussle" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NCT of Delhi vs. Union of India (2018).</strong></a></p>
<h3>Legal Controversy Between LG &amp; Delhi Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to the co-existence of Article 239 and 239AA, there is a jurisdictional conflict between the government of NCT and the Union Government and its representative, the Lieutenant Governor.</li>
<li>According to the Union government, New Delhi being a Union Territory Article 239 empowers the Lieutenant Governor to act independently of his Council of Ministers.</li>
<li>However, the state government of Delhi held that the Article 239AA of the Constitution bestows special status to Delhi of having its own legislatively elected government.</li>
<li>This creates a tussle around the administrative powers of the LG and state government of NCT of Delhi.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the 2018 Judgement</h3>
<p><strong>Status of Delhi under the Constitution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Administration of Union Territory under Article 239(1) is different from Article 239AA which provides for an elected Legislature.</li>
<li>The court held that Parliament can legislate for Delhi on any matter in the State List and the Concurrent List but the executive power in relation to Delhi except the &lsquo;Police&rsquo;, &lsquo;Land&rsquo; and &lsquo;Public Orders&rsquo; vests only in the state government headed by the Chief Minister.</li>
<li>It also held that the executive power of the Union does not extend to any of the matters which come within the jurisdiction of the Delhi Assembly.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>LG to act on 'aid and advice' of the Council of Ministers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court held that for establishing a democratic and representative form of government for NCT of Delhi, Government of Delhi that enjoys the confidence of the people of Delhi should have the functional autonomy to legislate for the NCT of Delhi.</li>
<li>Hence, through the judgement, the Supreme Court has settled the law in regard to the &lsquo;aid and advice&rsquo; of the Council of Ministers by affirming that the LG is bound to act on the aid and advice except in respect of &lsquo;Land&rsquo;, &lsquo;Public Order&rsquo; and the &lsquo;Police&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>LG cannot refer 'every' matter to the President</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 239AA (4) says that in the case of a difference of opinion between the LG and his Ministers on<strong> any matter,</strong> the LG shall refer it to the President for final decision and act according to it.</li>
<li>However, the court inferred that the words &lsquo;any matter&rsquo; employed in the proviso to Article 239AA (4) cannot be inferred to mean &lsquo;every matter&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The power of the Lieutenant Governor under the said proviso represents the exception and not the general rule which has to be exercised in exceptional circumstances by the LG.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Limited References to be made to the President</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LG does not to refer to the President normal administrative matters as that would disturb the concept of Constitutional governance, principles of collaborative federalism and the standards of Constitutional morality.</li>
<li>The Court also held that the President is the highest Constitutional authority and his decision should be sought only on constitutionally important issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Unresolved Areas in the Judgement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Overlapping Areas:</strong> Though the court has settled that LG is bound to act on the aid and advice except in respect of &lsquo;Land&rsquo;, &lsquo;Public Order&rsquo; and the &lsquo;Police&rsquo;. However, Public Order is a very wide connotation, which subsequently leads to overlapping executive powers.</li>
<li><strong>Still No Clarity on Article 239AA (4):</strong> The court did not very clearly delineate the issues in respect of which the LG can refer a decision taken by the Council of Ministers to the President in the event of a difference of opinion between the LG and the State government.</li>
<li><strong>Open-Ended Terminologies:</strong> In the event of referring any matter to the President, the Court enunciated that LG must adhere to the constitutional principles of <strong>collaborative federalism, constitutional balance and the concept of constitutional governance.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, these terms are very wide and open-ended and subject to different interpretations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Harmonious Functioning:</strong> Constitutional scheme adopted for the NCT of Delhi conceives of the Council of Ministers as the representatives of the people on the one hand and the LG as the nominee of the President on the other.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For the sake of adhering to the principle of representative democracy and cooperative federalism, it is required that both the constitutional offices should function in harmony within the Constitutional parameters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incorporating the Washington DC Model:</strong> Indian Government can emulate the model of administrative sharing of power between the Federal Government of US and state of Washington.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under that scheme, only the strategic areas and buildings are under the effective control of the federal government and the rest of the areas are under jurisdiction of Washington state.</li>
<li>Given this, the institution of strategic importance like Parliament, Supreme Court etc. can remain under the jurisdiction of Union Government and areas other than these can be given statehood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court in NCT of Delhi vs. Union of India (2018) case did well in resolving the legal controversy between the LG and Delhi Government. However, the present controversy shows there are still many areas to be resolved. Thus, the Supreme court must leverage the present controversy to resolve this jurisdictional conflict for good.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; background-color: #edfcff; border-color: #ff0000;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The tussle between the LG and Delhi government can only be solved by showing true statesmanship by both the offices. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1CK_eKoulPU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/historic-ratification-the-hindu-editorial-on-universal-ratification-of-a-labour-standard/article32347515.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Historic ratification: On universal ratification of a labour standard&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on August 14<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/jurisdictional-conflict-in-delhi'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'National Cancer Registry Programme Report 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the recently released <strong>National Cancer Registry Programme Report 2020, cancer cases in India are likely to increase</strong> to 15.6 lakhs by 2025, a 12% increase from the current estimated cases.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report has been released by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icmr-recommends-use-of-hydroxy-chloroquine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council of Medical Research</strong> </a>(ICMR) and the <strong>National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research</strong> (NCDIR), Bengaluru.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Number of Cases:</strong> The number of cases are likely to touch 15.6 lakhs by 2025 from the current 13.9 lakhs in 2020.</li>
<li><strong>Major Cause: Tobacco-related cancers</strong> are estimated to contribute<strong> 27.1% of the total cancer burden.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Regional Distribution:</strong> Cancers related to use of any form of tobacco were <strong>highest in the northeastern region</strong> of the country and in <strong>higher proportions in men.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Gender Prevalence:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Among <strong>women, breast cancers</strong> are estimated to contribute 14.8% and <strong>cervical cancer</strong> (tumour of the cervix, the lowermost part of the uterus) are estimated to contribute 5.4%.</li>
<li>For <strong>both men and women, cancers of the gastrointestinal tract</strong> are estimated to contribute 19.7% of the total cancer burden.</li>
<li>Cancers of the<strong> lung, mouth, stomach and oesophagus</strong> (the muscular tube that runs from the throat to the stomach) are the most common cancers among men.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Detection and Spread:</strong> <strong>Cancers of the lung</strong> were diagnosed at a <strong>stage of spread to distant sites,</strong> while <strong>cancers of head and neck, stomach, breast and cervix</strong> were in <strong>higher proportions with a locoregional</strong> (restricted to a localized region of the body) <strong>spread.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Cancer Incidence Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For the <strong>male population,</strong> it ranges from 269.4 (Aizawl, Mizoram) to 39.5 (Osmanabad and Beed, Maharashtra) per 1,00,000 population.</li>
<li>For the <strong>female population,</strong> it ranges from 219.8 (Papumpare, Arunachal Pradesh) to 49.4 (Osmanabad and Beed, Maharashtra) per 1,00,000 population.</li>
<li>A significant <strong>increase in the incidence rates of breast cancers in women</strong> and <strong>lung and head and neck cancers in both men and women</strong> was observed.</li>
<li>A <strong>declining trend</strong> was seen in most of the registries for <strong>cancer of the cervix.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cancer</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cancer is a generic term for a <strong>large group of diseases characterized by the growth of abnormal cells beyond their usual boundaries</strong> that can then invade adjoining parts of the body and/or spread to other organs.</li>
<li>Other common terms used for cancer are <strong>malignant tumors and neoplasms.</strong></li>
<li>Cancer is one of the <strong>leading causes of death globally.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-cancer-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Cancer Day</strong></a> is organized by the<strong> Union for International Cancer Control</strong> (UICC) and celebrated each year on<strong> 4<sup>th</sup> February.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>2020 theme: &lsquo;I Am and I Will&rsquo;,</strong> which acknowledges that everyone has the capacity to address the cancer burden.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian Council of Medical Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion</strong> of biomedical research.</li>
<li><strong>Mandate:</strong> To conduct, coordinate and implement medical research for the benefit of the society, translating medical innovations into products/processes and introducing them into the public health system.</li>
<li>It is <strong>funded by the Government of India</strong> through the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one of its kind of unique institution which <strong>utilizes information science for health research</strong> as its integral component.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To <strong>sustain and develop a national research data-base</strong> on cancer, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-diabetes-day-2019#:~:text=Diabetes%20is%20a%20Non%2DCommunicable,use%20the%20insulin%20it%20produces." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>diabetes</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-mortality-from-cardio-vascular-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cardiovascular disease</strong></a> (CVD) and stroke through recent advances in electronic information technology with a national collaborative network.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/report-predicts-12-rise-in-indias-cancer-burden/article32386880.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-cancer-registry-programme-report-2020'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Digital Quality of Life Index 2020: SurfShark',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Digital Quality of Life (DQL) Index 2020</strong> has been released by <strong>SurfShark,</strong> an online privacy solutions provider.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to it,<strong> India ranks among the lowest</strong> in the world in terms of Internet quality.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong> It is <strong>global research on the quality of digital wellbeing in 85 countries</strong> (81% of the global population).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597831230_image2.PNG" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597831230_image2.PNG" style="float: right;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li><strong>Parameters:</strong> The study indexes the countries by looking at<strong> five fundamental pillars</strong> that define the digital quality of life namely,<strong> internet affordability, internet quality, electronic infrastructure, electronic security and electronic government.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Underpinning these pillars are 12 indicators that are interrelated and work together to provide a measure of the overall digital quality of life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>GDP and DQL:</strong> Although<strong> GDP per capita has a strong correlation with the DQL,</strong> there are countries that have a better digital quality of life with a lower GDP per capita than expected.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>13 countries</strong> (Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Greece, etc.) <strong>exceed the expected digital quality of life by outperforming others</strong> in providing higher levels of e-security and more affordable internet connectivity.</li>
<li><strong>Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia</strong> with relatively high GDP per capita are <strong>underperforming</strong> in providing better digital wellbeing for their citizens due to low levels of internet quality and e-security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Affordability:</strong> The <strong>affordability of the internet plays a major role in ensuring accessibility</strong> but has a notably <strong>lower correlation with the DQL</strong> than the other pillars.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, the internet is less affordable in some Southern or Eastern European countries but people there still enjoy higher than the average digital quality of life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Internet Infrastructure:</strong> The<strong> stability of the internet infrastructure</strong> has become of crucial importance during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong> </a>when video conferences replaced live meetings. Consequently, it impacted the quality of people&rsquo;s digital lives.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the first month of the lockdowns, 49 of 85 countries experienced deteriorated speeds of mobile internet and 44 countries experienced deteriorated speeds of broadband connection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Rankings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>7 out of 10 countries with the highest DQL are in Europe,</strong> with <strong>Denmark leading</strong> among 85 countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Scandinavian countries excel</strong> in offering high-quality digital wellbeing to their citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Canada leads in American continents, Japan in Asia, South Africa in Africa and News Zealand in Oceania.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Rankings:</strong> India stands at the<strong> overall rank of 57</strong> out of the 85 countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Internet Affordability: 9<sup>th</sup> place</strong> and outperforms countries like the UK, the USA and China.</li>
<li><strong>Internet Quality: 78<sup>th</sup> place</strong> and is almost at the bottom of the pillar.</li>
<li><strong>E-infrastructure: 79<sup>th</sup> place</strong> and below countries like Guatemala and Sri Lanka.</li>
<li><strong>Electronic Security: 57<sup>th</sup> position.</strong></li>
<li><strong>E-government: 15<sup>th</sup> place</strong> and just below countries like New Zealand and Italy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Initiatives Related to Internet</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-india-atmanirbhar-bharat-innovate-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India Programme</strong></a>: It is an umbrella program to prepare India for a knowledge-based transformation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>e-Kranti:</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National e-Governance Plan 2.0</strong></a> which is an essential pillar of the Digital India initiative.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digilocker" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digilockers:</strong> </a>It enables Indian citizens to store certain official documents on the cloud.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhim-2-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BHIM App:</strong> </a>To enable digital payments.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/conference-on-digital-cashless-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan:</strong></a> To make citizens digitally literate.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Net programme:</strong> </a>To provide an optical fibre network in all gram panchayats.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-ranks-among-lowest-in-terms-of-internet-quality/article32385913.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-quality-of-life-index-2020-surfshark'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Invisible Shield against Electromagnetic Interference',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, scientists from the <strong>Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS),</strong> Bengaluru, have <strong>designed a metal mesh structure</strong> to construct an <strong>invisible shield</strong> against<strong> Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CeNS is an autonomous institute under the Department of Science &amp; Technology, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Electromagnetic Interference</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>EMI is an <strong>electromagnetic emission</strong> that <strong>causes a disturbance</strong> in another piece of electrical equipment. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Any device that has an electronic circuit can be susceptible to EMI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>compromises the performance</strong> of electrical equipment by obstructing and degrading data, sometimes even losing data completely.</li>
<li>EMI can be<strong> attributed to a wide span of the electromagnetic spectrum</strong> including radio and microwave frequencies.</li>
<li>In 1933, the <strong>International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR)</strong> was created to address emerging concerns over EMI.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Metal Mesh Structure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scientists have developed a <strong>copper metal mesh on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet,</strong> instead of continuous film, which exhibits a <strong>visible transmittance</strong> of about 85%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Transmittance</strong> describes how much light passes through a sample. In other words, it is light that is not absorbed, scattered, or reflected. It is usually measured in percentage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>metal mesh networks on the substrate are more transparent than continuous film </strong>because it covers only 7% area of the substrate, unlike 100% coverage of continuous film.</li>
<li>Metal mesh provides <strong>better electromagnetic shielding</strong> compared to the same thickness of continuous metal film where transparency can be compromised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The main purpose of the EMI shield is to <strong>isolate a device's energy</strong> so it doesn't affect anything else and <strong>blocks external energy</strong> from getting in. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Without shielding, electronics wouldn't function as designed or may even stop working altogether.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This &lsquo;invisible&rsquo; shield can be<strong> used in various military stealth applications</strong> and can cover electromagnetic wave emitter or absorber devices without compromising aesthetics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Besides the physical shape, reducing the electromagnetic signature, which includes radar waves and radio signals, is an important element for enhancing the stealth capability of a weapon platform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1646583" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invisible-shield-against-electromagnetic-interference'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'No Audit of PM-CARES Funds by CAG: SC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court said that <strong>being a public charitable trust,</strong> &ldquo;there is no occasion for audit of Prime Minister&rsquo;s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-cares-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM-CARES Fund</strong></a>) by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comptroller &amp; Auditor General (CAG) of India</strong></a>&rdquo;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It also refused to order transfer of funds from the PM CARES Fund to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-disaster-response-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>No Audit by CAG:</strong> The Court ruled that while NDRF is to be audited by the CAG of India according to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Disaster Management Act, 2005</strong></a>, a public charitable trust like PM-CARES Fund need not be.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Fund will, however, be <strong>audited by an independent auditor.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No Transfer of Funds of PM-CARES to NDRF:</strong> The Court ruled &rdquo;The PM CARES Fund is a charitable trust registered under the <strong>Registration Act, 1908.</strong> The trust does not receive any Budgetary support or any Government money.&rdquo;<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NDRF, formed under <strong>Section 46</strong> of the DM Act of 2005, were provided for by Central and State Budgets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individuals Can Contribute to NDRF:</strong> The court held that there is &ldquo;no statutory prohibition on individuals to make voluntary contributions to NDRF&rdquo; under <strong>Section 46(1)(b)</strong> of the DM Act.</li>
<li><strong>No New National Plan:</strong> The Court also also rejected the request for a direction to the government to put in place a new <strong>National Disaster Management Plan</strong> under the DM Act, to deal with Covid-19 situation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bench said &ldquo;all aspects of epidemics, all measures to contain an epidemic, preparedness, response, mitigation have been elaborately dealt in the<strong> National Disaster Management Plan, 2019.&rdquo;</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No intervention in Minimum Standards of Relief:</strong> The court also declined to intervene with the &ldquo;minimum standards of relief&rdquo; and the necessary guidelines issued by the government under<strong> Section 12</strong> of the DM Act.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The provision holds that the<strong> National Authority shall recommend guidelines for the minimum standards of relief to be provided to persons affected by disaster,</strong> which shall include the minimum requirements to be provided in the relief camps in relation to shelter, food, drinking water, medical cover and sanitation; special provisions to be made for widows and orphans; ex gratia assistance on account of loss of life as also assistance on account of damage to houses and for restoration of means of livelihood, among other things.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government authorities<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/invocation-of-disaster-management-act-2005-to-deal-with-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> invoked their respective powers</strong> </a>under<strong> the Disaster Management (DM) Act, 2005</strong> to deal with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 outbreak</strong></a> in the country.</li>
<li>The PM-CARES Fund was created to <strong>deal with any kind of emergency or distress situation like posed by the Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></li>
<li>The Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office (PMO) said that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-cares-not-under-rti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PM-CARES Fund is not a public authority</strong></a> under the ambit of the Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005.</li>
<li>It also <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rti-on-pm-cares-fund" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>denied information on the number of applications and appeals</strong></a> related to PM-CARES and the Prime Minister&rsquo;s National Relief Fund, raising concerns on its <strong>transparency</strong> and<strong> accountability.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, the Fund&rsquo;s website gave information that it collected more than ₹3,076 crore in the first five days after it was set up which also includes foreign donations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Fund&rsquo;s website says that ₹3,100 crore have been sanctioned from the PM-CARES Fund to be spent on ventilators, migrant worker welfare and vaccine development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It provides a framework and direction to the government agencies for all phases of the disaster management cycle.</li>
<li>The primary aim of the plan is to make India disaster resilient and drastically lessen the damage caused during and in the aftermath of disasters, natural and man-made.</li>
<li>The National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) was first released in 2016.The plan was updated in 2016, 2018 and 2019.</li>
<li>The <strong>NDMP 2019 incorporates Prime Minister's <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-conference-on-coastal-disaster-risk-reduction-and-resilience" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ten point agenda for Disaster Risk Reduction.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-cares-contribution-need-not-be-credited-to-ndrf-supreme-court/article32381595.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source :TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-audit-of-pm-cares-funds-by-cag-sc'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Jobs Data: CMIE',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)</strong> has released data related to jobs gained or lost during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 lockdown</strong></a> period (April-July 2020).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CMIE is a leading <strong>business information company.</strong> It was established in 1976, primarily as an independent think tank.</li>
<li>CMIE produces <strong>economic and business databases</strong> and develops specialised analytical tools to deliver these to its customers for decision making and for research. It<strong> analyses the data to decipher trends in the economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Salaried Jobs:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They suffered a <strong>total loss estimated to be 18.9 million</strong> during April-July 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>17.7 million salaried jobs were lost in April. After gaining 3.9 million jobs in June, 5 million jobs were again lost in July.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They <strong>offer better terms of employment</strong> and better wages, and have a<strong> higher share in urban parts</strong> of the country than rural parts.</li>
<li>They are<strong> more resilient to economic shocks</strong> and not lost easily, however, once lost they are far more difficult to retrieve.</li>
<li>Only 21% of all employment in India is in the form of a salaried employment.</li>
<li>Loss of urban salaried jobs is likely to have a particular <strong>debilitating impact on the economy,</strong> besides causing<strong> immediate hardship to middle-class households.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since the lockdown was announced, several companies across sectors have taken to job cuts, along with salary reductions and leave without pay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Informal and Non-Salaried Jobs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This category of job has <strong>shown improvement</strong> during the April-July 2020 increasing to 325.6 million in July 2020 from 317.6 million in 2019, an increase of 2.5%. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is because of the<strong> opening of the country in a phased manner.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This category of employment <strong>accounted for about 32% of the total employment but it suffered 75%</strong> of the hit in April 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Out of total 121.5 million jobs lost in April 2020, 91.2 million of the jobs were lost from this category.</li>
<li>Small traders, hawkers and daily wage labourers were the worst hit by the lockdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Farm Jobs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The jobs lost in the non-farm sectors have resulted in <strong>people moving towards farm employment.</strong> The farm sector gained 14.9 million jobs in the April-July 2020 period.</li>
<li>In 2019, 42.39% of the workforce in India was employed in agriculture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597825839_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597825839_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="631" height="378" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/lockdown-takes-toll-on-18-9-mn-salaried-jobs-informal-sector-shows-silver-lining-6560451/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jobs-data-cmie'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Dhanwantri Rath: Ayurveda Health Services',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between the<strong> All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA)</strong> and <strong>Delhi Police</strong> for extending the<strong> Ayurveda Preventive and Promotive health services</strong> in the residential colonies of <strong>Delhi Police.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These services are to be provided through a <strong>mobile unit named &lsquo;Dhanwantari Rath&rsquo;</strong> and <strong>Police Wellness Centres</strong> and are to be catered by AIIA, supported by the Ministry of AYUSH.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dhanwantari Rath and Police Wellness Centres would be <strong>outreach OPD (OutPatient Department) services of AIIA</strong> and aim to benefit the Families of Delhi Police through Ayurveda preventive health care services.</li>
<li><strong>Dhanwantari Rath &ndash;</strong> a mobile unit of Ayurveda health care services would consist of a team of Doctors who would be visiting Delhi Police colonies regularly. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Ayurveda health care services are <strong>expected to reduce the incidence/prevalence of various diseases</strong> and also<strong> reduce the number of referrals to hospitals</strong> thereby <strong>reducing cost to the healthcare system</strong> as well<strong> as patients.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier,<strong> AYURAKSHA, a joint venture of AIIA and Delhi Police</strong> aimed for <strong>maintaining the health of frontline Covid warriors like Delhi police personnel</strong> through Ayurveda immunity boosting measures was launched. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the latest MoU, Ayurveda Preventive and Promotive health care will be extended to the families of Delhi Police personnel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ayurveda</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is made up of two words-<strong> Ayuh</strong> and<strong> Veda.</strong> Ayuh means life and Veda means knowledge or science. Thus &lsquo;Ayurveda&rsquo; in totality means &lsquo;Science of life&rsquo;.</li>
<li>It incorporates all aspects of life whether physical, psychological, spiritual or social.</li>
<li>It is considered as <strong>one of the ancient health care systems.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Atharva-veda</strong> mainly deals with extensive Ayurvedic information. That is why Ayurveda is said to be the offshoot of Atharva-Veda.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Ministry of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy)</a></strong> was formed in 2014 to ensure the optimal development and propagation of AYUSH systems of health care.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>All India Institute of Ayurveda</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>autonomous organisation under the Ministry of AYUSH.</strong></li>
<li>It has been conceived as an <strong>apex institute for Ayurveda.</strong></li>
<li>It aims at<strong> bringing a synergy between traditional wisdom of Ayurveda and modern tools and technology.</strong></li>
<li>The institute offers postgraduate and doctoral courses in various disciplines of Ayurveda and focuses on fundamental research of Ayurveda, drug development, standardization, quality control, safety evaluation and scientific validation of Ayurvedic medicine.</li>
<li>It is located in <strong>New Delhi.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1646768" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dhanwantri-rath-ayurveda-health-services'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)</strong> has announced <strong>&lsquo;Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge- Innovate Solutions for #Aatmanirbhar Bharat&rsquo;</strong> to provide further impetus to the <strong>Start-up ecosystem, innovation and research</strong> in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MeitY has taken various initiatives and measures to improve innovation-led ecosystem with a <strong>Technology Incubation and Development of Entrepreneurs (TIDE) scheme, Centre of Excellences in IoT/<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/daily-updates-news-editorials-the-challenges-for-fintech-adoption-in-India" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FinTech</a> space,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge- Innovate Solutions for #Aatmanirbhar Bharat&rsquo;</strong> seeks to invite <strong>innovators, startups and students to use microprocessors,</strong> developed by IIT Madras and C-DAC, to <strong>generate various technology products.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>IIT Madras</strong> and<strong> Center for Development of Advance Computing (C-DAC)</strong> have developed two microprocessors named <strong>SHAKTI (32 bit)</strong> and<strong> VEGA (64 bit)</strong> respectively using<strong> Open Source Architecture</strong> under the aegis of <strong>Microprocessor Development Programme</strong> of MeitY.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Challenge demands contestants to not only<strong> tinker with the Swadeshi Processor IPs</strong> and facilitate them with<strong> innovating the economical solutions for societal needs</strong> but also make available the entire <strong>home-grown ecosystem around Swadeshi Processors</strong> to develop the complex designs for catering to both global and domestic requirements in near future.</li>
<li>The Challenge spread over <strong>10 months,</strong> kick-started with the<strong> registration process through MyGov Portal</strong> on <strong>18<sup>th</sup> August 2020</strong> and will culminate in June 2021</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Aatmanibhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, there is a<strong> growing need for Swadeshi Compute Hardware,</strong> that shall be part of every smart device deployed in different domains, including <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electronics-manufacturing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>electronics</strong></a> for public utility services such as surveillance, transportation, environmental condition monitoring, to commodity appliances like smart fans/ locks/ washing machines.</li>
<li>In addition, with <strong>growing penetration of smart electronics in strategic areas including space, defence and nuclear energy,</strong> the need for Swadeshi Compute Hardware is crucial.</li>
<li>The<strong> dependence on external vendors,</strong> quick enhancements to suit the ever-growing requirements, and most-importantly<strong> security,</strong> further drives self-reliance in the hardware domain.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Microprocessor Development Program</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was approved in <strong>August 2017</strong> with <strong>Rs. 289.21</strong> crore earmarked for the programme over four years.</li>
<li><strong>C-DAC, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras</strong> and<strong> IIT Bombay</strong> were roped in for implementation of the project.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>C-DAC is the premier R&amp;D organisation of the MeitY</strong> for carrying out R&amp;D in IT, Electronics and associated areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>development of an indigenous microprocessor is necessary</strong> to meet domestic needs and shield the country from potential future embargoes on transfer of critical technology.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A microprocessor is an <strong>Integrated Circuit (IC)</strong> that contains a few millions of transistors (semiconductor-based electronic devices) fused on a semiconductor chip. It is just a few millimetres in dimension and is used in almost every electronic device&mdash;from the microwave and washing machine in homes to advanced supercomputers of a space station.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The MDP was expected to lead to a <strong>reduction in overall cost of production, maintenance and upgradation of electronic products and systems</strong> in India, and cut foreign exchange outgo.</li>
<li>Under the program, not only industry-grade microprocessors have been designed from the scratch but also the &lsquo;compute ecosystem&rsquo; around them has been evolved as a step towards meeting India's future requirements.<strong> SHAKTI</strong> and <strong>VEGA</strong> are two microprocessors developed under the programme.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Open Source Architecture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Open-source architecture is a concept that combines the advances in design and technologies with the practices and ideas from open-source projects to help reframe an architectural design as a collective and collaborative endeavor.</li>
<li>Some of its<strong> features</strong> are as follow:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The solutions provided are not restrictive. Future modifications or add-ons to the architecture are possible for the best interest of the end user.</li>
<li>It helps in the integration of the widest range of technologies and components.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> proprietary design or technique</strong> is one that is owned by a company. It also implies that the company has not divulged specifications that would allow other companies to duplicate the product.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>MyGov</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MyGov platform was launched in <strong>2014</strong> by the Prime Minister of India.</li>
<li>It is a unique first of its kind <strong>participatory governance initiative</strong> involving the common citizen at large.</li>
<li>The idea of MyGov brings the government closer to the common man by the use of an online platform creating an interface for healthy exchange of ideas and views involving the common citizen and experts with the ultimate goal to contribute to the social and economic transformation of India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1646676" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swadeshi-microprocessor-challenge'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Reservations Based on Place of Birth',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh has announced that the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>government jobs will be reserved</strong> </a>for the &ldquo;children&rdquo; of the state and legal provisions will be made for the same.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Arguments Against Providing Reservation Based on Place of Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 16</strong> in the Constitution of India refers to equality of opportunity in government jobs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 16(1)</strong> provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to 'employment or appointment' to any office under the State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(2)</strong> provides that there cannot be any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Reservation on the basis of domicile and residence would mean <strong>discrimination</strong> as even a minimal departure creates an irrational class depriving a meritorious candidate of his fundamental rights.</li>
<li>This kind of parochialism encourages <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/regionalism-in-india-upsc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>regionalism</strong></a> and<strong> threatens the unity of the nation. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arguments in Favour of Providing Reservation Based on Place of Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 16(3), allows for making provisions in government appointments with respect to residence</strong> (not place of birth).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Parliament (and not the legislature of a state)</strong> can prescribe residence within a state or union territory as a condition for certain employments or appointments in that state or union territory, or local authority or other authority within that state or union territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some states have been using the loopholes in the laws to reserve government jobs for locals. They have used <strong>other criteria like language tests or proof of having resided/studied in the state for a certain period of time.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In Maharashtra, only those living in the state for over 15 years with fluency in Marathi are eligible.</li>
<li>In Jammu and Kashmir, government jobs are reserved for &ldquo;domiciles&rdquo;</li>
<li>In West Bengal, reading and writing skills in Bengali is a criterion in recruitment to some posts.</li>
<li>Last year, the Govt of Karnataka issued a notification mandating private employers to give &ldquo;priority&rdquo; to Kannadigas for clerical and factory jobs in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is argued that giving preferential treatment to the residents of a state will help in <strong>rightful allocation of the resources of the state</strong> and would encourage people to work within the boundaries of their state.</li>
<li>This is also seen as a way to <strong>stop <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2011-census-data-on-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener">migration</a> of people</strong> from backward states to metropolitans, thereby reducing the burden on such cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Distinction between domicile status and place of birth</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the SC ruling in DP Joshi vs Madhya Bharat case,1955, <strong>Domicile or status of residence is a fluid concept</strong> that can change from time to time,<strong> unlike place of birth,</strong> which is fixed.</li>
<li>Domicile of a person means his <strong>permanent home.</strong></li>
<li>The place of birth is one of several grounds on which domicile status is conferred.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SC Judgments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <strong>2019, the Allahabad High Court</strong> struck down a recruitment notification issued by the Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Service Selection Commission, which prescribed preference for women who were &ldquo;original residents&rdquo; of the state.</li>
<li>In the <strong>Kailash Chand Sharma vs State Of Rajasthan case, 2002,</strong> the Supreme Court ruled that residence, be it within a state, district or any other area, cannot be a basis for preferential reservation or treatment.</li>
<li>While the Constitution specifically prohibits discrimination based on place of birth, the Supreme Court, in <strong>DP Joshi vs Madhya Bharat case, 1955</strong> has held domicile reservation, especially in educational institutions, as constitutional.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move to give reservation to the candidates born in the state itself runs <strong>against the spirit of constitutional equality and fraternity.</strong> It is more likely that such politically motivated steps would be overturned by the judiciary as has been done several times in the past.</li>
<li>Also, the government is not an employment guaranteeing agency rather an authority which should create an environment through its policies which minimizes inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/courts-have-earlier-struck-down-job-quota-based-on-place-of-birth-6560463/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservations-based-on-place-of-birth'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'A Digital Push For Healthcare',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This editorial analysis is about the<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-health-sector-data-ecosystem-niti-aayog-national-health-stack-bluebook-6553690/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;A digital push for healthcare&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 14/08/2020. It talks about the need for digitisation of healthcare and challenges that lie ahead.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, many digital initiatives have been launched in India such as the National Digital Health Blueprint, National Health Stack (NHS), etc. These initiatives are aimed at re-imagining India&rsquo;s health data ecosystem.</p>
<p>The basic idea is that instead of ferrying medical records in polythene bags from doctor to doctor, Indian should be able to access their lab reports, x-rays and prescriptions irrespective of where they were generated, and share them with doctors or family members with consent.</p>
<p>Indeed these initiatives have intended benefits but there are many challenges in their implementation.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Health Stack (NHS)</strong></p>
<p>NHS is digital infrastructure built with the aim of making the health insurance system more transparent and robust, while factoring in the uniqueness of India&rsquo;s health sector, and the political realities of federalism. There are<strong> five components </strong>of NHS:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An <strong>electronic national health registry</strong> that would serve as a single source of health data for the nation;</li>
<li><strong>A coverage and claims platform</strong> that would serve as the building blocks for large health protection schemes, allow for the horizontal and vertical expansion of schemes like Ayushman Bharat by states, and enable a robust system of fraud detection;</li>
<li><strong>A federated personal health records</strong> (PHR) framework that would serve the twin purposes of access to their own health data by patients, and the availability of health data for medical research, which is critical for advancing the understanding of human health;</li>
<li><strong>A national health analytics platform</strong> that would provide a holistic view combining information on multiple health initiatives, and feed into smart policymaking, for instance, through improved predictive analytics; and</li>
<li>Other horizontal components including <strong>a unique digital health ID, health data dictionaries and supply chain management for drugs, payment gateways, etc.,</strong> shared across all health programmes.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597756815_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597756815_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Digital Health Blueprint (NDHB)</strong></p>
<p>This National Digital Health Blueprint is<strong> an extension of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/public-health-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Health Policy of 2017</a></strong> (NHP 2017) that was formulated to provide universal healthcare to all citizens of India based on digital technologies for achieving higher efficiency and effectiveness.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NDHB is the<strong> architectural document for the implementation of the National Health Stack.</strong></li>
<li>The NDHB identifies the necessity to establish a specific organisation, called the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) that can facilitate the implementation of the blueprint, to support and simplify the development of a national digital health ecosystem.</li>
<li>The <strong>key features of this blueprint include a unified architecture, a set of architectural elements, a five-layered structure of architectural institutional blocks, a Unique Health ID (UHID), privacy and consent control, national portability, electronic health records, appropriate principles and guidelines, and health analytics.</strong></li>
<li>It also<strong> aims to deploy Artificial Intelligence (AI)</strong> in leveraging health records.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597756794_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597756794_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="505" height="578" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Intended Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Coherence Between Central and State Health Schemes:</strong> Currently, apart from Ayushman Bharat or Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), there are many secondary and tertiary care schemes running in the states.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiatives like NDHB will help in creating synergy between union and states. Thereby, promoting the cause of cooperative federalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aiding Integration of Ayushman Bharat Scheme:</strong> Without integration between the two components <strong>(Health &amp; wellness centres and</strong> PMJAY) of <strong>Ayushman Bharat Scheme,</strong> the goal of continuum of care cannot be met.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NDHB and NHS will help in<strong> integration of the two arms of Ayushman Bharat.</strong></li>
<li>This will help in shifting focus from <strong>&ldquo;Illness to Wellness&rdquo;</strong> to drive down future cost of health protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Interoperability of Health Schemes:</strong> NHS will also provide for a common digital language for the operationalisation and interoperability of various health schemes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Also the continuum of healthcare will be promoted</strong> as the NHS supports information flow across primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effective Governance:</strong> Transparency principle that is imbibed in the NHS and NDHB will help in furtherance of effective public service delivery in many fronts. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Cashless Care</strong> to ensure financial protection to the poor.</li>
<li><strong>Timely Payments on Scientific Package Rates</strong> to service providers, a strong lever to participate in government-funded healthcare programs.</li>
<li><strong>Robust Fraud Detection</strong> to prevent funds leakage.</li>
<li><strong>Improved Policy Making</strong> through access to timely reporting on utilization and measurement of impact across health initiatives.</li>
<li><strong>Enhanced Trust and Accountability</strong> through non-repudiable transaction audit trails.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Procedural Challenges:</strong> First, to enable seamless data exchange, all users must be incentivised or mandated to adopt a standard language of communication.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A claims-driven documentation system, that also serves as a medico-legal instrument, runs the risk of reducing highly-trained professionals to data-entry operators who must enter billing and legal information, that has little relevance for clinical care.</li>
<li>It is imperative that India, while embracing global standards, seriously rethinks what to document, when, why, and most importantly, by whom.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Data Security and Privacy:</strong> One of the biggest concerns has been regarding data security and privacy of patients. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concerns were aggravated after an Assam minister and a senior official of the National Health Authority posted patient details on Twitter recently.</li>
<li>The concerns with universal IDs are particularly salient when it comes to sensitive personal data like health data.</li>
<li>More than a year after the Justice Srikrishna Committee prepared a draft data privacy law, there has been little meaningful movement on it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Health Stack will<strong> facilitate collection of comprehensive healthcare data</strong> across the country.</li>
<li>Designed to leverage India Stack, subsequent data analysis on NHS will not only allow <strong>policy makers to experiment with policies, detect fraud in health insurance, measure outcomes and move towards smart policy making,</strong> it will also engage market players (NGOs, researchers, watchdog organizations) to innovate and build relevant services on top of the platform and fill the gaps.</li>
<li>The portability of clinically-relevant data across private public divides and states <strong>will cut costs and save time, the ability to monitor compliance,</strong> say, with responsible use of antibiotics, can profoundly alter practice and improve the quality of care, and the ability to conduct timely institution-based syndromic surveillance may alter the course of an epidemic, and of a nation</li>
<li>The design is geared to generate vast amounts of data resulting in some of the largest health databases with secured aggregated data that will <strong>put India at the forefront of medical research in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffef5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Explain how initiatives like National Health Stack will provide a much needed digital push in India&rsquo;s health infrastructure.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7kL4Y1zGH4Y" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/limited-peace-the-hindu-editorial-on-uae-israel-peace-agreement/article32359121.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Limited peace: On UAE-Israel peace agreement&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on August 15<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube Channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-digital-push-for-healthcare'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'High Temperature at Death Valley',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Death Valley</strong> (USA) registered a temperature of 54.4&deg;C which, once verified, could be the <strong>highest temperature in more than a century.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The temperature was recorded at the <strong>USA National Weather Service&rsquo;s automated weather station at Furnace Creek</strong> on 16<sup>th</sup> August 2020.</li>
<li>The Death Valley in <strong>southeastern California is the lowest point in the North American continent,</strong> and is a National Park. It is also the <strong>hottest and driest</strong> part of the continent.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597746150_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597746150_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The temperature has been<strong> termed as preliminary and not final as it awaits verification.</strong></li>
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-global-climate-wmo#:~:text=The%20World%20Meteorological%20Organization%20(WMO,1873%20Vienna%20International%20Meteorological%20Congress." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Meteorological Organization</strong> </a>(WMO), Death Valley&rsquo;s <strong>all-time record high is 56.7&deg;C taken on 10<sup>th</sup> July 1913</strong> at Greenland Ranch.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It still stands as the <strong>hottest ever recorded on the planet&rsquo;s surface.</strong></li>
<li>However, since the temperature-recording mechanisms a century ago were not as advanced, many have doubted if that reading was reliable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cause:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The high temperature is a result of a<strong> &lsquo;heat dome&rsquo;</strong> that is smothering the west coast of the USA.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Heat Domes:</strong> High-pressure circulation traps hot ocean air like a lid or a cap trapping heat at the surface and favouring the formation of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-waves#:~:text=The%20heat%20wave%20is%20considered,to%20be%20heat%20wave%20condition." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>heat wave.</strong></a></li>
<li>Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent globally due to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-melting-himalayas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>climate change.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of Extreme Heat:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organization</strong></a> (WHO), extreme heat can <strong>exacerbate pre-existing health conditions,</strong> including respiratory diseases, heart conditions and kidney disorders.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>immediate effects</strong> on the human body are heat cramps, dehydration and even potentially fatal heat strokes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can also have a <strong>severe impact on agriculture and forests.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It either causes <strong>vegetables to wilt and die </strong>or<strong> encourage the spread of plant diseases.</strong></li>
<li>It causes <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wildfires-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>wildfires</strong> </a>which lead to<strong> forest cover reduction and death of fauna.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>affects infrastructure too</strong> by straining power grids and causing blackouts. It can ground planes, melt roads and cause the inside of vehicles to overheat to dangerous levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/at-54-4-c-death-valley-in-us-sees-hottest-temp-since-1913/story-5gmrGAlR6D83bYngRadMQK.html#:~:text=Death%20Valley's%20all%2Dtime%20record,surface%2C%20according%20to%20the%20WMO." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/high-temperature-at-death-valley'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Day 29',
		'catname' => '60 days refresher',
		'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Science and Tech: Information and Nuclear Technology</h2>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Following topics of Science and Tech. relating to Information and Nuclear Technology&nbsp; have been at the forefront of the news headlines, and as UPSC always attempts to test the basics, a basic awareness is required. Questions from this topic are largely asked from static as well as current affairs portions. According to the trend observed, the facts, their contexts, basic background information can be asked by the UPSC from these topics.</span></p>
<h2>Cyber Security</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/cyber-security-framework-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyber Security Framework In India</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyber-frauds-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cyber Frauds and Covid-19</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/spyware-pegasus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Spyware Pegasus</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/infographics/info-paper3/ransomware-wannacry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ransomware - WannaCry</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/malware-smominru" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malware Smominru</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/tiktok-app-ban-case" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TikTok-app-ban-case</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/regulation-of-public-data" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Regulation of Public Data</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/jio-facebook-deal-and-its-implications" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jio-Facebook Deal and Its Implications</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Personal Data Protection Bill 2019</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/convention-on-global-cybercrime" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on Global Cybercrime</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/zoom-not-a-safe-platform-mha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Zoom- Not a Safe Platform: MHA</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Digital Technologies &amp; Related Concepts</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-to-launch-official-digital-currency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China to Launch Official Digital Currency</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/social-media-and-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Social Media And Democracy</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quantum-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quantum Technology</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/quantum-supremacy-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quantum Supremacy</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/edge-computing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Edge Computing</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/supreme-court-on-cryptocurrency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court on Cryptocurrency</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/5g-is-india-prepared" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>5G: Is India Prepared?</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navic-in-mobiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NavIC in Mobiles</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/libra-facebook-s-currency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>LIBRA: Facebook's Currency</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/big-data-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Big Data</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/software-defined-networking" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Software-Defined Networking</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sandbox-for-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sandbox for Fintech</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/internet-trends-report-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Internet Trends Report:2019</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icann-and-nasscom-collaboration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ICANN and NASSCOM Collaboration</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/globalization-4-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Globalization 4.0</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-approves-net-neutrality-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Government Approves Net Neutrality in India</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h2>E-Governance Initiatives</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-diplomacy-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-Diplomacy</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-dispute-resolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Online Dispute Resolution</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bharat-air-fibre-wireless-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Air Fibre: Wireless Internet</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PRAGYATA: Guidelines on Digital Education</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Online Education</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/aarogya-setu-app-a-technological-solutionism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aarogya Setu App: A Technological Solutionism</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-to-launch-official-digital-currency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China to Launch Official Digital Currency</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mainstreaming-healthcare-startups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mainstreaming Healthcare Startups</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-dispute-resolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Online Dispute Resolution</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/citizen-centric-services-of-ncrb" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Citizen-centric Services of NCRB</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trifed-s-digitisation-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TRIFED's Digitisation Drive</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-instant-messaging-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Government Instant Messaging System</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steering-committee-on-fintech" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Steering Committee on Fintech</strong></a></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gramnet-to-connect-all-villages-through-wi-fi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GramNet</a> </strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/internet-saathi-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Internet Saathi Program</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-national-policy-on-software-products-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Policy on Software Products, 2019</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/data-localisation-and-undivided-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Data Localisation and Undivided Internet</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/upi-20-launched-by-npci" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UPI 2.0 Launched by NPCI</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/automated-multi-modal-biometric-identification-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Automated Multi-modal Biometric Identification System (AMBIS)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/frontier-technologies" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Frontier Technologies</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-visual-positioning-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Visual Positioning System</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icedash-and-atithi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ICEDASH and ATITHI</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhim-2-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BHIM 2.0</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-dth-v-s-ott" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DTH v/s OTT</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-of-digitisation-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Challenges of Digitisation and Way Forward</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Artificial Intelligence &amp; Robotics</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>In Depth &ndash; Artificial Intelligence</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/negative-impacts-of-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Negative Impacts of Artificial Intelligence</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/responsible-ai-for-youth" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Responsible AI for Youth</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deep-fakes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deep Fakes</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ai-based-voice-tool-to-detect-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AI-based Voice Tool to Detect Covid-19</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-facial-recognition-uses-concerns" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Big Picture: Facial Recognition - Uses &amp; Concerns</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/facial-recognition-for-elections" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Facial Recognition for Elections</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/artificial-humans-neons" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Humans -NEONs</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/satcom-technology-deployed-for-learning" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Satcom Technology</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-robotics-and-automation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Robotics and Automation in India</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-in-the-ai-race" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India in the AI Race</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-robots-xenobots" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Living Robots: Xenobots</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/producing-new-antibiotics-through-robotics" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Producing New Antibiotics Through Robotics</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ai-da-robot" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ai-Da Robot</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Nuclear Technology</h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-department-of-atomic-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Year-End Review 2019: Department of Atomic Energy</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/credibility-of-nuclear-deterrence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The credibility of Nuclear Deterrence</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hiroshima-black-rain" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hiroshima Black Rain</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-thermonuclear-experimental-reactor-iter-assembly" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Assembly</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/russia-accused-of-testing-anti-satellite-weapon" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Russia Accused of Testing Anti-Satellite Weapon</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kakrapar-atomic-plant-achieves-criticality" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kakrapar Atomic Plant Achieves Criticality</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natanz-underground-nuclear-facility-of-iran" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Natanz: Underground Nuclear Facility of Iran</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iran-blocking-sites-access-iaea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Iran Blocking Sites Access: IAEA</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increasing-nuclear-stockpiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Increasing Nuclear Stockpiles</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/energy-needs-in-the-context-of-climate-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Energy Needs in the Context of Climate Crisis</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nuclear-power-plants-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nuclear Power Plants in India</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/multilateral-export-control-regimes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Multilateral Export Control Regimes</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-start-treaty" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New START Treaty</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/nuclear-doctrine-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nuclear Doctrine of India</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-nsg-bid" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India's NSG bid</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fast-neutrino-oscillations-and-supernova" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fast Neutrino Oscillations and Supernova</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India's Prospects as a Nuclear Power</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/akula-class-attack-submarine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Akula Class &ndash; Attack Submarine</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/deterrence-or-danger" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deterrence or Danger?</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000080;">Previous Years Questions</span></h3>
<p>Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)</p>
<p>A digital signature is</p>
<ol>
<li>an electronic record that identifies the certifying authority issuing it</li>
<li>used to serve as a proof of identity of an individual to access information or server on Internet</li>
<li>an electronic method of signing an electronic document and ensuring that the original content is unchanged</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to digital payments, consider the following statements: (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>BHIM app allows the user to transfer money to anyone with a UPI-enabled bank account.</li>
<li>While a chip-pin debit card has four factors of authentication, BHIM app has only two factors of authentication.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The identity platform &lsquo;Aadhaar&rsquo; provides open &ldquo;Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)&rdquo;. What does it imply? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>It can be integrated into any electronic device.</li>
<li>Online authentication using iris is possible.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The terms &lsquo;WannaCry, Petya and EternalBlue&rsquo; sometimes mentioned in the news recently are related to (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Exoplanets</p>
<p>(b) Cryptocurrency</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Cyberattacks</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Mini satellites</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In which of the following areas can GPS technology be used? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Mobile phone operations</li>
<li>Banking operations</li>
<li>Controlling the power grids</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of &ldquo;Digital India&rdquo; Plan of the Government of India? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Formation of India&rsquo;s own Internet companies like China did.</li>
<li>Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries.</li>
<li>Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 3 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Regarding &lsquo;DigiLocker&rsquo;, sometimes seen in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>It is a digital locker system offered by the Government under Digital India Programme.</li>
<li>It allows you to access your e-documents irrespective of your physical location.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q.&lsquo;Project Loon&rsquo;, sometimes seen in the news, is related to (2016)</p>
<p>(a) waste management technology</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) wireless communication technology</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) solar power production technology</p>
<p>(d) water conservation technology</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to &lsquo;LiFi&rsquo;, recently in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>It uses light as the medium for high-speed data transmission.</li>
<li>It is a wireless technology and is several times faster than &lsquo;WiFi&rsquo;.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to &lsquo;Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology&rsquo;, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>It is a contactless communication technology that uses electromagnetic radio fields.</li>
<li>NFC is designed for use by devices which can be at a distance of even a metre from each other.</li>
<li>NFC can use encryption when sending sensitive information.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) 1 and 3 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2018)&nbsp;</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Terms sometimes seen in news</strong></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; Context/Topic</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1. Belle II experiment</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Artificial Intelligence</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2. Blockchain technology</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Digital/Cryptocurrency</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3. CRISPR &ndash; Cas9&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">&mdash; Particle Physics</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. &ldquo;3D printing&rdquo; has applications in which of the following? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Preparation of confectionery items</li>
<li>Manufacture of bionic ears</li>
<li>Automotive industry</li>
<li>Reconstructive surgeries</li>
<li>Data processing technologies</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below.</p>
<p>(a) 1, 3 and 4 only</p>
<p>(b) 2, 3 and 5 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 4 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. What is &lsquo;Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)&rsquo;, recently in the news? (2016)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) Electric plane tested by NASA</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan</p>
<p>(c) Space observatory launched by China</p>
<p>(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government.</li>
<li>NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India&rsquo;s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) Both 1 and 2</p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which among the following do/does not belong/belongs to GSM family of wireless technologies? (2010)</p>
<p>(a) EDGE</p>
<p>(b) LTE</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) DSL</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Both EDGE and LTE</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. WiMAX is related to which one of the following? (2009)</p>
<p>(a) Biotechnology</p>
<p>(b) Space technology</p>
<p>(c) Missile technology</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) Communication technology</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. What is the difference between Bluetooth and Wi-Fi devices? (2011)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) Bluetooth uses 2.4 GHz radio frequency band whereas Wi-Fi can use 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency band</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) Bluetooth is used for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) only, whereas Wi-Fi is<br />used for Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN) only</p>
<p>(c) When information is transmitted between two devices using Bluetooth technology, the devices have to be in the line of sight of each other, but when Wi-Fi technology is used the devices need not be in the line of sight of each other</p>
<p>(d) The statements (a) and (b) given above are correct in this context</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. A new optical disc format known as the Blu-ray Disc (BD) is becoming popular. In what way is it different from the traditional DVD? (2011)</p>
<ol>
<li>DVD supports Standard Definition video while BD supports High Definition video.</li>
<li>Compared to a DVD the BD format has several times more storage capacity.</li>
<li>Thickness of BD is 2.4 mm while that of DVD is 1.2 mm.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Service providers</li>
<li>Data centres</li>
<li>Body corporate</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The terms &lsquo;WannaCry, Petya and EternalBlue&rsquo; sometimes mentioned in the news recently are related to (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Exoplanets</p>
<p>(b) Cryptocurrency</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Cyber attacks</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Mini satellites</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In which of the following areas can GPS technology be used? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Mobile phone operations</li>
<li>Banking operations</li>
<li>Controlling the power grids</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-29'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Bhadbhut Project',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Gujarat government has awarded the contract for the <strong>Bhadbhut project</strong> in <strong>Bharuch.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/use-of-waterways-for-reducing-transportation-cost" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inland Waterway Authority of India</strong> </a>has given clearance for this project.</li>
<li>The project has <strong>faced protests from local fishermen</strong> because it is <strong>likely to impact fishing patterns,</strong> mainly those of<strong> hilsa</strong> <em>(Tenualosa ilisha).</em></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features of the Project:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597745482_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597745482_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is located across the river <strong>Narmada,</strong> 5 km from Bhadbhut village and 25 km from the mouth of the river, where it flows into the <strong>Gulf of Khambhat.</strong></li>
<li>The project is<strong> part of the larger Kalpasar Project,</strong> which entails the construction of a <strong>30-km dam across the Gulf of Khambhat</strong> between Bharuch and Bhavnagar districts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kalpasar Project aims to<strong> store Gujarat&rsquo;s 25% average annual surface water</strong> resources..</li>
<li>This reservoir will <strong>store about 8,000 million cubic metres</strong> (MCM) of surface water and will be one of the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest freshwater reservoirs in the sea.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Purpose:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To<strong> prevent salinity ingress.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Salinity ingress</strong> refers to the process of saltwater invading areas which previously contained only freshwater.</li>
<li>Due to the reduced flow of freshwater, saline seawater gushes into the Narmada estuary during high tide, thus increasing salinity along the banks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will<strong> stop most of the excess water flowing out of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gujarat-madhya-pradesh-tussle-over-the-narmada" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sardar Sarovar Dam</a></strong> from reaching the sea and will <strong>create a sweet water lake</strong> of 600 MCM on the river, solving the freshwater problems in Bharuch.</li>
<li>This will tap the excess waters of the <strong>Narmada, Mahisagar and Sabarmati rivers</strong> in the reservoir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The barrage is <strong>expected to interfere with the migration and breeding cycle of hilsa,</strong> blocking their natural entry.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Hilsa is a <strong>marine fish which migrates upstream and arrives in the brackish water of the Narmada estuary</strong> near Bharuch<strong> for spawning</strong> usually during the monsoon months of July and August and continues doing so till November.</li>
<li>The <strong>reduced outflow of water from the dam, industrial effluents flowing into the river</strong> and <strong>salinity ingress</strong> are believed to be the major causes of the decline of hilsa.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Part of <strong>Aliya Bet,</strong> an <strong>island in the delta of the Narmada</strong> and known for <strong>shrimp farming,</strong> is likely to get submerged.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A portion of the forest in Aliya Bet too will get affected by the project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/barrage-across-narmada-promise-of-sweet-water-worries-about-hilsa-6558972/#:~:text=The%20barrage%20is%20expected%20to,continue%20doing%20so%20till%20November." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhadbhut-project'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Marthoman Jacobite Syrian Cathedral Church',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Kerala government has taken control of<strong> Marthoman Jacobite Syrian Cathedral Church at Mulanthuruthy</strong> in Ernakulam district, <strong>Kerala.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Malankara Church:</strong> The Church at Mulanthuruthy has been in the focus of a <strong>dispute between Jacobite and Orthodox factions of the Malankara Church, </strong>a prominent <strong>non-Catholic Christian community.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Malankara Church <strong>first split in 1912,</strong> into the Jacobite and Orthodox groups. However, the two Churches reunified in 1959, but the truce lasted only until 1972-73.</li>
<li>Since then, the two factions have been engaged in battle over ownership of churches and their wealth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Management Shift:</strong> The Church at Mulanthuruthy has been <strong>managed by the Jacobite faction,</strong> but as per a 2017 Supreme Court (SC) verdict, its <strong>ownership went to the rival Orthodox faction.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC had upheld the validity of the 1934 constitution of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church to govern the parishes (administration) under the Church.</li>
<li>However, the Orthodox faction was still denied access to the Church, therefore they appealed in the Kerala High Court, which directed the Kerala government to take over the Church and hand it over to Orthodox faction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kerala&rsquo;s Church Groups: </strong>The Christian population of Kerala comprises <strong>Catholic, Jacobite Syrian, Orthodox Syrian, Mar Thoma, Church of South India, Dalit Christians and Pentecostal Churches.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Catholics form 61% of Kerala&rsquo;s Christian population.</li>
<li>The Malankara Church constitutes 15.9% of the Christian population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mulanthuruthy Church:</strong> The Marthoman Jacobite Syrian Cathedral Church at Mulanthuruthy was<strong> established in 1200 AD.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Church is a fine example of <strong>Gothic architecture.</strong></li>
<li>The carvings, sculptures, symbolic icons and wall paintings, are a<strong> blend of Indian, West-Asian and European architecture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597744099_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597744099_image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gothic Architecture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a<strong> European style of architecture</strong> popular in the 12<sup>th</sup>-16<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li><strong>Origin:</strong> This architecture has its roots in<strong> France and England.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong> Pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses.</li>
<li>The Britishers merged some<strong> Indian features</strong> of architecture to the Gothic architecture, which resulted in the <strong>Indo-Gothic style of architecture</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Examples of Indo-Gothic style of architecture:</strong> Madras High Court, Victoria Memorial, The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (previously Victoria Terminus) etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-marthoman-jacobite-syrian-cathedral-church-mulanthuruthy-kerala-govt-takeover-sc-verdict-6558373/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/marthoman-jacobite-syrian-cathedral-church'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'World Solar Technology Summit: ISA',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> International Solar Alliance (ISA)</strong> will organise the<strong> First World Solar Technology</strong> Summit on<strong> 8<sup>th</sup> September, 2020</strong> on a virtual platform.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of the event is to bring the spotlight on <strong>state-of-the-art technologies</strong> as well as <strong>next-generation technologies</strong> which will provide impetus to the efforts towards harnessing <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/solar-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solar energy</strong></a> more efficiently.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Participants:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Prime Minister of India</strong> will deliver the inaugural address of the First World Solar Technology Summit, to be graced by <strong>Ministers from member countries from across all ISA regions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Dr. M. Stanley Whittingham</strong> who was awarded the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prizes-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nobel Prize</a> in Chemistry</strong> (jointly with <strong>John B Goodenough &amp; Akira Yoshino</strong>) in <strong>2019</strong> for the revolutionizing discovery of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increasing-imports-of-li-ion-batteries" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lithium ion batteries.</a> </strong></li>
<li><strong>CEOs of top global corporations</strong> will share their vision on how scientific breakthroughs and innovations can be commercially made available to all parts of the world for wider consumption.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Four Sessions:</strong> The event will hold four technical sessions that would be available to the participants in different languages namely <strong>English, Spanish, French &amp; Arabic.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Session -1: Vision 2030 &amp; Beyond:</strong> The overall context of Photovoltaic (PV) technology development and its future, on its way towards becoming the first source of energy worldwide, with PV technologies supplying 70% of the world&rsquo;s electricity generation.</li>
<li><strong>Session -2: Towards a Decarbonised Grid:</strong> The most recent advances (conversion efficiency improvements and declining costs) regarding key components such as PV modules and storage technologies.</li>
<li><strong>Session -3: Disruptive Solar Technologies:</strong> On-grid applications, whether ground-mounted, floating, or integrated in residential and commercial rooftops.</li>
<li><strong>Session -4: Solar Beyond the Power Sector:</strong> Innovative applications where PV is used to move, heat, cool, and drive eco-friendly industrial processes and produce fuels as well as off-grid applications, to provide universal access to energy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>I JOSE:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>ISA would also launch the <strong>ISA Journal on Solar Energy (I JOSE)</strong> that would help authors from across the globe to publish their articles on solar energy, during the event.</li>
<li>The articles in this journal would be reviewed by global experts and will reach the Member countries through ISA&rsquo;s vast network of <strong>NFPs (National Focal points) </strong>and <strong>STAR (Solar Technology and Application Resource centers)</strong> centers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Solar Energy Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar energy has taken a central place in India's<a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong> </a>with the <strong>National Solar Mission </strong>as <strong>one of the key Missions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>National Solar Mission (NSM) was launched on 11<sup>th</sup> January, 2010.</li>
<li>Its objective is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy by creating the policy conditions for solar technology diffusion across the country as quickly as possible.</li>
<li>It targets installing <strong>100 GW grid-connected solar power plants by the year 2022. </strong>This is <strong>in line with India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/virtual-climate-action-ministerial" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)</a> target</strong> to achieve about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources and to reduce the emission intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% from 2005 level by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In order to achieve the above target, the Government of India has launched various <strong>schemes</strong> to encourage generation of solar power in the country like <strong>Solar Park Scheme,</strong> Canal bank &amp; Canal top Scheme, Bundling Scheme,<strong> Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Scheme etc.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Solar power capacity has increased by more than 11 times in the last five years</strong> from 2.6 GW in March, 2014 to 30 GW in July, 2019.</li>
<li>Recently, a<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rewa-solar-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 750 megawatt (MW) solar project</strong> </a>has been inaugurated in<strong> Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>India has an ambitious cross-border power grid plan&mdash;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-sun-one-world-one-grid-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;One Sun One World One Grid&rsquo;</strong></a>&mdash; that seeks to transfer solar power generated in one region to feed the electricity demands of others</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Solar Alliance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>launch</strong> of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) was announced by the <strong>Prime Minister of India</strong> (Narendra Modi) and former<strong> President of France</strong> (Francois Hollande) on <strong>30<sup>th</sup> November 2015,</strong> at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>21<sup>st</sup> session of United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP-21)</strong></a> in Paris, France. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was conceived as a coalition of solar-resource-rich countries (which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn) to address their special energy needs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>67 countries</strong> have signed and ratified the ISA framework agreement.</li>
<li>The <strong>Assembly of the ISA is the apex decision-making body</strong> which comprises representatives from each Member Country.</li>
<li>It<strong> aims</strong> at lowering the cost of technology and finance and thereby facilitate deployment of over 1,000 GW of solar energy and mobilize more than USD 1,000 billion into solar power by 2030 in Member countries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Solar is a key source of affordable and reliable energy, thus it could play a significant role in achieving the<strong> universal energy access goal (SDG 7).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Government of India has allotted 5 acres of land to the ISA in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solar-thermal-energy-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE)</strong></a> campus,<strong> Gurugram</strong> and has released a sum of Rs. 160 crore for creating a corpus fund, building infrastructure and meeting day to day recurring expenditure of the ISA up to the year 2021-22.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1646492" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-solar-technology-summit-isa'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Green Corridor: Organ Donation',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a heart was brought from Pune to Chennai with the help of a <strong>&ldquo;green corridor&rdquo;</strong> created for unrestricted movement.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> A green corridor is a demarcated, cleared out<strong> special road route</strong> created for an ambulance that enables retrieved organs meant for transplant to reach the destined hospital.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Green corridors require a concentrated effort from transplant coordinators, local police, traffic police and airport staff. Awareness of the general public towards green corridors is also important.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Procedure:</strong> When a patient is declared brain dead and his family consents to organ donation, the availability of a recipient is first checked within the city, state, region and then nationally.</li>
<li><strong>Need:</strong> Organs have a short preservation time, and green corridors ensure the ambulance escapes traffic congestion and reaches the destination in the shortest possible time.</li>
<li><strong>Coordinated by:</strong> The requisite regulatory procedures and coordination was carried out with <strong>National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO).</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization (NOTTO) is a National level organization set up under <strong>Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, located in New Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>NOTTO&rsquo;s various state centers are called <strong>State Organ and Tissue Transplantation Organisation (SOTTO).</strong></li>
<li>It coordinates and establishes a network for procurement and distribution of organs and tissues as per the <strong>Transplantation of Human Organs (Amendment) Act 2011.</strong></li>
<li>NOTTO in collaboration with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nic-and-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Informatics Centre (NIC)</strong></a> is developing a national registry of organ and tissue donors.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This initiative will help in maintaining data and surveillance of all transplants across the country and also plans to <strong>map post-transplant survival rate of patients.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heart-flown-from-pune-to-chennai-for-transplant/article32378251.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-corridor-organ-donation'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Ganga Rejuvenation Monitoring',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> has observed that the pollutants are still being discharged into the river Ganga, despite several directions of various courts.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The states of <strong>Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and West Bengal</strong> have failed in preventing discharge of untreated effluents in violation of provisions of the<strong> Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597738224_image0.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1597738224_image0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="638" height="479" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Right:</strong> Pollution-free environment is the <strong>constitutional right</strong> of every citizen and<strong> constitutional obligation</strong> of States. However, the states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and West Bengal are certainly failing in providing pollution free Ganga.</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring:</strong> The NGT has directed the above states to <strong>periodically monitor</strong> the rejuvenation of the Ganga.</li>
<li><strong>Joint Meetings:</strong> It has also called for periodic joint meetings of the above states to consider vital issues like <strong>pooling of human resources</strong> and <strong>sharing best practices</strong> for rejuvenation of Ganga.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The meetings shall be focussed on<strong> preventing discharge of sewage</strong> and other pollutants in Ganga directly or through its tributaries or drains connected thereto.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives Taken to Clean Ganga</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ganga Action Plan:</strong> It was the <strong>first River Action Plan</strong> that was taken up by the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in 1985,</strong> to improve the water quality by the interception, diversion, and treatment of domestic sewage.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>National River Conservation Plan</strong> is an extension to the Ganga Action Plan. It aims at cleaning the Ganga river under Ganga Action Plan phase-2.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA):</strong> It was formed by the Government of India in the year 2009 under Section-3 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It declared the Ganga as the<strong> &lsquo;National River&rsquo;</strong> of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Namami Gange Programme:</strong> It is an<strong> Integrated Conservation<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-mission-for-clean-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Mission</a></strong>, approved as a &lsquo;Flagship Programme&rsquo; by the Union Government in June 2014 to accomplish the twin objectives of <strong>effective abatement of pollution </strong>and <strong>conservation and rejuvenation of National River Ganga.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is being operated under the<strong> Ministry of Jal Shakti.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Clean Ganga Fund:</strong> In 2014, it was formed for cleaning up of the Ganga, setting up of waste treatment plants, and conservation of biotic diversity of the river.</li>
<li><strong>Bhuvan-Ganga Web App</strong>: It ensures involvement of the public in monitoring of pollution entering into the river Ganga.</li>
<li><strong>Ban on Waste Disposal:</strong> In 2017, the<strong> NGT</strong> banned the disposal of any waste in the Ganga.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to successfully rejuvenate Ganga, there is a<strong> need for a strategic blueprint</strong> that includes the strict monitoring of pollution and strict implementation of present laws and courts guidelines related to pollution.</li>
<li>There is also a need for <strong>rigorous planning action at the highest level monitoring</strong> for meaning enforcement of the <strong>rule of law</strong> for protection of environment and public health and also rejuvenation of Ganga river.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ngt-tells-states-to-monitor-ganga-rejuvenation/article32379167.ece#:~:text=The%20National%20Green%20Tribunal%20(NGT,several%20directions%20of%20various%20courts." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ganga-rejuvenation-monitoring'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
	'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
	'params' => [
		':c0' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'defaultTypes' => [
		'articles__article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 57
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 286
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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