Search

Search list matched with tags “class”

One Nation One Ration Card Scheme

This article is based on “Easing access to entitlements” which was published in The Indian Express on 15/07/2021. It talks about the...

16 Jul 2021 News Editorials
India’s Textile Sector

Why in News Recently, the Union Minister of Textiles held an in-depth review of initiatives undertaken by the Ministry of Textiles for giving a...

16 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Neurological Disorders in India

Why in News A recent study published in the ‘Lancet Global Health’ is the first comprehensive analysis of India's neurological diseases...

16 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Emerging Market for Renewables

Why in News According to a recent report, fossil fuel electricity generation has peaked worldwide as emerging markets seize the opportunities of...

16 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Violence in South Africa

Why in News Recently, Riots and looting in South Africa have left more than 70 people dead, hurt thousands of businesses and damaged major...

16 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Amazon Forests: No Longer Carbon Sinks

Why in News According to a recent study, Amazon Forests have started emitting Carbon dioxide (CO2) instead of absorbing it. Growing trees and...

16 Jul 2021 News Analysis
World Youth Skill Day

Why in News Every year, 15th July is observed as the World Youth Skills Day. It was designated by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in...

16 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Landslide and Flash Floods

Why in News Recently, heavy rains caused flash floods and landslides in many parts of Himachal Pradesh. Key Points Landslide: About: A...

16 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Women After Pandemic

This article is based on Women work more, earn less, and face greater health risks which was published in Hindustan Times on 15/07/2021. It talks...

15 Jul 2021 News Editorials
Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary

Why in News The Union Government has approved continuation of the Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) for Development of Infrastructure Facilities for...

15 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Water Pollution by Detergents

Why in News Water pollution caused by detergents has become a big concern in the global context. The per capita (per person) detergent...

15 Jul 2021 News Analysis
National Ayush Mission

Why in News The government has decided to continue the National Ayush Mission (NAM) as a centrally sponsored scheme till 2026. The project will...

15 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Special Livestock Sector Package

Why in News The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved implementation of a special livestock sector package. Key Points About...

15 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Inflation Data: June 2021

Why in News Recently, the Office of the Economic Adviser, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade has released the Wholesale Price...

15 Jul 2021 News Analysis
St. Queen Ketevan’s Relics: Georgia

Why in News Recently, India has gifted one part of the holy relics of 17th century St. Queen Ketevan to the Georgian government. These relics...

15 Jul 2021 News Analysis
New Solar Projects: NTPC

Why in News Recently, National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC) Renewable Energy Ltd (REL) signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the...

15 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Sankalp Se Siddhi: Mission Van Dhan

Why in News Recently, the Minister of Tribal Affairs reviewed various initiatives under ‘Sankalp Se Siddhi-Mission Vand Dhan’, by TRIFED...

15 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Growth Matters

This article is based on Growth matters but income levels matter more which was published in The Hindu on 14/07/2021. It talks about the challenges...

14 Jul 2021 News Editorials
Delay in Aadhaar Enrolment due to Incomplete NRC: Assam

Why in News The Aadhaar enrolment of more than 27 lakh people in Assam has become uncertain/delayed because of the delay in completing the process...

14 Jul 2021 News Analysis
BHIM - UPI Launched in Bhutan

Why in News The Union Minister of Finance of India along with her counterpart, the Finance Minister of Bhutan has jointly launched Bharat Interface...

14 Jul 2021 News Analysis

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'searchlist' => [
		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'One Nation One Ration Card Scheme ',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/easing-access-to-entitlements-7406451/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Easing access to entitlements&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 15/07/2021. It talks about the benefits and challenges associated with the One Nation One Ration Card scheme (ONORC).</p>
</div>
<p>Covid-19 pandemic has created a dilemma of lives vs livelihood for almost every sector of the economy. However, the migrant workers are one the most vulnerable sections of the society, which got impacted by the pandemic.</p>
<p>Food and income security is the main concern of the jobless migrants after the two deadly waves of Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
<p>In order to tackle the problem of food security, the government of India introduced the <a href="/pdf/policy-watch-one-nation-one-ration-card.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation One Ration Card scheme (ONORC).</strong></a> ONORC allows a beneficiary to access his food entitlements from anywhere in India irrespective of the place where the ration card is registered.</p>
<h3>Status of ONORC Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presently, thirty-two States and Union territories have already completed the formalities of the scheme, which include linking beneficiaries&rsquo; ration cards with their <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar</strong></a> numbers and installing e-Point of Sale (e-POS) machines in each FPS.</li>
<li>The full mobility of food subsidy under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013</strong></a> relies on digitisation of the public distribution system (PDS), a network of over 5,00,000 fair-price shops (FPS).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This would be ensured on the basis of Aadhaar authentication and validated data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Integrated Management of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System</strong></a> (IMPDS) portal records all purchases made under ONORC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits of ONORC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enabling Right To Food:</strong> Previously, ration cardholders can avail their entitlement of subsidised food grains under the National Food Security Act, only from the designated Fair price shop (FPS) within the concerned state.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, if a beneficiary were to shift to another state, he/she would need to apply for a new ration card in the second state.</li>
<li>Thus, ONORC envisages removing the geographical hindrance to social justice and enabling the right to food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Supporting One-Third of Population:</strong> Nearly, 37% of the population is that of migrant labourers. The scheme is therefore important for anyone who is going to move from one place to the other.</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Leakages:</strong> The ONORC can reduce leakages, because the fundamental prerequisite of this scheme is deduplication.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will ensure that the same person does not figure as a beneficiary in two different locations of the country.</li>
<li>Further, the scheme is linked with Aadhaar and biometrics, this removes most possibilities of corruption.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Social Discrimination:</strong> ONORC will be particularly beneficial for women and other disadvantaged groups, given how social identity (caste, class and gender) and other contextual factors (including power relations) provide a strong backdrop in accessing PDS.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Exclusion Error:</strong> The digitisation of this PDS process, through Aadhaar-linked ration cards and smart cards, has been pushed in an effort to reduce leakages. However, there has been a rise of exclusion errors in post-Aadhaar seeding.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are many sections of society who still don&rsquo;t have Aadhar Cards, thereby depriving them of food security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domicile-Based Social Sector Schemes:</strong> Not only PDS, most of the anti-poverty, rural employment, welfare and food security schemes were historically based on domicile-based access and restricted people to access government social security, welfare and food entitlements at their place of origin.</li>
<li><strong>Disrupting Supplies At FPS:</strong> An FPS receives the monthly quota of products strictly in accordance with the number of people assigned to it.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ONORC, when fully operational, would disrupt this practice, as some FPSs may have to cater to more numbers of cards even as others cater to less, owing to migration of people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Opening up Alternate Delivery Centres:</strong> If emergencies continue to hamper uptake at ration shops, alternate delivery channels can be considered for delivering food grains to vulnerable groups.</li>
<li><strong>Focusing on Nutritional Security:</strong> Food security should be seen from a broader framework of nutritional security. Therefore, ONORC must allow the portability of Integrated Child Development Services, Mid-Day Meals, immunisation, health care and other facilities.</li>
<li><strong>Replacing PDS With Food Coupons:</strong> In the longer run, the PDS system may be replaced by a fool-proof food coupon system or direct benefit transfer.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Wherein, a Below Poverty Line family can buy rice, pulses, sugar and oil from any Kirana store at the market price, by either paying fully through the coupon or by cash.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>ONORC is the far-reaching reform of the public distribution ecosystem since the Food Security Act. It will provide food security to jobless migrants and will help achieve the target set under SDG 2: Ending hunger by 2030.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffffa;">
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>One Nation One Ration Card scheme is the far-reaching reform of the public distribution ecosystem since the Food Security Act. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme-2'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'India’s Textile Sector',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister of Textiles held an in-depth<strong> review of initiatives undertaken by the Ministry of Textiles</strong> for giving a boost to the textiles sector.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Textiles &amp; garments industry is<strong> labour intensive sector</strong> that employs 45 mn people in India is <strong>second only to the agriculture sector in terms of employment.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s textiles sector is<strong> one of the oldest industries in the Indian economy,</strong> and is a storehouse and carrier of traditional skills, heritage and culture.</li>
<li>It can be divided into<strong> two segments-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>unorganised sector</strong> is small scale and uses traditional tools and methods. It consists of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-handloom-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">handloom</a>, handicrafts and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sericulture-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> sericulture</a></strong> (production of silk).</li>
<li>The <strong>organised sector</strong> uses modern machinery and techniques and consists of the <strong>spinning, apparel and garments segment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Textiles Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It contributes<strong> 2.3%</strong> to Indian<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Gross Domestic Product</a>, 7%</strong> of Industrial Output, <strong>12% to the export earnings of India</strong> and employs more than <strong>21% of total employment.</strong></li>
<li>India is the <strong>6<sup>th</sup> largest producer</strong> of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Technical Textiles</strong></a> with<strong> 6% Global Share, largest producer of cotton &amp; jute</strong> in the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Technical textiles are<strong> functional fabrics</strong> that have applications across various industries including automobiles, civil engineering and construction, agriculture, healthcare, industrial safety, personal protection etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is also the <strong>second largest producer of silk</strong> in the world and 95% of the world&rsquo;s hand woven fabric comes from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges of the Textiles Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Highly fragmented:</strong> The Indian textile industry is highly fragmented and is being <strong>dominated by the unorganized sector</strong> and small and medium industries.</li>
<li><strong>Outdated Technology:</strong> The Indian textile industry has its<strong> limitations of access to the latest technology</strong> (especially in small-scale industries) and failures to meet global standards in the highly competitive market.</li>
<li><strong>Tax Structure Issues:</strong> The tax structure <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fall-in-goods-and-services-tax-gst-collections" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST (Goods and Service Tax)</strong> </a>makes the garments expensive and uncompetitive in domestic as well as international markets. Another threat is rising labour wages and workers&rsquo; salaries.</li>
<li><strong>Stagnant Exports:</strong> The export from the sector has been stagnating and remained at the <strong>USD 40-billion level for the last six years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lack of Scale:</strong> The apparel units in India have an<strong> average size of 100 machines which is very less in comparison with Bangladesh,</strong> which has on an average of at least 500 machines per factory.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Foreign Investment:</strong> Due to challenges given above the foreign investors are not very enthusiastic about investing in the textile sector which is also one of the areas of concern.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Though the sector has witnessed a spurt in investment during the last five years, the industry attracted<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow-touches-82-bn-in-fy21#:~:text=8%25)%2C%20respectively.-,Foreign%20Direct%20Investment,country%20(the%20host%20country)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong> </a>of only <strong>USD 3.41 billion from April 2000 to December 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/textile-sector-and-atmanirbharta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS):</strong></a> In 2015, the government approved "Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS)" <strong>for technology upgradation of the textiles industry.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-for-integrated-textile-parks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks (SITP)</a>:</strong> To <strong>assist small and medium entrepreneurs</strong> in the textile industry to clusterize investments in textile parks by providing financial support for world class infrastructure in the parks.</li>
<li><strong>SAMARTH (Scheme For Capacity Building In Textile Sector):</strong> To <strong>address the shortage of skilled workers,</strong> the government launched the <strong>Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector (SCBTS)</strong> and named it <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samarth-scheme-for-textile-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAMARTH Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>North East Region Textile Promotion Scheme (NERTPS):</strong> This is a scheme for <strong>promoting textiles industry in the NER</strong> by providing infrastructure, capacity building and marketing support to all segments of the textile industry.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-1st-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Power-Tex India</a>:</strong> It <strong>comprises new research and development</strong> in power loom textiles, new markets, branding, subsidies and welfare schemes for the workers.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silk-samagra#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20India%20has,of%20sericulture%20in%20the%20country.&amp;text=It%20focuses%20on%20improving%20the,country's%20dependence%20on%20imported%20silk." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Silk Samagra Scheme</a>:</strong> It focuses on <strong>improving the quality and productivity of domestic silk</strong> thereby reducing the country&rsquo;s dependence on imported silk.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/packaging-in-jute-bags-made-mandatory#:~:text=Jute%2DICARE%20(Jute%3A%20Improved,retting%20technologies%20under%20water%20limiting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jute ICARE</a>:</strong> This pilot project<strong> launched in 2015 is aimed at addressing the difficulties faced by the jute cultivators</strong> by providing them certified seeds at subsidized rates, and by popularizing several newly developed retting technologies under water limiting conditions.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Technical Textile Mission</strong></a>: It aims<strong> to position the country as a global leader in technical textiles</strong> and increase the use of technical textiles in the domestic market. It aims <strong>to take the domestic market size to USD 40 billion to USD 50 billion by 2024.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Textile sector has great potential and it should be realised by <strong>using innovations, latest technology and facilitations.</strong></li>
<li>India can make the sector organised by setting up<strong> mega apparel parks and common infrastructure for the textile industry.</strong> Focus should be on the modernisation of obsolete machinery and technology.</li>
<li>India <strong>needs a comprehensive blueprint for the textile sector.</strong> Once that is drawn up, the country needs to move into mission mode to achieve it.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1736015" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-textile-sector'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Neurological Disorders in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A <strong>recent study</strong> published in the &lsquo;Lancet Global Health&rsquo; is the <strong>first comprehensive analysis of India's neurological diseases burden from 1990 to 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study is <strong>a part of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,</strong> which was published by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-prevalence-of-mental-disorders-in-south-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative.</strong></a></li>
<li>India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative is <strong>a joint initiative of <a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icmr-to-test-for-community-transmission-of-covid-19&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1626435165033000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2mODGnTPbvdbB4ISWQTHS5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)</a></strong> along with other public health institutions.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Neurological Disorders</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> Neurological disorders are <strong>diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system.</strong> In other words, the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscles.</li>
<li><strong>Non-Communicable Neurological Disorders:</strong> Stroke, Headache disorders, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epilepsy-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Epilepsy</strong></a>, Cerebral palsy, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epilepsy-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease and other dementias</strong></a>, Brain and central nervous system cancer, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/z-scan-method-for-parkinson-s-disease#:~:text=Parkinson's%20disease%20is%20a%20chronic,the%20brain%20to%20the%20body." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parkinson&rsquo;s disease</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aiims-to-set-up-multiple-sclerosis-clinic#:~:text=About%20Multiple%20Sclerosis,in%20the%20central%20nervous%20system." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Multiple sclerosis</strong></a>, Motor neuron diseases, and other neurological disorders.</li>
<li><strong>Communicable Neurological Disorders: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/acute-encephalitis-syndrome-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Encephalitis</a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-and-the-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Meningitis</a>,</strong> Tetanus.</li>
<li><strong>Injury-related Neurological Disorders:</strong> Traumatic brain injuries, Spinal cord injuries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Neurological disorders contribute<strong> 10% of the total disease burden</strong> in India.</li>
<li>There is <strong>a growing burden of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> non-communicable</a> neurological disorders in the country,</strong> which is <strong>mainly attributable to the ageing of the population.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>contribution of non-communicable neurological disorders to total DALYs (disability adjusted life-years) in India doubled</strong> from 4% in 1990 to 8&middot;2% in 2019, and the <strong>contribution of injury-related neurological disorders increased from 0&middot;2% to 0&middot;6%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>DALY,</strong> a time-based measure that combines years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of life lost due to time lived in states of less than full health, or years of healthy life lost due to disability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While <strong>communicable diseases contributed to the majority of total neurological disorders burden in children younger than five years,</strong> non-communicable neurological disorders were the highest contributor in all other age groups.</li>
<li>While the<strong> burden of infectious neurological disorders has fallen in India,</strong> this burden is higher in less developed states.<strong></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leading Neurological Diseases: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Stroke, headache disorders, and epilepsy</strong> are the leading contributors to neurological disorders burden in India.</li>
<li><strong>Among non-communicable neurological disorders,</strong> stroke is the third leading cause of death in India, and <strong><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vaccine-for-alzheimers-disease" target="_blank" rel="noopener">dementias</a></strong> are the fastest growing neurological disorder.</li>
<li><strong>Headache is the commonest neurological disorder</strong> affecting 1 in 3 Indians, and is often neglected in terms of public health priority. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Migraine affects females more than males,</strong> greatly affecting adults in the working age population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors Attributing to Neurological Diseases:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Among the known risk factors for neurological disorders, <strong>burden, high blood pressure, air pollution, dietary risks, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index</strong> are the leading contributors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Planning of Neurology Services in Each State:</strong> The study has called for increased awareness, early identification, cost-effective treatment and rehabilitation among other efforts to reduce the burden of neurological disorders in each state.</li>
<li><strong>Headache, as a Public Health Issue:</strong> Headaches, especially migraine, need to be recognised as a public health problem and included under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Non-Communicable Diseases programme.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Strengthening Neurology Workforce:</strong> There is a need to address the shortage of trained neurology workforce, and strengthen early detection and cost-effective management of neurological disorders in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Safe Births:</strong> Policies and practices focusing on safe births, preventing head injury and stroke would help in averting a substantial proportion of epilepsy</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/bigger-share-of-non-communicable-injury-neurological-disorders-in-india-s-disease-burden-77941" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/neurological-disorders-in-india'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Emerging Market for Renewables',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent report,<strong> fossil fuel electricity generation has peaked worldwide as emerging markets seize the opportunities of low-cost renewables.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Report was <strong>published by</strong> India&rsquo;s Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) and the financial think tank Carbon Tracker (both are not-for-profit organisations).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Emerging Market are Key to Global energy Transition:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Emerging markets</strong> are key to the global energy transition, <strong>accounting for 88% of all expected growth in electricity</strong> demand from 2019-2040.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Overall,<strong> 82% of current emerging market electricity demand</strong> and <strong>86% of expected demand growth</strong> comes from countries that <strong>import coal and gas,</strong> and they have powerful incentives to<strong> switch to solar and wind.</strong></li>
<li>With the right policies in place,<strong> technology and cost barriers to change can be crossed.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>transition is different in emerging markets</strong> because they<strong> have electricity demand growth from a lower base</strong> as well as the <strong>need to provide access to hundreds of millions of people.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In developed markets, <strong>demand for fossil fuels for electricity generation has fallen by 20%</strong> since it peaked in 2007.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Four Key Groups of Emerging Markets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>China, which is nearly half the electricity demand,</strong> and 39% of the expected growth.</li>
<li>Other <strong>importers of coal and gas</strong> such as <strong>India or Vietnam,</strong> which are a third of the demand and nearly half the growth.</li>
<li>Coal and gas exporters such as <strong>Russia or Indonesia,</strong> which are 16% of demand but only around 10% of the growth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Resistance to the energy transition</strong> is likely to be more entrenched in coal and gas exporting countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Fragile&rsquo; states</strong> such as <strong>Nigeria or Iraq</strong> which are <strong>3% of demand and around the same share of growth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India has set an Example:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India, which <strong>accounts for 9% of emerging market electricity demand and 20% of expected demand growth,</strong> illustrates the speed and scale of change.</li>
<li>From <strong>less than 20GW of solar in 2010, it has grown to 96GW of solar, wind biomass and small hydro in May 2021.</strong></li>
<li>Including large hydropower,<strong> renewables now provide 142GW or 37% of the country&rsquo;s power capacity,</strong> and it has a target of 450GW by 2030.</li>
<li><strong>Demand for fossil fuel generation reached a plateau in 2018,</strong> and fell in 2019 and 2020.</li>
<li>While <strong>fossil fuel demand might again increase</strong> in the near-term to meet latent electricity demand, India has demonstrated how a double leapfrog - connecting nearly all households to electricity and its renewable energy rollout - can be driven with policy priorities and market design.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>A supportive policy environment</strong> is the key to driving growth in renewables.</li>
<li>If countries <strong>liberalise markets and introduce competitive auctions,</strong> they can <strong>cut costs and attract international finance</strong> as capital markets turn their backs on fossil fuels. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Auctions have helped India</strong> drive the cost of solar down to one of the world&rsquo;s lowest levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developed countries can speed up the transition to renewables in emerging markets</strong> by providing policy support, technology expertise and by using development finance to reduce the cost of capital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Initiatives for Renewable Energy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-hydrogen-energy-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hydrogen Energy Mission</a>:</strong> The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget for 2021-22</strong></a> has announced a <strong>National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHM)</strong> that will draw up a <strong>road map for using hydrogen as an energy source.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative has the potential of <strong>transforming transportation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-may-miss-100-gw-solar-power-target-by-2022-crisil-report#:~:text=Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20National%20Solar%20Mission,of%2020%2C000%20MW%20by%202022.&amp;text=The%20target%20will%20principally%20comprise,Grid%20Connected%20Solar%20Power%20Projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was launched in <strong>2009</strong> with a target for<strong> Grid Connected Solar Projects of 20,000 MW by 2022.</strong></li>
<li>The sector has <strong>witnessed rapid development</strong> with installed solar capacity increasing rapidly from 18 MW to about 3800 MW during 2010-15.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Solar Alliance</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was launched by the <strong>Prime Minister of India and the President of France</strong> on <strong>30<sup>th</sup> November 2015 in Paris, France</strong> on the side-lines of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Conference of the Parties (COP-21)</strong></a>, with 121 solar resource rich countries lying fully or partially between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn as prospective members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-website-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy#:~:text=KUSUM%20Scheme,-KUSUM%20stands%20for&amp;text=It's%20objective%20is%20to%20provide,plants%20in%20the%20rural%20areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PM- KUSUM</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>KUSUM stands for <strong>Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan.</strong></li>
<li>It&rsquo;s objective is to<strong> provide financial and water security</strong> to farmers through harnessing solar energy capacities of 25,750 MW by 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential#:~:text=A%20Solar-Wind%20Hybrid%20policy,resources%2C%20transmission%20infrastructure%20and%20land." target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> main objective of the policy</strong> is to provide a framework for promotion of <strong>large grid connected wind-solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems</strong> for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land.</li>
<li>The wind-solar PV hybrid systems will help in reducing the variability in renewable power generation and achieving better grid stability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rooftop-solar-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rooftop Solar Scheme</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its objective is to <strong>generate solar power</strong> by installing <strong>solar panels on the roof of the houses.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong> is the<strong> implementing agency</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-of-grid-connected-rooftop-solar-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Grid-connected Rooftop Solar Scheme (Phase II)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/renewables-provide-37-of-indias-power-capacity-7405194/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emerging-market-for-renewables'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Violence in South Africa',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Riots and looting in South Africa</strong> have left more than 70 people dead, hurt thousands of businesses and damaged major infrastructure.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>worst civil unrest since the end of white minority rule in 1994.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626424228_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626424228_pasted image 0.png" width="400" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reason for Recent Violence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Protests began over calls for <strong>release of former president Jacob Zuma, who served the country from 2009-18</strong> and is facing corruption charges. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Former Cabinet ministers, high-ranking government officials and executives of state-owned enterprises have <strong>implicated Jacob Zuma in corruption.</strong></li>
<li>Many feel that <strong>his successor as president, Cyril Ramaphosa, has failed to provide decisive leadership</strong> - either to calm anger over Zuma's imprisonment or to reassure South Africans that they will be safe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the violence may have been spurred on by the <strong>imprisonment of Jacob Zuma</strong>, it&rsquo;s being <strong>fanned by underlying problems in the country amid a raging pandemic and failing economy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2020, the country had witnessed its sharpest decline in annual <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product</strong></a> since 1946.</li>
<li><strong>Unemployment</strong> stood at a record high of 32.6% in the first three months of 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government's Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has <strong>condemned the violence</strong> and has stated that there is no justification for the violence. A lot of <strong>criminals or opportunistic individuals are trying to enrich themselves during this period.</strong></li>
<li>It has <strong>deployed its army to support the South African police</strong>, however, the rioting and looting haven&rsquo;t stopped.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India- South Africa Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s links with the struggle for freedom and justice in South Africa date back to the period during which <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti#:~:text=2nd%20October%202020%20was,of%20the%20Nation%20%2D%20Mahatma%20Gandhi.&amp;text=Gandhi%20was%20a%20social%20reformist,of%20nonviolent%20resistance%20called%20Satyagrah." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mahatma Gandhi</a> started his Satyagraha</strong> movement in South Africa over a century ago.</li>
<li>India was at the forefront of the international community in its <strong>support to the anti-apartheid movement</strong>; it was the <strong>first country to sever trade relations with the apartheid Government (in 1946)</strong> and subsequently <strong>imposed a complete -- diplomatic, commercial, cultural and sports -embargo</strong> on South Africa.</li>
<li>After a gap of four decades, India re-established trade and business ties in 1993, after South Africa ended its institutionalised <strong>racial segregation (<a href="/mains-practice-question/question-280" target="_blank" rel="noopener">apartheid</a>).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In November 1993, <strong>diplomatic and consular relations were restored.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After South Africa achieved democracy in 1994, it was the <strong>Red Fort Declaration on Strategic Partnership</strong> between India and South Africa, signed in March 1997 which set the parameters for a rekindled relationship.</li>
<li>The Strategic Partnership between the two countries was again reaffirmed in the <strong>Tshwane Declaration (October 2006).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both these declarations have been instrumental mechanisms that have contributed in the past to both South Africa and India for achieving their respective national objectives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India and South Africa have a<strong> long history of working together by coordinating their views and efforts</strong> in institutions of global governance/multilateral fora, in order to achieve greater autonomy and ensure that the agenda of &lsquo;South&rsquo; is prioritised.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For Example:</strong> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BRICS</strong></a> (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), IBSA (India, Brazil, and South Africa), <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong></a> , <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Ocean Rim Association</strong></a> (IORA) and <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Trade Organisation (WTO)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is <strong>South Africa&rsquo;s fifth-largest export destination</strong>, and<strong> fourth-largest import origin</strong> and is the <strong>second-largest trading partner in Asia.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both countries are working to boost trade volumes in the coming years. Bilateral trade between India and South Africa <strong>currently stands at USD 10 billion.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>2016</strong> both the countries agreed to collaborate in the defence sector, especially in terms of the opportunities available for South African private sector under <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;</a> initiative</strong>, energy sector, agro-processing, human resource development, and infrastructure development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Science &amp; Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Department of Science and Technology of both countries have collaborated, especially in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/square-kilometre-array-telescope" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Square Kilometer Array (SKA)</strong></a> project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Culture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the help of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/70-years-of-indian-council-for-cultural-relations#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Council%20for%20Cultural,other%20countries%20and%20their%20peoples." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)</strong></a>, an intensive programme of cultural exchanges is organised throughout South Africa including scholarships for South African nationals.</li>
<li>The 9<sup>th</sup> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-hindi-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Hindi Conference</strong> </a>was held in September 2012 at Johannesburg.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Community:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>major part of the Indian origin community came to South Africa from 1860 onwards</strong> as farm labour to serve as field hands and mill operatives in the sugar and other agricultural plantations.</li>
<li>South Africa is <strong>home to the highest number of Indian Diaspora in the African continent</strong>, with a total strength of 1,218,000 thereby constituting 3% <strong>of South Africa&rsquo;s total population.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since 2003 onwards, India has celebrated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pravasi-bharatiya-divas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pravasi Bhartiya Divas (PBD)</strong></a> each year on 9<sup>th</sup> January (the day Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa to India).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India-South Africa <strong>partnership is progressive and forward looking.</strong> Their rich culture and people-to-people contacts lends character and quality to India-South Africa ties.</li>
<li>It is natural that South Africa needs other partners in Asia just as India is engaged in forging other partnerships in Africa. However, <strong>both India and South Africa will need to keep in mind constantly that their own bilateral relationship deserves priority</strong> and has immense potential that is yet to be realized.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-south-africa-is-witnessing-worst-violence-in-years-7404306/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/violence-in-south-africa'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Amazon Forests: No Longer Carbon Sinks',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent study, <strong>Amazon Forests have started emitting Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) instead of absorbing it.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Growing trees and plants have taken up about a quarter of all fossil fuel emissions</strong> since 1960, with the Amazon playing a major role as the<strong> largest tropical forest.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>significant amount of deforestation (over the course of 40 years) in eastern and southeastern Brazil</strong> has turned the forest into a source of CO<sub>2</sub> that has the ability to warm the planet.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It might have also <strong>affected a long-term decrease in rainfall and increase in temperatures</strong> during the dry season.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Not only the Amazon rainforests, <strong>some forests in Southeast Asia have also turned into carbon sources</strong> in the last few years as a result of<strong> formation of plantations and fires.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Forest fires have doubled since 2013.</strong> One reason that they happen is when farmers burn their land to clear it for the next crop.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Most of the emissions are caused by fires.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>part of the Amazon emitting carbon even without fires</strong> was particularly worrying. This was most likely the <strong>result of each year&rsquo;s deforestation and fires making adjacent forests more susceptible</strong> the next year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Deforestation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>State policies that encourage economic development, such as railway and road expansion projects <strong>have led to &ldquo;unintentional deforestation&rdquo;</strong> in the <strong>Amazon and Central America.</strong></li>
<li>Deforestation started <strong>in the 1970s and 1980s</strong> when large-scale <strong>forest conversion for cattle ranching and soy cultivation began.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Amazon Rainforests</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are<strong> large tropical rainforests</strong> occupying the drainage basin of the <strong>Amazon River</strong> and its tributaries in <strong>northern South America.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tropical forests are <strong>closed-canopy forests</strong> growing within 28 degrees north or south of the equator.</li>
<li>They are<strong> very wet places,</strong> receiving <strong>more than 200 cm rainfall per year,</strong> either seasonally or throughout the year.</li>
<li>Temperatures are uniformly high - <strong>between 20&deg;C and 35&deg;C.</strong></li>
<li>Such forests are found in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and on many of the Pacific Islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Amazon rainforests<strong> cover about 80% of the Amazon basin and they are home to nearly a fifth of the world&rsquo;s land species</strong> and is also <strong>home to about 30 million people</strong> including hundreds of indigenous groups and several isolated tribes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Amazon basin is huge with an area covering over <strong>6 million square kilometres, </strong>it is<strong> nearly twice the size of India.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> basin produces about 20% of the world&rsquo;s flow of freshwater</strong> into the oceans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Comprising about <strong>40% of Brazil&rsquo;s total area,</strong> it is bounded by the <strong>Guiana Highlands to the north,</strong> the<strong> Andes Mountains to the west,</strong> the<strong> Brazilian central plateau</strong> to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626420455_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626420455_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="500" height="551" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If the ability of tropical forests to act as carbon sinks is to be maintained, <strong>fossil fuel emissions need to be reduced and temperature increases need to be limited</strong> as well.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/amazon-forests-carbon-dioxide-emission-explained-7406562/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amazon-forests-no-longer-carbon-sinks'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'World Youth Skill Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Every year, 15<sup>th</sup> July</strong> is observed as the <strong>World Youth Skills Day.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was designated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)</strong></a> in 2014.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To equip young people around the world with <strong>essential skills for employment, work, and entrepreneurship.</strong></li>
<li>To achieve the <strong>Incheon Declaration: Education 2030,</strong> &ldquo;which devotes considerable attention to technical and vocational skills development, specifically regarding access to affordable quality<strong> technical and vocational education and training (TVET) institutions.&rsquo;&rsquo;</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This vision is fully captured by <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal</strong></a><strong>-4,</strong> which aims to <strong>&ldquo;Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To eliminate <strong>gender disparity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme for 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Reimagining Youth Skills Post-Pandemic&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State of Youth Employment and Schools during Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the estimates of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a>, schools were <strong>shut down for over 30 weeks</strong> in <strong>50% of the countries</strong> between <strong>March 2020 and May 2021.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Respondents to a survey of the TVET,</strong> which was jointly collected by <strong>UNESCO, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ILO</a> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank</a>,</strong> revealed that <strong>distance learning was the most common way of imparting skills.</strong></li>
<li>Youth employment fell <strong>8.7% last year,</strong> compared with <strong>3.7% for adults.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Announcement by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Prime Minister</strong> announced the <strong>75 newly sanctioned <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jan-shikshan-sansthans#:~:text=Jan%20Shikshan%20Sansthan%20(formerly%20known,the%20region%20of%20their%20establishment." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jan Shikshan Sansthans</a> ((JJSs) and also launched a portal</strong> made specifically for<strong> JSS.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>JSSs</strong> aim to provide <strong>vocational training to non-literates, neo-literates as well as school dropouts in rural areas,</strong> by identifying skills that might be relevant to the market of that region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Curriculum was launched of<strong> 57 new courses aligned with industry demand.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps taken by India for Skilling Youth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Industrial Training Centres (ITIs):</strong> Conceptualized in the year 1950, aims to expand and modernize the existing Long-Term Training ecosystem in India.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)</strong></a>: Launched in 2015, it aims to provide free skill training avenues to youths of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0</strong></a>: It is launched 2021 in a bid to empower India&rsquo;s youth with employable skills by making over 300 skill courses available to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Recognition of Prior Learning</strong></a>: It was launched in 2015 to <strong>recognize the prior skills acquired by individuals.</strong> It is one of the key components of<strong> PMKVY.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this an individual with a certain set of skills or with prior learning experience is assessed and certified under RPL with grade according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/standardising-skill-training-imparting-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-career-service-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Career Service Project</strong></a>: Launched in 2015 to offer <strong>free online career skills training through its National Career Service (NCS) project</strong> for job-seekers registered with it.</li>
<li><strong>Skill Management and Accreditation of Training Centres (SMART):</strong> It provides a <strong>single window IT application</strong> that focuses on the accreditation, grading, Affiliation and Continuous monitoring of the Training Centres (TC) in the skill ecosystem.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skills Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood (SANKALP)</strong></a>: Its focus is on <strong>district-level skilling ecosystem</strong> through convergence and coordination. It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> which is collaborated with the World Bank.</li>
<li><strong>Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement:</strong> STRIVE scheme is<strong> a World Bank assisted-Government of India project</strong> with the objective of improving the relevance and efficiency of skills training provided through ITIs and apprenticeships.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana (Yuva Udyamita Vikas Abhiyan):</strong> Launched in the year 2016, it aims at creating an enabling ecosystem for Entrepreneurship development through Entrepreneurship education and training; Advocacy and easy access to entrepreneurship support network and Promoting social enterprises for inclusive growth.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yuva-scheme-for-young-writers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Young, Upcoming and Versatile Authors&rsquo; (YUVA) scheme</strong></a>, a mentorship programme to train young authors.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushalacharya-awards" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaushalacharya Awards</strong></a>: Launched to recognize the contribution made by skill trainers and to motivate more trainers to join the Skill India Mission.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shreyas-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS)</strong></a>: The scheme is to <strong>provide industry apprenticeship opportunities</strong> to the general graduates exiting in April 2019 through the <strong>National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM)</a>:</strong> Launched in 2020, it is a portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Special Initiatives for Tribal Community</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goal-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Going Online As Leaders' -GOAL</strong></a> are helping tribal population with areas like art and culture, handicraft, textiles and digital literacy among tribal areas leading to entrepreneurship development among the tribal population.</li>
<li>Similarly, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Van Dhan Yojna</strong></a> is effectively connecting the tribal society with new opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1735733" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-youth-skill-day'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Landslide and Flash Floods',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, heavy rains caused <strong>flash floods</strong> and <strong>landslides</strong> in many parts of Himachal Pradesh.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Landslide:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A landslide is defined as the<strong> movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.</strong></li>
<li>They are<strong> a type of mass wasting,</strong> which denotes any downward movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity.</li>
<li>The term landslide encompasses <strong>five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626416529_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626416529_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="283" height="250" /></a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Slope movement occurs <strong>when forces acting downward</strong> (mainly due to gravity) exceed the strength of the earth materials that<strong> compose the slope.</strong></li>
<li>Landslides are caused due to three major factors: <strong>geology, morphology, and human activity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Geology</strong> refers to characteristics of the material. The earth or rock might be weak or fractured, or different layers may have<strong> different strengths and stiffness.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Morphology refers to the structure</strong> of the land. For example, slopes that lose their vegetation to fire or drought are more vulnerable to landslides.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vegetation holds soil in place, and without the root systems of trees, bushes, and other plants, the land is more likely to slide away.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Human activity</strong> which includes agriculture and construction increases the risk of a landslide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Landslide-Prone Areas:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The entire Himalayan tract, hills/mountains in sub-Himalayan terrains of North-east India, Western Ghats, the Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu Konkan areas are landslide-prone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mitigation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Restriction on the construction and other developmental activities</strong> such as roads and dams in the areas prone to landslides.</li>
<li><strong>Limiting agriculture to valleys</strong> and areas with moderate slopes.</li>
<li><strong>Control on the development of large settlements</strong> in the high vulnerability zones.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting large-scale afforestation programmes</strong> and construction of bunds to reduce the flow of water.</li>
<li><strong>Terrace farming</strong> should be encouraged in the northeastern hill states where Jhumming (Slash and Burn/Shifting Cultivation) is still prevalent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-navy-signs-mou-with-geological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Geological Survey of India (GSI)</a> has done a national landslide susceptibility mapping</strong> for 85% of the entire 4,20,000 square km landslide-prone area in the country. The <strong>areas have been divided into different zones according to the propensity of the disaster.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Improvement in early warning systems, monitoring and susceptibility zoning can reduce the damage caused by landslides.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flash Floods:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These are <strong>sudden surges in water</strong> levels generally during or following an intense spell of rain.</li>
<li>These are <strong>highly localised events of short duration</strong> with a very high peak and usually <strong>have less than six hours</strong> between the occurrence of the rainfall and peak flood.</li>
<li>The <strong>flood situation worsens</strong> in the presence of <strong>choked drainage lines</strong> or encroachments obstructing the natural flow of water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It may be caused by<strong> heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm,</strong> hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields.</li>
<li>Flash Floods can also occur <strong>due to Dam or Levee Breaks, and/or Mudslides (Debris Flow).</strong></li>
<li>In areas on or near <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/pacific-ring-of-fire" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>volcanoes</strong></a>, flash floods have also occurred after eruptions, when glaciers have been melted by the intense heat.</li>
<li>The intensity of the rainfall, the location and distribution of the rainfall, the land use and topography, vegetation types and growth/density, soil type, and soil water- content all determine just how quickly the Flash Flooding may occur, and influence where it may occur.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mitigation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Instead of valleys, people should live in areas on slopes with firm ground for safety reasons.</li>
<li>In areas where ground fissures have developed, appropriate steps should be taken to check the infiltration of rainwater and surface water.</li>
<li>Banning "indiscriminate" and "unscientific" construction works.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/landslip-destroys-houses-in-himchal-pradesh/article35309319.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/landslide-and-flash-floods'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Women After Pandemic',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/women-work-more-earn-less-and-face-greater-health-risks-101626262199540.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Women work more, earn less, and face greater health risks</strong></a> which was published in Hindustan Times on 15/07/2021. It talks about the issues women have faced during and after the pandemic and ways to recover from those impacts.</p>
</div>
<p>Women tend to be the backbone of society during crises, even as they are also more likely to face the disproportionate impacts of such events. The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic</strong> is no different.</p>
<p>It has severely exacerbated existing gendered barriers, widened India&rsquo;s gender gap in the workforce, and affected (overwhelmingly female) caregivers and frontline workers.</p>
<p>Moreover, Dalberg conducted one of the largest studies of the socio-economic impacts of Covid-19 on women in low-income households, which pointed out that there is a multi-generational impact of poor nutrition, lack of access to contraceptives, and debt.</p>
<h3>Impact on Women</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>More Women Unemployed:</strong> Women were more affected than men by employment issues. Women made up just 24% of those working before the pandemic, yet accounted for 28% of all those who lost their jobs.</li>
<li><strong>Issues of Food Insecurity:</strong> Loss in incomes for women as well as their households led to reduction in food supply and women were affected more than other members of the family.</li>
<li><strong>Issues of Reproductive Health:</strong> Women&rsquo;s health indicators also deteriorated because they could no longer afford contraception and menstrual products. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About 16% of women (an estimated 17 million if extrapolated) had to stop using menstrual pads, and more than one in three married women were unable to access contraceptives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unpaid Labour:</strong> Indian women already do almost three times more unpaid work than Indian men, and the survey showed a 47% increase in unpaid labour for women, and a 41% increase in unpaid care work for women.</li>
<li><strong>Marginalised Groups:</strong> Women from historically marginalised groups (Muslims, migrants, single/separated/divorced), were more affected than the average woman. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The variance is across the board, with more single, separated/divorced women having limited food or running out of food and many more Muslim women losing their income and livelihood.</li>
<li>Conditions on the ground are likely to worsen for those women (such as <strong>dalit women</strong> and<strong> transgender individuals</strong>) who bear the brunt of social discrmination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Expanding public distribution system (PDS):</strong> Expanding <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PDS</strong></a> beyond food as it&rsquo;s a far-reaching delivery channel. For instance, women&rsquo;s access to menstrual pads could be revolutionised in this fashion for the short term, improving reach considerably. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bundling free menstrual hygiene products with PDS would relax women&rsquo;s dependence on income for these essentials.</li>
<li>Optimally, this would go hand-in-hand with national-, state- and district-level awareness drives around menstrual health and hygiene.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of Schemes Must Be Universalised:</strong> Enlist Women on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong></a> job cards to increase the total number of person-days to meet women&rsquo;s demand for job opportunities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Strengthen the resilience of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SHGs</strong></a> by focusing on their economic recovery and market linkages via the existing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/day-nrlm-special-package-for-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana &ndash; National Rural Livelihoods Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li>SHGs could also provide technical and managerial training to help women develop the skills needed to run small businesses digitally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inclusive Approach:</strong> Focus on the inclusion of single, divorced/separated women in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation One Ration Card</strong></a> rollout, and build social assistance programmes for <strong>informal workers,</strong> specifically domestic workers and casual labourers.</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Awareness:</strong> The government can build upon and accelerate its existing efforts through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana#:~:text=Accredited%20Social%20Health%20Activist%20(ASHA,a%20community%20level%20care%20provider." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA)</strong></a> workers, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-stabilising-population-nfhs-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Parivar Vikas</strong></a>, and other schemes to strategically focus on contraceptive usage.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the survey, one in three women said that government welfare schemes and SHGs had played an important role in helping them navigate the pandemic. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Specifically, the<strong> Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS),</strong> the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana,</strong> and the <strong>public distribution system (PDS)</strong> supported 12 million, 100 million, and 180 million women respectively during the crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, there is a need for universalising, deepening, and extending the government schemes and SHG setups in order to help every woman come out of the ill impact from the pandemic as soon as possible.</li>
<li>Making the right investments in women&rsquo;s issues now could prove transformational in the long-term recovery and health of our economy and society.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffff7;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&lsquo;Women tend to be the backbone of society during crises, even as they are also more likely to face the disproportionate impacts of such events.&rsquo; Analyse the statement in the light of Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/women-after-pandemic'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Government has approved continuation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-governance-quality-index-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS)</strong></a> for <strong>Development of Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary</strong> for further five years<strong> to 2026</strong> at a total cost of Rs. 9000 crore.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rs.50 crore will be allocated for <strong>Gram Nyayalayas Scheme </strong>through <strong>National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> It was approved by the Union Government in June 2011.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To increase access to justice by reducing delays and arrears in the system and enhance accountability through structural changes and by</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CSS for Development of Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary has been in operation<strong> since 1993-94.</strong></li>
<li>This proposal for continuation of the CSS will help in construction of 3800 court halls and 4000 residential units (both new and ongoing projects) for judicial officers of District and Subordinate Courts, 1450 lawyer halls, 1450 toilets complexes and 3800 digital computer rooms.</li>
<li>This will help in improving the functioning and performance of the Judiciary in the country and will be a new step towards building better courts for a new India.</li>
<li>The upgraded <strong>&ldquo;Nyaya Vikas-2.0&rdquo;</strong> <strong>web portal</strong> and mobile application is used for monitoring physical and financial progress of CSS judicial infrastructure projects by geo-tagging completed and ongoing projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gram Nyayalayas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gram Nyayalayas or village courts are established under the <strong>Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008</strong> for speedy and easy access to the justice system in the rural areas of India.</li>
<li>The Act came into force from 2nd October 2009.</li>
<li><strong>Jurisdiction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A Gram Nyayalaya has jurisdiction <strong>over an area specified by a notification by the State Government in consultation with the respective High Court.</strong></li>
<li>The Court <strong>can function as a mobile court</strong> at any place within the jurisdiction of such Gram Nyayalaya, after giving wide publicity to that regard.</li>
<li>They have <strong>both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the offences.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Gram</strong> <strong>Nyayalaya Portal</strong> helps online monitoring of working of the Gram Nyayalayas by the implementing states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues related to Judiciary in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>judge-population ratio in the country</strong> is not very appreciable.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While for the other countries, the ratio is about 50-70 judges per million people, in India it is 20 judges per million heads.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is only since the pandemic that the <strong>court proceedings</strong> have started to<strong> take place virtually</strong> too, earlier the role of technology in the judiciary was not much larger.</li>
<li>The posts in the judiciary are not filled up as expeditiously as required.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The process of judicial appointment is delayed due to delay in recommendations by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/collegium-system-for-the-appointment-of-judges#:~:text=The%20SC%20collegium%20is%20headed,CJI%20and%20the%20SC%20collegium." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>collegium</strong></a> for the higher judiciary.</li>
<li>Delay in recruitment made by the state commission/high courts for lower judiciary is also a cause of the poor judicial system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Frequent<strong> adjournments are granted by the courts</strong> to the advocates which leads to <strong>unnecessary delays</strong> in justice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The CSS Scheme will increase the availability of well-equipped Court Halls and Residential Accommodations for Judges/Judicial Officers of District and Subordinate Courts all over the country.</li>
<li>Setting up of digital computer rooms will also improve digital capabilities and give impetus to the digitization initiation being pursued as a part of India&rsquo;s Digital India vision.</li>
<li>This will help in improving the overall functioning and performance of the Judiciary. Continued assistance to the Gram Nyayalayas will also give impetus to providing speedy, substantial and affordable justice to the common man at his doorstep.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1735375" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/infrastructure-facilities-for-judiciary'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Water Pollution by Detergents',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Water<strong> pollution caused by detergents</strong> has become a big concern in the global context.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>per capita (per person) detergent consumption</strong> in<strong> India</strong> is around <strong>2.7 kilogram per year.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is around <strong>3.7 kg in the Philippines and Malaysia</strong> and <strong>10 kg in the United States of America.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Water Pollution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water pollution occurs when harmful substances&mdash;<strong>often chemicals or microorganisms&mdash;contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water,</strong> degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment.</li>
<li>Water is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Known as a <strong>&ldquo;universal solvent,&rdquo;</strong> water is able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid on earth.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>causes for water pollution</strong> are sewage water, industrial Wastes, agricultural sources, thermal and radiation pollution, marine pollution, invasive species, underground water pollution etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Point Source:</strong> When pollutants are<strong> discharged from a specific location</strong> such as a drain pipe carrying industrial effluents discharged directly into a water body it represents point source pollution.</li>
<li><strong>Non-Point Source:</strong> It includes <strong>discharge of pollutants from diffuse sources or from a larger area</strong> such as runoff from agricultural fields, grazing lands, construction sites, abandoned mines and pits, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Detergents:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A detergent is a<strong> surfactant or mixture of surfactants</strong> that has cleaning properties in dilute solution with water. A detergent is similar to soap.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Surfactant,</strong> also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, <strong>when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension,</strong> thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties.</li>
<li><strong>Surface Tension</strong> is the property of the surface of a liquid that<strong> allows it to resist an external force,</strong> due to the cohesive nature of its molecules.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They tend to be<strong> more soluble in hard water than soap</strong> because the sulfonate of detergent doesn't bind calcium and other ions in hard water as easily as the carboxylate in soap does.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Detergents &amp; Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bioaccumulation of Nonylphenol:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Nonylphenol,</strong> a hazardous chemical present in detergents, is known to enter water bodies and the food chains. It <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vulture-culture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bio-accumulates</strong></a> and can pose serious environmental and health risks.</li>
<li>It has been <strong>detected in human breast milk, blood and urine,</strong> and is associated with reproductive and developmental effects in rodents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inhibition of Biodegradation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many laundry detergents contain approximately 35 to 75% phosphate salts. <strong>Phosphates can cause a variety of water pollution problems.</strong></li>
<li>For example, phosphate tends to <strong>inhibit the biodegradation</strong> of organic substances. <strong>Non-biodegradable substances cannot be eliminated by public or private wastewater treatment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Biodegradation</strong> is the process by which organic substances are broken down into smaller compounds by living microbial organisms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some phosphate-based detergents can also cause <strong>eutrophication.</strong> Phosphate-enrichment can cause the water body to become choked with algae and other plants.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Eutrophication:</strong> When a water body becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induce excessive growth of algae or algal bloom. It <strong>deprives the water of available oxygen, causing the death of other organisms.</strong></li>
<li>In Belgium,<strong> phosphates have been restricted for use in household detergents since 2003. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oxygen-Reducing Substances:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Detergents also contain <strong>oxygen-reducing substances</strong> (ie, a chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms) that may cause <strong>severe damage to the fishes and other marine animals. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Destruction of Mucus:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Detergents are capable of destroying the <strong>external mucus layers that protect the fish from bacteria and parasites,</strong> causing severe damage to the gills. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mostly fish die when detergent concentrations are near 15 parts per million (ppm); however, detergent concentrations as low as 5 ppm will kill fish eggs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Makes Water Turbid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A few more harmful components of detergents which are <strong>anthropogenic components such as herbicides, pesticides and heavy metal concentrations</strong> (like <strong>zinc, cadmium and lead</strong>) can cause the water to grow dark. This <strong>blocks out light and disrupts the growth of plants.</strong></li>
<li>Turbidity also<strong> clogs the respiratory system</strong> of some species of fishes. Pathogens from these toxic water bodies cause diseases, some fatal, in human or animal hosts diseases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hazardous for Humans:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The detergents contain suspected <strong>carcinogens,</strong> and ingredients that do not fully biodegrade.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>carcinogen</strong> is an agent with the capacity to cause cancer in humans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>ECOMARK Scheme:</strong> The Government has instituted this scheme on<strong> labeling of Environment Friendly Products.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme is <strong>operating on a national basis and provides accreditation and labeling for household and other consumer products</strong> which <strong>meet certain environmental criteria</strong> along with quality requirements of the Indian Standards for that product.</li>
<li>The Ecomark Scheme covers various product categories like <strong>Soaps and Detergents, paints, food items etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bioaccumulation vs Biomagnification</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bioaccumulation</strong> is when the<strong> concentration of chemicals increases within an organism or species.</strong> This can occur when toxic substances are ingested. These toxic substances are very difficult for organisms to excrete, therefore,<strong> accumulate in their tissues.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Biomagnification</strong> is the process by which toxic chemicals build up within predators. This <strong>typically occurs across an entire food chain</strong> and affects all of the organisms but animals higher up in the chain are more impacted.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626345937_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626345937_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="441" height="309" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/how-our-detergent-footprint-is-polluting-aquatic-ecosystems-77935&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1626349523654000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2oNtSyPAttuydbCGUgMazI" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/water-pollution-by-detergents'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'National Ayush Mission',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government has decided to <strong>continue the National Ayush Mission (NAM)</strong> as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-governance-quality-index-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>centrally sponsored scheme</strong> </a>till 2026.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project will have a total cost of Rs. 4,603 crore, of which the Centre will bear Rs 3,000 crore share, and the states will cover the rest.</li>
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-portals-on-ayush-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new portals on the Ayush sector</strong></a> were also launched.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Meaning of 'Ayush'</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Traditional &amp; Non-Conventional Systems of Health Care and Healing Which Include Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa-Rigpa and Homoeopathy etc.</li>
<li>The positive features of the Indian systems of medicine namely their diversity and flexibility; accessibility; affordability, a broad acceptance by a large section of the general public; comparatively lesser cost and growing economic value, have great potential to make them providers of healthcare that the large sections of our people need.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Launched<strong> in September 2014</strong> by the <strong>Department of AYUSH under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,</strong> during the <strong>12<sup>th</sup> Plan for implementation</strong> through States/UTs.</li>
<li>Now, it is<strong> implemented by the Ministry of Ayush.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme involves <strong>expansion</strong> of the AYUSH sector <strong>to promote holistic health</strong> of Indians.</li>
<li>The Mission <strong>addresses the gaps in health services through supporting</strong> the efforts of State/UT Governments <strong>for providing AYUSH health services/education</strong> in the country, particularly in<strong> vulnerable and far-flung areas. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Components of the National AYUSH Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Obligatory Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>AYUSH Services.</li>
<li>AYUSH Educational Institutions.</li>
<li>Quality Control of ASU&amp;H (Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani &amp; Homoeopathy) Drugs.</li>
<li>Medicinal Plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flexible Component</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>AYUSH Wellness Centres comprising Yoga and Naturopathy,</li>
<li>Tele-medicine,</li>
<li>Innovations in AYUSH including Public Private Partnership,</li>
<li>IEC (Information, Education and Communication) activities,</li>
<li>Voluntary certification scheme: Project based, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Outcomes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Better access to AYUSH healthcare</strong> services through increased healthcare facilities and better availability of medicines and trained manpower.</li>
<li>Improvement in <strong>AYUSH education</strong> through a well-equipped enhanced number of AYUSH Educational institutions.</li>
<li>To focus on<strong> reducing communicable/non-communicable diseases</strong> through targeted public health programmes using AYUSH systems of Healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Schemes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The central schemes are divided into <strong>Central Sector Schemes and Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Central sector schemes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These schemes are <strong>100% funded by the Central government.</strong></li>
<li>Implemented by the Central Government machinery.</li>
<li>Formulated on subjects mainly from the Union List.</li>
<li>E.g.: Bharatnet, Namami Gange-National Ganga Plan, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Centrally Sponsored Schemes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are the schemes by the centre where there is financial participation by both the centre and states.</li>
<li>CSS are again divided into <strong>Core of the Core Schemes,</strong> Core Schemes and Optional schemes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are 6 core of the core schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most of these schemes prescribe<strong> specific financial participation by states.</strong> For example, in the case of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MGNREGA</a> (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act),</strong> state governments have to incur 25% material expenditure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The 6 core of the core CSS are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions#:~:text=The%20Ministry%20of%20Rural%20Development,to%20%E2%82%B91%2C200%20per%20month." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Social Assistance Programme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Program</strong></a></li>
<li>Umbrella Scheme for Development of Scheduled Castes</li>
<li>Umbrella Programme for Development of Scheduled Tribes</li>
<li>Umbrella Programme for Development of Minorities</li>
<li>Umbrella Programme for Development of Other Vulnerable Groups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1735372" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-ayush-mission-1'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Special Livestock Sector Package',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA)</strong></a> has approved implementation of a special livestock sector package.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Package:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To boost growth in the livestock sector and thereby making<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/animal-rearing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> animal husbandry</strong></a> more remunerative to 10 crore farmers engaged in Animal Husbandry Sector.</li>
<li><strong>Total Amount:</strong> The <strong>Central government will spend Rs. 9,800 crore</strong> on livestock development over the next five years in a bid<strong> to leverage almost Rs. 55,000 crore of outside investment into the sector.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes the <strong>share of investments by State Governments, State Cooperatives, Financial institutions, External funding agencies</strong> and other stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Merger of Schemes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The package has been designed by <strong>revising and realigning various components</strong> of the Department <strong>of Animal Husbandry &amp; Dairying&rsquo; Schemes</strong> for the next five years, starting 2021-22.</li>
<li>All the schemes of the Department will be merged into <strong>three broad categories as:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Development Programmes:</strong> It includes <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-gokul-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</strong></a>, National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD), National Livestock Mission (NLM) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/20th-livestock-census" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Livestock Census and Integrated Sample Survey (LC &amp; ISS)</strong></a> as sub-schemes.</li>
<li><strong>Disease Control Programme:</strong> It is <strong>renamed as Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH &amp; DC)</strong> which includes the present Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH &amp; DC) scheme and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-animal-disease-control-programme-national-artificial-insemination-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP).</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure Development Fund:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-iii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development fund (AHIDF)</strong> </a>and the <strong>Dairy Infrastructure Development Fund (DIDF)</strong> are merged and the present scheme for support to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-cooperative-based-economic-development" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dairy Cooperatives</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organizations</strong></a> engaged in Dairy activities is also included in this third category.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</strong> will help in development and <strong>conservation of indigenous breeds</strong> and would also contribute in improving the <strong>economic condition of the rural poor.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD)</strong> scheme is targeted towards installation of about 8900 bulk milk coolers, thus providing benefit to more than 8 lakh milk producers and 20 LLPD (Lakh Litres Per Day) milk will be additionally procured.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under NPDD, financial assistance from <strong>Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)</strong> will be available thus strengthening and creating fresh infrastructure in 4500 villages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Animal Husbandry in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A large number of farmers depend upon animal husbandry for their livelihood. It supports the livelihood of almost 55% of the rural population.</li>
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey-2021</strong></a>, the contribution of Livestock in total agriculture and allied sector <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gross-value-added" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Value Added</strong></a> (at Constant Prices) has increased from 24.32% (2014-15) to 28.63% (2018-19).</li>
<li>India is the highest livestock owner of the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/20th-livestock-census" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> 20<sup>th</sup> Livestock Census</a>,</strong> the total Livestock population is 535.78 million in the country showing an increase of 4.6% over Livestock Census-2012.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Livestock Mission (NLM)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NlM was launched in the 2014-15 financial year and seeks to ensure quantitative and qualitative improvement in livestock production systems and capacity building of all stakeholders.</li>
<li>The scheme is being implemented as a sub scheme of<strong> White Revolution - Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana</strong> from April 2019.</li>
<li>The mission is organised into the following four Sub - Missions:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sub -Mission on Livestock Development.</li>
<li>Sub - Mission on Pig Development in North-Eastern Region.</li>
<li>Sub - Mission on Feed and Fodder Development.</li>
<li>Sub -Mission on Skill Development, Technology Transfer and Extension.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/ccea-clears-realignment-of-department-of-animal-husbandry-and-dairying-schemes/article35320049.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-livestock-sector-package'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Inflation Data: June 2021',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Office of the Economic Adviser, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade</strong> has released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inflation-data-august-2020#:~:text=Wholesale%20Inflation%3A,%25%20and%20July%20(%2D)%200.58%25." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wholesale Price Index (WPI)</strong></a> for the month of June, 2021.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Wholesale Price- Inflation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inflation in wholesale prices <strong>stayed high in June 2021 at 12.07%</strong> following the record high of 12.94% in May 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The high rate of inflation in June 2021, is primarily due to<strong> low base effect.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Base effect:</strong> It is the effect that choosing a different reference point for a comparison between two data points can have on the result of the comparison.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rise in prices</strong> of mineral oils viz petrol, diesel, naphtha, furnace oil etc.</li>
<li>Increased <strong>costs of manufactured products</strong> like basic metal, food products, chemical products etc as compared the corresponding month of the previous year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Retail inflation</strong> based on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpi-iw-base-year-revised-to-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consumer Price Index (CPI)</strong></a>, was at 6.26% in June 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implication:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Wholesale Price- Inflation&rsquo;s potential to spill over into retail inflation (CPI inflation) levels <strong>will inject &lsquo;uneasiness&rsquo; in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-monetary-policy-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monetary policy</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Monetary policy</strong> is the macroeconomic policy laid down by the central bank. It involves management of money supply and interest rate and is the demand side economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Wholesale Price Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>measures the changes in the prices</strong> of goods sold and <strong>traded in bulk by wholesale businesses to other businesses.</strong></li>
<li>Published by the <strong>Office of Economic Adviser,</strong> Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>most widely used</strong> inflation indicator in India.</li>
<li>Major criticism for this index is that the general public does not buy products at wholesale price.</li>
<li>The<strong> base year of All-India WPI</strong> has been revised <strong>from 2004-05 to 2011-12 in 2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Consumer Price Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It measures <strong>price changes from the perspective of a retail buyer.</strong> It is released by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/repo-rate-unchanged-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Statistical Office (NSO).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <strong>CPI calculates the difference in the price of commodities and services</strong> such as food, medical care, education, electronics etc, which Indian consumers buy for use.</li>
<li>The CPI <strong>has several sub-groups</strong> including food and beverages, fuel and light, housing and clothing, bedding and footwear.</li>
<li>Four <strong>types of CPI are as follows:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CPI for <strong>Industrial Workers</strong> (IW).</li>
<li>CPI for <strong>Agricultural Labourer</strong> (AL).</li>
<li>CPI for<strong> Rural Labourer</strong> (RL).</li>
<li>CPI (<strong>Rural/Urban/Combined</strong>).</li>
<li>Of these, the first three are compiled by the <strong>Labour Bureau</strong> in the Ministry of Labour and Employment. Fourth is compiled by the NSO in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Base Year</strong> for CPI in general is<strong> 2012.</strong> However the base year for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpi-iw-base-year-revised-to-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CPI for Industrial Worker (CPI-IW) is 2016.</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/repo-rate-unchanged-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)</strong></a> uses CPI data to control inflation (within range 4+/-2%). In April 2014, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> had adopted the CPI as its key measure of inflation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>CPI vs. WPI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WPI tracks inflation at the producer level and CPI captures changes in prices levels at the consumer level.</li>
<li><strong>WPI does not capture changes in the prices of services,</strong> which CPI does.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Inflation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inflation refers to the<strong> rise in the prices of most goods and services of daily or common use,</strong> such as food, clothing, housing, recreation, transport, consumer staples, etc.</li>
<li>Inflation measures the <strong>average price change in a basket of commodities and services</strong> over time.</li>
<li>Inflation is<strong> indicative of the decrease in the purchasing power</strong> of a unit of a country&rsquo;s currency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This could ultimately lead to a<strong> deceleration in economic growth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, a<strong> moderate level of inflation is required</strong> in the economy to ensure that production is promoted.</li>
<li>In India, inflation is primarily measured by<strong> two main indices &mdash;WPI &amp; CPI</strong> which measure wholesale and retail-level price changes, respectively.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Core Inflation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>change in the costs of goods and services but does not include those from the food and energy sectors.</strong> This measure of inflation excludes these items<strong> because their prices are much more volatile.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Core inflation</strong> = Headline inflation &ndash; (Food and Fuel) inflation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/wpi-inflation-at-1207-in-june/article35315854.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inflation-data-june-2021'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'St. Queen Ketevan’s Relics: Georgia',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>India has gifted one part of the holy relics of 17<sup>th</sup> century St. Queen Ketevan to the Georgian government.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These relics were gifted on the <strong>first ever visit of India&rsquo;s External Affairs Minister to independent Georgia.</strong></li>
<li>Georgia is <strong>a strategically important country situated at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Queen Ketevan was from Kakheti, a <strong>kingdom in eastern Georgia.</strong></li>
<li>It is believed that, she was <strong>killed in 1624 in Shiraz (modern day Iran)</strong> for <strong>not converting to Islam.</strong></li>
<li>The parts of her remains were brought to Goa by Augustinian monks in 1627.</li>
<li>The relics of the martyred Queen Ketevan were found by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-circles-of-archaeological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong></a> in 2005 in the ruins of the Church of St. Augustine in Goa.</li>
<li>Many historical, religious and spiritual sentiments of the Georgian people are attached to St. Queen Ketevan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Church of St. Augustine</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Church of St. Augustine is a ruined church complex located in Goa.</li>
<li>The church was completed in 1602 by Augustinian monks who landed in Goa in 1587.</li>
<li>The church was abandoned in 1835 after the Portuguese government of Goa began evicting many religious orders in Goa under its new repressive policies.</li>
<li>The subsequent neglect caused the vault of the church to collapse in 1842.</li>
<li>It is a part of the <strong>Churches and convents of Goa,</strong> which is a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India-Georgia Relations:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Historical Background:</strong> Fables from India&rsquo;s Panchtantra are believed to have influenced the Georgian folk legends.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Those links were further strengthened in medieval ages by missionaries, travelers, and traders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Visit:</strong> India was willing <strong>to do more in terms of investment in Georgia,</strong> which ranks highly in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-rankings-of-the-states-dpiit#:~:text=Ease%20of%20Doing%20Business%20(EODB,implementation%20of%20BRAP%20by%20them." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ease of doing business index.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Georgia<strong> has also applied for <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">EU (European Union)</a> membership,</strong> which, if accepted, would give India another gateway to Europe, and a foothold in the Caucasus.</li>
<li>There is also <strong>a political significance</strong> of this visit, <strong>given the hostile relations between Russia and Georgia.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has given clear signals to Russia that it was not happy with the recent visit of Russia&rsquo;s foreign minister to Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Caucasus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mountain system and region<strong> lying between the Black Sea (west) and the Caspian Sea (east)</strong> and occupied by <strong>Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626333160_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626333160_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/relics-of-st-queen-ketevan-to-be-displayed-400-years-after-death/article35306220.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/st-queen-ketevan-s-relics-georgia'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'New Solar Projects: NTPC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-thermal-power-corporation-limited" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC)</a> Renewable Energy Ltd (REL)</strong> signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the <strong>Union Territory of Ladakh</strong> to set up the country&rsquo;s first <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-hydrogen-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Green Hydrogen</a> Mobility project.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NTPC REL will also set up <strong>a solar park</strong> at <strong>Rann of Kutch in Gujarat</strong> from where it will also generate <strong>green hydrogen</strong> on a commercial scale under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ultra-Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks (UMREPP) scheme.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hydrogen produced from renewable sources is called green hydrogen.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ultra-Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks (UMREPP) scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a scheme to develop<strong> Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks (UMREPPs)</strong> under the existing<strong> Solar Park Scheme.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme was rolled out by the <strong>Ministry of New &amp; Renewable Energy (MNRE) in 2014.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Solar Park Scheme</strong> is also a scheme of MNRE to set up a number of solar parks across various states in the country. It proposes to provide financial support by the Government of India to establish solar parks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The objective of the UMREPP is <strong>to provide land upfront to the project developer and facilitate transmission infrastructure for developing Renewable Energy (RE)</strong> based Power Parks with solar/wind/hybrid and also with storage systems.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Green Hydrogen Mobility Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NTPC REL has planned to <strong>ply 5 hydrogen buses,</strong> to start with, in the region and the company will be <strong>setting up a solar plant and a green hydrogen generation unit</strong> in Leh towards this end.</li>
<li>This will put <strong>Leh as the first city in the country</strong> to implement a green hydrogen based mobility project. This would be <strong>zero emission mobility in true sense.</strong></li>
<li>This is also <strong>in line with the Prime Minister&rsquo;s vision of a &lsquo;carbon neutral&rsquo; Ladakh.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>help Ladakh develop a carbon free economy</strong> based on renewable sources and green hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Largest Solar Park:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NTPC REL will set up a <strong>4.75 gigawatt (GW) renewable energy park at Rann of Kutch</strong> in Khavada, Gujarat. This will be <strong>India&rsquo;s largest solar park</strong> to be built by the largest power producer of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kutch region in Gujarat, the <strong>largest salt desert in the country</strong> and host to two of India&rsquo;s largest coal-fired power plants, will now add another feather to its cap.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Major Projects of NTPC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, NTPC has also commissioned <strong>India&rsquo;s largest Floating Solar of 10 MW (ac)</strong> on the reservoir of Simhadri Thermal Power Plant, Andhra Pradesh. An additional <strong>15 MW (ac) would be commissioned by August 2021.</strong></li>
<li>Further, a <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-biggest-floating-solar-power-plant" target="_blank" rel="noopener">100 MW Floating Solar Project</a> on the reservoir of Ramagundam Thermal Power Plant, Telangana</strong> is in the advanced stage of implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Solar Energy Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Solar Mission :</strong> Solar energy has taken a central place in India's <a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong></a> with the National Solar Mission as one of the key Missions.</li>
<li><strong>INDC&rsquo;s target:</strong> It targets installing 100 GW grid-connected solar power plants by the year 2022.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is in line with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/virtual-climate-action-ministerial" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)</strong> </a>target to achieve about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources and to reduce the emission intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% from 2005 level by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Launch of ISA:</strong> The launch of the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-08-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance (ISA)</strong></a> was announced by the Prime Minister of India and the President of France in 2015, at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>21<sup>st</sup> session of the United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP-21) in Paris, France.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Government Schemes:</strong> Such as Solar Park Scheme, Canal bank &amp; Canal top Scheme, Bundling Scheme, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Scheme</strong></a> etc.</li>
<li><strong>One Sun One World One Grid:</strong> India has an ambitious cross-border power grid plan <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-sun-one-world-one-grid-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;One Sun One World One Grid&rsquo;</strong> </a>that seeks to transfer solar power generated in one region to feed the electricity demands of others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Thermal Power Corporation Limited</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NTPC Ltd. is a central <strong>Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Power.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NTPC REL is a 100% subsidiary of NTPC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>India&rsquo;s largest energy conglomerate</strong> with roots planted way back in 1975 to accelerate power development in India.</li>
<li>It aims to <strong>provide reliable power and related solutions in an economical, efficient and environment-friendly manner,</strong> driven by innovation and agility.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NTPC has also been <strong>promoting usage of green hydrogen based solutions</strong> in sectors like mobility, energy, chemical, fertilizer, steel etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It became a <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maharatna company</strong></a> in May 2010.</li>
<li>It is located in New Delhi.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1735085#:~:text=NTPC%20Renewable%20Energy%20Ltd%20%2C%20a,power%20producer%20of%20the%20country." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-solar-projects-ntpc'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Sankalp Se Siddhi: Mission Van Dhan',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Minister of Tribal Affairs</strong> reviewed various initiatives under<strong> &lsquo;Sankalp Se Siddhi-Mission Vand Dhan&rsquo;,</strong> by <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TRIFED</a></strong> (Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India).</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>TRIFED</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) came into existence in 1987.</li>
<li>It is <strong>a national-level apex organization</strong> functioning under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>ultimate objective</strong> of TRIFED is socio-economic development of tribal people in the country by way of marketing development of the tribal products such as metal craft, tribal textiles, pottery, tribal paintings and pottery on which the tribals depends heavily for a major portion of their income.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About 'Sankalp se Siddhi':</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The &lsquo;Sankalp Se Siddhi&rsquo; initiative, <strong>also known as 'Mission Van Dhan',</strong> was <strong>introduced by the central government in 2021,</strong> in line with the Prime Minister's aim <strong>to establish a sustainable livelihood for India's tribal population.</strong></li>
<li>Through this mission, TRIFED<strong> aims to expand its operation through convergence of various schemes of different ministries</strong> and departments and launch various tribal development programmes in mission mode.</li>
<li>Through this mission, establishment of several <strong>Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs), haat bazaars, mini TRIFOOD units, common facility centres, TRIFOOD parks, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-of-fund-for-regeneration-of-traditional-industries" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SFRUTI (Scheme of Fund for regeneration of traditional industries)</a>&nbsp;</strong>clusters,<strong> tribes india retail store, e-commerce platform</strong> for trifood and tribes, <strong>India brands</strong> are being targeted.</li>
<li><strong>TRIFED has been implementing several noteworthy programmes</strong> for the empowerment of the tribals.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over the past two years, the <strong>&lsquo;Mechanism for Marketing of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) through Minimum Support Price (MSP) &amp; Development of Value Chain for MFP&rsquo;</strong> has impacted the tribal ecosystem in a major way.</li>
<li>TRIFED has<strong> also injected Rs. 3000 crores into the tribal economy,</strong> even during such difficult times, aided by government push.</li>
<li>The <strong>Van Dhan tribal start-ups,</strong> a component of the same scheme, have emerged as a source of employment generation for tribal gatherers and forest dwellers and the home-bound tribal artisans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TRIFED is involved in following initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Van Dhan Vikas Yojana:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Van Dhan Scheme, <strong>a component of &lsquo;MSP for MFP&rsquo;,</strong> was launched in 2018.</li>
<li>An initiative<strong> targeting livelihood generation for tribal gatherers</strong> and transforming them into entrepreneurs.</li>
<li>The idea is <strong>to set-up tribal community-owned Van Dhan Vikas Kendra Clusters (VDVKCs)</strong> in predominantly forested tribal districts.</li>
<li>VDVKs are <strong>for providing skill upgradation and capacity building training to tribals</strong> and setting up of primary processing and value addition facilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MSP for MFP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mechanism for Marketing of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce#:~:text=MFP%2Drich%20districts.-,Minor%20Forest%20Produce%20(MFP),live%20in%20or%20near%20forests." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minor Forest Produce (MFP)</strong></a> Through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-for-crops#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20major%20demands,of%20the%20cost%20of%20production." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP)</strong></a> and Development of Value Chain for MFP <strong>provide MSP to gatherers of forest produce.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme <strong>acts as a measure of social safety for MFP gatherers</strong> who are primarily <strong>members of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ST (Scheduled Tribe)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme formed a system to ensure fair monetary returns of the gatherers for their endeavour in collection, primary processing, storage, packaging, transportation, etc.</li>
<li>MFP includes <strong>all non-timber forest produce</strong> of plant origin and includes bamboo, canes, fodder, leaves, gums, waxes, dyes, resins and many forms of food including nuts, wild fruits, honey, lac, tusser etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tech For Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It<strong> aims to transform 5 crore Tribal Entrepreneurs</strong> by capacity building and imparting entrepreneurship skills to tribal forest produce gatherers enrolled under the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY).</strong></li>
<li>The program will ensure higher success rate of the Tribal Entrepreneurs by enabling and <strong>empowering them to run their business with marketable products</strong> with quality certifications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TRIFOOD Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in August 2020 and <strong>promotes value addition to MFP.</strong></li>
<li>TRIFOOD parks will produce processed foods from minor forest produce and also from the food gathered by the tribal people in that region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Village and Digital Connect Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To ensure that existing schemes and initiatives reach the tribals, TRIFED&rsquo;s regional officials across the country have been visiting identified villages with a significant tribal population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1735156" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-se-siddhi-mission-van-dhan'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Growth Matters',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/growth-matters-but-income-levels-matter-more/article35311246.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Growth matters but income levels matter more</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 14/07/2021. It talks about the challenges facing economic growth and ways to achieve a high growth rate.</p>
</div>
<p>After the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> shock economic growth has been showing a downward trend and private investment and demand has also been decreasing.</p>
<p>In the context, India needs a sharp revival of demand for which higher per capita incomes are necessary.</p>
<p>However, there are several challenges needed to be tackled in order to increase the demand and economic growth rate.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Some Observations About Economy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The agriculture sector continued its impressive growth performance, reiterating that it still remains as the vital sector of the economy, especially at times of crisis.</li>
<li>The manufacturing sector continued its subdued growth performance, failing to emerge as the growth driver, with production interruptions due to localised lockdowns to be blamed.</li>
<li>The contraction in trade (-18.2%), construction (-8.6%), mining (-8.5%) and manufacturing (-7.2%) is a matter of concern as these sectors account for the bulk of low-skilled jobs.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges Confronting Economic Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rising unemployment rate:</strong> According to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), in May 2021, India&rsquo;s labour participation rate at 40% was the same as it was in April 2021. But, the unemployment rate shot up to 11.9% from 8%. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A stable labour participation rate combined with a higher unemployment rate implies a<strong> loss of jobs</strong> and a fall in the employment rate.</li>
<li>According to CMIE, over 15 million jobs were lost in May 2021, higher than the 12.3 million in November 2016, the month of demonetisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Informality:</strong> Job losses bring out the high informality and vulnerability of labour in India as of the total jobs lost during pandemic were of daily wage earners.This challenges inclusive growth and higher economic growth potential of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Low Business Confidence:</strong> Business confidence index (BCI), from the survey by the FICCI, has fallen down severely. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/purchasing-managers-index-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Purchasing Managers Index (PMI)</strong></a> has also slipped to a 10-month low indicating that the manufacturing sector is showing signs of strain with growth projections being revised lower.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both BCI and PMI slipping down indicates that the overall optimism towards 2021-22 is low, which could <strong>impact investments and cause further job losses</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weak Demand:</strong> With household income being severely impacted and past savings being already drawn on during the first wave of <strong>covid-19 pandemic,</strong> demand conditions are weak.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues With India&rsquo;s Policy Response</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There has been <strong>less direct action by the government</strong> to support the vulnerable to alleviate their hardships.</li>
<li>The bulk of the <strong>policy measures are supply side measures</strong> and not on the demand side. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In times of financial anxiety, what is needed is direct state spending for a quick demand boost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Large parts of all the stimulus packages announced till now would work in the <strong>medium term</strong> (not immediate). These include policies related to the external sector, infrastructure and manufacturing sector.</li>
<li>The use of credit backstops as the main plank of policy has limits compared to any direct measure on the demand side as this could result in poor growth performance if private investments do not pick up.</li>
<li>Further, the credit easing approach would take a longer time to multiply incomes as lending involves a lender&rsquo;s discretion and borrower&rsquo;s obligation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sharp Revival in Overall Demand:</strong> Growth recovery depends on demand recovery. Increased demand will come only with increased saving and increased income levels. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Investment, especially private investment, is the &ldquo;key driver&rdquo; that drives demand, creates capacity, increases labour productivity, introduces new technology, allows creative destruction, and generates jobs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Export Promotion:</strong> External demand looks robust as India&rsquo;s exports touched USD 32 billion in May 2021, 67% higher than in May 2020 indicating that global demand rebound is fast.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also Export finance can be provided to exporters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing the MGNREGA funding and expanding to Urban areas:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong></a> programme has proved to be a bedrock of support in the normal times and during times of difficulty (like Covid-19) and it will be a good idea to expand the scheme to urban areas.</li>
<li><strong>Transfer of Cash benefits:</strong> A meaningful cash transfer can restore confidence in these families. Money in the hands of people can provide an immediate sense of security and confidence, which is the cornerstone to restoring economic normalcy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will raise the consumption and demand of the economy and can bring back the virtuous cycle in play.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of technology:</strong> With rising internet penetration, governments should collaborate with industry leaders to create online tutorials in local regional languages to impart knowledge and skills to all.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting labour-intensive sectors</strong> such as gems and jewellery, textiles and garments and leather goods.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Focusing on growth rates has its merits in the long term as achieving higher income levels require sustained growth for longer periods.</p>
<p>India is slowly but surely on the path to economic recovery and investment is the way to sustain this growth momentum.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fcf7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Direct action through government policy response to create demand is the ideal way to sustain the growth momentum. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/growth-matters-1'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Delay in Aadhaar Enrolment due to Incomplete NRC: Assam',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Aadhaar</strong> enrolment of more than 27 lakh people in Assam has become uncertain/delayed because of the delay in completing the process of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Register of Citizens (NRC).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>biometrics of these people were frozen after the publication of the NRC in August 2019.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Centre had earlier been asked to unfreeze the biometrics</strong> since the NRC was yet to be recognised as a document for citizenship.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Aadhaar</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>12 digit individual identification number</strong> issued by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UIDAI (Unique identification authority of India)</strong> </a>on behalf of Government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UIDAI is a<strong> statutory authority established in July 2016</strong> by the Government of India under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, following the provisions of the <strong>Aadhaar Act 2016.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>serves as identity and address proof</strong> anywhere in India. It is <strong>available in 2 forms, physical and electronic form i.e. (e-Aadhaar). </strong></li>
<li><strong>Any resident</strong> (a person who has resided in India for 182 days, in the one year preceding the date of application for enrollment for Aadhaar) <strong>of India irrespective of age, sex, class can avail it.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Register of Citizens:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NRC is a <strong>register prepared in respect of each village,</strong> showing the houses or holdings in a serial order and indicating against each house or holding the number and names of persons staying therein.</li>
<li>The <strong>register was first prepared after the 1951 Census of India</strong> and since then it has not been updated until recently.</li>
<li>It <strong>has been updated in Assam only</strong> for now and the <strong>government plans to update it nationally</strong> as well.</li>
<li>Its <strong>purpose</strong> is to <strong>separate &ldquo;illegal&rdquo; immigrants from &ldquo;legitimate&rdquo; residents.</strong></li>
<li>Registrar General and Census Commissioner India is the Nodal Agency for NRC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NRC Issue in Assam (Background):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The issue of its update assumed importance as <strong>Assam witnessed large-scale illegal migration from erstwhile East Pakistan and, after 1971,</strong> from present-day Bangladesh.</li>
<li>This led to the <strong>six-year-long Assam movement from 1979 to 1985,</strong> for deporting illegal migrants.</li>
<li>The movement culminated in the signing of the<strong> Assam Accord in 1985.</strong> It set <strong>25<sup>th</sup> March, 1971,</strong> as the cut-off date for the deportation of illegal migrants.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since the <strong>cut-off date prescribed under articles 5 and 6 of the Constitution was 19<sup>th</sup> July, 1949</strong> - to give force to the new date, an amendment was made to the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Citizenship Act, 1955</a>,</strong> and a new section was introduced. It was made <strong>applicable only to Assam.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Assam Accord</strong> was signed between the <strong>All Assam Students Union (AASU),</strong> the <strong>All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad</strong> and the <strong>Central Government.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A petition was filed in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong> </a>in <strong>2009</strong> by an <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-governmental Organization (NGO)</strong></a> called Assam Public Works demanding the identification and deportation of illegal Bangladeshis in Assam.</li>
<li>In December <strong>2014,</strong> a division bench of the <strong>SC</strong> ordered that the NRC be updated in a time-bound manner.</li>
<li>In <strong>2018,</strong> the <strong>SC</strong> mentioned the prospect of sample re-verification in an order, saying that it could <strong>consider re-verifying 10% of the names included in the NRC.</strong></li>
<li>In July <strong>2019,</strong> the <strong>state government gave an affidavit in the SC</strong> seeking a <strong>re-verification of 20% included names</strong> in the districts bordering Bangladesh and 10% in the rest of the districts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, <strong>it was dismissed</strong> after the erstwhile coordinator of the NRC submitted that re-verification was already done.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Assam government is<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assam-firm-on-nrc-re-verification" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> firm on its demand of 10-20% re-verification</strong></a> of the nationality claims made by some of the people included in the final NRC, published in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>state government of Assam has provided the latest data regarding &lsquo;foreigner&rsquo; detection</strong> in the state.</li>
<li>There is a <strong>need for re-verification because people of Assam want a correct NRC.</strong></li>
<li>Also, there has been a <strong>delay in issuing the rejection slips</strong> to the over 19 lakh excluded people so that they can move court to claim nationality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Officials have cited the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assam-s-flood-and-kaziranga-s-ecosystem" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>floods</strong> </a>in the state as reasons for the delay.</li>
<li>The<strong> rejection slips would carry the reason of rejection, which would differ from person to person</strong> and based on the reason they would be able to challenge their exclusion in the Foreigners&rsquo; Tribunals.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Every individual, whose name does not figure in the final NRC, can represent his/her case in front of the<strong> Foreigners Tribunals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/aadhaar-uncertainty-for-27-lakh-in-assam-as-nrc-in-limbo/article35311850.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/delay-in-aadhaar-enrolment-due-to-incomplete-nrc-assam'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'BHIM - UPI Launched in Bhutan',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Union Minister of Finance of India</strong> along with her counterpart, the<strong> Finance Minister of Bhutan</strong> has jointly launched <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-transactions-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bharat Interface for Money</a> - <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/upi-20-launched-by-npci" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unified Payments Interface (BHIM-UPI) </a></strong>in<strong> Bhutan.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The payment system was launched by <strong>NPCI International Payments Ltd. (NIPL),</strong> the international arm of <strong>National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI),</strong> in partnership with the <strong>Royal Monetary Authority (RMA)</strong> of Bhutan.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626256178_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626256178_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bhutan is the<strong> first country</strong> to adopt <strong>UPI standards</strong> for its Quick Response (QR) code, and the first country in our immediate neighbourhood to accept mobile based payments through the BHIM App.</li>
<li>It is also the<strong> second country after Singapore</strong> to have <strong>BHIM-UPI acceptance at merchant locations.</strong></li>
<li>Bhutan will also become the<strong> only country to both issue and accept RuPay cards as well as accept BHIM-UPI.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bharat Interface for Money-Unified Payments Interface (BHIM-UPI):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BHIM is developed by the <strong>National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI).</strong></li>
<li>It is an initiative to enable fast, secure, reliable cashless payments through the mobile phone.</li>
<li>BHIM is based on <strong>Unified Payment Interface (UPI)</strong> to facilitate e-payments directly through banks.</li>
<li>It is interoperable with other Unified Payment Interface (UPI) applications, and bank accounts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Unified Payments Interface (UPI)</strong> is an instant real-time payment system, allowing users to transfer money on a real-time basis, across multiple bank accounts without disclosing details of one&rsquo;s bank account to the other party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The simple, safe, cost-effective mobile-based payments system has become one of the most prominent forms of digital payments.</li>
<li>The payment infrastructures of the two countries are seamlessly connected and<strong> will benefit a large number of tourists and businessmen from India who travel to Bhutan each year.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will enhance the ease of living and ease of travelling through cashless transactions at the touch of a button.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2020, UPI enabled commerce worth USD 457 billion, which is equivalent to approximately 15% of India&rsquo;s GDP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>RuPay Card Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RuPay is the first-of-its-kind <strong>domestic Debit and Credit Card payment</strong> network of India.</li>
<li>The name, derived from the words &lsquo;Rupee and &lsquo;Payment&rsquo;, emphasises that it is India&rsquo;s very own initiative for Debit and Credit Card payments.</li>
<li>The card can also be used for transactions in Singapore, <strong>Bhutan,</strong> UAE, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NPCI, an umbrella organisation for operating retail payments and settlement systems in India, is an initiative of<strong> Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong> and <strong>Indian Banks&rsquo; Association (IBA)</strong> under the provisions of the <strong>Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> &ldquo;Not for Profit&rdquo; Company</strong> under the provisions of <strong>Section 25 of Companies Act 1956 (now Section 8 of Companies Act 2013),</strong> with an intention to provide infrastructure to the entire Banking system in India for physical as well as electronic payment and settlement systems.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/npci-arm-to-extend-bhim-upi-payments-system-to-bhutan/article35310936.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhim-upi-launched-in-bhutan'
		]
	],
	'updates' => object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

		'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
		'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive`, articles.star_rating AS `articles__star_rating` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
		'params' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'defaultTypes' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'decorators' => (int) 0,
		'executed' => false,
		'hydrate' => true,
		'buffered' => true,
		'formatters' => (int) 0,
		'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
		'contain' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'matching' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'extraOptions' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}
	
	},
	'page' => (int) 5,
	'search' => 'class',
	'totalPages' => (float) 334,
	'title' => 'Search'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/careers',
		'title' => 'We are hiring Full Time Content Developers, to know more, please click here.',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$searchlist = [
	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'One Nation One Ration Card Scheme ',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/easing-access-to-entitlements-7406451/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Easing access to entitlements&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 15/07/2021. It talks about the benefits and challenges associated with the One Nation One Ration Card scheme (ONORC).</p>
</div>
<p>Covid-19 pandemic has created a dilemma of lives vs livelihood for almost every sector of the economy. However, the migrant workers are one the most vulnerable sections of the society, which got impacted by the pandemic.</p>
<p>Food and income security is the main concern of the jobless migrants after the two deadly waves of Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
<p>In order to tackle the problem of food security, the government of India introduced the <a href="/pdf/policy-watch-one-nation-one-ration-card.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation One Ration Card scheme (ONORC).</strong></a> ONORC allows a beneficiary to access his food entitlements from anywhere in India irrespective of the place where the ration card is registered.</p>
<h3>Status of ONORC Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presently, thirty-two States and Union territories have already completed the formalities of the scheme, which include linking beneficiaries&rsquo; ration cards with their <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Aadhaar</strong></a> numbers and installing e-Point of Sale (e-POS) machines in each FPS.</li>
<li>The full mobility of food subsidy under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013</strong></a> relies on digitisation of the public distribution system (PDS), a network of over 5,00,000 fair-price shops (FPS).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This would be ensured on the basis of Aadhaar authentication and validated data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Integrated Management of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System</strong></a> (IMPDS) portal records all purchases made under ONORC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits of ONORC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enabling Right To Food:</strong> Previously, ration cardholders can avail their entitlement of subsidised food grains under the National Food Security Act, only from the designated Fair price shop (FPS) within the concerned state.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, if a beneficiary were to shift to another state, he/she would need to apply for a new ration card in the second state.</li>
<li>Thus, ONORC envisages removing the geographical hindrance to social justice and enabling the right to food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Supporting One-Third of Population:</strong> Nearly, 37% of the population is that of migrant labourers. The scheme is therefore important for anyone who is going to move from one place to the other.</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Leakages:</strong> The ONORC can reduce leakages, because the fundamental prerequisite of this scheme is deduplication.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will ensure that the same person does not figure as a beneficiary in two different locations of the country.</li>
<li>Further, the scheme is linked with Aadhaar and biometrics, this removes most possibilities of corruption.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reducing Social Discrimination:</strong> ONORC will be particularly beneficial for women and other disadvantaged groups, given how social identity (caste, class and gender) and other contextual factors (including power relations) provide a strong backdrop in accessing PDS.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Exclusion Error:</strong> The digitisation of this PDS process, through Aadhaar-linked ration cards and smart cards, has been pushed in an effort to reduce leakages. However, there has been a rise of exclusion errors in post-Aadhaar seeding.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are many sections of society who still don&rsquo;t have Aadhar Cards, thereby depriving them of food security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domicile-Based Social Sector Schemes:</strong> Not only PDS, most of the anti-poverty, rural employment, welfare and food security schemes were historically based on domicile-based access and restricted people to access government social security, welfare and food entitlements at their place of origin.</li>
<li><strong>Disrupting Supplies At FPS:</strong> An FPS receives the monthly quota of products strictly in accordance with the number of people assigned to it.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The ONORC, when fully operational, would disrupt this practice, as some FPSs may have to cater to more numbers of cards even as others cater to less, owing to migration of people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Opening up Alternate Delivery Centres:</strong> If emergencies continue to hamper uptake at ration shops, alternate delivery channels can be considered for delivering food grains to vulnerable groups.</li>
<li><strong>Focusing on Nutritional Security:</strong> Food security should be seen from a broader framework of nutritional security. Therefore, ONORC must allow the portability of Integrated Child Development Services, Mid-Day Meals, immunisation, health care and other facilities.</li>
<li><strong>Replacing PDS With Food Coupons:</strong> In the longer run, the PDS system may be replaced by a fool-proof food coupon system or direct benefit transfer.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Wherein, a Below Poverty Line family can buy rice, pulses, sugar and oil from any Kirana store at the market price, by either paying fully through the coupon or by cash.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>ONORC is the far-reaching reform of the public distribution ecosystem since the Food Security Act. It will provide food security to jobless migrants and will help achieve the target set under SDG 2: Ending hunger by 2030.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffffa;">
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>One Nation One Ration Card scheme is the far-reaching reform of the public distribution ecosystem since the Food Security Act. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme-2'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'India’s Textile Sector',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister of Textiles held an in-depth<strong> review of initiatives undertaken by the Ministry of Textiles</strong> for giving a boost to the textiles sector.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Textiles &amp; garments industry is<strong> labour intensive sector</strong> that employs 45 mn people in India is <strong>second only to the agriculture sector in terms of employment.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s textiles sector is<strong> one of the oldest industries in the Indian economy,</strong> and is a storehouse and carrier of traditional skills, heritage and culture.</li>
<li>It can be divided into<strong> two segments-</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>unorganised sector</strong> is small scale and uses traditional tools and methods. It consists of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-handloom-day-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">handloom</a>, handicrafts and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sericulture-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> sericulture</a></strong> (production of silk).</li>
<li>The <strong>organised sector</strong> uses modern machinery and techniques and consists of the <strong>spinning, apparel and garments segment.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the Textiles Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It contributes<strong> 2.3%</strong> to Indian<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Gross Domestic Product</a>, 7%</strong> of Industrial Output, <strong>12% to the export earnings of India</strong> and employs more than <strong>21% of total employment.</strong></li>
<li>India is the <strong>6<sup>th</sup> largest producer</strong> of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Technical Textiles</strong></a> with<strong> 6% Global Share, largest producer of cotton &amp; jute</strong> in the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Technical textiles are<strong> functional fabrics</strong> that have applications across various industries including automobiles, civil engineering and construction, agriculture, healthcare, industrial safety, personal protection etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is also the <strong>second largest producer of silk</strong> in the world and 95% of the world&rsquo;s hand woven fabric comes from India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges of the Textiles Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Highly fragmented:</strong> The Indian textile industry is highly fragmented and is being <strong>dominated by the unorganized sector</strong> and small and medium industries.</li>
<li><strong>Outdated Technology:</strong> The Indian textile industry has its<strong> limitations of access to the latest technology</strong> (especially in small-scale industries) and failures to meet global standards in the highly competitive market.</li>
<li><strong>Tax Structure Issues:</strong> The tax structure <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fall-in-goods-and-services-tax-gst-collections" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GST (Goods and Service Tax)</strong> </a>makes the garments expensive and uncompetitive in domestic as well as international markets. Another threat is rising labour wages and workers&rsquo; salaries.</li>
<li><strong>Stagnant Exports:</strong> The export from the sector has been stagnating and remained at the <strong>USD 40-billion level for the last six years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lack of Scale:</strong> The apparel units in India have an<strong> average size of 100 machines which is very less in comparison with Bangladesh,</strong> which has on an average of at least 500 machines per factory.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Foreign Investment:</strong> Due to challenges given above the foreign investors are not very enthusiastic about investing in the textile sector which is also one of the areas of concern.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Though the sector has witnessed a spurt in investment during the last five years, the industry attracted<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow-touches-82-bn-in-fy21#:~:text=8%25)%2C%20respectively.-,Foreign%20Direct%20Investment,country%20(the%20host%20country)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong> </a>of only <strong>USD 3.41 billion from April 2000 to December 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/textile-sector-and-atmanirbharta" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS):</strong></a> In 2015, the government approved "Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS)" <strong>for technology upgradation of the textiles industry.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-for-integrated-textile-parks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks (SITP)</a>:</strong> To <strong>assist small and medium entrepreneurs</strong> in the textile industry to clusterize investments in textile parks by providing financial support for world class infrastructure in the parks.</li>
<li><strong>SAMARTH (Scheme For Capacity Building In Textile Sector):</strong> To <strong>address the shortage of skilled workers,</strong> the government launched the <strong>Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector (SCBTS)</strong> and named it <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samarth-scheme-for-textile-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAMARTH Scheme.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>North East Region Textile Promotion Scheme (NERTPS):</strong> This is a scheme for <strong>promoting textiles industry in the NER</strong> by providing infrastructure, capacity building and marketing support to all segments of the textile industry.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-1st-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Power-Tex India</a>:</strong> It <strong>comprises new research and development</strong> in power loom textiles, new markets, branding, subsidies and welfare schemes for the workers.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silk-samagra#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20India%20has,of%20sericulture%20in%20the%20country.&amp;text=It%20focuses%20on%20improving%20the,country's%20dependence%20on%20imported%20silk." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Silk Samagra Scheme</a>:</strong> It focuses on <strong>improving the quality and productivity of domestic silk</strong> thereby reducing the country&rsquo;s dependence on imported silk.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/packaging-in-jute-bags-made-mandatory#:~:text=Jute%2DICARE%20(Jute%3A%20Improved,retting%20technologies%20under%20water%20limiting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jute ICARE</a>:</strong> This pilot project<strong> launched in 2015 is aimed at addressing the difficulties faced by the jute cultivators</strong> by providing them certified seeds at subsidized rates, and by popularizing several newly developed retting technologies under water limiting conditions.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-technical-textiles-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Technical Textile Mission</strong></a>: It aims<strong> to position the country as a global leader in technical textiles</strong> and increase the use of technical textiles in the domestic market. It aims <strong>to take the domestic market size to USD 40 billion to USD 50 billion by 2024.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Textile sector has great potential and it should be realised by <strong>using innovations, latest technology and facilitations.</strong></li>
<li>India can make the sector organised by setting up<strong> mega apparel parks and common infrastructure for the textile industry.</strong> Focus should be on the modernisation of obsolete machinery and technology.</li>
<li>India <strong>needs a comprehensive blueprint for the textile sector.</strong> Once that is drawn up, the country needs to move into mission mode to achieve it.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1736015" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-textile-sector'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Neurological Disorders in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A <strong>recent study</strong> published in the &lsquo;Lancet Global Health&rsquo; is the <strong>first comprehensive analysis of India's neurological diseases burden from 1990 to 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study is <strong>a part of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,</strong> which was published by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-prevalence-of-mental-disorders-in-south-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative.</strong></a></li>
<li>India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative is <strong>a joint initiative of <a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icmr-to-test-for-community-transmission-of-covid-19&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1626435165033000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2mODGnTPbvdbB4ISWQTHS5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)</a></strong> along with other public health institutions.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Neurological Disorders</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> Neurological disorders are <strong>diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system.</strong> In other words, the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscles.</li>
<li><strong>Non-Communicable Neurological Disorders:</strong> Stroke, Headache disorders, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epilepsy-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Epilepsy</strong></a>, Cerebral palsy, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/epilepsy-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease and other dementias</strong></a>, Brain and central nervous system cancer, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/z-scan-method-for-parkinson-s-disease#:~:text=Parkinson's%20disease%20is%20a%20chronic,the%20brain%20to%20the%20body." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parkinson&rsquo;s disease</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aiims-to-set-up-multiple-sclerosis-clinic#:~:text=About%20Multiple%20Sclerosis,in%20the%20central%20nervous%20system." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Multiple sclerosis</strong></a>, Motor neuron diseases, and other neurological disorders.</li>
<li><strong>Communicable Neurological Disorders: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/acute-encephalitis-syndrome-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Encephalitis</a>, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-and-the-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Meningitis</a>,</strong> Tetanus.</li>
<li><strong>Injury-related Neurological Disorders:</strong> Traumatic brain injuries, Spinal cord injuries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Neurological disorders contribute<strong> 10% of the total disease burden</strong> in India.</li>
<li>There is <strong>a growing burden of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> non-communicable</a> neurological disorders in the country,</strong> which is <strong>mainly attributable to the ageing of the population.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>contribution of non-communicable neurological disorders to total DALYs (disability adjusted life-years) in India doubled</strong> from 4% in 1990 to 8&middot;2% in 2019, and the <strong>contribution of injury-related neurological disorders increased from 0&middot;2% to 0&middot;6%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>DALY,</strong> a time-based measure that combines years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of life lost due to time lived in states of less than full health, or years of healthy life lost due to disability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While <strong>communicable diseases contributed to the majority of total neurological disorders burden in children younger than five years,</strong> non-communicable neurological disorders were the highest contributor in all other age groups.</li>
<li>While the<strong> burden of infectious neurological disorders has fallen in India,</strong> this burden is higher in less developed states.<strong></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leading Neurological Diseases: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Stroke, headache disorders, and epilepsy</strong> are the leading contributors to neurological disorders burden in India.</li>
<li><strong>Among non-communicable neurological disorders,</strong> stroke is the third leading cause of death in India, and <strong><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vaccine-for-alzheimers-disease" target="_blank" rel="noopener">dementias</a></strong> are the fastest growing neurological disorder.</li>
<li><strong>Headache is the commonest neurological disorder</strong> affecting 1 in 3 Indians, and is often neglected in terms of public health priority. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Migraine affects females more than males,</strong> greatly affecting adults in the working age population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors Attributing to Neurological Diseases:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Among the known risk factors for neurological disorders, <strong>burden, high blood pressure, air pollution, dietary risks, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index</strong> are the leading contributors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Planning of Neurology Services in Each State:</strong> The study has called for increased awareness, early identification, cost-effective treatment and rehabilitation among other efforts to reduce the burden of neurological disorders in each state.</li>
<li><strong>Headache, as a Public Health Issue:</strong> Headaches, especially migraine, need to be recognised as a public health problem and included under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Non-Communicable Diseases programme.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Strengthening Neurology Workforce:</strong> There is a need to address the shortage of trained neurology workforce, and strengthen early detection and cost-effective management of neurological disorders in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Safe Births:</strong> Policies and practices focusing on safe births, preventing head injury and stroke would help in averting a substantial proportion of epilepsy</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/bigger-share-of-non-communicable-injury-neurological-disorders-in-india-s-disease-burden-77941" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/neurological-disorders-in-india'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Emerging Market for Renewables',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent report,<strong> fossil fuel electricity generation has peaked worldwide as emerging markets seize the opportunities of low-cost renewables.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Report was <strong>published by</strong> India&rsquo;s Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) and the financial think tank Carbon Tracker (both are not-for-profit organisations).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Emerging Market are Key to Global energy Transition:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Emerging markets</strong> are key to the global energy transition, <strong>accounting for 88% of all expected growth in electricity</strong> demand from 2019-2040.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Overall,<strong> 82% of current emerging market electricity demand</strong> and <strong>86% of expected demand growth</strong> comes from countries that <strong>import coal and gas,</strong> and they have powerful incentives to<strong> switch to solar and wind.</strong></li>
<li>With the right policies in place,<strong> technology and cost barriers to change can be crossed.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>transition is different in emerging markets</strong> because they<strong> have electricity demand growth from a lower base</strong> as well as the <strong>need to provide access to hundreds of millions of people.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In developed markets, <strong>demand for fossil fuels for electricity generation has fallen by 20%</strong> since it peaked in 2007.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Four Key Groups of Emerging Markets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>China, which is nearly half the electricity demand,</strong> and 39% of the expected growth.</li>
<li>Other <strong>importers of coal and gas</strong> such as <strong>India or Vietnam,</strong> which are a third of the demand and nearly half the growth.</li>
<li>Coal and gas exporters such as <strong>Russia or Indonesia,</strong> which are 16% of demand but only around 10% of the growth.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Resistance to the energy transition</strong> is likely to be more entrenched in coal and gas exporting countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Fragile&rsquo; states</strong> such as <strong>Nigeria or Iraq</strong> which are <strong>3% of demand and around the same share of growth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India has set an Example:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India, which <strong>accounts for 9% of emerging market electricity demand and 20% of expected demand growth,</strong> illustrates the speed and scale of change.</li>
<li>From <strong>less than 20GW of solar in 2010, it has grown to 96GW of solar, wind biomass and small hydro in May 2021.</strong></li>
<li>Including large hydropower,<strong> renewables now provide 142GW or 37% of the country&rsquo;s power capacity,</strong> and it has a target of 450GW by 2030.</li>
<li><strong>Demand for fossil fuel generation reached a plateau in 2018,</strong> and fell in 2019 and 2020.</li>
<li>While <strong>fossil fuel demand might again increase</strong> in the near-term to meet latent electricity demand, India has demonstrated how a double leapfrog - connecting nearly all households to electricity and its renewable energy rollout - can be driven with policy priorities and market design.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>A supportive policy environment</strong> is the key to driving growth in renewables.</li>
<li>If countries <strong>liberalise markets and introduce competitive auctions,</strong> they can <strong>cut costs and attract international finance</strong> as capital markets turn their backs on fossil fuels. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Auctions have helped India</strong> drive the cost of solar down to one of the world&rsquo;s lowest levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developed countries can speed up the transition to renewables in emerging markets</strong> by providing policy support, technology expertise and by using development finance to reduce the cost of capital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Initiatives for Renewable Energy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-hydrogen-energy-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hydrogen Energy Mission</a>:</strong> The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-budget-2021-for-green-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget for 2021-22</strong></a> has announced a <strong>National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHM)</strong> that will draw up a <strong>road map for using hydrogen as an energy source.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative has the potential of <strong>transforming transportation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-may-miss-100-gw-solar-power-target-by-2022-crisil-report#:~:text=Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20National%20Solar%20Mission,of%2020%2C000%20MW%20by%202022.&amp;text=The%20target%20will%20principally%20comprise,Grid%20Connected%20Solar%20Power%20Projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was launched in <strong>2009</strong> with a target for<strong> Grid Connected Solar Projects of 20,000 MW by 2022.</strong></li>
<li>The sector has <strong>witnessed rapid development</strong> with installed solar capacity increasing rapidly from 18 MW to about 3800 MW during 2010-15.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Solar Alliance</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was launched by the <strong>Prime Minister of India and the President of France</strong> on <strong>30<sup>th</sup> November 2015 in Paris, France</strong> on the side-lines of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Conference of the Parties (COP-21)</strong></a>, with 121 solar resource rich countries lying fully or partially between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn as prospective members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-website-of-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy#:~:text=KUSUM%20Scheme,-KUSUM%20stands%20for&amp;text=It's%20objective%20is%20to%20provide,plants%20in%20the%20rural%20areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PM- KUSUM</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>KUSUM stands for <strong>Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan.</strong></li>
<li>It&rsquo;s objective is to<strong> provide financial and water security</strong> to farmers through harnessing solar energy capacities of 25,750 MW by 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential#:~:text=A%20Solar-Wind%20Hybrid%20policy,resources%2C%20transmission%20infrastructure%20and%20land." target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> main objective of the policy</strong> is to provide a framework for promotion of <strong>large grid connected wind-solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems</strong> for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land.</li>
<li>The wind-solar PV hybrid systems will help in reducing the variability in renewable power generation and achieving better grid stability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rooftop-solar-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rooftop Solar Scheme</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its objective is to <strong>generate solar power</strong> by installing <strong>solar panels on the roof of the houses.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Ministry of New and Renewable Energy</strong> is the<strong> implementing agency</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/phase-ii-of-grid-connected-rooftop-solar-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Grid-connected Rooftop Solar Scheme (Phase II)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/renewables-provide-37-of-indias-power-capacity-7405194/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emerging-market-for-renewables'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Violence in South Africa',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Riots and looting in South Africa</strong> have left more than 70 people dead, hurt thousands of businesses and damaged major infrastructure.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>worst civil unrest since the end of white minority rule in 1994.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626424228_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626424228_pasted image 0.png" width="400" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reason for Recent Violence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Protests began over calls for <strong>release of former president Jacob Zuma, who served the country from 2009-18</strong> and is facing corruption charges. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Former Cabinet ministers, high-ranking government officials and executives of state-owned enterprises have <strong>implicated Jacob Zuma in corruption.</strong></li>
<li>Many feel that <strong>his successor as president, Cyril Ramaphosa, has failed to provide decisive leadership</strong> - either to calm anger over Zuma's imprisonment or to reassure South Africans that they will be safe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the violence may have been spurred on by the <strong>imprisonment of Jacob Zuma</strong>, it&rsquo;s being <strong>fanned by underlying problems in the country amid a raging pandemic and failing economy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2020, the country had witnessed its sharpest decline in annual <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product</strong></a> since 1946.</li>
<li><strong>Unemployment</strong> stood at a record high of 32.6% in the first three months of 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government's Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government has <strong>condemned the violence</strong> and has stated that there is no justification for the violence. A lot of <strong>criminals or opportunistic individuals are trying to enrich themselves during this period.</strong></li>
<li>It has <strong>deployed its army to support the South African police</strong>, however, the rioting and looting haven&rsquo;t stopped.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India- South Africa Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s links with the struggle for freedom and justice in South Africa date back to the period during which <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti#:~:text=2nd%20October%202020%20was,of%20the%20Nation%20%2D%20Mahatma%20Gandhi.&amp;text=Gandhi%20was%20a%20social%20reformist,of%20nonviolent%20resistance%20called%20Satyagrah." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mahatma Gandhi</a> started his Satyagraha</strong> movement in South Africa over a century ago.</li>
<li>India was at the forefront of the international community in its <strong>support to the anti-apartheid movement</strong>; it was the <strong>first country to sever trade relations with the apartheid Government (in 1946)</strong> and subsequently <strong>imposed a complete -- diplomatic, commercial, cultural and sports -embargo</strong> on South Africa.</li>
<li>After a gap of four decades, India re-established trade and business ties in 1993, after South Africa ended its institutionalised <strong>racial segregation (<a href="/mains-practice-question/question-280" target="_blank" rel="noopener">apartheid</a>).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In November 1993, <strong>diplomatic and consular relations were restored.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After South Africa achieved democracy in 1994, it was the <strong>Red Fort Declaration on Strategic Partnership</strong> between India and South Africa, signed in March 1997 which set the parameters for a rekindled relationship.</li>
<li>The Strategic Partnership between the two countries was again reaffirmed in the <strong>Tshwane Declaration (October 2006).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both these declarations have been instrumental mechanisms that have contributed in the past to both South Africa and India for achieving their respective national objectives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India and South Africa have a<strong> long history of working together by coordinating their views and efforts</strong> in institutions of global governance/multilateral fora, in order to achieve greater autonomy and ensure that the agenda of &lsquo;South&rsquo; is prioritised.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For Example:</strong> <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/brics-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BRICS</strong></a> (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), IBSA (India, Brazil, and South Africa), <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong></a> , <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/19th-iora-council-of-ministers-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Ocean Rim Association</strong></a> (IORA) and <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-trade-organisation-wto" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Trade Organisation (WTO)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is <strong>South Africa&rsquo;s fifth-largest export destination</strong>, and<strong> fourth-largest import origin</strong> and is the <strong>second-largest trading partner in Asia.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both countries are working to boost trade volumes in the coming years. Bilateral trade between India and South Africa <strong>currently stands at USD 10 billion.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>2016</strong> both the countries agreed to collaborate in the defence sector, especially in terms of the opportunities available for South African private sector under <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;</a> initiative</strong>, energy sector, agro-processing, human resource development, and infrastructure development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Science &amp; Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Department of Science and Technology of both countries have collaborated, especially in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/square-kilometre-array-telescope" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Square Kilometer Array (SKA)</strong></a> project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Culture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the help of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/70-years-of-indian-council-for-cultural-relations#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Council%20for%20Cultural,other%20countries%20and%20their%20peoples." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)</strong></a>, an intensive programme of cultural exchanges is organised throughout South Africa including scholarships for South African nationals.</li>
<li>The 9<sup>th</sup> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-hindi-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Hindi Conference</strong> </a>was held in September 2012 at Johannesburg.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Community:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>major part of the Indian origin community came to South Africa from 1860 onwards</strong> as farm labour to serve as field hands and mill operatives in the sugar and other agricultural plantations.</li>
<li>South Africa is <strong>home to the highest number of Indian Diaspora in the African continent</strong>, with a total strength of 1,218,000 thereby constituting 3% <strong>of South Africa&rsquo;s total population.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since 2003 onwards, India has celebrated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pravasi-bharatiya-divas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pravasi Bhartiya Divas (PBD)</strong></a> each year on 9<sup>th</sup> January (the day Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa to India).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India-South Africa <strong>partnership is progressive and forward looking.</strong> Their rich culture and people-to-people contacts lends character and quality to India-South Africa ties.</li>
<li>It is natural that South Africa needs other partners in Asia just as India is engaged in forging other partnerships in Africa. However, <strong>both India and South Africa will need to keep in mind constantly that their own bilateral relationship deserves priority</strong> and has immense potential that is yet to be realized.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-south-africa-is-witnessing-worst-violence-in-years-7404306/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/violence-in-south-africa'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Amazon Forests: No Longer Carbon Sinks',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent study, <strong>Amazon Forests have started emitting Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) instead of absorbing it.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Growing trees and plants have taken up about a quarter of all fossil fuel emissions</strong> since 1960, with the Amazon playing a major role as the<strong> largest tropical forest.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>significant amount of deforestation (over the course of 40 years) in eastern and southeastern Brazil</strong> has turned the forest into a source of CO<sub>2</sub> that has the ability to warm the planet.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It might have also <strong>affected a long-term decrease in rainfall and increase in temperatures</strong> during the dry season.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Not only the Amazon rainforests, <strong>some forests in Southeast Asia have also turned into carbon sources</strong> in the last few years as a result of<strong> formation of plantations and fires.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Forest fires have doubled since 2013.</strong> One reason that they happen is when farmers burn their land to clear it for the next crop.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Most of the emissions are caused by fires.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>part of the Amazon emitting carbon even without fires</strong> was particularly worrying. This was most likely the <strong>result of each year&rsquo;s deforestation and fires making adjacent forests more susceptible</strong> the next year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Deforestation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>State policies that encourage economic development, such as railway and road expansion projects <strong>have led to &ldquo;unintentional deforestation&rdquo;</strong> in the <strong>Amazon and Central America.</strong></li>
<li>Deforestation started <strong>in the 1970s and 1980s</strong> when large-scale <strong>forest conversion for cattle ranching and soy cultivation began.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Amazon Rainforests</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are<strong> large tropical rainforests</strong> occupying the drainage basin of the <strong>Amazon River</strong> and its tributaries in <strong>northern South America.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tropical forests are <strong>closed-canopy forests</strong> growing within 28 degrees north or south of the equator.</li>
<li>They are<strong> very wet places,</strong> receiving <strong>more than 200 cm rainfall per year,</strong> either seasonally or throughout the year.</li>
<li>Temperatures are uniformly high - <strong>between 20&deg;C and 35&deg;C.</strong></li>
<li>Such forests are found in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and on many of the Pacific Islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Amazon rainforests<strong> cover about 80% of the Amazon basin and they are home to nearly a fifth of the world&rsquo;s land species</strong> and is also <strong>home to about 30 million people</strong> including hundreds of indigenous groups and several isolated tribes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Amazon basin is huge with an area covering over <strong>6 million square kilometres, </strong>it is<strong> nearly twice the size of India.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> basin produces about 20% of the world&rsquo;s flow of freshwater</strong> into the oceans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Comprising about <strong>40% of Brazil&rsquo;s total area,</strong> it is bounded by the <strong>Guiana Highlands to the north,</strong> the<strong> Andes Mountains to the west,</strong> the<strong> Brazilian central plateau</strong> to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626420455_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626420455_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="500" height="551" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If the ability of tropical forests to act as carbon sinks is to be maintained, <strong>fossil fuel emissions need to be reduced and temperature increases need to be limited</strong> as well.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/amazon-forests-carbon-dioxide-emission-explained-7406562/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amazon-forests-no-longer-carbon-sinks'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'World Youth Skill Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Every year, 15<sup>th</sup> July</strong> is observed as the <strong>World Youth Skills Day.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was designated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)</strong></a> in 2014.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To equip young people around the world with <strong>essential skills for employment, work, and entrepreneurship.</strong></li>
<li>To achieve the <strong>Incheon Declaration: Education 2030,</strong> &ldquo;which devotes considerable attention to technical and vocational skills development, specifically regarding access to affordable quality<strong> technical and vocational education and training (TVET) institutions.&rsquo;&rsquo;</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This vision is fully captured by <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal</strong></a><strong>-4,</strong> which aims to <strong>&ldquo;Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To eliminate <strong>gender disparity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Theme for 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>&lsquo;Reimagining Youth Skills Post-Pandemic&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State of Youth Employment and Schools during Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the estimates of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO</strong></a>, schools were <strong>shut down for over 30 weeks</strong> in <strong>50% of the countries</strong> between <strong>March 2020 and May 2021.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Respondents to a survey of the TVET,</strong> which was jointly collected by <strong>UNESCO, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-labour-organization" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ILO</a> and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank</a>,</strong> revealed that <strong>distance learning was the most common way of imparting skills.</strong></li>
<li>Youth employment fell <strong>8.7% last year,</strong> compared with <strong>3.7% for adults.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Announcement by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Prime Minister</strong> announced the <strong>75 newly sanctioned <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jan-shikshan-sansthans#:~:text=Jan%20Shikshan%20Sansthan%20(formerly%20known,the%20region%20of%20their%20establishment." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jan Shikshan Sansthans</a> ((JJSs) and also launched a portal</strong> made specifically for<strong> JSS.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>JSSs</strong> aim to provide <strong>vocational training to non-literates, neo-literates as well as school dropouts in rural areas,</strong> by identifying skills that might be relevant to the market of that region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Curriculum was launched of<strong> 57 new courses aligned with industry demand.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps taken by India for Skilling Youth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Industrial Training Centres (ITIs):</strong> Conceptualized in the year 1950, aims to expand and modernize the existing Long-Term Training ecosystem in India.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)</strong></a>: Launched in 2015, it aims to provide free skill training avenues to youths of India.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0</strong></a>: It is launched 2021 in a bid to empower India&rsquo;s youth with employable skills by making over 300 skill courses available to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-pmkvy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Recognition of Prior Learning</strong></a>: It was launched in 2015 to <strong>recognize the prior skills acquired by individuals.</strong> It is one of the key components of<strong> PMKVY.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this an individual with a certain set of skills or with prior learning experience is assessed and certified under RPL with grade according to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/standardising-skill-training-imparting-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-career-service-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Career Service Project</strong></a>: Launched in 2015 to offer <strong>free online career skills training through its National Career Service (NCS) project</strong> for job-seekers registered with it.</li>
<li><strong>Skill Management and Accreditation of Training Centres (SMART):</strong> It provides a <strong>single window IT application</strong> that focuses on the accreditation, grading, Affiliation and Continuous monitoring of the Training Centres (TC) in the skill ecosystem.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Skills Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood (SANKALP)</strong></a>: Its focus is on <strong>district-level skilling ecosystem</strong> through convergence and coordination. It is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> which is collaborated with the World Bank.</li>
<li><strong>Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement:</strong> STRIVE scheme is<strong> a World Bank assisted-Government of India project</strong> with the objective of improving the relevance and efficiency of skills training provided through ITIs and apprenticeships.</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana (Yuva Udyamita Vikas Abhiyan):</strong> Launched in the year 2016, it aims at creating an enabling ecosystem for Entrepreneurship development through Entrepreneurship education and training; Advocacy and easy access to entrepreneurship support network and Promoting social enterprises for inclusive growth.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/yuva-scheme-for-young-writers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Young, Upcoming and Versatile Authors&rsquo; (YUVA) scheme</strong></a>, a mentorship programme to train young authors.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushalacharya-awards" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaushalacharya Awards</strong></a>: Launched to recognize the contribution made by skill trainers and to motivate more trainers to join the Skill India Mission.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shreyas-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS)</strong></a>: The scheme is to <strong>provide industry apprenticeship opportunities</strong> to the general graduates exiting in April 2019 through the <strong>National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM)</a>:</strong> Launched in 2020, it is a portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Special Initiatives for Tribal Community</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goal-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>'Going Online As Leaders' -GOAL</strong></a> are helping tribal population with areas like art and culture, handicraft, textiles and digital literacy among tribal areas leading to entrepreneurship development among the tribal population.</li>
<li>Similarly, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/van-dhan-internship-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Van Dhan Yojna</strong></a> is effectively connecting the tribal society with new opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1735733" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-youth-skill-day'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Landslide and Flash Floods',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, heavy rains caused <strong>flash floods</strong> and <strong>landslides</strong> in many parts of Himachal Pradesh.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Landslide:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A landslide is defined as the<strong> movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.</strong></li>
<li>They are<strong> a type of mass wasting,</strong> which denotes any downward movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity.</li>
<li>The term landslide encompasses <strong>five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626416529_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626416529_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="283" height="250" /></a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Slope movement occurs <strong>when forces acting downward</strong> (mainly due to gravity) exceed the strength of the earth materials that<strong> compose the slope.</strong></li>
<li>Landslides are caused due to three major factors: <strong>geology, morphology, and human activity.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Geology</strong> refers to characteristics of the material. The earth or rock might be weak or fractured, or different layers may have<strong> different strengths and stiffness.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Morphology refers to the structure</strong> of the land. For example, slopes that lose their vegetation to fire or drought are more vulnerable to landslides.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vegetation holds soil in place, and without the root systems of trees, bushes, and other plants, the land is more likely to slide away.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Human activity</strong> which includes agriculture and construction increases the risk of a landslide.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Landslide-Prone Areas:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The entire Himalayan tract, hills/mountains in sub-Himalayan terrains of North-east India, Western Ghats, the Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu Konkan areas are landslide-prone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mitigation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Restriction on the construction and other developmental activities</strong> such as roads and dams in the areas prone to landslides.</li>
<li><strong>Limiting agriculture to valleys</strong> and areas with moderate slopes.</li>
<li><strong>Control on the development of large settlements</strong> in the high vulnerability zones.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting large-scale afforestation programmes</strong> and construction of bunds to reduce the flow of water.</li>
<li><strong>Terrace farming</strong> should be encouraged in the northeastern hill states where Jhumming (Slash and Burn/Shifting Cultivation) is still prevalent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Step Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-navy-signs-mou-with-geological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Geological Survey of India (GSI)</a> has done a national landslide susceptibility mapping</strong> for 85% of the entire 4,20,000 square km landslide-prone area in the country. The <strong>areas have been divided into different zones according to the propensity of the disaster.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Improvement in early warning systems, monitoring and susceptibility zoning can reduce the damage caused by landslides.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flash Floods:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These are <strong>sudden surges in water</strong> levels generally during or following an intense spell of rain.</li>
<li>These are <strong>highly localised events of short duration</strong> with a very high peak and usually <strong>have less than six hours</strong> between the occurrence of the rainfall and peak flood.</li>
<li>The <strong>flood situation worsens</strong> in the presence of <strong>choked drainage lines</strong> or encroachments obstructing the natural flow of water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It may be caused by<strong> heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm,</strong> hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields.</li>
<li>Flash Floods can also occur <strong>due to Dam or Levee Breaks, and/or Mudslides (Debris Flow).</strong></li>
<li>In areas on or near <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/pacific-ring-of-fire" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>volcanoes</strong></a>, flash floods have also occurred after eruptions, when glaciers have been melted by the intense heat.</li>
<li>The intensity of the rainfall, the location and distribution of the rainfall, the land use and topography, vegetation types and growth/density, soil type, and soil water- content all determine just how quickly the Flash Flooding may occur, and influence where it may occur.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mitigation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Instead of valleys, people should live in areas on slopes with firm ground for safety reasons.</li>
<li>In areas where ground fissures have developed, appropriate steps should be taken to check the infiltration of rainwater and surface water.</li>
<li>Banning "indiscriminate" and "unscientific" construction works.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/landslip-destroys-houses-in-himchal-pradesh/article35309319.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/landslide-and-flash-floods'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Women After Pandemic',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/women-work-more-earn-less-and-face-greater-health-risks-101626262199540.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Women work more, earn less, and face greater health risks</strong></a> which was published in Hindustan Times on 15/07/2021. It talks about the issues women have faced during and after the pandemic and ways to recover from those impacts.</p>
</div>
<p>Women tend to be the backbone of society during crises, even as they are also more likely to face the disproportionate impacts of such events. The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic</strong> is no different.</p>
<p>It has severely exacerbated existing gendered barriers, widened India&rsquo;s gender gap in the workforce, and affected (overwhelmingly female) caregivers and frontline workers.</p>
<p>Moreover, Dalberg conducted one of the largest studies of the socio-economic impacts of Covid-19 on women in low-income households, which pointed out that there is a multi-generational impact of poor nutrition, lack of access to contraceptives, and debt.</p>
<h3>Impact on Women</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>More Women Unemployed:</strong> Women were more affected than men by employment issues. Women made up just 24% of those working before the pandemic, yet accounted for 28% of all those who lost their jobs.</li>
<li><strong>Issues of Food Insecurity:</strong> Loss in incomes for women as well as their households led to reduction in food supply and women were affected more than other members of the family.</li>
<li><strong>Issues of Reproductive Health:</strong> Women&rsquo;s health indicators also deteriorated because they could no longer afford contraception and menstrual products. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About 16% of women (an estimated 17 million if extrapolated) had to stop using menstrual pads, and more than one in three married women were unable to access contraceptives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unpaid Labour:</strong> Indian women already do almost three times more unpaid work than Indian men, and the survey showed a 47% increase in unpaid labour for women, and a 41% increase in unpaid care work for women.</li>
<li><strong>Marginalised Groups:</strong> Women from historically marginalised groups (Muslims, migrants, single/separated/divorced), were more affected than the average woman. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The variance is across the board, with more single, separated/divorced women having limited food or running out of food and many more Muslim women losing their income and livelihood.</li>
<li>Conditions on the ground are likely to worsen for those women (such as <strong>dalit women</strong> and<strong> transgender individuals</strong>) who bear the brunt of social discrmination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Expanding public distribution system (PDS):</strong> Expanding <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PDS</strong></a> beyond food as it&rsquo;s a far-reaching delivery channel. For instance, women&rsquo;s access to menstrual pads could be revolutionised in this fashion for the short term, improving reach considerably. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bundling free menstrual hygiene products with PDS would relax women&rsquo;s dependence on income for these essentials.</li>
<li>Optimally, this would go hand-in-hand with national-, state- and district-level awareness drives around menstrual health and hygiene.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of Schemes Must Be Universalised:</strong> Enlist Women on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong></a> job cards to increase the total number of person-days to meet women&rsquo;s demand for job opportunities.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Strengthen the resilience of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SHGs</strong></a> by focusing on their economic recovery and market linkages via the existing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/day-nrlm-special-package-for-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana &ndash; National Rural Livelihoods Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li>SHGs could also provide technical and managerial training to help women develop the skills needed to run small businesses digitally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inclusive Approach:</strong> Focus on the inclusion of single, divorced/separated women in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-nation-one-ration-card-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation One Ration Card</strong></a> rollout, and build social assistance programmes for <strong>informal workers,</strong> specifically domestic workers and casual labourers.</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Awareness:</strong> The government can build upon and accelerate its existing efforts through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana#:~:text=Accredited%20Social%20Health%20Activist%20(ASHA,a%20community%20level%20care%20provider." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA)</strong></a> workers, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-stabilising-population-nfhs-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Parivar Vikas</strong></a>, and other schemes to strategically focus on contraceptive usage.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the survey, one in three women said that government welfare schemes and SHGs had played an important role in helping them navigate the pandemic. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Specifically, the<strong> Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS),</strong> the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana,</strong> and the <strong>public distribution system (PDS)</strong> supported 12 million, 100 million, and 180 million women respectively during the crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, there is a need for universalising, deepening, and extending the government schemes and SHG setups in order to help every woman come out of the ill impact from the pandemic as soon as possible.</li>
<li>Making the right investments in women&rsquo;s issues now could prove transformational in the long-term recovery and health of our economy and society.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffff7;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&lsquo;Women tend to be the backbone of society during crises, even as they are also more likely to face the disproportionate impacts of such events.&rsquo; Analyse the statement in the light of Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/women-after-pandemic'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Government has approved continuation of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-governance-quality-index-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS)</strong></a> for <strong>Development of Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary</strong> for further five years<strong> to 2026</strong> at a total cost of Rs. 9000 crore.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rs.50 crore will be allocated for <strong>Gram Nyayalayas Scheme </strong>through <strong>National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> It was approved by the Union Government in June 2011.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To increase access to justice by reducing delays and arrears in the system and enhance accountability through structural changes and by</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CSS for Development of Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary has been in operation<strong> since 1993-94.</strong></li>
<li>This proposal for continuation of the CSS will help in construction of 3800 court halls and 4000 residential units (both new and ongoing projects) for judicial officers of District and Subordinate Courts, 1450 lawyer halls, 1450 toilets complexes and 3800 digital computer rooms.</li>
<li>This will help in improving the functioning and performance of the Judiciary in the country and will be a new step towards building better courts for a new India.</li>
<li>The upgraded <strong>&ldquo;Nyaya Vikas-2.0&rdquo;</strong> <strong>web portal</strong> and mobile application is used for monitoring physical and financial progress of CSS judicial infrastructure projects by geo-tagging completed and ongoing projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gram Nyayalayas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gram Nyayalayas or village courts are established under the <strong>Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008</strong> for speedy and easy access to the justice system in the rural areas of India.</li>
<li>The Act came into force from 2nd October 2009.</li>
<li><strong>Jurisdiction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A Gram Nyayalaya has jurisdiction <strong>over an area specified by a notification by the State Government in consultation with the respective High Court.</strong></li>
<li>The Court <strong>can function as a mobile court</strong> at any place within the jurisdiction of such Gram Nyayalaya, after giving wide publicity to that regard.</li>
<li>They have <strong>both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the offences.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Monitoring:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Gram</strong> <strong>Nyayalaya Portal</strong> helps online monitoring of working of the Gram Nyayalayas by the implementing states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues related to Judiciary in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>judge-population ratio in the country</strong> is not very appreciable.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While for the other countries, the ratio is about 50-70 judges per million people, in India it is 20 judges per million heads.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is only since the pandemic that the <strong>court proceedings</strong> have started to<strong> take place virtually</strong> too, earlier the role of technology in the judiciary was not much larger.</li>
<li>The posts in the judiciary are not filled up as expeditiously as required.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The process of judicial appointment is delayed due to delay in recommendations by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/collegium-system-for-the-appointment-of-judges#:~:text=The%20SC%20collegium%20is%20headed,CJI%20and%20the%20SC%20collegium." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>collegium</strong></a> for the higher judiciary.</li>
<li>Delay in recruitment made by the state commission/high courts for lower judiciary is also a cause of the poor judicial system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Frequent<strong> adjournments are granted by the courts</strong> to the advocates which leads to <strong>unnecessary delays</strong> in justice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The CSS Scheme will increase the availability of well-equipped Court Halls and Residential Accommodations for Judges/Judicial Officers of District and Subordinate Courts all over the country.</li>
<li>Setting up of digital computer rooms will also improve digital capabilities and give impetus to the digitization initiation being pursued as a part of India&rsquo;s Digital India vision.</li>
<li>This will help in improving the overall functioning and performance of the Judiciary. Continued assistance to the Gram Nyayalayas will also give impetus to providing speedy, substantial and affordable justice to the common man at his doorstep.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1735375" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/infrastructure-facilities-for-judiciary'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Water Pollution by Detergents',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Water<strong> pollution caused by detergents</strong> has become a big concern in the global context.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>per capita (per person) detergent consumption</strong> in<strong> India</strong> is around <strong>2.7 kilogram per year.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is around <strong>3.7 kg in the Philippines and Malaysia</strong> and <strong>10 kg in the United States of America.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Water Pollution</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water pollution occurs when harmful substances&mdash;<strong>often chemicals or microorganisms&mdash;contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water,</strong> degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment.</li>
<li>Water is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Known as a <strong>&ldquo;universal solvent,&rdquo;</strong> water is able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid on earth.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>causes for water pollution</strong> are sewage water, industrial Wastes, agricultural sources, thermal and radiation pollution, marine pollution, invasive species, underground water pollution etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Point Source:</strong> When pollutants are<strong> discharged from a specific location</strong> such as a drain pipe carrying industrial effluents discharged directly into a water body it represents point source pollution.</li>
<li><strong>Non-Point Source:</strong> It includes <strong>discharge of pollutants from diffuse sources or from a larger area</strong> such as runoff from agricultural fields, grazing lands, construction sites, abandoned mines and pits, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Detergents:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A detergent is a<strong> surfactant or mixture of surfactants</strong> that has cleaning properties in dilute solution with water. A detergent is similar to soap.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Surfactant,</strong> also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, <strong>when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension,</strong> thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties.</li>
<li><strong>Surface Tension</strong> is the property of the surface of a liquid that<strong> allows it to resist an external force,</strong> due to the cohesive nature of its molecules.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They tend to be<strong> more soluble in hard water than soap</strong> because the sulfonate of detergent doesn't bind calcium and other ions in hard water as easily as the carboxylate in soap does.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Detergents &amp; Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Bioaccumulation of Nonylphenol:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Nonylphenol,</strong> a hazardous chemical present in detergents, is known to enter water bodies and the food chains. It <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vulture-culture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bio-accumulates</strong></a> and can pose serious environmental and health risks.</li>
<li>It has been <strong>detected in human breast milk, blood and urine,</strong> and is associated with reproductive and developmental effects in rodents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inhibition of Biodegradation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many laundry detergents contain approximately 35 to 75% phosphate salts. <strong>Phosphates can cause a variety of water pollution problems.</strong></li>
<li>For example, phosphate tends to <strong>inhibit the biodegradation</strong> of organic substances. <strong>Non-biodegradable substances cannot be eliminated by public or private wastewater treatment.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Biodegradation</strong> is the process by which organic substances are broken down into smaller compounds by living microbial organisms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some phosphate-based detergents can also cause <strong>eutrophication.</strong> Phosphate-enrichment can cause the water body to become choked with algae and other plants.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Eutrophication:</strong> When a water body becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induce excessive growth of algae or algal bloom. It <strong>deprives the water of available oxygen, causing the death of other organisms.</strong></li>
<li>In Belgium,<strong> phosphates have been restricted for use in household detergents since 2003. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oxygen-Reducing Substances:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Detergents also contain <strong>oxygen-reducing substances</strong> (ie, a chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms) that may cause <strong>severe damage to the fishes and other marine animals. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Destruction of Mucus:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Detergents are capable of destroying the <strong>external mucus layers that protect the fish from bacteria and parasites,</strong> causing severe damage to the gills. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mostly fish die when detergent concentrations are near 15 parts per million (ppm); however, detergent concentrations as low as 5 ppm will kill fish eggs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Makes Water Turbid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A few more harmful components of detergents which are <strong>anthropogenic components such as herbicides, pesticides and heavy metal concentrations</strong> (like <strong>zinc, cadmium and lead</strong>) can cause the water to grow dark. This <strong>blocks out light and disrupts the growth of plants.</strong></li>
<li>Turbidity also<strong> clogs the respiratory system</strong> of some species of fishes. Pathogens from these toxic water bodies cause diseases, some fatal, in human or animal hosts diseases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hazardous for Humans:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The detergents contain suspected <strong>carcinogens,</strong> and ingredients that do not fully biodegrade.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A <strong>carcinogen</strong> is an agent with the capacity to cause cancer in humans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>ECOMARK Scheme:</strong> The Government has instituted this scheme on<strong> labeling of Environment Friendly Products.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme is <strong>operating on a national basis and provides accreditation and labeling for household and other consumer products</strong> which <strong>meet certain environmental criteria</strong> along with quality requirements of the Indian Standards for that product.</li>
<li>The Ecomark Scheme covers various product categories like <strong>Soaps and Detergents, paints, food items etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bioaccumulation vs Biomagnification</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bioaccumulation</strong> is when the<strong> concentration of chemicals increases within an organism or species.</strong> This can occur when toxic substances are ingested. These toxic substances are very difficult for organisms to excrete, therefore,<strong> accumulate in their tissues.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Biomagnification</strong> is the process by which toxic chemicals build up within predators. This <strong>typically occurs across an entire food chain</strong> and affects all of the organisms but animals higher up in the chain are more impacted.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626345937_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626345937_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="441" height="309" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/how-our-detergent-footprint-is-polluting-aquatic-ecosystems-77935&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1626349523654000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2oNtSyPAttuydbCGUgMazI" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/water-pollution-by-detergents'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'National Ayush Mission',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The government has decided to <strong>continue the National Ayush Mission (NAM)</strong> as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-governance-quality-index-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>centrally sponsored scheme</strong> </a>till 2026.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project will have a total cost of Rs. 4,603 crore, of which the Centre will bear Rs 3,000 crore share, and the states will cover the rest.</li>
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-portals-on-ayush-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new portals on the Ayush sector</strong></a> were also launched.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Meaning of 'Ayush'</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Traditional &amp; Non-Conventional Systems of Health Care and Healing Which Include Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa-Rigpa and Homoeopathy etc.</li>
<li>The positive features of the Indian systems of medicine namely their diversity and flexibility; accessibility; affordability, a broad acceptance by a large section of the general public; comparatively lesser cost and growing economic value, have great potential to make them providers of healthcare that the large sections of our people need.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Launch:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Launched<strong> in September 2014</strong> by the <strong>Department of AYUSH under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,</strong> during the <strong>12<sup>th</sup> Plan for implementation</strong> through States/UTs.</li>
<li>Now, it is<strong> implemented by the Ministry of Ayush.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme involves <strong>expansion</strong> of the AYUSH sector <strong>to promote holistic health</strong> of Indians.</li>
<li>The Mission <strong>addresses the gaps in health services through supporting</strong> the efforts of State/UT Governments <strong>for providing AYUSH health services/education</strong> in the country, particularly in<strong> vulnerable and far-flung areas. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Components of the National AYUSH Mission:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Obligatory Components:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>AYUSH Services.</li>
<li>AYUSH Educational Institutions.</li>
<li>Quality Control of ASU&amp;H (Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani &amp; Homoeopathy) Drugs.</li>
<li>Medicinal Plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flexible Component</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>AYUSH Wellness Centres comprising Yoga and Naturopathy,</li>
<li>Tele-medicine,</li>
<li>Innovations in AYUSH including Public Private Partnership,</li>
<li>IEC (Information, Education and Communication) activities,</li>
<li>Voluntary certification scheme: Project based, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Outcomes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Better access to AYUSH healthcare</strong> services through increased healthcare facilities and better availability of medicines and trained manpower.</li>
<li>Improvement in <strong>AYUSH education</strong> through a well-equipped enhanced number of AYUSH Educational institutions.</li>
<li>To focus on<strong> reducing communicable/non-communicable diseases</strong> through targeted public health programmes using AYUSH systems of Healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Central Schemes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The central schemes are divided into <strong>Central Sector Schemes and Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Central sector schemes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These schemes are <strong>100% funded by the Central government.</strong></li>
<li>Implemented by the Central Government machinery.</li>
<li>Formulated on subjects mainly from the Union List.</li>
<li>E.g.: Bharatnet, Namami Gange-National Ganga Plan, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Centrally Sponsored Schemes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are the schemes by the centre where there is financial participation by both the centre and states.</li>
<li>CSS are again divided into <strong>Core of the Core Schemes,</strong> Core Schemes and Optional schemes.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are 6 core of the core schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most of these schemes prescribe<strong> specific financial participation by states.</strong> For example, in the case of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MGNREGA</a> (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act),</strong> state governments have to incur 25% material expenditure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The 6 core of the core CSS are:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions#:~:text=The%20Ministry%20of%20Rural%20Development,to%20%E2%82%B91%2C200%20per%20month." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Social Assistance Programme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Program</strong></a></li>
<li>Umbrella Scheme for Development of Scheduled Castes</li>
<li>Umbrella Programme for Development of Scheduled Tribes</li>
<li>Umbrella Programme for Development of Minorities</li>
<li>Umbrella Programme for Development of Other Vulnerable Groups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1735372" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-ayush-mission-1'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Special Livestock Sector Package',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-committees-formed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA)</strong></a> has approved implementation of a special livestock sector package.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Package:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To boost growth in the livestock sector and thereby making<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/animal-rearing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> animal husbandry</strong></a> more remunerative to 10 crore farmers engaged in Animal Husbandry Sector.</li>
<li><strong>Total Amount:</strong> The <strong>Central government will spend Rs. 9,800 crore</strong> on livestock development over the next five years in a bid<strong> to leverage almost Rs. 55,000 crore of outside investment into the sector.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes the <strong>share of investments by State Governments, State Cooperatives, Financial institutions, External funding agencies</strong> and other stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Merger of Schemes:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The package has been designed by <strong>revising and realigning various components</strong> of the Department <strong>of Animal Husbandry &amp; Dairying&rsquo; Schemes</strong> for the next five years, starting 2021-22.</li>
<li>All the schemes of the Department will be merged into <strong>three broad categories as:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Development Programmes:</strong> It includes <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-gokul-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</strong></a>, National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD), National Livestock Mission (NLM) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/20th-livestock-census" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Livestock Census and Integrated Sample Survey (LC &amp; ISS)</strong></a> as sub-schemes.</li>
<li><strong>Disease Control Programme:</strong> It is <strong>renamed as Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH &amp; DC)</strong> which includes the present Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH &amp; DC) scheme and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-animal-disease-control-programme-national-artificial-insemination-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP).</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Infrastructure Development Fund:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-iii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development fund (AHIDF)</strong> </a>and the <strong>Dairy Infrastructure Development Fund (DIDF)</strong> are merged and the present scheme for support to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-cooperative-based-economic-development" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dairy Cooperatives</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/farmer-producer-bodies-need-help" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Farmer Producer Organizations</strong></a> engaged in Dairy activities is also included in this third category.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</strong> will help in development and <strong>conservation of indigenous breeds</strong> and would also contribute in improving the <strong>economic condition of the rural poor.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD)</strong> scheme is targeted towards installation of about 8900 bulk milk coolers, thus providing benefit to more than 8 lakh milk producers and 20 LLPD (Lakh Litres Per Day) milk will be additionally procured.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under NPDD, financial assistance from <strong>Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)</strong> will be available thus strengthening and creating fresh infrastructure in 4500 villages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Animal Husbandry in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A large number of farmers depend upon animal husbandry for their livelihood. It supports the livelihood of almost 55% of the rural population.</li>
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey-2021</strong></a>, the contribution of Livestock in total agriculture and allied sector <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gross-value-added" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Value Added</strong></a> (at Constant Prices) has increased from 24.32% (2014-15) to 28.63% (2018-19).</li>
<li>India is the highest livestock owner of the world.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/20th-livestock-census" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> 20<sup>th</sup> Livestock Census</a>,</strong> the total Livestock population is 535.78 million in the country showing an increase of 4.6% over Livestock Census-2012.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Livestock Mission (NLM)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NlM was launched in the 2014-15 financial year and seeks to ensure quantitative and qualitative improvement in livestock production systems and capacity building of all stakeholders.</li>
<li>The scheme is being implemented as a sub scheme of<strong> White Revolution - Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana</strong> from April 2019.</li>
<li>The mission is organised into the following four Sub - Missions:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sub -Mission on Livestock Development.</li>
<li>Sub - Mission on Pig Development in North-Eastern Region.</li>
<li>Sub - Mission on Feed and Fodder Development.</li>
<li>Sub -Mission on Skill Development, Technology Transfer and Extension.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/ccea-clears-realignment-of-department-of-animal-husbandry-and-dairying-schemes/article35320049.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-livestock-sector-package'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Inflation Data: June 2021',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Office of the Economic Adviser, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade</strong> has released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inflation-data-august-2020#:~:text=Wholesale%20Inflation%3A,%25%20and%20July%20(%2D)%200.58%25." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wholesale Price Index (WPI)</strong></a> for the month of June, 2021.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Wholesale Price- Inflation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inflation in wholesale prices <strong>stayed high in June 2021 at 12.07%</strong> following the record high of 12.94% in May 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The high rate of inflation in June 2021, is primarily due to<strong> low base effect.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Base effect:</strong> It is the effect that choosing a different reference point for a comparison between two data points can have on the result of the comparison.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rise in prices</strong> of mineral oils viz petrol, diesel, naphtha, furnace oil etc.</li>
<li>Increased <strong>costs of manufactured products</strong> like basic metal, food products, chemical products etc as compared the corresponding month of the previous year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Retail inflation</strong> based on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpi-iw-base-year-revised-to-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consumer Price Index (CPI)</strong></a>, was at 6.26% in June 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implication:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Wholesale Price- Inflation&rsquo;s potential to spill over into retail inflation (CPI inflation) levels <strong>will inject &lsquo;uneasiness&rsquo; in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-monetary-policy-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monetary policy</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Monetary policy</strong> is the macroeconomic policy laid down by the central bank. It involves management of money supply and interest rate and is the demand side economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Wholesale Price Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>measures the changes in the prices</strong> of goods sold and <strong>traded in bulk by wholesale businesses to other businesses.</strong></li>
<li>Published by the <strong>Office of Economic Adviser,</strong> Ministry of Commerce and Industry.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>most widely used</strong> inflation indicator in India.</li>
<li>Major criticism for this index is that the general public does not buy products at wholesale price.</li>
<li>The<strong> base year of All-India WPI</strong> has been revised <strong>from 2004-05 to 2011-12 in 2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Consumer Price Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It measures <strong>price changes from the perspective of a retail buyer.</strong> It is released by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/repo-rate-unchanged-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Statistical Office (NSO).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <strong>CPI calculates the difference in the price of commodities and services</strong> such as food, medical care, education, electronics etc, which Indian consumers buy for use.</li>
<li>The CPI <strong>has several sub-groups</strong> including food and beverages, fuel and light, housing and clothing, bedding and footwear.</li>
<li>Four <strong>types of CPI are as follows:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CPI for <strong>Industrial Workers</strong> (IW).</li>
<li>CPI for <strong>Agricultural Labourer</strong> (AL).</li>
<li>CPI for<strong> Rural Labourer</strong> (RL).</li>
<li>CPI (<strong>Rural/Urban/Combined</strong>).</li>
<li>Of these, the first three are compiled by the <strong>Labour Bureau</strong> in the Ministry of Labour and Employment. Fourth is compiled by the NSO in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Base Year</strong> for CPI in general is<strong> 2012.</strong> However the base year for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpi-iw-base-year-revised-to-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CPI for Industrial Worker (CPI-IW) is 2016.</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/repo-rate-unchanged-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)</strong></a> uses CPI data to control inflation (within range 4+/-2%). In April 2014, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> had adopted the CPI as its key measure of inflation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>CPI vs. WPI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WPI tracks inflation at the producer level and CPI captures changes in prices levels at the consumer level.</li>
<li><strong>WPI does not capture changes in the prices of services,</strong> which CPI does.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Inflation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inflation refers to the<strong> rise in the prices of most goods and services of daily or common use,</strong> such as food, clothing, housing, recreation, transport, consumer staples, etc.</li>
<li>Inflation measures the <strong>average price change in a basket of commodities and services</strong> over time.</li>
<li>Inflation is<strong> indicative of the decrease in the purchasing power</strong> of a unit of a country&rsquo;s currency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This could ultimately lead to a<strong> deceleration in economic growth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, a<strong> moderate level of inflation is required</strong> in the economy to ensure that production is promoted.</li>
<li>In India, inflation is primarily measured by<strong> two main indices &mdash;WPI &amp; CPI</strong> which measure wholesale and retail-level price changes, respectively.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Core Inflation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>change in the costs of goods and services but does not include those from the food and energy sectors.</strong> This measure of inflation excludes these items<strong> because their prices are much more volatile.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Core inflation</strong> = Headline inflation &ndash; (Food and Fuel) inflation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/wpi-inflation-at-1207-in-june/article35315854.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inflation-data-june-2021'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'St. Queen Ketevan’s Relics: Georgia',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>India has gifted one part of the holy relics of 17<sup>th</sup> century St. Queen Ketevan to the Georgian government.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These relics were gifted on the <strong>first ever visit of India&rsquo;s External Affairs Minister to independent Georgia.</strong></li>
<li>Georgia is <strong>a strategically important country situated at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Queen Ketevan was from Kakheti, a <strong>kingdom in eastern Georgia.</strong></li>
<li>It is believed that, she was <strong>killed in 1624 in Shiraz (modern day Iran)</strong> for <strong>not converting to Islam.</strong></li>
<li>The parts of her remains were brought to Goa by Augustinian monks in 1627.</li>
<li>The relics of the martyred Queen Ketevan were found by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-circles-of-archaeological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong></a> in 2005 in the ruins of the Church of St. Augustine in Goa.</li>
<li>Many historical, religious and spiritual sentiments of the Georgian people are attached to St. Queen Ketevan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Church of St. Augustine</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Church of St. Augustine is a ruined church complex located in Goa.</li>
<li>The church was completed in 1602 by Augustinian monks who landed in Goa in 1587.</li>
<li>The church was abandoned in 1835 after the Portuguese government of Goa began evicting many religious orders in Goa under its new repressive policies.</li>
<li>The subsequent neglect caused the vault of the church to collapse in 1842.</li>
<li>It is a part of the <strong>Churches and convents of Goa,</strong> which is a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India-Georgia Relations:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Historical Background:</strong> Fables from India&rsquo;s Panchtantra are believed to have influenced the Georgian folk legends.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Those links were further strengthened in medieval ages by missionaries, travelers, and traders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Visit:</strong> India was willing <strong>to do more in terms of investment in Georgia,</strong> which ranks highly in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-business-rankings-of-the-states-dpiit#:~:text=Ease%20of%20Doing%20Business%20(EODB,implementation%20of%20BRAP%20by%20them." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ease of doing business index.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Georgia<strong> has also applied for <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">EU (European Union)</a> membership,</strong> which, if accepted, would give India another gateway to Europe, and a foothold in the Caucasus.</li>
<li>There is also <strong>a political significance</strong> of this visit, <strong>given the hostile relations between Russia and Georgia.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has given clear signals to Russia that it was not happy with the recent visit of Russia&rsquo;s foreign minister to Pakistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Caucasus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mountain system and region<strong> lying between the Black Sea (west) and the Caspian Sea (east)</strong> and occupied by <strong>Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626333160_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626333160_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/relics-of-st-queen-ketevan-to-be-displayed-400-years-after-death/article35306220.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/st-queen-ketevan-s-relics-georgia'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'New Solar Projects: NTPC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-thermal-power-corporation-limited" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC)</a> Renewable Energy Ltd (REL)</strong> signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the <strong>Union Territory of Ladakh</strong> to set up the country&rsquo;s first <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-hydrogen-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Green Hydrogen</a> Mobility project.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NTPC REL will also set up <strong>a solar park</strong> at <strong>Rann of Kutch in Gujarat</strong> from where it will also generate <strong>green hydrogen</strong> on a commercial scale under the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-new-and-renewable-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ultra-Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks (UMREPP) scheme.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hydrogen produced from renewable sources is called green hydrogen.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ultra-Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks (UMREPP) scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a scheme to develop<strong> Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks (UMREPPs)</strong> under the existing<strong> Solar Park Scheme.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme was rolled out by the <strong>Ministry of New &amp; Renewable Energy (MNRE) in 2014.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Solar Park Scheme</strong> is also a scheme of MNRE to set up a number of solar parks across various states in the country. It proposes to provide financial support by the Government of India to establish solar parks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The objective of the UMREPP is <strong>to provide land upfront to the project developer and facilitate transmission infrastructure for developing Renewable Energy (RE)</strong> based Power Parks with solar/wind/hybrid and also with storage systems.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Green Hydrogen Mobility Project:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NTPC REL has planned to <strong>ply 5 hydrogen buses,</strong> to start with, in the region and the company will be <strong>setting up a solar plant and a green hydrogen generation unit</strong> in Leh towards this end.</li>
<li>This will put <strong>Leh as the first city in the country</strong> to implement a green hydrogen based mobility project. This would be <strong>zero emission mobility in true sense.</strong></li>
<li>This is also <strong>in line with the Prime Minister&rsquo;s vision of a &lsquo;carbon neutral&rsquo; Ladakh.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>help Ladakh develop a carbon free economy</strong> based on renewable sources and green hydrogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Largest Solar Park:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NTPC REL will set up a <strong>4.75 gigawatt (GW) renewable energy park at Rann of Kutch</strong> in Khavada, Gujarat. This will be <strong>India&rsquo;s largest solar park</strong> to be built by the largest power producer of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kutch region in Gujarat, the <strong>largest salt desert in the country</strong> and host to two of India&rsquo;s largest coal-fired power plants, will now add another feather to its cap.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Major Projects of NTPC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, NTPC has also commissioned <strong>India&rsquo;s largest Floating Solar of 10 MW (ac)</strong> on the reservoir of Simhadri Thermal Power Plant, Andhra Pradesh. An additional <strong>15 MW (ac) would be commissioned by August 2021.</strong></li>
<li>Further, a <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-biggest-floating-solar-power-plant" target="_blank" rel="noopener">100 MW Floating Solar Project</a> on the reservoir of Ramagundam Thermal Power Plant, Telangana</strong> is in the advanced stage of implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Solar Energy Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Solar Mission :</strong> Solar energy has taken a central place in India's <a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong></a> with the National Solar Mission as one of the key Missions.</li>
<li><strong>INDC&rsquo;s target:</strong> It targets installing 100 GW grid-connected solar power plants by the year 2022.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is in line with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/virtual-climate-action-ministerial" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)</strong> </a>target to achieve about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources and to reduce the emission intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% from 2005 level by 2030.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Launch of ISA:</strong> The launch of the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/18-08-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance (ISA)</strong></a> was announced by the Prime Minister of India and the President of France in 2015, at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>21<sup>st</sup> session of the United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP-21) in Paris, France.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Government Schemes:</strong> Such as Solar Park Scheme, Canal bank &amp; Canal top Scheme, Bundling Scheme, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Scheme</strong></a> etc.</li>
<li><strong>One Sun One World One Grid:</strong> India has an ambitious cross-border power grid plan <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/one-sun-one-world-one-grid-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;One Sun One World One Grid&rsquo;</strong> </a>that seeks to transfer solar power generated in one region to feed the electricity demands of others.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Thermal Power Corporation Limited</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NTPC Ltd. is a central <strong>Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Power.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NTPC REL is a 100% subsidiary of NTPC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>India&rsquo;s largest energy conglomerate</strong> with roots planted way back in 1975 to accelerate power development in India.</li>
<li>It aims to <strong>provide reliable power and related solutions in an economical, efficient and environment-friendly manner,</strong> driven by innovation and agility.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NTPC has also been <strong>promoting usage of green hydrogen based solutions</strong> in sectors like mobility, energy, chemical, fertilizer, steel etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It became a <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maharatna company</strong></a> in May 2010.</li>
<li>It is located in New Delhi.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1735085#:~:text=NTPC%20Renewable%20Energy%20Ltd%20%2C%20a,power%20producer%20of%20the%20country." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-solar-projects-ntpc'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Sankalp Se Siddhi: Mission Van Dhan',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Minister of Tribal Affairs</strong> reviewed various initiatives under<strong> &lsquo;Sankalp Se Siddhi-Mission Vand Dhan&rsquo;,</strong> by <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TRIFED</a></strong> (Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India).</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>TRIFED</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) came into existence in 1987.</li>
<li>It is <strong>a national-level apex organization</strong> functioning under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>ultimate objective</strong> of TRIFED is socio-economic development of tribal people in the country by way of marketing development of the tribal products such as metal craft, tribal textiles, pottery, tribal paintings and pottery on which the tribals depends heavily for a major portion of their income.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About 'Sankalp se Siddhi':</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The &lsquo;Sankalp Se Siddhi&rsquo; initiative, <strong>also known as 'Mission Van Dhan',</strong> was <strong>introduced by the central government in 2021,</strong> in line with the Prime Minister's aim <strong>to establish a sustainable livelihood for India's tribal population.</strong></li>
<li>Through this mission, TRIFED<strong> aims to expand its operation through convergence of various schemes of different ministries</strong> and departments and launch various tribal development programmes in mission mode.</li>
<li>Through this mission, establishment of several <strong>Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs), haat bazaars, mini TRIFOOD units, common facility centres, TRIFOOD parks, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-of-fund-for-regeneration-of-traditional-industries" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SFRUTI (Scheme of Fund for regeneration of traditional industries)</a>&nbsp;</strong>clusters,<strong> tribes india retail store, e-commerce platform</strong> for trifood and tribes, <strong>India brands</strong> are being targeted.</li>
<li><strong>TRIFED has been implementing several noteworthy programmes</strong> for the empowerment of the tribals.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over the past two years, the <strong>&lsquo;Mechanism for Marketing of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) through Minimum Support Price (MSP) &amp; Development of Value Chain for MFP&rsquo;</strong> has impacted the tribal ecosystem in a major way.</li>
<li>TRIFED has<strong> also injected Rs. 3000 crores into the tribal economy,</strong> even during such difficult times, aided by government push.</li>
<li>The <strong>Van Dhan tribal start-ups,</strong> a component of the same scheme, have emerged as a source of employment generation for tribal gatherers and forest dwellers and the home-bound tribal artisans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TRIFED is involved in following initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Van Dhan Vikas Yojana:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Van Dhan Scheme, <strong>a component of &lsquo;MSP for MFP&rsquo;,</strong> was launched in 2018.</li>
<li>An initiative<strong> targeting livelihood generation for tribal gatherers</strong> and transforming them into entrepreneurs.</li>
<li>The idea is <strong>to set-up tribal community-owned Van Dhan Vikas Kendra Clusters (VDVKCs)</strong> in predominantly forested tribal districts.</li>
<li>VDVKs are <strong>for providing skill upgradation and capacity building training to tribals</strong> and setting up of primary processing and value addition facilities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>MSP for MFP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mechanism for Marketing of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce#:~:text=MFP%2Drich%20districts.-,Minor%20Forest%20Produce%20(MFP),live%20in%20or%20near%20forests." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minor Forest Produce (MFP)</strong></a> Through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-for-crops#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20major%20demands,of%20the%20cost%20of%20production." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price (MSP)</strong></a> and Development of Value Chain for MFP <strong>provide MSP to gatherers of forest produce.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme <strong>acts as a measure of social safety for MFP gatherers</strong> who are primarily <strong>members of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ST (Scheduled Tribe)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>The scheme formed a system to ensure fair monetary returns of the gatherers for their endeavour in collection, primary processing, storage, packaging, transportation, etc.</li>
<li>MFP includes <strong>all non-timber forest produce</strong> of plant origin and includes bamboo, canes, fodder, leaves, gums, waxes, dyes, resins and many forms of food including nuts, wild fruits, honey, lac, tusser etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tech For Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It<strong> aims to transform 5 crore Tribal Entrepreneurs</strong> by capacity building and imparting entrepreneurship skills to tribal forest produce gatherers enrolled under the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY).</strong></li>
<li>The program will ensure higher success rate of the Tribal Entrepreneurs by enabling and <strong>empowering them to run their business with marketable products</strong> with quality certifications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TRIFOOD Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in August 2020 and <strong>promotes value addition to MFP.</strong></li>
<li>TRIFOOD parks will produce processed foods from minor forest produce and also from the food gathered by the tribal people in that region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Village and Digital Connect Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To ensure that existing schemes and initiatives reach the tribals, TRIFED&rsquo;s regional officials across the country have been visiting identified villages with a significant tribal population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1735156" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-se-siddhi-mission-van-dhan'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Growth Matters',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/growth-matters-but-income-levels-matter-more/article35311246.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Growth matters but income levels matter more</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 14/07/2021. It talks about the challenges facing economic growth and ways to achieve a high growth rate.</p>
</div>
<p>After the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> shock economic growth has been showing a downward trend and private investment and demand has also been decreasing.</p>
<p>In the context, India needs a sharp revival of demand for which higher per capita incomes are necessary.</p>
<p>However, there are several challenges needed to be tackled in order to increase the demand and economic growth rate.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Some Observations About Economy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The agriculture sector continued its impressive growth performance, reiterating that it still remains as the vital sector of the economy, especially at times of crisis.</li>
<li>The manufacturing sector continued its subdued growth performance, failing to emerge as the growth driver, with production interruptions due to localised lockdowns to be blamed.</li>
<li>The contraction in trade (-18.2%), construction (-8.6%), mining (-8.5%) and manufacturing (-7.2%) is a matter of concern as these sectors account for the bulk of low-skilled jobs.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges Confronting Economic Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rising unemployment rate:</strong> According to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), in May 2021, India&rsquo;s labour participation rate at 40% was the same as it was in April 2021. But, the unemployment rate shot up to 11.9% from 8%. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A stable labour participation rate combined with a higher unemployment rate implies a<strong> loss of jobs</strong> and a fall in the employment rate.</li>
<li>According to CMIE, over 15 million jobs were lost in May 2021, higher than the 12.3 million in November 2016, the month of demonetisation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Informality:</strong> Job losses bring out the high informality and vulnerability of labour in India as of the total jobs lost during pandemic were of daily wage earners.This challenges inclusive growth and higher economic growth potential of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Low Business Confidence:</strong> Business confidence index (BCI), from the survey by the FICCI, has fallen down severely. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/purchasing-managers-index-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Purchasing Managers Index (PMI)</strong></a> has also slipped to a 10-month low indicating that the manufacturing sector is showing signs of strain with growth projections being revised lower.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both BCI and PMI slipping down indicates that the overall optimism towards 2021-22 is low, which could <strong>impact investments and cause further job losses</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weak Demand:</strong> With household income being severely impacted and past savings being already drawn on during the first wave of <strong>covid-19 pandemic,</strong> demand conditions are weak.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues With India&rsquo;s Policy Response</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There has been <strong>less direct action by the government</strong> to support the vulnerable to alleviate their hardships.</li>
<li>The bulk of the <strong>policy measures are supply side measures</strong> and not on the demand side. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In times of financial anxiety, what is needed is direct state spending for a quick demand boost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Large parts of all the stimulus packages announced till now would work in the <strong>medium term</strong> (not immediate). These include policies related to the external sector, infrastructure and manufacturing sector.</li>
<li>The use of credit backstops as the main plank of policy has limits compared to any direct measure on the demand side as this could result in poor growth performance if private investments do not pick up.</li>
<li>Further, the credit easing approach would take a longer time to multiply incomes as lending involves a lender&rsquo;s discretion and borrower&rsquo;s obligation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Sharp Revival in Overall Demand:</strong> Growth recovery depends on demand recovery. Increased demand will come only with increased saving and increased income levels. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Investment, especially private investment, is the &ldquo;key driver&rdquo; that drives demand, creates capacity, increases labour productivity, introduces new technology, allows creative destruction, and generates jobs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Export Promotion:</strong> External demand looks robust as India&rsquo;s exports touched USD 32 billion in May 2021, 67% higher than in May 2020 indicating that global demand rebound is fast.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also Export finance can be provided to exporters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing the MGNREGA funding and expanding to Urban areas:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/mgnrega-and-migrant-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong></a> programme has proved to be a bedrock of support in the normal times and during times of difficulty (like Covid-19) and it will be a good idea to expand the scheme to urban areas.</li>
<li><strong>Transfer of Cash benefits:</strong> A meaningful cash transfer can restore confidence in these families. Money in the hands of people can provide an immediate sense of security and confidence, which is the cornerstone to restoring economic normalcy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will raise the consumption and demand of the economy and can bring back the virtuous cycle in play.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of technology:</strong> With rising internet penetration, governments should collaborate with industry leaders to create online tutorials in local regional languages to impart knowledge and skills to all.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting labour-intensive sectors</strong> such as gems and jewellery, textiles and garments and leather goods.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Focusing on growth rates has its merits in the long term as achieving higher income levels require sustained growth for longer periods.</p>
<p>India is slowly but surely on the path to economic recovery and investment is the way to sustain this growth momentum.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fcf7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Direct action through government policy response to create demand is the ideal way to sustain the growth momentum. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/growth-matters-1'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Delay in Aadhaar Enrolment due to Incomplete NRC: Assam',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Aadhaar</strong> enrolment of more than 27 lakh people in Assam has become uncertain/delayed because of the delay in completing the process of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Register of Citizens (NRC).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>biometrics of these people were frozen after the publication of the NRC in August 2019.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Centre had earlier been asked to unfreeze the biometrics</strong> since the NRC was yet to be recognised as a document for citizenship.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Aadhaar</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>12 digit individual identification number</strong> issued by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadhar-and-its-voluntary-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UIDAI (Unique identification authority of India)</strong> </a>on behalf of Government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UIDAI is a<strong> statutory authority established in July 2016</strong> by the Government of India under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, following the provisions of the <strong>Aadhaar Act 2016.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>serves as identity and address proof</strong> anywhere in India. It is <strong>available in 2 forms, physical and electronic form i.e. (e-Aadhaar). </strong></li>
<li><strong>Any resident</strong> (a person who has resided in India for 182 days, in the one year preceding the date of application for enrollment for Aadhaar) <strong>of India irrespective of age, sex, class can avail it.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Register of Citizens:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NRC is a <strong>register prepared in respect of each village,</strong> showing the houses or holdings in a serial order and indicating against each house or holding the number and names of persons staying therein.</li>
<li>The <strong>register was first prepared after the 1951 Census of India</strong> and since then it has not been updated until recently.</li>
<li>It <strong>has been updated in Assam only</strong> for now and the <strong>government plans to update it nationally</strong> as well.</li>
<li>Its <strong>purpose</strong> is to <strong>separate &ldquo;illegal&rdquo; immigrants from &ldquo;legitimate&rdquo; residents.</strong></li>
<li>Registrar General and Census Commissioner India is the Nodal Agency for NRC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NRC Issue in Assam (Background):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The issue of its update assumed importance as <strong>Assam witnessed large-scale illegal migration from erstwhile East Pakistan and, after 1971,</strong> from present-day Bangladesh.</li>
<li>This led to the <strong>six-year-long Assam movement from 1979 to 1985,</strong> for deporting illegal migrants.</li>
<li>The movement culminated in the signing of the<strong> Assam Accord in 1985.</strong> It set <strong>25<sup>th</sup> March, 1971,</strong> as the cut-off date for the deportation of illegal migrants.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since the <strong>cut-off date prescribed under articles 5 and 6 of the Constitution was 19<sup>th</sup> July, 1949</strong> - to give force to the new date, an amendment was made to the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/citizenship-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Citizenship Act, 1955</a>,</strong> and a new section was introduced. It was made <strong>applicable only to Assam.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Assam Accord</strong> was signed between the <strong>All Assam Students Union (AASU),</strong> the <strong>All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad</strong> and the <strong>Central Government.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A petition was filed in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong> </a>in <strong>2009</strong> by an <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-governmental Organization (NGO)</strong></a> called Assam Public Works demanding the identification and deportation of illegal Bangladeshis in Assam.</li>
<li>In December <strong>2014,</strong> a division bench of the <strong>SC</strong> ordered that the NRC be updated in a time-bound manner.</li>
<li>In <strong>2018,</strong> the <strong>SC</strong> mentioned the prospect of sample re-verification in an order, saying that it could <strong>consider re-verifying 10% of the names included in the NRC.</strong></li>
<li>In July <strong>2019,</strong> the <strong>state government gave an affidavit in the SC</strong> seeking a <strong>re-verification of 20% included names</strong> in the districts bordering Bangladesh and 10% in the rest of the districts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, <strong>it was dismissed</strong> after the erstwhile coordinator of the NRC submitted that re-verification was already done.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Assam government is<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assam-firm-on-nrc-re-verification" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> firm on its demand of 10-20% re-verification</strong></a> of the nationality claims made by some of the people included in the final NRC, published in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>state government of Assam has provided the latest data regarding &lsquo;foreigner&rsquo; detection</strong> in the state.</li>
<li>There is a <strong>need for re-verification because people of Assam want a correct NRC.</strong></li>
<li>Also, there has been a <strong>delay in issuing the rejection slips</strong> to the over 19 lakh excluded people so that they can move court to claim nationality.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Officials have cited the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assam-s-flood-and-kaziranga-s-ecosystem" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>floods</strong> </a>in the state as reasons for the delay.</li>
<li>The<strong> rejection slips would carry the reason of rejection, which would differ from person to person</strong> and based on the reason they would be able to challenge their exclusion in the Foreigners&rsquo; Tribunals.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Every individual, whose name does not figure in the final NRC, can represent his/her case in front of the<strong> Foreigners Tribunals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/aadhaar-uncertainty-for-27-lakh-in-assam-as-nrc-in-limbo/article35311850.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/delay-in-aadhaar-enrolment-due-to-incomplete-nrc-assam'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'BHIM - UPI Launched in Bhutan',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Union Minister of Finance of India</strong> along with her counterpart, the<strong> Finance Minister of Bhutan</strong> has jointly launched <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/digital-transactions-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bharat Interface for Money</a> - <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/upi-20-launched-by-npci" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unified Payments Interface (BHIM-UPI) </a></strong>in<strong> Bhutan.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The payment system was launched by <strong>NPCI International Payments Ltd. (NIPL),</strong> the international arm of <strong>National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI),</strong> in partnership with the <strong>Royal Monetary Authority (RMA)</strong> of Bhutan.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626256178_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1626256178_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bhutan is the<strong> first country</strong> to adopt <strong>UPI standards</strong> for its Quick Response (QR) code, and the first country in our immediate neighbourhood to accept mobile based payments through the BHIM App.</li>
<li>It is also the<strong> second country after Singapore</strong> to have <strong>BHIM-UPI acceptance at merchant locations.</strong></li>
<li>Bhutan will also become the<strong> only country to both issue and accept RuPay cards as well as accept BHIM-UPI.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bharat Interface for Money-Unified Payments Interface (BHIM-UPI):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BHIM is developed by the <strong>National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI).</strong></li>
<li>It is an initiative to enable fast, secure, reliable cashless payments through the mobile phone.</li>
<li>BHIM is based on <strong>Unified Payment Interface (UPI)</strong> to facilitate e-payments directly through banks.</li>
<li>It is interoperable with other Unified Payment Interface (UPI) applications, and bank accounts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Unified Payments Interface (UPI)</strong> is an instant real-time payment system, allowing users to transfer money on a real-time basis, across multiple bank accounts without disclosing details of one&rsquo;s bank account to the other party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The simple, safe, cost-effective mobile-based payments system has become one of the most prominent forms of digital payments.</li>
<li>The payment infrastructures of the two countries are seamlessly connected and<strong> will benefit a large number of tourists and businessmen from India who travel to Bhutan each year.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will enhance the ease of living and ease of travelling through cashless transactions at the touch of a button.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2020, UPI enabled commerce worth USD 457 billion, which is equivalent to approximately 15% of India&rsquo;s GDP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>RuPay Card Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RuPay is the first-of-its-kind <strong>domestic Debit and Credit Card payment</strong> network of India.</li>
<li>The name, derived from the words &lsquo;Rupee and &lsquo;Payment&rsquo;, emphasises that it is India&rsquo;s very own initiative for Debit and Credit Card payments.</li>
<li>The card can also be used for transactions in Singapore, <strong>Bhutan,</strong> UAE, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NPCI, an umbrella organisation for operating retail payments and settlement systems in India, is an initiative of<strong> Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong> and <strong>Indian Banks&rsquo; Association (IBA)</strong> under the provisions of the <strong>Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.</strong></li>
<li>It is a<strong> &ldquo;Not for Profit&rdquo; Company</strong> under the provisions of <strong>Section 25 of Companies Act 1956 (now Section 8 of Companies Act 2013),</strong> with an intention to provide infrastructure to the entire Banking system in India for physical as well as electronic payment and settlement systems.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/npci-arm-to-extend-bhim-upi-payments-system-to-bhutan/article35310936.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhim-upi-launched-in-bhutan'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
	'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive`, articles.star_rating AS `articles__star_rating` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
	'params' => [
		':c0' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'defaultTypes' => [
		'articles__article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles__star_rating' => 'integer',
		'articles.star_rating' => 'integer',
		'star_rating' => 'integer'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 5
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 334
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Free Downloads

Test Series

Videos

Search

Search list matched with tags “class”