Search

Warning (2): rename(/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/logs/queries.log,/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/logs/queries.log.1610944573): No such file or directory [CORE/src/Log/Engine/FileLog.php, line 198]

Code Context

        } else {
            $result = rename($filePath, $filePath . '.' . time());
        }

$filename = 'queries.log'
$filePath = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/logs/queries.log'
$rotate = (int) 10

rename - [internal], line ??
Cake\Log\Engine\FileLog::_rotateFile() - CORE/src/Log/Engine/FileLog.php, line 198
Cake\Log\Engine\FileLog::log() - CORE/src/Log/Engine/FileLog.php, line 127
Cake\Log\Log::write() - CORE/src/Log/Log.php, line 384
Cake\Database\Log\QueryLogger::_log() - CORE/src/Database/Log/QueryLogger.php, line 51
Cake\Database\Log\QueryLogger::log() - CORE/src/Database/Log/QueryLogger.php, line 39
Cake\Database\Log\LoggingStatement::_log() - CORE/src/Database/Log/LoggingStatement.php, line 84
Cake\Database\Log\LoggingStatement::execute() - CORE/src/Database/Log/LoggingStatement.php, line 65
Cake\Database\Connection::run() - CORE/src/Database/Connection.php, line 315
Cake\Database\Query::execute() - CORE/src/Database/Query.php, line 214
Cake\ORM\Query::_execute() - CORE/src/ORM/Query.php, line 1039
Cake\ORM\Query::_all() - CORE/src/Datasource/QueryTrait.php, line 287
Cake\ORM\Query::all() - CORE/src/ORM/Query.php, line 987
Cake\ORM\Query::toArray() - CORE/src/Datasource/QueryTrait.php, line 304
App\Controller\ArticlesController::categorylist() - APP/Controller/ArticlesController.php, line 698
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 440
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 119

Search list matched with tags “class”

Rashtriya Swachhata Kendra

Why in News The Prime Minister will inaugurate Rashtriya Swachhata Kendra (RSK) on 8th August, 2020. Key Points RSK is an interactive experience...

08 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Emergency Provisions

A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance that can be proclaimed by the President of India during certain crisis situations....

08 Aug 2020 Paper 2
Three Language Formula and Autonomy in Language Policy

This article is based on Language of unity: on rejection of the three-language formula which was published in The Hindu on 07/08/2020. This article...

07 Aug 2020 News Editorials
National Handloom Day

Why in News On the occasion of the 6th National Handloom Day on 7th August 2020, the Ministry of Textiles is organizing a virtual function in the...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Economic Measures Taken by RBI

Why in News Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has taken various economic measures, which include revising Priority Sector Lending (PSL)...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
USA Opposes Cuba in UNHRC

Why in News The United States of America has urged United Nations members not to support Cuba’s bid to join the United Nations Human Rights...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Day 19

Modern History-2 (Freedom struggle- Pre Gandhian Era) Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have...

07 Aug 2020 60 days refresher
Monetary Policy Report: RBI

Why in News The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released the Monetary Policy Report for the month of August 2020. The Monetary Policy Report is...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Schizophrenia and its Possible Cause

Why in News Recently, the Schizophrenia Research Foundation (SCARF) and Jeevan Stem Cell Foundation, Chennai have carried out a pilot study on...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Tsunami Ready Programme: UNESCO-IOC

Why in News Recently, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO (also known as UNESCO-IOC) has approved the recognition of two...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
SFTS Infection in China

Why in News Recently, deaths and infections have been reported due to the Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) in East China’s...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Abanindranath Tagore

Why in News The National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA), New Delhi has organised a virtual tour titled “The Great Maestro - Abanindranath...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Volcanoes on Venus

Why in News According to a recent study, published in Nature Geoscience, Venus is still geologically active. Key Points The study identified 37...

07 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Stimulating the Economy Post-Covid Era

This article is based on How to pay for the stimulus which was published in The Hindu on 06/08/2020. It discusses the options for stimulating the...

06 Aug 2020 News Editorials
Issues With Home-based Learning Programme in MP

Why in News Only 30% students in government schools of Madhya Pradesh (MP) have been regularly reached through the Hamara Ghar, Humara Vidyalaya...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
J&K Issue Raised at UNSC

Why in News Recently, China has called India’s move in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) “illegal and invalid” and raised the issue at...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Day 18

Modern History-1 (Government of India Acts) Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked...

06 Aug 2020 60 days refresher
IMD Forecasts Surplus Rains

Why in News According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD) rainfall in the “second half of the monsoon” is likely to be 104% of...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Constitution Bench for EWS Quota

Why in News Recently, the Supreme Court of India referred the petitions challenging the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019 to a five-judge...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis
Beirut Explosion

Why in News Recently, a massive explosion took place in Beirut, capital of Lebanon, which left more than hundred people dead and more than 4,000...

06 Aug 2020 News Analysis

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'searchlist' => [
		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Rashtriya Swachhata Kendra',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister will inaugurate Rashtriya Swachhata Kendra (RSK) on 8<sup>th</sup> August, 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RSK is an interactive experience centre on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission</strong></a>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will introduce future generations to its successful journey as the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navigating-the-new-normal-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener">behaviour change campaign.</a></strong></li>
<li>It will showcase the <strong>core elements of the mission</strong> and anecdotes on the journey of the country from <em>Satyagraha to Swachchagrah.</em></li>
<li>It will impart <strong>information, awareness</strong> and <strong>education</strong> on <em><strong>Swachhata</strong> </em>(sanitation) and related aspects.</li>
<li>The installations at RSK will include audio visual immersive shows, interactive LED panels, hologram boxes, interactive games etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rashtriya Swachhata Kendra (RSK) was first <strong>announced</strong> on the occasion of the centenary celebrations of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gandhi-peace-prize" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong></a>'s <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-226'" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Champaran Satyagraha</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) or Clean India Mission is a country-wide sanitation campaign launched on<strong> 2<sup>nd</sup> October, 2014.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> Elimination of <strong>open defecation,</strong> eradication of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Manual Scavenging</strong></a>, modern and scientific municipal <a href="/daily-news-editorials/solid-waste-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solid waste management</strong></a> and bring behavioral change regarding healthy sanitation practices.</li>
<li>It encompasses<strong> two missions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)</strong></a>: Implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (M/o HUA) for urban areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U) recently achieved its target of creating <strong>Urban India Open Defecation Free (ODF)</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (Grammen):</strong></a> Implemented by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (M/o DWS) for rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, SMB(G) completed its Phase-I and its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-grameen-phase-ii-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase-II</strong> </a>was launched.</li>
<li>Swachh Bharat Mission (G) Phase-I: The<strong> rural sanitation coverage</strong> in the country has increased from 38.7% to 100%.</li>
<li>More than <strong>10 crore individual toilets</strong> have been constructed since the launch of the mission.</li>
<li>All rural areas in all the States have declared themselves <strong>ODF</strong> as on 2<sup>nd</sup> October, 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although the goal of making India Open Defecation Free and enhancing Solid and Liquid Waste Management mechanisms has been achieved, the work on sanitation and behavioural changes requires <strong>continued efforts to sustain the gains</strong> made during the first phase of the campaign.</li>
<li>It is imperative that the phase-II of SBM focusses on<strong> convergence between different verticals of financing and different schemes of Central and State governments.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1644011" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong> </a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-swachhata-kendra'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Emergency Provisions',
			'catname' => 'Paper 2',
			'desc' => '<p>A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance that can be proclaimed by the <strong>President of India</strong> during certain crisis situations. Under the advice of the cabinet of ministers, the President can overrule many provisions of the Constitution, which guarantees <strong>Fundamental Rights</strong> to the citizens of India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The emergency provisions are contained in <strong>Part XVIII</strong> of the Constitution of India, from <strong>Article 352 to 360.</strong> These provisions enable the Central government to meet any abnormal situation effectively.</li>
<li>The rationality behind the incorporation is to safeguard the sovereignty, unity, integrity and security of the country, the democratic political system and the Constitution.</li>
<li>The Constitution stipulates three types of emergencies-<br />
<ol>
<li>National Emergency</li>
<li>Constitutional Emergency</li>
<li>Financial Emergency</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>NATIONAL EMERGENCY</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National emergency can be declared on the basis of war, external aggression or armed rebellion. The Constitution employs the expression &lsquo;proclamation of emergency&rsquo; to denote an emergency of this type.</li>
<li><strong>Grounds of declaration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under Article 352, the president can declare a national emergency when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion.</li>
<li>The President can declare a national emergency even before the actual occurrence of war or armed rebellion or external aggression</li>
<li>When a national emergency is declared on the grounds of<strong> &lsquo;war&rsquo; or &lsquo;external aggression&rsquo;,</strong> it is known as<strong> &lsquo;External Emergency&rsquo;.</strong> On the other hand, when it is declared on the grounds of <strong>&lsquo;armed rebellion&rsquo;,</strong> it is known as <strong>&lsquo;Internal Emergency&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This term &lsquo;armed rebellion&rsquo; is inserted from the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">44<sup>th</sup> amendment</a>.</strong> Before this term it was known as internal disturbance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If India and Pakistan openly accept that they will use armed forces against each other is simply war.</li>
<li>If there is no formal declaration that there will be armed forces used against a country is External aggression.</li>
<li>And if because of these two grounds an emergency is proclaimed as an <strong>external emergency.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Facts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendment-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>38<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act</strong></a> of 1975 made the declaration of National Emergency immune to judicial review. But, this provision was subsequently deleted by the 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 1978.</li>
<li>In Minerva Mills case (1980), the Supreme Court held that National Emergency can be challenged in the court on the ground of malafide or that the declaration was based on wholly extraneous and irrelevant facts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proclamation of emergency must be approved by both the houses of parliament within one month from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>However, if the proclamation of emergency is issued at a time when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution takes place during the period of one month without approving the proclamation, then the proclamation survives until 30 days from the first sitting of Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided the Rajya Sabha has in the meantime approved it.</li>
<li>If approved by both the houses, the Emergency continues for 6 months and can be extended to an indefinite period with an approval of the Parliament for every six months.</li>
<li>Every resolution approving the proclamation of emergency or its continuance must be passed by either House of Parliament by a special majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revocation of proclamation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation of Emergency may be revoked by the President at any time by a subsequent proclamation. Such proclamation does not require parliamentary approval.</li>
<li>The emergency must be revoked if the Lok Sabha passes a resolution by a simple majority disapproving its continuation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of national emergency</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation of Emergency has drastic and wide-ranging effects on the political system. These consequences can be grouped into 3 categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Effects on the centre-state relations:</strong> While a proclamation of Emergency is in force, the normal fabric of the Centre-State relations undergoes a basic change. this can be studied under three heads:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Executive:</strong> Centre becomes entitled to give executive directions to a state on &lsquo;any&rsquo; matter</li>
<li><strong>Legislative:</strong> The parliament becomes empowered to make laws on any subject mentioned in the state list, the president can issue ordinances on State subjects also, if the parliament is not in session. The laws made on state subjects by the parliament become inoperative six months after the emergency has ceased to be in operation.</li>
<li><strong>Financial:</strong> the president can modify the constitutional distribution of revenues between the centre and the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While a proclamation of National Emergency is in operation, the life of the Lok Sabha may be extended beyond the normal term for one year at a time. However, this extension cannot continue beyond a period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.</li>
<li>Similarly, the Parliament may extend the normal tenure of a state Legislative Assembly by one year each time during a national emergency, subject to a maximum period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on fundamental rights:</strong> Articles 358 and 359 describes the effect of a National Emergency on the Fundamental Rights. These two provisions are explained below:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Suspension of Fundamental rights under Article 19:</strong> According to Article 358, when a proclamation of National Emergency is made, the six fundamental rights under article 19 are automatically suspended. Article 19 is automatically revived after the expiry of the emergency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act laid out that Article 19 can only be suspended when the National Emergency is laid on the grounds of war or external aggression and not in the case of armed rebellion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suspension of other Fundamental Rights:</strong> Under Article 359, the President is authorised to suspend, by order, the right to move any court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights during a National Emergency. Thus, <strong>remedial measures are suspended and not the Fundamental Rights.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The suspension of enforcement relates to only those Fundamental Rights that are specified in the Presidential Order.</li>
<li>The suspension could be for the period during the operation of emergency or for a shorter period.</li>
<li>The Order should be laid before each House of Parliament for approval.</li>
<li>The 44 Amendment Act mandates that the President cannot suspend the right to move the court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Article 20 and 21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Declarations made so far:</strong> This type of emergency has been proclaimed three times so far- in 1962, 1971 and 1975<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first proclamation of National Emergency was issued in October 1962 on account of Chinese aggression in the NEFA and was in force till January 1968.</li>
<li>The second proclamation of National Emergency was made in December 1971 in the wake of the attack by Pakistan.</li>
<li>Even when the emergency was in operation, the third proclamation of National Emergency was made in June 1975. Both the second and the third proclamations were revoked in March 1977</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>President&rsquo;s Rule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 355 imposes a duty on the centre to ensure that the government of every state is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.</li>
<li>It is this duty in the performance of which the centre takes over the government of a state under Article 356 in case of failure of constitutional machinery in a state.</li>
<li>This is popularly known as &lsquo;President&rsquo;s Rule&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Grounds of imposition:</strong> the president&rsquo;s ruler can be proclaimed under Article 356 on two grounds:<br />
<ol>
<li>Article 356 empowers the President to issue a proclamation if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.</li>
<li>Article 365 says that whenever a state fails to comply with or to give effect to any direction from the centre, it will be lawful for the President to hold that a situation has arisen in which the government of the state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration:</strong> A proclamation imposing president&rsquo;s rule must be approved by both the houses of parliament within two months from the date of its issue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, if the proclamation of President&rsquo;s rule is issued at a time when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution of the Lok Sabha takes place during the period of two months without approving the proclamation, then the proclamation survives until 30 days from the first sitting of the Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided that the Rajya Sabha approves it in the meantime</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequences of the President&rsquo;s rule:</strong> The President acquires the following extraordinary powers when the President&rsquo;s rule is imposed in a state:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He can take up the functions of the state government and powers vested in the governor or any other executive authority in the state.</li>
<li>He can declare that the powers of the state legislature are to be exercised by the parliament.</li>
<li>He can take all other necessary steps including the suspension of the constitutional provisions relating to any body or authority in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope of judicial review:</strong> The 38<sup>th</sup> Amendment act of 1975 made the satisfaction of the President in invoking Article 356 final and conclusive which would not be challenged in any court on any ground. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But, this provision was subsequently deleted by the 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 1978 implying that the satisfaction of the President is not beyond judicial review.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Financial Emergency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Grounds of declaration: Article 360</strong> empowers the president to proclaim a Financial Emergency if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen due to which the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is threatened.</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration:</strong> A proclamation declaring financial emergency must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months from the date of its issue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, if the proclamation of Financial Emergency is issued at a time when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution of the Lok Sabha takes place during the period of two months without approving the proclamation, then the proclamation survives until 30 days from the first sitting of the Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided the Rajya Sabha has in the meantime approved it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Once approved by both the houses of Parliament, the Financial Emergency continues indefinitely till it is revoked.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Effects of Financial Emergency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Extension of the executive authority of the Union over the financial matters of the States.</li>
<li>Reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving in the State.</li>
<li>Reservation of all money bills or other financial bills for the consideration of the President after they are passed by the legislature of the State.</li>
<li>Direction from the President for the reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving the Union; and the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Criticism of the Emergency Provision</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Some members of the Constituent Assembly criticised the incorporation of emergency provisions in the constitution on the following grounds:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The federal character of the constitution will be destroyed and the union will become all-powerful</li>
<li>The powers of the State- both the Union and the Units- will entirely be concentrated in the hands of the union executive.</li>
<li>The president will become a dictator</li>
<li>The financial autonomy of the state will be nullified</li>
<li>Fundamental rights will become meaningless and, as a result, the democratic foundation of the constitution will be destroyed.&rsquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While defending the emergency provisions in the Constituent Assembly, Dr Ambedkar accepted the possibility of their misuse. He observed, &lsquo;I do not altogether deny that there is a possibility of the Articles being abused or employed for political purposes.&rsquo;</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/emergency-provisions'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Three Language Formula and Autonomy in Language Policy',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/language-of-unity-on-rejection-of-the-three-language-formula/article32271581.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Language of unity: on rejection of the three-language formula</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 07/08/2020. This article deals with the issue of non-compliance of states like Tamil Nadu to the three language formula and discusses alternative options to the three language formula such as the language policy adopted in Tamil Nadu.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu rejected the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/three-language-formula#:~:text=First%20language%3A%20It%20will%20be,modern%20Indian%20languages%20or%20English.&amp;text=Third%20Language%3A%20In%20Hindi%20speaking,or%20a%20modern%20Indian%20language." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>three-language formula</strong></a> advocated in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-education-policy-nep-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy (NEP 2020).</strong></a></p>
<p>The two-language policy in Tamil Nadu was implemented decades ago after a historic agitation against the imposition of Hindi, it still remains non-negotiable for almost the entire political class.</p>
<p>Opposition from the State had forced the Centre to amend the draft NEP in 2019 and withdraw a proposal to teach Hindi as a third language in schools in non-Hindi speaking States.</p>
<p>Yet in the NEP 2020 it was decided to push for the three-language formula, to promote multilingualism and national unity. It has restarted the debate over suitability of three language formulas all over India.</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The three languages referred to are Hindi, English and the regional language of the respective States.</li>
<li>Though the teaching of Hindi across the country was part of a long-standing system, it was crystallised into a policy in an official document only in the National Policy on Education, 1968.</li>
<li>This document said regional languages were already in use as the media of education in the primary and secondary stages.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Three-Language Formula (Kothari Commision 1968)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First language:</strong> It will be the mother tongue or regional language.</li>
<li><strong>Second language:</strong> In Hindi speaking states, it will be other modern Indian languages or English. In non-Hindi speaking states, it will be Hindi or English.</li>
<li><strong>Third Language:</strong> In Hindi speaking states, it will be English or a modern Indian language. In the non-Hindi speaking state, it will be English or a modern Indian language.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need for Three-Language Formula</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kothari Committee&rsquo;s report observes that learning languages is an important part of a child&rsquo;s cognitive development.</li>
<li>The primary aim is to promote multilingualism and national harmony.</li>
<li><strong>Bridging the language gap:</strong> At the secondary stage, State governments were to adopt the three-language formula. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It included the study of a modern Indian language, preferably one of the southern languages, apart from Hindi and English in the Hindi-speaking States.</li>
<li>In the &lsquo;non-Hindi speaking States&rsquo;, Hindi should be studied along with the regional language and English.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issue in Implementation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The states in the hindi belt (such as in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar) could not promote learning of south Indian languages under a three language formula.</li>
<li>The states like Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Tripura were not ready to teach Hindi in their school curriculum. Instead they demanded autonomy of this issue.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issue of Language and Identity</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India most of the states have been formed on linguistic basis.</li>
<li>Conflicts over identity especially over languages tend to be escalated due to limited resources in India.</li>
<li>The status of language has been a critical issue that has caused division of states in the past. Such states as Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Gujarat were created due to statehood demand on linguistic basis.</li>
<li>Language policy is one method by which governments attempt to manage ethnic conflict.</li>
<li>Thus, to develop federal cooperation, autonomy of the states over language policy can be a more viable option than the imposition of a three language formula.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tamil Nadu Model of Language Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two-language policy of Tamil and English, piloted in 1968. It has worked well in the State.</li>
<li>In a liberalised world, proficiency in English, a global link language, offers more opportunities.</li>
<li>The State&rsquo;s significant human resources contribution to the ever-expanding IT sector is also attributed to the English fluency of its recruits as much as to their technical knowledge.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Promotion of Hindi in Tamil naidu</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is this counter-argument that Tamil Nadu is depriving students of an opportunity to learn Hindi, touted as a national link language.</li>
<li>However, its voluntary learning has never been restricted and the growth over the past decade in the number of CBSE schools, where the language is taught, bears testimony to this.</li>
<li>The patronage for the 102-year-old Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, based in Chennai, also proves this. In the Sabha&rsquo;s centenary year, Tamil Nadu accounted for 73% of active Hindi pracharaks (teachers) in South India.</li>
<li>Out of necessity, many in the State have picked up conversational Hindi to engage with the migrant population that feeds the labour needs from factories to hair salons. Only compulsion is met with resistance.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Thus the three language formula is well intended to bring about national unity by bridging the linguistic gap between the states. However it is not the only option available to integrate the ethnic diversity of India. States like Tamil Nadu with their own language policy have managed not only to enhance the education standard levels but also promote national integrity even without adopting the three language formula. Hence, providing the states autonomy in the language policy seems to be a much more viable option than homogenous imposition of three language formula all over India.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596805128_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596805128_image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffee0;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Providing autonomy to the states in language policy in education is more viable than a three language formula. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/beirut-battered-the-hindu-editorial-on-lebanon-blast/article32279843.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Beirut battered: On Lebanon blast&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Hindu on August 6<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Watch this on our Youtube channel now.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/three-language-formula-and-autonomy-in-language-policy'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'National Handloom Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>On the occasion of the <strong>6<sup>th</sup> National Handloom Day</strong> on <strong>7<sup>th</sup> August</strong> 2020, the Ministry of Textiles is organizing a virtual function in the wake of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>first</strong> National Handloom Day was celebrated in <strong>Chennai in 2015.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The date, 7<sup>th</sup> August, was chosen as the <strong>Swadeshi Movement was launched</strong> on the same date in the year <strong>1905,</strong> which was based on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/legacy-of-lokmanya-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bal Gangadhar Tilak's ideology of swadeshi</strong></a>.</li>
<li>On this day, the <strong>handloom weaving community is honoured</strong> and the <strong>contribution of this sector is highlighted.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>generate awareness</strong> about the handloom industry amongst the public at large and its contribution to socio-economic development.</li>
<li>To<strong> protect India&rsquo;s handloom heritage</strong> and to enable the handloom weavers and workers with greater opportunities.</li>
<li>To <strong>ensure sustainable development</strong> of the handloom sector thereby empowering handloom workers financially and instilling pride in their exquisite craftsmanship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Handloom sector is a <strong>symbol of India&rsquo;s glorious cultural heritage.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s<strong> soft power</strong> has long been endorsed by the handloom and handicraft space. &lsquo;Saree diplomacy&rsquo; and<strong> &lsquo;Khadi diplomacy&rsquo;</strong> are some such examples.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The textiles and handloom sector in India is the <strong>second-largest source of employment</strong> to people, after <strong>agriculture.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the <strong>Fourth All India Handloom Census 2019-20,</strong> 31.45 lakh households are engaged in handloom, weaving and allied activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is an important <strong>source of livelihood</strong> in the country and a<strong> key to women empowerment</strong> as over 70% of handloom weavers and allied workers are women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>social media campaign</strong> has been planned for the handloom weaving community.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All the Secretaries of the States, Textile Bodies like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silk-samagra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Silk Board</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/packaging-in-jute-bags-made-mandatory" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Jute Board</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/e-commerce-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-commerce</strong></a> entities, retail companies and designer bodies have been requested to amplify the campaign.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Prime Minister has <strong>urged the people to use Indian handlooms and handicrafts and further spread awareness</strong> to others as well.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The more the world knows about the richness and diversity of these products, the greater Indian artisans and weavers will benefit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under<strong> Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, Handloom Export Promotion Council</strong> (HEPC) is organising a <strong>Virtual Fair,</strong> connecting more than 150 participants from different regions of the country showcasing their products with unique designs and skills.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various exquisite handloom products and numerous other <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gi-tag-to-two-products#:~:text=GI%20is%20an%20indication%20used,relating%20to%20goods%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) Tagged</strong></a> products will be displayed to attract the attention of international buyers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other events include the<strong> launching of a mobile app</strong> and <strong>backend website for Handloom Mark Scheme</strong> (HLM), the <strong>launching of My Handloom Portal,</strong> etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>HLM was <strong>launched in 2006</strong> with the basic objective to brand Indian handloom products and secure a premium position for them in domestic as well as international markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Handloom Export Promotion Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>nodal agency</strong> constituted under the <strong>Ministry of Textiles,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>It was incorporated as a <strong>not-for-profit company under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/personal-protective-equipment-for-sanitation-workers#:~:text=Section%2025%20of%20the%20Companies%20Act%2C%201956%20provides%20an%20alternative,a%20Society%20for%20the%20purpose." target="_blank" rel="noopener">section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To promote the exports of all handloom products like fabrics, home furnishings, carpets, floor coverings, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to the Covid-19 induced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdowns</strong></a>, norms of<strong> social distancing</strong> and the <strong>resultant economic turbulence,</strong> there are no handicraft and handloom exhibitions or markets.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has <strong>impacted incomes and the entire supply chains</strong> involved in handloom and handicraft, along with <strong>supplies of raw materials and unused inventory.</strong></li>
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tech-for-tribals-trifed#:~:text=The%20Tribal%20Cooperative%20Marketing%20Development%20Federation%20of%20India%20(TRIFED)%20came,the%20Ministry%20of%20Tribal%20Affairs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India</strong></a> (TRIFED), tribal handicraft and handloom worth Rs. 100 crore went unsold owing to the lockdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Natural calamities</strong> such as the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assam-s-flood-and-kaziranga-s-ecosystem" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Assam floods</strong> </a>also<strong> impact the livelihoods</strong> of artisans, especially in the silk clusters of the state.</li>
<li>The sector also faces the issues of<strong> cheap emulations, automated looms</strong> which <strong>threaten the sustenance of original arts and the timeless skills</strong> of the weavers.</li>
<li>The Centre has <strong>abolished the All India Handicrafts Board, ending the one official forum where weavers and craftspeople could raise their voices</strong> directly and were empowered to advise the government on policy and spending.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The move is in consonance with the government&rsquo;s vision of <strong>&lsquo;minimum government and maximum governance&rsquo;</strong> in the pursuit of achieving <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>good governance</strong></a>, <strong>leaner government machinery</strong> and the <strong>need for systematic rationalisation</strong> of government bodies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government platforms for such direct interactions are <strong>fastly reducing which is a cause for concern.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The board was <strong>established in 1952</strong> and used to <strong>advise the Ministry of Textile on development programmes</strong> for handicrafts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to<strong> promote the finesse of Indian weavers globally</strong> to <strong>communicate, disseminate and engage</strong> with not just the global audience but the Indian diaspora as well.</li>
<li>The <strong>textile clusters should be encouraged</strong> in<strong> making masks and other medical equipment that uses textiles</strong> such as bedsheets, etc. contributing to the medical infrastructure.</li>
<li>Government programmes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-iii#:~:text=A%20%E2%82%B910%2C000%20crore%20scheme,standards%2C%20build%20brands%20and%20marketing." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vocal for Local</a> </strong>campaign and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Make in India</strong> </a>need to be popularised within the country to increase the domestic demand.</li>
<li><strong>Corporate organisations</strong> must buy products from <strong>artisans for the purposes of awards, corporate engagement programmes, and business gifting</strong> which will facilitate direct producer-consumer interface, thereby ensuring proper returns on the products to artisans.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Initiatives such as the <strong>Northeast Expo 2019</strong> must be continued digitally so that states and the Centre have more online market portals for Indian handlooms, handicrafts and forest produce, as the sectors are interlinked.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Northeast Expo 2019 through<strong> &lsquo;Tea and Khadi&rsquo; diplomacy</strong> helped in improving the trade ties with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Association of Southeast Asian Nations</strong></a> (ASEAN) and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/drishti-specials-important-international-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</strong></a> (BIMSTEC) nations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the markets move online, it is <strong>equally important for the artisans to get adequately equipped and trained</strong> in operating online portals.</li>
<li><strong>Online exhibitions through Indian embassies must be organised</strong> to make the global audience aware of the rich legacy of handlooms and to honour artisans from India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643739" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-handloom-day-1'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Economic Measures Taken by RBI',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> has taken various economic measures, which include <strong>revising Priority Sector Lending (PSL) norms, increasing Loan to Value ratio (LTV) on gold loans</strong> and introducing <strong>online dispute resolution</strong> mechanism <strong>for digital payments.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The PSL guidelines were last reviewed by the RBI in April 2015.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Revised PSL Norms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provides <strong>PSL status to start-ups.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Increases the borrowing limits for the renewable energy sectors-</strong> solar power and compressed biogas plants.</li>
<li><strong>Increased the targets for lending </strong>to<strong> 'Small and Marginal Farmers' </strong>and<strong> 'Weaker Sections'.</strong></li>
<li>Put in place the <strong>incentive framework</strong> for banks in order <strong>to address the regional disparities in the flow of priority sector credit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for New PSL Norms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With a view to <strong>aligning the guidelines with emerging national priorities</strong> and bring sharper<strong> focus on inclusive development.</strong></li>
<li>It has been done with the <strong>aim</strong> to <strong>encourage and support environment-friendly lending policies</strong> to achieve <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Priority Sector Lending</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The RBI mandates banks to lend a certain portion of their funds to specified sectors, like agriculture, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), export credit, education, housing, social infrastructure, renewable energy among others.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All <strong>scheduled commercial banks</strong> and<strong> foreign banks</strong> (with a sizable presence in India) are mandated to set aside 40% of their <strong>Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANDC)</strong> for lending to these sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The idea behind this is to ensure that adequate institutional credit reaches some of the vulnerable sectors of the economy, which otherwise may not be attractive for banks from the profitability point of view.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Loan to Value Ratio Increased:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, loans sanctioned by banks <strong>against pledge of gold</strong> ornaments and jewellery for non-agricultural purposes should not exceed 75% of the value of gold ornaments and jewellery.</li>
<li>However, with a view to mitigating the impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> on households, RBI has decided to <strong>increase the permissible LTV for such loans to 90%.</strong></li>
<li>This relaxation will be available until 31<sup>st</sup> March 2021.</li>
<li>Increase in LTV ratio will make banks and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)</strong></a> more competitive as compared to money lenders. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However it also increases the risk of gold financing players as the gold is floating at record high level. Any fall in gold prices will increase defaults.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Offline Retail Payments Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>RBI has unveiled a scheme of offline retail payments using cards and mobile devices to foster financial inclusion.</li>
<li>There has been a considerable growth in digital payments using mobile phones, cards and wallets. However<strong> lack of Internet connectivity or slow Internet,</strong> especially<strong> in remote areas, is a major impediment</strong> in the adoption of digital payments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Online Dispute Resolution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>RBI has also Introduced an<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-dispute-resolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Online Dispute Resolution</a> (ODR) mechanism</strong> for digital payments as the number of digital transactions are rising significantly giving rise to more disputes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/offline-retail-payments-set-for-fillip/article32288490.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-measures-taken-by-rbi'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'USA Opposes Cuba in UNHRC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>United States of America</strong> has urged <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> members not to support Cuba&rsquo;s bid to join the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-relevance-of-unhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> (UNHRC).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The USA has accused Cuba of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-war-against-human-trafficking" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;trafficking&rdquo;</strong></a> its doctors under the guise of humanitarian missions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cuba's<strong> sale of medical services</strong> is its <strong>main source of foreign exchange.</strong></li>
<li>Cuba has a generally respected healthcare system with 90,000 medical workers for a population of 1.1 crore.</li>
<li>It has a<strong> high life expectancy</strong> (79.74 years in 2016) and a <strong>low <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-tackling-infant-mortality#:~:text=Schemes%20like%20Janani%20Suraksha%20Yojana,reduce%20the%20prevalence%20of%20IMR." target="_blank" rel="noopener">infant mortality rate</a></strong> (around 4.76 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2013).</li>
<li>It also sends its doctors abroad to tackle outbreaks, as it did during the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ebola-global-health-emergency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Ebola epidemic</a> of 2014-16 </strong>and<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-s-preparedness" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Covid-19</a> pandemic.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Cuba has applied to fill one of the<strong> regional vacancies for 2021-2023.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was a member of the UNHRC in<strong> 2014-2016</strong> and <strong>2017-2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The USA and Cuba have had a strained relationship since the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cuban-revolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cuban Revolution</strong></a> in 1959.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596795381_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596795381_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The USA <strong>severed diplomatic ties</strong> with Cuba after the revolution.</li>
<li>It had also placed a<strong> trade embargo</strong> on Cuba which was <strong>eased in 2000</strong> and again in <strong>2014.</strong> Travel restrictions, trade sanctions, restrictions on remittances to Cuba were partially lifted during these times.</li>
<li>The sanctions were <strong>reinstated in 2017.</strong></li>
<li>The Cuba-US relationship also suffered during the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cold-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cuban Missile crisis</strong></a><strong> in 1962.</strong></li>
<li>The USA <strong>accuses</strong> Cuba of <strong>human rights violations</strong> and <strong>dictatorship</strong> as it has a leftist authoritarian regime.</li>
<li>A large number of Cubans have <strong>migrated to the USA</strong> after the Cuban revolution. This includes <strong>supporters of the overthrown regime,</strong> those whose <strong>property had been confiscated</strong> by the present Cuban socialist government and those in search of <strong>better employment</strong> and <strong>living conditions.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, the <strong>USA had also criticized Qatar and South Africa for accepting doctors</strong> from Cuba to battle Covid-19.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It had also <strong>blacklisted Cuba's defense minister,</strong> accusing him of human rights violations and supporting socialist Venezuelan President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India and Cuba</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India shares <strong>close, warm and historical relations</strong> with Cuba and both countries are founding members of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-aligned-movement-nam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Aligned Movement.</strong></a></li>
<li>In 1959, the Cuban-Argentinean guerrilla commander <strong>Ernesto Che Guevara</strong> paid a <strong>diplomatic visit to India</strong> and was welcomed by the then <strong>Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.</strong></li>
<li>In 2019, India supported the resolutions in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> calling for lifting of US sanctions against Cuba..</li>
<li>India and Cuba agreed to collaborate in the areas of <strong>Biotechnology, Homeopathy and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">traditional system of medicine</a></strong> during the visit of the President of India to Cuba in 2019.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Human Rights Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is<strong> to promote and protect human rights around the world.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Function:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The main mechanisms of working of UNHRC are</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Universal Periodic Review</strong> mechanism which serves to assess the human rights situations in all United Nations Member States.</li>
<li><strong>Advisory Committee</strong> which serves as the Council&rsquo;s &ldquo;think tank&rdquo; providing it with expertise and advice on thematic human rights issues.</li>
<li><strong>Complaint Procedure</strong> which allows individuals and organizations to bring human rights violations to the attention of the Council.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Human Rights Council also works with the <strong>UN Special Procedures</strong> established by the former Commission on Human Rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The special procedures of the Human Rights Council are independent human rights experts with mandates to report and advise on human rights from a thematic or country-specific perspective.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Membership:</strong> The UNHRC has <strong>47 members</strong> elected for staggered three-year terms on a regional group basis from 5 groups.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To become a member, a country must receive the votes of at least 96 of the 191 states of the UN General Assembly (an absolute majority).</li>
<li>The members are elected by direct and secret ballot for a period of<strong> three years,</strong> with a maximum of two consecutive terms.</li>
<li>In electing Council members, the resolution provides that General Assembly members &ldquo;shall take into account the candidates&rsquo; contribution to the promotion and protection of human rights and their voluntary pledges and commitments made thereto.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The UNHRC holds<strong> regular sessions</strong> three times a year, in March, June, and September.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent:</strong> The <strong>US withdrew from UNHRC in 2018,</strong> accusing it of bias and hypocrisy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Venezuela</strong> in 2019 won a seat on the council for 2020-2022 despite criticism of its human rights record. This was also highly opposed by the USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This attempt of the USA to prevent Cuba from joining UNHRC can further<strong> strain the relationship</strong> between the two countries.</li>
<li>As a large population of<strong> Cuban immigrants</strong> and people with Cuban roots (0.58% of total US population in 2010) reside in the USA, it is for the sake of <strong>democracy and spirit of internationalism</strong> that the two countries make efforts towards reconciliation.</li>
<li>As <strong>India</strong> is having ties with both the countries it will be difficult for it to maintain this status if the tension between the two countries escalates.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pompeo-against-vote-for-cuba-on-human-rights-council/article32288505.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-opposes-cuba-in-unhrc'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Day 19',
			'catname' => '60 days refresher',
			'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Modern History-2 (Freedom struggle- Pre Gandhian Era)</h2>
<p>Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Mostly, static questions on this topic are asked. One should go through any standard textbook.</p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-1%20(1).pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-I</strong></a></p>
<p><strong><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Class XII History Textbook Theme-II</a></strong></p>
<p><strong><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Class XII History Textbook Theme-III</a></strong></p>
<h2>Socio-Religious Movements</h2>
<p>Q. Satya Shodhak Samaj organized (2016)</p>
<p>(a) a movement for upliftment of tribals in Bihar</p>
<p>(b) a temple-entry movement in Gujarat</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) an anti-caste movement in Maharashtra</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) a peasant movement in Punjab</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following: (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>Calcutta Unitarian Committee</li>
<li>Tabernacle of New Dispensation</li>
<li>Indian Reform Association</li>
</ol>
<p>Keshab Chandra Sen is associated with the establishment of which of the above?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Brahmo Samaj? (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>It opposed idolatry.</li>
<li>It denied the need for a priestly class for interpreting the religious texts.</li>
<li>It popularized doctrine that the Vedas are infallible.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<h2>Peasant and Tribal Movements</h2>
<p>Q. After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures taken by the colonial government? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>The territories called &lsquo;Santhal Paraganas&rsquo; were created.</li>
<li>It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The demand for the Tebhaga Peasant Movement in Bengal was for (2013)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) the reduction of the share of the landlords from one-half of the crop to one-third</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) the grant of ownership of land to peasants as they were the actual cultivators of the land</p>
<p>(c) the uprooting of Zamindari system and the end of serfdom</p>
<p>(d) writing off all peasant debts</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which amongst the following provided a common factor for tribal insurrection in India in the 19<sup>th</sup> century? (2011)</p>
<p>(a) Introduction of a new system of land revenue and taxation of tribal products</p>
<p>(b) Influence of foreign religious missionaries in tribal areas</p>
<p>(c) Rise of a large number of money lenders, traders and revenue farmers as middlemen in tribal areas</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) The complete disruption of the old agrarian order of the tribal communities</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs:</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; Movement/Organization</strong></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; Leader</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1. All India Anti-Untouchability League</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Mahatma Gandhi</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2. All India Kisan Sabha</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Swami Sahajanand Saraswati</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3. Self-Respect Movement</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: E.V. Ramaswami Naicker</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<h2>Revolt of 1857</h2>
<p>Q. What was/were the object/objects of Queen Victoria&rsquo;s Proclamation (1858)? (2014)</p>
<ol>
<li>To disclaim any intention to annex the Indian States</li>
<li>To place the Indian administration under the British Crown</li>
<li>To regulate East India Company&rsquo;s trade with India</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) 1 and 2 only</strong> </span></p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Pondicherry (now Puducherry), consider the following statements: (2010)</p>
<ol>
<li>The first European power to occupy Pondicherry were the Portuguese.</li>
<li>The second European power to occupy Pondicherry were the French.</li>
<li>The English never occupied Pondicherry.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<h2>Swadeshi Movement and Bengal partition</h2>
<p>Q.What was the immediate cause for the launch of the Swadeshi movement? (2010)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) The partition of Bengal done by Lord Curzon</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) A sentence of 18 months rigorous imprisonment imposed on Lokmanya Tilak</p>
<p>(c) The arrest and deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh; and passing of Punjab<br />Colonization Bill</p>
<p>(d) Death sentence pronounced on the Chapekar brothers</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Four resolutions were passed at the famous Calcutta session of Indian National Congress in 1906. The question of either retention OR of rejection of these four resolutions became the cause of a split in Congress at the next Congress session held in Surat in 1907. Which one of the following was not one of those resolutions? (2010)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) Annulment of the partition of Bengal</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) Boycott</p>
<p>(c) National education</p>
<p>(d) Swadeshi</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The &lsquo;Swadeshi&rsquo; and &lsquo;Boycott&rsquo; were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the (2016)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) agitation against the Partition of Bengal</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) Home Rule Movement</p>
<p>(c) Non-Cooperation Movement</p>
<p>(d) visit of the Simon Commission to India</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Partition of Bengal made by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until (2014)</p>
<p>(a) the First World War when Indian troops were needed by the British and the partition was ended</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) King George V abrogated Curzon&rsquo;s Act at the Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Gandhiji launched his Civil Disobedience Movement</p>
<p>(d) the Partition of India in 1947 when East Bengal became East Pakistan</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In the context of the Indian freedom struggle, 16<sup>th</sup> October 1905 is well known for which one of the following reasons? (2009)</p>
<p>(a) The formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement was made in Calcutta town hall</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) Partition of Bengal took effect</span> </strong></p>
<p>(c) Dadabhai Naoroji declared that the goal of Indian National Congress was Swaraj</p>
<p>(d) Lokmanaya Tilak started Swadeshi Movement in Poona</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Swadeshi Movement, consider the following statements:(2019)</p>
<ol>
<li>It contributed to the revival of the indigenous artisan crafts and industries.</li>
<li>The National Council of Education was established as a part of Swadeshi Movement</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<h2>Pre-Gandhian Movement</h2>
<p>Q. What was the purpose with which Sir William Wedderburn and W. S. Caine had set up the Indian Parliamentary Committee in 1893? (2011)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) To agitate for Indian political reforms in the House of Commons</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) To campaign for the entry of Indians into the Imperial Judiciary</p>
<p>(c) To facilitate a discussion on India&rsquo;s Independence in the British Parliament</p>
<p>(d) To agitate for the entry of eminent Indians into the British Parliament</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Radhakanta Deb &ndash; First President of the British Indian Association</li>
<li>Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty &ndash; Founder of the Madras Mahajana Sabha</li>
<li>Surendranath Banerjee &ndash; Founder of the Indian Association</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 3 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Who of the following was/were economic critic/critics of colonialism in India? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dadabhai Naoroji</li>
<li>G. Subramania Iyer</li>
<li>R.C. Dutt</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following statements: (2012)</p>
<p>The most effective contribution made by Dadabhai Naoroji to the cause of Indian National Movement was that he</p>
<ol>
<li>exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British</li>
<li>interpreted the ancient Indian texts and restored the self-confidence of Indians</li>
<li>stressed the need for eradication of all the social evils before anything else</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. During the Indian freedom struggle, the National Social Conference was formed. What was the reason for its formation? (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Different social reform groups or organizations of Bengal region united to form a single body to discuss the issues of larger interest and to prepare appropriate petitions/representations to the government.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) Indian National Congress did not want to include social reforms in its deliberations and decided to form a separate body for such a purpose.</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) Behramji Malabari and M.G. Ranade decided to bring together all the social reform groups of the country under one organization.</p>
<p>(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this context.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-19'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Monetary Policy Report: RBI',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> has released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monetary Policy</strong></a> Report for the month of August 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Monetary Policy Report is <strong>published by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)</strong> of RBI.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The MPC is a <strong>statutory and institutionalized framework</strong> under the <strong>RBI Act, 1934,</strong> for <strong>maintaining price stability,</strong> while keeping in mind the objective of growth.</li>
<li>The MPC determines the policy interest rate (repo rate) required to achieve the inflation target (4%).</li>
<li>The <strong>Governor of RBI is ex-officio Chairman of the MPC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596794554_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596794554_image4.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="320" height="327" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Policy Rates Unchanged:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Repo rate</strong> remains at 4% and the <strong>reverse repo rate</strong> at 3.35%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Repo rate</strong> is the rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks.</li>
<li><strong>Reverse repo rate</strong> is the rate at which the RBI borrows money from commercial banks within the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>RBI has kept the policy rates unchanged<strong> because of rising retail inflation levels.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/retail-inflation-growth-at-6-09" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Retail inflation (measured by the Consumer Price Index - CPI) rose to 6.09%</strong></a> in June 2020 from 5.84% in March, breaching the central bank&rsquo;s medium-term target of 4&plusmn;2%.</li>
<li>This<strong> inflation range (4% within a band of +/- 2%) was recommended by the committee headed by Urjit Patel in 2014.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Loan Restructuring:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>RBI has allowed banks <strong>to restructure loans</strong> to reduce the rising stress on incomes and balance sheets of <strong>large corporates, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</strong> as well as <strong>individuals.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A large number of firms that otherwise maintain a good track record are facing the challenge as their debt burden is becoming disproportionate, relative to their cash flow generation abilities.</li>
<li>This can potentially impact their long-term viability and pose significant financial stability risks if it becomes widespread. It may also lead to an increase in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/warning-of-higher-npas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Performing Assets.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, <strong>only those borrowers will be eligible for restructuring</strong> whose accounts were classified as standard and not in default for more than 30 days with any lending institution as on 1<sup>st</sup> March, 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All other accounts will be considered for restructuring under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbis-debt-resolution-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prudential Framework</strong></a> issued by the RBI in 2019, or the relevant instructions as applicable to specific categories of lending institutions where the prudential framework is not applicable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The restructuring efforts may or may not include a <strong>moratorium on instalment repayments.</strong> RBI has left the decision of moratorium on banks, with an eye on averting such loans from slipping into non-performing assets.</li>
<li>The <strong>loan restructuring scheme</strong> will be worked out by a <strong>committee headed by KV Kamath</strong> (former ICICI Bank Chairman).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Liquidity Support:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An additional special liquidity facility of Rs.10,000 crore, equally to be split between <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/liquidity-boost-to-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Housing Bank (NHB)</strong></a> to help small financiers and home loan companies amid Covid-19 difficulties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can be noted that higher share of moratoriums are being availed by the retail borrowers which has created the need for such liquidity support to lenders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The liquidity facility to both NABARD and NHB will be offered at the policy repo rate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Growth Projection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Economic activity had started to recover from the lows of April-May 2020 following the uneven reopening of some parts of the country in June 2020.</li>
<li>However, fresh <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> infections have forced renewed lockdowns in several cities and states, and economic indicators have levelled off.</li>
<li>The recovery in the rural economy is expected to be robust, buoyed by the progress in kharif sowing.</li>
<li>Manufacturing firms responding to the RBI&rsquo;s industrial outlook survey expect domestic demand to recover gradually from the second quarter of 2020-21 and sustain through the first quarter of 2021-22.</li>
<li>For 2020-21 as a whole, real <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong></a> growth is expected to be negative. Early containment of the pandemic may improve the outlook.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Link between Growth, Inflation and Interest rates</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In a fast-growing economy, incomes go up quickly and more and more people have the money to buy the existing bunch of goods.</li>
<li>As more and more money chases the existing set of goods, prices of such goods rise. In other words, inflation (which is nothing but the rate of increase in prices) increases.</li>
<li><strong>To contain inflation,</strong> a country&rsquo;s central bank typically<strong> increases the interest rates</strong> in the economy. By doing so, <strong>it incentivises people to spend less and save more</strong> because saving becomes more profitable as interest rates go up.</li>
<li>However, <strong>when growth contracts, people&rsquo;s incomes hit.</strong> As a result, less and less money is chasing the same quantity of goods. This results in either the <strong>inflation rate decelerating</strong> or it actually <strong>contracts (also called deflation).</strong></li>
<li>In such situations, a central bank <strong>decreases interest rates so as to incentivise spending</strong> and by that route boost economic activity in the economy.</li>
<li>In the <strong>current Monetary Policy, RBI has not raised the interest rates even when retail inflation is high</strong> because RBI is facing an odd situation at present: <strong>GDP is contracting even as inflation is rising.</strong></li>
<li>This is happening because the pandemic has reduced demand, on the one hand, and disrupted supply on the other. As a result falling growth and rising inflation are happening at the same time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/rbi-leaves-key-rates-unchanged/article32283042.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report-rbi'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Schizophrenia and its Possible Cause',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Schizophrenia Research Foundation</strong> (SCARF) and<strong> Jeevan Stem Cell Foundation, Chennai</strong> have carried out a pilot study on people of specific ethnicity with<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schizophrenia#:~:text=A%20mental%20disorder%3A%20It%20is,than%2021%20million%20people%20worldwide." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> schizophrenia</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study finds an <strong>association of specific alleles</strong> (variants of specific genes) <strong>with the disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Schizophrenia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the descriptive term for a <strong>group of psychotic disorders in which personal, social and occupational functioning deteriorate </strong>as a <strong>result of disturbed thought processes, strange perceptions, unusual emotional states, and motor abnormalities.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>debilitating</strong> (making someone very weak and infirm) disorder. The <strong>social and psychological costs</strong> of schizophrenia are <strong>tremendous,</strong> both to patients as well as to their families and society.</li>
<li><strong>Onset:</strong> It typically begins in <strong>late adolescence</strong> or<strong> early adulthood.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Positive Symptoms:</strong> These are <strong>pathological excesses</strong> or<strong> bizarre additions</strong> to a person&rsquo;s behaviour like delusions, disorganised thinking and speech, heightened perception and hallucinations and inappropriate affects.</li>
<li><strong>Negative Symptoms:</strong> These are <strong>pathological deficits</strong> and include poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect (Showing less or no emotions), loss of volition (inability to start or complete a course of action) and social withdrawal.</li>
<li><strong>Psychomotor Symptoms:</strong> Less spontaneous moves or making odd grimaces (extremely distorted and particular facial expression) and gestures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Schizophrenia&rsquo;s cause is not exactly known</strong> yet. There are various studies among groups of varied ethnicities across the world, on the possible causes and other relations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These <strong>studies have shown associations of the disease with different alleles</strong> related to the <strong>Human Leukocyte Antigen</strong> (HLA).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>HLA is an important part of the immune system and related to a <strong>group of genes on chromosome six.</strong></li>
<li>HLA genes are <strong>extremely variable</strong> and are very <strong>different across human populations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the <strong>specific allele</strong> that was found to be associated with schizophrenia <strong>varied from group to group.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Therapy and support</strong> can help people learn social skills, cope with stress, identify early warning signs of relapse and prolong periods of remission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings of the Current Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It holds that HLA is important for the proper functioning of the immune system and its <strong>variations can lead to immunological abnormalities.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/celiac-disease#:~:text=of%20heart%20disease.-,Autoimmune%20Disease,body's%20own%20tissues%20and%20organs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>autoimmune diseases</strong></a>, when the body creates <strong>antibodies against the NMDA receptors</strong> in the brain, these antibodies disrupt normal brain signalling and cause brain swelling or encephalitis affecting both men and women and can lead to schizophrenia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>N-methyl-D-aspartate (NDMA) receptor</strong> is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein <strong>found in nerve cells</strong> and is <strong>important for memory functions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Researchers found a <strong>higher frequency of HLA class I alleles</strong> in individuals with schizophrenia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Individuals carrying these alleles<strong> could be susceptible</strong> to schizophrenia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They also found a <strong>negative correlation with some alleles</strong> which were found in <strong>lower frequency</strong> in individuals with schizophrenia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These could be<strong> protective alleles</strong> in schizophrenia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For the first time, the<strong> amino acids level in HLA molecules</strong> among the patients were also studied.</li>
<li>Researchers held that the <strong>reasons or causes for schizophrenia are not entirely clear,</strong> but <strong>perhaps selection and &lsquo;memory&rsquo; of past selection pressures</strong> (infections) play a role in its onset.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, there is a need for further studies of the exact factors causing the disorder. The occurrence of different alleles itself is not a problem but finding the exact allele causing it, is a challenge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier studies had indicated that <strong>different alleles may be involved in different ethnic groups.</strong> For example, studies in Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Japan point to involvement of different alleles responsible for risk factor to schizophrenia.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gene-variants-and-susceptibility-to-schizophrenia/article32249036.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schizophrenia-and-its-possible-cause'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Tsunami Ready Programme: UNESCO-IOC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO</a></strong> (also known as UNESCO-IOC) has <strong>approved the recognition of two communities of Odisha viz., Venkatraipur and Noliasahi as Tsunami Ready Communities.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With this recognition, India has become the <strong>first country in the Indian Ocean Region</strong> to achieve the honor from the UNESCO-IOC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Odisha is the<strong> first state in India</strong> to have such recognised communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tsunami Ready:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>community performance-based programme initiated by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO</strong> to promote tsunami preparedness through active collaboration of public, community leaders, and national and local emergency management agencies.</li>
<li>The<strong> main objective</strong> of this programme is to improve coastal community's preparedness for tsunami emergencies, to minimize the loss of life and property and to ensure a structural and systematic approach in building community preparedness through fulfilling the best-practice indicators set by the<strong> Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWMS) of UNESCO-IOC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tsunami Ready in India is implemented by the <strong>National Board (Ministry of Earth Sciences- MoES)</strong> under the <strong>Chairmanship of Director, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/incois-launches-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Centre (INCOIS)</a></strong> with members drawn from MoES, <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Disaster Management Authority</a> (NDMA)</strong>, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA), Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands Directorate of Disaster Management (DDM) and INCOIS.</li>
<li><strong>INCOIS (an autonomous body under the Ministry of Earth sciences)</strong> is also <strong>providing tsunami advisories to Indian Ocean region (25 countries)</strong> as a Tsunami Service Provider as the responsibility assigned by UNESCO-IOC. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC), INCOIS is the nodal agency to provide tsunami advisories to India.</strong> It is coordinating with the Disaster Management Officials (DMOs) for implementation of Tsunami Ready programme in India.</li>
<li>It conducts <strong>IOWave Tsunami mock exercises biannually</strong> in coordination with ICG/IOTWMS and also conducts <strong>mock exercises at national level in alternative years</strong> in coordination with MHA and NDMA and State Disaster Management Agencies (SDMA) to strengthen the readiness to handle the emergency situations with stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tsunamis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are a series of waves usually <strong>generated by movement of the sea floor.</strong> These movements are <strong>caused by different types of geophysical phenomena</strong> such as <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/earthquake-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">earthquakes</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-conference-on-landslides-risk-reduction-and-resilience" target="_blank" rel="noopener">landslides</a> and volcanic eruptions.</strong></li>
<li>The word tsunami is a <strong>Japanese word,</strong> represented by two characters: tsu, meaning, "harbor", and nami meaning, "wave".</li>
<li>The tsunami waves behave very differently in deep water than in shallow water as their<strong> speed is related to the water depth. </strong></li>
<li>They<strong> frequently occur in the Pacific,</strong> where dense oceanic plates slide under the lighter continental plates. When these plates fracture they provide a vertical movement of the seafloor that allows a quick and efficient transfer of energy from the solid earth to the ocean.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1643749#:~:text=Virtual%20Event%20on%20UNESCO%2DIOC,Communities%20on%2007%20Aug%202020.&amp;text=It%20has%20been%20observed%20that,losses%20and%20speed%20up%20response." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tsunami-ready-programme-unesco-ioc'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'SFTS Infection in China',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, deaths and infections have been reported due to the <strong>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome</strong> (SFTS) in <strong>East China&rsquo;s Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new health threat emerges amidst the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> which also emerged in China first.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SFTS is caused by the <strong>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus</strong> (SFTSV) which belongs to the <em><strong>Bunyavirus</strong></em> family and is transmitted to humans through <strong>tick bites.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596788334_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596788334_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>tick</strong> called <strong>Asian Longhorned Tick <em>(Haemaphysalis longicornis)</em></strong> is believed to be the<strong> primary vector</strong> (carrier) of the virus.</li>
<li>The virus is often <strong>transmitted to humans from animals</strong> like goats, cattle, deer and sheep and <strong>regular contact with these animals makes farmers, hunters and pet owners vulnerable</strong> to the disease.</li>
<li>Despite being infected by the virus,<strong> animals generally do not show any symptoms</strong> associated with SFTSV.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin and Spread:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The virus was <strong>first identified in China over a decade ago</strong> and the <strong>first few cases</strong> were reported in rural areas of Hubei and Henan provinces<strong> in 2009.</strong></li>
<li>Researchers identified the virus by <strong>examining blood samples obtained from a cluster of people exhibiting similar symptoms.</strong></li>
<li>The virus eventually<strong> travelled to other East Asian nations,</strong> including <strong>Japan and South Korea,</strong> significantly raising the total number of cases.</li>
<li><strong>Due to more awareness about the health risks posed by tick bites,</strong> the fatality rate of the infection has started to drop significantly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incubation Period:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>interval between being infected and showing symptoms.</strong> For SFTS, the incubation period is <strong>anywhere between 7 and 13 days.</strong></li>
<li>The disease usually <strong>spreads between March and November</strong> and the total number of infections generally <strong>peaks between April and July.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fever, fatigue, chill, headache, nausea, myalgia (muscle pain), diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, gingival haemorrhage, conjunctival congestion, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Early warning signs</strong> include severe fever, <strong>thrombocytopenia</strong> (low platelet count) and <strong>leukocytopenia</strong> (low white blood cell count).</li>
<li>More <strong>serious cases</strong> include multi-organ failure, hemorrhagic manifestation and the appearance of symptoms related to<strong> Central Nervous System</strong> (CNS) diseases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The CNS consists of the <strong>brain and the spinal cord</strong> and it controls most functions of the body and mind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Avoid wearing shorts</strong> while walking through tall grass, the woods, and any other environment where ticks are likely to thrive.</li>
<li><strong>Using tick-repellent lotions and sprays</strong> on the exposed body parts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>no vaccine to treat the disease yet.</strong> However, the <strong>antiviral drug Ribavirin is known to be effective</strong> in treating the illness.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ribavirin is also used to treat <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iit-b-designs-uv-sanitiser" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever</strong></a> (CCHF) which is also <strong>transmitted by ticks.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Case Fatality Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It rests between <strong>approximately 16%-30%.</strong></li>
<li>SFTS has been <strong>listed among the top 10 priority diseases blueprint</strong> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who#:~:text=This%20watchlist%20for%20priority%20research,that%20could%20cause%20a%20serious" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO) due to its fast spreading rate and high fatality rate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>WHO&rsquo;s Research and Development Blueprint</strong> identifies diseases and pathogens that have the <strong>potential to cause a public health emergency but lack effective treatments and vaccines.</strong></li>
<li>This watchlist for priority research and development includes <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ebola-global-health-emergency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ebola</strong></a>, several other hemorrhagic fevers, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-aedes-aegypti#:~:text=Zika%20virus%20is%20a%20mosquito,%2C%20Asia%2C%20and%20the%20Pacific." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zika</a></strong>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nipah-outbreak-in-kerala" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nipah</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)</strong></a> and <strong>disease X</strong>, which represents the need to prepare for an <strong>unknown pathogen</strong> that could cause a serious epidemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tick-borne-virus-spreading-in-china-6543182/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sfts-infection-in-china'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Abanindranath Tagore',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA), New Delhi</strong> has organised a <strong>virtual tour</strong> titled<strong> &ldquo;The Great Maestro - Abanindranath Tagore&rdquo;</strong> to commemorate the <strong>150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Abanindranath</strong> Tagore on 7<sup>th</sup> August 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596787291_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596787291_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> Abanindranath Tagore took birth in a <strong>family of Tagores of Jorasanko in Kolkata in 1871.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was a <strong>nephew of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rabindranath-tagore" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rabindranath Tagore</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abanindranath Ideology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In his youth, Abanindranath <strong>received training in European and Academic style from European artists.</strong></li>
<li>However, during the last decade of the <strong>19<sup>th</sup> century,</strong> he developed <strong>distaste for the corporeality of European naturalism</strong> (which represented things closer to the way one sees them - inspired by the principles of natural science). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Mughal miniatures</strong> influenced his visual ideas deeply.</li>
<li>Another source of inspiration came from the <strong>visit of the Japanese philosopher and aesthetician Okakura Kakuzo</strong> to Kolkata in 1902.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He leaned towards painting images with historic or literary allusions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prominent Figure of Modern Indian Art:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Towards the end of the nineteenth century, a stronger connection was established between art and nationalism. Many painters tried to develop a style that could be considered both modern and Indian.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/raja-ravi-varma" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Raja Ravi Varma</strong> </a>was one of the first artists who tried to create a style that was both modern and national. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He mastered the Western art of oil painting and realistic life study, but painted themes from Indian mythology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, in <strong>Bengal,</strong> a new group of<strong> nationalist artists gathered around Abanindranath Tagore.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They <strong>rejected the art of Ravi Varma</strong> as imitative and westernised, and declared that such a style was unsuitable for depicting the nation&rsquo;s ancient myths and legends.</li>
<li>They felt that a genuine Indian style of painting had to <strong>draw inspiration from non-Western art traditions,</strong> and try to capture the <strong>spiritual essence of the East.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bengal School of Painting:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also called the<strong> Renaissance School or the Revivalist School,</strong> as it <strong>represented the first modern movement of Indian art.</strong></li>
<li>It rediscovered the glories of Indian art and consciously tried to produce what it considered a truly Indian art inspired by the creations of the past.</li>
<li>Its <strong>leading artist was Abanindranath Tagore</strong> and its theoretician was E.B. Havell, the principal of the Calcutta School of Art.</li>
<li>They broke away from the convention of oil painting and the realistic style, and turned for inspiration to<strong> medieval Indian traditions of miniature painting</strong> and the ancient art of <strong>mural painting in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ajanta caves</a>.</strong></li>
<li>They were <strong>also influenced by the art (wash technique) of Japanese artists</strong> who visited India at that time to develop an <strong>Asian Art movement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Associated Pupils:</strong> Nandalal Bose and Kshitindranath Majumdar</li>
<li><strong>Popular Paintings:</strong> Bharat Mata, My Mother, Journey&rsquo;s End, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Popular Books:</strong> Rajkahini, Nalak, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> He died on 5<sup>th</sup> December, 1951.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Gallery of Modern Art</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NGMA was established in <strong>1954,</strong> at the Jaipur House, New Delhi.</li>
<li>It is run and administered as <strong>a subordinate office to the Ministry of Culture,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>One of its objectives is to acquire and preserve works of modern art from the 1850s onward.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1643849#:~:text=Press%20Information%20Bureau,-Government%20of%20India&amp;text=National%20Galary%20of%20Modern%20Art,Tagore%20on%207th%20August%202020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/abanindranath-tagore'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Volcanoes on Venus',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent study, published in Nature Geoscience, <strong>Venus is still geologically active.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study identified 37 active<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eruption-on-mount-etna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> volcanoes</strong></a>, in the form of ring-like structures known as coronae, on the surface of Venus.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The coronae form when plumes of hot material deep inside the planet rise through the mantle layer and crust.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier, it was believed that the surface of Venus had no geological activity. However, scientists have known for some time that Venus has a younger surface than planets like Mars and Mercury, which have cold interiors.</li>
<li>The new study will help to identify target areas for future missions such as<strong> Europe's EnVision</strong> that is scheduled to launch in 2032.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>EnVision aims</strong> at determining the level and nature of the geological activity and the sequence of events that generated the surface features of Venus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Venus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the<strong> second closest planet to the sun</strong> and the <strong>sixth-largest planet</strong> in the solar system. It is also known as <strong>earth's twin.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>hottest planet in the solar system</strong> and its <strong>extreme temperatures (450<sup>o</sup> C)</strong> and acidic clouds make it an <strong>unlikely place for life.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Along with Uranus </strong>it<strong> spins backwards</strong> with respect to other planets i.e. Its <strong>sun rises in the west</strong> and sets in the east.</li>
<li>Along with Mercury it has <strong>no moons and no rings.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/volcanoes-on-venus'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Stimulating the Economy Post-Covid Era',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/how-to-pay-for-the-stimulus/article32279610.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How to pay for the stimulus</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 06/08/2020. It discusses the options for stimulating the Indian economy in post-covid era.</p>
</div>
<p>The economic impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> has caused unprecedented damage to the global and India is no exception. It is clear that, for the first time in many decades, India&rsquo;s economy will contract significantly.</p>
<p>Moreover, India being a developing economy, the deleterious impact of an economic contraction is long and deep, especially on the poor. There will be a significant impact on the social sphere as well, as much of weaker sections of Indian society may slip back into poverty and unemployment.</p>
<p>Thus, greater public spending by the government as the sine qua non of economic revival. In this context, several economic experts have proposed the government to explore the option of borrowing debt from international institutions or monetize the deficit.</p>
<h3>Debt vs Deficit Monetization</h3>
<p><strong>Borrowing Debt From International Institutions:</strong> India may make full use of loan programs of international institutions such as the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund (IMF)</strong></a> and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the World Bank</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s long track record as an impeccable borrower with no default, timely repayments and full transparency make us an ideal borrower for these institutions.</li>
<li>However, there are some challenges associated with this option.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The borrowed money will have to be paid back in hard currency. This would involve India having to earn hard currency by stepping up exports, but global demand will remain bleak in post-covid era.</li>
<li>Also, when considering borrowing from the World Bank and the IMF, there is the issue of conditionalities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Deficit Monetisation:</strong> Printing Money or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/direct-monetisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deficit Monetisation</strong></a> imposes high intangible and institutional costs.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Countries like Germany, Venezuela have opted for the printing money, and have experienced Hyperinflation in the past.</li>
<li>Therefore, it is prudent to adopt deficit monetisation as the last resort when all other options are exhausted.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>The macroeconomic fundamentals of Indian economy remain strong and India may not have opted either of the above options in near future. As the present slowdown in economic activity is both a function of external factors such as the lockdown and behavioural changes of people and enterprises. Government may take the following steps.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing the MGNREGA funding and expanding to Urban areas:</strong> The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA) programme has proved to be a bedrock of support in the normal times and during times of difficulty (like Covid-19) and it will be a good idea to expand the scheme to urban areas.</li>
<li><strong>Transfer of Cash benefits:</strong> A meaningful cash transfer can restore confidence in these families. Money in the hands of people can provide an immediate sense of security and confidence, which is the cornerstone to restoring economic normalcy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will raise the consumption and demand of the economy and can bring back the virtuous cycle in play.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with the Banking system:</strong> COVID-19 assistance measures undertaken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the government such as interest rate reductions, credit guarantee and liquidity enhancement schemes are welcome steps. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although banks have largely failed to take initiatives as they are not confident of lending.</li>
<li>Thus, reviving the health of the banking sector is the immediate need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>More importantly allowing institutions such as the RBI, public sector banks, bankruptcy boards, securities and insurance regulators to function freely and professionally is the foundational step to restoring confidence in the financial system.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fdffe0;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Greater public spending by the government is the sine qua non of economic revival. Critically discuss the statement.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RRSk0aRHeDE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/in-kashmir-integrate-kashmiris/story-IcsK4qhdHOW4d4YSi8tQ8H.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;In Kashmir, integrate Kashmiris&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on August 8<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/stimulating-the-economy-post-covid-era'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Issues With Home-based Learning Programme in MP',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Only 30% students in government schools of Madhya Pradesh (MP) have been regularly reached through the <strong>Hamara Ghar, Humara Vidyalaya programme.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hamara Ghar, Hamara Vidyalaya Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>home-based learning programme</strong> launched by the <strong>Department of School Education, MP.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>aimed to reach 22 lakh students</strong>&nbsp;after shutting down of schools due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The idea behind the programme is to ensure that students <strong>study regularly at home and also learn life skills from their elders.</strong></li>
<li>Under it, the <strong>modular programme airs on Doordarshan Madhya Pradesh</strong> on fixed time slots. It has<strong> three parts</strong> to it which are <strong>recap, delivery of a new concept</strong> and <strong>practice</strong> of the concept.</li>
<li>Various concepts in the form of videos, practise sheets and quizzes are delivered in sync with TV programmes through <strong>WhatsApp-led Digital Learning Enhancement Program</strong> (DigiLEP).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Highlighted:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The programme was able to <strong>reach only around 30%</strong> of the total students from 18<sup>th</sup> July to 25<sup>th</sup> July.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>20% of students were reached through TV and 10% through WhatsApp.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Families of 30% of the students <strong>do not have TVs or smartphones having an internet connection</strong> to avail of the study material.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In families where smartphones with internet connections are available, <strong>parents often take them to work with them.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The remaining students were <strong>not able to avail the study modules on a regular basis breaking the learning flow.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reaching to students in the 89 tribal dominated blocks</strong> in districts such as Alirajpur, Barwani and Jhabua is a<strong> task in itself.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Students need to be <strong>divided into various groups according to the availability of TVs and phones</strong> with the working connection, in sync with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education#:~:text=Duration%3A%20For%20kindergarten%2C%20nursery%20and,day%20for%20Classes%209%2D12." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PRAGYATA guidelines.</strong></a></li>
<li>If a family has a phone, it<strong> should be used by all of its children</strong> for their studies.</li>
<li>Those who have a TV, they<strong> must watch the telecast during fixed time slots</strong> on Doordarshan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy</strong></a> (NEP) has a section on digital education to ensure<strong> &ldquo;equitable use of technology&rdquo;.</strong> Private players can make e-resources accessible and available to students under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility</strong></a> (CSR).</li>
<li>The definition of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education#:~:text=Feature%20of%20Right%20to%20Education,SCs%20and%20STs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> right to education</strong></a> needs to expand and promote <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>online education</strong> </a>so that it addresses the importance of connectivity and access to knowledge and information.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/issues-with-home-based-learning-programme-in-mp'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'J&K Issue Raised at UNSC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>China</strong> has called India&rsquo;s move in <strong>Jammu and Kashmir</strong> (J&amp;K) &ldquo;illegal and invalid&rdquo; and <strong>raised the issue at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-security-council-1#:~:text=Its%20primary%20responsibility%20is%20to,China%20and%20the%20United%20Kingdom." target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Security Council</a></strong> (UNSC) in New York (USA).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On 5<sup>th</sup> August 2019, the President of India promulgated the <strong>Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019</strong> effectively abrogating the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>special status accorded to J&amp;K</strong></a> under the provision of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 370.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>5<sup>th</sup> August 2020</strong> marks the <strong>one year anniversary</strong> of that move. On its eve, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-s-new-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan released a new political map</strong></a> that includes all of J&amp;K, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stand on Kashmir:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kashmir issue is a <strong>dispute left over from history</strong> between Pakistan and India, which is an objective fact established by the UN Charter, relevant Security Council resolutions and bilateral agreements between Pakistan and India.</li>
<li><strong>Any unilateral change</strong> to the status quo in the Kashmir region is<strong> illegal and invalid.</strong></li>
<li>Kashmir region issue should be <strong>properly and peacefully resolved through dialogue and consultation</strong> between the parties concerned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Reaction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has noted the Chinese comments and held that <strong>Beijing has &ldquo;no locus standi&rdquo; on the matter</strong> and is advised not to comment on the internal affairs of other nations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India and China</strong> are holding talks over the disengagement along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control</strong></a> (LAC).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UN&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The J&amp;K issue has been raised at the UNSC three times in the last one year but there has been no concrete solution to it yet.</li>
<li>UN human rights experts have called on India to<strong> take urgent action to address the alarming human rights situation</strong> in the region.</li>
<li><strong>If India fails</strong> to take any genuine and immediate steps to resolve the situation, meet the obligations to investigate historic and recent cases of human rights violations and prevent future violations, then the <strong>international community should step up.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amnesty International India Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amnesty-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amnesty International</strong></a> in its report has urged the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhrc-on-public-s-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Human Rights Commission</strong> </a>(NHRC) and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Women</strong></a> (NCW) to set up offices in J&amp;K to facilitate easy access to the complaint filing process for the local people.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NHRC has been asked to appoint a special monitor for the region and to take up cases pending with the erstwhile State Commission.</li>
<li>NCW has been recommended to set up a J&amp;K cell for addressing problems faced by women.</li>
<li>The report held that people in J&amp;K do not have any way of redressal of the violations of their rights after the closure of the State Commission in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also <strong>called on the government</strong> to release all political leaders, journalists and activists from detention; restore 4G mobile Internet; decongest prisons and start an independent investigation into attacks on journalists.</li>
<li>The report <strong>acknowledged that there may be security concerns</strong> that merit restrictions on the right to freedom of expression.</li>
<li>It suggested that <strong>curbs should be for a limited timeframe and as per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (ICCPR)</strong>, to which India is a state party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Amnesty International</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international Non-Governmental Organization</strong> (NGO) founded in London on 28<sup>th</sup> May 1961.</li>
<li>It seeks to publicise violations by governments and other entities of rights recognized in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-human-rights-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong></a> (1948), especially freedom of speech and of conscience and the right against torture.</li>
<li>It also <strong>works with intergovernmental human rights bodies</strong> to expand and enforce human rights protections in international law.</li>
<li>In <strong>1977,</strong> it was awarded the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-for-peace-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Prize for Peace.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-raises-jk-issue-at-security-council-6541447/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-issue-raised-at-unsc'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Day 18',
			'catname' => '60 days refresher',
			'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Modern History-1 (Government of India Acts)</h2>
<p>Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Mostly, static questions on this topic are asked. One should go through any standard textbook.</p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-1%20(1).pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-I</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-II</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-III</strong></a></p>
<h2>Advent of Europeans and Their Policies</h2>
<p>Q. The staple commodities of export by the English East India Company from Bengal in the middle of the 18<sup>th</sup> century were: (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Raw cotton, oil-seeds and opium</p>
<p>(b) Sugar, salt, zinc and lead</p>
<p>(c) Copper, silver, gold, spices and tea</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Cotton, silk, saltpetre and opium</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following: (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Assessment of land revenue on the basis of nature of the soil and the quality of crops</li>
<li>Use of mobile cannons in warfare</li>
<li>Cultivation of tobacco and red chillies</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above was/were introduced into India by the English?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) None</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Ryotwari Settlement, consider the following statements: (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>The rent was paid directly by the peasants to the Government.</li>
<li>The Government gave Pattas to the Ryots.</li>
<li>The lands were surveyed and assessed before being taxed.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) None</p>
<h2>Charter Acts</h2>
<p>Q. Consider the following statements about &lsquo;the Charter Act of 1813&rsquo;:(2019)</p>
<ol>
<li>It ended the trade monopoly of East India Company in India except for trade in tea and trade with China.</li>
<li>It asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the Company.</li>
<li>The revenues of India were now controlled by the British Parliament.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following led to the introduction of English Education in India? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Charter Act of 1813</li>
<li>General Committee of Public Instruction, 1823</li>
<li>Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<h2>Government of India Acts</h2>
<p>Q. In the context of Indian history, the principle of &lsquo;Dyarchy (diarchy)&rsquo; refers to (2017)</p>
<p>(a) Division of the central legislature into two houses.</p>
<p>(b) Introduction of double government i.e., Central and State governments.</p>
<p>(c) Having two sets of rulers; one in London and another in Delhi.</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Government of India Act of 1919 clearly defined (2015)</p>
<p>(a) the separation of power between the judiciary and the legislature</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) the jurisdiction of the central and provincial governments</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) the powers of the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy</p>
<p>(d) None of the above</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909</p>
<p>(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Government of India Act, 1935</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947</p>
<h2>Important Legislations During the British Government</h2>
<p>Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909</p>
<p>(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Government of India Act, 1935</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Rowlatt Satyagraha, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>The Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of the &lsquo;Sedition Committee&rsquo;.</li>
<li>In Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhiji tried to utilize the Home Rule League.</li>
<li>Demonstrations against the arrival of Simon Commission coincided with Rowlatt Satyagraha.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 1 and 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Ilbert Bill controversy was related to the (2013)</p>
<p>(a) imposition of certain restrictions to carry arms by the Indians</p>
<p>(b) imposition of restrictions on newspapers and magazines published in Indian languages</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) removal of disqualifications imposed on the Indian magistrates with regard to the trial of the Europeans</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) removal of a duty on imported cotton cloth</p>
<h2>Governor Generals</h2>
<p>Q. Who among the following Governor Generals created the Covenanted Civil Service of India which later came to be known as the Indian Civil Service? (2010)</p>
<p>(a) Warren Hastings</p>
<p>(b) Wellesley</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Cornwallis</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) William Bentinck</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which one of the following statements does not apply to the system of Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley? (2018)</p>
<p>(a) To maintain a large standing army at other&rsquo;s expense</p>
<p>(b) To keep India safe from Napoleonic danger</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) To secure a fixed income for the Company</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) To establish British paramountcy over the Indian States</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of Ryotwari Settlement in India during the British rule? (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Lord Cornwallis</li>
<li>Alexander Read</li>
<li>Thomas Munro</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The tendency for increased litigation was visible after the introduction of the land settlement system of Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The reason for this is normally traced to which of the following provisions? (2011)</p>
<p>(a) Making Zamindar&rsquo;s position stronger vis-a-vis the ryot</p>
<p>(b) Making East India Company an overlord of Zamindars</p>
<p>(c) Making the judicial system more efficient</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) None of the (a), (b) and (c) above</strong></span></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-18'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'IMD Forecasts Surplus Rains',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the<strong> India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong> rainfall in the &ldquo;second half of the<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> monsoon</strong></a>&rdquo; is likely to be 104% of the<strong> Long Period Average (LPA).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This falls within the &ldquo;normal&rdquo; range of rainfall.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Long Period Average (LPA): It</strong> is the <strong>average rainfall recorded during the months from June to September, calculated during the 50-year period,</strong> and is kept as a <strong>benchmark</strong> while forecasting the quantitative rainfall for the monsoon season every year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IMD maintains an independent LPA for <strong>every homogeneous region</strong> of the country, which ranges from 71.6 cm to 143.83 cm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>IMD maintains five rainfall distribution categories on an all-India scale. These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Normal or Near Normal:</strong> When per cent departure of actual rainfall is +/-10% of LPA, that is, between 96-104% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Below Normal:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is less than 10% of LPA, that is 90-96% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Above Normal:</strong> When actual rainfall is 104-110% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Deficient:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is less than 90% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Excess:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is more than 110% of LPA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This year increased rainfall is attributed to the commencement of<strong> La Nina</strong> like conditions by the second half of the monsoon season.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>La Nina is a climate pattern that describes periods of<strong> below-average sea surface temperatures</strong> across the <strong>east-central Equatorial Pacific.</strong></li>
<li>La Nina is considered to be the counterpart to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-receive-normal-monsoon-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>El Nino</strong></a>, and its impacts tend to be <strong>opposite those of El Ni&ntilde;o.</strong></li>
<li>Together, they form the <strong>"cold" (La Nina) and "warm" (El Nino)</strong> phases of the <strong>El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596707769_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596707769_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="584" height="1125" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMD was established in <strong>1875.</strong></li>
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It is the principal agency responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/imd-forecasts-surplus-rains'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Constitution Bench for EWS Quota',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India</strong></a> referred the petitions challenging the <strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019</strong> to a five-judge <strong>constitution bench,</strong> saying it involves <strong>&lsquo;substantial questions of law&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to<strong> Article 145 (3) of the Constitution, at least five judges</strong> need to hear cases that involve <strong>&lsquo;a substantial question of law as to the interpretation&rsquo;</strong> of the Constitution, or any <strong>reference under Article 143,</strong> which deals with the power of the President of India to consult the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court bench consisting of at least five judges is called the <strong>Constitution bench.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It introduced an <strong>economic reservation</strong> (10% quota) in jobs and admissions in education institutes for <strong>Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)</strong> by amending <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-the-constitution-124th-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Articles 15 and 16.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It inserted <strong>Article 15 (6) and Article 16 (6).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was enacted to promote the welfare of the poor not covered by the 50% reservation policy for SCs, STs and Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC).</li>
<li>It enables both Centre and the states to provide reservation to the EWS of society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Petitioners&rsquo; Argument:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendments <strong>run contrary to the constitutional scheme,</strong> where no segment of available seats/posts can be reserved, only on the basis of economic criterion.</li>
<li>The amendments also run contrary to the judgment pronounced in the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><em> Indra Sawhney V. Union of India 1992 case</em></strong></a>, that <strong>a backward class cannot be determined only and exclusively with reference to economic criterion.</strong></li>
<li>The amendments <strong>alter the 50% quota limit</strong> set up in <strong><em>Indra Sawhney V. Union of India</em></strong> 1992 case, which according to the petitioner is a part <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Basic Structure of the Constitution.</strong> </a></li>
<li>Reservation in unaided institutions violates the fundamental right under <strong>Article 19(1)(g)</strong> of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 19 (1)(g) allows every citizen to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Government&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendment <strong>was necessitated to benefit EWS who are not covered under existing schemes of reservation,</strong> which as per statistics, constitute a considerably large segment of the country&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The 50% limit in the<strong> Indira Sawhney</strong> ruling cannot be applied in the present petitions as the Sawhney case dealt with memoranda issued by the government while what is under challenge now is a constitutional amendment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Substantial Question of Law Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Whether the challenged 103<sup>rd</sup> Amendment Act violates Basic Structure of the Constitution,</strong> with reference to equality provisions of the Constitution.</li>
<li>The case of the Union of India that though ordinarily 50% is the rule but same will not prevent the amendment of the Constitution itself in view of the existing special circumstances to uplift the members of the society belonging to economically weaker sections.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-refers-anti-ews-quota-pleas-to-five-judge-bench-6541439/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/constitution-bench-for-ews-quota'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Beirut Explosion',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <strong>massive explosion</strong> took place in <strong>Beirut, capital of Lebanon,</strong> which left more than hundred people dead and more than 4,000 injured, according to the reports until now.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There were two explosions in the central port area of Beirut which occurred barely within minutes of each other within nearby buildings.</li>
<li>The blast affected residents living as far as 10 kilometres away from the site and was felt upto 250 Km.</li>
<li>The blast created <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/seismometers-defunct-in-earthquake-prone-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>seismic waves</strong></a> equivalent to a magnitude 3.3 earthquake.</li>
<li>The blasts were likely triggered by over <strong>2,700 tonnes of ammonium nitrate</strong> that had been<strong> confiscated and stored</strong> by authorities near the port for over six years.</li>
<li>A <strong>two-week state emergency</strong> has been imposed in Beirut following the blast.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of the Blast</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> Lebanon is an <strong>import-dependent country.</strong> The <strong>badly damaged port</strong> facility is Lebanon&rsquo;s largest maritime gateway and it will make <strong>essential items expensive</strong> and <strong>threaten food security</strong> in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lebanon has already been struggling with a huge <strong>economic meltdown,</strong> with the <strong>rapid devaluation of the local currency</strong> and a<strong> volatile exchange rate on the black market</strong> fueling<strong> inflation, shuttering businesses, unemployment </strong>and <strong>poverty.</strong></li>
<li>It had also <strong>defaulted on a Eurobond repayment</strong> in March 2020.</li>
<li>It is in talks with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> </a>for a $10 billion loan program.</li>
<li>The blast will pose an additional<strong> financial burden of rebuilding the city.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political:</strong> Lebanon faced <strong>nationwide protests</strong> against <strong>corruption, economic mismanagement</strong> and <strong>sectarian politics</strong> in October 2019, which forced the <strong>resignation of then-Prime Minister</strong> Saad Hariri. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This blast along with the growing economic crisis can <strong>again cause social unrest.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong> The country&rsquo;s health system is<strong> already burdened</strong> with the patients of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic</strong> and the victims of blast will add to this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Response</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lebanon has been offered help by various countries like the <strong>USA, Germany, France , Iran, EU, Turkey etc.</strong></li>
<li>Along with giving aid, the President of <strong>France,</strong> Emmanuel Macron has decided to visit Lebanon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move is seen as a message of fraternity and solidarity from France.</li>
<li>Earlier, France&rsquo;s top diplomat had scolded Lebanon&rsquo;s political elite for being too &ldquo;passive&rdquo; in the face of an economic crisis and the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lebanon has also been offered humanitarian aid by its neighbour<strong> Israel,</strong> whom it has bitter relations with.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Israel sees <strong>Hezbollah, the militant group of Lebanon as a threat to its northern borders.&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hezbollah</strong> is one of the Middle East's<strong> most powerful and successful guerrilla organizations.</strong> It is the strongest member of Lebanon's pro-Syrian opposition bloc who pitted <strong>against the pro-Western government</strong> led by Saad Hariri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ammonium Nitrate</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ammonium Nitrate (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>)</strong> is a <strong>nitrogen-rich white, crystalline chemical</strong> which is<strong> soluble in water.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Uses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a common chemical ingredient of <strong>agricultural fertilisers.</strong></li>
<li>It is used as an ingredient for the production of <strong>anaesthetic gases</strong> and <strong>cold packs.</strong></li>
<li>It is also the main ingredient in the manufacture of <strong>commercial explosives</strong> used in mining and construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>As Explosive:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the main component of the explosive composition known as <strong>ANFO- ammonium nitrate fuel oil.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pure</strong> ammonium nitrate is <strong>not an explosive</strong> on its own. For Ammonium nitrate to be explosive a<strong> primary explosive or detonator</strong> like <strong>RDX or TNT</strong> is required.</li>
<li>Many <strong>Improvised Explosive Devices</strong> (IEDs) used by terrorists around the world have ANFO as the main explosive.</li>
<li>Stored ammonium nitrate is a fire hazard and can explode in two ways. <br />
<ol>
<li>It may come in contact with some explosive mixture.</li>
<li>Due to the <strong>oxidation process</strong> at large scale, heat may be generated starting a fire and then explosion. This seems to be the<strong> primary likely cause of the incident at Beirut port.</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Explosions in Past:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the majority of terror attacks in India, including those in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unsc-condemns-pulwama-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Pulwama</strong></a>, <strong>Varanasi,</strong> Malegaon, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Mumbai, ammonium nitrate has been used along with initiator explosives like RDX.</li>
<li>There have been <strong>accidental explosions of ammonium nitrate</strong> causing large numbers of fatalities. Eg. China in 2015 and in Texas in 1947.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global:</strong> It is classified as an <strong>oxidising content</strong> (Grade 5.1) under the <strong>United Nations classification of dangerous goods.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods</strong> categorizes the types of dangerous goods, under<strong> nine classes</strong> like Explosive Materials, Inflammable liquids, Easily oxidising contents etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India:</strong> In India, the manufacture, conversion, bagging, import, export, transport, possession for sale or use of ammonium nitrate is covered under <strong>The Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Explosives Act, 1884,</strong> define ammonium nitrate as the &ldquo;compound with formula NH4NO3 including <strong>any mixture or compound having more than 45% ammonium nitrate by weight</strong> including emulsions, suspensions, melts or gels but excluding emulsion or slurry explosives and non explosives emulsion matrix and fertilizers from which the ammonium nitrate cannot be separated&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Storage of ammonium nitrate in large quantities in populated areas is illegal</strong> in India.</li>
<li>For the manufacture of ammonium nitrate, an Industrial licence is required under the <strong>Industrial Development and Regulation Act, 1951.</strong></li>
<li>A license under the Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012 is also required for any activity related to ammonium nitrate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lebanon<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596706419_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596706419_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a country in <strong>Western Asia,</strong> bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lies west across the Mediterranean Sea.</li>
<li>Lebanon was conquered by the <strong>Ottomans</strong> in the 16<sup>th</sup> century and remained under their rule for the next 400 years.</li>
<li>Following the empire's collapse after World War I, it came under <strong>the control of French,</strong> from which it gained independence in <strong>1943.</strong></li>
<li>Lebanon witnessed <strong>Civil war</strong> from <strong>1975-1990</strong> that was a result of conflict between various factions like the <strong>Christians,</strong> the left-wing <strong>Druze</strong> and the <strong>Muslims</strong> and was interspersed with <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Israeli invasions targeting the palestinian</strong> </a>militants in Lebanon.</li>
<li>The present government in Lebanon is <strong>confessionalist parliamentary democracy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Confessionalism</strong> is a system of government which apportions seats in its legislature to different groups of people strictly based on demographic composition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This tragedy piles yet another layer of hardship on a country already reeling from its worst financial crisis in decades along with an exasperating political turbulence and struggling to contain a burgeoning coronavirus outbreak.</li>
<li>Lebanon cannot do without containing politically extremist groups functioning in the country and maintaining healthy relationships with the international community.</li>
<li>It is time that international solidarity comes into action and extends a helping hand towards the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-ammonium-nitrate-which-caused-the-massive-explosion-in-beirut-6540646/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beirut-explosion'
		]
	],
	'updates' => object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

		'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
		'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
		'params' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'defaultTypes' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'decorators' => (int) 0,
		'executed' => false,
		'hydrate' => true,
		'buffered' => true,
		'formatters' => (int) 0,
		'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
		'contain' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'matching' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'extraOptions' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}
	
	},
	'page' => (int) 49,
	'search' => 'class',
	'totalPages' => (float) 274,
	'title' => 'Search'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/estore/test-series-en/upsc-mains-english/sociology-optional-mains-online-en',
		'title' => 'Sociology Mains Test Series 2020 - Join Now',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/estore/test-series-en/upsc-prelims-english/prelims-test-series-2021-online',
		'title' => 'Prelims Test Series 2021 (Online) - Join Now',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://bit.ly/drishtibooks',
		'title' => 'Get Drishti Publications books & magazines on Amazon - click here!',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://bit.ly/joindrishti',
		'title' => 'Click here for Online Inquiry form to join Drishti IAS programmes',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$searchlist = [
	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Rashtriya Swachhata Kendra',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister will inaugurate Rashtriya Swachhata Kendra (RSK) on 8<sup>th</sup> August, 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RSK is an interactive experience centre on the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission</strong></a>. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will introduce future generations to its successful journey as the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/navigating-the-new-normal-niti-aayog" target="_blank" rel="noopener">behaviour change campaign.</a></strong></li>
<li>It will showcase the <strong>core elements of the mission</strong> and anecdotes on the journey of the country from <em>Satyagraha to Swachchagrah.</em></li>
<li>It will impart <strong>information, awareness</strong> and <strong>education</strong> on <em><strong>Swachhata</strong> </em>(sanitation) and related aspects.</li>
<li>The installations at RSK will include audio visual immersive shows, interactive LED panels, hologram boxes, interactive games etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rashtriya Swachhata Kendra (RSK) was first <strong>announced</strong> on the occasion of the centenary celebrations of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gandhi-peace-prize" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mahatma Gandhi</strong></a>'s <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-226'" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Champaran Satyagraha</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) or Clean India Mission is a country-wide sanitation campaign launched on<strong> 2<sup>nd</sup> October, 2014.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> Elimination of <strong>open defecation,</strong> eradication of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manual-scavenging-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Manual Scavenging</strong></a>, modern and scientific municipal <a href="/daily-news-editorials/solid-waste-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>solid waste management</strong></a> and bring behavioral change regarding healthy sanitation practices.</li>
<li>It encompasses<strong> two missions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)</strong></a>: Implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (M/o HUA) for urban areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U) recently achieved its target of creating <strong>Urban India Open Defecation Free (ODF)</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission (Grammen):</strong></a> Implemented by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (M/o DWS) for rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, SMB(G) completed its Phase-I and its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-grameen-phase-ii-approved" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase-II</strong> </a>was launched.</li>
<li>Swachh Bharat Mission (G) Phase-I: The<strong> rural sanitation coverage</strong> in the country has increased from 38.7% to 100%.</li>
<li>More than <strong>10 crore individual toilets</strong> have been constructed since the launch of the mission.</li>
<li>All rural areas in all the States have declared themselves <strong>ODF</strong> as on 2<sup>nd</sup> October, 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although the goal of making India Open Defecation Free and enhancing Solid and Liquid Waste Management mechanisms has been achieved, the work on sanitation and behavioural changes requires <strong>continued efforts to sustain the gains</strong> made during the first phase of the campaign.</li>
<li>It is imperative that the phase-II of SBM focusses on<strong> convergence between different verticals of financing and different schemes of Central and State governments.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1644011" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong> </a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-swachhata-kendra'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Emergency Provisions',
		'catname' => 'Paper 2',
		'desc' => '<p>A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance that can be proclaimed by the <strong>President of India</strong> during certain crisis situations. Under the advice of the cabinet of ministers, the President can overrule many provisions of the Constitution, which guarantees <strong>Fundamental Rights</strong> to the citizens of India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The emergency provisions are contained in <strong>Part XVIII</strong> of the Constitution of India, from <strong>Article 352 to 360.</strong> These provisions enable the Central government to meet any abnormal situation effectively.</li>
<li>The rationality behind the incorporation is to safeguard the sovereignty, unity, integrity and security of the country, the democratic political system and the Constitution.</li>
<li>The Constitution stipulates three types of emergencies-<br />
<ol>
<li>National Emergency</li>
<li>Constitutional Emergency</li>
<li>Financial Emergency</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>NATIONAL EMERGENCY</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National emergency can be declared on the basis of war, external aggression or armed rebellion. The Constitution employs the expression &lsquo;proclamation of emergency&rsquo; to denote an emergency of this type.</li>
<li><strong>Grounds of declaration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under Article 352, the president can declare a national emergency when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion.</li>
<li>The President can declare a national emergency even before the actual occurrence of war or armed rebellion or external aggression</li>
<li>When a national emergency is declared on the grounds of<strong> &lsquo;war&rsquo; or &lsquo;external aggression&rsquo;,</strong> it is known as<strong> &lsquo;External Emergency&rsquo;.</strong> On the other hand, when it is declared on the grounds of <strong>&lsquo;armed rebellion&rsquo;,</strong> it is known as <strong>&lsquo;Internal Emergency&rsquo;.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This term &lsquo;armed rebellion&rsquo; is inserted from the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendments-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">44<sup>th</sup> amendment</a>.</strong> Before this term it was known as internal disturbance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If India and Pakistan openly accept that they will use armed forces against each other is simply war.</li>
<li>If there is no formal declaration that there will be armed forces used against a country is External aggression.</li>
<li>And if because of these two grounds an emergency is proclaimed as an <strong>external emergency.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Facts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/major-constitutional-amendment-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>38<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act</strong></a> of 1975 made the declaration of National Emergency immune to judicial review. But, this provision was subsequently deleted by the 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 1978.</li>
<li>In Minerva Mills case (1980), the Supreme Court held that National Emergency can be challenged in the court on the ground of malafide or that the declaration was based on wholly extraneous and irrelevant facts.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proclamation of emergency must be approved by both the houses of parliament within one month from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>However, if the proclamation of emergency is issued at a time when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution takes place during the period of one month without approving the proclamation, then the proclamation survives until 30 days from the first sitting of Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided the Rajya Sabha has in the meantime approved it.</li>
<li>If approved by both the houses, the Emergency continues for 6 months and can be extended to an indefinite period with an approval of the Parliament for every six months.</li>
<li>Every resolution approving the proclamation of emergency or its continuance must be passed by either House of Parliament by a special majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revocation of proclamation</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation of Emergency may be revoked by the President at any time by a subsequent proclamation. Such proclamation does not require parliamentary approval.</li>
<li>The emergency must be revoked if the Lok Sabha passes a resolution by a simple majority disapproving its continuation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of national emergency</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proclamation of Emergency has drastic and wide-ranging effects on the political system. These consequences can be grouped into 3 categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Effects on the centre-state relations:</strong> While a proclamation of Emergency is in force, the normal fabric of the Centre-State relations undergoes a basic change. this can be studied under three heads:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Executive:</strong> Centre becomes entitled to give executive directions to a state on &lsquo;any&rsquo; matter</li>
<li><strong>Legislative:</strong> The parliament becomes empowered to make laws on any subject mentioned in the state list, the president can issue ordinances on State subjects also, if the parliament is not in session. The laws made on state subjects by the parliament become inoperative six months after the emergency has ceased to be in operation.</li>
<li><strong>Financial:</strong> the president can modify the constitutional distribution of revenues between the centre and the states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While a proclamation of National Emergency is in operation, the life of the Lok Sabha may be extended beyond the normal term for one year at a time. However, this extension cannot continue beyond a period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.</li>
<li>Similarly, the Parliament may extend the normal tenure of a state Legislative Assembly by one year each time during a national emergency, subject to a maximum period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect on fundamental rights:</strong> Articles 358 and 359 describes the effect of a National Emergency on the Fundamental Rights. These two provisions are explained below:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Suspension of Fundamental rights under Article 19:</strong> According to Article 358, when a proclamation of National Emergency is made, the six fundamental rights under article 19 are automatically suspended. Article 19 is automatically revived after the expiry of the emergency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act laid out that Article 19 can only be suspended when the National Emergency is laid on the grounds of war or external aggression and not in the case of armed rebellion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suspension of other Fundamental Rights:</strong> Under Article 359, the President is authorised to suspend, by order, the right to move any court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights during a National Emergency. Thus, <strong>remedial measures are suspended and not the Fundamental Rights.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The suspension of enforcement relates to only those Fundamental Rights that are specified in the Presidential Order.</li>
<li>The suspension could be for the period during the operation of emergency or for a shorter period.</li>
<li>The Order should be laid before each House of Parliament for approval.</li>
<li>The 44 Amendment Act mandates that the President cannot suspend the right to move the court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Article 20 and 21.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Declarations made so far:</strong> This type of emergency has been proclaimed three times so far- in 1962, 1971 and 1975<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first proclamation of National Emergency was issued in October 1962 on account of Chinese aggression in the NEFA and was in force till January 1968.</li>
<li>The second proclamation of National Emergency was made in December 1971 in the wake of the attack by Pakistan.</li>
<li>Even when the emergency was in operation, the third proclamation of National Emergency was made in June 1975. Both the second and the third proclamations were revoked in March 1977</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>President&rsquo;s Rule</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Article 355 imposes a duty on the centre to ensure that the government of every state is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.</li>
<li>It is this duty in the performance of which the centre takes over the government of a state under Article 356 in case of failure of constitutional machinery in a state.</li>
<li>This is popularly known as &lsquo;President&rsquo;s Rule&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Grounds of imposition:</strong> the president&rsquo;s ruler can be proclaimed under Article 356 on two grounds:<br />
<ol>
<li>Article 356 empowers the President to issue a proclamation if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.</li>
<li>Article 365 says that whenever a state fails to comply with or to give effect to any direction from the centre, it will be lawful for the President to hold that a situation has arisen in which the government of the state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration:</strong> A proclamation imposing president&rsquo;s rule must be approved by both the houses of parliament within two months from the date of its issue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, if the proclamation of President&rsquo;s rule is issued at a time when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution of the Lok Sabha takes place during the period of two months without approving the proclamation, then the proclamation survives until 30 days from the first sitting of the Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided that the Rajya Sabha approves it in the meantime</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequences of the President&rsquo;s rule:</strong> The President acquires the following extraordinary powers when the President&rsquo;s rule is imposed in a state:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He can take up the functions of the state government and powers vested in the governor or any other executive authority in the state.</li>
<li>He can declare that the powers of the state legislature are to be exercised by the parliament.</li>
<li>He can take all other necessary steps including the suspension of the constitutional provisions relating to any body or authority in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope of judicial review:</strong> The 38<sup>th</sup> Amendment act of 1975 made the satisfaction of the President in invoking Article 356 final and conclusive which would not be challenged in any court on any ground. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But, this provision was subsequently deleted by the 44<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act of 1978 implying that the satisfaction of the President is not beyond judicial review.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Financial Emergency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Grounds of declaration: Article 360</strong> empowers the president to proclaim a Financial Emergency if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen due to which the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is threatened.</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration:</strong> A proclamation declaring financial emergency must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months from the date of its issue. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, if the proclamation of Financial Emergency is issued at a time when the Lok Sabha has been dissolved or the dissolution of the Lok Sabha takes place during the period of two months without approving the proclamation, then the proclamation survives until 30 days from the first sitting of the Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided the Rajya Sabha has in the meantime approved it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Once approved by both the houses of Parliament, the Financial Emergency continues indefinitely till it is revoked.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Effects of Financial Emergency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Extension of the executive authority of the Union over the financial matters of the States.</li>
<li>Reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving in the State.</li>
<li>Reservation of all money bills or other financial bills for the consideration of the President after they are passed by the legislature of the State.</li>
<li>Direction from the President for the reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving the Union; and the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Criticism of the Emergency Provision</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Some members of the Constituent Assembly criticised the incorporation of emergency provisions in the constitution on the following grounds:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The federal character of the constitution will be destroyed and the union will become all-powerful</li>
<li>The powers of the State- both the Union and the Units- will entirely be concentrated in the hands of the union executive.</li>
<li>The president will become a dictator</li>
<li>The financial autonomy of the state will be nullified</li>
<li>Fundamental rights will become meaningless and, as a result, the democratic foundation of the constitution will be destroyed.&rsquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While defending the emergency provisions in the Constituent Assembly, Dr Ambedkar accepted the possibility of their misuse. He observed, &lsquo;I do not altogether deny that there is a possibility of the Articles being abused or employed for political purposes.&rsquo;</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/emergency-provisions'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Three Language Formula and Autonomy in Language Policy',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/language-of-unity-on-rejection-of-the-three-language-formula/article32271581.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Language of unity: on rejection of the three-language formula</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 07/08/2020. This article deals with the issue of non-compliance of states like Tamil Nadu to the three language formula and discusses alternative options to the three language formula such as the language policy adopted in Tamil Nadu.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu rejected the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/three-language-formula#:~:text=First%20language%3A%20It%20will%20be,modern%20Indian%20languages%20or%20English.&amp;text=Third%20Language%3A%20In%20Hindi%20speaking,or%20a%20modern%20Indian%20language." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>three-language formula</strong></a> advocated in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-education-policy-nep-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy (NEP 2020).</strong></a></p>
<p>The two-language policy in Tamil Nadu was implemented decades ago after a historic agitation against the imposition of Hindi, it still remains non-negotiable for almost the entire political class.</p>
<p>Opposition from the State had forced the Centre to amend the draft NEP in 2019 and withdraw a proposal to teach Hindi as a third language in schools in non-Hindi speaking States.</p>
<p>Yet in the NEP 2020 it was decided to push for the three-language formula, to promote multilingualism and national unity. It has restarted the debate over suitability of three language formulas all over India.</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The three languages referred to are Hindi, English and the regional language of the respective States.</li>
<li>Though the teaching of Hindi across the country was part of a long-standing system, it was crystallised into a policy in an official document only in the National Policy on Education, 1968.</li>
<li>This document said regional languages were already in use as the media of education in the primary and secondary stages.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Three-Language Formula (Kothari Commision 1968)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First language:</strong> It will be the mother tongue or regional language.</li>
<li><strong>Second language:</strong> In Hindi speaking states, it will be other modern Indian languages or English. In non-Hindi speaking states, it will be Hindi or English.</li>
<li><strong>Third Language:</strong> In Hindi speaking states, it will be English or a modern Indian language. In the non-Hindi speaking state, it will be English or a modern Indian language.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need for Three-Language Formula</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kothari Committee&rsquo;s report observes that learning languages is an important part of a child&rsquo;s cognitive development.</li>
<li>The primary aim is to promote multilingualism and national harmony.</li>
<li><strong>Bridging the language gap:</strong> At the secondary stage, State governments were to adopt the three-language formula. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It included the study of a modern Indian language, preferably one of the southern languages, apart from Hindi and English in the Hindi-speaking States.</li>
<li>In the &lsquo;non-Hindi speaking States&rsquo;, Hindi should be studied along with the regional language and English.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issue in Implementation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The states in the hindi belt (such as in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar) could not promote learning of south Indian languages under a three language formula.</li>
<li>The states like Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Tripura were not ready to teach Hindi in their school curriculum. Instead they demanded autonomy of this issue.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issue of Language and Identity</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In India most of the states have been formed on linguistic basis.</li>
<li>Conflicts over identity especially over languages tend to be escalated due to limited resources in India.</li>
<li>The status of language has been a critical issue that has caused division of states in the past. Such states as Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Gujarat were created due to statehood demand on linguistic basis.</li>
<li>Language policy is one method by which governments attempt to manage ethnic conflict.</li>
<li>Thus, to develop federal cooperation, autonomy of the states over language policy can be a more viable option than the imposition of a three language formula.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tamil Nadu Model of Language Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two-language policy of Tamil and English, piloted in 1968. It has worked well in the State.</li>
<li>In a liberalised world, proficiency in English, a global link language, offers more opportunities.</li>
<li>The State&rsquo;s significant human resources contribution to the ever-expanding IT sector is also attributed to the English fluency of its recruits as much as to their technical knowledge.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Promotion of Hindi in Tamil naidu</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is this counter-argument that Tamil Nadu is depriving students of an opportunity to learn Hindi, touted as a national link language.</li>
<li>However, its voluntary learning has never been restricted and the growth over the past decade in the number of CBSE schools, where the language is taught, bears testimony to this.</li>
<li>The patronage for the 102-year-old Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, based in Chennai, also proves this. In the Sabha&rsquo;s centenary year, Tamil Nadu accounted for 73% of active Hindi pracharaks (teachers) in South India.</li>
<li>Out of necessity, many in the State have picked up conversational Hindi to engage with the migrant population that feeds the labour needs from factories to hair salons. Only compulsion is met with resistance.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Thus the three language formula is well intended to bring about national unity by bridging the linguistic gap between the states. However it is not the only option available to integrate the ethnic diversity of India. States like Tamil Nadu with their own language policy have managed not only to enhance the education standard levels but also promote national integrity even without adopting the three language formula. Hence, providing the states autonomy in the language policy seems to be a much more viable option than homogenous imposition of three language formula all over India.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596805128_image%200.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596805128_image 0.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffee0;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Providing autonomy to the states in language policy in education is more viable than a three language formula. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/beirut-battered-the-hindu-editorial-on-lebanon-blast/article32279843.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Beirut battered: On Lebanon blast&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Hindu on August 6<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Watch this on our Youtube channel now.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/three-language-formula-and-autonomy-in-language-policy'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'National Handloom Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>On the occasion of the <strong>6<sup>th</sup> National Handloom Day</strong> on <strong>7<sup>th</sup> August</strong> 2020, the Ministry of Textiles is organizing a virtual function in the wake of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>first</strong> National Handloom Day was celebrated in <strong>Chennai in 2015.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The date, 7<sup>th</sup> August, was chosen as the <strong>Swadeshi Movement was launched</strong> on the same date in the year <strong>1905,</strong> which was based on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/legacy-of-lokmanya-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bal Gangadhar Tilak's ideology of swadeshi</strong></a>.</li>
<li>On this day, the <strong>handloom weaving community is honoured</strong> and the <strong>contribution of this sector is highlighted.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To <strong>generate awareness</strong> about the handloom industry amongst the public at large and its contribution to socio-economic development.</li>
<li>To<strong> protect India&rsquo;s handloom heritage</strong> and to enable the handloom weavers and workers with greater opportunities.</li>
<li>To <strong>ensure sustainable development</strong> of the handloom sector thereby empowering handloom workers financially and instilling pride in their exquisite craftsmanship.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Handloom sector is a <strong>symbol of India&rsquo;s glorious cultural heritage.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s<strong> soft power</strong> has long been endorsed by the handloom and handicraft space. &lsquo;Saree diplomacy&rsquo; and<strong> &lsquo;Khadi diplomacy&rsquo;</strong> are some such examples.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The textiles and handloom sector in India is the <strong>second-largest source of employment</strong> to people, after <strong>agriculture.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the <strong>Fourth All India Handloom Census 2019-20,</strong> 31.45 lakh households are engaged in handloom, weaving and allied activities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is an important <strong>source of livelihood</strong> in the country and a<strong> key to women empowerment</strong> as over 70% of handloom weavers and allied workers are women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>social media campaign</strong> has been planned for the handloom weaving community.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All the Secretaries of the States, Textile Bodies like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/silk-samagra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Silk Board</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/packaging-in-jute-bags-made-mandatory" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Jute Board</strong></a>, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/e-commerce-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-commerce</strong></a> entities, retail companies and designer bodies have been requested to amplify the campaign.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Prime Minister has <strong>urged the people to use Indian handlooms and handicrafts and further spread awareness</strong> to others as well.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The more the world knows about the richness and diversity of these products, the greater Indian artisans and weavers will benefit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under<strong> Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, Handloom Export Promotion Council</strong> (HEPC) is organising a <strong>Virtual Fair,</strong> connecting more than 150 participants from different regions of the country showcasing their products with unique designs and skills.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various exquisite handloom products and numerous other <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gi-tag-to-two-products#:~:text=GI%20is%20an%20indication%20used,relating%20to%20goods%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geographical Indication (GI) Tagged</strong></a> products will be displayed to attract the attention of international buyers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other events include the<strong> launching of a mobile app</strong> and <strong>backend website for Handloom Mark Scheme</strong> (HLM), the <strong>launching of My Handloom Portal,</strong> etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>HLM was <strong>launched in 2006</strong> with the basic objective to brand Indian handloom products and secure a premium position for them in domestic as well as international markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Handloom Export Promotion Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>nodal agency</strong> constituted under the <strong>Ministry of Textiles,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>It was incorporated as a <strong>not-for-profit company under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/personal-protective-equipment-for-sanitation-workers#:~:text=Section%2025%20of%20the%20Companies%20Act%2C%201956%20provides%20an%20alternative,a%20Society%20for%20the%20purpose." target="_blank" rel="noopener">section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To promote the exports of all handloom products like fabrics, home furnishings, carpets, floor coverings, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to the Covid-19 induced <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdowns</strong></a>, norms of<strong> social distancing</strong> and the <strong>resultant economic turbulence,</strong> there are no handicraft and handloom exhibitions or markets.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has <strong>impacted incomes and the entire supply chains</strong> involved in handloom and handicraft, along with <strong>supplies of raw materials and unused inventory.</strong></li>
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tech-for-tribals-trifed#:~:text=The%20Tribal%20Cooperative%20Marketing%20Development%20Federation%20of%20India%20(TRIFED)%20came,the%20Ministry%20of%20Tribal%20Affairs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India</strong></a> (TRIFED), tribal handicraft and handloom worth Rs. 100 crore went unsold owing to the lockdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Natural calamities</strong> such as the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assam-s-flood-and-kaziranga-s-ecosystem" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Assam floods</strong> </a>also<strong> impact the livelihoods</strong> of artisans, especially in the silk clusters of the state.</li>
<li>The sector also faces the issues of<strong> cheap emulations, automated looms</strong> which <strong>threaten the sustenance of original arts and the timeless skills</strong> of the weavers.</li>
<li>The Centre has <strong>abolished the All India Handicrafts Board, ending the one official forum where weavers and craftspeople could raise their voices</strong> directly and were empowered to advise the government on policy and spending.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The move is in consonance with the government&rsquo;s vision of <strong>&lsquo;minimum government and maximum governance&rsquo;</strong> in the pursuit of achieving <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>good governance</strong></a>, <strong>leaner government machinery</strong> and the <strong>need for systematic rationalisation</strong> of government bodies.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government platforms for such direct interactions are <strong>fastly reducing which is a cause for concern.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The board was <strong>established in 1952</strong> and used to <strong>advise the Ministry of Textile on development programmes</strong> for handicrafts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a need to<strong> promote the finesse of Indian weavers globally</strong> to <strong>communicate, disseminate and engage</strong> with not just the global audience but the Indian diaspora as well.</li>
<li>The <strong>textile clusters should be encouraged</strong> in<strong> making masks and other medical equipment that uses textiles</strong> such as bedsheets, etc. contributing to the medical infrastructure.</li>
<li>Government programmes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-iii#:~:text=A%20%E2%82%B910%2C000%20crore%20scheme,standards%2C%20build%20brands%20and%20marketing." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vocal for Local</a> </strong>campaign and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Make in India</strong> </a>need to be popularised within the country to increase the domestic demand.</li>
<li><strong>Corporate organisations</strong> must buy products from <strong>artisans for the purposes of awards, corporate engagement programmes, and business gifting</strong> which will facilitate direct producer-consumer interface, thereby ensuring proper returns on the products to artisans.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Initiatives such as the <strong>Northeast Expo 2019</strong> must be continued digitally so that states and the Centre have more online market portals for Indian handlooms, handicrafts and forest produce, as the sectors are interlinked.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Northeast Expo 2019 through<strong> &lsquo;Tea and Khadi&rsquo; diplomacy</strong> helped in improving the trade ties with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Association of Southeast Asian Nations</strong></a> (ASEAN) and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/drishti-specials-important-international-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</strong></a> (BIMSTEC) nations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the markets move online, it is <strong>equally important for the artisans to get adequately equipped and trained</strong> in operating online portals.</li>
<li><strong>Online exhibitions through Indian embassies must be organised</strong> to make the global audience aware of the rich legacy of handlooms and to honour artisans from India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1643739" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-handloom-day-1'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Economic Measures Taken by RBI',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> has taken various economic measures, which include <strong>revising Priority Sector Lending (PSL) norms, increasing Loan to Value ratio (LTV) on gold loans</strong> and introducing <strong>online dispute resolution</strong> mechanism <strong>for digital payments.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The PSL guidelines were last reviewed by the RBI in April 2015.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Revised PSL Norms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Provides <strong>PSL status to start-ups.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Increases the borrowing limits for the renewable energy sectors-</strong> solar power and compressed biogas plants.</li>
<li><strong>Increased the targets for lending </strong>to<strong> 'Small and Marginal Farmers' </strong>and<strong> 'Weaker Sections'.</strong></li>
<li>Put in place the <strong>incentive framework</strong> for banks in order <strong>to address the regional disparities in the flow of priority sector credit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for New PSL Norms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With a view to <strong>aligning the guidelines with emerging national priorities</strong> and bring sharper<strong> focus on inclusive development.</strong></li>
<li>It has been done with the <strong>aim</strong> to <strong>encourage and support environment-friendly lending policies</strong> to achieve <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Priority Sector Lending</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The RBI mandates banks to lend a certain portion of their funds to specified sectors, like agriculture, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), export credit, education, housing, social infrastructure, renewable energy among others.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All <strong>scheduled commercial banks</strong> and<strong> foreign banks</strong> (with a sizable presence in India) are mandated to set aside 40% of their <strong>Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANDC)</strong> for lending to these sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The idea behind this is to ensure that adequate institutional credit reaches some of the vulnerable sectors of the economy, which otherwise may not be attractive for banks from the profitability point of view.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Loan to Value Ratio Increased:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, loans sanctioned by banks <strong>against pledge of gold</strong> ornaments and jewellery for non-agricultural purposes should not exceed 75% of the value of gold ornaments and jewellery.</li>
<li>However, with a view to mitigating the impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> on households, RBI has decided to <strong>increase the permissible LTV for such loans to 90%.</strong></li>
<li>This relaxation will be available until 31<sup>st</sup> March 2021.</li>
<li>Increase in LTV ratio will make banks and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)</strong></a> more competitive as compared to money lenders. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However it also increases the risk of gold financing players as the gold is floating at record high level. Any fall in gold prices will increase defaults.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Offline Retail Payments Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>RBI has unveiled a scheme of offline retail payments using cards and mobile devices to foster financial inclusion.</li>
<li>There has been a considerable growth in digital payments using mobile phones, cards and wallets. However<strong> lack of Internet connectivity or slow Internet,</strong> especially<strong> in remote areas, is a major impediment</strong> in the adoption of digital payments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Online Dispute Resolution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>RBI has also Introduced an<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-dispute-resolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Online Dispute Resolution</a> (ODR) mechanism</strong> for digital payments as the number of digital transactions are rising significantly giving rise to more disputes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/offline-retail-payments-set-for-fillip/article32288490.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-measures-taken-by-rbi'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'USA Opposes Cuba in UNHRC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>United States of America</strong> has urged <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> members not to support Cuba&rsquo;s bid to join the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-relevance-of-unhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> (UNHRC).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The USA has accused Cuba of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-war-against-human-trafficking" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;trafficking&rdquo;</strong></a> its doctors under the guise of humanitarian missions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cuba's<strong> sale of medical services</strong> is its <strong>main source of foreign exchange.</strong></li>
<li>Cuba has a generally respected healthcare system with 90,000 medical workers for a population of 1.1 crore.</li>
<li>It has a<strong> high life expectancy</strong> (79.74 years in 2016) and a <strong>low <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-tackling-infant-mortality#:~:text=Schemes%20like%20Janani%20Suraksha%20Yojana,reduce%20the%20prevalence%20of%20IMR." target="_blank" rel="noopener">infant mortality rate</a></strong> (around 4.76 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2013).</li>
<li>It also sends its doctors abroad to tackle outbreaks, as it did during the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ebola-global-health-emergency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Ebola epidemic</a> of 2014-16 </strong>and<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-s-preparedness" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Covid-19</a> pandemic.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Cuba has applied to fill one of the<strong> regional vacancies for 2021-2023.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was a member of the UNHRC in<strong> 2014-2016</strong> and <strong>2017-2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The USA and Cuba have had a strained relationship since the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cuban-revolution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cuban Revolution</strong></a> in 1959.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596795381_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596795381_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The USA <strong>severed diplomatic ties</strong> with Cuba after the revolution.</li>
<li>It had also placed a<strong> trade embargo</strong> on Cuba which was <strong>eased in 2000</strong> and again in <strong>2014.</strong> Travel restrictions, trade sanctions, restrictions on remittances to Cuba were partially lifted during these times.</li>
<li>The sanctions were <strong>reinstated in 2017.</strong></li>
<li>The Cuba-US relationship also suffered during the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cold-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cuban Missile crisis</strong></a><strong> in 1962.</strong></li>
<li>The USA <strong>accuses</strong> Cuba of <strong>human rights violations</strong> and <strong>dictatorship</strong> as it has a leftist authoritarian regime.</li>
<li>A large number of Cubans have <strong>migrated to the USA</strong> after the Cuban revolution. This includes <strong>supporters of the overthrown regime,</strong> those whose <strong>property had been confiscated</strong> by the present Cuban socialist government and those in search of <strong>better employment</strong> and <strong>living conditions.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier, the <strong>USA had also criticized Qatar and South Africa for accepting doctors</strong> from Cuba to battle Covid-19.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It had also <strong>blacklisted Cuba's defense minister,</strong> accusing him of human rights violations and supporting socialist Venezuelan President.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India and Cuba</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India shares <strong>close, warm and historical relations</strong> with Cuba and both countries are founding members of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-aligned-movement-nam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Aligned Movement.</strong></a></li>
<li>In 1959, the Cuban-Argentinean guerrilla commander <strong>Ernesto Che Guevara</strong> paid a <strong>diplomatic visit to India</strong> and was welcomed by the then <strong>Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.</strong></li>
<li>In 2019, India supported the resolutions in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> calling for lifting of US sanctions against Cuba..</li>
<li>India and Cuba agreed to collaborate in the areas of <strong>Biotechnology, Homeopathy and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">traditional system of medicine</a></strong> during the visit of the President of India to Cuba in 2019.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Human Rights Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is<strong> to promote and protect human rights around the world.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Function:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The main mechanisms of working of UNHRC are</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Universal Periodic Review</strong> mechanism which serves to assess the human rights situations in all United Nations Member States.</li>
<li><strong>Advisory Committee</strong> which serves as the Council&rsquo;s &ldquo;think tank&rdquo; providing it with expertise and advice on thematic human rights issues.</li>
<li><strong>Complaint Procedure</strong> which allows individuals and organizations to bring human rights violations to the attention of the Council.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Human Rights Council also works with the <strong>UN Special Procedures</strong> established by the former Commission on Human Rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The special procedures of the Human Rights Council are independent human rights experts with mandates to report and advise on human rights from a thematic or country-specific perspective.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Membership:</strong> The UNHRC has <strong>47 members</strong> elected for staggered three-year terms on a regional group basis from 5 groups.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To become a member, a country must receive the votes of at least 96 of the 191 states of the UN General Assembly (an absolute majority).</li>
<li>The members are elected by direct and secret ballot for a period of<strong> three years,</strong> with a maximum of two consecutive terms.</li>
<li>In electing Council members, the resolution provides that General Assembly members &ldquo;shall take into account the candidates&rsquo; contribution to the promotion and protection of human rights and their voluntary pledges and commitments made thereto.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The UNHRC holds<strong> regular sessions</strong> three times a year, in March, June, and September.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent:</strong> The <strong>US withdrew from UNHRC in 2018,</strong> accusing it of bias and hypocrisy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Venezuela</strong> in 2019 won a seat on the council for 2020-2022 despite criticism of its human rights record. This was also highly opposed by the USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This attempt of the USA to prevent Cuba from joining UNHRC can further<strong> strain the relationship</strong> between the two countries.</li>
<li>As a large population of<strong> Cuban immigrants</strong> and people with Cuban roots (0.58% of total US population in 2010) reside in the USA, it is for the sake of <strong>democracy and spirit of internationalism</strong> that the two countries make efforts towards reconciliation.</li>
<li>As <strong>India</strong> is having ties with both the countries it will be difficult for it to maintain this status if the tension between the two countries escalates.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pompeo-against-vote-for-cuba-on-human-rights-council/article32288505.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/usa-opposes-cuba-in-unhrc'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Day 19',
		'catname' => '60 days refresher',
		'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Modern History-2 (Freedom struggle- Pre Gandhian Era)</h2>
<p>Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Mostly, static questions on this topic are asked. One should go through any standard textbook.</p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-1%20(1).pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-I</strong></a></p>
<p><strong><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Class XII History Textbook Theme-II</a></strong></p>
<p><strong><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Class XII History Textbook Theme-III</a></strong></p>
<h2>Socio-Religious Movements</h2>
<p>Q. Satya Shodhak Samaj organized (2016)</p>
<p>(a) a movement for upliftment of tribals in Bihar</p>
<p>(b) a temple-entry movement in Gujarat</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) an anti-caste movement in Maharashtra</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) a peasant movement in Punjab</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following: (2016)</p>
<ol>
<li>Calcutta Unitarian Committee</li>
<li>Tabernacle of New Dispensation</li>
<li>Indian Reform Association</li>
</ol>
<p>Keshab Chandra Sen is associated with the establishment of which of the above?</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Brahmo Samaj? (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>It opposed idolatry.</li>
<li>It denied the need for a priestly class for interpreting the religious texts.</li>
<li>It popularized doctrine that the Vedas are infallible.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<h2>Peasant and Tribal Movements</h2>
<p>Q. After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures taken by the colonial government? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>The territories called &lsquo;Santhal Paraganas&rsquo; were created.</li>
<li>It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The demand for the Tebhaga Peasant Movement in Bengal was for (2013)</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) the reduction of the share of the landlords from one-half of the crop to one-third</strong></span></p>
<p>(b) the grant of ownership of land to peasants as they were the actual cultivators of the land</p>
<p>(c) the uprooting of Zamindari system and the end of serfdom</p>
<p>(d) writing off all peasant debts</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which amongst the following provided a common factor for tribal insurrection in India in the 19<sup>th</sup> century? (2011)</p>
<p>(a) Introduction of a new system of land revenue and taxation of tribal products</p>
<p>(b) Influence of foreign religious missionaries in tribal areas</p>
<p>(c) Rise of a large number of money lenders, traders and revenue farmers as middlemen in tribal areas</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) The complete disruption of the old agrarian order of the tribal communities</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs:</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; Movement/Organization</strong></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;"><strong>&nbsp; Leader</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">1. All India Anti-Untouchability League</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Mahatma Gandhi</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">2. All India Kisan Sabha</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: Swami Sahajanand Saraswati</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">3. Self-Respect Movement</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; border-style: hidden;">: E.V. Ramaswami Naicker</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<h2>Revolt of 1857</h2>
<p>Q. What was/were the object/objects of Queen Victoria&rsquo;s Proclamation (1858)? (2014)</p>
<ol>
<li>To disclaim any intention to annex the Indian States</li>
<li>To place the Indian administration under the British Crown</li>
<li>To regulate East India Company&rsquo;s trade with India</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(a) 1 and 2 only</strong> </span></p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Pondicherry (now Puducherry), consider the following statements: (2010)</p>
<ol>
<li>The first European power to occupy Pondicherry were the Portuguese.</li>
<li>The second European power to occupy Pondicherry were the French.</li>
<li>The English never occupied Pondicherry.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<h2>Swadeshi Movement and Bengal partition</h2>
<p>Q.What was the immediate cause for the launch of the Swadeshi movement? (2010)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) The partition of Bengal done by Lord Curzon</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) A sentence of 18 months rigorous imprisonment imposed on Lokmanya Tilak</p>
<p>(c) The arrest and deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh; and passing of Punjab<br />Colonization Bill</p>
<p>(d) Death sentence pronounced on the Chapekar brothers</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Four resolutions were passed at the famous Calcutta session of Indian National Congress in 1906. The question of either retention OR of rejection of these four resolutions became the cause of a split in Congress at the next Congress session held in Surat in 1907. Which one of the following was not one of those resolutions? (2010)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) Annulment of the partition of Bengal</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) Boycott</p>
<p>(c) National education</p>
<p>(d) Swadeshi</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The &lsquo;Swadeshi&rsquo; and &lsquo;Boycott&rsquo; were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the (2016)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) agitation against the Partition of Bengal</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) Home Rule Movement</p>
<p>(c) Non-Cooperation Movement</p>
<p>(d) visit of the Simon Commission to India</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Partition of Bengal made by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until (2014)</p>
<p>(a) the First World War when Indian troops were needed by the British and the partition was ended</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) King George V abrogated Curzon&rsquo;s Act at the Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) Gandhiji launched his Civil Disobedience Movement</p>
<p>(d) the Partition of India in 1947 when East Bengal became East Pakistan</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. In the context of the Indian freedom struggle, 16<sup>th</sup> October 1905 is well known for which one of the following reasons? (2009)</p>
<p>(a) The formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement was made in Calcutta town hall</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) Partition of Bengal took effect</span> </strong></p>
<p>(c) Dadabhai Naoroji declared that the goal of Indian National Congress was Swaraj</p>
<p>(d) Lokmanaya Tilak started Swadeshi Movement in Poona</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Swadeshi Movement, consider the following statements:(2019)</p>
<ol>
<li>It contributed to the revival of the indigenous artisan crafts and industries.</li>
<li>The National Council of Education was established as a part of Swadeshi Movement</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Both 1 and 2</span> </strong></p>
<p>(d) Neither 1 nor 2</p>
<h2>Pre-Gandhian Movement</h2>
<p>Q. What was the purpose with which Sir William Wedderburn and W. S. Caine had set up the Indian Parliamentary Committee in 1893? (2011)</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) To agitate for Indian political reforms in the House of Commons</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) To campaign for the entry of Indians into the Imperial Judiciary</p>
<p>(c) To facilitate a discussion on India&rsquo;s Independence in the British Parliament</p>
<p>(d) To agitate for the entry of eminent Indians into the British Parliament</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following pairs: (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Radhakanta Deb &ndash; First President of the British Indian Association</li>
<li>Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty &ndash; Founder of the Madras Mahajana Sabha</li>
<li>Surendranath Banerjee &ndash; Founder of the Indian Association</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) 1 and 3 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Who of the following was/were economic critic/critics of colonialism in India? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>Dadabhai Naoroji</li>
<li>G. Subramania Iyer</li>
<li>R.C. Dutt</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) 1, 2 and 3</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following statements: (2012)</p>
<p>The most effective contribution made by Dadabhai Naoroji to the cause of Indian National Movement was that he</p>
<ol>
<li>exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British</li>
<li>interpreted the ancient Indian texts and restored the self-confidence of Indians</li>
<li>stressed the need for eradication of all the social evils before anything else</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 only</span> </strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. During the Indian freedom struggle, the National Social Conference was formed. What was the reason for its formation? (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Different social reform groups or organizations of Bengal region united to form a single body to discuss the issues of larger interest and to prepare appropriate petitions/representations to the government.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) Indian National Congress did not want to include social reforms in its deliberations and decided to form a separate body for such a purpose.</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) Behramji Malabari and M.G. Ranade decided to bring together all the social reform groups of the country under one organization.</p>
<p>(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this context.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-19'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Monetary Policy Report: RBI',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> has released the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monetary Policy</strong></a> Report for the month of August 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Monetary Policy Report is <strong>published by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)</strong> of RBI.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The MPC is a <strong>statutory and institutionalized framework</strong> under the <strong>RBI Act, 1934,</strong> for <strong>maintaining price stability,</strong> while keeping in mind the objective of growth.</li>
<li>The MPC determines the policy interest rate (repo rate) required to achieve the inflation target (4%).</li>
<li>The <strong>Governor of RBI is ex-officio Chairman of the MPC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596794554_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596794554_image4.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="320" height="327" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Policy Rates Unchanged:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Repo rate</strong> remains at 4% and the <strong>reverse repo rate</strong> at 3.35%.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Repo rate</strong> is the rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks.</li>
<li><strong>Reverse repo rate</strong> is the rate at which the RBI borrows money from commercial banks within the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>RBI has kept the policy rates unchanged<strong> because of rising retail inflation levels.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/retail-inflation-growth-at-6-09" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Retail inflation (measured by the Consumer Price Index - CPI) rose to 6.09%</strong></a> in June 2020 from 5.84% in March, breaching the central bank&rsquo;s medium-term target of 4&plusmn;2%.</li>
<li>This<strong> inflation range (4% within a band of +/- 2%) was recommended by the committee headed by Urjit Patel in 2014.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Loan Restructuring:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>RBI has allowed banks <strong>to restructure loans</strong> to reduce the rising stress on incomes and balance sheets of <strong>large corporates, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</strong> as well as <strong>individuals.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A large number of firms that otherwise maintain a good track record are facing the challenge as their debt burden is becoming disproportionate, relative to their cash flow generation abilities.</li>
<li>This can potentially impact their long-term viability and pose significant financial stability risks if it becomes widespread. It may also lead to an increase in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/warning-of-higher-npas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Performing Assets.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, <strong>only those borrowers will be eligible for restructuring</strong> whose accounts were classified as standard and not in default for more than 30 days with any lending institution as on 1<sup>st</sup> March, 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All other accounts will be considered for restructuring under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbis-debt-resolution-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prudential Framework</strong></a> issued by the RBI in 2019, or the relevant instructions as applicable to specific categories of lending institutions where the prudential framework is not applicable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The restructuring efforts may or may not include a <strong>moratorium on instalment repayments.</strong> RBI has left the decision of moratorium on banks, with an eye on averting such loans from slipping into non-performing assets.</li>
<li>The <strong>loan restructuring scheme</strong> will be worked out by a <strong>committee headed by KV Kamath</strong> (former ICICI Bank Chairman).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Liquidity Support:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An additional special liquidity facility of Rs.10,000 crore, equally to be split between <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)</strong></a> and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/liquidity-boost-to-nbfcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Housing Bank (NHB)</strong></a> to help small financiers and home loan companies amid Covid-19 difficulties.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can be noted that higher share of moratoriums are being availed by the retail borrowers which has created the need for such liquidity support to lenders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The liquidity facility to both NABARD and NHB will be offered at the policy repo rate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Growth Projection:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Economic activity had started to recover from the lows of April-May 2020 following the uneven reopening of some parts of the country in June 2020.</li>
<li>However, fresh <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> infections have forced renewed lockdowns in several cities and states, and economic indicators have levelled off.</li>
<li>The recovery in the rural economy is expected to be robust, buoyed by the progress in kharif sowing.</li>
<li>Manufacturing firms responding to the RBI&rsquo;s industrial outlook survey expect domestic demand to recover gradually from the second quarter of 2020-21 and sustain through the first quarter of 2021-22.</li>
<li>For 2020-21 as a whole, real <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/base-year-for-gdp-calculations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</strong></a> growth is expected to be negative. Early containment of the pandemic may improve the outlook.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Link between Growth, Inflation and Interest rates</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In a fast-growing economy, incomes go up quickly and more and more people have the money to buy the existing bunch of goods.</li>
<li>As more and more money chases the existing set of goods, prices of such goods rise. In other words, inflation (which is nothing but the rate of increase in prices) increases.</li>
<li><strong>To contain inflation,</strong> a country&rsquo;s central bank typically<strong> increases the interest rates</strong> in the economy. By doing so, <strong>it incentivises people to spend less and save more</strong> because saving becomes more profitable as interest rates go up.</li>
<li>However, <strong>when growth contracts, people&rsquo;s incomes hit.</strong> As a result, less and less money is chasing the same quantity of goods. This results in either the <strong>inflation rate decelerating</strong> or it actually <strong>contracts (also called deflation).</strong></li>
<li>In such situations, a central bank <strong>decreases interest rates so as to incentivise spending</strong> and by that route boost economic activity in the economy.</li>
<li>In the <strong>current Monetary Policy, RBI has not raised the interest rates even when retail inflation is high</strong> because RBI is facing an odd situation at present: <strong>GDP is contracting even as inflation is rising.</strong></li>
<li>This is happening because the pandemic has reduced demand, on the one hand, and disrupted supply on the other. As a result falling growth and rising inflation are happening at the same time.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/rbi-leaves-key-rates-unchanged/article32283042.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report-rbi'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Schizophrenia and its Possible Cause',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> Schizophrenia Research Foundation</strong> (SCARF) and<strong> Jeevan Stem Cell Foundation, Chennai</strong> have carried out a pilot study on people of specific ethnicity with<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schizophrenia#:~:text=A%20mental%20disorder%3A%20It%20is,than%2021%20million%20people%20worldwide." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> schizophrenia</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study finds an <strong>association of specific alleles</strong> (variants of specific genes) <strong>with the disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Schizophrenia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the descriptive term for a <strong>group of psychotic disorders in which personal, social and occupational functioning deteriorate </strong>as a <strong>result of disturbed thought processes, strange perceptions, unusual emotional states, and motor abnormalities.</strong></li>
<li>It is a <strong>debilitating</strong> (making someone very weak and infirm) disorder. The <strong>social and psychological costs</strong> of schizophrenia are <strong>tremendous,</strong> both to patients as well as to their families and society.</li>
<li><strong>Onset:</strong> It typically begins in <strong>late adolescence</strong> or<strong> early adulthood.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Positive Symptoms:</strong> These are <strong>pathological excesses</strong> or<strong> bizarre additions</strong> to a person&rsquo;s behaviour like delusions, disorganised thinking and speech, heightened perception and hallucinations and inappropriate affects.</li>
<li><strong>Negative Symptoms:</strong> These are <strong>pathological deficits</strong> and include poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect (Showing less or no emotions), loss of volition (inability to start or complete a course of action) and social withdrawal.</li>
<li><strong>Psychomotor Symptoms:</strong> Less spontaneous moves or making odd grimaces (extremely distorted and particular facial expression) and gestures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Causes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Schizophrenia&rsquo;s cause is not exactly known</strong> yet. There are various studies among groups of varied ethnicities across the world, on the possible causes and other relations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These <strong>studies have shown associations of the disease with different alleles</strong> related to the <strong>Human Leukocyte Antigen</strong> (HLA).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>HLA is an important part of the immune system and related to a <strong>group of genes on chromosome six.</strong></li>
<li>HLA genes are <strong>extremely variable</strong> and are very <strong>different across human populations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the <strong>specific allele</strong> that was found to be associated with schizophrenia <strong>varied from group to group.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Therapy and support</strong> can help people learn social skills, cope with stress, identify early warning signs of relapse and prolong periods of remission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings of the Current Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It holds that HLA is important for the proper functioning of the immune system and its <strong>variations can lead to immunological abnormalities.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/celiac-disease#:~:text=of%20heart%20disease.-,Autoimmune%20Disease,body's%20own%20tissues%20and%20organs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>autoimmune diseases</strong></a>, when the body creates <strong>antibodies against the NMDA receptors</strong> in the brain, these antibodies disrupt normal brain signalling and cause brain swelling or encephalitis affecting both men and women and can lead to schizophrenia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>N-methyl-D-aspartate (NDMA) receptor</strong> is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein <strong>found in nerve cells</strong> and is <strong>important for memory functions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Researchers found a <strong>higher frequency of HLA class I alleles</strong> in individuals with schizophrenia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Individuals carrying these alleles<strong> could be susceptible</strong> to schizophrenia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They also found a <strong>negative correlation with some alleles</strong> which were found in <strong>lower frequency</strong> in individuals with schizophrenia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These could be<strong> protective alleles</strong> in schizophrenia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For the first time, the<strong> amino acids level in HLA molecules</strong> among the patients were also studied.</li>
<li>Researchers held that the <strong>reasons or causes for schizophrenia are not entirely clear,</strong> but <strong>perhaps selection and &lsquo;memory&rsquo; of past selection pressures</strong> (infections) play a role in its onset.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, there is a need for further studies of the exact factors causing the disorder. The occurrence of different alleles itself is not a problem but finding the exact allele causing it, is a challenge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier studies had indicated that <strong>different alleles may be involved in different ethnic groups.</strong> For example, studies in Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Japan point to involvement of different alleles responsible for risk factor to schizophrenia.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gene-variants-and-susceptibility-to-schizophrenia/article32249036.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schizophrenia-and-its-possible-cause'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Tsunami Ready Programme: UNESCO-IOC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO</a></strong> (also known as UNESCO-IOC) has <strong>approved the recognition of two communities of Odisha viz., Venkatraipur and Noliasahi as Tsunami Ready Communities.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With this recognition, India has become the <strong>first country in the Indian Ocean Region</strong> to achieve the honor from the UNESCO-IOC.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Odisha is the<strong> first state in India</strong> to have such recognised communities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tsunami Ready:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>community performance-based programme initiated by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO</strong> to promote tsunami preparedness through active collaboration of public, community leaders, and national and local emergency management agencies.</li>
<li>The<strong> main objective</strong> of this programme is to improve coastal community's preparedness for tsunami emergencies, to minimize the loss of life and property and to ensure a structural and systematic approach in building community preparedness through fulfilling the best-practice indicators set by the<strong> Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWMS) of UNESCO-IOC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tsunami Ready in India is implemented by the <strong>National Board (Ministry of Earth Sciences- MoES)</strong> under the <strong>Chairmanship of Director, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/incois-launches-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Centre (INCOIS)</a></strong> with members drawn from MoES, <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-disaster-management-authority-ndma-" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Disaster Management Authority</a> (NDMA)</strong>, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA), Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands Directorate of Disaster Management (DDM) and INCOIS.</li>
<li><strong>INCOIS (an autonomous body under the Ministry of Earth sciences)</strong> is also <strong>providing tsunami advisories to Indian Ocean region (25 countries)</strong> as a Tsunami Service Provider as the responsibility assigned by UNESCO-IOC. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC), INCOIS is the nodal agency to provide tsunami advisories to India.</strong> It is coordinating with the Disaster Management Officials (DMOs) for implementation of Tsunami Ready programme in India.</li>
<li>It conducts <strong>IOWave Tsunami mock exercises biannually</strong> in coordination with ICG/IOTWMS and also conducts <strong>mock exercises at national level in alternative years</strong> in coordination with MHA and NDMA and State Disaster Management Agencies (SDMA) to strengthen the readiness to handle the emergency situations with stakeholders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tsunamis</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are a series of waves usually <strong>generated by movement of the sea floor.</strong> These movements are <strong>caused by different types of geophysical phenomena</strong> such as <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/earthquake-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">earthquakes</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-conference-on-landslides-risk-reduction-and-resilience" target="_blank" rel="noopener">landslides</a> and volcanic eruptions.</strong></li>
<li>The word tsunami is a <strong>Japanese word,</strong> represented by two characters: tsu, meaning, "harbor", and nami meaning, "wave".</li>
<li>The tsunami waves behave very differently in deep water than in shallow water as their<strong> speed is related to the water depth. </strong></li>
<li>They<strong> frequently occur in the Pacific,</strong> where dense oceanic plates slide under the lighter continental plates. When these plates fracture they provide a vertical movement of the seafloor that allows a quick and efficient transfer of energy from the solid earth to the ocean.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1643749#:~:text=Virtual%20Event%20on%20UNESCO%2DIOC,Communities%20on%2007%20Aug%202020.&amp;text=It%20has%20been%20observed%20that,losses%20and%20speed%20up%20response." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tsunami-ready-programme-unesco-ioc'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'SFTS Infection in China',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, deaths and infections have been reported due to the <strong>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome</strong> (SFTS) in <strong>East China&rsquo;s Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new health threat emerges amidst the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> which also emerged in China first.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SFTS is caused by the <strong>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus</strong> (SFTSV) which belongs to the <em><strong>Bunyavirus</strong></em> family and is transmitted to humans through <strong>tick bites.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596788334_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596788334_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>tick</strong> called <strong>Asian Longhorned Tick <em>(Haemaphysalis longicornis)</em></strong> is believed to be the<strong> primary vector</strong> (carrier) of the virus.</li>
<li>The virus is often <strong>transmitted to humans from animals</strong> like goats, cattle, deer and sheep and <strong>regular contact with these animals makes farmers, hunters and pet owners vulnerable</strong> to the disease.</li>
<li>Despite being infected by the virus,<strong> animals generally do not show any symptoms</strong> associated with SFTSV.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Origin and Spread:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The virus was <strong>first identified in China over a decade ago</strong> and the <strong>first few cases</strong> were reported in rural areas of Hubei and Henan provinces<strong> in 2009.</strong></li>
<li>Researchers identified the virus by <strong>examining blood samples obtained from a cluster of people exhibiting similar symptoms.</strong></li>
<li>The virus eventually<strong> travelled to other East Asian nations,</strong> including <strong>Japan and South Korea,</strong> significantly raising the total number of cases.</li>
<li><strong>Due to more awareness about the health risks posed by tick bites,</strong> the fatality rate of the infection has started to drop significantly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incubation Period:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>interval between being infected and showing symptoms.</strong> For SFTS, the incubation period is <strong>anywhere between 7 and 13 days.</strong></li>
<li>The disease usually <strong>spreads between March and November</strong> and the total number of infections generally <strong>peaks between April and July.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Fever, fatigue, chill, headache, nausea, myalgia (muscle pain), diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, gingival haemorrhage, conjunctival congestion, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Early warning signs</strong> include severe fever, <strong>thrombocytopenia</strong> (low platelet count) and <strong>leukocytopenia</strong> (low white blood cell count).</li>
<li>More <strong>serious cases</strong> include multi-organ failure, hemorrhagic manifestation and the appearance of symptoms related to<strong> Central Nervous System</strong> (CNS) diseases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The CNS consists of the <strong>brain and the spinal cord</strong> and it controls most functions of the body and mind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Avoid wearing shorts</strong> while walking through tall grass, the woods, and any other environment where ticks are likely to thrive.</li>
<li><strong>Using tick-repellent lotions and sprays</strong> on the exposed body parts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>no vaccine to treat the disease yet.</strong> However, the <strong>antiviral drug Ribavirin is known to be effective</strong> in treating the illness.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ribavirin is also used to treat <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iit-b-designs-uv-sanitiser" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever</strong></a> (CCHF) which is also <strong>transmitted by ticks.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Case Fatality Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It rests between <strong>approximately 16%-30%.</strong></li>
<li>SFTS has been <strong>listed among the top 10 priority diseases blueprint</strong> by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who#:~:text=This%20watchlist%20for%20priority%20research,that%20could%20cause%20a%20serious" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO) due to its fast spreading rate and high fatality rate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>WHO&rsquo;s Research and Development Blueprint</strong> identifies diseases and pathogens that have the <strong>potential to cause a public health emergency but lack effective treatments and vaccines.</strong></li>
<li>This watchlist for priority research and development includes <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ebola-global-health-emergency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ebola</strong></a>, several other hemorrhagic fevers, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-aedes-aegypti#:~:text=Zika%20virus%20is%20a%20mosquito,%2C%20Asia%2C%20and%20the%20Pacific." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zika</a></strong>, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nipah-outbreak-in-kerala" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nipah</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)</strong></a> and <strong>disease X</strong>, which represents the need to prepare for an <strong>unknown pathogen</strong> that could cause a serious epidemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tick-borne-virus-spreading-in-china-6543182/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sfts-infection-in-china'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Abanindranath Tagore',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA), New Delhi</strong> has organised a <strong>virtual tour</strong> titled<strong> &ldquo;The Great Maestro - Abanindranath Tagore&rdquo;</strong> to commemorate the <strong>150<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Abanindranath</strong> Tagore on 7<sup>th</sup> August 2020.</p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596787291_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596787291_image2.png" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> Abanindranath Tagore took birth in a <strong>family of Tagores of Jorasanko in Kolkata in 1871.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was a <strong>nephew of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rabindranath-tagore" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rabindranath Tagore</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abanindranath Ideology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In his youth, Abanindranath <strong>received training in European and Academic style from European artists.</strong></li>
<li>However, during the last decade of the <strong>19<sup>th</sup> century,</strong> he developed <strong>distaste for the corporeality of European naturalism</strong> (which represented things closer to the way one sees them - inspired by the principles of natural science). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Mughal miniatures</strong> influenced his visual ideas deeply.</li>
<li>Another source of inspiration came from the <strong>visit of the Japanese philosopher and aesthetician Okakura Kakuzo</strong> to Kolkata in 1902.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He leaned towards painting images with historic or literary allusions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prominent Figure of Modern Indian Art:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Towards the end of the nineteenth century, a stronger connection was established between art and nationalism. Many painters tried to develop a style that could be considered both modern and Indian.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/raja-ravi-varma" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Raja Ravi Varma</strong> </a>was one of the first artists who tried to create a style that was both modern and national. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He mastered the Western art of oil painting and realistic life study, but painted themes from Indian mythology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, in <strong>Bengal,</strong> a new group of<strong> nationalist artists gathered around Abanindranath Tagore.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They <strong>rejected the art of Ravi Varma</strong> as imitative and westernised, and declared that such a style was unsuitable for depicting the nation&rsquo;s ancient myths and legends.</li>
<li>They felt that a genuine Indian style of painting had to <strong>draw inspiration from non-Western art traditions,</strong> and try to capture the <strong>spiritual essence of the East.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bengal School of Painting:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also called the<strong> Renaissance School or the Revivalist School,</strong> as it <strong>represented the first modern movement of Indian art.</strong></li>
<li>It rediscovered the glories of Indian art and consciously tried to produce what it considered a truly Indian art inspired by the creations of the past.</li>
<li>Its <strong>leading artist was Abanindranath Tagore</strong> and its theoretician was E.B. Havell, the principal of the Calcutta School of Art.</li>
<li>They broke away from the convention of oil painting and the realistic style, and turned for inspiration to<strong> medieval Indian traditions of miniature painting</strong> and the ancient art of <strong>mural painting in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ajanta caves</a>.</strong></li>
<li>They were <strong>also influenced by the art (wash technique) of Japanese artists</strong> who visited India at that time to develop an <strong>Asian Art movement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Associated Pupils:</strong> Nandalal Bose and Kshitindranath Majumdar</li>
<li><strong>Popular Paintings:</strong> Bharat Mata, My Mother, Journey&rsquo;s End, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Popular Books:</strong> Rajkahini, Nalak, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> He died on 5<sup>th</sup> December, 1951.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Gallery of Modern Art</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NGMA was established in <strong>1954,</strong> at the Jaipur House, New Delhi.</li>
<li>It is run and administered as <strong>a subordinate office to the Ministry of Culture,</strong> Government of India.</li>
<li>One of its objectives is to acquire and preserve works of modern art from the 1850s onward.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1643849#:~:text=Press%20Information%20Bureau,-Government%20of%20India&amp;text=National%20Galary%20of%20Modern%20Art,Tagore%20on%207th%20August%202020." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/abanindranath-tagore'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Volcanoes on Venus',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent study, published in Nature Geoscience, <strong>Venus is still geologically active.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study identified 37 active<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eruption-on-mount-etna" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> volcanoes</strong></a>, in the form of ring-like structures known as coronae, on the surface of Venus.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The coronae form when plumes of hot material deep inside the planet rise through the mantle layer and crust.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Earlier, it was believed that the surface of Venus had no geological activity. However, scientists have known for some time that Venus has a younger surface than planets like Mars and Mercury, which have cold interiors.</li>
<li>The new study will help to identify target areas for future missions such as<strong> Europe's EnVision</strong> that is scheduled to launch in 2032.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>EnVision aims</strong> at determining the level and nature of the geological activity and the sequence of events that generated the surface features of Venus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Venus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the<strong> second closest planet to the sun</strong> and the <strong>sixth-largest planet</strong> in the solar system. It is also known as <strong>earth's twin.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>hottest planet in the solar system</strong> and its <strong>extreme temperatures (450<sup>o</sup> C)</strong> and acidic clouds make it an <strong>unlikely place for life.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Along with Uranus </strong>it<strong> spins backwards</strong> with respect to other planets i.e. Its <strong>sun rises in the west</strong> and sets in the east.</li>
<li>Along with Mercury it has <strong>no moons and no rings.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/volcanoes-on-venus'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Stimulating the Economy Post-Covid Era',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/how-to-pay-for-the-stimulus/article32279610.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How to pay for the stimulus</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 06/08/2020. It discusses the options for stimulating the Indian economy in post-covid era.</p>
</div>
<p>The economic impact of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> has caused unprecedented damage to the global and India is no exception. It is clear that, for the first time in many decades, India&rsquo;s economy will contract significantly.</p>
<p>Moreover, India being a developing economy, the deleterious impact of an economic contraction is long and deep, especially on the poor. There will be a significant impact on the social sphere as well, as much of weaker sections of Indian society may slip back into poverty and unemployment.</p>
<p>Thus, greater public spending by the government as the sine qua non of economic revival. In this context, several economic experts have proposed the government to explore the option of borrowing debt from international institutions or monetize the deficit.</p>
<h3>Debt vs Deficit Monetization</h3>
<p><strong>Borrowing Debt From International Institutions:</strong> India may make full use of loan programs of international institutions such as the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund (IMF)</strong></a> and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the World Bank</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s long track record as an impeccable borrower with no default, timely repayments and full transparency make us an ideal borrower for these institutions.</li>
<li>However, there are some challenges associated with this option.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The borrowed money will have to be paid back in hard currency. This would involve India having to earn hard currency by stepping up exports, but global demand will remain bleak in post-covid era.</li>
<li>Also, when considering borrowing from the World Bank and the IMF, there is the issue of conditionalities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Deficit Monetisation:</strong> Printing Money or <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/direct-monetisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deficit Monetisation</strong></a> imposes high intangible and institutional costs.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Countries like Germany, Venezuela have opted for the printing money, and have experienced Hyperinflation in the past.</li>
<li>Therefore, it is prudent to adopt deficit monetisation as the last resort when all other options are exhausted.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>The macroeconomic fundamentals of Indian economy remain strong and India may not have opted either of the above options in near future. As the present slowdown in economic activity is both a function of external factors such as the lockdown and behavioural changes of people and enterprises. Government may take the following steps.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing the MGNREGA funding and expanding to Urban areas:</strong> The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA) programme has proved to be a bedrock of support in the normal times and during times of difficulty (like Covid-19) and it will be a good idea to expand the scheme to urban areas.</li>
<li><strong>Transfer of Cash benefits:</strong> A meaningful cash transfer can restore confidence in these families. Money in the hands of people can provide an immediate sense of security and confidence, which is the cornerstone to restoring economic normalcy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will raise the consumption and demand of the economy and can bring back the virtuous cycle in play.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues with the Banking system:</strong> COVID-19 assistance measures undertaken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the government such as interest rate reductions, credit guarantee and liquidity enhancement schemes are welcome steps. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although banks have largely failed to take initiatives as they are not confident of lending.</li>
<li>Thus, reviving the health of the banking sector is the immediate need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>More importantly allowing institutions such as the RBI, public sector banks, bankruptcy boards, securities and insurance regulators to function freely and professionally is the foundational step to restoring confidence in the financial system.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fdffe0;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Greater public spending by the government is the sine qua non of economic revival. Critically discuss the statement.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RRSk0aRHeDE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/in-kashmir-integrate-kashmiris/story-IcsK4qhdHOW4d4YSi8tQ8H.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;In Kashmir, integrate Kashmiris&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on August 8<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/stimulating-the-economy-post-covid-era'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Issues With Home-based Learning Programme in MP',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Only 30% students in government schools of Madhya Pradesh (MP) have been regularly reached through the <strong>Hamara Ghar, Humara Vidyalaya programme.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Hamara Ghar, Hamara Vidyalaya Programme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>home-based learning programme</strong> launched by the <strong>Department of School Education, MP.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>aimed to reach 22 lakh students</strong>&nbsp;after shutting down of schools due to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>.</li>
<li>The idea behind the programme is to ensure that students <strong>study regularly at home and also learn life skills from their elders.</strong></li>
<li>Under it, the <strong>modular programme airs on Doordarshan Madhya Pradesh</strong> on fixed time slots. It has<strong> three parts</strong> to it which are <strong>recap, delivery of a new concept</strong> and <strong>practice</strong> of the concept.</li>
<li>Various concepts in the form of videos, practise sheets and quizzes are delivered in sync with TV programmes through <strong>WhatsApp-led Digital Learning Enhancement Program</strong> (DigiLEP).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Highlighted:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The programme was able to <strong>reach only around 30%</strong> of the total students from 18<sup>th</sup> July to 25<sup>th</sup> July.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>20% of students were reached through TV and 10% through WhatsApp.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Families of 30% of the students <strong>do not have TVs or smartphones having an internet connection</strong> to avail of the study material.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In families where smartphones with internet connections are available, <strong>parents often take them to work with them.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The remaining students were <strong>not able to avail the study modules on a regular basis breaking the learning flow.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reaching to students in the 89 tribal dominated blocks</strong> in districts such as Alirajpur, Barwani and Jhabua is a<strong> task in itself.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Students need to be <strong>divided into various groups according to the availability of TVs and phones</strong> with the working connection, in sync with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education#:~:text=Duration%3A%20For%20kindergarten%2C%20nursery%20and,day%20for%20Classes%209%2D12." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PRAGYATA guidelines.</strong></a></li>
<li>If a family has a phone, it<strong> should be used by all of its children</strong> for their studies.</li>
<li>Those who have a TV, they<strong> must watch the telecast during fixed time slots</strong> on Doordarshan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy</strong></a> (NEP) has a section on digital education to ensure<strong> &ldquo;equitable use of technology&rdquo;.</strong> Private players can make e-resources accessible and available to students under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility</strong></a> (CSR).</li>
<li>The definition of the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education#:~:text=Feature%20of%20Right%20to%20Education,SCs%20and%20STs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> right to education</strong></a> needs to expand and promote <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>online education</strong> </a>so that it addresses the importance of connectivity and access to knowledge and information.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/issues-with-home-based-learning-programme-in-mp'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'J&K Issue Raised at UNSC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>China</strong> has called India&rsquo;s move in <strong>Jammu and Kashmir</strong> (J&amp;K) &ldquo;illegal and invalid&rdquo; and <strong>raised the issue at the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-security-council-1#:~:text=Its%20primary%20responsibility%20is%20to,China%20and%20the%20United%20Kingdom." target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Security Council</a></strong> (UNSC) in New York (USA).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On 5<sup>th</sup> August 2019, the President of India promulgated the <strong>Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019</strong> effectively abrogating the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/article-370-and-35-a-revoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>special status accorded to J&amp;K</strong></a> under the provision of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 370.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>5<sup>th</sup> August 2020</strong> marks the <strong>one year anniversary</strong> of that move. On its eve, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-s-new-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan released a new political map</strong></a> that includes all of J&amp;K, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Stand on Kashmir:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kashmir issue is a <strong>dispute left over from history</strong> between Pakistan and India, which is an objective fact established by the UN Charter, relevant Security Council resolutions and bilateral agreements between Pakistan and India.</li>
<li><strong>Any unilateral change</strong> to the status quo in the Kashmir region is<strong> illegal and invalid.</strong></li>
<li>Kashmir region issue should be <strong>properly and peacefully resolved through dialogue and consultation</strong> between the parties concerned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Reaction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has noted the Chinese comments and held that <strong>Beijing has &ldquo;no locus standi&rdquo; on the matter</strong> and is advised not to comment on the internal affairs of other nations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India and China</strong> are holding talks over the disengagement along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control</strong></a> (LAC).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UN&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The J&amp;K issue has been raised at the UNSC three times in the last one year but there has been no concrete solution to it yet.</li>
<li>UN human rights experts have called on India to<strong> take urgent action to address the alarming human rights situation</strong> in the region.</li>
<li><strong>If India fails</strong> to take any genuine and immediate steps to resolve the situation, meet the obligations to investigate historic and recent cases of human rights violations and prevent future violations, then the <strong>international community should step up.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Amnesty International India Report:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amnesty-international" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Amnesty International</strong></a> in its report has urged the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nhrc-on-public-s-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Human Rights Commission</strong> </a>(NHRC) and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Women</strong></a> (NCW) to set up offices in J&amp;K to facilitate easy access to the complaint filing process for the local people.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NHRC has been asked to appoint a special monitor for the region and to take up cases pending with the erstwhile State Commission.</li>
<li>NCW has been recommended to set up a J&amp;K cell for addressing problems faced by women.</li>
<li>The report held that people in J&amp;K do not have any way of redressal of the violations of their rights after the closure of the State Commission in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also <strong>called on the government</strong> to release all political leaders, journalists and activists from detention; restore 4G mobile Internet; decongest prisons and start an independent investigation into attacks on journalists.</li>
<li>The report <strong>acknowledged that there may be security concerns</strong> that merit restrictions on the right to freedom of expression.</li>
<li>It suggested that <strong>curbs should be for a limited timeframe and as per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (ICCPR)</strong>, to which India is a state party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Amnesty International</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>international Non-Governmental Organization</strong> (NGO) founded in London on 28<sup>th</sup> May 1961.</li>
<li>It seeks to publicise violations by governments and other entities of rights recognized in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-human-rights-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</strong></a> (1948), especially freedom of speech and of conscience and the right against torture.</li>
<li>It also <strong>works with intergovernmental human rights bodies</strong> to expand and enforce human rights protections in international law.</li>
<li>In <strong>1977,</strong> it was awarded the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-for-peace-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nobel Prize for Peace.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-raises-jk-issue-at-security-council-6541447/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-issue-raised-at-unsc'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Day 18',
		'catname' => '60 days refresher',
		'desc' => '<h2 style="text-align: center;">Modern History-1 (Government of India Acts)</h2>
<p>Questions from modern history remain a very important topic for UPSC. A lot of questions have been asked over the years. Mostly, static questions on this topic are asked. One should go through any standard textbook.</p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-1%20(1).pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-I</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-II</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="/images/pdf/NCERT-Class-12-History-Part-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Class XII History Textbook Theme-III</strong></a></p>
<h2>Advent of Europeans and Their Policies</h2>
<p>Q. The staple commodities of export by the English East India Company from Bengal in the middle of the 18<sup>th</sup> century were: (2018)</p>
<p>(a) Raw cotton, oil-seeds and opium</p>
<p>(b) Sugar, salt, zinc and lead</p>
<p>(c) Copper, silver, gold, spices and tea</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Cotton, silk, saltpetre and opium</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Consider the following: (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>Assessment of land revenue on the basis of nature of the soil and the quality of crops</li>
<li>Use of mobile cannons in warfare</li>
<li>Cultivation of tobacco and red chillies</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the above was/were introduced into India by the English?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2</p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(d) None</span></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Ryotwari Settlement, consider the following statements: (2012)</p>
<ol>
<li>The rent was paid directly by the peasants to the Government.</li>
<li>The Government gave Pattas to the Ryots.</li>
<li>The lands were surveyed and assessed before being taxed.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) None</p>
<h2>Charter Acts</h2>
<p>Q. Consider the following statements about &lsquo;the Charter Act of 1813&rsquo;:(2019)</p>
<ol>
<li>It ended the trade monopoly of East India Company in India except for trade in tea and trade with China.</li>
<li>It asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the Company.</li>
<li>The revenues of India were now controlled by the British Parliament.</li>
</ol>
<p>Which of the statements given above are correct?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(a) 1 and 2 only</span></strong></p>
<p>(b) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which of the following led to the introduction of English Education in India? (2018)</p>
<ol>
<li>Charter Act of 1813</li>
<li>General Committee of Public Instruction, 1823</li>
<li>Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 and 2 only</p>
<p>(b) 2 only</p>
<p>(c) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3</strong></span></p>
<h2>Government of India Acts</h2>
<p>Q. In the context of Indian history, the principle of &lsquo;Dyarchy (diarchy)&rsquo; refers to (2017)</p>
<p>(a) Division of the central legislature into two houses.</p>
<p>(b) Introduction of double government i.e., Central and State governments.</p>
<p>(c) Having two sets of rulers; one in London and another in Delhi.</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Government of India Act of 1919 clearly defined (2015)</p>
<p>(a) the separation of power between the judiciary and the legislature</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(b) the jurisdiction of the central and provincial governments</span></strong></p>
<p>(c) the powers of the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy</p>
<p>(d) None of the above</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909</p>
<p>(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Government of India Act, 1935</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947</p>
<h2>Important Legislations During the British Government</h2>
<p>Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)</p>
<p>(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909</p>
<p>(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Government of India Act, 1935</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. With reference to Rowlatt Satyagraha, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)</p>
<ol>
<li>The Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of the &lsquo;Sedition Committee&rsquo;.</li>
<li>In Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhiji tried to utilize the Home Rule League.</li>
<li>Demonstrations against the arrival of Simon Commission coincided with Rowlatt Satyagraha.</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(b) 1 and 2 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(c) 2 and 3 only</p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The Ilbert Bill controversy was related to the (2013)</p>
<p>(a) imposition of certain restrictions to carry arms by the Indians</p>
<p>(b) imposition of restrictions on newspapers and magazines published in Indian languages</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) removal of disqualifications imposed on the Indian magistrates with regard to the trial of the Europeans</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) removal of a duty on imported cotton cloth</p>
<h2>Governor Generals</h2>
<p>Q. Who among the following Governor Generals created the Covenanted Civil Service of India which later came to be known as the Indian Civil Service? (2010)</p>
<p>(a) Warren Hastings</p>
<p>(b) Wellesley</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008000;">(c) Cornwallis</span></strong></p>
<p>(d) William Bentinck</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Which one of the following statements does not apply to the system of Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley? (2018)</p>
<p>(a) To maintain a large standing army at other&rsquo;s expense</p>
<p>(b) To keep India safe from Napoleonic danger</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) To secure a fixed income for the Company</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) To establish British paramountcy over the Indian States</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of Ryotwari Settlement in India during the British rule? (2017)</p>
<ol>
<li>Lord Cornwallis</li>
<li>Alexander Read</li>
<li>Thomas Munro</li>
</ol>
<p>Select the correct answer using the code given below:</p>
<p>(a) 1 only</p>
<p>(b) 1 and 3 only</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only</strong></span></p>
<p>(d) 1, 2 and 3</p>
<hr />
<p>Q. The tendency for increased litigation was visible after the introduction of the land settlement system of Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The reason for this is normally traced to which of the following provisions? (2011)</p>
<p>(a) Making Zamindar&rsquo;s position stronger vis-a-vis the ryot</p>
<p>(b) Making East India Company an overlord of Zamindars</p>
<p>(c) Making the judicial system more efficient</p>
<p><span style="color: #008000;"><strong>(d) None of the (a), (b) and (c) above</strong></span></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/60-days-refresher-programme/day-18'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'IMD Forecasts Surplus Rains',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the<strong> India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong> rainfall in the &ldquo;second half of the<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> monsoon</strong></a>&rdquo; is likely to be 104% of the<strong> Long Period Average (LPA).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This falls within the &ldquo;normal&rdquo; range of rainfall.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Long Period Average (LPA): It</strong> is the <strong>average rainfall recorded during the months from June to September, calculated during the 50-year period,</strong> and is kept as a <strong>benchmark</strong> while forecasting the quantitative rainfall for the monsoon season every year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IMD maintains an independent LPA for <strong>every homogeneous region</strong> of the country, which ranges from 71.6 cm to 143.83 cm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>IMD maintains five rainfall distribution categories on an all-India scale. These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Normal or Near Normal:</strong> When per cent departure of actual rainfall is +/-10% of LPA, that is, between 96-104% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Below Normal:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is less than 10% of LPA, that is 90-96% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Above Normal:</strong> When actual rainfall is 104-110% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Deficient:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is less than 90% of LPA.</li>
<li><strong>Excess:</strong> When departure of actual rainfall is more than 110% of LPA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This year increased rainfall is attributed to the commencement of<strong> La Nina</strong> like conditions by the second half of the monsoon season.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>La Nina is a climate pattern that describes periods of<strong> below-average sea surface temperatures</strong> across the <strong>east-central Equatorial Pacific.</strong></li>
<li>La Nina is considered to be the counterpart to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-receive-normal-monsoon-imd" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>El Nino</strong></a>, and its impacts tend to be <strong>opposite those of El Ni&ntilde;o.</strong></li>
<li>Together, they form the <strong>"cold" (La Nina) and "warm" (El Nino)</strong> phases of the <strong>El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596707769_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596707769_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="584" height="1125" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMD was established in <strong>1875.</strong></li>
<li>It is an agency of the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It is the principal agency responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/imd-forecasts-surplus-rains'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Constitution Bench for EWS Quota',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court of India</strong></a> referred the petitions challenging the <strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019</strong> to a five-judge <strong>constitution bench,</strong> saying it involves <strong>&lsquo;substantial questions of law&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to<strong> Article 145 (3) of the Constitution, at least five judges</strong> need to hear cases that involve <strong>&lsquo;a substantial question of law as to the interpretation&rsquo;</strong> of the Constitution, or any <strong>reference under Article 143,</strong> which deals with the power of the President of India to consult the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court bench consisting of at least five judges is called the <strong>Constitution bench.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>103<sup>rd</sup> Constitutional Amendment Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It introduced an <strong>economic reservation</strong> (10% quota) in jobs and admissions in education institutes for <strong>Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)</strong> by amending <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lok-sabha-passes-the-constitution-124th-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Articles 15 and 16.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It inserted <strong>Article 15 (6) and Article 16 (6).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was enacted to promote the welfare of the poor not covered by the 50% reservation policy for SCs, STs and Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC).</li>
<li>It enables both Centre and the states to provide reservation to the EWS of society.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Petitioners&rsquo; Argument:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendments <strong>run contrary to the constitutional scheme,</strong> where no segment of available seats/posts can be reserved, only on the basis of economic criterion.</li>
<li>The amendments also run contrary to the judgment pronounced in the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><em> Indra Sawhney V. Union of India 1992 case</em></strong></a>, that <strong>a backward class cannot be determined only and exclusively with reference to economic criterion.</strong></li>
<li>The amendments <strong>alter the 50% quota limit</strong> set up in <strong><em>Indra Sawhney V. Union of India</em></strong> 1992 case, which according to the petitioner is a part <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/basic-structure-of-constitution" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Basic Structure of the Constitution.</strong> </a></li>
<li>Reservation in unaided institutions violates the fundamental right under <strong>Article 19(1)(g)</strong> of the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Article 19 (1)(g) allows every citizen to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Government&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The amendment <strong>was necessitated to benefit EWS who are not covered under existing schemes of reservation,</strong> which as per statistics, constitute a considerably large segment of the country&rsquo;s population.</li>
<li>The 50% limit in the<strong> Indira Sawhney</strong> ruling cannot be applied in the present petitions as the Sawhney case dealt with memoranda issued by the government while what is under challenge now is a constitutional amendment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Substantial Question of Law Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Whether the challenged 103<sup>rd</sup> Amendment Act violates Basic Structure of the Constitution,</strong> with reference to equality provisions of the Constitution.</li>
<li>The case of the Union of India that though ordinarily 50% is the rule but same will not prevent the amendment of the Constitution itself in view of the existing special circumstances to uplift the members of the society belonging to economically weaker sections.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-refers-anti-ews-quota-pleas-to-five-judge-bench-6541439/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/constitution-bench-for-ews-quota'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Beirut Explosion',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a <strong>massive explosion</strong> took place in <strong>Beirut, capital of Lebanon,</strong> which left more than hundred people dead and more than 4,000 injured, according to the reports until now.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There were two explosions in the central port area of Beirut which occurred barely within minutes of each other within nearby buildings.</li>
<li>The blast affected residents living as far as 10 kilometres away from the site and was felt upto 250 Km.</li>
<li>The blast created <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/seismometers-defunct-in-earthquake-prone-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>seismic waves</strong></a> equivalent to a magnitude 3.3 earthquake.</li>
<li>The blasts were likely triggered by over <strong>2,700 tonnes of ammonium nitrate</strong> that had been<strong> confiscated and stored</strong> by authorities near the port for over six years.</li>
<li>A <strong>two-week state emergency</strong> has been imposed in Beirut following the blast.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of the Blast</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Economic:</strong> Lebanon is an <strong>import-dependent country.</strong> The <strong>badly damaged port</strong> facility is Lebanon&rsquo;s largest maritime gateway and it will make <strong>essential items expensive</strong> and <strong>threaten food security</strong> in the country. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lebanon has already been struggling with a huge <strong>economic meltdown,</strong> with the <strong>rapid devaluation of the local currency</strong> and a<strong> volatile exchange rate on the black market</strong> fueling<strong> inflation, shuttering businesses, unemployment </strong>and <strong>poverty.</strong></li>
<li>It had also <strong>defaulted on a Eurobond repayment</strong> in March 2020.</li>
<li>It is in talks with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/international-monetary-fund-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Monetary Fund</strong> </a>for a $10 billion loan program.</li>
<li>The blast will pose an additional<strong> financial burden of rebuilding the city.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political:</strong> Lebanon faced <strong>nationwide protests</strong> against <strong>corruption, economic mismanagement</strong> and <strong>sectarian politics</strong> in October 2019, which forced the <strong>resignation of then-Prime Minister</strong> Saad Hariri. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This blast along with the growing economic crisis can <strong>again cause social unrest.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong> The country&rsquo;s health system is<strong> already burdened</strong> with the patients of <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic</strong> and the victims of blast will add to this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Response</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lebanon has been offered help by various countries like the <strong>USA, Germany, France , Iran, EU, Turkey etc.</strong></li>
<li>Along with giving aid, the President of <strong>France,</strong> Emmanuel Macron has decided to visit Lebanon.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move is seen as a message of fraternity and solidarity from France.</li>
<li>Earlier, France&rsquo;s top diplomat had scolded Lebanon&rsquo;s political elite for being too &ldquo;passive&rdquo; in the face of an economic crisis and the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lebanon has also been offered humanitarian aid by its neighbour<strong> Israel,</strong> whom it has bitter relations with.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Israel sees <strong>Hezbollah, the militant group of Lebanon as a threat to its northern borders.&rsquo;</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hezbollah</strong> is one of the Middle East's<strong> most powerful and successful guerrilla organizations.</strong> It is the strongest member of Lebanon's pro-Syrian opposition bloc who pitted <strong>against the pro-Western government</strong> led by Saad Hariri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ammonium Nitrate</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ammonium Nitrate (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>)</strong> is a <strong>nitrogen-rich white, crystalline chemical</strong> which is<strong> soluble in water.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Uses:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a common chemical ingredient of <strong>agricultural fertilisers.</strong></li>
<li>It is used as an ingredient for the production of <strong>anaesthetic gases</strong> and <strong>cold packs.</strong></li>
<li>It is also the main ingredient in the manufacture of <strong>commercial explosives</strong> used in mining and construction.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>As Explosive:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the main component of the explosive composition known as <strong>ANFO- ammonium nitrate fuel oil.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pure</strong> ammonium nitrate is <strong>not an explosive</strong> on its own. For Ammonium nitrate to be explosive a<strong> primary explosive or detonator</strong> like <strong>RDX or TNT</strong> is required.</li>
<li>Many <strong>Improvised Explosive Devices</strong> (IEDs) used by terrorists around the world have ANFO as the main explosive.</li>
<li>Stored ammonium nitrate is a fire hazard and can explode in two ways. <br />
<ol>
<li>It may come in contact with some explosive mixture.</li>
<li>Due to the <strong>oxidation process</strong> at large scale, heat may be generated starting a fire and then explosion. This seems to be the<strong> primary likely cause of the incident at Beirut port.</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Explosions in Past:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the majority of terror attacks in India, including those in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unsc-condemns-pulwama-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Pulwama</strong></a>, <strong>Varanasi,</strong> Malegaon, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Mumbai, ammonium nitrate has been used along with initiator explosives like RDX.</li>
<li>There have been <strong>accidental explosions of ammonium nitrate</strong> causing large numbers of fatalities. Eg. China in 2015 and in Texas in 1947.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Global:</strong> It is classified as an <strong>oxidising content</strong> (Grade 5.1) under the <strong>United Nations classification of dangerous goods.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods</strong> categorizes the types of dangerous goods, under<strong> nine classes</strong> like Explosive Materials, Inflammable liquids, Easily oxidising contents etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India:</strong> In India, the manufacture, conversion, bagging, import, export, transport, possession for sale or use of ammonium nitrate is covered under <strong>The Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Explosives Act, 1884,</strong> define ammonium nitrate as the &ldquo;compound with formula NH4NO3 including <strong>any mixture or compound having more than 45% ammonium nitrate by weight</strong> including emulsions, suspensions, melts or gels but excluding emulsion or slurry explosives and non explosives emulsion matrix and fertilizers from which the ammonium nitrate cannot be separated&rdquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Storage of ammonium nitrate in large quantities in populated areas is illegal</strong> in India.</li>
<li>For the manufacture of ammonium nitrate, an Industrial licence is required under the <strong>Industrial Development and Regulation Act, 1951.</strong></li>
<li>A license under the Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012 is also required for any activity related to ammonium nitrate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Lebanon<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596706419_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1596706419_image1.png" style="float: right;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a country in <strong>Western Asia,</strong> bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lies west across the Mediterranean Sea.</li>
<li>Lebanon was conquered by the <strong>Ottomans</strong> in the 16<sup>th</sup> century and remained under their rule for the next 400 years.</li>
<li>Following the empire's collapse after World War I, it came under <strong>the control of French,</strong> from which it gained independence in <strong>1943.</strong></li>
<li>Lebanon witnessed <strong>Civil war</strong> from <strong>1975-1990</strong> that was a result of conflict between various factions like the <strong>Christians,</strong> the left-wing <strong>Druze</strong> and the <strong>Muslims</strong> and was interspersed with <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Israeli invasions targeting the palestinian</strong> </a>militants in Lebanon.</li>
<li>The present government in Lebanon is <strong>confessionalist parliamentary democracy.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Confessionalism</strong> is a system of government which apportions seats in its legislature to different groups of people strictly based on demographic composition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This tragedy piles yet another layer of hardship on a country already reeling from its worst financial crisis in decades along with an exasperating political turbulence and struggling to contain a burgeoning coronavirus outbreak.</li>
<li>Lebanon cannot do without containing politically extremist groups functioning in the country and maintaining healthy relationships with the international community.</li>
<li>It is time that international solidarity comes into action and extends a helping hand towards the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-ammonium-nitrate-which-caused-the-massive-explosion-in-beirut-6540646/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beirut-explosion'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
	'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
	'params' => [
		':c0' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'defaultTypes' => [
		'articles__article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 49
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 274
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Free Downloads

Test Series

Videos

Search

Search list matched with tags “class”