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Genetically Modified Organisms as Imported Food Crops

Why in News The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) in a recent order has set 1% threshold for Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)...

27 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Time to Review Tenth Schedule

This article is based on “The absurdity of the anti-defection law” which was published in The Hindu on 26/02/2021. It talks about the...

26 Feb 2021 News Editorials
Mannathu Padmanabhan

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister paid tributes to Mannathu Padmanabhan on his Punya Tithi (Death Anniversary). Key Points Birth: He...

26 Feb 2021 News Analysis
New IT Rules 2021

Why in News Recently, the government has notified Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules...

26 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Ancient Buddhist Monastery Found in Jharkhand

Why in News The Archeological Survey of India (ASI) has unearthed a Buddhist monastery, believed to be at least 900 years old, buried under a mound...

26 Feb 2021 News Analysis
PLI Scheme for IT Hardware and Pharmaceuticals

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet has cleared Production-Linked incentive (PLI) schemes for pharmaceuticals and IT hardware, including...

26 Feb 2021 News Analysis
FATF Retains Pakistan In Grey List

Why in News The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has decided to retain Pakistan on the “greylist” till the next review of its...

26 Feb 2021 News Analysis
President’s Rule in Puducherry

Why in News President’s Rule has been imposed in the Union Territory of Puducherry, on the recommendation of the Lieutenant Governor, after...

26 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve: Chhattisgarh

Why in News Thousands of tribals living in villages located in the core areas of Sitanadi Udanti Tiger Reserve are protesting and demanding the...

26 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Structural Issues of Union Territories

This article is based on “The structural fragility of Union Territories” which was published in The Hindu on 25/02/2021. It talks about...

25 Feb 2021 News Editorials
Senkaku Island Dispute

Why in News Recently, China called the Japan-USA mutual security pact a product of the Cold War following USA’s criticism of the presence of...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
UNHRC’s New Resolution Against Sri Lanka

Why in News Recently, Sri Lanka has made an appeal to the member states of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) to reject the impending...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
National Commission for Scheduled Castes

Why in News Recently, Vijay Sampla has been appointed as the chairman of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC). Key...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Blank-Cheque Company

Why in News Recently, renewable energy producer ‘ReNew Power’ announced an agreement to merge with RMG Acquisition Corp II, a...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister talked about the need to address health issues in a holistic manner and to adopt a four-pronged strategy...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
CECPA: India & Mauritius

Why in News The Union Cabinet has approved signing of the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA) between India and...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
National Urban Digital Mission

Why in News The National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) has been launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) along with the Ministry...

25 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Elusive Two-State Solution

This article is based on “Dialogue not demonisation” which was published in The Indian Express on 24/02/2021. It talks about the...

24 Feb 2021 News Editorials
Black-Necked Crane

Why in News Recently, a group of Buddhist monks in Tawang district has opposed the Arunachal Pradesh government’s renewed push for hydropower...

24 Feb 2021 News Analysis
Pagri Sambhal Movement

Why in News The Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM) is celebrating 23rd February as Pagri Sambhal Diwas, honouring the memory of Ajit Singh-founder of the...

24 Feb 2021 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Genetically Modified Organisms as Imported Food Crops',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)</strong></a> in a recent order has set 1% threshold for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intentional-genomic-alteration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)</strong></a> in food crops imported into India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in August 2020, FSSAI had issued the order that 24 food crops the country imports would need a <strong>&lsquo;non-GM-origin-cum-GM-free certificate&rsquo;</strong> issued by a competent authority.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are <strong>living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated</strong> in a laboratory through <strong>genetic engineering.</strong></li>
<li>This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Genetically Modified Crops:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614402541_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614402541_image 0.png" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Conventional plant breeding involves crossing of species of the same genus to provide the offspring with the desired traits of both parents.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Genus is a class of items such as a group of animals or plants with similar traits, qualities or features.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bt-cotton-in-india-problems-and-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bt cotton</strong></a> is the only Genetically Modified (GM) crop that is allowed in India. It has alien genes from the soil bacterium <em>Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)</em> that allows the crop to develop a protein toxic to the common pest <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maharashtra-to-take-emergency-measures-to-tackle-pink-bollworm-pbw" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pink bollworm.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Herbicide Tolerant Bt (Ht Bt) cotton</strong>, on the other hand is derived with the insertion of an additional gene, from another soil bacterium, which allows the plant to resist the common herbicide glyphosate.</li>
<li>In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/illegal-cultivation-of-bt-brinjal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bt brinjal</strong></a>, a gene allows the plant to resist attacks of fruit and shoot borers.</li>
<li>In <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/gm-mustard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DMH-11 mustard</strong></a>, genetic modification allows cross-pollination in a crop that self-pollinates in nature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Position of GM crops in India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/geac-seeks-information-from-bangladesh-on-bt-brinjal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)</strong></a> is the apex body that allows for commercial release of GM crops.</li>
<li>Use of the unapproved GM variant can attract a jail term of 5 years and fine of Rs. 1 lakh under the <strong>Environment Protection Act, 1986.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulation of Imported Crops:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The task of regulating GMO levels in <strong>imported consumables</strong> was <strong>initially with the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC).</strong></li>
<li>Its role was diluted with the enactment of the <strong>Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006</strong> and <strong>FSSAI was asked to take over approvals of imported goods.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/fssai-s-gmo-threshold-for-imported-food-crops-unacceptably-high-says-letter-to-health-minister-75675" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Time to Review Tenth Schedule',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-absurdity-of-the-anti-defection-law/article33935666.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The absurdity of the anti-defection law&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 26/02/2021. It talks about the issues related to anti-defection law.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the resignation of MLAs in the Puducherry assembly, yet again, highlighted the absurdity of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenge-to-anti-defection-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>anti-defection law</strong></a>. Resignations are done with the intent of lowering the numbers required for a no-confidence motion to succeed. This formula has been seen recently in other states such as Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.</p>
<p>In this way, no MLA has to face disqualification under the anti-defection law. The anti-defection law was included in the Constitution as the Tenth Schedule in 1985 to combat the &ldquo;evil of political defections.&rdquo;</p>
<p>The primary purpose was to preserve the stability of governments and insulate them from the defections of legislators. However, the law has reduced legislators to being accountable primarily to the party and failed to preserve governments&rsquo; stability.</p>
<h3>Issues Related to Anti-Defection Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Undermining Representative Democracy:</strong> There are two broadly accepted roles of a representative, such as an MP in a democracy. One, as agents of the voters, and the other is to exercise their judgment on various issues of public interest.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After enacting the Anti-defection law, the MP or MLA has to follow the party&rsquo;s direction blindly. This leaves them with absolutely <strong>no freedom to vote their judgment on any issue.</strong></li>
<li>It makes the MP neither a delegate of the constituency nor a national legislator but converts them to be just <strong>agents of the political party.</strong></li>
<li>Thus, this provision goes against the concept of representative democracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eroding Legislatures:</strong> An important consequence of the anti-defection law is the hollowing out of our legislatures. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The core role of an MP to examine and decide on a policy, bills, and budgets is side-lined.</li>
<li>Instead, the MP becomes just another number to be tallied by the party on any vote that it supports or opposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Undermining Parliamentary Democracy:</strong> While introducing the draft Constitution, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar outlined the differences between the presidential and parliamentary forms of government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to him, the presidential form had higher stability, but lower accountability as the President is elected for four years, and cannot be removed except for proven misdemeanor.</li>
<li>In the parliamentary form, the government is accountable daily through questions and motions and can be removed any time it loses the support of the majority of members of the Lok Sabha.</li>
<li>In India, this chain of accountability has been broken by making legislators accountable primarily to the political party. Thus, anti-defection law is acting against the concept of parliamentary democracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No Longer Provides Political Stability:</strong> The Anti-defection law envisages political stability by ensuring that any person disqualified for defecting cannot get a ministerial position unless they are re-elected.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, Puducherry&rsquo;s example shows that the political system has found ways to topple governments by resigning rather than vote against the party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Controversial Role of Speaker:</strong> Resigning from the membership of the House is every member&rsquo;s right. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, according to Article 190 of the Constitution, the resignation <strong>should be voluntary or genuine.</strong> If the Speaker has information to the contrary, they are not obliged to accept the resignation.</li>
<li>In many instances, the Speaker (usually from the ruling party) has delayed deciding on the disqualification.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court has tried to plug this by ruling that the Speaker has to decide in three months, but it is not clear what would happen if a Speaker does not do so.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strengthening Intra-Party Democracy:</strong> If government stability is an issue due to people defecting from their parties, the answer is for parties to strengthen their internal part of democracy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If people rise within the party hierarchy on their capabilities (rather than inheritance), there would be a greater exit barrier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulating Political Parties:</strong> There is an ardent need for legislation that governs political parties in India. Such a law should bring political parties under RTI, strengthen intra-party democracy, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Final Authority of Election Commission:</strong> Chairman/Speaker of the house, being the final authority in terms of defection, affects the doctrine of separation of powers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Designating the Election Commission as the final authority in dealing with matters of defections may curb the menace of defection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restricting the Scope of Anti-defection Law:</strong> In order to shield the detrimental effect of the anti-defection law on representative democracy, the scope of the law can be restricted to <strong>only those laws, where the defeat of government can lead to loss of confidence.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>To sum up, the anti-defection law has been detrimental to legislatures&rsquo; functioning as deliberative bodies that hold the executive to account on behalf of citizens. It has turned them into fora to endorse the decision of the government on Bills and budgets. In this context, it is time to review the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffffc;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The premise that the anti-defection law is needed to punish legislators who betray the voters&rsquo; mandate also seems flawed. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9XW_pseAM7Q" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/leverage-tech-for-migrants-sake/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Leverage tech for migrants&rsquo; sake&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Economic Times on February 24<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/time-to-review-tenth-schedule'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Mannathu Padmanabhan',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister paid tributes to <strong>Mannathu Padmanabhan</strong> on his Punya Tithi (Death Anniversary).</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614337315_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614337315_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="283" height="375" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was born on <strong>2<sup>nd</sup> January 1878</strong> in Perunna, <strong>Kottayam district of Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was an Indian<strong> social reformer</strong> and<strong> freedom fighter</strong> from the south-western state of Kerala.</li>
<li>Sardar K M Panicker called him <strong>&lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madan-mohan-malaviya-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></strong> of Kerala.</li>
<li>He began his career as a <strong>teacher in 1893</strong> in a Government primary school.</li>
<li>In <strong>1905</strong> he changed his profession and<strong> started practicing law,</strong> in the Magistrates Courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political and Social Contribution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He took part in the<strong> Vaikom (1924)</strong> and <strong>Guruvayoor (1931)</strong> temple-entry Satyagrahas and the anti-untouchability agitations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Vaikom Satyagraha</strong> was a movement in Travancore (modern-day Kerala) for <strong>temple entry of the depressed classes.</strong> It took place near the Shiva Temple at Vaikom, Kottayam district, Kerala during 1924-25. Vaikom was at that time a part of the princely state of Travancore.</li>
<li><strong>Guruvayur Satyagraha</strong> was a Satyagraha (non-violent protest) to allow entry for untouchables into the<strong> Guruvayur Temple</strong> in present Thrissur district, which was then part of Ponnani Taluk of Malabar district, now part of <strong>Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He is regarded as the reformer and moral guide of the members of <strong>Nair community.</strong> He inspired the <strong>Nair community</strong> community members to end practicing bad and orthodox customs.</li>
<li>He led the Nairs to demand temple entry for all castes and to put an end to <strong>untouchability.</strong></li>
<li>In 1914 he established the <strong>Nair Service Society.</strong></li>
<li>He became a member of the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian National Congress</a> in 1946</strong> and took part in the agitation against Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer&rsquo;s administration in Travancore.</li>
<li>He was arrested for the<strong> Indian Freedom Movement</strong> on 14 June 1947.</li>
<li>In 1949, Padmanabhan became a <strong>member of the Travancore Legislative Assembly.</strong></li>
<li>In 1964 he was instrumental in the formation of<strong> Kerala Congress,</strong> the<strong> first <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/rise-of-regional-parties-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">regional party</a> in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Awards &amp; Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He received <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/padma-awards-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Padma Bhushan</strong></a> in 1966.</li>
<li>He was honoured with the title <strong>Bharata Kesari</strong> by the President of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He died on <strong>25<sup>th</sup> February 1970</strong> at the age of 92.</li>
<li><strong>Mannam memorial (or Samādhi)</strong> is located at NSS Headquarters Changanacherry which is a municipal town in <strong>Kottayam district,</strong> Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1700662" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'New IT Rules 2021',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has notified <strong>Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These new rules broadly deal with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/society-and-social-media" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>social media</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/over-the-top-platform-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>over-the-top (OTT) platforms.</strong></a></li>
<li>These rules have been framed in exercise of powers under section 87 (2) of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-laws-and-blocking-of-internet-content-centre-vs-twitter#:~:text=Information%20Technology%20Act%2C%202000%3A,computer%20resources%20and%20electronic%20records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000</strong></a> and in supersession of the earlier <strong>Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2011.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614335612_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614335612_image3.png" width="400" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>2018:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> had observed that the Government of India may <strong>frame necessary guidelines</strong> to eliminate child pornography, rape and gangrape imageries, videos and sites in content hosting platforms and other applications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2020:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An Ad-hoc committee of the Rajya Sabha laid its report after studying <strong>the alarming issue of pornography on social media</strong> and its effect on children and society as a whole and recommended for enabling identification of the first originator of such contents.</li>
<li>The government brought <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ott-platforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>video streaming over-the-top (OTT) platforms</strong></a> under the ambit of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Guidelines for Social Media/Intermediaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Categories of Social Media Intermediaries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Based on the number of users, on the social media platform intermediaries have been divided in two groups:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Social media intermediaries.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Significant social media intermediaries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Due Diligence to be Followed by Intermediaries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In case, due diligence is not followed by the intermediary, <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-02-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>safe harbour provisions</strong></a> will not apply to them.</li>
<li>The safe harbour provisions have been defined under <strong>Section 79 of the IT Act</strong>, and protect social media intermediaries by giving them immunity from legal prosecution for any content posted on their platforms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Redressal Mechanism is Mandatory:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Intermediaries shall <strong>appoint a Grievance Officer</strong> to deal with complaints and share the name and contact details of such officers.</li>
<li>Grievance Officer shall acknowledge the complaint within<strong> twenty four hours and resolve it within fifteen days from its receipt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring Online Safety and Dignity of Users:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Intermediaries shall <strong>remove or disable access within 24 hours of receipt of complaints</strong> of contents that exposes the private areas of individuals, show such individuals in full or partial nudity or in sexual act or is in the nature of impersonation including morphed images etc.</li>
<li>Such a complaint can be <strong>filed</strong> either <strong>by the individual</strong> or by <strong>any other person on his/her behalf.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Additional Due Diligence for the Significant Social Media Intermediaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Appointments:</strong> Need to appoint <strong>Chief Compliance Officer</strong>, a <strong>Nodal Contact Person</strong> and a <strong>Resident Grievance Officer</strong>, all of whom should be <strong>resident in India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Compliance Report:</strong> Need to publish a <strong>monthly compliance report mentioning the details of complaints received and action taken</strong> on the complaints as well as details of contents removed proactively.</li>
<li><strong>Enabling Identity of the Originator:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Significant social media intermediaries providing services primarily in the nature of messaging shall <strong>enable identification of the first originator of the information.</strong></li>
<li>Required only for the purposes of prevention, detection, investigation, prosecution or punishment of an offence related to <strong>sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, or public order,</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Or of incitement to an offence relating to the above or in relation with rape, sexually explicit material or child sexual abuse material punishable with <strong>imprisonment for a term of not less than five years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal of Unlawful Information:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An intermediary upon receiving actual knowledge in the form of an <strong>order by a court or being notified by the Appropriate Govt. or its agencies</strong> through authorized officer <strong>should not host or publish any information which is prohibited under any law</strong> in relation to the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India, public order, friendly relations with foreign countries etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rules for News Publishers and OTT Platforms and Digital Media:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For OTT:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Self-Classification of Content:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The OTT platforms, called as the publishers of online curated content in the rules, would self-classify the content into five age based <strong>categories- U (Universal), U/A 7+, U/A 13+, U/A 16+, and A (Adult).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parental Lock:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Platforms would be required to implement parental locks for content classified as U/A 13+ or higher, and reliable age verification mechanisms for content classified as &ldquo;A&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Display Rating:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Shall prominently display the classification rating specific to each content or programme together with a content descriptor informing the user about the nature of the content, and advising on viewer description (if applicable) at the beginning of every programme enabling the user to make an informed decision, prior to watching the programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Publishers of News on Digital Media :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They would be required to observe Norms of <strong>Journalistic Conduct of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/press-council-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Press Council of India</a></strong> and the Programme Code under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulations-on-ott-and-digital-content#:~:text=The%20Cable%20Television%20Network%20(Regulation,the%20Electronic%20Media%20Monitoring%20Centre." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cable Television Networks Regulation Act 1995</strong></a> thereby providing a level playing field between the offline (Print, TV) and digital media.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Redressal Mechanism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A three-level grievance redressal mechanism has been established under the rules with different levels of self-regulation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Level-I:</strong> Self-regulation by the publishers;</li>
<li><strong>Level-II:</strong> Self-regulation by the self-regulating bodies of the publishers;</li>
<li><strong>Level-III:</strong> Oversight mechanism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-regulation by the Publisher:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Publisher shall appoint a Grievance Redressal Officer based in India who shall be responsible for the redressal of grievances received by it.</li>
<li>The officer shall take decision on every grievance received by <strong>it within 15 days.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-Regulatory Body:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There may be one or more self-regulatory bodies of publishers.</li>
<li>Such a body shall be headed by a retired judge of the SC, a High Court or independent eminent person and have not more than six members.</li>
<li>Such a body will have to register with the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.</li>
<li>This body will <strong>oversee the adherence by the publisher to the Code of Ethics and address grievances</strong> that have not been resolved by the publisher within 15 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oversight Mechanism:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Ministry of Information and Broadcasting</strong> shall formulate an oversight mechanism.</li>
<li>It shall publish a charter for self-regulating bodies, including Codes of Practices. It shall establish an Inter-Departmental Committee for hearing grievances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1700749" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-it-rules-2021'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Ancient Buddhist Monastery Found in Jharkhand',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-circles-of-archaeological-survey-of-india#:~:text=Treasures%20Act%201972.-,Archaeological%20Survey%20of%20India%20(ASI),and%20remains%20of%20national%20importance." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong> </a>has unearthed a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhist</strong> </a>monastery, believed to be at least 900 years old, buried under a mound in a village near Juljul Pahar of Sitagarhi Hills in Jharkhand.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier an ancient Buddhist shrine, buried under a similar mound was found, close to this site.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Artifacts Unearthed:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Four statues of <strong>deity Tara in Varad Mudra</strong> (gesture of hand showing dispensing of boons).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Nagri Script on Tara Statue:</strong> Nagri was a <strong>previous version of Devnagri script</strong> and the words indicate Buddhist religious affiliation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Six statues of the<strong> Buddha in Bhumisparsha Mudra</strong> (gesture of hand showing five fingers of right hand towards the earth symbolising the Buddha&rsquo;s enlightenment).</li>
<li>A <strong>sculpture</strong> which appears to be that of<strong> Shaivite deity Maheswari</strong> - with a coiled crown and chakra - indicating cultural assimilation in the area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614330884_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614330884_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of the Findings:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The findings are significant since the <strong>monastery is on the old route to Varanasi, 10 km from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-of-stupas-sarnath" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarnath</a>,</strong> where the Buddha gave his first sermon.</li>
<li>The presence of statues of deity Tara shows <strong>possible proliferation of Vajrayana form of Buddhism</strong> in this region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vajrayana</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vajrayana means &ldquo;The Vehicle of the Thunderbolt&rdquo;, also known as <strong>tantric Buddhism.</strong></li>
<li>This Buddhist school <strong>developed in India around 900 CE.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>grounded on esoteric elements and a very complex set of rituals</strong> compared with the rest of the Buddhist schools.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ancient-buddhist-monastery-found-in-jharkhand-7205094/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ancient-buddhist-monastery-found-in-jharkhand'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'PLI Scheme for IT Hardware and Pharmaceuticals',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has cleared <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production-Linked incentive (PLI)</strong></a> schemes for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-pharma-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pharmaceuticals</strong></a> and<strong> IT hardware,</strong> including laptops, which would cost the government as much as Rs. 22,350 crore.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the government had announced the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PLI scheme for medical devices, mobile phones</strong></a> and specified active pharmaceutical ingredients, with a proposed outlay of Rs. 51,311 crore.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to give companies<strong> incentives on incremental sales</strong> from products manufactured in domestic units.</li>
<li>It invites foreign companies to set units in India, however, it also <strong>aims to encourage local companies</strong> to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614327847_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614327847_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>IT Hardware Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme, worth Rs. 7350 crore, will <strong>offer 1-4% cash incentives</strong> on net incremental sales (over<strong> base year</strong> 2019-20) for IT products manufactured in India.</li>
<li>The <strong>Target Segments</strong> include Laptops, Tablets, All-in-One PCs and Servers.</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> 4 years</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India will be well positioned as a global hub for <strong>Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM)</strong> on account of integration with global value chains, thereby becoming a destination for IT Hardware exports.</li>
<li><strong>Employment Generation</strong> potential of over 1,80,000 (direct and indirect) over 4 years.</li>
<li>Provide impetus to <strong>Domestic Value Addition</strong> for IT Hardware which is expected to <strong>rise to 20-25% by 2025.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pharmaceutical Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Rs. 6,940-crore PLI scheme implemented in 2020</strong> focuses on the critical bulk drugs, whereas <strong>this scheme is likely to focus on other types of bulk drugs.</strong></li>
<li>It intends to give <strong>incentives between 2020-21 and 2028-29 (9 years).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Drug manufacturers</strong> applying for the scheme will have to be registered in India and<strong> will be placed into one of three categories</strong> based on their Global Manufacturing Revenue (GMR).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories of Drugs Targeted by the Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>First Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes biopharmaceuticals, complex generics, patented and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-the-orphan-drug-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>orphan drugs</strong></a>, often expensive for which India relies a lot on multinational drug makers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It comprises <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-active-pharmaceutical-ingredients-tifac" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)</strong></a>, Key Starting Materials (KSMs) and Drug Intermediates (DIs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Category:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes other critical repurposed, auto-immune, anti-<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-cancer-awareness-day#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20World%20Health,2018%20against%209.5%20million%20globally." target="_blank" rel="noopener">cancer</a></strong>, anti-diabetic, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/hiv-new-hope" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>anti-retroviral</strong></a>, anti-infective and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-mortality-from-cardio-vascular-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cardiovascular</strong></a> drugs as well as in-vitro diagnostic devices and drugs not manufactured in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incentives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For First and Second Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>10%</strong> of incremental sales value for the first four year of the scheme, followed by <strong>8%</strong> for the fifth year and<strong> 6%</strong> for the sixth year of production under the scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Third Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>5%</strong> of incremental sales value for the first four years, <strong>4%</strong> for the fifth year and<strong> 3%</strong> for the sixth year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of PLI in Pharmaceuticals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Reduced Dependency on China:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s capabilities in APIs have reduced over the years, mostly due to<strong> cheaper alternatives from China.</strong></li>
<li>The pharmaceutical industry here is currently dependent on the bordering country for nearly <strong>70% of the bulk drugs it imports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enhance Exports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Indian pharmaceutical industry is the third-largest globally in terms of the volume term of production and is worth <strong>USD 40 billion in value.</strong></li>
<li>The country contributes <strong>3.5% of total drugs and medicines exported globally.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-clears-pli-scheme-to-boost-manufacturing-of-laptops-tablets-pcs-7202926/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-it-hardware-and-pharmaceuticals'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'FATF Retains Pakistan In Grey List',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Financial Action Task Force (FATF)</strong> has decided to retain Pakistan on the &ldquo;greylist&rdquo; till the next review of its performance on its recommendations during the June Plenary session.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-on-fatf-grey-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>October-2020 Plenary</strong></a>, <strong>due to the Covid-19 pandemic, Pakistan was given an extension</strong> for full compliance with the 27-point action plan till February 2021. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It had then not fully complied with 6 of the 27 directives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> FATF had issued the 27-point action plan</strong> after placing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fatf-s-grey-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan on the &lsquo;Grey List&rsquo; in June 2018</strong></a>. The action plan pertains to curbing <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/money-laundering-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>money laundering</strong></a> and terror financing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FATF <strong>acknowledged Pakistan&rsquo;s significant progress in combating terrorism,</strong> however it was <strong>still to fully comply with three of the 27-point action plan.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> three points</strong> pertain to<strong> effective steps in terms of financial sanctions and penalties</strong> against the terror funding infrastructure and the entities involved.</li>
<li>After assessing the measures taken during the June 2021 session, the FATF would verify the implementation and test the sustainability of reforms undertaken by Pakistan, to review its inclusion or exclusion on the grey list.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Pakistan's case, the<strong> FATF has taken cognisance of the inaction against several banned organisations</strong> involved in raising funds for terror activities and those linked to global terrorists like Jaish-e-Mohammed chief Masood Azhar and <strong>Lashkar-e-Taiba&rsquo;s</strong> Hafiz Saeed and its operations chief Zaki-Ur Rahman Lakhvi.</li>
<li>On several occasions, India has also raised the involvement of elements within Pakistan in a number of terror cases, including the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ten-years-after-the-mumbai-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 26/11 Mumbai</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unsc-condemns-pulwama-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pulwama attacks.</strong></a></li>
<li>Perpetual containment of Pakistan on the grey list of FATF would further pressurise Pakistan to take adequate measures to prevent such terrorist attacks on India from its soil.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Financial Action Task Force</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an inter-governmental body established in 1989 during the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/g-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> G7 Summit</strong></a> in Paris.</li>
<li>The FATF assesses the strength of a country&rsquo;s anti-money laundering and anti-terror financing frameworks, however it does not go by individual cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its Secretariat is located at the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development</a> (OECD)</strong> headquarters in<strong> Paris.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Member Countries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The FATF currently has <strong>39 members</strong> including two regional organisations &mdash; the European Commission and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gcc-backs-un-arms-embargo-on-iran#:~:text=set%20to%20expire.-,Gulf%20Cooperation%20Council,United%20Arab%20Emirates%20(UAE)." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>. India</strong> is a member of the FATF.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lists under FATF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Grey List:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Countries that are considered<strong> safe haven for supporting terror funding and money laundering</strong> are put in the FATF grey list.</li>
<li>This inclusion serves as a warning to the country that it may enter the blacklist.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Black List: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Countries known as <strong>Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories (NCCTs) are put in the blacklist.</strong></li>
<li>These countries support terror funding and money laundering activities.</li>
<li>The FATF revises the blacklist regularly, adding or deleting entries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sessions:</strong> The<strong> FATF Plenary</strong> is the decision making body of the FATF. It meets<strong> three times per year.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-to-remain-on-fatf-greylist/article33935983.ece#:~:text=The%20Financial%20Action%20Task%20Force,during%20the%20June%20Plenary%20session.&amp;text=He%20urged%20Pakistan%20to%20make%20fast%20progress%20on%20the%20remaining%20obligations." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fatf-retains-pakistan-in-grey-list'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'President’s Rule in Puducherry',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>President&rsquo;s Rule has been imposed in the Union Territory of Puducherry, on the recommendation of the Lieutenant Governor, after the established government lost power during <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/floor-test-is-governor-s-discretion-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>a vote of confidence.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The President was satisfied that a situation had arisen in which the administration of the Union Territory of Puducherry could not carry on in accordance with the provisions of the <strong>Government of Union Territories Act, 1963</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The&nbsp;<strong>Government of Union Territories Act, 1963&nbsp;</strong>enacted by the Parliament in accordance with the <strong>provisions of article 239A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Administration of Union Territories:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 239 to 242 under Part VIII</strong> of the Indian Constitution deals with the administration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Territories.</strong></a></li>
<li>Every union territory is <strong>administered by the President acting through an administrator</strong> appointed by him.</li>
<li>An <strong>administrator</strong> of a union territory is an agent of the President and not head of state like a governor. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President can specify the designation of an administrator; it may be <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/jurisdictional-conflict-in-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lieutenant Governor</strong></a> or Chief Commissioner or Administrator.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Union Territories of Puducherry (in 1963), Delhi (in 1992) and</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir (in 2019)</strong></a> <strong>are provided with a legislative assembly</strong> and a council of ministers headed by a chief minister.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>But, the establishment of such institutions in the union territories <strong>does not diminish the supreme control of the President</strong> and Parliament over them.</li>
<li>The <strong>Parliament can make laws on any subject of the three lists</strong> (including the State List) for the union territories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provision in Case of Failure of Constitutional Machinery (as per the 1963 Act):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the <strong>President, on receipt of a report from the Administrator</strong> of (the Union territory) <strong>or otherwise,</strong> is satisfied,―<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>that a situation has arisen in which the <strong>administration of the Union territory cannot be carried on</strong> in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or</li>
<li>that<strong> for the proper administration of the Union territory</strong> it is necessary or expedient so to do,</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President may, <strong>by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act</strong> for such period as he thinks fit, and <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory<strong> in accordance with the provisions of Article 239.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>President&rsquo;s Rule in a State:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>implies the suspension of a state government and the imposition of direct rule of the Centre.</strong></li>
<li>It is also known as <strong>&lsquo;State Emergency&rsquo; or &lsquo;Constitutional Emergency&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President&rsquo;s Rule is <strong>imposed through the invocation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/article-356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 356</a> of the Constitution</strong> by the President on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers.</li>
<li>Under Article 356, President&rsquo;s Rule is imposed if the President, upon receipt of the report from the Governor of the State or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Approval and Duration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A proclamation imposing President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months</strong> from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>The approval <strong>takes place through simple majority</strong> in either House, that is, a majority of the members of the House present and voting.</li>
<li><strong>Initially valid for six months</strong>, the President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>can be extended for a maximum period of three years</strong> with the approval of the Parliament, every six months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequences of President&rsquo;s Rule:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The state governor, on behalf of the President, carries on the state administration with the help of the chief secretary of the state or the advisors appointed by the President.</li>
<li>The President can declare that the powers of the state legislature are to be exercised by the Parliament.</li>
<li>The President either suspends or dissolves the state legislative assembly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revocation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A proclamation of President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>may be revoked by the President at any time</strong> by a subsequent proclamation. Such a proclamation <strong>does not require parliamentary approval.</strong></li>
<li>This happens, in case, the leader of a party produces letters of support from a majority of members of the Assembly, and stakes his claim to form a government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Recommendations/Judgments on President's Rule</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Administrative Reforms Commission (1968)</strong> recommended that the report of the governor regarding the President's rule has to be objective and also the governor should exercise his own judgment in this regard.</li>
<li>The <strong>Rajamannar Committee (1971)</strong> recommended the deletion of Articles 356 and 357 from the Constitution of India. The necessary provisions for safeguards against arbitrary action of the ruling party at the Centre under Article 356 should be incorporated in the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2021-01-05" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarkaria Commission</a> (1988)</strong> recommended that Article 356 should be used in very rare cases when it becomes unavoidable to restore the breakdown of constitutional machinery in the State.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/printpdf/governor" target="_blank" rel="noopener">S.R. Bommai Judgment</a> (1994).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court enlisted the situations where the exercise of power under Article 356 could be proper.</li>
<li>One such situation is that of &lsquo;Hung Assembly&rsquo;, i.e. where after general elections to the assembly, no party secures a majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Justice V.Chelliah Commission (2002)</strong> recommended that Article 356 must be used sparingly and only as a remedy of the last resort after exhausting all actions under Articles 256, 257 and 355.</li>
<li>The <strong>Punchhi commission (2007)</strong> recommended that these Articles 355 &amp; 356 be amended. It sought to protect the interests of the States by trying to curb their misuse by the Centre.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/centre-recommends-presidents-rule-in-puducherry/article33922800.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-rule-in-puducherry'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve: Chhattisgarh',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Thousands of<strong> tribals</strong> living in villages located in the <strong>core areas of Sitanadi Udanti Tiger Reserve</strong> are protesting and demanding the recognition of their <strong>Community Forest Resource rights.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Community Forest Resource (CFR) rights are given under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-rights-act-2006-3#:~:text=Title%20rights%3A%20It%20gives%20FDST,a%20maximum%20of%204%20hectares.&amp;text=Relief%20and%20development%20rights%3A%20To,to%20restrictions%20for%20forest%20protection." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tiger reserves</strong></a> <strong>are constituted on a core/buffer strategy.</strong> The core areas have the legal status of a national park or a sanctuary, whereas the buffer or peripheral areas are a mix of forest and non-forest land, managed as a multiple use area.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of the Forest Rights Act (FRA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 recognizes and vest the forest rights and occupation in Forest land in <strong>Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDST)</strong> and <strong>Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFD)</strong> who have been residing in such forests for generations.</li>
<li>It strengthens the conservation regime of the forests while ensuring livelihood and food security of the FDST and OTFD.</li>
<li>The <strong>Gram Sabha is the authority</strong> to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of Individual Forest Rights (IFR) or Community Forest Rights (CFR) or both that may be given to FDST and OTFD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individual Rights:</strong> Encompasses Rights of Self-cultivation and Habitation.</li>
<li><strong>Community Rights:</strong> Such as Grazing, Fishing and access to Water bodies in forests, Habitat Rights for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)</strong></a>, right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource for sustainable use etc.</li>
<li><strong>Community Forest Resource Rights:</strong> These are rights of Adivasi and OTFDs over customary common forest land within the traditional or customary boundaries of the village or seasonal use of landscape in the case of pastoral communities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These <strong>can be recognised over any forest land</strong> including reserved forests, protected forests and protected areas such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dehing-patkai-wildlife-sanctuary-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sanctuaries and National Park.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve <strong>came into existence in the year 2008-09</strong>, are two separate reserves (Udanti &amp; Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuaries) combined together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is located in the <strong>Gariaband district, Chhattisgarh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ecological Diversity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It contains various types of <strong>forest crop</strong> mixed with <strong>Sal forest.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-buffalo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asiatic Wild Buffalo</strong></a> is the key endangered species found in the Core Area.</li>
<li>Apart from the tiger, other endangered and rare species are Indian Wolf, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-leopard-population" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Leopard</a>,</strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park-odisha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sloth Bear</strong></a> and Mouse Deer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sitanadi River</strong> originates in the middle of Sitanadi Wildlife sanctuary.</li>
<li><strong>Udanti River</strong> flows from the west to east covering a major part of the Udanti Wildlife sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Tiger Reserves in Chhattisgarh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Achanakmar Tiger Reserve.</strong></a></li>
<li>Indravati Tiger Reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614325587_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614325587_image2.png" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarhs-sitanadi-udanti-tiger-reserve-tribals-seek-forest-rights-officials-cite-core-area-rule-7203531/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sitanadi-udanti-tiger-reserve-chhattisgarh'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Structural Issues of Union Territories',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-structural-fragility-of-union-territories/article33927116.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The structural fragility of Union Territories&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 25/02/2021. It talks about the legal and constitutional provision that leads to the undermining of the elected governments in the union territories.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, some MLAs from the Puducherry legislative assembly resigned. These resignations reflect a familiar pattern to the resignations of Members of the Legislative Assembly. Such resignations reduce the party&rsquo;s majority in the House abruptly, which invariably leads to the fall of the government.</p>
<p>The intent behind this pattern is that no MLA has to defect and face disqualification under the anti-defection law. In general, these resignations take place only from the ruling parties in the States which are opposed to the ruling party at the Centre.</p>
<p>However, this is not the only way where the elected governments in Union territories are undermined. There are many constitutional and legal provisions that reflect the structural fragility of Union Territories (UTs) as units of the Indian federation.</p>
<h3>Structural Fragility Of Union Territories</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Composition of the Legislature:</strong> Article 239A was originally brought in, by the 14<sup>th</sup> Constitutional amendment act, 1962, to enable Parliament to create legislatures for the UTs. Under this article, the parliament enacted the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The aftermath of this law is that a simple amendment in the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 can create a legislature with more than 50% nominated members.</li>
<li>However, the question remains, how can a predominantly nominated House promote representative democracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue of Nomination:</strong> The Government of Union Territories Act provides for a 33-member House for Puducherry of whom three are to be nominated by the Central government.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>So, when the Union government nominated three members to the Assembly without consulting the government, it was challenged in the court.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court in K. Lakshminarayanan v. Union of India, 2019 case held that the Union government is not required to consult the State government for nominating members to the Assembly and the nominated members have the same right to vote as the elected members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arbitrariness in Nomination:</strong> There is provision for the nomination of members to the Rajya Sabha (under Article 80). The Article specifies the fields from which they will be nominated.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The purpose of this nomination is to enable the House to draw on the expertise of those eminent members who are nominated and thus enrich the debate in the House.</li>
<li>However, in the case of nomination to the Puducherry Assembly, no such qualification is laid down either in Article 239A or the Government of Union Territories Act.</li>
<li>Due to this, the law invites arbitrariness in dealing with the nomination of members to the UT legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administrator&rsquo;s Power:</strong> The UTs were never given a fully democratic set-up with the necessary autonomy. The power vested in the administrator (Lieutenant Governor) conflicts with the powers of the elected government of UTs having a legislature.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Section 44 of the Government of Union Territories Act and Article 239 AA(4) (proviso) of the Constitution vests the power in the administrator to express his or her disagreement and refer the matter to the President</li>
<li>The President decides on the advice of the Union government. So, in effect, it is the Union government that finally determines the disputed issue.</li>
<li>This can be reflected in the Chief Minister of Puducherry asking removal of the Lt. Governor.</li>
<li>Similarly, in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, one often hears of complaints against the Lt. Governor from the ministers about the non-cooperative federalism being practiced by him.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overlapping Areas:</strong>&nbsp;<span>The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 provides for a Legislative Assembly of Puducherry with a Council of Ministers to govern this Union Territory.&nbsp;</span>Although the l<span>egislative assembly</span> of Puducherry is empowered to make laws, the administrator is not bounded by the aid and advice of the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister.
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This creates overlapping of jurisdictions, which in turn leads to conflict between the union government and elected government of union territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Practicing Cooperative Federalism:</strong> The Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in NCT of Delhi v. Union of India (2019), had said that the administrator should not misuse this power to frustrate the functioning of the elected government in the territory and use it after all methods have failed to reconcile the differences between him/her and the Council of Ministers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, this judgment has not been observed in the letter and spirit. Thus, both the government and UTs need to imbibe the ethos of cooperative federalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploring the Washington DC Model:</strong> Indian Government can emulate the model of administrative sharing of power between the Union government and the Governments of UTs.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under that scheme, only the strategic areas and buildings are under the effective control of the federal government and the rest of the areas are under the jurisdiction of Washington state.</li>
<li>Given this, the institution of strategic importance like political institutions, defense establishments, etc. can remain under the jurisdiction of the Union Government, and areas other than these can effectively be handed over to UTs governments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Necessary Reforms:</strong> For effective autonomy to the governments of union territories, there is a need for amendment in the legal and constitutional provisions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The Union government should respect the reason why these UTs were thought fit to provide a legislature and Council of Ministers to some of the UTs. The ostensible reason is to fulfill the democratic aspirations of the people of these territories.</p>
<p>In this context, the Union government should take note of the Supreme court&rsquo;s observation that the administration of Union Territories is by the Central government but that does not mean the Union Territories become merged with the Central government. They are centrally administered but retain their independent entity.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafffa;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Union Territories having legislatures with ultimate control vested in the central administrator are not workable. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xRuCoZVRIIo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/after-the-coup-on-political-crisis-in-myanmar/article33917075.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;After the coup: On political crisis in Myanmar&rdquo;</strong> </a>published in The Hindu on February 24<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/structural-issues-of-union-territories'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Senkaku Island Dispute',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, China called the <strong>Japan-USA mutual security pact</strong> a product of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cold-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cold War</strong> </a>following USA&rsquo;s criticism of the presence of Chinese coast guard vessels in Japanese-claimed territorial waters.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 1960 Japan-USA mutual security treaty <strong>assures the USA would come to Japan's aid in the event of an outside attack on Japanese</strong> forces or territory.</li>
<li>The USA criticized China as the Chinese ships have been <strong>repeatedly encroaching the Japanese territorial waters</strong> surrounding the Senkaku island.</li>
<li>Whereas China has long accused the USA of maintaining a <strong>&ldquo;Cold War mentality''</strong> due to which it tries to bring Japan in its Bloc against China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614249247_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614249247_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Senkaku Island Dispute:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Senkaku Island dispute concerns a territorial dispute over a group of uninhabited islands known as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Senkaku Islands</strong> in Japan,</li>
<li><strong>Diaoyu Islands</strong> in China, and</li>
<li><strong>Tiaoyutai Islands</strong> in Taiwan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both Japan and China claim ownership of these islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Eight uninhabited islands lie in the <strong>East China Sea.</strong> They have a total area of about 7 sq km and lie <strong>northeast of Taiwan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Importance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Islands are close to strategically important shipping lanes, offer rich fishing grounds and are thought to contain oil deposits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Japan's Claim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-558" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World War II</strong></a>, Japan renounced claims to a number of territories and islands including Taiwan in the <strong>1951 Treaty of San Francisco.</strong></li>
<li>But under the treaty, the Nansei Shoto islands came under USA trusteeship and were then returned to Japan in 1971.</li>
<li>Japan says that<strong> Senkaku islands are part of the Nansei Shoto islands</strong> and hence they also belong to Japan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/senkaku-islands" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>a local council in southern Japan has approved a bill</strong></a> to change the name of an area containing Senkaku Islands from Tonoshiro to Tonoshiro Senkaku.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides, China<strong> raised no objections to the San Francisco deal.</strong> Only since the 1970s, when the issue of oil resources in the area emerged, Chinese and Taiwanese authorities began pressing their claims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China's Claim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These Islands have been part of its territory since ancient times, serving as important fishing grounds administered by the province of Taiwan.</li>
<li>When Taiwan was returned in the <strong>Treaty of San Francisco</strong>, China said the islands &ndash; as part of it &ndash; should also have been returned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/japan-us-treaty-a-product-of-cold-war/article33926393.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/senkaku-island-dispute'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'UNHRC’s New Resolution Against Sri Lanka',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Sri Lanka has made an appeal to the member states of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-human-rights-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)</strong></a> to reject the impending resolution on the island nation's human rights accountability and reconciliation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka is facing a<strong> new resolution</strong> calling on it to hold human rights abusers to account and deliver justice to victims of its<strong> 26-year civil war (1983-2009).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The war was mainly a <strong>clash</strong> between the <strong>Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lankan government</strong> and the <strong>Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)</strong> insurgent group, the latter of which had hoped to establish a separate state for the Tamil minority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sri Lankan forces and Tamil rebels were <strong>accused of atrocities during the war,</strong> which killed at least 1,00,000 people.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614248191_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614248191_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The New Draft Resolution/The Zero Draft:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It incorporates some of the elements of the UNHRC report, including those on <strong>strengthening the HRC&rsquo;s capacity on preserving evidence, devising strategies for future accountability processes, and supporting judicial proceedings in member states with jurisdiction.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the UNHRC report, the government of Sri Lanka had created <strong>parallel military task forces</strong> and commissions that <strong>encroach on civilian functions,</strong> and reversed important institutional checks and balances,<strong> threatening democratic gains,</strong> the <strong>independence of the judiciary</strong> and other key institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also talks about encouraging the Sri Lankan government to implement the requirements of the previous <strong>30/1 resolution</strong> (from which it pulled out).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Resolution 30/1:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It wanted Colombo to establish a <strong>credible judicial process,</strong> with the participation of Commonwealth and other foreign judges, defence lawyers and authorised prosecutors and investigators, to go into the alleged rights abuses.</li>
<li>Recently,<strong> Sri Lanka has said that Resolution 30/1 was against the country.</strong> The Resolution carried a host of commitments that were not deliverable and were not in conformity with the Constitution of Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>asks the High Commissioner&rsquo;s office to monitor progress on national reconciliation and accountability mechanisms,</strong> and come up with updates next March, and a full report in September 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UNHRC&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The present government in Sri Lanka was<strong> &ldquo;proactively&rdquo; obstructing investigations</strong> into past crimes to prevent accountability, and that this had a<strong> &ldquo;devastating effect&rdquo; on families seeking truth, justice and reparations.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN)</strong> </a>member states &ldquo;should pay attention to the early warning signs of more violations to come, and called for <strong>&ldquo;international action&rdquo;</strong> including <strong>targeted sanctions</strong> such as <strong>asset freezes and travel bans against</strong> &ldquo;credibly alleged&rdquo; perpetrators of grave human rights violations and abuses.</li>
<li>States should also<strong> pursue investigations and prosecution in their national courts</strong> under accepted principles of extraterritorial or universal jurisdiction of international crimes committed by all parties in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand on Previous Resolutions Against Sri Lanka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India voted<strong> against</strong> Sri Lanka in 2012.</li>
<li>India<strong> abstained</strong> in 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The state is at the core of the historical problems, whether it is repressive militarisation, the reinforcement of majoritarian interests or the centralisation of state power in Colombo. But <strong>reforming the state requires direct challenges by its citizenry,</strong> rather than flight to international forums.</li>
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;China factor,&rsquo;</strong> the <strong>&lsquo;Sri Lankan ethnic issue,&rsquo;</strong> and the attendant <strong>&lsquo;UNHRC resolution&rsquo;</strong> have <strong>negatively impacted bilateral relations between India and Sri Lanka.</strong> India needs to focus more on its traditional and cultural ties to improve relations with Sri Lanka. Mutual recognition of each other's concerns and interests can improve the relationship between both countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sri-lanka-at-the-un-rights-council-another-test-for-india-7203407/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unhrc-s-new-resolution-against-sri-lanka'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'National Commission for Scheduled Castes',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Vijay Sampla</strong> has been appointed as the chairman of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC).</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCSC is a <strong>constitutional body</strong> that works to<strong> safeguard the interests of the scheduled castes (SC)</strong> in India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338</strong> of the constitution of India deals with this commission:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides for a <strong>National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</strong> with duties to investigate and <strong>monitor all matters relating to safeguards provided for them,</strong> to inquire into specific complaints and to participate and advise on the planning process of their socio-economic development etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History and Origin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Special Officer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Initially, the constitution provided for the appointment of a<strong> Special Officer</strong> under Article 338.</li>
<li>The special officer was designated as the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>65<sup>th</sup> Amendment, 1990:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It replaced the one-member system with a multi-member <strong>National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST).</strong></li>
<li>The Constitution (65<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act 1990, amended Article 338 of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>89<sup>th</sup> Amendment, 2003:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By this amendment, the erstwhile National Commission for SC and ST was replaced by <strong>two separate Commissions</strong> from the year 2004 which were:<strong> National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a>- under <strong>Article 338-A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Structure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It consists of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Chairperson.</li>
<li>Vice-chairperson.</li>
<li>Three other members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They are <strong>appointed by the President</strong> by warrant under his hand and seal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and investigating all issues</strong> concerning the safeguards provided <strong>for the SCs</strong> under the constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Enquiring into complaints</strong> relating to the deprivation of the rights and safeguards of the SCs.</li>
<li>Taking part in and <strong>advising the central or state governments</strong> with respect to the planning of socio-economic development of the SCs.</li>
<li>Regular <strong>reporting to the President</strong> of the country on the implementation of these safeguards.</li>
<li><strong>Recommending steps</strong> to be taken to further the <strong>socio-economic development and other welfare activities</strong> of the SCs.</li>
<li>Any other function with respect to the welfare, protection, development and advancement of the SC community.</li>
<li>The Commission is also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Anglo-Indian Community</strong> as it does with respect to the SCs.</li>
<li>Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the other backward classes (OBCs). It was relieved from this responsibility by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc#:~:text=102nd%20Constitution%20Amendment%20Act,socially%20and%20educationally%20backward%20classes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>102<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 2018</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Constitutional Provisions For Upliftment of the Schedule Caste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 15</strong></a><strong>(4)</strong> refers to the special provisions for their advancement.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4A)</strong> speaks of <strong>&ldquo;reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of SCs/STs,</strong> which are not adequately represented in the services under the State&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Article 17</strong> abolishes Untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46</strong> requires the State <strong>&lsquo;to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.</li>
<li><strong>Article 335</strong> provides that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of <strong>appointments to services and posts</strong> in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330</strong> and <strong>Article 332</strong> of the Constitution respectively provide for <strong>reservation of seats in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the legislative assemblies</strong> of the States.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Part IX</strong> relating to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/panchayati-raj-institutions-and-participative-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayats</strong></a> and <strong>Part IXA</strong> of the Constitution relating to the Municipalities, reservation for SC and ST in local bodies has been envisaged and provided.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-gets-chairman/article33928022.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Blank-Cheque Company',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, renewable energy producer &lsquo;ReNew Power&rsquo; announced an agreement to merge with RMG Acquisition Corp II, a <strong>blank-cheque company</strong> or a <strong>Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Blank-cheque Company:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A SPAC, or a blank-cheque company, is an entity <strong>specifically set up with the objective of acquiring a firm</strong> in a particular sector.</li>
<li>The aim of this SPAC is to raise money in an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initial-public-offer-ipo#:~:text=in%20previous%20year.-,Initial%20Public%20Offering,securities%20are%20bought%20and%20sold." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Initial Public Offering (IPO)</strong></a>, and at this point in time, it does not have any operations or revenues.</li>
<li>Once the money is raised from the public, it is kept in an <strong>escrow account</strong>, which can be accessed while making the acquisition.</li>
<li>If the <strong>acquisition is not made within two years of the IPO, the SPAC is delisted</strong> and the money is returned to the investors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are attractive to investors, despite them essentially being <strong>shell companies</strong>, as the blank-cheque companies are people sponsoring.</li>
<li>It is a fresh way of thinking of how to structure and exit versus an expensive IPO. The <strong>money is already raised</strong> by somebody who specialises in that area, and is now picking those assets and building on them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Shell Companies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A shell company is <strong>a firm that does not conduct any operations in the economy, but it is formally registered</strong>, incorporated, or legally organized in the economy.</li>
<li>These are <strong>sometimes used illegitimately</strong>, such as to disguise business ownership from law enforcement or the public.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Initial Public Offering</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IPO is the <strong>selling of securities</strong> to the public in the <strong>primary market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Primary market deals with new securities being issued for the first time. It is also known as the <strong>new issues market.</strong></li>
<li>It is different from the <strong>Secondary market where existing securities</strong> are bought and sold. It is also known as the <strong>stock market or stock exchange.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is when an unlisted company makes either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities or both for the first time to the public.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlisted companies are companies that are not listed on the stock exchange.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Escrow Account</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a legal concept <strong>describing a financial instrument whereby an asset or escrow money is held by a third party</strong> on behalf of two other parties that are in the process of completing a transaction.</li>
<li>The third-party holds the funds until both parties have fulfilled their contractual requirements.</li>
<li>Escrow is associated with real estate transactions, but it can apply to any situation where funds will pass from one party to another.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/renew-power-gets-blank-cheque-deal-for-nasdaq-listing-7203359/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blank-cheque-company'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister talked about the <strong>need to address health issues in a holistic manner</strong> and to adopt a <strong>four-pronged strategy</strong> for a healthy India that includes implementing the <strong>PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat scheme.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Four-Pronged Strategy for a Healthy India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prevention of illness and promotion of wellness</strong> including measures such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, yoga and timely care and treatment of pregnant women and children,</li>
<li>Providing cheap and effective <strong>treatment to the poorest of the poor,</strong></li>
<li>Increasing the <strong>quality of health infrastructure</strong> and healthcare professionals and</li>
<li><strong>Working on a mission mode</strong> to overcome obstacles like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Indradhanush</strong></a> has been extended to the tribal and far-flung areas of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614237375_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614237375_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Announced in the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-22.</strong></a></li>
<li>Aims to <strong>develop capacities of primary, secondary, and tertiary care health systems</strong> even in the last miles of the nation.</li>
<li><strong>Developing a modern ecosystem</strong> for research, testing and treatment in the country itself.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> with an outlay of about Rs. 64,180 crores.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> 6 years.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Supporting development of 17,788 <strong>rural</strong> and 11,024 <strong>urban health and wellness centers</strong> and setting up of <strong>integrated public health labs</strong> in all districts and 3,382 block public health units in 11 states.</li>
<li>Help in establishing <strong>critical care hospital</strong> blocks in 602 districts and 12 central institutions. Strengthening of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-disease-control-ncdc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)</strong></a>, its 5 regional branches and 20 metropolitan health surveillance units.</li>
<li>Expansion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-disease-surveillance-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Health Information Portal</strong></a> to all States/UTs to connect all public health labs.</li>
<li>Help in rolling out the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-and-the-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 vaccination program</strong></a> as well as strengthen the delivery system and build better capability and capacity to combat any future pandemics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives in Health Sector:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat Program.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/janaushadhi-week" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jan Aushadhi Yojana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/govt-will-ensure-healthcare-for-all-pm/article33918226.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-atmanirbhar-swasth-bharat-scheme'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'CECPA: India & Mauritius',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved signing of the <strong>Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA)</strong> between India and Mauritius.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The India-Mauritius CECPA is the <strong>first trade agreement signed by India</strong> with a <strong>country in Africa.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614235506_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614235506_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About CECPA :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a kind of free trade pact</strong> that aims to provide an institutional mechanism to encourage and improve trade between the two countries.</li>
<li>Under this agreement, countries reduce or eliminate the duties on the products. The countries also give relaxation in the norms to promote the services trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Types of Trade Agreements</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Free Trade Agreement (FTA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A free trade agreement is an agreement in which <strong>two or more countries agree to provide preferential trade terms, tariff concession etc.</strong> to the partner country.</li>
<li>India has negotiated FTA with many countries e.g. Sri Lanka and various trading blocs as well e.g. <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASEAN.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this type of agreement, two or more partners give <strong>preferential right of entry to certain products.</strong> This is <strong>done by reducing duties</strong> on an agreed number of tariff lines.</li>
<li>Tariffs may even be reduced to zero for some products even in a PTA. <strong>India signed a PTA with Afghanistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Partnership agreement or cooperation agreement are more <strong>comprehensive than an FTA.</strong></li>
<li>CEPA covers negotiation on the trade in services and investment, and other areas of economic partnership.</li>
<li>India has signed <strong>CEPAs with South Korea and Japan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CECA generally covers <strong>negotiation on trade tariff and TRQ (Tariff Rate Quotas) rates</strong> only. It is <strong>not as comprehensive as CEPA.</strong> India has signed <strong>CECA with Malaysia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India-Mauritius CECPA:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> limited agreement</strong> that will cover only select sectors. It will cover Trade in <strong>Goods, Rules of Origin, Trade in Services, Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures, Dispute Settlement,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit to India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More than 300 domestic goods from agriculture, textiles, electronics and other sectors will <strong>get market access at concessional customs duties</strong> in Mauritius.</li>
<li><strong>Indian service providers will have access to around 115 sub-sectors from the 11 broad service sectors,</strong> such as professional services, computer related services, research &amp; development, other business services, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit to Mauritius:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will benefit from<strong> preferential market access into India for its 615 products,</strong> including frozen fish, speciality sugar, biscuits, fresh fruits, juices, mineral water, beer, alcoholic drinks, soaps, bags, medical and surgical equipment, and apparel.</li>
<li><strong>India has offered around 95 sub-sectors from the 11 broad services sectors,</strong> including professional services, R&amp;D, other business services, telecommunication, environmental, health, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negotiation on Automatic Trigger Safeguard Mechanism (ATSM):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India and Mauritius have also agreed to negotiate an Automatic Trigger Safeguard Mechanism (ATSM) for some highly sensitive products within two years of the signing of the agreement.</li>
<li>ATSM <strong>protects the country from any sudden or dramatic increase in imports.</strong></li>
<li>Under this mechanism, if the imports of a product are rising alarmingly, then after reaching a certain <strong>threshold,</strong> India can impose <strong>safeguard duties</strong> on imports from Mauritius automatically. The same provision applies to Mauritius as well against Indian imports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India-Mauritius Economic Relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India had extended a <strong>&lsquo;Special Economic Package&rsquo;</strong> of USD 353 million to Mauritius in 2016. The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-supreme-court-building-of-mauritius" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Mauritius Supreme Court</strong></a> building project is one of the projects implemented under this package. This was jointly inaugurated by both the countries in 2020.</li>
<li>India and Mauritius have jointly <strong>inaugurated the Phase-I of the Metro Express Project</strong> and the <strong>100-bed state of the art ENT hospital project </strong>in<strong> Mauritius,</strong> also built under the special economic package.</li>
<li>According to the<strong> International Trade Centre (ITC),</strong> in 2019, the <strong>main import partners of Mauritius</strong> were<strong> India (13.85%), China (16.69%), South Africa (8.07%),</strong> and<strong> UAE (7.28%).</strong></li>
<li>The bilateral trade between India and Mauritius has registered a<strong> growth of 233%</strong> from <strong>USD 206.76</strong> million in the Financial Year (FY) <strong>2005-06</strong> to <strong>USD 690.02</strong> million in FY <strong>2019-20.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mauritius</strong> was the<strong> second</strong> top source of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong></a> into India in <strong>2019-20.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Recent Developments:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614236441_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614236441_image2.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="317" height="333" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Mauritius signed a<strong> USD 100 million Defence Line of Credit</strong> agreement</li>
<li>Mauritius would get a<strong> Dornier aircraft and an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apache-helicopters-for-indian-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Advanced Light Helicopter Dhruv</a> on lease</strong> which would build its <strong>maritime security capabilities.</strong></li>
<li>The two sides also<strong> discussed the Chagos Archipelago dispute,</strong> which was an issue of sovereignty and sustainable development before the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN).</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>2019, India voted at the UN General Assembly in support of the Mauritian position on the issue.</strong> India was one of the 116 countries that voted demanding that the UK end its &ldquo;colonial administration&rdquo; from the group of islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-vaccine-diplomacy#:~:text=India%20has%20decided%20to%20ship,as%20a%20grant%20or%20gift." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>delivered 1,00,000 Covishield vaccines</strong></a> to Mauritius.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The evolving <strong>geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean (IO)</strong> has created new challenges &ndash; and opportunities &mdash; for the countries in and bordering the IO. Mauritius, along with India&rsquo;s other smaller island neighbours, is acutely aware of its maritime identity and geostrategic value. They especially understand what these mean for their larger neighbour India.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s approach to Mauritius is being increasingly entrenched within a regional framework, as seen with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-sagar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Sagar</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s initiative to deliver Covid-19 related assistance to countries in the Indian Ocean region. To take this engagement further, <strong>India needs to remain proactive in bringing together like-minded partners</strong> such as Mauritius, Comoros, Madagascar, Seychelles, Maldives, and Sri Lanka in numerous and overlapping ways.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1698689" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cecpa-india-mauritius'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'National Urban Digital Mission',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) has been launched by the <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)</strong> along with the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Several other digital initiatives of MoHUA viz. <strong>India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX), SmartCode, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Smart Cities</a> 2.0 website</strong>, and <strong>Geospatial Management Information System (GMIS)</strong> have also been launched.</li>
<li>These initiatives will further the ongoing efforts of both Ministries to realise the vision of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will create a shared digital infrastructure for urban India, working across the three pillars of <strong>people, process, and platform</strong> to provide holistic support to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-transforming-indian-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cities</strong></a> and towns.</li>
<li>It will institutionalise a <strong>citizen-centric and ecosystem-driven approach</strong> to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-lacuna-in-urban-planning" target="_blank" rel="noopener">urban governance</a>&nbsp;</strong>and service delivery in 2022 cities by 2022, and across all cities and towns in India by 2024.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the NUDM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The shared digital infrastructure will <strong>consolidate and cross-leverage the various digital initiatives</strong> of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, enabling cities and towns across India to benefit from holistic and diverse forms of support, in keeping with their needs and local challenges.</li>
<li>NUDM has articulated a set of governing principles, and inherits the technology design principles of the <strong>National Urban Innovation Stack (NUIS).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The principles in turn give rise to standards, specifications, and certifications, across the three pillars of people, process, and platforms.</li>
<li><strong>NUIS</strong> will strengthen the capacity of the urban ecosystem to solve complex programs at speed and scale by unlocking the power of urban data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been developed in partnership between the Smart Cities Mission and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.</li>
<li>It serves as <strong>a seamless interface for data providers and data users</strong>, including <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)</strong></a>, to share, request, and access datasets related to cities, urban governance, and urban service delivery.</li>
<li>It is <strong>an open-source software platform</strong> which facilitates the secure, authenticated, and managed exchange of data amongst various data platforms, 3<sup>rd</sup> party authenticated and authorised applications, and other sources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SmartCode Platform:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SmartCode is a platform that enables all ecosystem stakeholders to <strong>contribute to a repository of open-source code for various solutions</strong> and applications for urban governance.</li>
<li>It is designed to address the challenges that ULBs face in the development and deployment of digital applications to address urban challenges, by enabling cities to take advantage of existing codes and customising them to suit local needs, rather than having to develop new solutions from scratch.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geospatial Management Information System (GMIS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GMIS is a web-based, spatially-enabled management tool, providing one-stop access to information.</li>
<li>GMIS integrates information from multiple sources and features search options by topic and geographic area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Schemes/Programmes of MoHUA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tulip-the-urban-learning-internship-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Learning and Internship Program (TULIP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-cycles4change-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Cycles4Change Challenge </strong></a>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nurturing-neighbourhoods-challenge-smart-cities-mission#:~:text=It%20is%20a%203%2Dyear,data%20management%20across%20city%20agencies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Nurturing Neighbourhoods Challenge</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-smart-cities-assessment-framework" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-living-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Living Index </strong></a>and Municipal Performance Index</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amrut-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AMRUT </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission Urban </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/transit-oriented-development" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Transport</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skoch-governance-gold-award-for-day-nulm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Urban Livelihoods Mission</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1700246#:~:text=National%20Urban%20Digital%20Mission%20(NUDM),-The%20National%20Urban&amp;text=It%20will%20institutionalise%20a%20citizen,towns%20in%20India%20by%202024." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-urban-digital-mission'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Elusive Two-State Solution',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/anti-israel-propaganda-palestinian-terrorism-icc-7201723/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Dialogue not demonisation&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 24/02/2021. It talks about the prospects of the two-state solution between Israel and Palestine.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued a decision regarding the scope of its territorial jurisdiction over issues pertaining to the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</strong></a> According to this, ICC has agreed to look into the human right violations that occurred during the Israel-Palestine issue.</p>
<p>Palestinian Authority has welcomed this decision. On the other hand, Israel has criticized the ICC action as an unwarranted intervention that undermines its sovereignty and threatened that the move may eventually eliminate the possibility of a two-state solution.</p>
<p>Presently, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is marked by a relatively low-intensity conflict, with recurring spikes in violence, and the continual erosion of political options. This dangerous status quo could directly impact sustainable peace and drag the region into instability.</p>
<h3>What is a Two-State Solution?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two-state solution has for decades been the primary focus of efforts to achieve peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</li>
<li>The solution would establish an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel &mdash; two states for two peoples.</li>
<li>In theory, this would win Israel&rsquo;s security and allow it to retain a Jewish demographic majority while granting the Palestinians a state.</li>
<li>The 1947 UN Partition Plan led to decades of military action and violence between Israel and Palestine. It is was only after the mediation of the US, in the 1991 Madrid Peace conference a two-state solution was agreed to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</li>
<li>According to the United Nations, only a two-state solution that realizes the legitimate national aspirations of Palestinians and Israelis can lead to sustainable peace.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Risk to Two-State Solution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Iranian Angle:</strong> Tensions and risk factors persist along Israel&rsquo;s northern fronts, particularly after the Israeli strikes in Syria against Iranian and Hezbollah targets (associated with Palestine) and more recently the killing of Iranian commander Qassem Soleimani by the U.S.</li>
<li><strong>Regional Cold War:</strong> Middle East region is witnessing a regional cold war between Iran and Saudi Arabia. This has led to the emergence of smaller but lethal military groups.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Example, Houthi rebels in Yemen. These groups can acquire greater capabilities which can cause further instability in the region.</li>
<li>All of these factors exacerbate instability and the prospect of a single or even a multi-front war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Intifada:</strong> Finally, these conditions could result in the outbreak of a third intifada, and peaceful resistance can turn into extreme violence and gross human rights violations.</li>
<li><strong>Divided Political Leadership In Palestine:</strong> The Palestinian leadership is divided - a two-state solution is supported by Palestinian nationalists in West Bank but the leadership in Gaza does not even recognize Israel.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Intifada</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Intifada is the two popular uprisings of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip aimed at ending Israel&rsquo;s occupation of those territories and creating an independent Palestinian state.</li>
<li>The first intifada began in December 1987 and ended in September 1993 with the signing of the first Oslo Accords, which provided a framework for peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.</li>
<li>The second intifada, sometimes called the Al-Aqṣā intifada, began in September 2000.</li>
<li>The two uprisings resulted in the death of more than 5,000 Palestinians and some 1,400 Israelis.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Role of India:</strong> Historically, India has urged the leadership of both sides to engage in direct negotiations to advance the goal of a two-state solution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Palestine, India&rsquo;s efforts are focused on nation-building and strengthening institutions through the India-Palestine development partnership covering various sectors of the Palestinian economy.</li>
<li>With Israel, India shares a special relationship in the domains of defense, Science &amp; Tech, etc.</li>
<li>In this context, India can leverage its soft power to propel these two countries towards lasting peace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abraham Accords, a Positive Step:</strong> The recent normalization agreements between Israel and the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco, known as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/uae-israel-peace-treaty-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Abraham Accords</strong></a>, are further proof that the only way to achieve genuine peace is through direct negotiations.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All regional powers should envisage peace between the two countries on line of Abraham Accords.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The world at large needs to come together for a peaceful solution but the reluctance of the Israeli government and other involved parties has aggravated the issue more. Thus a balanced approach towards the Israel-Palestine issue would help to maintain favorable relations with Arab countries as well as Israel.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614170726_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614170726_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffef2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the prospects of the two-state solution between Israel and Palestine and its impact.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wAGrFrzxlhA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/by-diligence-not-lockdowns/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1614174351459000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3EB5w5-yje62sVoTGCeFsH" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;By diligence, not lockdowns&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Economic Times on February 22nd, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/elusive-two-state-solution'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Black-Necked Crane',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a group of<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Buddhist</strong> </a>monks in Tawang district has opposed the Arunachal Pradesh government&rsquo;s renewed push for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/etalin-hydroelectric-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> hydropower projects.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The proposed projects would not only affect the<strong> nesting grounds of the endangered <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-20th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Black-Necked Crane</a></strong> but also threaten several holy Buddhist pilgrimage sites in the region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161743_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161743_image4.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both the sexes are almost of the same size but <strong>male is slightly bigger than female.</strong></li>
<li>The upper long neck, head, primary and secondary flight feathers and tail are completely black and<strong> body plumage is pale gray/whitish.</strong></li>
<li>A conspicuous <strong>red crown</strong> adorns the head.</li>
<li>The <strong>juveniles have a brownish head and neck</strong> and plumage is slightly paler than that of an adult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bird is <strong>revered by the community of Monpas</strong> (major Buddhist ethnic group of Arunachal Pradesh) as an <strong>embodiment of the sixth Dalai Lama</strong> (Tsangyang Gyatso).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Monpas</strong> inhabit the West Kameng and Tawang districts, are essentially Buddhists who follow the <strong>Mahayana sect.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat and Breeding Grounds :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>high altitude wetlands</strong> of the Tibetan plateau , Sichuan (China), and eastern <strong>Ladakh</strong> (India) are the<strong> main breeding ground of the species,</strong> the birds spend winter at lower altitudes.</li>
<li>In Bhutan and<strong> Arunachal Pradesh,</strong> it only comes <strong>during the winters.</strong></li>
<li>In Arunachal Pradesh, it can be seen in three areas: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sangti valley</strong> in West Kameng district.</li>
<li><strong>Zemithang</strong> in Tawang district.</li>
<li><strong>Chug valley</strong> in Tawang district.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Damage to the eggs and chicks,</strong> caused by feral dogs.</li>
<li><strong>Loss of habitat</strong> due to human pressure (Development Projects) on the wetlands.</li>
<li>Increased grazing pressure on the limited pastures near the wetlands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps for their Conservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wide Fund</strong> </a><strong>for Nature-India</strong> (WWF-India) in collaboration with the Department of Wildlife Protection, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, has been working towards conservation of high altitude wetlands, with<strong> black-necked cranes as a priority species in Ladakh region.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In Arunachal Pradesh, WWF is working for the conservation of the small wintering population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Near Threatened</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tawang-monks-oppose-arunachal-govts-fresh-push-for-hydropower-projects/article33910552.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/black-necked-crane'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Pagri Sambhal Movement',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM) is celebrating <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> February</strong> as <strong>Pagri Sambhal Diwas</strong>, honouring the <strong>memory of Ajit Singh</strong>-founder of the <strong>Pagri Sambhaal Movement of 1907.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farmer unions part of the ongoing protests in Delhi claim that <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2020-12-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>farm laws</strong></a> passed by Parliament will ultimately force them to sell their land to corporates. It was a similar complaint that fueled the farm protests in 1907.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pagri Sambhal Movement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a successful farm agitation that <strong>forced the British government to repeal three laws</strong> related to agriculture back in 1907. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Punjab Land Alienation Act</strong> 1900, the <strong>Punjab Land Colonisation Act</strong> 1906 and <strong>the Doab Bari Act</strong> 1907.</li>
<li>These acts would <strong>reduce farmers from owners to contractors of land</strong>, and <strong>gave the British government the right to take back the allotted land</strong> if the farmer even touched a tree in his field without permission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Slogan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The slogan, Pagdi Sambhal Jatta, the name of the movement, was <strong>inspired by the song by Banke Lal, the editor of the Jang Sayal newspaper.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protest:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The protests were <strong>violent</strong> and the protestors ransacked government buildings, post offices, banks, overturning telephone poles and pulling down telephone wires.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leader of the Agitation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhagat-singh-s-birth-anniversary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhagat Singh&rsquo;s</strong></a> uncle <strong>Ajit Singh</strong> was the force behind this agitation.</li>
<li>He wanted to <strong>channel people&rsquo;s anger over the farm laws to topple the colonial government.</strong></li>
<li>Bhagat Singh&rsquo;s father Kishan Singh and uncle Ajit Singh, with their revolutionary friend Ghasita Ram, formed <strong>Bharat Mata Society</strong>, aiming to mobilise this unrest into a revolt against the British government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many young revolutionaries like Sufi Amba Prasad, Zia-ul-Haq, Lal Chand Falak, Din Dayal Banke, Kishan Singh and Lala Ram Saran Das were among the <strong>members of Bharat Mata Society.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sardar Ajit Singh:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161469_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161469_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="424" height="340" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Born on <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> February, 1881</strong> he was an <strong>Indian revolutionary</strong>, an Indian dissident and a <strong>nationalist</strong> during the colonial era.</li>
<li>He was an inspiration to Indian revolutionaries and his nephew Bhagat Singh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Work:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He <strong>openly criticised the colonial government</strong> and was amongst the early protests in Punjab.</li>
<li>With his brother Kishan Singh, <strong>worked among the people</strong> in famine-stricken regions like Barar (Madhya Pradesh) and Ahmedabad and in flood-and-earthquake-affected areas of Srinagar and Kangla in <strong>1905.</strong></li>
<li>He launched the <strong>Bharat Mata Book Agency ( part of Bharat Mata Society)</strong>, which, because of its strident anti-government, propagandist publications, <strong>attracted the attention of the British government.</strong></li>
<li>He built a <strong>network of solidarity</strong> with people who were struggling for India&rsquo;s liberation in different parts of Europe. He also founded in this period the <strong>Indian Revolutionary Association (Bharatiya Krantikari Sangh).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In May 1907, Sardar Ajit Singh along with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lala-lajpat-rai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lala Lajpat Rai</strong></a> was <strong>exiled to Mandalay in Burma.</strong></li>
<li>However, due to great public pressure and apprehension of unrest in the Indian Army, <strong>both of them were released in October 1907.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Escape:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1909, Sardar Ajit Singh along with Sufi Amba Prasad <strong>escaped to Iran and lived in a self-imposed exile for 38 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In March 1947, he returned to India and <strong>died on 15<sup>th</sup> August 1947, the day India gained independence at Dalhousie, Punjab.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the medieval period, <strong>only noblemen were allowed to wear a turban</strong> but during the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/sikhism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sikh</a> revolution in the 17<sup>th</sup> century, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/guru-gobind-singh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Guru Gobind Singh</a> declared it as a symbol of defiance.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He subverted the selectiveness of a turban, providing the common man with a <strong>way to claim and assert their own self-esteem.</strong></li>
<li>Pagri (Turban) represents the dignity of the common man.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1907</strong>, Pagri Sambhal Jatta was a call to not let the Pagri fall, literally and figuratively.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-farmers-pagri-sambhal-diwas-1907-movement-british-scrap-3-farm-laws-7201372/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Genetically Modified Organisms as Imported Food Crops',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)</strong></a> in a recent order has set 1% threshold for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intentional-genomic-alteration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)</strong></a> in food crops imported into India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in August 2020, FSSAI had issued the order that 24 food crops the country imports would need a <strong>&lsquo;non-GM-origin-cum-GM-free certificate&rsquo;</strong> issued by a competent authority.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are <strong>living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated</strong> in a laboratory through <strong>genetic engineering.</strong></li>
<li>This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Genetically Modified Crops:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614402541_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614402541_image 0.png" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Conventional plant breeding involves crossing of species of the same genus to provide the offspring with the desired traits of both parents.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Genus is a class of items such as a group of animals or plants with similar traits, qualities or features.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bt-cotton-in-india-problems-and-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bt cotton</strong></a> is the only Genetically Modified (GM) crop that is allowed in India. It has alien genes from the soil bacterium <em>Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)</em> that allows the crop to develop a protein toxic to the common pest <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maharashtra-to-take-emergency-measures-to-tackle-pink-bollworm-pbw" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pink bollworm.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Herbicide Tolerant Bt (Ht Bt) cotton</strong>, on the other hand is derived with the insertion of an additional gene, from another soil bacterium, which allows the plant to resist the common herbicide glyphosate.</li>
<li>In <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/illegal-cultivation-of-bt-brinjal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bt brinjal</strong></a>, a gene allows the plant to resist attacks of fruit and shoot borers.</li>
<li>In <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/gm-mustard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DMH-11 mustard</strong></a>, genetic modification allows cross-pollination in a crop that self-pollinates in nature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Legal Position of GM crops in India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/geac-seeks-information-from-bangladesh-on-bt-brinjal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)</strong></a> is the apex body that allows for commercial release of GM crops.</li>
<li>Use of the unapproved GM variant can attract a jail term of 5 years and fine of Rs. 1 lakh under the <strong>Environment Protection Act, 1986.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulation of Imported Crops:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The task of regulating GMO levels in <strong>imported consumables</strong> was <strong>initially with the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC).</strong></li>
<li>Its role was diluted with the enactment of the <strong>Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006</strong> and <strong>FSSAI was asked to take over approvals of imported goods.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/fssai-s-gmo-threshold-for-imported-food-crops-unacceptably-high-says-letter-to-health-minister-75675" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genetically-modified-organisms-as-imported-food-crops'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Time to Review Tenth Schedule',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-absurdity-of-the-anti-defection-law/article33935666.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The absurdity of the anti-defection law&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 26/02/2021. It talks about the issues related to anti-defection law.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the resignation of MLAs in the Puducherry assembly, yet again, highlighted the absurdity of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/challenge-to-anti-defection-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>anti-defection law</strong></a>. Resignations are done with the intent of lowering the numbers required for a no-confidence motion to succeed. This formula has been seen recently in other states such as Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.</p>
<p>In this way, no MLA has to face disqualification under the anti-defection law. The anti-defection law was included in the Constitution as the Tenth Schedule in 1985 to combat the &ldquo;evil of political defections.&rdquo;</p>
<p>The primary purpose was to preserve the stability of governments and insulate them from the defections of legislators. However, the law has reduced legislators to being accountable primarily to the party and failed to preserve governments&rsquo; stability.</p>
<h3>Issues Related to Anti-Defection Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Undermining Representative Democracy:</strong> There are two broadly accepted roles of a representative, such as an MP in a democracy. One, as agents of the voters, and the other is to exercise their judgment on various issues of public interest.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After enacting the Anti-defection law, the MP or MLA has to follow the party&rsquo;s direction blindly. This leaves them with absolutely <strong>no freedom to vote their judgment on any issue.</strong></li>
<li>It makes the MP neither a delegate of the constituency nor a national legislator but converts them to be just <strong>agents of the political party.</strong></li>
<li>Thus, this provision goes against the concept of representative democracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eroding Legislatures:</strong> An important consequence of the anti-defection law is the hollowing out of our legislatures. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The core role of an MP to examine and decide on a policy, bills, and budgets is side-lined.</li>
<li>Instead, the MP becomes just another number to be tallied by the party on any vote that it supports or opposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Undermining Parliamentary Democracy:</strong> While introducing the draft Constitution, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar outlined the differences between the presidential and parliamentary forms of government. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to him, the presidential form had higher stability, but lower accountability as the President is elected for four years, and cannot be removed except for proven misdemeanor.</li>
<li>In the parliamentary form, the government is accountable daily through questions and motions and can be removed any time it loses the support of the majority of members of the Lok Sabha.</li>
<li>In India, this chain of accountability has been broken by making legislators accountable primarily to the political party. Thus, anti-defection law is acting against the concept of parliamentary democracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No Longer Provides Political Stability:</strong> The Anti-defection law envisages political stability by ensuring that any person disqualified for defecting cannot get a ministerial position unless they are re-elected.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, Puducherry&rsquo;s example shows that the political system has found ways to topple governments by resigning rather than vote against the party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Controversial Role of Speaker:</strong> Resigning from the membership of the House is every member&rsquo;s right. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, according to Article 190 of the Constitution, the resignation <strong>should be voluntary or genuine.</strong> If the Speaker has information to the contrary, they are not obliged to accept the resignation.</li>
<li>In many instances, the Speaker (usually from the ruling party) has delayed deciding on the disqualification.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court has tried to plug this by ruling that the Speaker has to decide in three months, but it is not clear what would happen if a Speaker does not do so.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Strengthening Intra-Party Democracy:</strong> If government stability is an issue due to people defecting from their parties, the answer is for parties to strengthen their internal part of democracy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If people rise within the party hierarchy on their capabilities (rather than inheritance), there would be a greater exit barrier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regulating Political Parties:</strong> There is an ardent need for legislation that governs political parties in India. Such a law should bring political parties under RTI, strengthen intra-party democracy, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Final Authority of Election Commission:</strong> Chairman/Speaker of the house, being the final authority in terms of defection, affects the doctrine of separation of powers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Designating the Election Commission as the final authority in dealing with matters of defections may curb the menace of defection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restricting the Scope of Anti-defection Law:</strong> In order to shield the detrimental effect of the anti-defection law on representative democracy, the scope of the law can be restricted to <strong>only those laws, where the defeat of government can lead to loss of confidence.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>To sum up, the anti-defection law has been detrimental to legislatures&rsquo; functioning as deliberative bodies that hold the executive to account on behalf of citizens. It has turned them into fora to endorse the decision of the government on Bills and budgets. In this context, it is time to review the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffffc;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The premise that the anti-defection law is needed to punish legislators who betray the voters&rsquo; mandate also seems flawed. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9XW_pseAM7Q" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/leverage-tech-for-migrants-sake/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Leverage tech for migrants&rsquo; sake&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Economic Times on February 24<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/time-to-review-tenth-schedule'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Mannathu Padmanabhan',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister paid tributes to <strong>Mannathu Padmanabhan</strong> on his Punya Tithi (Death Anniversary).</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614337315_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614337315_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="283" height="375" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was born on <strong>2<sup>nd</sup> January 1878</strong> in Perunna, <strong>Kottayam district of Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was an Indian<strong> social reformer</strong> and<strong> freedom fighter</strong> from the south-western state of Kerala.</li>
<li>Sardar K M Panicker called him <strong>&lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/madan-mohan-malaviya-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></strong> of Kerala.</li>
<li>He began his career as a <strong>teacher in 1893</strong> in a Government primary school.</li>
<li>In <strong>1905</strong> he changed his profession and<strong> started practicing law,</strong> in the Magistrates Courts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political and Social Contribution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He took part in the<strong> Vaikom (1924)</strong> and <strong>Guruvayoor (1931)</strong> temple-entry Satyagrahas and the anti-untouchability agitations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Vaikom Satyagraha</strong> was a movement in Travancore (modern-day Kerala) for <strong>temple entry of the depressed classes.</strong> It took place near the Shiva Temple at Vaikom, Kottayam district, Kerala during 1924-25. Vaikom was at that time a part of the princely state of Travancore.</li>
<li><strong>Guruvayur Satyagraha</strong> was a Satyagraha (non-violent protest) to allow entry for untouchables into the<strong> Guruvayur Temple</strong> in present Thrissur district, which was then part of Ponnani Taluk of Malabar district, now part of <strong>Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He is regarded as the reformer and moral guide of the members of <strong>Nair community.</strong> He inspired the <strong>Nair community</strong> community members to end practicing bad and orthodox customs.</li>
<li>He led the Nairs to demand temple entry for all castes and to put an end to <strong>untouchability.</strong></li>
<li>In 1914 he established the <strong>Nair Service Society.</strong></li>
<li>He became a member of the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian National Congress</a> in 1946</strong> and took part in the agitation against Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer&rsquo;s administration in Travancore.</li>
<li>He was arrested for the<strong> Indian Freedom Movement</strong> on 14 June 1947.</li>
<li>In 1949, Padmanabhan became a <strong>member of the Travancore Legislative Assembly.</strong></li>
<li>In 1964 he was instrumental in the formation of<strong> Kerala Congress,</strong> the<strong> first <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/rise-of-regional-parties-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">regional party</a> in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Awards &amp; Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He received <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/padma-awards-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Padma Bhushan</strong></a> in 1966.</li>
<li>He was honoured with the title <strong>Bharata Kesari</strong> by the President of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He died on <strong>25<sup>th</sup> February 1970</strong> at the age of 92.</li>
<li><strong>Mannam memorial (or Samādhi)</strong> is located at NSS Headquarters Changanacherry which is a municipal town in <strong>Kottayam district,</strong> Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1700662" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'New IT Rules 2021',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government has notified <strong>Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These new rules broadly deal with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/society-and-social-media" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>social media</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/over-the-top-platform-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>over-the-top (OTT) platforms.</strong></a></li>
<li>These rules have been framed in exercise of powers under section 87 (2) of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-laws-and-blocking-of-internet-content-centre-vs-twitter#:~:text=Information%20Technology%20Act%2C%202000%3A,computer%20resources%20and%20electronic%20records" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000</strong></a> and in supersession of the earlier <strong>Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2011.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614335612_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614335612_image3.png" width="400" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>2018:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> had observed that the Government of India may <strong>frame necessary guidelines</strong> to eliminate child pornography, rape and gangrape imageries, videos and sites in content hosting platforms and other applications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>2020:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An Ad-hoc committee of the Rajya Sabha laid its report after studying <strong>the alarming issue of pornography on social media</strong> and its effect on children and society as a whole and recommended for enabling identification of the first originator of such contents.</li>
<li>The government brought <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ott-platforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>video streaming over-the-top (OTT) platforms</strong></a> under the ambit of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Guidelines for Social Media/Intermediaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Categories of Social Media Intermediaries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Based on the number of users, on the social media platform intermediaries have been divided in two groups:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Social media intermediaries.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Significant social media intermediaries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Due Diligence to be Followed by Intermediaries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In case, due diligence is not followed by the intermediary, <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/11-02-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>safe harbour provisions</strong></a> will not apply to them.</li>
<li>The safe harbour provisions have been defined under <strong>Section 79 of the IT Act</strong>, and protect social media intermediaries by giving them immunity from legal prosecution for any content posted on their platforms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Redressal Mechanism is Mandatory:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Intermediaries shall <strong>appoint a Grievance Officer</strong> to deal with complaints and share the name and contact details of such officers.</li>
<li>Grievance Officer shall acknowledge the complaint within<strong> twenty four hours and resolve it within fifteen days from its receipt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring Online Safety and Dignity of Users:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Intermediaries shall <strong>remove or disable access within 24 hours of receipt of complaints</strong> of contents that exposes the private areas of individuals, show such individuals in full or partial nudity or in sexual act or is in the nature of impersonation including morphed images etc.</li>
<li>Such a complaint can be <strong>filed</strong> either <strong>by the individual</strong> or by <strong>any other person on his/her behalf.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Additional Due Diligence for the Significant Social Media Intermediaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Appointments:</strong> Need to appoint <strong>Chief Compliance Officer</strong>, a <strong>Nodal Contact Person</strong> and a <strong>Resident Grievance Officer</strong>, all of whom should be <strong>resident in India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Compliance Report:</strong> Need to publish a <strong>monthly compliance report mentioning the details of complaints received and action taken</strong> on the complaints as well as details of contents removed proactively.</li>
<li><strong>Enabling Identity of the Originator:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Significant social media intermediaries providing services primarily in the nature of messaging shall <strong>enable identification of the first originator of the information.</strong></li>
<li>Required only for the purposes of prevention, detection, investigation, prosecution or punishment of an offence related to <strong>sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, or public order,</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Or of incitement to an offence relating to the above or in relation with rape, sexually explicit material or child sexual abuse material punishable with <strong>imprisonment for a term of not less than five years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Removal of Unlawful Information:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An intermediary upon receiving actual knowledge in the form of an <strong>order by a court or being notified by the Appropriate Govt. or its agencies</strong> through authorized officer <strong>should not host or publish any information which is prohibited under any law</strong> in relation to the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India, public order, friendly relations with foreign countries etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rules for News Publishers and OTT Platforms and Digital Media:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For OTT:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Self-Classification of Content:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The OTT platforms, called as the publishers of online curated content in the rules, would self-classify the content into five age based <strong>categories- U (Universal), U/A 7+, U/A 13+, U/A 16+, and A (Adult).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parental Lock:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Platforms would be required to implement parental locks for content classified as U/A 13+ or higher, and reliable age verification mechanisms for content classified as &ldquo;A&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Display Rating:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Shall prominently display the classification rating specific to each content or programme together with a content descriptor informing the user about the nature of the content, and advising on viewer description (if applicable) at the beginning of every programme enabling the user to make an informed decision, prior to watching the programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Publishers of News on Digital Media :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>They would be required to observe Norms of <strong>Journalistic Conduct of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/press-council-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Press Council of India</a></strong> and the Programme Code under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/regulations-on-ott-and-digital-content#:~:text=The%20Cable%20Television%20Network%20(Regulation,the%20Electronic%20Media%20Monitoring%20Centre." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cable Television Networks Regulation Act 1995</strong></a> thereby providing a level playing field between the offline (Print, TV) and digital media.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grievance Redressal Mechanism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A three-level grievance redressal mechanism has been established under the rules with different levels of self-regulation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Level-I:</strong> Self-regulation by the publishers;</li>
<li><strong>Level-II:</strong> Self-regulation by the self-regulating bodies of the publishers;</li>
<li><strong>Level-III:</strong> Oversight mechanism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-regulation by the Publisher:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Publisher shall appoint a Grievance Redressal Officer based in India who shall be responsible for the redressal of grievances received by it.</li>
<li>The officer shall take decision on every grievance received by <strong>it within 15 days.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Self-Regulatory Body:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There may be one or more self-regulatory bodies of publishers.</li>
<li>Such a body shall be headed by a retired judge of the SC, a High Court or independent eminent person and have not more than six members.</li>
<li>Such a body will have to register with the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.</li>
<li>This body will <strong>oversee the adherence by the publisher to the Code of Ethics and address grievances</strong> that have not been resolved by the publisher within 15 days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oversight Mechanism:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Ministry of Information and Broadcasting</strong> shall formulate an oversight mechanism.</li>
<li>It shall publish a charter for self-regulating bodies, including Codes of Practices. It shall establish an Inter-Departmental Committee for hearing grievances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1700749" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-it-rules-2021'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Ancient Buddhist Monastery Found in Jharkhand',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-circles-of-archaeological-survey-of-india#:~:text=Treasures%20Act%201972.-,Archaeological%20Survey%20of%20India%20(ASI),and%20remains%20of%20national%20importance." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Archeological Survey of India (ASI)</strong> </a>has unearthed a <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhist</strong> </a>monastery, believed to be at least 900 years old, buried under a mound in a village near Juljul Pahar of Sitagarhi Hills in Jharkhand.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier an ancient Buddhist shrine, buried under a similar mound was found, close to this site.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Artifacts Unearthed:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Four statues of <strong>deity Tara in Varad Mudra</strong> (gesture of hand showing dispensing of boons).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Nagri Script on Tara Statue:</strong> Nagri was a <strong>previous version of Devnagri script</strong> and the words indicate Buddhist religious affiliation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Six statues of the<strong> Buddha in Bhumisparsha Mudra</strong> (gesture of hand showing five fingers of right hand towards the earth symbolising the Buddha&rsquo;s enlightenment).</li>
<li>A <strong>sculpture</strong> which appears to be that of<strong> Shaivite deity Maheswari</strong> - with a coiled crown and chakra - indicating cultural assimilation in the area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614330884_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614330884_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of the Findings:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The findings are significant since the <strong>monastery is on the old route to Varanasi, 10 km from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-of-stupas-sarnath" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarnath</a>,</strong> where the Buddha gave his first sermon.</li>
<li>The presence of statues of deity Tara shows <strong>possible proliferation of Vajrayana form of Buddhism</strong> in this region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vajrayana</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Vajrayana means &ldquo;The Vehicle of the Thunderbolt&rdquo;, also known as <strong>tantric Buddhism.</strong></li>
<li>This Buddhist school <strong>developed in India around 900 CE.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>grounded on esoteric elements and a very complex set of rituals</strong> compared with the rest of the Buddhist schools.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ancient-buddhist-monastery-found-in-jharkhand-7205094/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ancient-buddhist-monastery-found-in-jharkhand'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'PLI Scheme for IT Hardware and Pharmaceuticals',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet has cleared <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production-Linked incentive (PLI)</strong></a> schemes for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-pharma-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pharmaceuticals</strong></a> and<strong> IT hardware,</strong> including laptops, which would cost the government as much as Rs. 22,350 crore.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the government had announced the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PLI scheme for medical devices, mobile phones</strong></a> and specified active pharmaceutical ingredients, with a proposed outlay of Rs. 51,311 crore.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It aims to give companies<strong> incentives on incremental sales</strong> from products manufactured in domestic units.</li>
<li>It invites foreign companies to set units in India, however, it also <strong>aims to encourage local companies</strong> to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614327847_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614327847_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>IT Hardware Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme, worth Rs. 7350 crore, will <strong>offer 1-4% cash incentives</strong> on net incremental sales (over<strong> base year</strong> 2019-20) for IT products manufactured in India.</li>
<li>The <strong>Target Segments</strong> include Laptops, Tablets, All-in-One PCs and Servers.</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> 4 years</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India will be well positioned as a global hub for <strong>Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM)</strong> on account of integration with global value chains, thereby becoming a destination for IT Hardware exports.</li>
<li><strong>Employment Generation</strong> potential of over 1,80,000 (direct and indirect) over 4 years.</li>
<li>Provide impetus to <strong>Domestic Value Addition</strong> for IT Hardware which is expected to <strong>rise to 20-25% by 2025.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pharmaceutical Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Rs. 6,940-crore PLI scheme implemented in 2020</strong> focuses on the critical bulk drugs, whereas <strong>this scheme is likely to focus on other types of bulk drugs.</strong></li>
<li>It intends to give <strong>incentives between 2020-21 and 2028-29 (9 years).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Drug manufacturers</strong> applying for the scheme will have to be registered in India and<strong> will be placed into one of three categories</strong> based on their Global Manufacturing Revenue (GMR).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories of Drugs Targeted by the Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>First Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes biopharmaceuticals, complex generics, patented and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-and-the-orphan-drug-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>orphan drugs</strong></a>, often expensive for which India relies a lot on multinational drug makers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It comprises <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-active-pharmaceutical-ingredients-tifac" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)</strong></a>, Key Starting Materials (KSMs) and Drug Intermediates (DIs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Category:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It includes other critical repurposed, auto-immune, anti-<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-cancer-awareness-day#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20World%20Health,2018%20against%209.5%20million%20globally." target="_blank" rel="noopener">cancer</a></strong>, anti-diabetic, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/hiv-new-hope" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>anti-retroviral</strong></a>, anti-infective and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/higher-mortality-from-cardio-vascular-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cardiovascular</strong></a> drugs as well as in-vitro diagnostic devices and drugs not manufactured in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Incentives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For First and Second Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>10%</strong> of incremental sales value for the first four year of the scheme, followed by <strong>8%</strong> for the fifth year and<strong> 6%</strong> for the sixth year of production under the scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Third Category:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>5%</strong> of incremental sales value for the first four years, <strong>4%</strong> for the fifth year and<strong> 3%</strong> for the sixth year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits of PLI in Pharmaceuticals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Reduced Dependency on China:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s capabilities in APIs have reduced over the years, mostly due to<strong> cheaper alternatives from China.</strong></li>
<li>The pharmaceutical industry here is currently dependent on the bordering country for nearly <strong>70% of the bulk drugs it imports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enhance Exports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Indian pharmaceutical industry is the third-largest globally in terms of the volume term of production and is worth <strong>USD 40 billion in value.</strong></li>
<li>The country contributes <strong>3.5% of total drugs and medicines exported globally.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-clears-pli-scheme-to-boost-manufacturing-of-laptops-tablets-pcs-7202926/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-it-hardware-and-pharmaceuticals'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'FATF Retains Pakistan In Grey List',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Financial Action Task Force (FATF)</strong> has decided to retain Pakistan on the &ldquo;greylist&rdquo; till the next review of its performance on its recommendations during the June Plenary session.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-on-fatf-grey-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>October-2020 Plenary</strong></a>, <strong>due to the Covid-19 pandemic, Pakistan was given an extension</strong> for full compliance with the 27-point action plan till February 2021. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It had then not fully complied with 6 of the 27 directives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> FATF had issued the 27-point action plan</strong> after placing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fatf-s-grey-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pakistan on the &lsquo;Grey List&rsquo; in June 2018</strong></a>. The action plan pertains to curbing <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/money-laundering-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>money laundering</strong></a> and terror financing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FATF <strong>acknowledged Pakistan&rsquo;s significant progress in combating terrorism,</strong> however it was <strong>still to fully comply with three of the 27-point action plan.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> three points</strong> pertain to<strong> effective steps in terms of financial sanctions and penalties</strong> against the terror funding infrastructure and the entities involved.</li>
<li>After assessing the measures taken during the June 2021 session, the FATF would verify the implementation and test the sustainability of reforms undertaken by Pakistan, to review its inclusion or exclusion on the grey list.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Pakistan's case, the<strong> FATF has taken cognisance of the inaction against several banned organisations</strong> involved in raising funds for terror activities and those linked to global terrorists like Jaish-e-Mohammed chief Masood Azhar and <strong>Lashkar-e-Taiba&rsquo;s</strong> Hafiz Saeed and its operations chief Zaki-Ur Rahman Lakhvi.</li>
<li>On several occasions, India has also raised the involvement of elements within Pakistan in a number of terror cases, including the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ten-years-after-the-mumbai-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 26/11 Mumbai</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unsc-condemns-pulwama-attack" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pulwama attacks.</strong></a></li>
<li>Perpetual containment of Pakistan on the grey list of FATF would further pressurise Pakistan to take adequate measures to prevent such terrorist attacks on India from its soil.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Financial Action Task Force</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an inter-governmental body established in 1989 during the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/g-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> G7 Summit</strong></a> in Paris.</li>
<li>The FATF assesses the strength of a country&rsquo;s anti-money laundering and anti-terror financing frameworks, however it does not go by individual cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its Secretariat is located at the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development</a> (OECD)</strong> headquarters in<strong> Paris.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Member Countries:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The FATF currently has <strong>39 members</strong> including two regional organisations &mdash; the European Commission and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gcc-backs-un-arms-embargo-on-iran#:~:text=set%20to%20expire.-,Gulf%20Cooperation%20Council,United%20Arab%20Emirates%20(UAE)." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>. India</strong> is a member of the FATF.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lists under FATF:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Grey List:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Countries that are considered<strong> safe haven for supporting terror funding and money laundering</strong> are put in the FATF grey list.</li>
<li>This inclusion serves as a warning to the country that it may enter the blacklist.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Black List: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Countries known as <strong>Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories (NCCTs) are put in the blacklist.</strong></li>
<li>These countries support terror funding and money laundering activities.</li>
<li>The FATF revises the blacklist regularly, adding or deleting entries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sessions:</strong> The<strong> FATF Plenary</strong> is the decision making body of the FATF. It meets<strong> three times per year.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-to-remain-on-fatf-greylist/article33935983.ece#:~:text=The%20Financial%20Action%20Task%20Force,during%20the%20June%20Plenary%20session.&amp;text=He%20urged%20Pakistan%20to%20make%20fast%20progress%20on%20the%20remaining%20obligations." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fatf-retains-pakistan-in-grey-list'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'President’s Rule in Puducherry',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>President&rsquo;s Rule has been imposed in the Union Territory of Puducherry, on the recommendation of the Lieutenant Governor, after the established government lost power during <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/floor-test-is-governor-s-discretion-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>a vote of confidence.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The President was satisfied that a situation had arisen in which the administration of the Union Territory of Puducherry could not carry on in accordance with the provisions of the <strong>Government of Union Territories Act, 1963</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The&nbsp;<strong>Government of Union Territories Act, 1963&nbsp;</strong>enacted by the Parliament in accordance with the <strong>provisions of article 239A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Administration of Union Territories:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 239 to 242 under Part VIII</strong> of the Indian Constitution deals with the administration of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Territories.</strong></a></li>
<li>Every union territory is <strong>administered by the President acting through an administrator</strong> appointed by him.</li>
<li>An <strong>administrator</strong> of a union territory is an agent of the President and not head of state like a governor. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President can specify the designation of an administrator; it may be <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/jurisdictional-conflict-in-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lieutenant Governor</strong></a> or Chief Commissioner or Administrator.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Union Territories of Puducherry (in 1963), Delhi (in 1992) and</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uts-j-k-and-ladakh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu and Kashmir (in 2019)</strong></a> <strong>are provided with a legislative assembly</strong> and a council of ministers headed by a chief minister.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>But, the establishment of such institutions in the union territories <strong>does not diminish the supreme control of the President</strong> and Parliament over them.</li>
<li>The <strong>Parliament can make laws on any subject of the three lists</strong> (including the State List) for the union territories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Provision in Case of Failure of Constitutional Machinery (as per the 1963 Act):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If the <strong>President, on receipt of a report from the Administrator</strong> of (the Union territory) <strong>or otherwise,</strong> is satisfied,―<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>that a situation has arisen in which the <strong>administration of the Union territory cannot be carried on</strong> in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or</li>
<li>that<strong> for the proper administration of the Union territory</strong> it is necessary or expedient so to do,</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President may, <strong>by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act</strong> for such period as he thinks fit, and <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory<strong> in accordance with the provisions of Article 239.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>President&rsquo;s Rule in a State:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>implies the suspension of a state government and the imposition of direct rule of the Centre.</strong></li>
<li>It is also known as <strong>&lsquo;State Emergency&rsquo; or &lsquo;Constitutional Emergency&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President&rsquo;s Rule is <strong>imposed through the invocation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/article-356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 356</a> of the Constitution</strong> by the President on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers.</li>
<li>Under Article 356, President&rsquo;s Rule is imposed if the President, upon receipt of the report from the Governor of the State or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parliamentary Approval and Duration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A proclamation imposing President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months</strong> from the date of its issue.</li>
<li>The approval <strong>takes place through simple majority</strong> in either House, that is, a majority of the members of the House present and voting.</li>
<li><strong>Initially valid for six months</strong>, the President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>can be extended for a maximum period of three years</strong> with the approval of the Parliament, every six months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Consequences of President&rsquo;s Rule:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The state governor, on behalf of the President, carries on the state administration with the help of the chief secretary of the state or the advisors appointed by the President.</li>
<li>The President can declare that the powers of the state legislature are to be exercised by the Parliament.</li>
<li>The President either suspends or dissolves the state legislative assembly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Revocation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A proclamation of President&rsquo;s Rule <strong>may be revoked by the President at any time</strong> by a subsequent proclamation. Such a proclamation <strong>does not require parliamentary approval.</strong></li>
<li>This happens, in case, the leader of a party produces letters of support from a majority of members of the Assembly, and stakes his claim to form a government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Recommendations/Judgments on President's Rule</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Administrative Reforms Commission (1968)</strong> recommended that the report of the governor regarding the President's rule has to be objective and also the governor should exercise his own judgment in this regard.</li>
<li>The <strong>Rajamannar Committee (1971)</strong> recommended the deletion of Articles 356 and 357 from the Constitution of India. The necessary provisions for safeguards against arbitrary action of the ruling party at the Centre under Article 356 should be incorporated in the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2021-01-05" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarkaria Commission</a> (1988)</strong> recommended that Article 356 should be used in very rare cases when it becomes unavoidable to restore the breakdown of constitutional machinery in the State.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/printpdf/governor" target="_blank" rel="noopener">S.R. Bommai Judgment</a> (1994).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court enlisted the situations where the exercise of power under Article 356 could be proper.</li>
<li>One such situation is that of &lsquo;Hung Assembly&rsquo;, i.e. where after general elections to the assembly, no party secures a majority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Justice V.Chelliah Commission (2002)</strong> recommended that Article 356 must be used sparingly and only as a remedy of the last resort after exhausting all actions under Articles 256, 257 and 355.</li>
<li>The <strong>Punchhi commission (2007)</strong> recommended that these Articles 355 &amp; 356 be amended. It sought to protect the interests of the States by trying to curb their misuse by the Centre.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/centre-recommends-presidents-rule-in-puducherry/article33922800.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-s-rule-in-puducherry'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve: Chhattisgarh',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Thousands of<strong> tribals</strong> living in villages located in the <strong>core areas of Sitanadi Udanti Tiger Reserve</strong> are protesting and demanding the recognition of their <strong>Community Forest Resource rights.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Community Forest Resource (CFR) rights are given under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forest-rights-act-2006-3#:~:text=Title%20rights%3A%20It%20gives%20FDST,a%20maximum%20of%204%20hectares.&amp;text=Relief%20and%20development%20rights%3A%20To,to%20restrictions%20for%20forest%20protection." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA).</strong></a></li>
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tiger reserves</strong></a> <strong>are constituted on a core/buffer strategy.</strong> The core areas have the legal status of a national park or a sanctuary, whereas the buffer or peripheral areas are a mix of forest and non-forest land, managed as a multiple use area.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of the Forest Rights Act (FRA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 recognizes and vest the forest rights and occupation in Forest land in <strong>Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDST)</strong> and <strong>Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFD)</strong> who have been residing in such forests for generations.</li>
<li>It strengthens the conservation regime of the forests while ensuring livelihood and food security of the FDST and OTFD.</li>
<li>The <strong>Gram Sabha is the authority</strong> to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of Individual Forest Rights (IFR) or Community Forest Rights (CFR) or both that may be given to FDST and OTFD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Individual Rights:</strong> Encompasses Rights of Self-cultivation and Habitation.</li>
<li><strong>Community Rights:</strong> Such as Grazing, Fishing and access to Water bodies in forests, Habitat Rights for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)</strong></a>, right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource for sustainable use etc.</li>
<li><strong>Community Forest Resource Rights:</strong> These are rights of Adivasi and OTFDs over customary common forest land within the traditional or customary boundaries of the village or seasonal use of landscape in the case of pastoral communities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These <strong>can be recognised over any forest land</strong> including reserved forests, protected forests and protected areas such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dehing-patkai-wildlife-sanctuary-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sanctuaries and National Park.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sitanadi-Udanti Tiger Reserve <strong>came into existence in the year 2008-09</strong>, are two separate reserves (Udanti &amp; Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuaries) combined together.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> It is located in the <strong>Gariaband district, Chhattisgarh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ecological Diversity:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It contains various types of <strong>forest crop</strong> mixed with <strong>Sal forest.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-buffalo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Asiatic Wild Buffalo</strong></a> is the key endangered species found in the Core Area.</li>
<li>Apart from the tiger, other endangered and rare species are Indian Wolf, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rise-in-leopard-population" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Leopard</a>,</strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nandankanan-zoological-park-odisha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sloth Bear</strong></a> and Mouse Deer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rivers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sitanadi River</strong> originates in the middle of Sitanadi Wildlife sanctuary.</li>
<li><strong>Udanti River</strong> flows from the west to east covering a major part of the Udanti Wildlife sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Tiger Reserves in Chhattisgarh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biosphere-reserves-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Achanakmar Tiger Reserve.</strong></a></li>
<li>Indravati Tiger Reserve.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614325587_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614325587_image2.png" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarhs-sitanadi-udanti-tiger-reserve-tribals-seek-forest-rights-officials-cite-core-area-rule-7203531/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sitanadi-udanti-tiger-reserve-chhattisgarh'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Structural Issues of Union Territories',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-structural-fragility-of-union-territories/article33927116.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The structural fragility of Union Territories&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 25/02/2021. It talks about the legal and constitutional provision that leads to the undermining of the elected governments in the union territories.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, some MLAs from the Puducherry legislative assembly resigned. These resignations reflect a familiar pattern to the resignations of Members of the Legislative Assembly. Such resignations reduce the party&rsquo;s majority in the House abruptly, which invariably leads to the fall of the government.</p>
<p>The intent behind this pattern is that no MLA has to defect and face disqualification under the anti-defection law. In general, these resignations take place only from the ruling parties in the States which are opposed to the ruling party at the Centre.</p>
<p>However, this is not the only way where the elected governments in Union territories are undermined. There are many constitutional and legal provisions that reflect the structural fragility of Union Territories (UTs) as units of the Indian federation.</p>
<h3>Structural Fragility Of Union Territories</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Composition of the Legislature:</strong> Article 239A was originally brought in, by the 14<sup>th</sup> Constitutional amendment act, 1962, to enable Parliament to create legislatures for the UTs. Under this article, the parliament enacted the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The aftermath of this law is that a simple amendment in the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 can create a legislature with more than 50% nominated members.</li>
<li>However, the question remains, how can a predominantly nominated House promote representative democracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issue of Nomination:</strong> The Government of Union Territories Act provides for a 33-member House for Puducherry of whom three are to be nominated by the Central government.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>So, when the Union government nominated three members to the Assembly without consulting the government, it was challenged in the court.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court in K. Lakshminarayanan v. Union of India, 2019 case held that the Union government is not required to consult the State government for nominating members to the Assembly and the nominated members have the same right to vote as the elected members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Arbitrariness in Nomination:</strong> There is provision for the nomination of members to the Rajya Sabha (under Article 80). The Article specifies the fields from which they will be nominated.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The purpose of this nomination is to enable the House to draw on the expertise of those eminent members who are nominated and thus enrich the debate in the House.</li>
<li>However, in the case of nomination to the Puducherry Assembly, no such qualification is laid down either in Article 239A or the Government of Union Territories Act.</li>
<li>Due to this, the law invites arbitrariness in dealing with the nomination of members to the UT legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Administrator&rsquo;s Power:</strong> The UTs were never given a fully democratic set-up with the necessary autonomy. The power vested in the administrator (Lieutenant Governor) conflicts with the powers of the elected government of UTs having a legislature.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Section 44 of the Government of Union Territories Act and Article 239 AA(4) (proviso) of the Constitution vests the power in the administrator to express his or her disagreement and refer the matter to the President</li>
<li>The President decides on the advice of the Union government. So, in effect, it is the Union government that finally determines the disputed issue.</li>
<li>This can be reflected in the Chief Minister of Puducherry asking removal of the Lt. Governor.</li>
<li>Similarly, in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, one often hears of complaints against the Lt. Governor from the ministers about the non-cooperative federalism being practiced by him.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overlapping Areas:</strong>&nbsp;<span>The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 provides for a Legislative Assembly of Puducherry with a Council of Ministers to govern this Union Territory.&nbsp;</span>Although the l<span>egislative assembly</span> of Puducherry is empowered to make laws, the administrator is not bounded by the aid and advice of the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister.
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This creates overlapping of jurisdictions, which in turn leads to conflict between the union government and elected government of union territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Practicing Cooperative Federalism:</strong> The Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in NCT of Delhi v. Union of India (2019), had said that the administrator should not misuse this power to frustrate the functioning of the elected government in the territory and use it after all methods have failed to reconcile the differences between him/her and the Council of Ministers.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, this judgment has not been observed in the letter and spirit. Thus, both the government and UTs need to imbibe the ethos of cooperative federalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploring the Washington DC Model:</strong> Indian Government can emulate the model of administrative sharing of power between the Union government and the Governments of UTs.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under that scheme, only the strategic areas and buildings are under the effective control of the federal government and the rest of the areas are under the jurisdiction of Washington state.</li>
<li>Given this, the institution of strategic importance like political institutions, defense establishments, etc. can remain under the jurisdiction of the Union Government, and areas other than these can effectively be handed over to UTs governments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Necessary Reforms:</strong> For effective autonomy to the governments of union territories, there is a need for amendment in the legal and constitutional provisions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The Union government should respect the reason why these UTs were thought fit to provide a legislature and Council of Ministers to some of the UTs. The ostensible reason is to fulfill the democratic aspirations of the people of these territories.</p>
<p>In this context, the Union government should take note of the Supreme court&rsquo;s observation that the administration of Union Territories is by the Central government but that does not mean the Union Territories become merged with the Central government. They are centrally administered but retain their independent entity.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fafffa;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Union Territories having legislatures with ultimate control vested in the central administrator are not workable. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xRuCoZVRIIo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/after-the-coup-on-political-crisis-in-myanmar/article33917075.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;After the coup: On political crisis in Myanmar&rdquo;</strong> </a>published in The Hindu on February 24<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/structural-issues-of-union-territories'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Senkaku Island Dispute',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, China called the <strong>Japan-USA mutual security pact</strong> a product of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cold-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cold War</strong> </a>following USA&rsquo;s criticism of the presence of Chinese coast guard vessels in Japanese-claimed territorial waters.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The 1960 Japan-USA mutual security treaty <strong>assures the USA would come to Japan's aid in the event of an outside attack on Japanese</strong> forces or territory.</li>
<li>The USA criticized China as the Chinese ships have been <strong>repeatedly encroaching the Japanese territorial waters</strong> surrounding the Senkaku island.</li>
<li>Whereas China has long accused the USA of maintaining a <strong>&ldquo;Cold War mentality''</strong> due to which it tries to bring Japan in its Bloc against China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614249247_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614249247_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Senkaku Island Dispute:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Senkaku Island dispute concerns a territorial dispute over a group of uninhabited islands known as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Senkaku Islands</strong> in Japan,</li>
<li><strong>Diaoyu Islands</strong> in China, and</li>
<li><strong>Tiaoyutai Islands</strong> in Taiwan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Both Japan and China claim ownership of these islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Location:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Eight uninhabited islands lie in the <strong>East China Sea.</strong> They have a total area of about 7 sq km and lie <strong>northeast of Taiwan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Importance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Islands are close to strategically important shipping lanes, offer rich fishing grounds and are thought to contain oil deposits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Japan's Claim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-558" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World War II</strong></a>, Japan renounced claims to a number of territories and islands including Taiwan in the <strong>1951 Treaty of San Francisco.</strong></li>
<li>But under the treaty, the Nansei Shoto islands came under USA trusteeship and were then returned to Japan in 1971.</li>
<li>Japan says that<strong> Senkaku islands are part of the Nansei Shoto islands</strong> and hence they also belong to Japan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/senkaku-islands" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>a local council in southern Japan has approved a bill</strong></a> to change the name of an area containing Senkaku Islands from Tonoshiro to Tonoshiro Senkaku.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides, China<strong> raised no objections to the San Francisco deal.</strong> Only since the 1970s, when the issue of oil resources in the area emerged, Chinese and Taiwanese authorities began pressing their claims.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China's Claim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These Islands have been part of its territory since ancient times, serving as important fishing grounds administered by the province of Taiwan.</li>
<li>When Taiwan was returned in the <strong>Treaty of San Francisco</strong>, China said the islands &ndash; as part of it &ndash; should also have been returned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/japan-us-treaty-a-product-of-cold-war/article33926393.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/senkaku-island-dispute'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'UNHRC’s New Resolution Against Sri Lanka',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Sri Lanka has made an appeal to the member states of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-human-rights-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)</strong></a> to reject the impending resolution on the island nation's human rights accountability and reconciliation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka is facing a<strong> new resolution</strong> calling on it to hold human rights abusers to account and deliver justice to victims of its<strong> 26-year civil war (1983-2009).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The war was mainly a <strong>clash</strong> between the <strong>Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lankan government</strong> and the <strong>Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)</strong> insurgent group, the latter of which had hoped to establish a separate state for the Tamil minority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sri Lankan forces and Tamil rebels were <strong>accused of atrocities during the war,</strong> which killed at least 1,00,000 people.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614248191_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614248191_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The New Draft Resolution/The Zero Draft:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It incorporates some of the elements of the UNHRC report, including those on <strong>strengthening the HRC&rsquo;s capacity on preserving evidence, devising strategies for future accountability processes, and supporting judicial proceedings in member states with jurisdiction.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the UNHRC report, the government of Sri Lanka had created <strong>parallel military task forces</strong> and commissions that <strong>encroach on civilian functions,</strong> and reversed important institutional checks and balances,<strong> threatening democratic gains,</strong> the <strong>independence of the judiciary</strong> and other key institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It also talks about encouraging the Sri Lankan government to implement the requirements of the previous <strong>30/1 resolution</strong> (from which it pulled out).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Resolution 30/1:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It wanted Colombo to establish a <strong>credible judicial process,</strong> with the participation of Commonwealth and other foreign judges, defence lawyers and authorised prosecutors and investigators, to go into the alleged rights abuses.</li>
<li>Recently,<strong> Sri Lanka has said that Resolution 30/1 was against the country.</strong> The Resolution carried a host of commitments that were not deliverable and were not in conformity with the Constitution of Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>asks the High Commissioner&rsquo;s office to monitor progress on national reconciliation and accountability mechanisms,</strong> and come up with updates next March, and a full report in September 2022.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UNHRC&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The present government in Sri Lanka was<strong> &ldquo;proactively&rdquo; obstructing investigations</strong> into past crimes to prevent accountability, and that this had a<strong> &ldquo;devastating effect&rdquo; on families seeking truth, justice and reparations.</strong></li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN)</strong> </a>member states &ldquo;should pay attention to the early warning signs of more violations to come, and called for <strong>&ldquo;international action&rdquo;</strong> including <strong>targeted sanctions</strong> such as <strong>asset freezes and travel bans against</strong> &ldquo;credibly alleged&rdquo; perpetrators of grave human rights violations and abuses.</li>
<li>States should also<strong> pursue investigations and prosecution in their national courts</strong> under accepted principles of extraterritorial or universal jurisdiction of international crimes committed by all parties in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand on Previous Resolutions Against Sri Lanka:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India voted<strong> against</strong> Sri Lanka in 2012.</li>
<li>India<strong> abstained</strong> in 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The state is at the core of the historical problems, whether it is repressive militarisation, the reinforcement of majoritarian interests or the centralisation of state power in Colombo. But <strong>reforming the state requires direct challenges by its citizenry,</strong> rather than flight to international forums.</li>
<li>The <strong>&lsquo;China factor,&rsquo;</strong> the <strong>&lsquo;Sri Lankan ethnic issue,&rsquo;</strong> and the attendant <strong>&lsquo;UNHRC resolution&rsquo;</strong> have <strong>negatively impacted bilateral relations between India and Sri Lanka.</strong> India needs to focus more on its traditional and cultural ties to improve relations with Sri Lanka. Mutual recognition of each other's concerns and interests can improve the relationship between both countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sri-lanka-at-the-un-rights-council-another-test-for-india-7203407/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unhrc-s-new-resolution-against-sri-lanka'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'National Commission for Scheduled Castes',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Vijay Sampla</strong> has been appointed as the chairman of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC).</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCSC is a <strong>constitutional body</strong> that works to<strong> safeguard the interests of the scheduled castes (SC)</strong> in India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338</strong> of the constitution of India deals with this commission:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides for a <strong>National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</strong> with duties to investigate and <strong>monitor all matters relating to safeguards provided for them,</strong> to inquire into specific complaints and to participate and advise on the planning process of their socio-economic development etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History and Origin:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Special Officer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Initially, the constitution provided for the appointment of a<strong> Special Officer</strong> under Article 338.</li>
<li>The special officer was designated as the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>65<sup>th</sup> Amendment, 1990:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It replaced the one-member system with a multi-member <strong>National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST).</strong></li>
<li>The Constitution (65<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act 1990, amended Article 338 of the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>89<sup>th</sup> Amendment, 2003:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By this amendment, the erstwhile National Commission for SC and ST was replaced by <strong>two separate Commissions</strong> from the year 2004 which were:<strong> National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a>- under <strong>Article 338-A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Structure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It consists of:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Chairperson.</li>
<li>Vice-chairperson.</li>
<li>Three other members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They are <strong>appointed by the President</strong> by warrant under his hand and seal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and investigating all issues</strong> concerning the safeguards provided <strong>for the SCs</strong> under the constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Enquiring into complaints</strong> relating to the deprivation of the rights and safeguards of the SCs.</li>
<li>Taking part in and <strong>advising the central or state governments</strong> with respect to the planning of socio-economic development of the SCs.</li>
<li>Regular <strong>reporting to the President</strong> of the country on the implementation of these safeguards.</li>
<li><strong>Recommending steps</strong> to be taken to further the <strong>socio-economic development and other welfare activities</strong> of the SCs.</li>
<li>Any other function with respect to the welfare, protection, development and advancement of the SC community.</li>
<li>The Commission is also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Anglo-Indian Community</strong> as it does with respect to the SCs.</li>
<li>Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the other backward classes (OBCs). It was relieved from this responsibility by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc#:~:text=102nd%20Constitution%20Amendment%20Act,socially%20and%20educationally%20backward%20classes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>102<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 2018</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Constitutional Provisions For Upliftment of the Schedule Caste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 15</strong></a><strong>(4)</strong> refers to the special provisions for their advancement.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4A)</strong> speaks of <strong>&ldquo;reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of SCs/STs,</strong> which are not adequately represented in the services under the State&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Article 17</strong> abolishes Untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46</strong> requires the State <strong>&lsquo;to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.</li>
<li><strong>Article 335</strong> provides that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of <strong>appointments to services and posts</strong> in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330</strong> and <strong>Article 332</strong> of the Constitution respectively provide for <strong>reservation of seats in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the legislative assemblies</strong> of the States.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Part IX</strong> relating to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/panchayati-raj-institutions-and-participative-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayats</strong></a> and <strong>Part IXA</strong> of the Constitution relating to the Municipalities, reservation for SC and ST in local bodies has been envisaged and provided.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-gets-chairman/article33928022.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Blank-Cheque Company',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, renewable energy producer &lsquo;ReNew Power&rsquo; announced an agreement to merge with RMG Acquisition Corp II, a <strong>blank-cheque company</strong> or a <strong>Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Blank-cheque Company:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A SPAC, or a blank-cheque company, is an entity <strong>specifically set up with the objective of acquiring a firm</strong> in a particular sector.</li>
<li>The aim of this SPAC is to raise money in an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initial-public-offer-ipo#:~:text=in%20previous%20year.-,Initial%20Public%20Offering,securities%20are%20bought%20and%20sold." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Initial Public Offering (IPO)</strong></a>, and at this point in time, it does not have any operations or revenues.</li>
<li>Once the money is raised from the public, it is kept in an <strong>escrow account</strong>, which can be accessed while making the acquisition.</li>
<li>If the <strong>acquisition is not made within two years of the IPO, the SPAC is delisted</strong> and the money is returned to the investors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are attractive to investors, despite them essentially being <strong>shell companies</strong>, as the blank-cheque companies are people sponsoring.</li>
<li>It is a fresh way of thinking of how to structure and exit versus an expensive IPO. The <strong>money is already raised</strong> by somebody who specialises in that area, and is now picking those assets and building on them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Shell Companies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A shell company is <strong>a firm that does not conduct any operations in the economy, but it is formally registered</strong>, incorporated, or legally organized in the economy.</li>
<li>These are <strong>sometimes used illegitimately</strong>, such as to disguise business ownership from law enforcement or the public.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Initial Public Offering</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IPO is the <strong>selling of securities</strong> to the public in the <strong>primary market.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Primary market deals with new securities being issued for the first time. It is also known as the <strong>new issues market.</strong></li>
<li>It is different from the <strong>Secondary market where existing securities</strong> are bought and sold. It is also known as the <strong>stock market or stock exchange.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is when an unlisted company makes either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities or both for the first time to the public.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unlisted companies are companies that are not listed on the stock exchange.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Escrow Account</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a legal concept <strong>describing a financial instrument whereby an asset or escrow money is held by a third party</strong> on behalf of two other parties that are in the process of completing a transaction.</li>
<li>The third-party holds the funds until both parties have fulfilled their contractual requirements.</li>
<li>Escrow is associated with real estate transactions, but it can apply to any situation where funds will pass from one party to another.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/renew-power-gets-blank-cheque-deal-for-nasdaq-listing-7203359/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/blank-cheque-company'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister talked about the <strong>need to address health issues in a holistic manner</strong> and to adopt a <strong>four-pronged strategy</strong> for a healthy India that includes implementing the <strong>PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat scheme.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Four-Pronged Strategy for a Healthy India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Prevention of illness and promotion of wellness</strong> including measures such as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Swachh%20Bharat%20Mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>, yoga and timely care and treatment of pregnant women and children,</li>
<li>Providing cheap and effective <strong>treatment to the poorest of the poor,</strong></li>
<li>Increasing the <strong>quality of health infrastructure</strong> and healthcare professionals and</li>
<li><strong>Working on a mission mode</strong> to overcome obstacles like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-indradhanush-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Indradhanush</strong></a> has been extended to the tribal and far-flung areas of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614237375_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614237375_image3.jpg" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Announced in the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Union Budget 2021-22.</strong></a></li>
<li>Aims to <strong>develop capacities of primary, secondary, and tertiary care health systems</strong> even in the last miles of the nation.</li>
<li><strong>Developing a modern ecosystem</strong> for research, testing and treatment in the country itself.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reforming-centrally-sponsored-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong></a> with an outlay of about Rs. 64,180 crores.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Duration:</strong> 6 years.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Supporting development of 17,788 <strong>rural</strong> and 11,024 <strong>urban health and wellness centers</strong> and setting up of <strong>integrated public health labs</strong> in all districts and 3,382 block public health units in 11 states.</li>
<li>Help in establishing <strong>critical care hospital</strong> blocks in 602 districts and 12 central institutions. Strengthening of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-disease-control-ncdc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)</strong></a>, its 5 regional branches and 20 metropolitan health surveillance units.</li>
<li>Expansion of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-disease-surveillance-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Health Information Portal</strong></a> to all States/UTs to connect all public health labs.</li>
<li>Help in rolling out the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-and-the-vaccination-drive" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 vaccination program</strong></a> as well as strengthen the delivery system and build better capability and capacity to combat any future pandemics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives in Health Sector:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat Program.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Health Mission.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/janaushadhi-week" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jan Aushadhi Yojana.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/govt-will-ensure-healthcare-for-all-pm/article33918226.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-atmanirbhar-swasth-bharat-scheme'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'CECPA: India & Mauritius',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Union Cabinet has approved signing of the <strong>Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA)</strong> between India and Mauritius.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The India-Mauritius CECPA is the <strong>first trade agreement signed by India</strong> with a <strong>country in Africa.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614235506_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614235506_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="650" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About CECPA :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a kind of free trade pact</strong> that aims to provide an institutional mechanism to encourage and improve trade between the two countries.</li>
<li>Under this agreement, countries reduce or eliminate the duties on the products. The countries also give relaxation in the norms to promote the services trade.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Types of Trade Agreements</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Free Trade Agreement (FTA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A free trade agreement is an agreement in which <strong>two or more countries agree to provide preferential trade terms, tariff concession etc.</strong> to the partner country.</li>
<li>India has negotiated FTA with many countries e.g. Sri Lanka and various trading blocs as well e.g. <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASEAN.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this type of agreement, two or more partners give <strong>preferential right of entry to certain products.</strong> This is <strong>done by reducing duties</strong> on an agreed number of tariff lines.</li>
<li>Tariffs may even be reduced to zero for some products even in a PTA. <strong>India signed a PTA with Afghanistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Partnership agreement or cooperation agreement are more <strong>comprehensive than an FTA.</strong></li>
<li>CEPA covers negotiation on the trade in services and investment, and other areas of economic partnership.</li>
<li>India has signed <strong>CEPAs with South Korea and Japan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>CECA generally covers <strong>negotiation on trade tariff and TRQ (Tariff Rate Quotas) rates</strong> only. It is <strong>not as comprehensive as CEPA.</strong> India has signed <strong>CECA with Malaysia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India-Mauritius CECPA:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a<strong> limited agreement</strong> that will cover only select sectors. It will cover Trade in <strong>Goods, Rules of Origin, Trade in Services, Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures, Dispute Settlement,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit to India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>More than 300 domestic goods from agriculture, textiles, electronics and other sectors will <strong>get market access at concessional customs duties</strong> in Mauritius.</li>
<li><strong>Indian service providers will have access to around 115 sub-sectors from the 11 broad service sectors,</strong> such as professional services, computer related services, research &amp; development, other business services, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefit to Mauritius:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will benefit from<strong> preferential market access into India for its 615 products,</strong> including frozen fish, speciality sugar, biscuits, fresh fruits, juices, mineral water, beer, alcoholic drinks, soaps, bags, medical and surgical equipment, and apparel.</li>
<li><strong>India has offered around 95 sub-sectors from the 11 broad services sectors,</strong> including professional services, R&amp;D, other business services, telecommunication, environmental, health, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negotiation on Automatic Trigger Safeguard Mechanism (ATSM):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India and Mauritius have also agreed to negotiate an Automatic Trigger Safeguard Mechanism (ATSM) for some highly sensitive products within two years of the signing of the agreement.</li>
<li>ATSM <strong>protects the country from any sudden or dramatic increase in imports.</strong></li>
<li>Under this mechanism, if the imports of a product are rising alarmingly, then after reaching a certain <strong>threshold,</strong> India can impose <strong>safeguard duties</strong> on imports from Mauritius automatically. The same provision applies to Mauritius as well against Indian imports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India-Mauritius Economic Relations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India had extended a <strong>&lsquo;Special Economic Package&rsquo;</strong> of USD 353 million to Mauritius in 2016. The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-supreme-court-building-of-mauritius" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Mauritius Supreme Court</strong></a> building project is one of the projects implemented under this package. This was jointly inaugurated by both the countries in 2020.</li>
<li>India and Mauritius have jointly <strong>inaugurated the Phase-I of the Metro Express Project</strong> and the <strong>100-bed state of the art ENT hospital project </strong>in<strong> Mauritius,</strong> also built under the special economic package.</li>
<li>According to the<strong> International Trade Centre (ITC),</strong> in 2019, the <strong>main import partners of Mauritius</strong> were<strong> India (13.85%), China (16.69%), South Africa (8.07%),</strong> and<strong> UAE (7.28%).</strong></li>
<li>The bilateral trade between India and Mauritius has registered a<strong> growth of 233%</strong> from <strong>USD 206.76</strong> million in the Financial Year (FY) <strong>2005-06</strong> to <strong>USD 690.02</strong> million in FY <strong>2019-20.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Mauritius</strong> was the<strong> second</strong> top source of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fdi-inflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong></a> into India in <strong>2019-20.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Recent Developments:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614236441_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614236441_image2.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="317" height="333" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Mauritius signed a<strong> USD 100 million Defence Line of Credit</strong> agreement</li>
<li>Mauritius would get a<strong> Dornier aircraft and an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apache-helicopters-for-indian-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Advanced Light Helicopter Dhruv</a> on lease</strong> which would build its <strong>maritime security capabilities.</strong></li>
<li>The two sides also<strong> discussed the Chagos Archipelago dispute,</strong> which was an issue of sovereignty and sustainable development before the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations (UN).</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In <strong>2019, India voted at the UN General Assembly in support of the Mauritian position on the issue.</strong> India was one of the 116 countries that voted demanding that the UK end its &ldquo;colonial administration&rdquo; from the group of islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-vaccine-diplomacy#:~:text=India%20has%20decided%20to%20ship,as%20a%20grant%20or%20gift." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>delivered 1,00,000 Covishield vaccines</strong></a> to Mauritius.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The evolving <strong>geopolitical landscape of the Indian Ocean (IO)</strong> has created new challenges &ndash; and opportunities &mdash; for the countries in and bordering the IO. Mauritius, along with India&rsquo;s other smaller island neighbours, is acutely aware of its maritime identity and geostrategic value. They especially understand what these mean for their larger neighbour India.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s approach to Mauritius is being increasingly entrenched within a regional framework, as seen with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-sagar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Sagar</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s initiative to deliver Covid-19 related assistance to countries in the Indian Ocean region. To take this engagement further, <strong>India needs to remain proactive in bringing together like-minded partners</strong> such as Mauritius, Comoros, Madagascar, Seychelles, Maldives, and Sri Lanka in numerous and overlapping ways.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1698689" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cecpa-india-mauritius'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'National Urban Digital Mission',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM) has been launched by the <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)</strong> along with the <strong>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Several other digital initiatives of MoHUA viz. <strong>India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX), SmartCode, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Smart Cities</a> 2.0 website</strong>, and <strong>Geospatial Management Information System (GMIS)</strong> have also been launched.</li>
<li>These initiatives will further the ongoing efforts of both Ministries to realise the vision of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-digital-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital India</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will create a shared digital infrastructure for urban India, working across the three pillars of <strong>people, process, and platform</strong> to provide holistic support to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-transforming-indian-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cities</strong></a> and towns.</li>
<li>It will institutionalise a <strong>citizen-centric and ecosystem-driven approach</strong> to <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-lacuna-in-urban-planning" target="_blank" rel="noopener">urban governance</a>&nbsp;</strong>and service delivery in 2022 cities by 2022, and across all cities and towns in India by 2024.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of the NUDM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The shared digital infrastructure will <strong>consolidate and cross-leverage the various digital initiatives</strong> of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, enabling cities and towns across India to benefit from holistic and diverse forms of support, in keeping with their needs and local challenges.</li>
<li>NUDM has articulated a set of governing principles, and inherits the technology design principles of the <strong>National Urban Innovation Stack (NUIS).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The principles in turn give rise to standards, specifications, and certifications, across the three pillars of people, process, and platforms.</li>
<li><strong>NUIS</strong> will strengthen the capacity of the urban ecosystem to solve complex programs at speed and scale by unlocking the power of urban data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been developed in partnership between the Smart Cities Mission and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.</li>
<li>It serves as <strong>a seamless interface for data providers and data users</strong>, including <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/panchayati-raj-institution-pri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)</strong></a>, to share, request, and access datasets related to cities, urban governance, and urban service delivery.</li>
<li>It is <strong>an open-source software platform</strong> which facilitates the secure, authenticated, and managed exchange of data amongst various data platforms, 3<sup>rd</sup> party authenticated and authorised applications, and other sources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SmartCode Platform:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>SmartCode is a platform that enables all ecosystem stakeholders to <strong>contribute to a repository of open-source code for various solutions</strong> and applications for urban governance.</li>
<li>It is designed to address the challenges that ULBs face in the development and deployment of digital applications to address urban challenges, by enabling cities to take advantage of existing codes and customising them to suit local needs, rather than having to develop new solutions from scratch.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Geospatial Management Information System (GMIS):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GMIS is a web-based, spatially-enabled management tool, providing one-stop access to information.</li>
<li>GMIS integrates information from multiple sources and features search options by topic and geographic area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Schemes/Programmes of MoHUA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tulip-the-urban-learning-internship-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Learning and Internship Program (TULIP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-cycles4change-challenge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Cycles4Change Challenge </strong></a>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nurturing-neighbourhoods-challenge-smart-cities-mission#:~:text=It%20is%20a%203%2Dyear,data%20management%20across%20city%20agencies." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Nurturing Neighbourhoods Challenge</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-smart-cities-assessment-framework" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-living-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Living Index </strong></a>and Municipal Performance Index</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amrut-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>AMRUT </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission Urban </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/transit-oriented-development" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Urban Transport</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-grameen-behind-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skoch-governance-gold-award-for-day-nulm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Urban Livelihoods Mission</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1700246#:~:text=National%20Urban%20Digital%20Mission%20(NUDM),-The%20National%20Urban&amp;text=It%20will%20institutionalise%20a%20citizen,towns%20in%20India%20by%202024." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-urban-digital-mission'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Elusive Two-State Solution',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/anti-israel-propaganda-palestinian-terrorism-icc-7201723/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Dialogue not demonisation&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 24/02/2021. It talks about the prospects of the two-state solution between Israel and Palestine.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued a decision regarding the scope of its territorial jurisdiction over issues pertaining to the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</strong></a> According to this, ICC has agreed to look into the human right violations that occurred during the Israel-Palestine issue.</p>
<p>Palestinian Authority has welcomed this decision. On the other hand, Israel has criticized the ICC action as an unwarranted intervention that undermines its sovereignty and threatened that the move may eventually eliminate the possibility of a two-state solution.</p>
<p>Presently, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is marked by a relatively low-intensity conflict, with recurring spikes in violence, and the continual erosion of political options. This dangerous status quo could directly impact sustainable peace and drag the region into instability.</p>
<h3>What is a Two-State Solution?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The two-state solution has for decades been the primary focus of efforts to achieve peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</li>
<li>The solution would establish an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel &mdash; two states for two peoples.</li>
<li>In theory, this would win Israel&rsquo;s security and allow it to retain a Jewish demographic majority while granting the Palestinians a state.</li>
<li>The 1947 UN Partition Plan led to decades of military action and violence between Israel and Palestine. It is was only after the mediation of the US, in the 1991 Madrid Peace conference a two-state solution was agreed to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.</li>
<li>According to the United Nations, only a two-state solution that realizes the legitimate national aspirations of Palestinians and Israelis can lead to sustainable peace.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Risk to Two-State Solution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Iranian Angle:</strong> Tensions and risk factors persist along Israel&rsquo;s northern fronts, particularly after the Israeli strikes in Syria against Iranian and Hezbollah targets (associated with Palestine) and more recently the killing of Iranian commander Qassem Soleimani by the U.S.</li>
<li><strong>Regional Cold War:</strong> Middle East region is witnessing a regional cold war between Iran and Saudi Arabia. This has led to the emergence of smaller but lethal military groups.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Example, Houthi rebels in Yemen. These groups can acquire greater capabilities which can cause further instability in the region.</li>
<li>All of these factors exacerbate instability and the prospect of a single or even a multi-front war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Third Intifada:</strong> Finally, these conditions could result in the outbreak of a third intifada, and peaceful resistance can turn into extreme violence and gross human rights violations.</li>
<li><strong>Divided Political Leadership In Palestine:</strong> The Palestinian leadership is divided - a two-state solution is supported by Palestinian nationalists in West Bank but the leadership in Gaza does not even recognize Israel.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Intifada</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Intifada is the two popular uprisings of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip aimed at ending Israel&rsquo;s occupation of those territories and creating an independent Palestinian state.</li>
<li>The first intifada began in December 1987 and ended in September 1993 with the signing of the first Oslo Accords, which provided a framework for peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.</li>
<li>The second intifada, sometimes called the Al-Aqṣā intifada, began in September 2000.</li>
<li>The two uprisings resulted in the death of more than 5,000 Palestinians and some 1,400 Israelis.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Role of India:</strong> Historically, India has urged the leadership of both sides to engage in direct negotiations to advance the goal of a two-state solution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Palestine, India&rsquo;s efforts are focused on nation-building and strengthening institutions through the India-Palestine development partnership covering various sectors of the Palestinian economy.</li>
<li>With Israel, India shares a special relationship in the domains of defense, Science &amp; Tech, etc.</li>
<li>In this context, India can leverage its soft power to propel these two countries towards lasting peace.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Abraham Accords, a Positive Step:</strong> The recent normalization agreements between Israel and the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco, known as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/uae-israel-peace-treaty-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Abraham Accords</strong></a>, are further proof that the only way to achieve genuine peace is through direct negotiations.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All regional powers should envisage peace between the two countries on line of Abraham Accords.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The world at large needs to come together for a peaceful solution but the reluctance of the Israeli government and other involved parties has aggravated the issue more. Thus a balanced approach towards the Israel-Palestine issue would help to maintain favorable relations with Arab countries as well as Israel.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614170726_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614170726_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffef2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the prospects of the two-state solution between Israel and Palestine and its impact.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wAGrFrzxlhA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/by-diligence-not-lockdowns/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1614174351459000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3EB5w5-yje62sVoTGCeFsH" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;By diligence, not lockdowns&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Economic Times on February 22nd, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/elusive-two-state-solution'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Black-Necked Crane',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a group of<a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Buddhist</strong> </a>monks in Tawang district has opposed the Arunachal Pradesh government&rsquo;s renewed push for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/etalin-hydroelectric-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> hydropower projects.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The proposed projects would not only affect the<strong> nesting grounds of the endangered <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-20th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Black-Necked Crane</a></strong> but also threaten several holy Buddhist pilgrimage sites in the region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161743_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161743_image4.png" style="float: right;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both the sexes are almost of the same size but <strong>male is slightly bigger than female.</strong></li>
<li>The upper long neck, head, primary and secondary flight feathers and tail are completely black and<strong> body plumage is pale gray/whitish.</strong></li>
<li>A conspicuous <strong>red crown</strong> adorns the head.</li>
<li>The <strong>juveniles have a brownish head and neck</strong> and plumage is slightly paler than that of an adult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Special Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The bird is <strong>revered by the community of Monpas</strong> (major Buddhist ethnic group of Arunachal Pradesh) as an <strong>embodiment of the sixth Dalai Lama</strong> (Tsangyang Gyatso).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Monpas</strong> inhabit the West Kameng and Tawang districts, are essentially Buddhists who follow the <strong>Mahayana sect.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Habitat and Breeding Grounds :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>high altitude wetlands</strong> of the Tibetan plateau , Sichuan (China), and eastern <strong>Ladakh</strong> (India) are the<strong> main breeding ground of the species,</strong> the birds spend winter at lower altitudes.</li>
<li>In Bhutan and<strong> Arunachal Pradesh,</strong> it only comes <strong>during the winters.</strong></li>
<li>In Arunachal Pradesh, it can be seen in three areas: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Sangti valley</strong> in West Kameng district.</li>
<li><strong>Zemithang</strong> in Tawang district.</li>
<li><strong>Chug valley</strong> in Tawang district.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threats:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Damage to the eggs and chicks,</strong> caused by feral dogs.</li>
<li><strong>Loss of habitat</strong> due to human pressure (Development Projects) on the wetlands.</li>
<li>Increased grazing pressure on the limited pastures near the wetlands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps for their Conservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wide Fund</strong> </a><strong>for Nature-India</strong> (WWF-India) in collaboration with the Department of Wildlife Protection, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, has been working towards conservation of high altitude wetlands, with<strong> black-necked cranes as a priority species in Ladakh region.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In Arunachal Pradesh, WWF is working for the conservation of the small wintering population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protection Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Near Threatened</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tawang-monks-oppose-arunachal-govts-fresh-push-for-hydropower-projects/article33910552.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/black-necked-crane'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Pagri Sambhal Movement',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM) is celebrating <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> February</strong> as <strong>Pagri Sambhal Diwas</strong>, honouring the <strong>memory of Ajit Singh</strong>-founder of the <strong>Pagri Sambhaal Movement of 1907.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farmer unions part of the ongoing protests in Delhi claim that <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2020-12-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>farm laws</strong></a> passed by Parliament will ultimately force them to sell their land to corporates. It was a similar complaint that fueled the farm protests in 1907.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pagri Sambhal Movement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a successful farm agitation that <strong>forced the British government to repeal three laws</strong> related to agriculture back in 1907. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Punjab Land Alienation Act</strong> 1900, the <strong>Punjab Land Colonisation Act</strong> 1906 and <strong>the Doab Bari Act</strong> 1907.</li>
<li>These acts would <strong>reduce farmers from owners to contractors of land</strong>, and <strong>gave the British government the right to take back the allotted land</strong> if the farmer even touched a tree in his field without permission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Slogan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The slogan, Pagdi Sambhal Jatta, the name of the movement, was <strong>inspired by the song by Banke Lal, the editor of the Jang Sayal newspaper.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protest:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The protests were <strong>violent</strong> and the protestors ransacked government buildings, post offices, banks, overturning telephone poles and pulling down telephone wires.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leader of the Agitation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhagat-singh-s-birth-anniversary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhagat Singh&rsquo;s</strong></a> uncle <strong>Ajit Singh</strong> was the force behind this agitation.</li>
<li>He wanted to <strong>channel people&rsquo;s anger over the farm laws to topple the colonial government.</strong></li>
<li>Bhagat Singh&rsquo;s father Kishan Singh and uncle Ajit Singh, with their revolutionary friend Ghasita Ram, formed <strong>Bharat Mata Society</strong>, aiming to mobilise this unrest into a revolt against the British government.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many young revolutionaries like Sufi Amba Prasad, Zia-ul-Haq, Lal Chand Falak, Din Dayal Banke, Kishan Singh and Lala Ram Saran Das were among the <strong>members of Bharat Mata Society.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sardar Ajit Singh:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161469_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1614161469_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="424" height="340" /></a></strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Born on <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> February, 1881</strong> he was an <strong>Indian revolutionary</strong>, an Indian dissident and a <strong>nationalist</strong> during the colonial era.</li>
<li>He was an inspiration to Indian revolutionaries and his nephew Bhagat Singh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Work:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He <strong>openly criticised the colonial government</strong> and was amongst the early protests in Punjab.</li>
<li>With his brother Kishan Singh, <strong>worked among the people</strong> in famine-stricken regions like Barar (Madhya Pradesh) and Ahmedabad and in flood-and-earthquake-affected areas of Srinagar and Kangla in <strong>1905.</strong></li>
<li>He launched the <strong>Bharat Mata Book Agency ( part of Bharat Mata Society)</strong>, which, because of its strident anti-government, propagandist publications, <strong>attracted the attention of the British government.</strong></li>
<li>He built a <strong>network of solidarity</strong> with people who were struggling for India&rsquo;s liberation in different parts of Europe. He also founded in this period the <strong>Indian Revolutionary Association (Bharatiya Krantikari Sangh).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In May 1907, Sardar Ajit Singh along with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lala-lajpat-rai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lala Lajpat Rai</strong></a> was <strong>exiled to Mandalay in Burma.</strong></li>
<li>However, due to great public pressure and apprehension of unrest in the Indian Army, <strong>both of them were released in October 1907.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Escape:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1909, Sardar Ajit Singh along with Sufi Amba Prasad <strong>escaped to Iran and lived in a self-imposed exile for 38 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In March 1947, he returned to India and <strong>died on 15<sup>th</sup> August 1947, the day India gained independence at Dalhousie, Punjab.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>During the medieval period, <strong>only noblemen were allowed to wear a turban</strong> but during the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/sikhism" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sikh</a> revolution in the 17<sup>th</sup> century, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/guru-gobind-singh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Guru Gobind Singh</a> declared it as a symbol of defiance.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He subverted the selectiveness of a turban, providing the common man with a <strong>way to claim and assert their own self-esteem.</strong></li>
<li>Pagri (Turban) represents the dignity of the common man.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>1907</strong>, Pagri Sambhal Jatta was a call to not let the Pagri fall, literally and figuratively.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-farmers-pagri-sambhal-diwas-1907-movement-british-scrap-3-farm-laws-7201372/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
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Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
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