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30 Years of Economic Liberalisation

Why in News Recently, on the 30th anniversary of the economic liberalisation reforms, former Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, raised...

26 Jul 2021 News Analysis
India’s 39th World Heritage Site: Ramappa Temple

Why in News Recently, Rudreswara Temple, (also known as the Ramappa Temple) at Mulugu district, Telangana has been inscribed on UNESCO's World...

26 Jul 2021 News Analysis
India’s Military Convergence

This article is based on Getting India's military convergence formula right which was published in The Hindu on 26/07/2021. It talks about the...

26 Jul 2021 News Editorials
Asadha Poornima Dhamma Chakra Day

Why in News Recently, India in partnership with International Buddhist Confederation (IBC) celebrated Asadha Poornima Dhamma Chakra Day 2021 on 24th...

26 Jul 2021 News Analysis
I-STEM Enters Phase-II

Why in News The Indian Science Technology and Engineering facilities Map (I-STEM) project has been accorded an extension for five years, until 2026...

26 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Periodic Labour Force Survey 2019-20

Why in News Recently, the National Statistical Office (NSO) released the third annual report on Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), conducted...

26 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Cooperative Movement in India

Cooperatives in India Definition: The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) defines a Cooperative as “an autonomous association of...

26 Jul 2021 Paper 3
Moon-Forming Regions Around Exoplanets

Why in News Recently, scientists for the first time have spotted a Moon-Forming Region around a planet beyond our solar system...

26 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Gross Environment Product (GEP)

Why in News Recently, the Uttarakhand government has announced that it will initiate valuation of its natural resources in the form of ‘Gross...

26 Jul 2021 News Analysis
G20 Energy and Climate Meet

Why in News At the recent G20 Climate Meet, India urged the group of 20 nations (G20) having per capita greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions above the...

26 Jul 2021 News Analysis
UN’s Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation 2021

Why in News Recently, India has scored 90.32% in United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia Pacific's (UNESCAP) Global Survey on Digital...

26 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Geography (Optional Subject) Live Online Course - Prayagraj Centre

Geography (Optional Subject) - Prayagraj Centre (Live Online Course) Teacher: Mr. Saurabh S. Tomar Admission Open Classes start on:...

24 Jul 2021 Online Courses
IAS Mains Course (Online Format)

IAS Mains Course (Online Format) Admission Open Classes start on: August 25 Mode: Online (Recorded classes on Drishti Learning App) Course...

24 Jul 2021 Online Courses
Sociology (Optional Subject) Live Online Course

Sociology (Optional Subject) (Live Online Course) Teacher: Mr. Praveen Pandey Admission Open Classes start on: August 6 Mode: Live...

24 Jul 2021 Online Courses
Geography (Optional Subject) Live Online Course - Delhi Center

Geography (Optional Subject) - Delhi Centre (Live Online Course) Teacher: Mr. Rohit Wazir Admission Open Classes start on: August...

24 Jul 2021 Online Courses
History (Optional Subject) Live Online Course

History (Optional Subject)(Live Online Course) Teacher: Mr. Tauqeer Zafar Admission Open Classes start on: August 9 Mode: Live Online (On...

24 Jul 2021 Online Courses
Chandra Shekahr Azad

Why in News On 23rd July, India paid tribute to the freedom fighter Chandra Shekahr Azad on his birth anniversary. Key Points Birth: Azad was...

24 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Digital Challenge For Civil Society

This article is based on Digital challenge for civil society which was published in The Indian Express on 23/07/2021. It talks about the challenge...

24 Jul 2021 News Editorials
PLI Scheme For Specialty Steel

Why in News Recently, the Union Cabinet approved the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme (Central Sector Scheme) for manufacturing Speciality...

24 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Reshaping India’s Foreign Approach

This Article is based upon “Expanding India’s Foreign Policy Canvas” which was published in the Hindustan Times on 22/07/2021. It...

23 Jul 2021 News Editorials

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => '30 Years of Economic Liberalisation',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, on the 30<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/1991-reforms-2021-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>economic liberalisation reforms</strong></a>, former Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, raised concerns over the macro-economic stability of the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to him, the current <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-economic-impact-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>economic crisis triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> is more challenging than during the 1991 economic crisis and the nation would need to recalibrate its priorities to ensure a dignified life for all Indians.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>1991 Crisis &amp; Reforms: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>1991 Crisis:</strong> In 1990-91, India faced a severe<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strong-balance-of-payments" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Balance of Payments (BOP)</a> crisis</strong>, where its foreign exchange reserves were just adequate to finance 15 days of imports. There were many factors that led to the BOP crisis:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-fiscal-deficit-1#:~:text=Fiscal%20Deficit%20Target%20Fixed%20for,Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20(GDP)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fiscal Deficit</strong></a>: The fiscal deficit during 1990-91 was around 8.4% of GDP.</li>
<li><strong>Gulf War I:</strong> In 1990-91, the situation was aggravated by the rise in the price of oil due to Iraq&rsquo;s invasion of Kuwait.</li>
<li><strong>Rise in Prices:</strong> The inflation rate increased from 6.7% to 16.7% due to a rapid increase in money supply and the country&rsquo;s economic position became worse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nature and Scope of 1991 Reforms:</strong> In order to get out of the macro-economic crisis in 1991, India launched a New Economic Policy, which was based on LPG or <strong>Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation model.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Then Finance Minister, Manmohan Singh, was the prime architect of the historic 1991 liberalisation.</li>
<li>The broad range of reforms under the LPG model included:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Liberalising Industrial Policy:</strong> Abolition of industrial license permit raj, Reduction in import tariffs, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Beginning of Privatisation:</strong> Deregulation of markets, Banking reforms, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Globalisation:</strong> Exchange rate correction, liberalising foreign direct investment and trade policies, Removal of mandatory convertibility cause, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These reforms are credited and applauded for the high economic growth seen from 1991 to 2011 and substantial reduction of poverty from 2005 to 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627299172_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627299172_image8.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>2021 Crisis:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-economic-recovery-for-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Economic Outlook Report 2021</strong></a>, states that the Indian economy is expected to grow by 12.5% in 2021 and 6.9% in 2022.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the pandemic has massive unemployment in the informal sector and poverty is increasing after decades of decline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> social sectors of health and education have lagged behind</strong> and not kept pace with our economic progress. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Too many lives and livelihoods</strong> </a>have been lost that should not have been, during the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Inspector Raj is set to make a comeback through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-ban-flash-sales-on-e-commerce-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>policy for e-commerce</strong></a> entities.</li>
<li>India is back to the old habits of borrowing excessively or<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rbi-surplus-transfer-to-the-government" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> extracting money (in form of dividends) from the RBI</strong></a> to finance the fiscal deficit.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migrant labour crisis</strong> </a>has laid bare the gaps in the growth model.</li>
<li>India foreign trade policy is again suspecting trade liberalisation, as India has already decided to opt-out of the 16-nation <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rcep-india#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Regional%20Comprehensive%20Economic,the%20world's%20largest%20trading%20blocs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)</strong> </a>trade deal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>The 1991 reforms helped the economy stave off a crisis and then bloom. It is time to outline a credible new reform agenda that will not just bring GDP back to pre-crisis levels, but also ensure growth rates higher than it had when it entered the pandemic.</p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/road-ahead-more-daunting-need-to-recalibrate-priorities-manmohan-singh-7419547/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/30-years-of-economic-liberalisation'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'India’s 39th World Heritage Site: Ramappa Temple',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<strong> Rudreswara Temple, (also known as the Ramappa Temple) at Mulugu district, Telangana</strong> has been inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage list.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ramappa Temple was proposed by the government as its only nomination for the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage site</strong> </a>tag for the year 2019.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627298598_image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627298598_image8.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Rudreswara (Ramappa) Temple:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Rudreswara temple was<strong> constructed in 1213 AD during the reign of the Kakatiya Empire by Recherla Rudra,</strong> a general of Kakatiya king Ganapati Deva.</li>
<li>The presiding deity here is<strong> Ramalingeswara Swamy.</strong></li>
<li>It is also known as the <strong>Ramappa temple, after the sculptor</strong> who executed the work in the temple for 40 years.</li>
<li>The temple stands on a <strong>6 feet high star-shaped platform</strong> with walls, pillars and ceilings adorned with<strong> intricate carvings</strong> that attest to the unique skill of the Kakatiya sculptors.</li>
<li>The foundation is built with the <strong>&ldquo;sandbox technique&rdquo;,</strong> the flooring is granite and the pillars are basalt.</li>
<li>The <strong>lower part of the temple is red sandstone</strong> while the <strong>white gopuram</strong> is built with light bricks that reportedly float on water.</li>
<li>An inscription dates the temple to <strong>1135 Samvat-Saka on the eight-day of Magha</strong> (12<sup>th</sup> January, 1214).</li>
<li>The distinct style of Kakatiyas for the gateways to temple complexes, unique only to this region, confirm the<strong> highly evolved proportions of aesthetics in temple</strong> and town gateways in South India.</li>
<li>European merchants and travellers were mesmerized by the beauty of the temple and one such traveller had remarked that the temple was the<strong> "brightest star in the galaxy of medieval temples of the Deccan".</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sandbox Technique:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The technique involved filling the pit &mdash; <strong>dug up for laying the foundation</strong> &mdash; with a mixture of <strong>sand-lime, jaggery (for binding) and karakkaya</strong> (black myrobalan fruit) before the buildings were constructed on these &lsquo;sandboxes&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The sandbox in the foundation acts as a <strong>cushion in case of earthquakes.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the vibrations caused by earthquakes lose their strength while passing through the sand by the time they reach the actual foundation of the building.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1738864" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'India’s Military Convergence',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/getting-indias-military-convergence-formula-right/article35529115.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Getting India's military convergence formula right</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 26/07/2021. It talks about the issues facing the reorganisation of armed forces and ways to tackle them for effective defence capability.</p>
</div>
<p>Given the key geostrategic challenges, emanating from the threat of two-front war (against China and Pakistan combinedly), India faces the complex threats and challenges spanning the full spectrum of conflict from nuclear to sub-conventional. Thus, required reorganisation of the armed forces for effective and efficient utilisation of its resources.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-chief-of-defence-staff-role-and-responsibility" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)</strong></a> General Bipin Rawat&rsquo;s description of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Air Force (IAF)</strong></a> as a supporting arm and the IAF chief Air Chief Marshal&rsquo;s rebuttal, is the newest bump in the turbulent journey marking the reorganisation process of the armed forces.</p>
<p>The reform in the military organization, thus, is marred by various challenges which are needed to be resolved.</p>
<h3>Issues Before Reorganisation of Forces</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issue With Synergising:</strong> With dwindling budgets, a steadily deteriorating security situation and the march of technology, the armed forces understand the need to synergise. But natural human faults interfere. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, different services do not coexist well where they are co-located. Bitter fights over land, buildings, facilities, etc. mar optimal operational synergising.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Substantial Operational Charter:</strong> There is the issue of giving each other the best, or of wanting to be with each other. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/creation-of-integrated-triservice-theatre-commands" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Andaman and Nicobar Command</strong></a> suffered from the <strong>lack of a substantial operational charter,</strong> and the services not positioning appropriate personnel or resources there.</li>
<li>Moreover, as a joint tenure did not benefit career, no one strove for it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Acute Indigence And Shrunken Economy:</strong> The biggest challenge India&rsquo;s military faces is monetary in times of acute indigence and a shrunken economy, hammered further by the ongoing <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Shortage of Physical And Human Resources:</strong> Media reports suggest that the IAF is 25% short on fighter squadrons, even after counting ageing aircraft.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A pan service shortage of about 400 pilots, almost 10% of their authorised strength, further aggravates this.</li>
<li>Therefore, the IAF warns against splitting assets as there may be nothing much to split.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Used Outside the Services:</strong> But shortage alone is not at the core of the IAF&rsquo;s objections. There is also the prospect of operational plans for the IAF being made outside the service.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Air Force As Supplementary Power</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Armies and navies will see air power as a supplement, history being the reason.</li>
<li>Analysing the experience of the United States, the air power theorist Tami Davis Biddle wrote in 2019 that<strong> &lsquo;aerial bombing cannot control the ground&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It is an important and much-utilized military instrument for both deterrence and compellence. However, its ability to produce results varies, and students of strategy must understand the circumstances under which it is more or less likely to achieve particular results or political ends&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Holding and controlling land or water is essential in conflict.</li>
<li>From Vietnam to Afghanistan, air power failed to deliver the promised results to the USA. But everyone acknowledges how greatly air power can aid victories though.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Difference In Opinion of Three Services</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ARMY &ndash; In favour:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is time to move away from a service specific approach to operations towards a system which avoids duplication, ensures optimum utilisation of available resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>AIR FORCE &ndash; Strongly opposed</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It doesn&rsquo;t have enough resources &mdash; fighter squadrons, mid-air refuellers and AWACS &mdash; to allocate them dedicatedly to different theatre commanders.</li>
<li>It believes that India is not geographically large enough to be divided into different theatres, as resources from one theatre can easily be moved to another theatre</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NAVY - More nuanced, it too is not in favour of implementing the proposal currently</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The current model of control by the Navy Headquarters is ideally suited for its strategic role.</li>
<li>There are also underlying fears about the smaller Services losing their autonomy and importance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Comprehensive National Security Strategy:</strong> There is the need for a<strong> comprehensive National Security Strategy</strong> to guide the services develop capacities required in their respective domains.</li>
<li><strong>Transform Professional Education:</strong> It is needed to transform professional education and inter-service employment to nurture genuine respect for others.</li>
<li><strong>Resolve The Differences:</strong> The armed forces must resolve their differences among themselves, as the politicians or bureaucrats cannot do it.</li>
<li><strong>Need For Adequate Human Resources:</strong> To ensure good quality staff, in adequate numbers, at apex joint organisations, to reassure individual services and those in the field that they are in safe hands.</li>
<li><strong>Problem Specific Solutions:</strong> Need to accept the fact that what works for other countries need not work for us. We need tailor-made solutions which may need more genuine thinking. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For genuine military jointness, a genuine convergence of minds is critical.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Clear And Written Concepts:</strong> Major reorganisations must strictly follow the sequence of written concepts, their refinement through consultation, simulation or tabletop wargaming, field evaluation and final analysis before implementation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This would help address command and control, asset adequacy, individual service roles, operational planning under new circumstances and the adequacy of joint structures.</li>
<li>The Western Command between the Indian Army and the IAF, the Northern Command with the Indian Army, Maritime Command with the Indian Navy and the Air Defence Command with the IAF may be an acceptable formula.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Changing dynamics of national security which now encompasses cyber, automation and such new challenges, cannot be solved by a disjointed general but rather a clear and robust structure that should quickly respond to emergent situations.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627298165_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627298165_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffef7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>For genuine military jointness, a genuine convergence of minds is critical. Discuss the statement with reference to creation of Integrated Theatre Commands.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-military-convergence'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Asadha Poornima Dhamma Chakra Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India in partnership with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vesak-celebration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Buddhist Confederation (IBC)</strong></a> celebrated <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dharma-chakra-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Asadha Poornima Dhamma Chakra Day</a> 2021</strong> on 24<sup>th</sup> July 2021.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The day is also observed as <strong>Guru Poornima</strong> by both Buddhists and Hindus as a day to mark reverence to their Gurus.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Guru Purnima</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Hindu calendar, Guru Purnima generally <strong>falls on a full-moon day in the Hindu month of Ashadh.</strong></li>
<li>It is dedicated to Maharshi Veda Vyasa, the sage <strong>who is believed to have edited the sacred Hindu text, the Vedas and created the 18 Puranas, Mahabharata and the Srimad Bhagavatam.</strong></li>
<li>For Buddhists, <strong>the festival marks the first sermon of Lord Buddha,</strong> which is said to have been delivered at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, on this very day.</li>
<li>It is also believed to <strong>mark the onset of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monsoons.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>commemorates Buddha's first sermon</strong> to his <strong>first five ascetic disciples.</strong> He gave his first knowledge to the world after attaining enlightenment.</li>
<li>The day marks the establishment of <strong>the Sangha, on a full-moon day of the month of Asadha,</strong> in the Indian Sun calendar at the <strong>&lsquo;Deer Park',</strong> Ṛṣipatana in the current day <strong>Sarnath, near Varanasi, India.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is also known as<strong> Esala Poya in Sri Lanka</strong> and Asanha Bucha in Thailand.</li>
<li>It is the second most sacred day for Buddhists after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/buddha-purnima" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddha Poornima or Vesak.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This teaching of <strong>Dhamma Chakka- PavattanaSutta (Pali)</strong> or Dharma chakra Pravartana Sutra (Sanskrit) is also known as the <strong>First Turning of Wheels of Dharma</strong> and comprises the <strong>Four Noble Truths</strong> and <strong>Noble Eightfold Path.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Four Noble Truths:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Suffering <strong>(dukkha)</strong> is the essence of the world.</li>
<li>Every suffering has a cause &ndash; <strong>Samudya.</strong></li>
<li>Suffering could be extinguished &ndash; <strong>Nirodha.</strong></li>
<li>It can be achieved by following the <strong>Atthanga Magga (Eightfold Path).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eightfold Path:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627297326_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627297326_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Rainy Season retreat (Varsha Vassa)</strong> for the Monks and Nuns also starts with this day<strong> lasting for three lunar months from July to October,</strong> during which they remain in a single place, generally in their <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-architecture-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>temples (Viharas/Chaityas)</strong></a> dedicated to intensive meditation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gautam Buddha:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He is believed to be the <strong>eighth of the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu</strong> (Dashavatar).</li>
<li>He was born as <strong>Siddhartha Gautama in circa 563 BCE,</strong> in Lumbini and belonged to the<strong> Sakya clan.</strong></li>
<li>Gautam attained <strong>Bodhi (enlightenment) under a pipal tree at Bodhgaya, Bihar.</strong></li>
<li>Buddha gave his first sermon in the<strong> village of Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>He died at the age of <strong>80 in 483 BCE at Kushinagara, Uttar Pradesh.</strong> The event is known as <strong>Mahaparinibban or Mahaparinirvana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution of Buddhism to Indian Culture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concept of <strong>ahimsa was its chief contribution.</strong> Later, it became one of the cherished values of our nation.</li>
<li>Its contribution to the<strong> art and architecture of India was notable.</strong> The stupas at Sanchi, Bharhut, and Gaya are wonderful pieces of architecture.</li>
<li>It <strong>promoted education through residential universities</strong> like those at <strong>Taxila, Nalanda, and Vikramasila.</strong></li>
<li>The language of Pali and other local languages developed through the teachings of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhism.</strong></a></li>
<li>It had also promoted the spread of Indian culture to other parts of Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Buddhism&rsquo;s Relevance in Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Buddha&rsquo;s teaching is relevant today when humanity faces the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong> </a>as the biggest challenge before it.<strong> Buddha's principles bind countries together,</strong> strengthening humanity.</li>
<li>Today, the nations of the world are also <strong>holding each other's hands and helping each other in the times of pandemic,</strong> following the <strong>path of service to humanity as shown by Buddha.</strong></li>
<li>Buddha&rsquo;s <strong>four noble truths and eightfold path can help understand the doctrine of Karma</strong> and can help in healing the world and make it a better place.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO&rsquo;s</a> Heritage Sites Related to Buddhism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar</li>
<li>Buddhist Monuments at <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-art-and-architecture-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sanchi</strong></a>, MP</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maha-bodhi-temple-complex" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maha Bodhi Temple</strong></a> Complex at Bodh Gaya, Bihar</li>
<li><a href="/printpdf/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ajanta Caves</strong></a> Aurangabad, Maharashtra.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-buddha-ashadha-purnima-address-7420041/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asadha-poornima-dhamma-chakra-day'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'I-STEM Enters Phase-II',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian Science Technology and Engineering facilities Map (I-STEM) project has been accorded an extension for five years,</strong> until 2026 and enters its<strong> second phase</strong> with added features.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627296979_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627296979_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="750" height="433" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>I-STEM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>I-STEM is <strong>a National Web portal for sharing R&amp;D</strong> (Research and Development) facilities.</li>
<li>The portal <strong>facilitates researchers to access slots for the use of equipment,</strong> as well as to share the details of the outcomes, such as, patents, publications and technologies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in January 2020. It is an initiative of Office of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Principal Scientific Adviser</strong></a> to the Government of India under the aegis of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nine-science-and-technology-missions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) mission.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>PM-STIAC:</strong> It is an overarching Council that facilitates the Principal Scientific Adviser&rsquo;s Office to <strong>assess the status in specific science and technology domains, comprehend challenges in hand, formulate specific interventions, develop a futuristic roadmap</strong> and advise the Prime Minister accordingly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Goal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The goal of I-STEM is to strengthen the R&amp;D ecosystem of the country by connecting researchers with resources.</li>
<li>Promoting <strong>technologies and scientific equipment development indigenously,</strong> and <strong>providing necessary supplies and support to researchers</strong> by enabling them an access to existing publicly funded R&amp;D facilities in the country through the I-STEM web portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phase-I:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the first phase, the portal is listed with more than 20,000 pieces of equipment from 1050 institutions across the country and has more than 20,000 Indian researchers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phase-II:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The portal<strong> will host indigenous technology products listed through a digital catalogue.</strong> It will also <strong>host and provide access to selected R&amp;D</strong> (Research and Development) <strong>software</strong> required to undertake research projects by students and scientists.</li>
<li>The portal will also<strong> provide a platform for the various City Knowledge and Innovation Clusters</strong> to enhance effective use of R&amp;D infrastructure through leveraging collaboration and partnership built on a shared STI <strong>(Science Technology and Innovation)</strong> ecosystem.</li>
<li>New phase will be designed as a dynamic digital platform that will provide a <strong>boost to research and innovation especially for 2 tier and 3 tier cities</strong> and also for the emerging start-up ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1738848" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/i-stem-enters-phase-ii'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Periodic Labour Force Survey 2019-20',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/periodic-labour-force-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Statistical Office (NSO)</strong> </a>released the <strong>third annual report</strong> on <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quarterly-periodic-labour-force-survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)</a>,</strong> conducted between<strong> July 2019 and June 2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Labour indicators recorded an <strong>all-round improvement in 2019-20</strong> compared with the previous two years i:e 2017-18 and 2018-19.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627294968_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627294968_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Statistical Office</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>central statistical agency</strong> of the Government mandated under the <strong>Statistical Services Act 1980</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>responsible for the development of arrangements for providing statistical information services</strong> to meet the needs of the Government and other users for information on which to base policy, planning, monitoring and management decisions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The services include <strong>collecting, compiling and disseminating official statistical information.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Reports &amp; Indices by NSO:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/index-of-industrial-production-iip" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Index of Industrial Production (IIP) </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inflation-data-february-2021#:~:text=Consumer%20Price%20Index,-It%20measures%20price&amp;text=It%20is%20released%20by%20the,Indian%20consumers%20buy%20for%20use." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consumer Price Index (CPI)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-monitoring-framework-on-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals National Indicator Framework</strong></a> Progress Report</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unemployment Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The unemployment rate <strong>fell to 4.8% in 2019-20.</strong> In 2018-19, it stood at 5.8% and 6.1% in 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worker Population Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It improved to<strong> 38.2% in 2019-20</strong> compared with 35.3% in 2018-19 and 34.7% in 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour Force Participation Ratio:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>increased to 40.1% in 2019-20</strong> from 37.5% and 36.9%, respectively, in the last two years. The higher the LFPR, the better.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Based Unemployment Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data showed the jobless rate for both <strong>male and female fell to 5.1%</strong> and <strong>4.2%,</strong> respectively, in 2019-20 from 6% and 5.2% in 2018-19. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>WPR and LFPR also comparatively improved during the year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is India&rsquo;s <strong>first computer-based survey</strong> launched <strong>by</strong> the <strong>NSO in 2017.</strong></li>
<li>It has been constituted based on the recommendation of a committee headed by <strong>Amitabh Kundu.</strong></li>
<li>It essentially <strong>maps the state of employment in the country.</strong> In doing so, it <strong>collects data on several variables</strong> such as the level of <strong>unemployment,</strong> the <strong>types of employment</strong> and their respective shares, the <strong>wages earned</strong> from different types of jobs, the <strong>number of hours worked etc.</strong></li>
<li>Before PLFS, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)</strong></a>-<strong> previous name of NSO</strong> used to bring the data related to employment and unemployment based on its quinquennial (every 5 year) household socio-economic survey programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>estimate the key employment and unemployment indicators</strong> (viz. WPR, LFPR, UR) in the short time interval of three months for the urban areas only in the <strong>Current Weekly Status (CWS).</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>estimate employment and unemployment indicators in both usual status and CWS in both rural and urban areas</strong> annually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Government Initiatives to Tackle Unemployment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Union government has come up with an economic stimulus package under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> to support the Indian economy and create jobs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Street Vendor's Atma Nirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi)</strong></a>, the Union Government is providing affordable loans to street vendors.</li>
<li>In 2020 the government allocated an additional fund of Rs 40,000 crore for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong></a>, as part of the stimulus package.</li>
<li>The government is offering <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">credit guarantees for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</a></strong> which will help them in getting loans easily and boost their functioning.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-mudra-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana</strong></a> to provide financial support to entrepreneurs to start small enterprises.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Various other initiatives have also been taken by the government to support the economy which includes relaxation in Companies Act and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency proceedings</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-iii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reforms in agri- marketing</strong></a> etc.</li>
<li>Government has also taken initiatives such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Code on Wages, 2019</strong></a> to reduce gender-based discrimination in wages, recruitment and conditions of employment.</li>
<li>State governments have also come up with the initiative to support their economy and increase jobs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Andhra Pradesh government&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restart-programme-for-msmes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;ReStart&rsquo; programme</strong></a> to support the MSME sector in the State.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jharkhand-launches-employment-schemes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jharkhand has launched three employment schemes</strong></a> to create wage employment for workers in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Terms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unemployment Rate (UR):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is defined as the <strong>percentage of persons unemployed</strong> among the persons in the labour force.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is defined as the <strong>percentage of persons in the labour force</strong> (i.e. working or seeking or available for work) in the population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worker Population Ratio (WPR):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is defined as the <strong>percentage of employed persons in the population.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Activity Status:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The activity status of a person is<strong> determined on the basis of the activities pursued by the person</strong> during the <strong>specified reference period.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Usual Status:</strong> The activity status determined on the basis of the <strong>reference period of the last 365 days</strong> preceding the date of survey, it is known as the usual activity status of the person.</li>
<li><strong>Current Weekly Status (CWS):</strong> The activity status determined on the basis of a <strong>reference period of the last 7 days</strong> preceding the date of survey is known as the current weekly status (CWS) of the person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/labour-survey-shows-job-scenario-improved-in-2019-20-7419572/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/periodic-labour-force-survey-2019-20'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Cooperative Movement in India',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<h3>Cooperatives in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)</strong> defines a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ministry-of-co-operation-a-new-push-to-co-operatives" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cooperative</strong></a> as &ldquo;an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Constitution (97<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 2011</strong> added a new Part IXB right after Part IXA (Municipals) regarding the cooperatives working in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The word<strong> &ldquo;cooperatives&rdquo;</strong> was added after<strong> &ldquo;unions and associations&rdquo;</strong> in<strong> Article 19(1)(c)</strong> under<strong> Part III of the Constitution.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This enables all the citizens to <strong>form cooperatives by giving it the status of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fundamental right</a> of citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A new<strong> Article 43B</strong> was added in the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/directive-principles-of-state-policy-dpsp#:~:text=Directive%20Principles%20are%20affirmative%20directions,is%20not%20subordinate%20to%20FRs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Directive Principles of State Policy</strong></a> (Part IV) regarding the &ldquo;promotion of cooperative societies&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Genesis of Cooperative Movement in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Causes of the Movement:</strong> The Cooperative Movement in India was born out of the <strong>distress and turmoil that prevailed in the last quarter of the 19<sup>th</sup> century.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0#:~:text=Now%20a%20Fourth%20Industrial%20Revolution,%2C%20digital%2C%20and%20biological%20spheres." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Revolution</strong> </a>had given a death blow to village industries and driven people to agriculture, the only avenue of employment and livelihood.</li>
<li>The consequent <strong>sub-division and fragmentation of holdings</strong> had made<strong> agriculture an uneconomic proposition.</strong></li>
<li>Other factors such as the <strong>rigidity of land revenue collection, uncertainty of rainfall and consequently lesser crop production</strong> compelled the farmers to approach the money-lenders. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The money lenders advanced money either by purchasing the crop at a throwaway price or by charging very high rates of interest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All these factors emphasised the need for the provision of cheap credit through an alternative agency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Informal Cooperatives in India:</strong> Even before formal cooperative structures came into being through the passing of a law, the practice of the concept of cooperation and cooperative activities were prevalent in several parts of India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some of them were named as <strong>Devarai or Vanarai, Chit Funds, Kuries, Bhishies, Phads.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the <strong>Madras</strong> Presidency were organised<strong> &lsquo;Nidhis&rsquo; or Mutual-Loan Associations.</strong></li>
<li>In the <strong>Punjab,</strong> a society on cooperative lines was started in 1891 for <strong>controlling the common land of the village</strong> for the benefit of the co-sharers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All these efforts were purely<strong> voluntary and strictly non-official.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> first official step</strong> was taken when <strong>Sir William Wedderburn</strong> made, after the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/peasant-movements-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deccan riots</strong></a>, the proposal for the <strong>establishment of agricultural banks</strong> as a remedy against rural indebtedness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cooperative Movement in Pre-Independence Era</h3>
<p><strong>Initial Stage of Cooperative Movement (1904-11)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First Cooperative Act in India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Indian Famine Commission (1901)</strong> induced the government to set up a committee under the presidency of <strong>Sir Edward Law</strong> to report on the introduction of cooperative societies in India.</li>
<li>The Committee reported favorably in 1903 and the first <strong>Cooperative Credit Societies Act was passed in 1904. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Salient Features of the Act:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any ten persons living in the same village or town or belonging to the same class or tribe could form a cooperative credit society.</li>
<li><strong>Societies were classified as Rural and Urban</strong> depending if the majority of the total membership (80%) was agricultural or non-agricultural.</li>
<li><strong>Rural society was not permitted to distribute profits,</strong> but in the case of urban societies, profits could be distributed after carrying 25% of the net profits to the Reserve Fund.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Drawbacks of the Act:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The act provided <strong>no legal protection to non-credit societies.</strong></li>
<li>It also made <strong>no provision for mobilising urban savings</strong> for financing agricultural operations.</li>
<li>The <strong>classification</strong> of societies into urban and rural was found to be <strong>arbitrary, unscientific, and highly inconvenient.</strong></li>
<li>Many provisions of the Act of 1904 became a hindrance to the further spread of the movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Modification Stage of Cooperative Movement (1912-1918)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Cooperative Societies Act of 1912:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The defects of the 1904 Act were remedied when the Cooperative Societies Act, 1912 was enacted.</li>
<li><strong>Salient Features: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Any society, credit or otherwise, could be registered</strong> which had as its objective, the promotion of the economic interest of its members.</li>
<li>A federal society like the <strong>Central Bank or union could be registered.</strong></li>
<li>No member could have more than 1/5 of the total share capital or hold share exceeding Rs. 1,000 in such a society.</li>
<li>The societies were <strong>granted exemption from compulsory registration</strong> and from the <strong>payment of income tax and stamp duties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maclagan Committee:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1915, a committee headed by <strong>Sir Edward Maclagan,</strong> was appointed to study and report whether the cooperative movement was proceeding on economically and financially sound lines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The committee observed that <strong>illiteracy</strong> and <strong>ignorance of the masses, misappropriation of funds, rampant nepotism, inordinate delay in granting loans</strong> and<strong> viewing the cooperative movement as a Government movement</strong> were some of the glaring defects of the cooperative movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The committee made the following suggestions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All members should be made aware of the cooperative principles.</li>
<li>Honesty should be the main criterion for taking a loan.</li>
<li>Dealings should be strictly confined to the members only.</li>
<li>Applications should be carefully scrutinized before advancing loans and there should be careful follow up for effective utilization of loans.</li>
<li>One member-one vote should be strictly followed</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These recommendations could not be put into practice because of the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-i-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">First World War</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Expansion Stage of the Cooperative Movement (1919-29)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Montague-Chelmsford Reforms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through the<strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/government-of-india-act-1919#:~:text=Montagu-Chelmsford%20Reforms%20which%20came,as%20Provincial%20levels%20of%20Government." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Montague- Chelmsford Reforms of 1919</a>, co-operation became a provincial subject</strong> which gave further impetus to the movement.</li>
<li>Various states passed their own Acts to make the Cooperative Movement a successful one.</li>
<li>The <strong>membership of the Cooperative societies increased</strong> considerably during this period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Depression:</strong> The year 1929 witnessed the<strong> Great Economic Depression.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>prices of the agricultural commodities fell down</strong> to a remarkable extent.</li>
<li><strong>Unemployment</strong> along with other economic crises grew.</li>
<li>The <strong>agriculturists could not pay back the loans</strong> of the societies.</li>
<li>Over dues increased unexpectedly and <strong>cooperative societies were ruined.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Restructuring Stage of Cooperative Societies (1930-1946)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Appointment of Committees:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various committees were appointed in<strong> Madras, Bombay, Travancore, Mysore, Gwalior and Punjab</strong> for examining the possibilities of restructuring the Cooperative societies.</li>
<li>In 1937 the <strong>Congress Ministry</strong> came to power in many states and revived interest in organising the cooperative movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of World War II:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The abnormal conditions created by the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second World War</strong></a> led to<strong> far-reaching developments in the Cooperative Movement.</strong></li>
<li>Prices of agricultural commodities began to rise, rural farmers got extra economic gains and non- credit societies like marketing, production and consumer societies increased rapidly.</li>
<li>The <strong>All India Cooperative Planning Committee in 1945</strong> also gave a fillip to the growth of the Cooperative Movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gandhian Socialist Philosophy regarding Cooperatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cooperation for Socialist Society:</strong> Cooperation according to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gandhiji</strong></a> was <strong>necessary for creation of a socialistic society and complete decentralization of power.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was of the opinion that cooperation was one of the important means to empower people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phoenix Settlement:</strong> In South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi instituted the<strong> 'Phoenix Settlement'</strong> as a cooperative in a <strong>socialistic pattern.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its objective was to cultivate the three acres of land given to each member and to <strong>stop the emergence of a new class of absentee landowners. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tolstoy Farm:</strong> He established the <strong>Tolstoy Farm as a rehabilitation cooperative settlement</strong> for the families affected by the South African freedom struggle during the period. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He fully<strong> believed in Tolstoy's socialistic philosophy. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperatives for Peasantry:</strong> On return from South Africa, Gandhiji visited the countryside of India and realized the bankruptcy and distress of Indian peasantry oppressed by excess taxation, rack renting, illegal exaction etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He observed that the closest cooperation amongst the peasants is an absolute necessity.</li>
<li>Any industry based on agricultural produce such as cotton, sugar, oil seed, wheat etc. should be on a cooperative basis so that the producers could secure the best value for their output.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Cooperative Movement After Independence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Part of Mixed Economy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After independence, the nation adopted the approach of planned economic development for establishment of a mixed economy consisting of three sectors namely Public, Private and Cooperative Sectors.</li>
<li>Cooperatives were visualized to play the role of a<strong> balancing factor between public and private sectors.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Part of FYPs:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After independence, cooperatives became an integral part of<strong> Five-Year Plans (FYPs).</strong></li>
<li>Pandit <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/legacy-of-jawahar-lal-nehru" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jawaharlal Nehru</strong></a> considered cooperatives as one of the three pillars of Democracy, the other two being the <strong>Panchayat</strong> and the <strong>Schools.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Policy of Cooperatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1958, the<strong> National Development Council (NDC)</strong> had recommended a <strong>national policy on cooperatives</strong> and also for training of personnel and setting up of Cooperative Marketing Societies.</li>
<li>The Government of India announced a<strong> National Policy on Cooperatives</strong> in 2002.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment of NCDC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Scheme%20to%20Promote%20Young%20Entrepreneurs%20in%20Cooperatives" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)</a>,</strong> a <strong>statutory corporation,</strong> was set up under <strong>National Cooperative Development Corporation Act, 1962.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Committees Set up for Cooperatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Rural Credit Survey Committee</strong> in 1954 recommended <strong>state participation in cooperatives at all levels.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> S.T. Raja Committee</strong> was appointed by the Government of India to <strong>suggest amendments to the Cooperative Law.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The committee prepared a Model Act enabling state participation and appointment of Government nominees on the management of assisted Cooperative Societies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Successful Cooperatives in India: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Agriculture and Allied Sectors: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-cooptube-ncdc-channel" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/honey-fpo-programme-nafed" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED)</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nano-urea-liquid-iffco" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Farmers Fertilisers Cooperative Limited (IFFCO)</a>, AMUL</strong> and Co-operative Rural Development Trust (CORDET).</li>
<li><strong>Banking Sector: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/co-operative-banking-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Punjab and Maharashtra Cooperative (PMC) Bank</a>,</strong> Bharat Cooperative Bank and Saraswat Cooperative Bank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Faced by the Cooperative Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Excessive Cooperative Legislations:</strong> Cooperatives in India function in different sectors. Cooperatives is a<strong> State subject</strong> under the Constitution of India and State cooperative laws and their implementation vastly differ.</li>
<li><strong>Irresponsibility and Unaccountability:</strong> Serious inadequacies in governance including that related to Boards&rsquo; roles and responsibilities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The people on the board are not held accountable for many inconveniences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Recognition:</strong> A general lack of recognition of cooperatives as economic institutions both amongst the policy makers and public at large. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inability to attract and retain competent professionals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Capital Formation:</strong> Lack of efforts for capital formation particularly that concern enhancing member equity and member stake.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Awareness:</strong> People are not well informed about the objectives of the Movement, rules and regulations of co-operative institutions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cooperatives have a futuristic role of fostering collectivism and preserving the social capital base of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cooperatives are the best channels to keep the <strong>spirit of collectivism</strong> and <strong>democracy afloat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of a large network of social organizations, like cooperatives, would aid in the <strong>generation</strong> and<strong> utilization of social capital</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;greater the social capital, greater would be the possibility of development&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/cooperative-movement-in-india'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Moon-Forming Regions Around Exoplanets',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, scientists for the first time have spotted a <strong>Moon-Forming Region</strong> around a planet <strong>beyond our solar system (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-super-earth-planet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Exoplanet</a>).</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Exoplanets</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a<strong> planet outside the Solar System.</strong> The<strong> first</strong> confirmation of detection of exoplanets occurred in<strong> 1992.</strong> More than <strong>4,400 exoplanets</strong> have been discovered till now.</li>
<li>Exoplanets are very <strong>hard to see directly with telescopes.</strong> They are <strong>hidden by the bright glare of the stars</strong> they orbit. So, astronomers use other ways to detect and study exoplanets such as <strong>looking at the effects these planets have on the stars they orbit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Observation &amp; Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists detected a <strong>disc of swirling material</strong> accumulating <strong>around two exoplanets</strong> seen orbiting a young star called<strong> PDS 70.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>PDS 70</strong> is located a relatively close <strong>370 light years from Earth. </strong></li>
<li><strong>A light year</strong> is the distance light travels in a year, about <strong>9.5 trillion km.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is called a<strong> circumplanetary disc,</strong> and it is <strong>from these that moons are born.</strong> The disc around <strong>PDS 70c (The Exoplanet),</strong> with a <strong>diameter about equal to the distance of the Earth to the sun,</strong> possesses enough mass to <strong>produce up to three moons the size of Earth's moon.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>PDS 70c</strong> orbits its star at 33 times the distance of the Earth from the sun, <strong>similar to the planet Neptune in our solar system.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The orange-coloured star <strong>PDS 70,</strong> roughly the same mass as our Sun, is about<strong> 5 million years old.</strong> The<strong> two planets are even younger.</strong> Both planets are<strong> similar</strong> (although larger)<strong> to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jupiter-saturn-great-conjunction" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Jupiter</a></strong>, a gas giant.</li>
<li>It was <strong>around one of the two planets, called PDS 70c, that a moon-forming disc was observed.</strong></li>
<li>Both planets are still in their youth and are at a dynamic stage in which<strong> they are still acquiring their atmospheres.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627293197_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627293197_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Instrument Used:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They used the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/massive-galaxy-found-in-cosmic-dust" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)</a> observatory in Chile's Atacama desert.</strong> It is the <strong>most complex astronomical observatory ever built on Earth.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Teams from<strong> North America, East Asia, and Europe</strong> merged projects to develop this breakthrough scientific instrument.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It uses <strong>66 high-precision dish antennas</strong> of two sizes: 54 of them are 12 meters across and 12 of them are 7 meters across.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Moon Forming Regions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>No circumplanetary discs had been found</strong> until now because all the known <strong>exoplanets</strong> resided in &ldquo;mature&rdquo; &ndash; fully developed &ndash; solar systems, <strong>except the two infant gas planets orbiting PDS 70.</strong></li>
<li>In our solar system, the impressive <strong>rings of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saturn-planet-with-most-moons" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Saturn</a>,</strong> a planet around which more than 80 moons orbit, <strong>represent a relic of a primordial moon-forming disc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planet &amp; Moon Formation:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627293369_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627293369_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Stars burst to life within clouds of interstellar gas and dust scattered throughout galaxies. <strong>Leftover material spinning around a new star then coalesces into planets,</strong> and<strong> circumplanetary discs surrounding some planets similarly yield moons.</strong></li>
<li>The dominant mechanism thought to underpin planet formation is called <strong>&ldquo;core accretion''.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Core accretion</strong> occurs from the <strong>collision and coagulation of solid particles into gradually larger bodies</strong> until a massive enough planetary embryo is formed (10-20 Earth masses) to accrete a gaseous envelope.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In this scenario, <strong>small dust grains, coated in ice, gradually grow to larger and larger sizes through successive collisions with other grains.</strong></li>
<li>This continues until the grains have grown to a size of a planetary core, at which point the <strong>young planet has a strong enough gravitational potential to accrete gas</strong> which will form its atmosphere.</li>
<li>Some <strong>nascent planets attract a disc of material around them,&nbsp;</strong>with the same process that gives rise to planets around a star <strong>leading to the formation of moons around planets.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/moon-forming-region-seen-around-exoplanet-for-the-first-time/article35513174.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/moon-forming-regions-around-exoplanets'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Gross Environment Product (GEP)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Uttarakhand government</strong> has announced that it will<strong> initiate valuation of its natural resources</strong> in the form of<strong> &lsquo;Gross Environment Product&rsquo; (GEP).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is along the lines of <strong><a href="/printpdf/base-year-for-gdp-calculations#:~:text=Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20(GDP)%20gives,difference%20between%20exports%20and%20imports)." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</a>.</strong> GDP<strong> gives the economic output</strong> from the consumers&rsquo; side. It is the <strong>sum of private consumption, gross investment in the economy, government investment, government spending and net foreign trade</strong> (the difference between exports and imports).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About GEP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established back in <strong>1997</strong> by ecological economists like<strong> Robert Costanza at the global level.</strong></li>
<li>It is an<strong> assessment system to measure ecological status.</strong></li>
<li>It is considered as the<strong> product and service value that the ecosystem provides for human welfare and economic and social sustainable development, including provisioning,</strong> regulating and cultural ecosystem services.</li>
<li>Overall, GEP accounts for the economic value of the ecosystem in providing products and services, and it is one of the <strong>components of green GDP.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Green GDP is an<strong> indicator of economic growth with environmental factors taken into consideration</strong> along with the standard GDP of a country. It factors <strong>biodiversity losses</strong> and<strong> costs attributed to climate change.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The term <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natural-capital-accounting-and-valuation-of-the-ecosystem-services-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;ecosystem services&rdquo;</strong></a> was coined in 1981 to attract academics towards this aspect, its definition is still in the process of evolution.</li>
<li>Ecosystems that can be measured include <strong>natural ecosystems</strong> such as forests, grassland, wetland, desert, freshwater and ocean, and <strong>artificial systems</strong> that are based on natural processes like farmland, pastures, aquaculture farms and urban green land, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627292034_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627292034_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="600" height="320" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uttarakhand, through its biodiversity, gives services to the tune of<strong> Rs 95,112 crore per year</strong> to the nation.</li>
<li>The state has over <strong>71% area under forests.</strong></li>
<li>It is also<strong> home to the Himalayas</strong> and also is the origin point of rivers like <strong>Ganga, Yamuna and Sharada</strong> as well as home to wildlife reserves like <strong>Corbett and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rajaji-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rajaji Tiger Reserves.</a></strong></li>
<li>Uttarakhand is a state which provides a lot of <strong>environment services</strong> and in continuity as a result of which, there is a<strong> natural degradation in those services. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The value of ecosystem services is about <strong>twice as much as the global GDP.</strong> Therefore, it would<strong> help in the conservation of the environment</strong> and also help save us from the <strong>effects of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/changing-climate-and-deglaciation-a-warning-call" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decision <strong>appears to be a welcome step,</strong> but going ahead with the jargon raises serious doubts on the intent of the government. It may <strong>confuse policy makers and negate the past efforts.</strong></li>
<li>The purpose of introducing GEP is <strong>not transparent.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Is it a process of simple valuation of a state's ecological wealth, or to assess what part of the GDP it contributes.</li>
<li>Is it an attempt to claim a budget from the centre against ecosystem services the state provides to the rest of the country and / or a process of providing benefits to its own residents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Instead of introducing a <strong>well-defined concept of ecosystem services,</strong> planting a new term with no clear-cut narrative invites serious doubts on the intention of the government.</li>
<li>So, it is important that the<strong> state should be steady in approach, focussing on Ecosystem Services,</strong> which has global acceptance and a strong knowledge base.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/environment/introducing-gross-environment-product-in-uttarakhand-a-jargon-or-reality--78088" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gross-environment-product-gep'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'G20 Energy and Climate Meet',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>At the recent<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> G20</strong></a> Climate Meet, India<strong> urged the group of 20 nations (G20)</strong> having per capita <strong>greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions</strong> above the global average<strong> to bring it down to the world average,</strong> thereby<strong> vacating &lsquo;some' carbon space for developing nations.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will support the developmental aspirations of the developing nations.</li>
<li>Presently,<strong> Italy holds the G20 Presidency</strong> and the Climate Meet is being seen as a <strong>prelude to the UN Climate Change <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop-28" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conference of Parties (COP 26)</a> meeting in Glasgow, Scotland in November 2021.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>G20</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The G20 is<strong> an informal group of 19 countries and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Union</a>,</strong> with representatives of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.</li>
<li>The G20 membership comprises a mix of the world&rsquo;s largest advanced and emerging economies, representing about two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s population, 85% of global gross domestic product, 80% of global investment and over 75% of global trade.</li>
<li>The<strong> members of the G20</strong> are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union.</li>
<li>It <strong>does not have any permanent secretariat or headquarters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India's Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>a need to cut absolute emissions rapidly while taking into account the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Paris Agreement</a></strong> which emphasized on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Respective historical responsibilities,</li>
<li>Delivery of promised climate finance and technologies at low cost keeping in perspective per capita emissions,</li>
<li>Differences in per capita<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-growth" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> GDP (Gross Domestic Product)</strong> </a>and</li>
<li>The unfinished agenda for <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sustainable development.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India noted the <strong>pledges made by some countries to achieve <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-transforming-to-a-net-zero-emissions-energy-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Net Zero GHG emissions or carbon Neutrality</a></strong> by or around mid century. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, this <strong>may not be adequate</strong> in view of fast depleting available carbon space.</li>
<li><strong>Keeping in view the legitimate need of developing countries to grow,</strong> it urged G20 countries to commit <strong>to bringing down per capita emissions to Global average by 2030.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Carbon neutrality</strong> means having a balance between emitting carbon and absorbing carbon from the atmosphere in carbon sinks.</li>
<li><strong>Carbon space</strong> is the amount of carbon (or CO2) that can be put into the atmosphere without this leading to a level of warming&mdash;or underlying concentrations of CO2&mdash;that can be considered dangerous or otherwise undesirable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stressed on Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) to combat climate change.</strong></li>
<li>Mentioned its plans of installing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-assembly-of-isa#:~:text=The%20second%20assembly%20of%20the,financial%20and%20programme%20related%20issues." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>450 GW (Giga Watt) of RE (Renewable Energy)</strong></a> by 2030, enhanced ambitions in<strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> bio-fuels</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ndc-synthesis-report-unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions)</strong></a> and various other initiatives taken by India on Urban Climate Action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)</strong> is a principle within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</li>
<li>It acknowledges different capabilities and differing responsibilities of individual countries in addressing climate change.</li>
<li>The principle of &lsquo;common but differentiated responsibility&rsquo; evolved from the notion of the <strong>&lsquo;common heritage of mankind&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The principle of CBDR is enshrined in<strong> Earth Summit 1992, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</strong></li>
<li>CBDR is based on <strong>two elements of responsibilities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One is the <strong>common responsibility</strong> of all the states to cater to the<strong> concerns of environmental protection and sustainable development.</strong></li>
<li>Another is of <strong>differentiated responsibility enabling the states to act, for environment protection,</strong> in their national capacity and as per their national priority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The principle recognizes <strong>historical differences in the contributions of developed and developing States</strong> to global environmental problems and differences in their respective economic and technical capacity to tackle these problems.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s initiatives under Urban Climate Action:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF):<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-smart-cities-assessment-framework" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> CSCAF initiative</a></strong> intends to inculcate a climate-sensitive approach to urban planning and development in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To provide a clear roadmap for cities towards combating Climate Change while planning and implementing their actions, including investments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Mission on Sustainable Habitat</strong> is one of the eight missions under <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener">national climate change action plan</a> </strong>and aims to make cities sustainable through improvements in energy efficiency in buildings, management of solid waste &amp; shift to public transport.</li>
<li><strong>Climate Practitioners India Network (CPIN):</strong> It is first-of-its-kind network developed by <strong>Climate Centre for Cities</strong> (C-Cube) to support Cities and Practitioners across India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>C-Cube wants to create a platform for Climate Practitioners across all cities in India to collaborate and contribute towards implementing Climate Actions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Urban Forestry:</strong> The government of India in 2020 launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagar-van-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nagar Van Scheme</strong></a>. The Nagar Van (Urban Forests) aims to develop 200 Urban Forests across the country in the next five years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Urban forestry is defined as the planting, maintenance, care and protection of tree populations in urban settings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India led Global Collaborations to Fight Climate Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-solar-technology-summit-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coalition of Disaster Resilient Infrastructure</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Resolving Development-Climate Change Dilemma:</strong> The present dilemma is to decarbonise while meeting development goals of a developing country like India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, what is important is that the new investments go in the direction of decarbonising, but only after taking into account possible synergies and trade-offs with other development objectives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Change, a Global Collective Action Problem:</strong> Global community should not be shifting goalposts and setting new benchmarks for global climate ambition.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a need to recognise climate change as a global collective action problem and must be combated &lsquo;as per respective capabilities and national circumstances&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disaster Preparedness:</strong> Disasters can not be stopped but well-preparedness and strong climate change mitigation policies can definitely help prevent a huge amount of loss.</li>
<li><strong>Convergent Approach:</strong> Sustainable growth depends on timely climate action and for that to happen, policymaking needs to have a convergent approach regarding carbon emissions, atmospheric warming, melting glaciers, extreme floods and storms.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-committed-to-ambitious-climate-action-plan/article35498316.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g20-energy-and-climate-meet'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'UN’s Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation 2021',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>India has scored 90.32% in United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia Pacific's (UNESCAP)</strong> Global<strong> Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is a remarkable jump from <strong>78.49% in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627286938_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627286938_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Survey:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The survey is<strong> conducted every two years by UNESCAP</strong> and includes <strong>an assessment of 58 trade facilitation measures covered by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-trade-organisation-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Trade Organization&rsquo;s</a> Trade Facilitation Agreement.</strong></li>
<li><strong>58 measures include</strong> publications of existing import-export rules on the internet, risk management, advance ruling on tariff classification, pre-arrival processing, independent appeal mechanism, expedited shipments, automated customs system, among others.</li>
<li>A<strong> higher score</strong> for a country <strong>helps businesses in their investment decisions.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>UN Regional Commissions jointly conduct the UN Global Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation.</strong></li>
<li>The Survey <strong>currently covers 143 economies around the globe.</strong> For Asia Pacific, it is conducted by UNESCAP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Assessment of India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It pointed out <strong>India&rsquo;s improvement in the scores on all five key indicators.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Transparency:&nbsp;</strong>100% in 2021 (from 93.33% in 2019)</li>
<li><strong>Formalities:</strong> 95.83% in 2021 (from 87.5% in 2019)</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Arrangement and Cooperation:</strong> 88.89% in 2021 (from 66.67% in 2019)</li>
<li><strong>Paperless Trade:</strong> 96.3% in 2021 (from 81.48% in 2019).</li>
<li><strong>Cross-Border Paperless Trade:</strong> 66.67% in 2021 (from 55.56% in 2019).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comparison with Other Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is the<strong> best performing nation</strong> as compared to the <strong>South and South West Asia region</strong> (63.12%) and <strong>Asia Pacific region (65.85%).</strong></li>
<li>The overall score of India is <strong>also greater than many <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OECD</a> (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries</strong> including France, UK, Canada, Norway, Finland etc. and the overall score is<strong> greater than the average score of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">EU (European Union)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cause of Improvement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/turant-customs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CBIC</strong></a> (Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs) has been at forefront of path breaking reforms under the umbrella of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/turant-customs#:~:text=The%20Central%20Board%20of%20Indirect,exports%20under%20%27Turant%20Customs%27." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Turant&rsquo;</strong></a> Customs to usher in a Faceless, Paperless and Contactless Customs by way of a series of reforms.</li>
<li>During the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, Customs formations worked to expedite imports such as oxygen-related equipment, life-saving medicines, vaccines etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations&rsquo; Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is a regional development arm of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> for the Asia-Pacific region.</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> It has <strong>53 Member States</strong> and <strong>9 Associate Members</strong> from Asia-Pacific Region.<strong> India</strong> is also a member.</li>
<li><strong>Established:</strong> 1947</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Bangkok, Thailand</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To overcome some of the region&rsquo;s greatest challenges by providing results-oriented projects, technical assistance and capacity building to member States.</li>
<li><strong>Recent report: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-and-social-survey-of-asia-and-the-pacific-2021-unescap" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021: Towards post-Covid-19 resilient economies&rsquo;</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1737948" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-s-survey-on-digital-and-sustainable-trade-facilitation-2021'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Geography (Optional Subject) Live Online Course - Prayagraj Centre',
			'catname' => 'Online Courses',
			'desc' => '<section class="article-list">
<div class="feature-text" style="padding: 0px;">
<div class="online-pendrive-course online-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="text-block">
<h2>Geography (Optional Subject) - Prayagraj Centre <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; color: #00008b;">(Live Online Course)<br /></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Teacher</strong>: Mr. Saurabh S. Tomar</li>
<li><strong>Admission Open</strong></li>
<li><strong>Classes start on</strong>: August 2</li>
<li><strong>Mode</strong>: Online (Recorded classes on Drishti Learning App)</li>
<li><strong>Course Size</strong>: Around 120 Classes. One class daily, 6 days a week.</li>
<li><strong>Course Validity</strong>: Up to 2 years, unlimited viewing of each class.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="red-block awake">
<h2>Special Discount</h2>
<p><strong>Fees : Only ₹ 28,000/- Fee (Inclusive of GST) with special exemption. (Standard Fee : ₹40,000/-) <br /></strong></p>
<p>For additional information related to this course, call <a href="tel:8010440440">8010440440</a> / <a href="tel:7669806814">7669806814</a>.</p>
<div class="btn-block"><a href="/geography-optional-english-live-online-courses-registration-prayagraj" class="btn red" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy Now</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- #end online pendrive course -->
<div class="why-pendrive-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="image-block"><img src="/drishti/img/online-banner2.jpeg" alt="" /></div>
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="color: #00008b;">Key Features of the Course</span></h2>
<ul style="display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 2;">
<li>Real class experience with the help of best cameras and sound quality.</li>
<li>Total of 250+ hours of classes. After that these classes will be saved in your account which you can watch unlimited times at your convenience.</li>
<li>One live class daily. 6 classes a week, Sundays off or Tests. Course validity up to 2 years from the date of commencement of the batch.</li>
<li>Printed Notes included in the course will be sent to you free of charge.</li>
<li>Special emphasis on teaching answer writing techniques in classrooms. Discussion and practice sessions on all possible questions asked in previous years and may be asked in future.</li>
<li>Test Series of 16 Tests Free. This facility can be availed on Drishti Learning App or offline center.</li>
<li>Mentorship by expert team will be made available for doubt resolution.</li>
<li>Option to increase or decrease the quality and speed of the video at your convenience.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imporant-info">
<div class="wrapper"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">Technical Requirements </span>
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<li>Operating System (OS): Android 6 or above</li>
<li>Internal Memory: 8 GB or above</li>
<li>RAM: 1 GB or above</li>
<li>It is also important that your phone is not 'rooted'. Our app does not work on such devices due to security settings.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>If you face any technical issue during this course please call on <a href="tel:7669806811">7669806811</a> or <a href="tel:7669806812">7669806812</a>. Our technical team will help you best.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!--<div class="imporant-info">
        <div class="wrapper" style="background-color: #f9ffe4;"><strong><span style="color: #00008b; font-size: 22px;">-->
<div class="pendrive-feature-block">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">Process of sending notes</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>The printed notes related to this course will be sent to you as per the class schedule &ndash; topic wise. After you take admission, your first packet will be dispatched by speed post or courier service within 10-15 days. You will receive the packet of books within 7-10 days of dispatch. Due to COVID-19, the packets may take a little longer than usual (approximately 15-20 days) to reach.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="image-block"><img src="/hindi/drishti/img/feature-thumb-img.png" alt="" /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1REQI0jAqRA&amp;list=PLQpF--VlgguRCRkwkjnCsiVit9vTtSuLZ" class="icon-play" target="_blank" rel="noopener">play</a> <span>Demo classes available on YouTube. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pendrive-package-block" style="padding: 0 0 30px;">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">How to Access the Course? </span></h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px;">After the payment process is completed, you will see this course in the 'My Courses' tab which is available on the home page of the app itself</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="learning-program">
<div class="section-payment">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2>Payment Options</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Cash Deposit</h4>
<p>You can deposit cash at our Drishti office, Find our address below</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />13/15, Tashkand Marg, Civil Lines (Near Patrika Chauraha), Prayagraj, <br />UP-211001</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. <br /><strong>Account No.</strong> 36726486454,<br /><strong>Bank </strong>State Bank of India,<br /><strong>IFSC Code</strong> SBIN0018166, <br /><strong>MICR Code</strong> 110002563, Branch Code 18166 , <br /><strong>Branch</strong> - Mukherjee Nagar New Delhi-110009</p>
<p><span>Contact Details:</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="phone">+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at below address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end --></div>
<!-- end row --></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/online-classes/geography-optional-live-online-course-prayagraj'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'IAS Mains Course (Online Format)',
			'catname' => 'Online Courses',
			'desc' => '<section class="article-list">
<div class="feature-text" style="padding: 0px;">
<div class="online-pendrive-course online-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="text-block">
<h2>IAS Mains Course <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; color: #00008b;">(Online Format)<br /></span></h2>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Admission Open</strong></li>
<li><strong>Classes start on</strong>: August 25</li>
<li><strong>Mode</strong>: Online (Recorded classes on Drishti Learning App)</li>
<li><strong>Course Size</strong>: Around 400 Classes. Initially, 1 class per day, 6 days a week.</li>
<li><strong>Course Validity</strong>: Up to 2 years, unlimited viewing of each class.</li>
<li>Useful courses for IAS Mains as well as PCS examinations of several states.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>This course is designed so that the students who cannot come to Delhi can easily study from the best teachers at their home and overcome the challenge of main exam.</p>
</div>
<div class="red-block awake">
<h2>Special Discount</h2>
<p><strong>Fees : ₹ 60,000/- Fee (Inclusive of GST) with special exemption. (Standard Fee : ₹70,000/-) <br /></strong></p>
<p>For additional information related to this course, call <a href="tel:8010440440">8010440440</a> / <a href="tel:7669806814">7669806814</a>.</p>
<div class="btn-block"><a href="/ias-mains-course-gs-papers-english-registration" class="btn red" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy Now</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- #end online pendrive course -->
<div class="why-pendrive-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="image-block"><img src="/drishti/img/online-banner2.jpeg" alt="" /></div>
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="color: #00008b;">Key Features of the Course</span></h2>
<ul style="display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 2;">
<li>Around 900 hours of classes.</li>
<li>The validity of the course is 2 years. Facility to watch each video unlimited times.</li>
<li>Q&amp;A based Mains Crash Course - AWAKE Program (Answer Writing &amp; Knowledge Enrichment Program) will be provided free of cost for 2 years - to develop answer writing skills for the main examination.</li>
<li>The following notes/books will be sent to your home free of cost as course material:
<ul>
<li>Printed Notes for all sections of Main Examination.</li>
<li>5 Books from 'Mains Capsule Series' published by Team Drishti to help you develop your understanding of Mains Exam Questions and Standard Answers.</li>
<li>Book of 'Mains Solved Papers' in which the questions asked in the Main Examination in previous years and their model answers have been given.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Facility to give total 24 tests of main exam. These will be evaluated by Team Drishti.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imporant-info">
<div class="wrapper"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">Technical Requirements </span>
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<li>Operating System (OS): Android 6 or above</li>
<li>Internal Memory: 8 GB or above</li>
<li>RAM: 1 GB or above</li>
<li>It is also important that your phone is not 'rooted'. Our app does not work on such devices due to security settings.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>If you face any technical issue during this course please call on <a href="tel:7669806811">7669806811</a> or <a href="tel:7669806812">7669806812</a>. Our technical team will help you best.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!--<div class="imporant-info">
        <div class="wrapper" style="background-color: #f9ffe4;"><strong><span style="color: #00008b; font-size: 22px;">-->
<div class="pendrive-feature-block">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">Delivery of Course Material</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>Under this course, 5 books of 'Mains Capsule Series' published by Drishti Publications and one book of Mains Solved Paper will be sent to you free of cost. Also class notes of the concerned subject will be sent according to which the classes of this course are designed.</li>
<li>As soon as you pay the fee for this course, we will send the pack of books to your address by speed post or courier service within 4-5 days. (Under normal circumstances the books reach the student in 8-10 days, but at present it is taking more time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Especially, if a student lives in a containment zone or a lockdown affected state, then his pack of books may take 15-20 days to reach.)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="image-block"><img src="/hindi/drishti/img/feature-thumb-img.png" alt="" /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1REQI0jAqRA&amp;list=PLQpF--VlgguRCRkwkjnCsiVit9vTtSuLZ" class="icon-play" target="_blank" rel="noopener">play</a> <span>Demo classes available on YouTube. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pendrive-package-block" style="padding: 0 0 30px;">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">How to Access the Course? </span></h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px;">After the payment process is completed, you will see this course in the 'My Courses' tab which is available on the home page of the app itself.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="learning-program">
<div class="section-payment">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2>Payment Options</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Cash Deposit</h4>
<p>You can deposit cash at our Drishti office, Find our address below</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />13/15, Tashkand Marg, Civil Lines (Near Patrika Chauraha), Prayagraj, <br />UP-211001</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. <br /><strong>Account No.</strong> 36726486454,<br /><strong>Bank </strong>State Bank of India,<br /><strong>IFSC Code</strong> SBIN0018166, <br /><strong>MICR Code</strong> 110002563, Branch Code 18166 , <br /><strong>Branch</strong> - Mukherjee Nagar New Delhi-110009</p>
<p><span>Contact Details:</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="phone">+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at below address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end --></div>
<!-- end row --></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/online-classes/ias-mains-gs-paper-1-4-online'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Sociology (Optional Subject) Live Online Course',
			'catname' => 'Online Courses',
			'desc' => '<section class="article-list">
<div class="feature-text" style="padding: 0px;">
<div class="online-pendrive-course online-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="text-block">
<h2>Sociology (Optional Subject) <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; color: #00008b;">(Live Online Course)<br /></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Teacher</strong>: Mr. Praveen Pandey</li>
<li><strong>Admission Open</strong></li>
<li><strong>Classes start on</strong>: August 6</li>
<li><strong>Mode</strong>: Live Online (On Drishti Learning App)</li>
<li><strong>Course Size</strong>: Around 110+ Classes. One class daily, 6 days a week.</li>
<li><strong>Course Validity</strong>: Up to 2 years, unlimited viewing of each class.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="red-block awake">
<h2>Special Discount</h2>
<p><strong>Fee: Only ₹ 28,000/- Fee (Inclusive of GST) with special exemption. (Standard Fee : ₹40,000/-) <br /></strong></p>
<p>For additional information related to this course, call <a href="tel:8010440440">8010440440</a> / <a href="tel:7669806814">7669806814</a>.</p>
<div class="btn-block"><a href="/sociology-optional-english-live-online-courses-registration" class="btn red" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy Now</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- #end online pendrive course -->
<div class="why-pendrive-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="image-block"><img src="/drishti/img/online-banner2.jpeg" alt="" /></div>
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="color: #00008b;">Key Features of the Course</span></h2>
<ul style="display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 2;">
<li>Real class experience with the help of best cameras and sound quality.</li>
<li>Total of 220+ hours of classes. After that these classes will be saved in your account which you can watch unlimited times at your convenience.</li>
<li>One live class daily. 6 classes a week, Sundays off or Tests. Course validity up to 2 years from the date of commencement of the batch.</li>
<li>Printed Notes included in the course will be sent to you free of charge.</li>
<li>Special emphasis on teaching answer writing techniques in classrooms. Discussion and practice sessions on all possible questions asked in previous years and may be asked in future.</li>
<li>Test Series of 16 Tests Free. This facility can be availed on Drishti Learning App or offline center.</li>
<li>Mentorship by expert team will be made available for doubt resolution.</li>
<li>Option to increase or decrease the quality and speed of the video at your convenience.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imporant-info">
<div class="wrapper"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">Technical Requirements </span>
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<li>Operating System (OS): Android 6 or above</li>
<li>Internal Memory: 8 GB or above</li>
<li>RAM: 1 GB or above</li>
<li>It is also important that your phone is not 'rooted'. Our app does not work on such devices due to security settings.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>If you face any technical issue during this course please call on <a href="tel:7669806811">7669806811</a> or <a href="tel:7669806812">7669806812</a>. Our technical team will help you best.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!--<div class="imporant-info">
        <div class="wrapper" style="background-color: #f9ffe4;"><strong><span style="color: #00008b; font-size: 22px;">-->
<div class="pendrive-feature-block">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">Process of Delivery of Notes </span></h2>
<ul>
<li>The printed notes related to this course will be sent to you as per the class schedule &ndash; topic wise. After you take admission, your first packet will be dispatched by speed post or courier service within 10-15 days. You will receive the packet of books within 7-10 days of dispatch. Due to COVID-19, the packets may take a little longer than usual (approximately 15-20 days) to reach.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="image-block"><img src="/hindi/drishti/img/feature-thumb-img.png" alt="" /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1REQI0jAqRA&amp;list=PLQpF--VlgguRCRkwkjnCsiVit9vTtSuLZ" class="icon-play" target="_blank" rel="noopener">play</a> <span>Demo classes available on YouTube. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pendrive-package-block" style="padding: 0 0 30px;">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">How to Access the Course? </span></h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px;">After the payment process is completed, you will see this course in the 'My Courses' tab which is available on the home page of the app itself.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="learning-program">
<div class="section-payment">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2>Payment Options</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Cash Deposit</h4>
<p>You can deposit cash at our Drishti office, Find our address below</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />13/15, Tashkand Marg, Civil Lines (Near Patrika Chauraha), Prayagraj, <br />UP-211001</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. <br /><strong>Account No.</strong> 36726486454,<br /><strong>Bank </strong>State Bank of India,<br /><strong>IFSC Code</strong> SBIN0018166, <br /><strong>MICR Code</strong> 110002563, Branch Code 18166 , <br /><strong>Branch</strong> - Mukherjee Nagar New Delhi-110009</p>
<p><span>Contact Details:</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="phone">+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at below address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end --></div>
<!-- end row --></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/online-classes/sociology-optional-live-online-course'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Geography (Optional Subject) Live Online Course - Delhi Center',
			'catname' => 'Online Courses',
			'desc' => '<section class="article-list">
<div class="feature-text" style="padding: 0px;">
<div class="online-pendrive-course online-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="text-block">
<h2>Geography (Optional Subject) - Delhi Centre <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; color: #00008b;">(Live Online Course)<br /></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Teacher</strong>: Mr. Rohit Wazir</li>
<li><strong>Admission Open</strong></li>
<li><strong>Classes start on</strong>: August 11</li>
<li><strong>Mode</strong>: Online (Recorded classes on Drishti Learning App)</li>
<li><strong>Course Size</strong>: Around 120 Classes. One class daily, 6 days a week.</li>
<li><strong>Course Validity</strong>: Up to 2 years, unlimited viewing of each class.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="red-block awake">
<h2>Special Discount</h2>
<p><strong>Fees : Only ₹ 28,000/- Fee (Inclusive of GST) with special exemption. (Standard Fee : ₹40,000/-) <br /></strong></p>
<p>For additional information related to this course, call <a href="tel:8010440440">8010440440</a> / <a href="tel:7669806814">7669806814</a>.</p>
<div class="btn-block"><a href="/geography-optional-english-live-online-courses-registration-delhi" class="btn red" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy Now</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- #end online pendrive course -->
<div class="why-pendrive-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="image-block"><img src="/drishti/img/online-banner2.jpeg" alt="" /></div>
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="color: #00008b;">Key Features of the Course</span></h2>
<ul style="display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 2;">
<li>Real class experience with the help of best cameras and sound quality.</li>
<li>Total of 250+ hours of classes. After that these classes will be saved in your account which you can watch unlimited times at your convenience.</li>
<li>One live class daily. 6 classes a week, Sundays off or Tests. Course validity up to 2 years from the date of commencement of the batch.</li>
<li>Printed Notes included in the course will be sent to you free of charge.</li>
<li>Special emphasis on teaching answer writing techniques in classrooms. Discussion and practice sessions on all possible questions asked in previous years and may be asked in future.</li>
<li>Test Series of 16 Tests Free. This facility can be availed on Drishti Learning App or offline center.</li>
<li>Mentorship by expert team will be made available for doubt resolution.</li>
<li>Option to increase or decrease the quality and speed of the video at your convenience.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imporant-info">
<div class="wrapper"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">Technical Requirements </span>
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<li>Operating System (OS): Android 6 or above</li>
<li>Internal Memory: 8 GB or above</li>
<li>RAM: 1 GB or above</li>
<li>It is also important that your phone is not 'rooted'. Our app does not work on such devices due to security settings.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>If you face any technical issue during this course please call on <a href="tel:7669806811">7669806811</a> or <a href="tel:7669806812">7669806812</a>. Our technical team will help you best.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!--<div class="imporant-info">
        <div class="wrapper" style="background-color: #f9ffe4;"><strong><span style="color: #00008b; font-size: 22px;">-->
<div class="pendrive-feature-block">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">Process of sending notes</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>The printed notes related to this course will be sent to you as per the class schedule &ndash; topic wise. After you take admission, your first packet will be dispatched by speed post or courier service within 10-15 days. You will receive the packet of books within 7-10 days of dispatch. Due to COVID-19, the packets may take a little longer than usual (approximately 15-20 days) to reach.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="image-block"><img src="/hindi/drishti/img/feature-thumb-img.png" alt="" /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1REQI0jAqRA&amp;list=PLQpF--VlgguRCRkwkjnCsiVit9vTtSuLZ" class="icon-play" target="_blank" rel="noopener">play</a> <span>Demo classes available on YouTube. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pendrive-package-block" style="padding: 0 0 30px;">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">How to Access the Course? </span></h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px;">After the payment process is completed, you will see this course in the 'My Courses' tab which is available on the home page of the app itself.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="learning-program">
<div class="section-payment">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2>Payment Options</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Cash Deposit</h4>
<p>You can deposit cash at our Drishti office, Find our address below</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />13/15, Tashkand Marg, Civil Lines (Near Patrika Chauraha), Prayagraj, <br />UP-211001</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. <br /><strong>Account No.</strong> 36726486454,<br /><strong>Bank </strong>State Bank of India,<br /><strong>IFSC Code</strong> SBIN0018166, <br /><strong>MICR Code</strong> 110002563, Branch Code 18166 , <br /><strong>Branch</strong> - Mukherjee Nagar New Delhi-110009</p>
<p><span>Contact Details:</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="phone">+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at below address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end --></div>
<!-- end row --></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/online-classes/geography-optional-live-online-course-delhi'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'History (Optional Subject) Live Online Course',
			'catname' => 'Online Courses',
			'desc' => '<section class="article-list">
<div class="feature-text" style="padding: 0px;">
<div class="online-pendrive-course online-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="text-block">
<h2>History (Optional Subject)<br /><span style="font-size: 16px; color: #00008b;">(Live Online Course)<br /></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Teacher</strong>: Mr. Tauqeer Zafar</li>
<li><strong>Admission Open</strong></li>
<li><strong>Classes start on</strong>: August 9</li>
<li><strong>Mode</strong>: Live Online (On Drishti Learning App)</li>
<li><strong>Course Size</strong>: Around 125 Classes. One class daily, 6 days a week.</li>
<li><strong>Course Validity</strong>: Up to 2 years, unlimited viewing of each class.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="red-block awake">
<h2>Special Discount</h2>
<p><strong>Fee: Only ₹ 28,000/- Fee (Inclusive of GST) with special exemption. (Standard Fee : ₹40,000/-) <br /></strong></p>
<p>For additional information related to this course, call <a href="tel:8010440440">8010440440</a> / <a href="tel:7669806814">7669806814</a>.</p>
<div class="btn-block"><a href="/history-optional-english-live-online-courses-registration" class="btn red" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy Now</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- #end online pendrive course -->
<div class="why-pendrive-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="image-block"><img src="/drishti/img/online-banner2.jpeg" alt="" /></div>
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="color: #00008b;">Key Features of the Course</span></h2>
<ul style="display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 2;">
<li>Real class experience with the help of best cameras and sound quality.</li>
<li>Close to 300 hours of classes. After that these classes will be saved in your account which you can watch unlimited times at your convenience.</li>
<li>One live class daily. 6 classes a week, Sundays off or Tests. Course validity up to 2 years from the date of commencement of the batch.</li>
<li>Printed Notes included in the course will be sent to you free of charge.</li>
<li>Special emphasis on teaching answer writing techniques in classrooms. Discussion and practice sessions on all possible questions asked in previous years and may be asked in future.</li>
<li>Test Series of 16 Tests Free. This facility can be availed on Drishti Learning App or offline center.</li>
<li>Mentorship by expert team will be made available for doubt resolution.</li>
<li>Option to increase or decrease the quality and speed of the video at your convenience.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imporant-info">
<div class="wrapper"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">Technical Requirements </span>
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<li>Operating System (OS): Android 6 or above</li>
<li>Internal Memory: 8 GB or above</li>
<li>RAM: 1 GB or above</li>
<li>It is also important that your phone is not 'rooted'. Our app does not work on such devices due to security settings.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>If you face any technical issue during this course please call on 7669806811 or 7669806812. Our technical team will help you best.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!--<div class="imporant-info">
        <div class="wrapper" style="background-color: #f9ffe4;"><strong><span style="color: #00008b; font-size: 22px;">-->
<div class="pendrive-feature-block">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">Process of Delivery of Notes </span></h2>
<ul>
<li>The printed notes related to this course will be sent to you as per the class schedule &ndash; topic wise. After you take admission, your first packet will be dispatched by speed post or courier service within 10-15 days. You will receive the packet of books within 7-10 days of dispatch. Due to COVID-19, the packets may take a little longer than usual (approximately 15-20 days) to reach.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="image-block"><img src="/hindi/drishti/img/feature-thumb-img.png" alt="" /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1REQI0jAqRA&amp;list=PLQpF--VlgguRCRkwkjnCsiVit9vTtSuLZ" class="icon-play" target="_blank" rel="noopener">play</a> <span>Demo classes available on YouTube. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pendrive-package-block" style="padding: 0 0 30px;">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">How to Access the Course? </span></h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px;">After the payment process is completed, you will see this course in the 'My Courses' tab which is available on the home page of the app itself.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="learning-program">
<div class="section-payment">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2>Payment Options</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Cash Deposit</h4>
<p>You can deposit cash at our Drishti office, Find our address below</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />13/15, Tashkand Marg, Civil Lines (Near Patrika Chauraha), Prayagraj, <br />UP-211001</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. <br /><strong>Account No.</strong> 36726486454,<br /><strong>Bank </strong>State Bank of India,<br /><strong>IFSC Code</strong> SBIN0018166, <br /><strong>MICR Code</strong> 110002563, Branch Code 18166 , <br /><strong>Branch</strong> - Mukherjee Nagar New Delhi-110009</p>
<p><span>Contact Details:</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="phone">+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at below address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end --></div>
<!-- end row --></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/online-classes/history-optional-live-online-course'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Chandra Shekahr Azad',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>On 23<sup>rd</sup> July, India paid tribute to the freedom fighter <strong>Chandra Shekahr Azad</strong> on his <strong>birth anniversary.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> Azad was born on <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> July 1906</strong> in the<strong> Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Early Life:</strong> Chandra Shekhar, then a 15-year-old student, joined a <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-208" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Cooperation Movement</strong> </a>in December 1921. As a result, he was arrested.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627125259_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627125259_image2.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" height="168" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On being presented before a magistrate, he gave his name as<strong> "Azad" (The Free),</strong> his father's name as "Swatantrata" (Independence) and his residence as "Jail".</li>
<li>Therefore, he came to be known as <strong>Chandra Shekhar Azad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to Freedom Movement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hindustan Republican Association:</strong> After the suspension of the non-cooperation movement in 1922 by Gandhi, Azad joined Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>HRA was a revolutionary organization of India established in 1924 in East Bengal by <strong>Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Narendra Mohan Sen and Pratul Ganguly</strong> as an offshoot of <strong>Anushilan Samiti.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kakori Conspiracy:</strong> Most of the fund collection for revolutionary activities was done through <strong>robberies of government property.</strong> In line with the same, Kakori Train Robbery near Kakori, Lucknow was done in<strong> 1925 by HRA.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>plan was executed</strong> by Chandrashekhar Azad, Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, and Manmathnath Gupta.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hindustan Socialist Republican Association:</strong> HRA was later reorganised as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was established in <strong>1928</strong> at Feroz Shah Kotla in New Delhi by Chandrasekhar Azad, Ashfaqulla Khan, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/martyrs-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhagat Singh</strong></a>, Sukhdev Thapar and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee.</li>
<li>HSRA planned the <strong>shooting of J. P. Saunders,</strong> a British Policeman at Lahore in 1928 <strong>to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> He died at <strong>Azad Park in Allahabad</strong> on 27<sup>th</sup> February 1931.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1640655" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chandra-shekahr-azad'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Digital Challenge For Civil Society',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/digital-challenge-for-civil-society-7418943/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital challenge for civil society</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 23/07/2021. It talks about the challenge in front of Civil Societies in times of digital era and how it can be resolved.</p>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic</strong> has exposed the deep fault lines that have created challenges for India's transition towards a more digitally enabled society.</p>
<p>During the pandemic, several essential services, ranging from access to healthcare services &ndash; including vaccines &ndash; to education, livelihoods, and rations &mdash; have felt the effects of unequal distribution of technology in the country.</p>
<p>Thus, with increasing inequalities and the burden on systems, the need for digitally driven programmes is now more urgent than ever before.</p>
<p>In this context, even the <strong>development sector (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/role-of-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NGOs</a>, Civil Society Organisation (CSOs))</strong> cannot remain aloof to new technologies. They must strive for digital transition so that it can be helpful in resolving various digital challenges.</p>
<h3>Digital Challenge</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Digitally Inaccessible Remote Communities:</strong> The first wave of Covid-19 brought with it an immediate and urgent need for the development sector to shift towards technology, when faced by the inability to access communities remotely. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A survey in June 2020 indicated that only about half of the respondents were aware of online classes being held in their communities.</li>
<li>The consequences of these gaps are likely dire &ndash; an estimated 10 million girls could drop out of school.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unserved Remote Areas:</strong> With digital services not being uniformly distributed, communities in remote areas often require on-ground staff to deploy and supplement digital tools. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They may also face significant barriers in accessing funding for innovative and infrastructural digital solutions. This, in turn, poses challenges for Civil Society Organisations (CSOs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/inequalities-in-digital-world" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Digital Divide</a>:</strong> During the second wave, urban Indians have consistently relied on social media platforms to seek life-saving medical supplies but rural Indian could not utilise it to the fullest.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unequal access to the internet has also made accessing and registering for Covid-19 vaccines in India a challenge, leaving millions of Indians unable to even register for them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Illiteracy:</strong> It&rsquo;s apparent that a majority of Indian citizens lack <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-internet-access-and-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital literacy</strong></a> and online safety is an alien concept to many who may have digital literacy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Language and accessibility barriers and limited data and infrastructural systems further compound the scenario.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social barriers and systemic inequality</strong> also play a large role in this &mdash; even today, mobile ownership among women is significantly lower than their male counterparts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, communities continue to remain averse to mobile devices in the hands of young people, especially young women, to prevent them from disrupting existing patriarchal systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need For Technology Enabled Development Sector:</strong> It is time for the development sector (NGOs/CSOs) to shift towards technology-driven ecosystems, to enable a more systematic and concerted effort to bridge the present digital divide and help access remote communities digitally.</li>
<li><strong>Technological Intervention:</strong> The process of creating and implementing digital solutions is multi-layered and complex. According to many CSOs, the first step is to <strong>address the demands posed by technological interventions across a programme life cycle.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This calls for customised digital interventions. The issue gets complicated because CSOs need to work with local communities who face digital challenges themselves.</li>
<li>Digital interventions have to factor in these imperatives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Feedback from People:</strong> The success of technology-based programmes is ultimately contingent on the support for it on the ground, and community feedback is critical to driving successful and sustainable programmes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Programmes, therefore, need to integrate and account for interpersonal mediation and the last-mile &ldquo;human touch&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partnership with Stakeholders:</strong> To enable them to incorporate technology at scale, CSOs require more systematic partnerships with stakeholders across the development ecosystem. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Collaboration with the government, funders, and other civil society partners is vital to normalising the use of technology-based interventions at scale.</li>
<li>For example, the government and private sector service providers need to prioritise the availability of digital infrastructure and connectivity while civil society integrates programmatic responses into government priorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Documenting the Learnings:</strong> There are no blanket solutions to the critical challenges that come with embracing technology in framing programmes for the development sector. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Documenting their learnings is an important first step in pushing for more open conversations with regard to digital interventions in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Recognising the essential role that digital tools, access and literacy will play in the months and years to come, Civil societies and NGOs should strive to bring technological revolution in their working.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefff5;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Civil societies cannot remain aloof to new technologies, and need to shift towards technology-driven ecosystems. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-challenge-for-civil-society'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'PLI Scheme For Specialty Steel',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-food-processing-industry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production-Linked Incentive (PLI)</strong></a> scheme (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme</strong></a>) for manufacturing<strong> Speciality Steel (SS)</strong> with a budgetary outlay of <strong>Rs 6,322 crore</strong> over a period of five years from <strong>2023-24.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Speciality Steel</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>is value-added steel,</strong> which is made by processing normal finished steel.</li>
<li>It is done by converting normal finished steel into high value-added steel by way of <strong>coating, plating and heat treatment.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from the automobile sector and specialised capital goods, they can be used in various strategic applications such as <strong>defence, space, power etc.</strong></li>
<li>SS are<strong> categorized in various types</strong> such as, coated/plated steel products, high strength/wear resistant steel, speciality rails, alloy steel products and steel wires, electrical steel etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to<strong> boost domestic manufacturing and cut down on import bills,</strong> the central government<strong> in March 2020 introduced a PLI scheme</strong> that aims to give companies incentives on incremental sales from products manufactured in domestic units.</li>
<li>The scheme<strong> invites foreign companies to set units in India,</strong> however, it also aims to <strong>encourage local companies</strong> to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.</li>
<li>The Scheme <strong>has also been approved for sectors such as</strong> automobiles, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-it-hardware-and-pharmaceuticals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pharmaceuticals, IT hardware including laptops</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mobile phones &amp; telecom equipment</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>white goods</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-programme-on-advanced-chemistry-cell-battery-storage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>chemical cells</strong></a>,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-food-processing-industry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> food processing</strong></a> and textiles, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627107293_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627107293_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI for Speciality Steel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To <strong>help India's SS production reach 42 Million Tonnes (MT) by 2026-27</strong> from 18 MT today.</li>
<li><strong>Categories:</strong> There are five <strong>categories of specialty steel which have been chosen in the PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Coated/plated steel products.</li>
<li>High strength/wear resistant steel.</li>
<li>Speciality rails.</li>
<li>Alloy steel products and steel wires.</li>
<li>Electrical steel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Slabs:</strong> There are<strong> three slabs of PLI incentives,</strong> the lowest being <strong>4%</strong> and highest being <strong>12%.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong> Both<strong> big players</strong> i.e. integrated steel plants and to the <strong>smaller players</strong> (secondary steel players).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any<strong> company registered in India,</strong> engaged in manufacturing of the identified &lsquo;specialty steel&rsquo; grades will be <strong>eligible to participate in the scheme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for choosing speciality Steel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To Increase Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SS has been chosen as the target segment by the government because <strong>out of a production of 102 million tonnes of steel</strong> in 2020-21, <strong>only 18 million tonnes of value-added steel/speciality steel</strong> were produced in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Reduce Imports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the<strong> imports into India are in the value-added and speciality segment.</strong> The PLI scheme<strong> will boost manufacturing capacities</strong> by Indian mills in this segment and MSMEs will be able to source from them directly.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Out of<strong> 6.7 million tonnes of imports of steel in</strong> 2020-21, approximately <strong>4 million tonnes were of speciality steel,</strong> resulting in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forex-reserves-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Exchange (Forex)</strong> </a>outgo of approximately <strong>Rs 30,000 crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sector in Uptrend:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The steel sector<strong> is on an uptrend</strong> and major integrated <strong>producers have lined up major expansion plans.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Promote Local Manufacturing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will ensure finished steel be made in India only, thereby ensuring that the scheme <strong>promotes end-to-end manufacturing</strong> within the country.</li>
<li>It will help <strong>create global manufacturing champions</strong> in India and bring the country <strong>on a par with global steel making majors</strong> such as South Korea and Japan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Employment Generation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will generate employment for about <strong>5 lakh people,</strong> including direct employment for <strong>68,000 people.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Outcome:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is expected to<strong> bring investments worth about Rs 40,000 crore</strong> and result in a <strong>capacity addition of 25 million tonnes (MT) for speciality steel.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>export of SS would become about 5.5 MT</strong> against the<strong> current 1.7 MT</strong> earning a Forex of Rs 33,000 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives related to Steel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-purvodaya-accelerated-development-of-steel-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mission Purvodaya</a>:</strong> It was launched in 2020 for the accelerated development of eastern India through the establishment of an integrated steel hub in Kolkata, West Bengal.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/iron-and-steel-industry-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Steel Policy 2017</a>:</strong> To attain Self-sufficiency in steel production by providing policy support &amp; guidance to private manufacturers, MSME steel producers, it was launched in 2017.</li>
<li><strong>Adoption of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20initiative%20of,brought%20about%20by%20smart%20technologies." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industry 4.0</a>):</strong> It will improve manufacturing processes, material usage, energy efficiency, plant and worker productivity, supply chain and product life-cycle.</li>
<li><strong>Steel Research and Technology Mission of India:</strong> It provides for the grant of financial assistance to various institutions including <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</a> (CSIR)</strong> laboratories and academic institutions for carrying out research in the iron and steel sector including environmental issues like utilisation of wastes, improvement in energy efficiency and reduction in <strong><a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">greenhouse gases</a> (GHG)</strong> emission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1737722" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-specialty-steel'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Reshaping India’s Foreign Approach',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This Article is based upon<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/expanding-india-s-foreign-policy-canvas-101626948705147.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Expanding India&rsquo;s Foreign Policy Canvas&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in the Hindustan Times on 22/07/2021. It talks about the changes occurring in the global economic domain and how India can shift from just an aspirational player to a global one by expanding its foreign agenda.</p>
</div>
<p>After living for more than a year and a half with the covid 19 pandemic, the world is recovering and bringing changes in the global economic domain.</p>
<p>On one hand, a new global tax is being worked upon to establish a minimum corporate tax regime. On the other, carbon border levies are being unveiled to aid net zero emission goals.</p>
<p>Binding dispute resolution provisions are also being sought to be embedded into international agreements. Technological decoupling is also taking place, leading to new value chains being set up.</p>
<p>Climate, health, digital technology and geo-economics will define the global conversation. India must remain proactive and focus on understanding and shaping these domains rather than just remaining at the receiving end.</p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Foreign Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Focus on Geo-Politics:</strong> Indian foreign policy, like that of most other States, has generally given primacy to the frictions and friendships relating to geopolitics such as: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power#:~:text=India%20has%20always%20stood%20by,India%20to%20join%20the%20treaty.&amp;text=In%201954%2C%20Indian%20Prime%20Minister,for%20a%20%22standstill%22%20agreement." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>demand for nuclear disarmament</strong></a></li>
<li>The<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-aligned-movement-nam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Non-Aligned Movement</strong></a> as a response to the Cold War</li>
<li>Support for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/un-reforms-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations (UN) peacekeeping</strong></a></li>
<li>Call for adoption of <a href="/printpdf/at-unga-india-call-for-early-adoption-of-ccit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive convention on international terrorism</strong></a></li>
<li>However, lesser importance has been given to geo-economics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environment Related Initiatives:</strong> The Prime Minister of India has espoused climate action as an issue where what India does within its borders to benefit its citizens also matters well beyond our borders. This has both economic and political benefits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, India is among the select few countries to have hosted the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop-28" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COP</strong></a> of all three Rio conventions on climate change (<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNFCCC</strong></a>), biodiversity (<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-cop-13-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></strong>) and land <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-convention-to-combat-desertification-cop-14" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Foreign Policy amid the Pandemic:</strong> During the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s foreign policy apparatus was key in securing essential global supplies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issues regarding Human Resource:</strong> Migration and human mobility are emerging issues. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Africa will be the largest repositories of young populations while most other societies age. Lack of opportunities in India create an obvious situation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-brain-drain-in-health-sector#:~:text=Brain%20drain%20is%20a%20term,a%20higher%20standard%20of%20living." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Brain Drain.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues related to Science &amp; Technology: <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)</a></strong> is a growing global problem to which the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic may further contribute. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Global concerns regarding <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cyber-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cybersecurity</a> </strong>are also rising.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A Stronger China:</strong> Militarily, China has further strengthened itself and now seeks to dominate the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Pacific Ocean</strong></a> with its announcement of its third aircraft carrier&rsquo;s launch in 2021.</li>
<li><strong>Deteriorating India-Russia Ties:</strong> Though India and Russia share a long history of strategic and economic cooperation, the post-Cold war Russia and China strategic convergence remains a foreign policy issue for India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the sanctions imposed on Russia after Crimea's annexation in 2014 has pushed Russia towards a tighter embrace of China.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This seems to signal reduced interest in countries such as India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s closeness to the U.S. has also weakened its links with traditional friends such as Russia and Iran.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Thinking Beyond Geo-Political:</strong> Subjects such as regulation of trans-boundary digital behemoths, big data management, trade issues and disaster &amp; humanitarian relief can prove to be beneficial by being addressed through the prism of a broader approach taking into account the global dimensions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a need to expand India&rsquo;s foreign policy agenda beyond the traditional thinking of what is geopolitical.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Realising the Significance of Geo-Economics:</strong> Geo-economics inevitably impacts geopolitics. China&rsquo;s Belt and Road Initiative is an example. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Climate, health security and digital technologies are becoming aspects of geopolitical contestation of different kinds.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s willingness to encompass these areas, which it previously considered beyond the pale of its foreign policy posture, will be key to its ability to navigate the coming wave of global changes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>G20 in 2023:</strong> India&rsquo;s presidency of <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G20</a></strong> in 2023 will provide it the opportunities to weave geo-economic themes with geopolitical interests.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Till now, India has played the role of an emerging power with ambitions to play the role of a global power.</li>
<li>The G20 summit of 2023 will provide the opportunities to articulate and be vocal on issues that matter to the world, and be proactive to further its interests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Hedging:</strong> The way forward for the Indian foreign policy should be <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-embrace-of-strategic-hedging" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strategic hedging</strong></a>; a combination of bolstering domestic as well as external strategic capabilities and creating economic dependencies abroad through enhanced manufacturing and exports. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Furthermore, a balance between capabilities and reach is what India needs to master strategic hedging with other countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The primary goal of India&rsquo;s foreign policy is to preserve, promote and protect national interests in the broadest sense of the term, and not to limit the canvas.</p>
<p>If India wants to ride the next wave of global change, it will need a broader global agenda and a carefully crafted game plan in place soon.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9fff5;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;It has been long since India has remained as an aspirational/emerging power. The time is now to bring a change in the paradigm and become one of the countries shaping the global economic domains&rdquo;. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => '30 Years of Economic Liberalisation',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, on the 30<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/1991-reforms-2021-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>economic liberalisation reforms</strong></a>, former Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, raised concerns over the macro-economic stability of the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to him, the current <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-economic-impact-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>economic crisis triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> is more challenging than during the 1991 economic crisis and the nation would need to recalibrate its priorities to ensure a dignified life for all Indians.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>1991 Crisis &amp; Reforms: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>1991 Crisis:</strong> In 1990-91, India faced a severe<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/strong-balance-of-payments" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Balance of Payments (BOP)</a> crisis</strong>, where its foreign exchange reserves were just adequate to finance 15 days of imports. There were many factors that led to the BOP crisis:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-fiscal-deficit-1#:~:text=Fiscal%20Deficit%20Target%20Fixed%20for,Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20(GDP)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fiscal Deficit</strong></a>: The fiscal deficit during 1990-91 was around 8.4% of GDP.</li>
<li><strong>Gulf War I:</strong> In 1990-91, the situation was aggravated by the rise in the price of oil due to Iraq&rsquo;s invasion of Kuwait.</li>
<li><strong>Rise in Prices:</strong> The inflation rate increased from 6.7% to 16.7% due to a rapid increase in money supply and the country&rsquo;s economic position became worse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nature and Scope of 1991 Reforms:</strong> In order to get out of the macro-economic crisis in 1991, India launched a New Economic Policy, which was based on LPG or <strong>Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation model.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Then Finance Minister, Manmohan Singh, was the prime architect of the historic 1991 liberalisation.</li>
<li>The broad range of reforms under the LPG model included:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Liberalising Industrial Policy:</strong> Abolition of industrial license permit raj, Reduction in import tariffs, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Beginning of Privatisation:</strong> Deregulation of markets, Banking reforms, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Globalisation:</strong> Exchange rate correction, liberalising foreign direct investment and trade policies, Removal of mandatory convertibility cause, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These reforms are credited and applauded for the high economic growth seen from 1991 to 2011 and substantial reduction of poverty from 2005 to 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627299172_image8.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627299172_image8.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>2021 Crisis:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-economic-recovery-for-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Economic Outlook Report 2021</strong></a>, states that the Indian economy is expected to grow by 12.5% in 2021 and 6.9% in 2022.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the pandemic has massive unemployment in the informal sector and poverty is increasing after decades of decline.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> social sectors of health and education have lagged behind</strong> and not kept pace with our economic progress. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Too many lives and livelihoods</strong> </a>have been lost that should not have been, during the pandemic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Inspector Raj is set to make a comeback through the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-ban-flash-sales-on-e-commerce-sites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>policy for e-commerce</strong></a> entities.</li>
<li>India is back to the old habits of borrowing excessively or<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rbi-surplus-transfer-to-the-government" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> extracting money (in form of dividends) from the RBI</strong></a> to finance the fiscal deficit.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>migrant labour crisis</strong> </a>has laid bare the gaps in the growth model.</li>
<li>India foreign trade policy is again suspecting trade liberalisation, as India has already decided to opt-out of the 16-nation <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rcep-india#:~:text=Recently%2C%20the%20Regional%20Comprehensive%20Economic,the%20world's%20largest%20trading%20blocs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)</strong> </a>trade deal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>The 1991 reforms helped the economy stave off a crisis and then bloom. It is time to outline a credible new reform agenda that will not just bring GDP back to pre-crisis levels, but also ensure growth rates higher than it had when it entered the pandemic.</p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/road-ahead-more-daunting-need-to-recalibrate-priorities-manmohan-singh-7419547/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'India’s 39th World Heritage Site: Ramappa Temple',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<strong> Rudreswara Temple, (also known as the Ramappa Temple) at Mulugu district, Telangana</strong> has been inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage list.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ramappa Temple was proposed by the government as its only nomination for the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-heritage-sites-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNESCO World Heritage site</strong> </a>tag for the year 2019.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627298598_image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627298598_image8.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Rudreswara (Ramappa) Temple:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Rudreswara temple was<strong> constructed in 1213 AD during the reign of the Kakatiya Empire by Recherla Rudra,</strong> a general of Kakatiya king Ganapati Deva.</li>
<li>The presiding deity here is<strong> Ramalingeswara Swamy.</strong></li>
<li>It is also known as the <strong>Ramappa temple, after the sculptor</strong> who executed the work in the temple for 40 years.</li>
<li>The temple stands on a <strong>6 feet high star-shaped platform</strong> with walls, pillars and ceilings adorned with<strong> intricate carvings</strong> that attest to the unique skill of the Kakatiya sculptors.</li>
<li>The foundation is built with the <strong>&ldquo;sandbox technique&rdquo;,</strong> the flooring is granite and the pillars are basalt.</li>
<li>The <strong>lower part of the temple is red sandstone</strong> while the <strong>white gopuram</strong> is built with light bricks that reportedly float on water.</li>
<li>An inscription dates the temple to <strong>1135 Samvat-Saka on the eight-day of Magha</strong> (12<sup>th</sup> January, 1214).</li>
<li>The distinct style of Kakatiyas for the gateways to temple complexes, unique only to this region, confirm the<strong> highly evolved proportions of aesthetics in temple</strong> and town gateways in South India.</li>
<li>European merchants and travellers were mesmerized by the beauty of the temple and one such traveller had remarked that the temple was the<strong> "brightest star in the galaxy of medieval temples of the Deccan".</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sandbox Technique:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The technique involved filling the pit &mdash; <strong>dug up for laying the foundation</strong> &mdash; with a mixture of <strong>sand-lime, jaggery (for binding) and karakkaya</strong> (black myrobalan fruit) before the buildings were constructed on these &lsquo;sandboxes&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The sandbox in the foundation acts as a <strong>cushion in case of earthquakes.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the vibrations caused by earthquakes lose their strength while passing through the sand by the time they reach the actual foundation of the building.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1738864" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'India’s Military Convergence',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/getting-indias-military-convergence-formula-right/article35529115.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Getting India's military convergence formula right</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 26/07/2021. It talks about the issues facing the reorganisation of armed forces and ways to tackle them for effective defence capability.</p>
</div>
<p>Given the key geostrategic challenges, emanating from the threat of two-front war (against China and Pakistan combinedly), India faces the complex threats and challenges spanning the full spectrum of conflict from nuclear to sub-conventional. Thus, required reorganisation of the armed forces for effective and efficient utilisation of its resources.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-chief-of-defence-staff-role-and-responsibility" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)</strong></a> General Bipin Rawat&rsquo;s description of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Air Force (IAF)</strong></a> as a supporting arm and the IAF chief Air Chief Marshal&rsquo;s rebuttal, is the newest bump in the turbulent journey marking the reorganisation process of the armed forces.</p>
<p>The reform in the military organization, thus, is marred by various challenges which are needed to be resolved.</p>
<h3>Issues Before Reorganisation of Forces</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issue With Synergising:</strong> With dwindling budgets, a steadily deteriorating security situation and the march of technology, the armed forces understand the need to synergise. But natural human faults interfere. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, different services do not coexist well where they are co-located. Bitter fights over land, buildings, facilities, etc. mar optimal operational synergising.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Substantial Operational Charter:</strong> There is the issue of giving each other the best, or of wanting to be with each other. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/creation-of-integrated-triservice-theatre-commands" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Andaman and Nicobar Command</strong></a> suffered from the <strong>lack of a substantial operational charter,</strong> and the services not positioning appropriate personnel or resources there.</li>
<li>Moreover, as a joint tenure did not benefit career, no one strove for it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Acute Indigence And Shrunken Economy:</strong> The biggest challenge India&rsquo;s military faces is monetary in times of acute indigence and a shrunken economy, hammered further by the ongoing <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Shortage of Physical And Human Resources:</strong> Media reports suggest that the IAF is 25% short on fighter squadrons, even after counting ageing aircraft.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A pan service shortage of about 400 pilots, almost 10% of their authorised strength, further aggravates this.</li>
<li>Therefore, the IAF warns against splitting assets as there may be nothing much to split.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Used Outside the Services:</strong> But shortage alone is not at the core of the IAF&rsquo;s objections. There is also the prospect of operational plans for the IAF being made outside the service.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Air Force As Supplementary Power</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Armies and navies will see air power as a supplement, history being the reason.</li>
<li>Analysing the experience of the United States, the air power theorist Tami Davis Biddle wrote in 2019 that<strong> &lsquo;aerial bombing cannot control the ground&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It is an important and much-utilized military instrument for both deterrence and compellence. However, its ability to produce results varies, and students of strategy must understand the circumstances under which it is more or less likely to achieve particular results or political ends&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Holding and controlling land or water is essential in conflict.</li>
<li>From Vietnam to Afghanistan, air power failed to deliver the promised results to the USA. But everyone acknowledges how greatly air power can aid victories though.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Difference In Opinion of Three Services</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ARMY &ndash; In favour:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is time to move away from a service specific approach to operations towards a system which avoids duplication, ensures optimum utilisation of available resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>AIR FORCE &ndash; Strongly opposed</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It doesn&rsquo;t have enough resources &mdash; fighter squadrons, mid-air refuellers and AWACS &mdash; to allocate them dedicatedly to different theatre commanders.</li>
<li>It believes that India is not geographically large enough to be divided into different theatres, as resources from one theatre can easily be moved to another theatre</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NAVY - More nuanced, it too is not in favour of implementing the proposal currently</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The current model of control by the Navy Headquarters is ideally suited for its strategic role.</li>
<li>There are also underlying fears about the smaller Services losing their autonomy and importance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Comprehensive National Security Strategy:</strong> There is the need for a<strong> comprehensive National Security Strategy</strong> to guide the services develop capacities required in their respective domains.</li>
<li><strong>Transform Professional Education:</strong> It is needed to transform professional education and inter-service employment to nurture genuine respect for others.</li>
<li><strong>Resolve The Differences:</strong> The armed forces must resolve their differences among themselves, as the politicians or bureaucrats cannot do it.</li>
<li><strong>Need For Adequate Human Resources:</strong> To ensure good quality staff, in adequate numbers, at apex joint organisations, to reassure individual services and those in the field that they are in safe hands.</li>
<li><strong>Problem Specific Solutions:</strong> Need to accept the fact that what works for other countries need not work for us. We need tailor-made solutions which may need more genuine thinking. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For genuine military jointness, a genuine convergence of minds is critical.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Clear And Written Concepts:</strong> Major reorganisations must strictly follow the sequence of written concepts, their refinement through consultation, simulation or tabletop wargaming, field evaluation and final analysis before implementation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This would help address command and control, asset adequacy, individual service roles, operational planning under new circumstances and the adequacy of joint structures.</li>
<li>The Western Command between the Indian Army and the IAF, the Northern Command with the Indian Army, Maritime Command with the Indian Navy and the Air Defence Command with the IAF may be an acceptable formula.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Changing dynamics of national security which now encompasses cyber, automation and such new challenges, cannot be solved by a disjointed general but rather a clear and robust structure that should quickly respond to emergent situations.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627298165_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627298165_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffef7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>For genuine military jointness, a genuine convergence of minds is critical. Discuss the statement with reference to creation of Integrated Theatre Commands.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Asadha Poornima Dhamma Chakra Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India in partnership with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vesak-celebration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Buddhist Confederation (IBC)</strong></a> celebrated <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dharma-chakra-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Asadha Poornima Dhamma Chakra Day</a> 2021</strong> on 24<sup>th</sup> July 2021.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The day is also observed as <strong>Guru Poornima</strong> by both Buddhists and Hindus as a day to mark reverence to their Gurus.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Guru Purnima</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Hindu calendar, Guru Purnima generally <strong>falls on a full-moon day in the Hindu month of Ashadh.</strong></li>
<li>It is dedicated to Maharshi Veda Vyasa, the sage <strong>who is believed to have edited the sacred Hindu text, the Vedas and created the 18 Puranas, Mahabharata and the Srimad Bhagavatam.</strong></li>
<li>For Buddhists, <strong>the festival marks the first sermon of Lord Buddha,</strong> which is said to have been delivered at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, on this very day.</li>
<li>It is also believed to <strong>mark the onset of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monsoons.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>commemorates Buddha's first sermon</strong> to his <strong>first five ascetic disciples.</strong> He gave his first knowledge to the world after attaining enlightenment.</li>
<li>The day marks the establishment of <strong>the Sangha, on a full-moon day of the month of Asadha,</strong> in the Indian Sun calendar at the <strong>&lsquo;Deer Park',</strong> Ṛṣipatana in the current day <strong>Sarnath, near Varanasi, India.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is also known as<strong> Esala Poya in Sri Lanka</strong> and Asanha Bucha in Thailand.</li>
<li>It is the second most sacred day for Buddhists after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/buddha-purnima" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddha Poornima or Vesak.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This teaching of <strong>Dhamma Chakka- PavattanaSutta (Pali)</strong> or Dharma chakra Pravartana Sutra (Sanskrit) is also known as the <strong>First Turning of Wheels of Dharma</strong> and comprises the <strong>Four Noble Truths</strong> and <strong>Noble Eightfold Path.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Four Noble Truths:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Suffering <strong>(dukkha)</strong> is the essence of the world.</li>
<li>Every suffering has a cause &ndash; <strong>Samudya.</strong></li>
<li>Suffering could be extinguished &ndash; <strong>Nirodha.</strong></li>
<li>It can be achieved by following the <strong>Atthanga Magga (Eightfold Path).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eightfold Path:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627297326_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627297326_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Rainy Season retreat (Varsha Vassa)</strong> for the Monks and Nuns also starts with this day<strong> lasting for three lunar months from July to October,</strong> during which they remain in a single place, generally in their <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-architecture-part-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>temples (Viharas/Chaityas)</strong></a> dedicated to intensive meditation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gautam Buddha:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He is believed to be the <strong>eighth of the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu</strong> (Dashavatar).</li>
<li>He was born as <strong>Siddhartha Gautama in circa 563 BCE,</strong> in Lumbini and belonged to the<strong> Sakya clan.</strong></li>
<li>Gautam attained <strong>Bodhi (enlightenment) under a pipal tree at Bodhgaya, Bihar.</strong></li>
<li>Buddha gave his first sermon in the<strong> village of Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>He died at the age of <strong>80 in 483 BCE at Kushinagara, Uttar Pradesh.</strong> The event is known as <strong>Mahaparinibban or Mahaparinirvana.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution of Buddhism to Indian Culture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The concept of <strong>ahimsa was its chief contribution.</strong> Later, it became one of the cherished values of our nation.</li>
<li>Its contribution to the<strong> art and architecture of India was notable.</strong> The stupas at Sanchi, Bharhut, and Gaya are wonderful pieces of architecture.</li>
<li>It <strong>promoted education through residential universities</strong> like those at <strong>Taxila, Nalanda, and Vikramasila.</strong></li>
<li>The language of Pali and other local languages developed through the teachings of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/buddhism-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Buddhism.</strong></a></li>
<li>It had also promoted the spread of Indian culture to other parts of Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Buddhism&rsquo;s Relevance in Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Buddha&rsquo;s teaching is relevant today when humanity faces the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong> </a>as the biggest challenge before it.<strong> Buddha's principles bind countries together,</strong> strengthening humanity.</li>
<li>Today, the nations of the world are also <strong>holding each other's hands and helping each other in the times of pandemic,</strong> following the <strong>path of service to humanity as shown by Buddha.</strong></li>
<li>Buddha&rsquo;s <strong>four noble truths and eightfold path can help understand the doctrine of Karma</strong> and can help in healing the world and make it a better place.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unesco-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO&rsquo;s</a> Heritage Sites Related to Buddhism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar</li>
<li>Buddhist Monuments at <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/mauryan-art-and-architecture-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sanchi</strong></a>, MP</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/maha-bodhi-temple-complex" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maha Bodhi Temple</strong></a> Complex at Bodh Gaya, Bihar</li>
<li><a href="/printpdf/ajanta-and-ellora-caves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ajanta Caves</strong></a> Aurangabad, Maharashtra.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-buddha-ashadha-purnima-address-7420041/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asadha-poornima-dhamma-chakra-day'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'I-STEM Enters Phase-II',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Indian Science Technology and Engineering facilities Map (I-STEM) project has been accorded an extension for five years,</strong> until 2026 and enters its<strong> second phase</strong> with added features.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627296979_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627296979_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="750" height="433" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>I-STEM:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>I-STEM is <strong>a National Web portal for sharing R&amp;D</strong> (Research and Development) facilities.</li>
<li>The portal <strong>facilitates researchers to access slots for the use of equipment,</strong> as well as to share the details of the outcomes, such as, patents, publications and technologies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in January 2020. It is an initiative of Office of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Principal Scientific Adviser</strong></a> to the Government of India under the aegis of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nine-science-and-technology-missions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) mission.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>PM-STIAC:</strong> It is an overarching Council that facilitates the Principal Scientific Adviser&rsquo;s Office to <strong>assess the status in specific science and technology domains, comprehend challenges in hand, formulate specific interventions, develop a futuristic roadmap</strong> and advise the Prime Minister accordingly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Goal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The goal of I-STEM is to strengthen the R&amp;D ecosystem of the country by connecting researchers with resources.</li>
<li>Promoting <strong>technologies and scientific equipment development indigenously,</strong> and <strong>providing necessary supplies and support to researchers</strong> by enabling them an access to existing publicly funded R&amp;D facilities in the country through the I-STEM web portal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phase-I:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the first phase, the portal is listed with more than 20,000 pieces of equipment from 1050 institutions across the country and has more than 20,000 Indian researchers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phase-II:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The portal<strong> will host indigenous technology products listed through a digital catalogue.</strong> It will also <strong>host and provide access to selected R&amp;D</strong> (Research and Development) <strong>software</strong> required to undertake research projects by students and scientists.</li>
<li>The portal will also<strong> provide a platform for the various City Knowledge and Innovation Clusters</strong> to enhance effective use of R&amp;D infrastructure through leveraging collaboration and partnership built on a shared STI <strong>(Science Technology and Innovation)</strong> ecosystem.</li>
<li>New phase will be designed as a dynamic digital platform that will provide a <strong>boost to research and innovation especially for 2 tier and 3 tier cities</strong> and also for the emerging start-up ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1738848" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/i-stem-enters-phase-ii'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Periodic Labour Force Survey 2019-20',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/periodic-labour-force-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Statistical Office (NSO)</strong> </a>released the <strong>third annual report</strong> on <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quarterly-periodic-labour-force-survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)</a>,</strong> conducted between<strong> July 2019 and June 2020.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Labour indicators recorded an <strong>all-round improvement in 2019-20</strong> compared with the previous two years i:e 2017-18 and 2018-19.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627294968_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627294968_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Statistical Office</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>central statistical agency</strong> of the Government mandated under the <strong>Statistical Services Act 1980</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>responsible for the development of arrangements for providing statistical information services</strong> to meet the needs of the Government and other users for information on which to base policy, planning, monitoring and management decisions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The services include <strong>collecting, compiling and disseminating official statistical information.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Reports &amp; Indices by NSO:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/index-of-industrial-production-iip" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Index of Industrial Production (IIP) </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inflation-data-february-2021#:~:text=Consumer%20Price%20Index,-It%20measures%20price&amp;text=It%20is%20released%20by%20the,Indian%20consumers%20buy%20for%20use." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Consumer Price Index (CPI)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-monitoring-framework-on-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals National Indicator Framework</strong></a> Progress Report</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unemployment Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The unemployment rate <strong>fell to 4.8% in 2019-20.</strong> In 2018-19, it stood at 5.8% and 6.1% in 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worker Population Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It improved to<strong> 38.2% in 2019-20</strong> compared with 35.3% in 2018-19 and 34.7% in 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour Force Participation Ratio:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>increased to 40.1% in 2019-20</strong> from 37.5% and 36.9%, respectively, in the last two years. The higher the LFPR, the better.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Based Unemployment Rate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The data showed the jobless rate for both <strong>male and female fell to 5.1%</strong> and <strong>4.2%,</strong> respectively, in 2019-20 from 6% and 5.2% in 2018-19. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>WPR and LFPR also comparatively improved during the year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is India&rsquo;s <strong>first computer-based survey</strong> launched <strong>by</strong> the <strong>NSO in 2017.</strong></li>
<li>It has been constituted based on the recommendation of a committee headed by <strong>Amitabh Kundu.</strong></li>
<li>It essentially <strong>maps the state of employment in the country.</strong> In doing so, it <strong>collects data on several variables</strong> such as the level of <strong>unemployment,</strong> the <strong>types of employment</strong> and their respective shares, the <strong>wages earned</strong> from different types of jobs, the <strong>number of hours worked etc.</strong></li>
<li>Before PLFS, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restructuring-of-indian-statistical-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)</strong></a>-<strong> previous name of NSO</strong> used to bring the data related to employment and unemployment based on its quinquennial (every 5 year) household socio-economic survey programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>estimate the key employment and unemployment indicators</strong> (viz. WPR, LFPR, UR) in the short time interval of three months for the urban areas only in the <strong>Current Weekly Status (CWS).</strong></li>
<li>To <strong>estimate employment and unemployment indicators in both usual status and CWS in both rural and urban areas</strong> annually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Government Initiatives to Tackle Unemployment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Union government has come up with an economic stimulus package under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a> to support the Indian economy and create jobs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Street Vendor's Atma Nirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi)</strong></a>, the Union Government is providing affordable loans to street vendors.</li>
<li>In 2020 the government allocated an additional fund of Rs 40,000 crore for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-group-of-chief-ministers-on-coordination-between-mgnrega-and-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MGNREGA</strong></a>, as part of the stimulus package.</li>
<li>The government is offering <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">credit guarantees for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)</a></strong> which will help them in getting loans easily and boost their functioning.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-mudra-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana</strong></a> to provide financial support to entrepreneurs to start small enterprises.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Various other initiatives have also been taken by the government to support the economy which includes relaxation in Companies Act and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency proceedings</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-stimulus-iii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reforms in agri- marketing</strong></a> etc.</li>
<li>Government has also taken initiatives such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/code-on-wages-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>New Code on Wages, 2019</strong></a> to reduce gender-based discrimination in wages, recruitment and conditions of employment.</li>
<li>State governments have also come up with the initiative to support their economy and increase jobs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Andhra Pradesh government&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restart-programme-for-msmes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;ReStart&rsquo; programme</strong></a> to support the MSME sector in the State.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jharkhand-launches-employment-schemes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jharkhand has launched three employment schemes</strong></a> to create wage employment for workers in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Terms</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unemployment Rate (UR):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is defined as the <strong>percentage of persons unemployed</strong> among the persons in the labour force.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is defined as the <strong>percentage of persons in the labour force</strong> (i.e. working or seeking or available for work) in the population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Worker Population Ratio (WPR):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is defined as the <strong>percentage of employed persons in the population.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Activity Status:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The activity status of a person is<strong> determined on the basis of the activities pursued by the person</strong> during the <strong>specified reference period.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Usual Status:</strong> The activity status determined on the basis of the <strong>reference period of the last 365 days</strong> preceding the date of survey, it is known as the usual activity status of the person.</li>
<li><strong>Current Weekly Status (CWS):</strong> The activity status determined on the basis of a <strong>reference period of the last 7 days</strong> preceding the date of survey is known as the current weekly status (CWS) of the person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/labour-survey-shows-job-scenario-improved-in-2019-20-7419572/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/periodic-labour-force-survey-2019-20'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Cooperative Movement in India',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<h3>Cooperatives in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)</strong> defines a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ministry-of-co-operation-a-new-push-to-co-operatives" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Cooperative</strong></a> as &ldquo;an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provisions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Constitution (97<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 2011</strong> added a new Part IXB right after Part IXA (Municipals) regarding the cooperatives working in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The word<strong> &ldquo;cooperatives&rdquo;</strong> was added after<strong> &ldquo;unions and associations&rdquo;</strong> in<strong> Article 19(1)(c)</strong> under<strong> Part III of the Constitution.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This enables all the citizens to <strong>form cooperatives by giving it the status of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/fundamental-rights-part-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fundamental right</a> of citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A new<strong> Article 43B</strong> was added in the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/directive-principles-of-state-policy-dpsp#:~:text=Directive%20Principles%20are%20affirmative%20directions,is%20not%20subordinate%20to%20FRs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Directive Principles of State Policy</strong></a> (Part IV) regarding the &ldquo;promotion of cooperative societies&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Genesis of Cooperative Movement in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Causes of the Movement:</strong> The Cooperative Movement in India was born out of the <strong>distress and turmoil that prevailed in the last quarter of the 19<sup>th</sup> century.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0#:~:text=Now%20a%20Fourth%20Industrial%20Revolution,%2C%20digital%2C%20and%20biological%20spheres." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Industrial Revolution</strong> </a>had given a death blow to village industries and driven people to agriculture, the only avenue of employment and livelihood.</li>
<li>The consequent <strong>sub-division and fragmentation of holdings</strong> had made<strong> agriculture an uneconomic proposition.</strong></li>
<li>Other factors such as the <strong>rigidity of land revenue collection, uncertainty of rainfall and consequently lesser crop production</strong> compelled the farmers to approach the money-lenders. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The money lenders advanced money either by purchasing the crop at a throwaway price or by charging very high rates of interest.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All these factors emphasised the need for the provision of cheap credit through an alternative agency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Informal Cooperatives in India:</strong> Even before formal cooperative structures came into being through the passing of a law, the practice of the concept of cooperation and cooperative activities were prevalent in several parts of India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Some of them were named as <strong>Devarai or Vanarai, Chit Funds, Kuries, Bhishies, Phads.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the <strong>Madras</strong> Presidency were organised<strong> &lsquo;Nidhis&rsquo; or Mutual-Loan Associations.</strong></li>
<li>In the <strong>Punjab,</strong> a society on cooperative lines was started in 1891 for <strong>controlling the common land of the village</strong> for the benefit of the co-sharers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All these efforts were purely<strong> voluntary and strictly non-official.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> first official step</strong> was taken when <strong>Sir William Wedderburn</strong> made, after the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/peasant-movements-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deccan riots</strong></a>, the proposal for the <strong>establishment of agricultural banks</strong> as a remedy against rural indebtedness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cooperative Movement in Pre-Independence Era</h3>
<p><strong>Initial Stage of Cooperative Movement (1904-11)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First Cooperative Act in India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Indian Famine Commission (1901)</strong> induced the government to set up a committee under the presidency of <strong>Sir Edward Law</strong> to report on the introduction of cooperative societies in India.</li>
<li>The Committee reported favorably in 1903 and the first <strong>Cooperative Credit Societies Act was passed in 1904. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Salient Features of the Act:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any ten persons living in the same village or town or belonging to the same class or tribe could form a cooperative credit society.</li>
<li><strong>Societies were classified as Rural and Urban</strong> depending if the majority of the total membership (80%) was agricultural or non-agricultural.</li>
<li><strong>Rural society was not permitted to distribute profits,</strong> but in the case of urban societies, profits could be distributed after carrying 25% of the net profits to the Reserve Fund.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Drawbacks of the Act:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The act provided <strong>no legal protection to non-credit societies.</strong></li>
<li>It also made <strong>no provision for mobilising urban savings</strong> for financing agricultural operations.</li>
<li>The <strong>classification</strong> of societies into urban and rural was found to be <strong>arbitrary, unscientific, and highly inconvenient.</strong></li>
<li>Many provisions of the Act of 1904 became a hindrance to the further spread of the movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Modification Stage of Cooperative Movement (1912-1918)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Cooperative Societies Act of 1912:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The defects of the 1904 Act were remedied when the Cooperative Societies Act, 1912 was enacted.</li>
<li><strong>Salient Features: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Any society, credit or otherwise, could be registered</strong> which had as its objective, the promotion of the economic interest of its members.</li>
<li>A federal society like the <strong>Central Bank or union could be registered.</strong></li>
<li>No member could have more than 1/5 of the total share capital or hold share exceeding Rs. 1,000 in such a society.</li>
<li>The societies were <strong>granted exemption from compulsory registration</strong> and from the <strong>payment of income tax and stamp duties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maclagan Committee:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1915, a committee headed by <strong>Sir Edward Maclagan,</strong> was appointed to study and report whether the cooperative movement was proceeding on economically and financially sound lines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The committee observed that <strong>illiteracy</strong> and <strong>ignorance of the masses, misappropriation of funds, rampant nepotism, inordinate delay in granting loans</strong> and<strong> viewing the cooperative movement as a Government movement</strong> were some of the glaring defects of the cooperative movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The committee made the following suggestions:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All members should be made aware of the cooperative principles.</li>
<li>Honesty should be the main criterion for taking a loan.</li>
<li>Dealings should be strictly confined to the members only.</li>
<li>Applications should be carefully scrutinized before advancing loans and there should be careful follow up for effective utilization of loans.</li>
<li>One member-one vote should be strictly followed</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These recommendations could not be put into practice because of the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-i-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">First World War</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Expansion Stage of the Cooperative Movement (1919-29)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Montague-Chelmsford Reforms:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Through the<strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/government-of-india-act-1919#:~:text=Montagu-Chelmsford%20Reforms%20which%20came,as%20Provincial%20levels%20of%20Government." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Montague- Chelmsford Reforms of 1919</a>, co-operation became a provincial subject</strong> which gave further impetus to the movement.</li>
<li>Various states passed their own Acts to make the Cooperative Movement a successful one.</li>
<li>The <strong>membership of the Cooperative societies increased</strong> considerably during this period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Depression:</strong> The year 1929 witnessed the<strong> Great Economic Depression.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>prices of the agricultural commodities fell down</strong> to a remarkable extent.</li>
<li><strong>Unemployment</strong> along with other economic crises grew.</li>
<li>The <strong>agriculturists could not pay back the loans</strong> of the societies.</li>
<li>Over dues increased unexpectedly and <strong>cooperative societies were ruined.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Restructuring Stage of Cooperative Societies (1930-1946)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Appointment of Committees:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Various committees were appointed in<strong> Madras, Bombay, Travancore, Mysore, Gwalior and Punjab</strong> for examining the possibilities of restructuring the Cooperative societies.</li>
<li>In 1937 the <strong>Congress Ministry</strong> came to power in many states and revived interest in organising the cooperative movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of World War II:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The abnormal conditions created by the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-ii" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second World War</strong></a> led to<strong> far-reaching developments in the Cooperative Movement.</strong></li>
<li>Prices of agricultural commodities began to rise, rural farmers got extra economic gains and non- credit societies like marketing, production and consumer societies increased rapidly.</li>
<li>The <strong>All India Cooperative Planning Committee in 1945</strong> also gave a fillip to the growth of the Cooperative Movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Gandhian Socialist Philosophy regarding Cooperatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cooperation for Socialist Society:</strong> Cooperation according to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gandhiji</strong></a> was <strong>necessary for creation of a socialistic society and complete decentralization of power.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was of the opinion that cooperation was one of the important means to empower people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phoenix Settlement:</strong> In South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi instituted the<strong> 'Phoenix Settlement'</strong> as a cooperative in a <strong>socialistic pattern.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Its objective was to cultivate the three acres of land given to each member and to <strong>stop the emergence of a new class of absentee landowners. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tolstoy Farm:</strong> He established the <strong>Tolstoy Farm as a rehabilitation cooperative settlement</strong> for the families affected by the South African freedom struggle during the period. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He fully<strong> believed in Tolstoy's socialistic philosophy. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cooperatives for Peasantry:</strong> On return from South Africa, Gandhiji visited the countryside of India and realized the bankruptcy and distress of Indian peasantry oppressed by excess taxation, rack renting, illegal exaction etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He observed that the closest cooperation amongst the peasants is an absolute necessity.</li>
<li>Any industry based on agricultural produce such as cotton, sugar, oil seed, wheat etc. should be on a cooperative basis so that the producers could secure the best value for their output.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Cooperative Movement After Independence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Part of Mixed Economy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After independence, the nation adopted the approach of planned economic development for establishment of a mixed economy consisting of three sectors namely Public, Private and Cooperative Sectors.</li>
<li>Cooperatives were visualized to play the role of a<strong> balancing factor between public and private sectors.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Part of FYPs:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After independence, cooperatives became an integral part of<strong> Five-Year Plans (FYPs).</strong></li>
<li>Pandit <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/legacy-of-jawahar-lal-nehru" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jawaharlal Nehru</strong></a> considered cooperatives as one of the three pillars of Democracy, the other two being the <strong>Panchayat</strong> and the <strong>Schools.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Policy of Cooperatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1958, the<strong> National Development Council (NDC)</strong> had recommended a <strong>national policy on cooperatives</strong> and also for training of personnel and setting up of Cooperative Marketing Societies.</li>
<li>The Government of India announced a<strong> National Policy on Cooperatives</strong> in 2002.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment of NCDC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Scheme%20to%20Promote%20Young%20Entrepreneurs%20in%20Cooperatives" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)</a>,</strong> a <strong>statutory corporation,</strong> was set up under <strong>National Cooperative Development Corporation Act, 1962.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Committees Set up for Cooperatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> Rural Credit Survey Committee</strong> in 1954 recommended <strong>state participation in cooperatives at all levels.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> S.T. Raja Committee</strong> was appointed by the Government of India to <strong>suggest amendments to the Cooperative Law.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The committee prepared a Model Act enabling state participation and appointment of Government nominees on the management of assisted Cooperative Societies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Successful Cooperatives in India: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Agriculture and Allied Sectors: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sahakar-cooptube-ncdc-channel" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/honey-fpo-programme-nafed" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED)</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nano-urea-liquid-iffco" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Farmers Fertilisers Cooperative Limited (IFFCO)</a>, AMUL</strong> and Co-operative Rural Development Trust (CORDET).</li>
<li><strong>Banking Sector: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/co-operative-banking-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Punjab and Maharashtra Cooperative (PMC) Bank</a>,</strong> Bharat Cooperative Bank and Saraswat Cooperative Bank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Faced by the Cooperative Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Excessive Cooperative Legislations:</strong> Cooperatives in India function in different sectors. Cooperatives is a<strong> State subject</strong> under the Constitution of India and State cooperative laws and their implementation vastly differ.</li>
<li><strong>Irresponsibility and Unaccountability:</strong> Serious inadequacies in governance including that related to Boards&rsquo; roles and responsibilities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The people on the board are not held accountable for many inconveniences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Recognition:</strong> A general lack of recognition of cooperatives as economic institutions both amongst the policy makers and public at large. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inability to attract and retain competent professionals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Capital Formation:</strong> Lack of efforts for capital formation particularly that concern enhancing member equity and member stake.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Awareness:</strong> People are not well informed about the objectives of the Movement, rules and regulations of co-operative institutions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cooperatives have a futuristic role of fostering collectivism and preserving the social capital base of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cooperatives are the best channels to keep the <strong>spirit of collectivism</strong> and <strong>democracy afloat.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of a large network of social organizations, like cooperatives, would aid in the <strong>generation</strong> and<strong> utilization of social capital</strong> and <strong>&lsquo;greater the social capital, greater would be the possibility of development&rsquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/cooperative-movement-in-india'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Moon-Forming Regions Around Exoplanets',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, scientists for the first time have spotted a <strong>Moon-Forming Region</strong> around a planet <strong>beyond our solar system (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-super-earth-planet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Exoplanet</a>).</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Exoplanets</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a<strong> planet outside the Solar System.</strong> The<strong> first</strong> confirmation of detection of exoplanets occurred in<strong> 1992.</strong> More than <strong>4,400 exoplanets</strong> have been discovered till now.</li>
<li>Exoplanets are very <strong>hard to see directly with telescopes.</strong> They are <strong>hidden by the bright glare of the stars</strong> they orbit. So, astronomers use other ways to detect and study exoplanets such as <strong>looking at the effects these planets have on the stars they orbit.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Observation &amp; Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists detected a <strong>disc of swirling material</strong> accumulating <strong>around two exoplanets</strong> seen orbiting a young star called<strong> PDS 70.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>PDS 70</strong> is located a relatively close <strong>370 light years from Earth. </strong></li>
<li><strong>A light year</strong> is the distance light travels in a year, about <strong>9.5 trillion km.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is called a<strong> circumplanetary disc,</strong> and it is <strong>from these that moons are born.</strong> The disc around <strong>PDS 70c (The Exoplanet),</strong> with a <strong>diameter about equal to the distance of the Earth to the sun,</strong> possesses enough mass to <strong>produce up to three moons the size of Earth's moon.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>PDS 70c</strong> orbits its star at 33 times the distance of the Earth from the sun, <strong>similar to the planet Neptune in our solar system.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The orange-coloured star <strong>PDS 70,</strong> roughly the same mass as our Sun, is about<strong> 5 million years old.</strong> The<strong> two planets are even younger.</strong> Both planets are<strong> similar</strong> (although larger)<strong> to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jupiter-saturn-great-conjunction" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Jupiter</a></strong>, a gas giant.</li>
<li>It was <strong>around one of the two planets, called PDS 70c, that a moon-forming disc was observed.</strong></li>
<li>Both planets are still in their youth and are at a dynamic stage in which<strong> they are still acquiring their atmospheres.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627293197_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627293197_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Instrument Used:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They used the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/massive-galaxy-found-in-cosmic-dust" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)</a> observatory in Chile's Atacama desert.</strong> It is the <strong>most complex astronomical observatory ever built on Earth.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Teams from<strong> North America, East Asia, and Europe</strong> merged projects to develop this breakthrough scientific instrument.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It uses <strong>66 high-precision dish antennas</strong> of two sizes: 54 of them are 12 meters across and 12 of them are 7 meters across.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Moon Forming Regions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>No circumplanetary discs had been found</strong> until now because all the known <strong>exoplanets</strong> resided in &ldquo;mature&rdquo; &ndash; fully developed &ndash; solar systems, <strong>except the two infant gas planets orbiting PDS 70.</strong></li>
<li>In our solar system, the impressive <strong>rings of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saturn-planet-with-most-moons" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Saturn</a>,</strong> a planet around which more than 80 moons orbit, <strong>represent a relic of a primordial moon-forming disc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planet &amp; Moon Formation:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627293369_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627293369_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Stars burst to life within clouds of interstellar gas and dust scattered throughout galaxies. <strong>Leftover material spinning around a new star then coalesces into planets,</strong> and<strong> circumplanetary discs surrounding some planets similarly yield moons.</strong></li>
<li>The dominant mechanism thought to underpin planet formation is called <strong>&ldquo;core accretion''.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Core accretion</strong> occurs from the <strong>collision and coagulation of solid particles into gradually larger bodies</strong> until a massive enough planetary embryo is formed (10-20 Earth masses) to accrete a gaseous envelope.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In this scenario, <strong>small dust grains, coated in ice, gradually grow to larger and larger sizes through successive collisions with other grains.</strong></li>
<li>This continues until the grains have grown to a size of a planetary core, at which point the <strong>young planet has a strong enough gravitational potential to accrete gas</strong> which will form its atmosphere.</li>
<li>Some <strong>nascent planets attract a disc of material around them,&nbsp;</strong>with the same process that gives rise to planets around a star <strong>leading to the formation of moons around planets.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/moon-forming-region-seen-around-exoplanet-for-the-first-time/article35513174.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/moon-forming-regions-around-exoplanets'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Gross Environment Product (GEP)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Uttarakhand government</strong> has announced that it will<strong> initiate valuation of its natural resources</strong> in the form of<strong> &lsquo;Gross Environment Product&rsquo; (GEP).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is along the lines of <strong><a href="/printpdf/base-year-for-gdp-calculations#:~:text=Gross%20Domestic%20Product%20(GDP)%20gives,difference%20between%20exports%20and%20imports)." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</a>.</strong> GDP<strong> gives the economic output</strong> from the consumers&rsquo; side. It is the <strong>sum of private consumption, gross investment in the economy, government investment, government spending and net foreign trade</strong> (the difference between exports and imports).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About GEP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established back in <strong>1997</strong> by ecological economists like<strong> Robert Costanza at the global level.</strong></li>
<li>It is an<strong> assessment system to measure ecological status.</strong></li>
<li>It is considered as the<strong> product and service value that the ecosystem provides for human welfare and economic and social sustainable development, including provisioning,</strong> regulating and cultural ecosystem services.</li>
<li>Overall, GEP accounts for the economic value of the ecosystem in providing products and services, and it is one of the <strong>components of green GDP.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Green GDP is an<strong> indicator of economic growth with environmental factors taken into consideration</strong> along with the standard GDP of a country. It factors <strong>biodiversity losses</strong> and<strong> costs attributed to climate change.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The term <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natural-capital-accounting-and-valuation-of-the-ecosystem-services-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;ecosystem services&rdquo;</strong></a> was coined in 1981 to attract academics towards this aspect, its definition is still in the process of evolution.</li>
<li>Ecosystems that can be measured include <strong>natural ecosystems</strong> such as forests, grassland, wetland, desert, freshwater and ocean, and <strong>artificial systems</strong> that are based on natural processes like farmland, pastures, aquaculture farms and urban green land, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627292034_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627292034_image4.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="600" height="320" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uttarakhand, through its biodiversity, gives services to the tune of<strong> Rs 95,112 crore per year</strong> to the nation.</li>
<li>The state has over <strong>71% area under forests.</strong></li>
<li>It is also<strong> home to the Himalayas</strong> and also is the origin point of rivers like <strong>Ganga, Yamuna and Sharada</strong> as well as home to wildlife reserves like <strong>Corbett and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rajaji-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rajaji Tiger Reserves.</a></strong></li>
<li>Uttarakhand is a state which provides a lot of <strong>environment services</strong> and in continuity as a result of which, there is a<strong> natural degradation in those services. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The value of ecosystem services is about <strong>twice as much as the global GDP.</strong> Therefore, it would<strong> help in the conservation of the environment</strong> and also help save us from the <strong>effects of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/changing-climate-and-deglaciation-a-warning-call" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate change.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decision <strong>appears to be a welcome step,</strong> but going ahead with the jargon raises serious doubts on the intent of the government. It may <strong>confuse policy makers and negate the past efforts.</strong></li>
<li>The purpose of introducing GEP is <strong>not transparent.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Is it a process of simple valuation of a state's ecological wealth, or to assess what part of the GDP it contributes.</li>
<li>Is it an attempt to claim a budget from the centre against ecosystem services the state provides to the rest of the country and / or a process of providing benefits to its own residents.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Instead of introducing a <strong>well-defined concept of ecosystem services,</strong> planting a new term with no clear-cut narrative invites serious doubts on the intention of the government.</li>
<li>So, it is important that the<strong> state should be steady in approach, focussing on Ecosystem Services,</strong> which has global acceptance and a strong knowledge base.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/environment/introducing-gross-environment-product-in-uttarakhand-a-jargon-or-reality--78088" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gross-environment-product-gep'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'G20 Energy and Climate Meet',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>At the recent<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> G20</strong></a> Climate Meet, India<strong> urged the group of 20 nations (G20)</strong> having per capita <strong>greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions</strong> above the global average<strong> to bring it down to the world average,</strong> thereby<strong> vacating &lsquo;some' carbon space for developing nations.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will support the developmental aspirations of the developing nations.</li>
<li>Presently,<strong> Italy holds the G20 Presidency</strong> and the Climate Meet is being seen as a <strong>prelude to the UN Climate Change <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop-28" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conference of Parties (COP 26)</a> meeting in Glasgow, Scotland in November 2021.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>G20</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The G20 is<strong> an informal group of 19 countries and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Union</a>,</strong> with representatives of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.</li>
<li>The G20 membership comprises a mix of the world&rsquo;s largest advanced and emerging economies, representing about two-thirds of the world&rsquo;s population, 85% of global gross domestic product, 80% of global investment and over 75% of global trade.</li>
<li>The<strong> members of the G20</strong> are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union.</li>
<li>It <strong>does not have any permanent secretariat or headquarters.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India's Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>a need to cut absolute emissions rapidly while taking into account the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Paris Agreement</a></strong> which emphasized on:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Respective historical responsibilities,</li>
<li>Delivery of promised climate finance and technologies at low cost keeping in perspective per capita emissions,</li>
<li>Differences in per capita<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-growth" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> GDP (Gross Domestic Product)</strong> </a>and</li>
<li>The unfinished agenda for <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sustainable development.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India noted the <strong>pledges made by some countries to achieve <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-transforming-to-a-net-zero-emissions-energy-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Net Zero GHG emissions or carbon Neutrality</a></strong> by or around mid century. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, this <strong>may not be adequate</strong> in view of fast depleting available carbon space.</li>
<li><strong>Keeping in view the legitimate need of developing countries to grow,</strong> it urged G20 countries to commit <strong>to bringing down per capita emissions to Global average by 2030.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Carbon neutrality</strong> means having a balance between emitting carbon and absorbing carbon from the atmosphere in carbon sinks.</li>
<li><strong>Carbon space</strong> is the amount of carbon (or CO2) that can be put into the atmosphere without this leading to a level of warming&mdash;or underlying concentrations of CO2&mdash;that can be considered dangerous or otherwise undesirable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stressed on Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) to combat climate change.</strong></li>
<li>Mentioned its plans of installing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-assembly-of-isa#:~:text=The%20second%20assembly%20of%20the,financial%20and%20programme%20related%20issues." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>450 GW (Giga Watt) of RE (Renewable Energy)</strong></a> by 2030, enhanced ambitions in<strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/biofuels-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> bio-fuels</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ndc-synthesis-report-unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions)</strong></a> and various other initiatives taken by India on Urban Climate Action.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)</strong> is a principle within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</li>
<li>It acknowledges different capabilities and differing responsibilities of individual countries in addressing climate change.</li>
<li>The principle of &lsquo;common but differentiated responsibility&rsquo; evolved from the notion of the <strong>&lsquo;common heritage of mankind&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The principle of CBDR is enshrined in<strong> Earth Summit 1992, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</strong></li>
<li>CBDR is based on <strong>two elements of responsibilities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One is the <strong>common responsibility</strong> of all the states to cater to the<strong> concerns of environmental protection and sustainable development.</strong></li>
<li>Another is of <strong>differentiated responsibility enabling the states to act, for environment protection,</strong> in their national capacity and as per their national priority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The principle recognizes <strong>historical differences in the contributions of developed and developing States</strong> to global environmental problems and differences in their respective economic and technical capacity to tackle these problems.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s initiatives under Urban Climate Action:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF):<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-smart-cities-assessment-framework" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> CSCAF initiative</a></strong> intends to inculcate a climate-sensitive approach to urban planning and development in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To provide a clear roadmap for cities towards combating Climate Change while planning and implementing their actions, including investments.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Mission on Sustainable Habitat</strong> is one of the eight missions under <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener">national climate change action plan</a> </strong>and aims to make cities sustainable through improvements in energy efficiency in buildings, management of solid waste &amp; shift to public transport.</li>
<li><strong>Climate Practitioners India Network (CPIN):</strong> It is first-of-its-kind network developed by <strong>Climate Centre for Cities</strong> (C-Cube) to support Cities and Practitioners across India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>C-Cube wants to create a platform for Climate Practitioners across all cities in India to collaborate and contribute towards implementing Climate Actions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Urban Forestry:</strong> The government of India in 2020 launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nagar-van-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Nagar Van Scheme</strong></a>. The Nagar Van (Urban Forests) aims to develop 200 Urban Forests across the country in the next five years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Urban forestry is defined as the planting, maintenance, care and protection of tree populations in urban settings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India led Global Collaborations to Fight Climate Change:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-solar-technology-summit-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coalition of Disaster Resilient Infrastructure</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Resolving Development-Climate Change Dilemma:</strong> The present dilemma is to decarbonise while meeting development goals of a developing country like India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, what is important is that the new investments go in the direction of decarbonising, but only after taking into account possible synergies and trade-offs with other development objectives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Change, a Global Collective Action Problem:</strong> Global community should not be shifting goalposts and setting new benchmarks for global climate ambition.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a need to recognise climate change as a global collective action problem and must be combated &lsquo;as per respective capabilities and national circumstances&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disaster Preparedness:</strong> Disasters can not be stopped but well-preparedness and strong climate change mitigation policies can definitely help prevent a huge amount of loss.</li>
<li><strong>Convergent Approach:</strong> Sustainable growth depends on timely climate action and for that to happen, policymaking needs to have a convergent approach regarding carbon emissions, atmospheric warming, melting glaciers, extreme floods and storms.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-committed-to-ambitious-climate-action-plan/article35498316.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g20-energy-and-climate-meet'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'UN’s Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation 2021',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>India has scored 90.32% in United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia Pacific's (UNESCAP)</strong> Global<strong> Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is a remarkable jump from <strong>78.49% in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627286938_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627286938_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Survey:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The survey is<strong> conducted every two years by UNESCAP</strong> and includes <strong>an assessment of 58 trade facilitation measures covered by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-trade-organisation-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Trade Organization&rsquo;s</a> Trade Facilitation Agreement.</strong></li>
<li><strong>58 measures include</strong> publications of existing import-export rules on the internet, risk management, advance ruling on tariff classification, pre-arrival processing, independent appeal mechanism, expedited shipments, automated customs system, among others.</li>
<li>A<strong> higher score</strong> for a country <strong>helps businesses in their investment decisions.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>UN Regional Commissions jointly conduct the UN Global Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation.</strong></li>
<li>The Survey <strong>currently covers 143 economies around the globe.</strong> For Asia Pacific, it is conducted by UNESCAP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Assessment of India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It pointed out <strong>India&rsquo;s improvement in the scores on all five key indicators.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Transparency:&nbsp;</strong>100% in 2021 (from 93.33% in 2019)</li>
<li><strong>Formalities:</strong> 95.83% in 2021 (from 87.5% in 2019)</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Arrangement and Cooperation:</strong> 88.89% in 2021 (from 66.67% in 2019)</li>
<li><strong>Paperless Trade:</strong> 96.3% in 2021 (from 81.48% in 2019).</li>
<li><strong>Cross-Border Paperless Trade:</strong> 66.67% in 2021 (from 55.56% in 2019).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Comparison with Other Countries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is the<strong> best performing nation</strong> as compared to the <strong>South and South West Asia region</strong> (63.12%) and <strong>Asia Pacific region (65.85%).</strong></li>
<li>The overall score of India is <strong>also greater than many <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OECD</a> (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries</strong> including France, UK, Canada, Norway, Finland etc. and the overall score is<strong> greater than the average score of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">EU (European Union)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cause of Improvement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/turant-customs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CBIC</strong></a> (Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs) has been at forefront of path breaking reforms under the umbrella of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/turant-customs#:~:text=The%20Central%20Board%20of%20Indirect,exports%20under%20%27Turant%20Customs%27." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &lsquo;Turant&rsquo;</strong></a> Customs to usher in a Faceless, Paperless and Contactless Customs by way of a series of reforms.</li>
<li>During the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, Customs formations worked to expedite imports such as oxygen-related equipment, life-saving medicines, vaccines etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations&rsquo; Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong> It is a regional development arm of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> for the Asia-Pacific region.</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> It has <strong>53 Member States</strong> and <strong>9 Associate Members</strong> from Asia-Pacific Region.<strong> India</strong> is also a member.</li>
<li><strong>Established:</strong> 1947</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Bangkok, Thailand</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To overcome some of the region&rsquo;s greatest challenges by providing results-oriented projects, technical assistance and capacity building to member States.</li>
<li><strong>Recent report: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-and-social-survey-of-asia-and-the-pacific-2021-unescap" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021: Towards post-Covid-19 resilient economies&rsquo;</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1737948" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-s-survey-on-digital-and-sustainable-trade-facilitation-2021'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Geography (Optional Subject) Live Online Course - Prayagraj Centre',
		'catname' => 'Online Courses',
		'desc' => '<section class="article-list">
<div class="feature-text" style="padding: 0px;">
<div class="online-pendrive-course online-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="text-block">
<h2>Geography (Optional Subject) - Prayagraj Centre <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; color: #00008b;">(Live Online Course)<br /></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Teacher</strong>: Mr. Saurabh S. Tomar</li>
<li><strong>Admission Open</strong></li>
<li><strong>Classes start on</strong>: August 2</li>
<li><strong>Mode</strong>: Online (Recorded classes on Drishti Learning App)</li>
<li><strong>Course Size</strong>: Around 120 Classes. One class daily, 6 days a week.</li>
<li><strong>Course Validity</strong>: Up to 2 years, unlimited viewing of each class.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="red-block awake">
<h2>Special Discount</h2>
<p><strong>Fees : Only ₹ 28,000/- Fee (Inclusive of GST) with special exemption. (Standard Fee : ₹40,000/-) <br /></strong></p>
<p>For additional information related to this course, call <a href="tel:8010440440">8010440440</a> / <a href="tel:7669806814">7669806814</a>.</p>
<div class="btn-block"><a href="/geography-optional-english-live-online-courses-registration-prayagraj" class="btn red" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy Now</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- #end online pendrive course -->
<div class="why-pendrive-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="image-block"><img src="/drishti/img/online-banner2.jpeg" alt="" /></div>
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="color: #00008b;">Key Features of the Course</span></h2>
<ul style="display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 2;">
<li>Real class experience with the help of best cameras and sound quality.</li>
<li>Total of 250+ hours of classes. After that these classes will be saved in your account which you can watch unlimited times at your convenience.</li>
<li>One live class daily. 6 classes a week, Sundays off or Tests. Course validity up to 2 years from the date of commencement of the batch.</li>
<li>Printed Notes included in the course will be sent to you free of charge.</li>
<li>Special emphasis on teaching answer writing techniques in classrooms. Discussion and practice sessions on all possible questions asked in previous years and may be asked in future.</li>
<li>Test Series of 16 Tests Free. This facility can be availed on Drishti Learning App or offline center.</li>
<li>Mentorship by expert team will be made available for doubt resolution.</li>
<li>Option to increase or decrease the quality and speed of the video at your convenience.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imporant-info">
<div class="wrapper"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">Technical Requirements </span>
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<li>Operating System (OS): Android 6 or above</li>
<li>Internal Memory: 8 GB or above</li>
<li>RAM: 1 GB or above</li>
<li>It is also important that your phone is not 'rooted'. Our app does not work on such devices due to security settings.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>If you face any technical issue during this course please call on <a href="tel:7669806811">7669806811</a> or <a href="tel:7669806812">7669806812</a>. Our technical team will help you best.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!--<div class="imporant-info">
        <div class="wrapper" style="background-color: #f9ffe4;"><strong><span style="color: #00008b; font-size: 22px;">-->
<div class="pendrive-feature-block">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">Process of sending notes</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>The printed notes related to this course will be sent to you as per the class schedule &ndash; topic wise. After you take admission, your first packet will be dispatched by speed post or courier service within 10-15 days. You will receive the packet of books within 7-10 days of dispatch. Due to COVID-19, the packets may take a little longer than usual (approximately 15-20 days) to reach.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="image-block"><img src="/hindi/drishti/img/feature-thumb-img.png" alt="" /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1REQI0jAqRA&amp;list=PLQpF--VlgguRCRkwkjnCsiVit9vTtSuLZ" class="icon-play" target="_blank" rel="noopener">play</a> <span>Demo classes available on YouTube. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pendrive-package-block" style="padding: 0 0 30px;">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">How to Access the Course? </span></h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px;">After the payment process is completed, you will see this course in the 'My Courses' tab which is available on the home page of the app itself</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="learning-program">
<div class="section-payment">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2>Payment Options</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Cash Deposit</h4>
<p>You can deposit cash at our Drishti office, Find our address below</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />13/15, Tashkand Marg, Civil Lines (Near Patrika Chauraha), Prayagraj, <br />UP-211001</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. <br /><strong>Account No.</strong> 36726486454,<br /><strong>Bank </strong>State Bank of India,<br /><strong>IFSC Code</strong> SBIN0018166, <br /><strong>MICR Code</strong> 110002563, Branch Code 18166 , <br /><strong>Branch</strong> - Mukherjee Nagar New Delhi-110009</p>
<p><span>Contact Details:</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="phone">+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at below address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end --></div>
<!-- end row --></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/online-classes/geography-optional-live-online-course-prayagraj'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'IAS Mains Course (Online Format)',
		'catname' => 'Online Courses',
		'desc' => '<section class="article-list">
<div class="feature-text" style="padding: 0px;">
<div class="online-pendrive-course online-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="text-block">
<h2>IAS Mains Course <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; color: #00008b;">(Online Format)<br /></span></h2>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Admission Open</strong></li>
<li><strong>Classes start on</strong>: August 25</li>
<li><strong>Mode</strong>: Online (Recorded classes on Drishti Learning App)</li>
<li><strong>Course Size</strong>: Around 400 Classes. Initially, 1 class per day, 6 days a week.</li>
<li><strong>Course Validity</strong>: Up to 2 years, unlimited viewing of each class.</li>
<li>Useful courses for IAS Mains as well as PCS examinations of several states.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>This course is designed so that the students who cannot come to Delhi can easily study from the best teachers at their home and overcome the challenge of main exam.</p>
</div>
<div class="red-block awake">
<h2>Special Discount</h2>
<p><strong>Fees : ₹ 60,000/- Fee (Inclusive of GST) with special exemption. (Standard Fee : ₹70,000/-) <br /></strong></p>
<p>For additional information related to this course, call <a href="tel:8010440440">8010440440</a> / <a href="tel:7669806814">7669806814</a>.</p>
<div class="btn-block"><a href="/ias-mains-course-gs-papers-english-registration" class="btn red" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy Now</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- #end online pendrive course -->
<div class="why-pendrive-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="image-block"><img src="/drishti/img/online-banner2.jpeg" alt="" /></div>
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="color: #00008b;">Key Features of the Course</span></h2>
<ul style="display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 2;">
<li>Around 900 hours of classes.</li>
<li>The validity of the course is 2 years. Facility to watch each video unlimited times.</li>
<li>Q&amp;A based Mains Crash Course - AWAKE Program (Answer Writing &amp; Knowledge Enrichment Program) will be provided free of cost for 2 years - to develop answer writing skills for the main examination.</li>
<li>The following notes/books will be sent to your home free of cost as course material:
<ul>
<li>Printed Notes for all sections of Main Examination.</li>
<li>5 Books from 'Mains Capsule Series' published by Team Drishti to help you develop your understanding of Mains Exam Questions and Standard Answers.</li>
<li>Book of 'Mains Solved Papers' in which the questions asked in the Main Examination in previous years and their model answers have been given.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Facility to give total 24 tests of main exam. These will be evaluated by Team Drishti.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imporant-info">
<div class="wrapper"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">Technical Requirements </span>
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<li>Operating System (OS): Android 6 or above</li>
<li>Internal Memory: 8 GB or above</li>
<li>RAM: 1 GB or above</li>
<li>It is also important that your phone is not 'rooted'. Our app does not work on such devices due to security settings.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>If you face any technical issue during this course please call on <a href="tel:7669806811">7669806811</a> or <a href="tel:7669806812">7669806812</a>. Our technical team will help you best.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!--<div class="imporant-info">
        <div class="wrapper" style="background-color: #f9ffe4;"><strong><span style="color: #00008b; font-size: 22px;">-->
<div class="pendrive-feature-block">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">Delivery of Course Material</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>Under this course, 5 books of 'Mains Capsule Series' published by Drishti Publications and one book of Mains Solved Paper will be sent to you free of cost. Also class notes of the concerned subject will be sent according to which the classes of this course are designed.</li>
<li>As soon as you pay the fee for this course, we will send the pack of books to your address by speed post or courier service within 4-5 days. (Under normal circumstances the books reach the student in 8-10 days, but at present it is taking more time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Especially, if a student lives in a containment zone or a lockdown affected state, then his pack of books may take 15-20 days to reach.)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="image-block"><img src="/hindi/drishti/img/feature-thumb-img.png" alt="" /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1REQI0jAqRA&amp;list=PLQpF--VlgguRCRkwkjnCsiVit9vTtSuLZ" class="icon-play" target="_blank" rel="noopener">play</a> <span>Demo classes available on YouTube. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pendrive-package-block" style="padding: 0 0 30px;">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">How to Access the Course? </span></h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px;">After the payment process is completed, you will see this course in the 'My Courses' tab which is available on the home page of the app itself.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="learning-program">
<div class="section-payment">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2>Payment Options</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Cash Deposit</h4>
<p>You can deposit cash at our Drishti office, Find our address below</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />13/15, Tashkand Marg, Civil Lines (Near Patrika Chauraha), Prayagraj, <br />UP-211001</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. <br /><strong>Account No.</strong> 36726486454,<br /><strong>Bank </strong>State Bank of India,<br /><strong>IFSC Code</strong> SBIN0018166, <br /><strong>MICR Code</strong> 110002563, Branch Code 18166 , <br /><strong>Branch</strong> - Mukherjee Nagar New Delhi-110009</p>
<p><span>Contact Details:</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="phone">+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at below address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end --></div>
<!-- end row --></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/online-classes/ias-mains-gs-paper-1-4-online'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Sociology (Optional Subject) Live Online Course',
		'catname' => 'Online Courses',
		'desc' => '<section class="article-list">
<div class="feature-text" style="padding: 0px;">
<div class="online-pendrive-course online-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="text-block">
<h2>Sociology (Optional Subject) <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; color: #00008b;">(Live Online Course)<br /></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Teacher</strong>: Mr. Praveen Pandey</li>
<li><strong>Admission Open</strong></li>
<li><strong>Classes start on</strong>: August 6</li>
<li><strong>Mode</strong>: Live Online (On Drishti Learning App)</li>
<li><strong>Course Size</strong>: Around 110+ Classes. One class daily, 6 days a week.</li>
<li><strong>Course Validity</strong>: Up to 2 years, unlimited viewing of each class.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="red-block awake">
<h2>Special Discount</h2>
<p><strong>Fee: Only ₹ 28,000/- Fee (Inclusive of GST) with special exemption. (Standard Fee : ₹40,000/-) <br /></strong></p>
<p>For additional information related to this course, call <a href="tel:8010440440">8010440440</a> / <a href="tel:7669806814">7669806814</a>.</p>
<div class="btn-block"><a href="/sociology-optional-english-live-online-courses-registration" class="btn red" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy Now</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- #end online pendrive course -->
<div class="why-pendrive-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="image-block"><img src="/drishti/img/online-banner2.jpeg" alt="" /></div>
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="color: #00008b;">Key Features of the Course</span></h2>
<ul style="display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 2;">
<li>Real class experience with the help of best cameras and sound quality.</li>
<li>Total of 220+ hours of classes. After that these classes will be saved in your account which you can watch unlimited times at your convenience.</li>
<li>One live class daily. 6 classes a week, Sundays off or Tests. Course validity up to 2 years from the date of commencement of the batch.</li>
<li>Printed Notes included in the course will be sent to you free of charge.</li>
<li>Special emphasis on teaching answer writing techniques in classrooms. Discussion and practice sessions on all possible questions asked in previous years and may be asked in future.</li>
<li>Test Series of 16 Tests Free. This facility can be availed on Drishti Learning App or offline center.</li>
<li>Mentorship by expert team will be made available for doubt resolution.</li>
<li>Option to increase or decrease the quality and speed of the video at your convenience.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imporant-info">
<div class="wrapper"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">Technical Requirements </span>
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<li>Operating System (OS): Android 6 or above</li>
<li>Internal Memory: 8 GB or above</li>
<li>RAM: 1 GB or above</li>
<li>It is also important that your phone is not 'rooted'. Our app does not work on such devices due to security settings.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>If you face any technical issue during this course please call on <a href="tel:7669806811">7669806811</a> or <a href="tel:7669806812">7669806812</a>. Our technical team will help you best.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!--<div class="imporant-info">
        <div class="wrapper" style="background-color: #f9ffe4;"><strong><span style="color: #00008b; font-size: 22px;">-->
<div class="pendrive-feature-block">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">Process of Delivery of Notes </span></h2>
<ul>
<li>The printed notes related to this course will be sent to you as per the class schedule &ndash; topic wise. After you take admission, your first packet will be dispatched by speed post or courier service within 10-15 days. You will receive the packet of books within 7-10 days of dispatch. Due to COVID-19, the packets may take a little longer than usual (approximately 15-20 days) to reach.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="image-block"><img src="/hindi/drishti/img/feature-thumb-img.png" alt="" /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1REQI0jAqRA&amp;list=PLQpF--VlgguRCRkwkjnCsiVit9vTtSuLZ" class="icon-play" target="_blank" rel="noopener">play</a> <span>Demo classes available on YouTube. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pendrive-package-block" style="padding: 0 0 30px;">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">How to Access the Course? </span></h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px;">After the payment process is completed, you will see this course in the 'My Courses' tab which is available on the home page of the app itself.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="learning-program">
<div class="section-payment">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2>Payment Options</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Cash Deposit</h4>
<p>You can deposit cash at our Drishti office, Find our address below</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />13/15, Tashkand Marg, Civil Lines (Near Patrika Chauraha), Prayagraj, <br />UP-211001</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. <br /><strong>Account No.</strong> 36726486454,<br /><strong>Bank </strong>State Bank of India,<br /><strong>IFSC Code</strong> SBIN0018166, <br /><strong>MICR Code</strong> 110002563, Branch Code 18166 , <br /><strong>Branch</strong> - Mukherjee Nagar New Delhi-110009</p>
<p><span>Contact Details:</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="phone">+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at below address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end --></div>
<!-- end row --></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/online-classes/sociology-optional-live-online-course'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Geography (Optional Subject) Live Online Course - Delhi Center',
		'catname' => 'Online Courses',
		'desc' => '<section class="article-list">
<div class="feature-text" style="padding: 0px;">
<div class="online-pendrive-course online-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="text-block">
<h2>Geography (Optional Subject) - Delhi Centre <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; color: #00008b;">(Live Online Course)<br /></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Teacher</strong>: Mr. Rohit Wazir</li>
<li><strong>Admission Open</strong></li>
<li><strong>Classes start on</strong>: August 11</li>
<li><strong>Mode</strong>: Online (Recorded classes on Drishti Learning App)</li>
<li><strong>Course Size</strong>: Around 120 Classes. One class daily, 6 days a week.</li>
<li><strong>Course Validity</strong>: Up to 2 years, unlimited viewing of each class.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="red-block awake">
<h2>Special Discount</h2>
<p><strong>Fees : Only ₹ 28,000/- Fee (Inclusive of GST) with special exemption. (Standard Fee : ₹40,000/-) <br /></strong></p>
<p>For additional information related to this course, call <a href="tel:8010440440">8010440440</a> / <a href="tel:7669806814">7669806814</a>.</p>
<div class="btn-block"><a href="/geography-optional-english-live-online-courses-registration-delhi" class="btn red" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy Now</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- #end online pendrive course -->
<div class="why-pendrive-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="image-block"><img src="/drishti/img/online-banner2.jpeg" alt="" /></div>
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="color: #00008b;">Key Features of the Course</span></h2>
<ul style="display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 2;">
<li>Real class experience with the help of best cameras and sound quality.</li>
<li>Total of 250+ hours of classes. After that these classes will be saved in your account which you can watch unlimited times at your convenience.</li>
<li>One live class daily. 6 classes a week, Sundays off or Tests. Course validity up to 2 years from the date of commencement of the batch.</li>
<li>Printed Notes included in the course will be sent to you free of charge.</li>
<li>Special emphasis on teaching answer writing techniques in classrooms. Discussion and practice sessions on all possible questions asked in previous years and may be asked in future.</li>
<li>Test Series of 16 Tests Free. This facility can be availed on Drishti Learning App or offline center.</li>
<li>Mentorship by expert team will be made available for doubt resolution.</li>
<li>Option to increase or decrease the quality and speed of the video at your convenience.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imporant-info">
<div class="wrapper"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">Technical Requirements </span>
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<li>Operating System (OS): Android 6 or above</li>
<li>Internal Memory: 8 GB or above</li>
<li>RAM: 1 GB or above</li>
<li>It is also important that your phone is not 'rooted'. Our app does not work on such devices due to security settings.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>If you face any technical issue during this course please call on <a href="tel:7669806811">7669806811</a> or <a href="tel:7669806812">7669806812</a>. Our technical team will help you best.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!--<div class="imporant-info">
        <div class="wrapper" style="background-color: #f9ffe4;"><strong><span style="color: #00008b; font-size: 22px;">-->
<div class="pendrive-feature-block">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">Process of sending notes</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>The printed notes related to this course will be sent to you as per the class schedule &ndash; topic wise. After you take admission, your first packet will be dispatched by speed post or courier service within 10-15 days. You will receive the packet of books within 7-10 days of dispatch. Due to COVID-19, the packets may take a little longer than usual (approximately 15-20 days) to reach.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="image-block"><img src="/hindi/drishti/img/feature-thumb-img.png" alt="" /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1REQI0jAqRA&amp;list=PLQpF--VlgguRCRkwkjnCsiVit9vTtSuLZ" class="icon-play" target="_blank" rel="noopener">play</a> <span>Demo classes available on YouTube. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pendrive-package-block" style="padding: 0 0 30px;">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">How to Access the Course? </span></h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px;">After the payment process is completed, you will see this course in the 'My Courses' tab which is available on the home page of the app itself.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="learning-program">
<div class="section-payment">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2>Payment Options</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Cash Deposit</h4>
<p>You can deposit cash at our Drishti office, Find our address below</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />13/15, Tashkand Marg, Civil Lines (Near Patrika Chauraha), Prayagraj, <br />UP-211001</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. <br /><strong>Account No.</strong> 36726486454,<br /><strong>Bank </strong>State Bank of India,<br /><strong>IFSC Code</strong> SBIN0018166, <br /><strong>MICR Code</strong> 110002563, Branch Code 18166 , <br /><strong>Branch</strong> - Mukherjee Nagar New Delhi-110009</p>
<p><span>Contact Details:</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="phone">+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at below address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end --></div>
<!-- end row --></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/online-classes/geography-optional-live-online-course-delhi'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'History (Optional Subject) Live Online Course',
		'catname' => 'Online Courses',
		'desc' => '<section class="article-list">
<div class="feature-text" style="padding: 0px;">
<div class="online-pendrive-course online-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="text-block">
<h2>History (Optional Subject)<br /><span style="font-size: 16px; color: #00008b;">(Live Online Course)<br /></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Teacher</strong>: Mr. Tauqeer Zafar</li>
<li><strong>Admission Open</strong></li>
<li><strong>Classes start on</strong>: August 9</li>
<li><strong>Mode</strong>: Live Online (On Drishti Learning App)</li>
<li><strong>Course Size</strong>: Around 125 Classes. One class daily, 6 days a week.</li>
<li><strong>Course Validity</strong>: Up to 2 years, unlimited viewing of each class.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="red-block awake">
<h2>Special Discount</h2>
<p><strong>Fee: Only ₹ 28,000/- Fee (Inclusive of GST) with special exemption. (Standard Fee : ₹40,000/-) <br /></strong></p>
<p>For additional information related to this course, call <a href="tel:8010440440">8010440440</a> / <a href="tel:7669806814">7669806814</a>.</p>
<div class="btn-block"><a href="/history-optional-english-live-online-courses-registration" class="btn red" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy Now</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- #end online pendrive course -->
<div class="why-pendrive-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="image-block"><img src="/drishti/img/online-banner2.jpeg" alt="" /></div>
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="color: #00008b;">Key Features of the Course</span></h2>
<ul style="display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 2;">
<li>Real class experience with the help of best cameras and sound quality.</li>
<li>Close to 300 hours of classes. After that these classes will be saved in your account which you can watch unlimited times at your convenience.</li>
<li>One live class daily. 6 classes a week, Sundays off or Tests. Course validity up to 2 years from the date of commencement of the batch.</li>
<li>Printed Notes included in the course will be sent to you free of charge.</li>
<li>Special emphasis on teaching answer writing techniques in classrooms. Discussion and practice sessions on all possible questions asked in previous years and may be asked in future.</li>
<li>Test Series of 16 Tests Free. This facility can be availed on Drishti Learning App or offline center.</li>
<li>Mentorship by expert team will be made available for doubt resolution.</li>
<li>Option to increase or decrease the quality and speed of the video at your convenience.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imporant-info">
<div class="wrapper"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">Technical Requirements </span>
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<li>Operating System (OS): Android 6 or above</li>
<li>Internal Memory: 8 GB or above</li>
<li>RAM: 1 GB or above</li>
<li>It is also important that your phone is not 'rooted'. Our app does not work on such devices due to security settings.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>If you face any technical issue during this course please call on 7669806811 or 7669806812. Our technical team will help you best.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!--<div class="imporant-info">
        <div class="wrapper" style="background-color: #f9ffe4;"><strong><span style="color: #00008b; font-size: 22px;">-->
<div class="pendrive-feature-block">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">Process of Delivery of Notes </span></h2>
<ul>
<li>The printed notes related to this course will be sent to you as per the class schedule &ndash; topic wise. After you take admission, your first packet will be dispatched by speed post or courier service within 10-15 days. You will receive the packet of books within 7-10 days of dispatch. Due to COVID-19, the packets may take a little longer than usual (approximately 15-20 days) to reach.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="image-block"><img src="/hindi/drishti/img/feature-thumb-img.png" alt="" /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1REQI0jAqRA&amp;list=PLQpF--VlgguRCRkwkjnCsiVit9vTtSuLZ" class="icon-play" target="_blank" rel="noopener">play</a> <span>Demo classes available on YouTube. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pendrive-package-block" style="padding: 0 0 30px;">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">How to Access the Course? </span></h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px;">After the payment process is completed, you will see this course in the 'My Courses' tab which is available on the home page of the app itself.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="learning-program">
<div class="section-payment">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2>Payment Options</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Cash Deposit</h4>
<p>You can deposit cash at our Drishti office, Find our address below</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />13/15, Tashkand Marg, Civil Lines (Near Patrika Chauraha), Prayagraj, <br />UP-211001</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. <br /><strong>Account No.</strong> 36726486454,<br /><strong>Bank </strong>State Bank of India,<br /><strong>IFSC Code</strong> SBIN0018166, <br /><strong>MICR Code</strong> 110002563, Branch Code 18166 , <br /><strong>Branch</strong> - Mukherjee Nagar New Delhi-110009</p>
<p><span>Contact Details:</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="phone">+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at below address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end --></div>
<!-- end row --></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/online-classes/history-optional-live-online-course'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Chandra Shekahr Azad',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>On 23<sup>rd</sup> July, India paid tribute to the freedom fighter <strong>Chandra Shekahr Azad</strong> on his <strong>birth anniversary.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> Azad was born on <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> July 1906</strong> in the<strong> Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Early Life:</strong> Chandra Shekhar, then a 15-year-old student, joined a <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-208" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Cooperation Movement</strong> </a>in December 1921. As a result, he was arrested.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627125259_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627125259_image2.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" height="168" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On being presented before a magistrate, he gave his name as<strong> "Azad" (The Free),</strong> his father's name as "Swatantrata" (Independence) and his residence as "Jail".</li>
<li>Therefore, he came to be known as <strong>Chandra Shekhar Azad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to Freedom Movement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hindustan Republican Association:</strong> After the suspension of the non-cooperation movement in 1922 by Gandhi, Azad joined Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>HRA was a revolutionary organization of India established in 1924 in East Bengal by <strong>Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Narendra Mohan Sen and Pratul Ganguly</strong> as an offshoot of <strong>Anushilan Samiti.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kakori Conspiracy:</strong> Most of the fund collection for revolutionary activities was done through <strong>robberies of government property.</strong> In line with the same, Kakori Train Robbery near Kakori, Lucknow was done in<strong> 1925 by HRA.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>plan was executed</strong> by Chandrashekhar Azad, Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, and Manmathnath Gupta.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hindustan Socialist Republican Association:</strong> HRA was later reorganised as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was established in <strong>1928</strong> at Feroz Shah Kotla in New Delhi by Chandrasekhar Azad, Ashfaqulla Khan, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/martyrs-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bhagat Singh</strong></a>, Sukhdev Thapar and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee.</li>
<li>HSRA planned the <strong>shooting of J. P. Saunders,</strong> a British Policeman at Lahore in 1928 <strong>to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> He died at <strong>Azad Park in Allahabad</strong> on 27<sup>th</sup> February 1931.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1640655" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chandra-shekahr-azad'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Digital Challenge For Civil Society',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/digital-challenge-for-civil-society-7418943/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Digital challenge for civil society</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 23/07/2021. It talks about the challenge in front of Civil Societies in times of digital era and how it can be resolved.</p>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic</strong> has exposed the deep fault lines that have created challenges for India's transition towards a more digitally enabled society.</p>
<p>During the pandemic, several essential services, ranging from access to healthcare services &ndash; including vaccines &ndash; to education, livelihoods, and rations &mdash; have felt the effects of unequal distribution of technology in the country.</p>
<p>Thus, with increasing inequalities and the burden on systems, the need for digitally driven programmes is now more urgent than ever before.</p>
<p>In this context, even the <strong>development sector (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/role-of-ngos" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NGOs</a>, Civil Society Organisation (CSOs))</strong> cannot remain aloof to new technologies. They must strive for digital transition so that it can be helpful in resolving various digital challenges.</p>
<h3>Digital Challenge</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Digitally Inaccessible Remote Communities:</strong> The first wave of Covid-19 brought with it an immediate and urgent need for the development sector to shift towards technology, when faced by the inability to access communities remotely. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A survey in June 2020 indicated that only about half of the respondents were aware of online classes being held in their communities.</li>
<li>The consequences of these gaps are likely dire &ndash; an estimated 10 million girls could drop out of school.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unserved Remote Areas:</strong> With digital services not being uniformly distributed, communities in remote areas often require on-ground staff to deploy and supplement digital tools. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They may also face significant barriers in accessing funding for innovative and infrastructural digital solutions. This, in turn, poses challenges for Civil Society Organisations (CSOs).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/inequalities-in-digital-world" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Digital Divide</a>:</strong> During the second wave, urban Indians have consistently relied on social media platforms to seek life-saving medical supplies but rural Indian could not utilise it to the fullest.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unequal access to the internet has also made accessing and registering for Covid-19 vaccines in India a challenge, leaving millions of Indians unable to even register for them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Illiteracy:</strong> It&rsquo;s apparent that a majority of Indian citizens lack <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-internet-access-and-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital literacy</strong></a> and online safety is an alien concept to many who may have digital literacy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Language and accessibility barriers and limited data and infrastructural systems further compound the scenario.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social barriers and systemic inequality</strong> also play a large role in this &mdash; even today, mobile ownership among women is significantly lower than their male counterparts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, communities continue to remain averse to mobile devices in the hands of young people, especially young women, to prevent them from disrupting existing patriarchal systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need For Technology Enabled Development Sector:</strong> It is time for the development sector (NGOs/CSOs) to shift towards technology-driven ecosystems, to enable a more systematic and concerted effort to bridge the present digital divide and help access remote communities digitally.</li>
<li><strong>Technological Intervention:</strong> The process of creating and implementing digital solutions is multi-layered and complex. According to many CSOs, the first step is to <strong>address the demands posed by technological interventions across a programme life cycle.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This calls for customised digital interventions. The issue gets complicated because CSOs need to work with local communities who face digital challenges themselves.</li>
<li>Digital interventions have to factor in these imperatives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Feedback from People:</strong> The success of technology-based programmes is ultimately contingent on the support for it on the ground, and community feedback is critical to driving successful and sustainable programmes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Programmes, therefore, need to integrate and account for interpersonal mediation and the last-mile &ldquo;human touch&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Partnership with Stakeholders:</strong> To enable them to incorporate technology at scale, CSOs require more systematic partnerships with stakeholders across the development ecosystem. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Collaboration with the government, funders, and other civil society partners is vital to normalising the use of technology-based interventions at scale.</li>
<li>For example, the government and private sector service providers need to prioritise the availability of digital infrastructure and connectivity while civil society integrates programmatic responses into government priorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Documenting the Learnings:</strong> There are no blanket solutions to the critical challenges that come with embracing technology in framing programmes for the development sector. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Documenting their learnings is an important first step in pushing for more open conversations with regard to digital interventions in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Recognising the essential role that digital tools, access and literacy will play in the months and years to come, Civil societies and NGOs should strive to bring technological revolution in their working.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefff5;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Civil societies cannot remain aloof to new technologies, and need to shift towards technology-driven ecosystems. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-challenge-for-civil-society'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'PLI Scheme For Specialty Steel',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Cabinet approved the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-food-processing-industry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Production-Linked Incentive (PLI)</strong></a> scheme (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Sector Scheme</strong></a>) for manufacturing<strong> Speciality Steel (SS)</strong> with a budgetary outlay of <strong>Rs 6,322 crore</strong> over a period of five years from <strong>2023-24.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Speciality Steel</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>is value-added steel,</strong> which is made by processing normal finished steel.</li>
<li>It is done by converting normal finished steel into high value-added steel by way of <strong>coating, plating and heat treatment.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from the automobile sector and specialised capital goods, they can be used in various strategic applications such as <strong>defence, space, power etc.</strong></li>
<li>SS are<strong> categorized in various types</strong> such as, coated/plated steel products, high strength/wear resistant steel, speciality rails, alloy steel products and steel wires, electrical steel etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In order to<strong> boost domestic manufacturing and cut down on import bills,</strong> the central government<strong> in March 2020 introduced a PLI scheme</strong> that aims to give companies incentives on incremental sales from products manufactured in domestic units.</li>
<li>The scheme<strong> invites foreign companies to set units in India,</strong> however, it also aims to <strong>encourage local companies</strong> to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.</li>
<li>The Scheme <strong>has also been approved for sectors such as</strong> automobiles, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-it-hardware-and-pharmaceuticals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pharmaceuticals, IT hardware including laptops</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/schemes-for-electronic-manufacturing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mobile phones &amp; telecom equipment</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-ten-more-sectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>white goods</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-programme-on-advanced-chemistry-cell-battery-storage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>chemical cells</strong></a>,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-food-processing-industry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> food processing</strong></a> and textiles, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627107293_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627107293_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>PLI for Speciality Steel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> To <strong>help India's SS production reach 42 Million Tonnes (MT) by 2026-27</strong> from 18 MT today.</li>
<li><strong>Categories:</strong> There are five <strong>categories of specialty steel which have been chosen in the PLI Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Coated/plated steel products.</li>
<li>High strength/wear resistant steel.</li>
<li>Speciality rails.</li>
<li>Alloy steel products and steel wires.</li>
<li>Electrical steel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Slabs:</strong> There are<strong> three slabs of PLI incentives,</strong> the lowest being <strong>4%</strong> and highest being <strong>12%.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong> Both<strong> big players</strong> i.e. integrated steel plants and to the <strong>smaller players</strong> (secondary steel players).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Any<strong> company registered in India,</strong> engaged in manufacturing of the identified &lsquo;specialty steel&rsquo; grades will be <strong>eligible to participate in the scheme.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for choosing speciality Steel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>To Increase Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>SS has been chosen as the target segment by the government because <strong>out of a production of 102 million tonnes of steel</strong> in 2020-21, <strong>only 18 million tonnes of value-added steel/speciality steel</strong> were produced in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Reduce Imports:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the<strong> imports into India are in the value-added and speciality segment.</strong> The PLI scheme<strong> will boost manufacturing capacities</strong> by Indian mills in this segment and MSMEs will be able to source from them directly.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Out of<strong> 6.7 million tonnes of imports of steel in</strong> 2020-21, approximately <strong>4 million tonnes were of speciality steel,</strong> resulting in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/forex-reserves-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Foreign Exchange (Forex)</strong> </a>outgo of approximately <strong>Rs 30,000 crore.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sector in Uptrend:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The steel sector<strong> is on an uptrend</strong> and major integrated <strong>producers have lined up major expansion plans.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Promote Local Manufacturing:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will ensure finished steel be made in India only, thereby ensuring that the scheme <strong>promotes end-to-end manufacturing</strong> within the country.</li>
<li>It will help <strong>create global manufacturing champions</strong> in India and bring the country <strong>on a par with global steel making majors</strong> such as South Korea and Japan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Employment Generation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will generate employment for about <strong>5 lakh people,</strong> including direct employment for <strong>68,000 people.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expected Outcome:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is expected to<strong> bring investments worth about Rs 40,000 crore</strong> and result in a <strong>capacity addition of 25 million tonnes (MT) for speciality steel.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>export of SS would become about 5.5 MT</strong> against the<strong> current 1.7 MT</strong> earning a Forex of Rs 33,000 crore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives related to Steel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-purvodaya-accelerated-development-of-steel-sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mission Purvodaya</a>:</strong> It was launched in 2020 for the accelerated development of eastern India through the establishment of an integrated steel hub in Kolkata, West Bengal.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/iron-and-steel-industry-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Steel Policy 2017</a>:</strong> To attain Self-sufficiency in steel production by providing policy support &amp; guidance to private manufacturers, MSME steel producers, it was launched in 2017.</li>
<li><strong>Adoption of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-industrial-revolution-4-0#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20initiative%20of,brought%20about%20by%20smart%20technologies." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Industry 4.0</a>):</strong> It will improve manufacturing processes, material usage, energy efficiency, plant and worker productivity, supply chain and product life-cycle.</li>
<li><strong>Steel Research and Technology Mission of India:</strong> It provides for the grant of financial assistance to various institutions including <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</a> (CSIR)</strong> laboratories and academic institutions for carrying out research in the iron and steel sector including environmental issues like utilisation of wastes, improvement in energy efficiency and reduction in <strong><a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">greenhouse gases</a> (GHG)</strong> emission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1737722" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pli-scheme-for-specialty-steel'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Reshaping India’s Foreign Approach',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This Article is based upon<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/expanding-india-s-foreign-policy-canvas-101626948705147.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Expanding India&rsquo;s Foreign Policy Canvas&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in the Hindustan Times on 22/07/2021. It talks about the changes occurring in the global economic domain and how India can shift from just an aspirational player to a global one by expanding its foreign agenda.</p>
</div>
<p>After living for more than a year and a half with the covid 19 pandemic, the world is recovering and bringing changes in the global economic domain.</p>
<p>On one hand, a new global tax is being worked upon to establish a minimum corporate tax regime. On the other, carbon border levies are being unveiled to aid net zero emission goals.</p>
<p>Binding dispute resolution provisions are also being sought to be embedded into international agreements. Technological decoupling is also taking place, leading to new value chains being set up.</p>
<p>Climate, health, digital technology and geo-economics will define the global conversation. India must remain proactive and focus on understanding and shaping these domains rather than just remaining at the receiving end.</p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Foreign Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Focus on Geo-Politics:</strong> Indian foreign policy, like that of most other States, has generally given primacy to the frictions and friendships relating to geopolitics such as: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/india-s-prospects-as-a-nuclear-power#:~:text=India%20has%20always%20stood%20by,India%20to%20join%20the%20treaty.&amp;text=In%201954%2C%20Indian%20Prime%20Minister,for%20a%20%22standstill%22%20agreement." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>demand for nuclear disarmament</strong></a></li>
<li>The<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/non-aligned-movement-nam" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Non-Aligned Movement</strong></a> as a response to the Cold War</li>
<li>Support for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/un-reforms-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations (UN) peacekeeping</strong></a></li>
<li>Call for adoption of <a href="/printpdf/at-unga-india-call-for-early-adoption-of-ccit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive convention on international terrorism</strong></a></li>
<li>However, lesser importance has been given to geo-economics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environment Related Initiatives:</strong> The Prime Minister of India has espoused climate action as an issue where what India does within its borders to benefit its citizens also matters well beyond our borders. This has both economic and political benefits.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, India is among the select few countries to have hosted the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop-28" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>COP</strong></a> of all three Rio conventions on climate change (<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNFCCC</strong></a>), biodiversity (<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-cop-13-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></strong>) and land <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-convention-to-combat-desertification-cop-14" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Foreign Policy amid the Pandemic:</strong> During the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s foreign policy apparatus was key in securing essential global supplies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Associated</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Issues regarding Human Resource:</strong> Migration and human mobility are emerging issues. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India and Africa will be the largest repositories of young populations while most other societies age. Lack of opportunities in India create an obvious situation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-brain-drain-in-health-sector#:~:text=Brain%20drain%20is%20a%20term,a%20higher%20standard%20of%20living." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Brain Drain.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues related to Science &amp; Technology: <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)</a></strong> is a growing global problem to which the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic may further contribute. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Global concerns regarding <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cyber-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cybersecurity</a> </strong>are also rising.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A Stronger China:</strong> Militarily, China has further strengthened itself and now seeks to dominate the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo-Pacific Ocean</strong></a> with its announcement of its third aircraft carrier&rsquo;s launch in 2021.</li>
<li><strong>Deteriorating India-Russia Ties:</strong> Though India and Russia share a long history of strategic and economic cooperation, the post-Cold war Russia and China strategic convergence remains a foreign policy issue for India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the sanctions imposed on Russia after Crimea's annexation in 2014 has pushed Russia towards a tighter embrace of China.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This seems to signal reduced interest in countries such as India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s closeness to the U.S. has also weakened its links with traditional friends such as Russia and Iran.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Thinking Beyond Geo-Political:</strong> Subjects such as regulation of trans-boundary digital behemoths, big data management, trade issues and disaster &amp; humanitarian relief can prove to be beneficial by being addressed through the prism of a broader approach taking into account the global dimensions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a need to expand India&rsquo;s foreign policy agenda beyond the traditional thinking of what is geopolitical.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Realising the Significance of Geo-Economics:</strong> Geo-economics inevitably impacts geopolitics. China&rsquo;s Belt and Road Initiative is an example. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Climate, health security and digital technologies are becoming aspects of geopolitical contestation of different kinds.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s willingness to encompass these areas, which it previously considered beyond the pale of its foreign policy posture, will be key to its ability to navigate the coming wave of global changes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>G20 in 2023:</strong> India&rsquo;s presidency of <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G20</a></strong> in 2023 will provide it the opportunities to weave geo-economic themes with geopolitical interests.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Till now, India has played the role of an emerging power with ambitions to play the role of a global power.</li>
<li>The G20 summit of 2023 will provide the opportunities to articulate and be vocal on issues that matter to the world, and be proactive to further its interests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Hedging:</strong> The way forward for the Indian foreign policy should be <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-s-embrace-of-strategic-hedging" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>strategic hedging</strong></a>; a combination of bolstering domestic as well as external strategic capabilities and creating economic dependencies abroad through enhanced manufacturing and exports. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Furthermore, a balance between capabilities and reach is what India needs to master strategic hedging with other countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The primary goal of India&rsquo;s foreign policy is to preserve, promote and protect national interests in the broadest sense of the term, and not to limit the canvas.</p>
<p>If India wants to ride the next wave of global change, it will need a broader global agenda and a carefully crafted game plan in place soon.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9fff5;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;It has been long since India has remained as an aspirational/emerging power. The time is now to bring a change in the paradigm and become one of the countries shaping the global economic domains&rdquo;. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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