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Land Reforms in India

Pre Independence Under the British Raj, the farmers did not have the ownership of the lands they cultivated, the landlordship of the land lied...

14 Dec 2020 Paper 3
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			'title' => 'Land Reforms in India',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<h3>Pre Independence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/land-revenue-systems-in-british-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>British Raj</strong></a>, the farmers did not have the ownership of the lands they cultivated, the landlordship of the land lied with the Zamindars, Jagirdars etc.</li>
<li>Several important issues confronted the government and stood as a challenge in front of independent India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Land was concentrated in the hands of a few and there was a proliferation of intermediaries who had no vested interest in self-cultivation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Leasing out land was a common practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The tenancy contracts were expropriative in nature and tenant exploitation was almost everywhere.</li>
<li>Land records were in extremely bad shape giving rise to a mass of litigation.</li>
<li>One problem of agriculture was that the land was fragmented into very small parts l for commercial farming.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It resulted in inefficient use of soil, capital, and labour in the form of boundary lands and boundary disputes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Post Independence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A committee, under the Chairmanship of J. C. Kumarappan was appointed to look into the problem of land. The Kumarappa Committee's report recommended comprehensive agrarian reform measures.</li>
<li>The Land Reforms of the independent India had four components: <br />
<ol>
<li>The Abolition of the Intermediaries</li>
<li>Tenancy Reforms</li>
<li>Fixing Ceilings on Landholdings</li>
<li>Consolidation of Landholdings.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>These were taken in phases because of the need to establish a political will for their wider acceptance of these reforms.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Abolition of the Intermediaries</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Abolition of the zamindari system:</strong> The first important legislation was the abolition of the zamindari system, which removed the layer of intermediaries who stood between the cultivators and the state.</li>
<li>The reform was relatively the most effective than the other reforms, for in most areas it succeeded in taking away the superior rights of the zamindars over the land and weakening their economic and political power. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The reform was made to strengthen the actual landholders, the cultivators.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong> The abolition of intermediaries made almost 2 crore tenants the owners of the land they cultivated.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The abolition of intermediaries has led to the end of a parasite class. More lands have been brought to government possession for distribution to landless farmers.</li>
<li>A considerable area of cultivable waste land and private forests belonging to the intermediaries has been vested in the State.</li>
<li>The legal abolition brought the cultivators in direct contact with the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages:</strong> However, zamindari abolition did not wipe out landlordism or the tenancy or sharecropping systems, which continued in many areas. It only removed the top layer of landlords in the multi-layered agrarian structure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has led to large-scale eviction. Large-scale eviction, in turn, has given rise to several problems &ndash; social, economic, administrative and legal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong> While the states of J&amp;K and West Bengal legalised the abolition, in other states, intermediaries were allowed to retain possession of lands under their personal cultivation without limit being set. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides, in some states, the law applied only to tenant interests like sairati mahals etc. and not to agricultural holdings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Therefore, many large intermediaries continued to exist even after the formal abolition of zamindari.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It led to large-scale eviction which in turn gave rise to several socio-economic and administrative problems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tenancy Reforms</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After passing the Zamindari Abolition Acts, the next major problem was of tenancy regulation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rent paid by the tenants during the pre-independence period was exorbitant; between 35% and 75% of gross produce throughout India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tenancy reforms introduced to <strong>regulate rent, provide security of tenure</strong> and<strong> confer ownership to tenants.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the enactment of legislation (early 1950s) for regulating the rent payable by the cultivators, fair rent was fixed at 20% to 25% of the gross produce level in all the states except Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, and some parts of Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The reform attempted either to outlaw tenancy altogether or to regulate rents to give some security to the tenants.</li>
<li>In West Bengal and Kerala, there was a radical restructuring of the agrarian structure that gave land rights to the tenants.</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong> In most of the states, these laws were never implemented very effectively. Despite repeated emphasis in the plan documents, some states could not pass legislation to confer rights of ownership to tenants.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Few states in India have completely abolished tenancy while others states have given clearly spelt out rights to recognized tenants and sharecroppers.</li>
<li>Although the reforms reduced the areas under tenancy, they led to only a small percentage of tenants acquiring ownership rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ceilings on Landholdings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The third major category of land reform laws were the<strong> Land Ceiling Acts.</strong> In simpler terms, the ceilings on landholdings referred to <strong>legally stipulating the maximum size</strong> beyond which <strong>no individual farmer or farm household could hold any land.&nbsp;</strong>The imposition of such a ceiling was to deter the concentration of land in the hands of a few.</li>
<li>In 1942 the <strong>Kumarappan Committee</strong> recommended the maximum size of lands a landlord can retain. It was three times the economic holding i.e. sufficient livelihood for a family.</li>
<li>By 1961-62, all the state governments had passed the land ceiling acts. But the ceiling limits varied from state to state. To bring uniformity across states, a new land ceiling policy was evolved in 1971.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1972, national guidelines were issued with <strong>ceiling limits</strong> varying from region to region, depending on the kind of land, its productivity, and other such factors.</li>
<li>It was 10-18 acres for best land, 18-27 acres for second class land and for the rest with 27-54 acres of land with a slightly higher limit in the hill and desert areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With the help of these reforms, the state was supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each household, and redistribute it to landless families and households in other specified categories, such as SCs and STs.</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong> In most of the states these acts proved to be toothless. There were many loopholes and other strategies through which most landowners were able to escape from having their surplus land taken over by the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While some very large estates were broken up, in most cases landowners managed to divide the land among relatives and others, including servants, in so-called<strong> &lsquo;benami transfers&rsquo; &ndash;</strong> which allowed them to keep control over the land.</li>
<li>In some places, some rich farmers actually divorced their wives (but continued to live with them) in order to avoid the provisions of the Land Ceiling Act, which allowed a separate share for unmarried women but not for wives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Consolidation of Landholdings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Consolidation</strong> referred to reorganization/redistribution of fragmented lands into one plot. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The growing population and less work opportunities in non- agricultural sectors, increased pressure on the land, leading to an increasing trend of fragmentation of the landholdings.</li>
<li>This fragmentation of land made the irrigation management tasks and personal supervision of the land plots very difficult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This led to the introduction of landholdings consolidation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this act, If a farmer had a few plots of land in the village, those lands were consolidated into one bigger piece of land which was done by either purchasing or exchanging the land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Almost all states except Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura and parts of Andhra Pradesh enacted laws for consolidation of Holdings.</li>
<li>In Punjab and Haryana, there was compulsory consolidation of the lands, whereas in other states law provided for consolidation on voluntary basis; if the majority of the landowners agreed.</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong> It prevented the endless subdivision and fragmentation of land Holdings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It saved the time and labour of the farmers spent in irrigating and cultivating lands at different places.</li>
<li>The reform also brought down the cost of cultivation and reduced litigation among farmers as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Result:</strong> Due to lack of adequate political and administrative support the progress made in terms of consolidation of holding was not very satisfactory except in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh where the task of consolidation was accomplished. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in these states there was a need for re-consolidation due to subsequent fragmentation of land under the population pressure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need of re-consolidation:</strong> The average holding size in 1970-71 was 2.28 hectares (Ha), which has come down to 1.08 Ha in 2015-16.</li>
<li>While Nagaland has the largest average farm size, Punjab and Haryana rank second and third in the list respectively. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The holdings are much smaller in densely populated states like Bihar, West Bengal and Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The multiple subdivisions across generations have reduced even the sub divisions to a very small size.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607931728_Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607931728_Image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Bhoodan and Gramdan Movements</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vinoba Bhave,</strong> a disciple of <strong>Mahatma Gandhi,</strong> noticed the problems faced by the <strong>landless harijans </strong>in <strong>Pochampalli, Telangana.</strong></li>
<li>He led the movements in an attempt to bring about a<strong> &ldquo;non-violent revolution&rdquo;</strong> in India&rsquo;s land reforms programme. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The movements were about urging the landed classes to<strong> voluntarily surrender</strong> a part of their land to the landless giving it the name- Bhoodan Movement. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It began in <strong>1951.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In response to the appeal by Vinoba Bhave, some land owning class agreed to voluntary donation of their some part of land.</li>
<li>The Central and State governments had provided the necessary assistance to Vinoba Bhave.</li>
<li>Later, the Bhoodan gave way to the Gramdan movement which began in 1952. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objective of the Gramdan movement was to persuade landowners and leaseholders in each village to<strong> renounce their land rights</strong> and all the lands would become the property of a <strong>village association</strong> for an egalitarian redistribution and joint cultivation.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this movement, a village was declared as Gramdan when at <strong>least 75% of its residents</strong> with <strong>51% of the land</strong> signified their <strong>approval in writing</strong> for Gramdan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The first village to come under Gramdan was <strong>Magroth, Haripur, Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Successes of the Movement:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The movement was the first post independence movement that sought to bring social transformation through a movement and not through government legislation.</li>
<li>It created a <strong>moral ambience</strong> that put pressure on the big landlords.</li>
<li>It also stimulated the political activity among the peasants and landless, providing a fertile ground for political propaganda to organise peasants.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Drawbacks:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The land donated was mostly those which were unfertile or under litigation as a result although large areas of land was collected but little was distributed among the landless.</li>
<li>Gramdan movement was started in villages where class differentiation had not emerged, there was little difference in landholdings ownership, mainly in tribal areas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But it was not successful in areas where there was disparity in landholdings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the movement failed to realize its revolutionary potential.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The movements received widespread political patronage.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The movements reached their peak around 1969.</li>
<li>Several state governments passed laws aimed at Gramdan and Bhoodan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>But after 1969 Gramdan and Bhoodan lost its importance due to the shift from being a purely voluntary movement to a government supported programme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1967, after the withdrawal of Vinoba Bhave from the movement, it lost its mass base.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has now been argued by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> and some sections of industry that land leasing should be adopted on a large scale to enable landholders with unviable holdings to lease out land for investment, thereby enabling greater income and employment generation in rural areas.</li>
<li>This cause would be facilitated by the consolidation of landholdings.</li>
<li>Modern land reforms measures such as <strong>land record digitisation</strong> must be accomplished at the earliest.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pace of implementation of land reform measures has been slow. The objective of social justice has, however, been achieved to a considerable degree.</li>
<li>Land reform has a great role in the rural agrarian economy that is dominated by land and agriculture. New and innovative land reform measures should be adopted with new vigour to eradicate rural poverty.</li>
</ul>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/land-reforms-in-india'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'El Niño & Drought',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In a recent study by<strong> Indian Institute of Science&rsquo;s</strong> (IISc) <strong>Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences</strong> (CAOS), it has been found that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/el-nino-forecast-for-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>El Ni&ntilde;o</strong></a> was <strong>not the only cause for droughts</strong> during the Summer <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monsoon</strong></a> in the Indian Subcontinent.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>El Ni&ntilde;o</strong> is a recurring climate event during which<strong> abnormally warm equatorial Pacific waters pull moisture-laden clouds</strong> away from the <strong>Indian subcontinent.</strong></li>
<li>It is the usual <strong>suspect</strong> for <strong>failing Indian summer monsoons</strong> between <strong>June and September.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings of the Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>43% of the droughts that occurred during the Indian summer monsoon season in the past century may have been driven by <strong>atmospheric disturbances</strong> from the <strong>North Atlantic region.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These<strong> droughts</strong> that India faced occurred during years <strong>when El Ni&ntilde;o was absent.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cause of these Drought:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sudden and steep drop in rainfall in late August that was linked to an <strong>atmospheric disturbance in the mid-latitude region over the North Atlantic Ocean,</strong> creating a <strong>pattern of atmospheric currents</strong> that move over the indian subcontinent and <strong>&ldquo;derail&rdquo; the monsoon.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Change in Drought Pattern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>El Ni&ntilde;o year drought:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> rainfall deficit</strong> begins <strong>mid-June</strong> and spreads throughout the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Normal year Drought Condition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is normal rainfall during the monsoon season but a <strong>sudden and steep decline was observed in August.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Causes for this August decline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An unusual <strong>atmospheric disturbance</strong> in the<strong> mid-latitudes</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The middle latitudes are spatial regions on Earth <strong>located between the latitudes 23&deg; and 66&deg; north.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The disturbance emerges from<strong> winds in the upper atmosphere</strong> interacting with a <strong>cyclonic circulation</strong> above abnormally<strong> cold North Atlantic waters.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The resulting wave of air currents, called<strong> a Rossby wave, moves from the North Atlantic</strong> towards the<strong> Tibetan plateau</strong> and <strong>hits the Indian subcontinent </strong>around<strong> mid-August, suppressing rainfall and causing drought-like conditions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Atmospheric Circulations that Impact Monsoon</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Ocean Dipole:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is defined by the<strong> difference in sea surface temperature between two areas</strong> (or poles, hence a dipole) &ndash; a western pole in the <strong>Arabian Sea</strong> (western Indian Ocean) and an <strong>eastern pole</strong> in the eastern Indian Ocean <strong>south of Indonesia.</strong></li>
<li>IOD develops in the equatorial region of Indian Ocean<strong> from April to May</strong> peaking in October.</li>
<li>With a <strong>positive IOD</strong> winds over the Indian Ocean blow from east to west (from Bay of Bengal towards Arabian Sea). This results in the <strong>Arabian Sea</strong> (western Indian Ocean near African Coast) being much <strong>warmer and eastern Indian Ocean around Indonesia becoming colder and dry.</strong></li>
<li>In the <strong>negative dipole</strong> year (negative IOD), <strong>reverse happens</strong> making Indonesia much warmer and rainier.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607930138_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607930138_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li><strong>Indian Ocean Dipole effect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was demonstrated that a <strong>positive IOD index</strong> often negated the effect of El Nino, resulting in increased Monsoon rains in several El Nino years like the 1983, 1994 and 1997.</li>
<li>Two poles of the IOD &ndash; the<strong> eastern pole</strong> (around Indonesia) and the <strong>western pole</strong> (off the African coast) were independently and cumulatively affecting the quantity of rains for the Monsoon in the Indian subcontinent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Impact of IOD on<strong> Cyclogenesis</strong> in Northern Indian Ocean:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Positive IOD (Arabian Sea warmer than Bay of Bengal) results in <strong>more cyclones than usual in Arabian Sea.</strong></li>
<li>Negative IOD results in<strong> stronger than usual <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tropical Cyclones</a></strong> in the Bay of Bengal. Cyclonic activity in Arabian Sea is <strong>suppressed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Madden-Julian Oscillation, or MJO</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Madden&ndash;Julian Oscillation (MJO), is an eastward <strong>moving band of rain clouds</strong> that travels around the globe spanning 12,000&ndash;20,000 km across the tropical oceans returning to its initial starting point in 30 to 60 days.</li>
<li>In its journey, it interacts with<strong> surface waters</strong> of the Indo-Pacific ocean, the <strong>largest pool of warm water in the globe.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607930099_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607930099_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>The MJO consists of two parts, or phases: one is the <strong>enhanced rainfall</strong> (or convective) phase and the other is the <strong>suppressed rainfall phase.</strong></li>
<li>Strong MJO activity often<strong> dissects the planet into halves:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One half within the<strong> enhanced convective phase</strong> and the other half in <strong>the suppressed convective phase.</strong> These two phases produce opposite changes in clouds and rainfall and this entire dipole propagates eastward.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of MJO on global weather phenomenon:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can modulate the<strong> timing and strength of monsoons.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> Influences tropical cyclone</strong> numbers and strength in nearly all ocean basins.</li>
<li>It can result in <strong>jet stream changes</strong> that can lead to cold air outbreaks, extreme heat events, and flooding rains over the United States and North America.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/43-indian-droughts-influenced-by-north-atlantic-air-currents/articleshow/79673081.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TOI</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/el-niño-drought'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Extreme Climate Events: CEEW',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent study on the report <strong>&ldquo;Preparing India for Extreme Climate Events&rdquo;</strong> released by the <strong>Council on Energy, Environment and Water</strong> (CEEW),<strong> over 75% of districts in India are hotspots of extreme climate events</strong> such as <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cyclones</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/flood-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>floods</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unccd-drought-tool-box#:~:text=Drought%20is%20generally%20considered%20as,definition%20of%20drought%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>droughts</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-waves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>heat waves</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cold-wave-1#:~:text=Cold%20Wave%20Conditions%3A,degree%20Celsius%20is%20rarely%20reached." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cold waves.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the<strong> first time</strong> that extreme weather event hotspots in the country have been mapped. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>CEEW</strong> is an independent, non-partisan, one of Asia&rsquo;s leading not-for-profit policy research institutions, devoted to research on all matters affecting the use, reuse, and misuse of resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report comes just after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-environment-outlook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong></a> (UNEP) <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Emissions Gap Report 2020</strong></a> which warned that the world is heading for a temperature <strong>rise of over 3 degrees Celsius</strong> this century.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>frequency, intensity,</strong> and<strong> unpredictability</strong> of extreme events have risen in recent decades.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While India witnessed 250 extreme climate events in 35 years between 1970 and 2005, it recorded 310 such weather events in only 15 years since then.</li>
<li>With an unusual spike in extreme events since 2005, these districts are bearing the <strong>effects of changing microclimate </strong>with<strong> loss of property, livelihoods and lives.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>pattern reflects the global changes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Extreme weather events resulting from climate change led to <strong>4,95,000 human deaths across the world in 1999-2018.</strong></li>
<li>More than 12,000 extreme weather events led to <strong>losses worth USD 3.54 trillion</strong> (measured in terms of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-purchasing-power-parities-icp-2017" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>purchasing power parity</strong></a> or PPP) during this period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> current trend</strong> of catastrophic climate events <strong>results from a mere 0.6 degrees Celsius temperature rise in the last 100 years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is <strong>already the 5<sup>th</sup> most vulnerable country globally</strong> in terms of extreme climate events, and it is all set to become the world&rsquo;s flood capital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cyclones:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>After 2005,</strong> the yearly average number of<strong> districts affected by cyclones tripled</strong> and the <strong>cyclone frequency-doubled.</strong></li>
<li>In the past decade, 258 districts were affected by cyclones with hotspot districts<strong> all along the eastern coastline.</strong></li>
<li>The east coast&rsquo;s warming regional microclimate, <strong>land-use change,</strong> and<strong> degrading forests</strong> are triggering the region&rsquo;s cyclonic activity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flood Events:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decade <strong>2000-2009 showed a spike in extreme flood events and in associated flood events,</strong> which affected almost 473 districts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Events associated with floods such as<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/landslide-in-kodagu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> landslides</strong></a>, <strong>heavy rainfall, hailstorms, thunderstorms, and cloudbursts</strong> increased by over 20 times.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The compounding effects of<strong> land subsidence,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cities-are-turning-into-lightening-magnets" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>urban heat island phenomenon</strong></a>, and<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/large-population-and-assets-to-be-affected-by-sea-level-rise" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> sea-level rise</a> due to glacial melts</strong> are leading to the <strong>intensification of cyclonic disturbances,</strong> thus increasing the number of flood events experienced during the decade and making it an outlier.</li>
<li>While the <strong>number of rainy days during monsoon has decreased, single-day extreme rainfall events are increasing,</strong> leading to flooding.</li>
<li><strong>Six of India&rsquo;s eight most flood-prone districts</strong> in the last decade, Barpeta, Darrang, Dhemaji, Goalpara, Golaghat and Sivasagar, are <strong>located in Assam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Droughts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>yearly average of drought-affected districts increased 13 times after 2005.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Until 2005, the number of districts affected by drought was six, but<strong> after 2005 this figure rose to 79.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the<strong> intensity of damage in terms of loss of life has reduced significantly, </strong>droughts <strong>increase uncertainties related to agriculture and rural livelihoods.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Drought-affected district hotspots of India in the last decade</strong> were Ahmednagar, Aurangabad (both Maharashtra), Anantapur, Chittoor (both Andhra Pradesh), Bagalkot, Bijapur, Chikkaballapur, Gulbarga, and Hassan (all Karnataka).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weakening of Monsoon:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The empirical evidence generated from the analysis coincides with the <strong>weakening of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monsoons</a> due to rising micro-temperatures.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This further can be validated by the fact that states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh saw severe <strong>water scarcity during 2015 due to record-breaking temperatures during summer and weakening monsoons.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swapping of Nature of Extreme Events:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The study also found a<strong> shift in the pattern of extreme climate events,</strong> such as <strong>flood-prone areas becoming drought-prone and vice-versa,</strong> in over 40% of Indian districts.</li>
<li>This swapping has<strong> happened in two ways.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In some cases, districts which were <strong>flood-prone have now become drought-prone and vice versa.</strong></li>
<li>While <strong>many districts are facing floods and droughts simultaneously.</strong> This trend is both <strong>unusual and alarming, </strong>and <strong>requires further investigation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coastal southern Indian states</strong> are increasingly <strong>witnessing more droughts.</strong></li>
<li>Further,<strong> floods and droughts coincide during the same season</strong> in several districts of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Develop a Climate Risk Atlas</strong> to map critical vulnerabilities such as coasts, urban heat stress, water stress, and biodiversity collapse.</li>
<li><strong>Develop an Integrated Emergency Surveillance System</strong> to facilitate a systematic and sustained response to emergencies.</li>
<li><strong>Mainstream risk assessment at all levels,</strong> including localised, regional, sectoral, cross-sectoral, macro and micro-climatic level.</li>
<li><strong>Enhance adaptive and resilience capacity</strong> to climate-proof lives, livelihoods and investments.</li>
<li><strong>Increase the participatory engagement of all stakeholders</strong> in the risk assessment process.</li>
<li><strong>Integrate risk assessment</strong> into local, sub-national, and national level plans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Microclimatic zones shifting</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Microclimatic zones, or<strong> areas where the weather is different from surrounding areas, </strong>are<strong> shifting across</strong> various districts of India.</li>
<li>A shift in microclimate zones may<strong> lead to severe disruptions across sectors.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Every 2 degrees Celsius rise in annual mean temperature will reduce agricultural productivity by 15-20%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some reasons<strong> identified behind this shift </strong>in microclimatic zones is<strong> change in land-use patterns, deforestation, encroachments upon mangroves, disappearing wetlands</strong> and <strong>natural ecosystems by encroachment, </strong>and<strong> urban heat islands that trap heat locally.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/over-75-districts-hotspots-of-extreme-weather-events-finds-study-2-7100341/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extreme-climate-events-ceew'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Suggestions for Delimitation Exercise',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Pranab Mukherjee Foundation</strong> (PMF), a <strong>non governmental institution,</strong> has made suggestions for the next delimitation exercise.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/delimitation-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Delimitation</strong></a> literally means the <strong>act or process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies</strong> in a country to represent changes in population.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong> The next delimitation exercise should be a <strong>two&shy; step process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>Delimitation Commission</strong> should be set up to<strong> draw the boundaries as per the 2031 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Census</a></strong> and recommend the reorganisation of States based on population.</li>
<li>A<strong> State Reorganisation Act</strong> should be brought to give effect to the Delimitation Commissions&rsquo; recommendations <strong>&ldquo;by splitting States into smaller ones&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> 84<sup>th</sup> Amendment to the Constitution in 2002</strong> had<strong> put a freeze</strong> on the delimitation of<strong> Lok Sabha and State Assembly</strong> constituencies till the <strong>first Census after 2026.</strong></li>
<li>The current boundaries were drawn on the <strong>basis of the 2001 Census,</strong> the <strong>number of Lok Sabha seats</strong> and State Assembly seats <strong>remained frozen on the basis of the 1971 Census.</strong></li>
<li>The population according to the <strong>last census preceding the freeze</strong> was<strong> 50 crore, which in 50 years has grown to 130 crore,</strong> causing<strong> a massive asymmetry in the political representation</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Delimitation Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Delimitation Commission is appointed by the<strong> President of India</strong> and works in collaboration with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission of India.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Retired Supreme Court judge</li>
<li>Chief Election Commissioner</li>
<li>Respective State Election Commissioners</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To determine the <strong>number and boundaries of constituencies</strong> to make the population of all constituencies nearly equal.</li>
<li>To identify seats <strong>reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes,</strong> wherever their population is relatively large.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Delimitation Commissions have been<strong> set up four times &mdash;</strong> 1952, 1963, 1973 and 2002 under the Acts of 1952, 1962, 1972 and 2002.</li>
<li>The Delimitation Commission in India is a high power body whose orders have the <strong>force of law</strong> and cannot be<strong> called in question before any court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/suggestions-for-delimitation-exercise'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Five Years of Paris Climate Accord',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India has reiterated her commitment to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-renewed-support-for-paris-agreement#:~:text=Paris%20Agreement%20(also%20known%20as,to%20deal%20with%20climate%20change." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Climate Accord</strong></a>, prior to the <strong>Climate Ambition Summit</strong> which will start from 12<sup>th</sup> December 2020 at Glasgow, Scotland.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Climate Ambition Summit 2020</strong> will mark the<strong> fifth anniversary</strong> of the <strong>Paris Agreement,</strong> and will <strong>provide a platform f</strong>or government and non-governmental leaders to <strong>demonstrate their commitment</strong> to the Paris Agreement and the multilateral process.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607768808_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607768808_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Ambition Summit 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To set out new and ambitious commitments under the three pillars of the <strong>Paris Agreement</strong> that are<strong> mitigation, adaptation and finance commitments.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> The Summit will provide a <strong>meaningful platform</strong> for businesses, cities and other non-state actors who are rallying together and collaborating to support governments and <strong>accelerate the systemic change required to reduce emissions and build resilience.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hosted By:</strong> The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations</strong></a>, United Kingdom and France in partnership with Chile and Italy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History of Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the most abundant <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Greenhouse Gas (GHG)</strong> </a>in our atmosphere, <strong>carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)</strong> has become a direct proxy for measuring climate change. Its levels have varied widely over the course of the Earth&rsquo;s 4.54 billion year history.</li>
<li>Historically it&rsquo;s the <strong>developed countries that have been major contributors</strong> to carbon emissions.</li>
<li><strong>Historical Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The United States (US) has the highest historical emissions at<strong> 25%,</strong> followed by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Union</a></strong> (EU) at<strong> 22%</strong> and China at<strong> 13%.</strong></li>
<li>India has a low carbon emission contribution of only <strong>3%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Paris Climate Accord</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Legal status:</strong> It is a<strong> legally binding international treaty</strong> on <strong>climate change.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Adoption:</strong> It was adopted by <strong>196 countries at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop25-climate-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conference of the Parties</a> COP 21</strong> in Paris in <strong>December 2015.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Goal:</strong> To limit global warming to<strong> well below 2&deg; Celsius, and preferably limit it to 1.5&deg; Celsius,</strong> compared to pre-industrial levels.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To achieve the <strong>long-term temperature goal,</strong> countries aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible to achieve a climate-neutral world by mid-century.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Current Status of Global Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Five years after the Paris agreement,</strong> all states have submitted their national contributions to mitigate and adapt to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> climate change.</strong></a></li>
<li>The contributions are<strong> radically insufficient</strong> to reach the well<strong> below 2 degrees Celsius limit and are even further from the 1.5 degrees Celsius</strong> temperature limit identified in the Paris Agreement.</li>
<li>Besides <strong>India,</strong> only Bhutan, the Philippines, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Morocco and Gambia were complying with the accord.</li>
<li><strong>China</strong> has the <strong>highest GHG</strong> emissions<strong> (30%)</strong> while the <strong>US</strong> contributes <strong>13.5%</strong> and the <strong>EU 8.7%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India's Current Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations report</strong></a> released earlier this year stated that India&rsquo;s per capita emissions are actually<strong> 60% lower than the global average.</strong></li>
<li>The emissions in the country<strong> grew 1.4% in 2019,</strong> much lower than its<strong> average of 3.3% per year over the last decade.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Some of the Measures taken by India to Control Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/only-bs-vi-vehicles-to-be-sold-from-april-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bharat Stage (BS) VI</a> norms:</strong> These are emission control standards put in place by the government to keep a<strong> check on air pollution. </strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Solar Mission</a>:</strong> It is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Governments to <strong>promote ecologically sustainable growth</strong> while addressing India's energy security challenge.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential#:~:text=A%20Solar-Wind%20Hybrid%20policy,resources%2C%20transmission%20infrastructure%20and%20land." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy 2018</strong></a>: The main objective of the policy is to provide a framework for promotion of large grid connected <strong>wind-solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources,</strong> transmission infrastructure and land.</li>
<li>All these and many other initiatives helped India in cutting<strong> CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 164 million kg.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues in Achieving the Pledged Targets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the Nations have been slow to update their <strong>national contributions for reducing emissions for 2025-2030,</strong> however several have announced <strong>net zero emission targets</strong> in the recent past.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Net zero emission</strong> means that all man-made greenhouse gas emissions must be removed from the atmosphere through reduction measures, thus reducing the Earth&rsquo;s net climate balance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The net zero targets are<strong> subject to credibility, accountability and fairness checks.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Credibility:</strong> The plans and policies of nations is not credible enough to meet the long term<strong> net zero targets</strong> as :
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1.5 degrees Celsius Report</strong> </a>indicated that to stay within a reasonable chance of achieving 1.5 degrees Celsius, global <strong>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions have to fall by 45% from the 2010 levels by 2030</strong> but<strong> current national contributions are not on track for such a fall.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accountability:</strong> There is <strong>limited or no accountability</strong> for the long-term net zero goals and short-term national contributions as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many <strong>net zero goals have not yet been embedded in national contributions and long-term strategies</strong> under the Paris Agreement.</li>
<li>In any case,<strong> accountability under the Paris Agreement is limited.</strong> States are not obliged to achieve their self-selected targets. There is <strong>no mechanism to review the adequacy</strong> of individual contributions. <strong>States are only asked to provide justifications</strong> for the fairness and ambition of their targets.</li>
<li>The <strong>transparency framework does not contain a robust review function,</strong> and the compliance committee is facilitative and limited to ensuring compliance with a short list of binding procedural obligations..</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fairness:</strong> Issues of fairness and justice,<strong> both between and within generations,</strong> are <strong>unavoidable:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is<strong> no mechanism</strong> to check that whether the net zero targets, and pathways to net zero are fair or how much are states doing in comparison to others and relative to how much they should.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To achieve this long-term temperature goal, <strong>countries should aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible</strong> to achieve a climate-neutral world by mid-century.</li>
<li><strong>Net zero pledges need to be credible, accountable and fair</strong> to get us to a stable climate. Not all states will be in a position to pledge net zero targets, nor should they be expected to. All states, including India, can, however, <strong>pledge actions that are credible, accountable and fair.</strong></li>
<li>Credible <strong>short-term commitments, with a clear pathway to medium-term decarbonisation,</strong> that take into account the multiple challenges states face, such as on air pollution, and development, might well be the more defensible choice for some.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-didnt-cause-climate-change-prakash-javadekar-7101545/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'India-Uzbekistan Virtual Summit',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In a recent virtual summit, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uzbekistans-president-visit-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Uzbekistan</strong></a> have deliberated on <strong>expanding bilateral ties aiming to expand cooperation in a range of areas,</strong> including new and renewable energy, digital technologies, cybersecurity and sharing of information.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The agreements also include cooperation on <strong>connectivity projects in Afghanistan</strong> and its <strong>peace process, trilateral dialogue with Iran, combatting terrorism,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607768550_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607768550_pasted image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Trade, Economic and Investment Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Making efforts to achieve the <strong>mutually identified target of USD 1 billion for bilateral trade.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>current bilateral trade</strong> level of about <strong>USD 285 million</strong> (2018) is far below the potential.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fast-track the conclusion of the ongoing <strong>Joint Feasibility Study</strong> that will pave the way for the commencement of negotiations on a <strong>Preferential Trade Agreement.</strong></li>
<li>Early conclusion of the <strong>Bilateral Investment Treaty</strong> which shall facilitate investment promotion and protection for further improvement of trade and economic cooperation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The sides noted the prospects for greater opportunities in the free economic zones of the two countries, including in the<strong> Uzbek-Indian free pharmaceutical zone</strong> in the <strong>Andijan region</strong> (eastern part of the Fergana Valley in far eastern Uzbekistan).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Uzbekistan welcomed the opportunities in India for investing/manufacturing under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;</strong> </a>programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India confirmed the <strong>approval of a USD 448 million Line of Credit for four developmental projects</strong> in Uzbekistan in the areas of road construction, sewerage treatment and information technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence and Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Appreciated the enhanced pace of bilateral defence cooperation since the convening of the first meeting of<strong> Joint Working Group on Defence Cooperation in February 2019.</strong></li>
<li>Welcomed the holding of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-uzbekistan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Dustlik 2019&rdquo;</a>, first-ever joint military exercises in November 2019.</strong></li>
<li>Agreed to further strengthen cooperation between the law enforcement agencies and special services of the two countries, including under the framework of the <strong>Uzbekistan-India Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Civil Nuclear Energy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Welcomed the conclusion of the bilateral agreement between the <strong>Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership</strong> (GCNEP) <strong>India</strong> and the<strong> Agency for Development of Nuclear Energy, Uzbekistan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>GCNEP is the <strong>sixth research and development</strong> (R&amp;D) <strong>unit</strong> under the aegis of <strong>Department of Atomic Energy</strong> (DAE) and helps in capacity building, in association with the interested countries and the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/63rd-general-conference-of-iaea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Atomic Energy Agency</strong></a> (IAEA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Connectivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reiterated continued commitment for <strong>enhancing connectivity</strong> between India and Uzbekistan and in the larger Central Asian region to bolster trade and investment.</li>
<li>India welcomed the <strong>proposal to hold trilateral dialogue among India, Iran and Uzbekistan</strong> to promote connectivity through the Chabahar port.</li>
<li>India also <strong>requested Uzbekistan to consider joining</strong> the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-central-asia-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International North-South Transport Corridor</strong> </a>(INSTC) which would add to the overall improvement of connectivity in the larger Eurasian space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Culture, Education and People-to-People Contacts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India invited Uzbekistan to avail of increased scholarship opportunities provided by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/70-years-of-indian-council-for-cultural-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council for Cultural Relations</strong></a> (ICCR) and training and capacity building under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vice-president-s-visit-to-comoros-and-sierra-leone" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Terrorism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Strongly <strong>condemned terrorism</strong> in all its forms and manifestations and reaffirmed the determination to combat this menace by destroying terrorist safe-havens, networks, infrastructure and funding channels.</li>
<li>Also underlined the need for every country to ensure that its territory is not used to launch terrorist attacks against other countries and called for early finalisation of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/at-unga-india-call-for-early-adoption-of-ccit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism</strong></a> (CCIT).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Afghanistan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Called for the <strong>settlement of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/afghan-turmoil-and-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Afghan conflict</a></strong> on the principle of Afghan-led, Afghan-owned and Afghan-controlled peace process and expressed unanimity in support for a united, sovereign and democratic Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reformed Multilateralism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reaffirmed that the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> (UN) must play a central role in maintaining global peace and security and also called for <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/un-reforms-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">comprehensive reform</a> of the UN structures</strong> including the Security Council with expansion in both categories of membership.</li>
<li>Uzbekistan <strong>reaffirmed its support to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-permanent-seat-in-unsc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India&rsquo;s candidature for permanent membership</a> of the UN Security Council</strong> and congratulated India on its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-non-permanent-seat-at-the-unsc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>election as a non-permanent member</strong> </a>of the UN Security Council for the term <strong>2021-22.</strong></li>
<li>India also congratulated the <strong>Uzbek side on its successful election</strong> to the <a href="/daily-news-editorials/the-relevance-of-unhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Human Rights Council</strong> </a>for the term <strong>2021-23.</strong></li>
<li>Appreciated their close cooperation in the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Shanghai Cooperation Organization</strong></a> (SCO).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In November 2020, India hosted the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sco-summit-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">first-ever meeting of the Council of the Heads of Government of SCO</a> since its joining the SCO.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India appreciated Uzbekistan&rsquo;s support in the successful holding of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-meeting-of-india-central-asia-dialogue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2<sup>nd</sup> India-Central Asia Dialogue</strong></a> at the level of Foreign Ministers with the participation of Afghanistan.</li>
<li><strong>Uzbekistan is a member of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/organisation-of-islamic-cooperation-oic" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></strong> (OIC), which is the second largest intergovernmental organization after the UN.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India is not a member</strong> of the OIC. However, India was<strong> invited as a guest of honour at the 46<sup>th</sup> Session of the Council of Foreign Minister in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Covid-19 Pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emphasized the need for bilateral and global cooperation to continue the<strong> fight against the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a></strong> including development and distribution of effective vaccines and other medicines.</li>
<li><strong>Uzbekistan thanked India for the assistance rendered to Uzbekistan in its fight against the pandemic</strong> and India reaffirmed its continued commitment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agreements reached during various bilateral visits have strengthened cooperation between India and Uzbekistan in diverse sectors such as political, trade and investment, defence, security, counter-terrorism, science and technology, nuclear energy, space, information technology and have promoted cultural and academic linkages.</li>
<li>Both countries thanked each other for the productive discussions held during the virtual summit and expressed confidence that the understandings and agreements will further deepen the strategic partnership between the two countries for the well-being of their peoples and mutual prosperity.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-uzbek-president-discuss-afghanistan-iran-connectivity/article33305691.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-uzbekistan-virtual-summit'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians 2020</strong> has been awarded to <strong>Dr. Carolina Araujo,</strong> Mathematician from the Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IMPA), Rio de Janeiro, <strong>Brazil.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>She received the Prize for her<strong> outstanding work in algebraic geometry.</strong> Her work area focuses on <strong>birational geometry,</strong> which aims to classify and describe the structure of algebraic varieties.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ramanujan Prize for <strong>Young Mathematicians from developing countries has been awarded annually since 2005.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>originally instituted</strong> by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), the Niels Henrik Abel Memorial Fund, and the International Mathematical Union (IMU).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>participation of the Abel Fund ended in 2012.</strong></li>
<li><strong>ICTP:</strong> Founded in 1964 by the late Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam, it seeks to accomplish its mandate by providing scientists from developing countries with the continuing education and skills that they need to enjoy long and productive careers.</li>
<li><strong>IMU:</strong> It is<strong> an international non-governmental and non-profit scientific organization,</strong> with the purpose of promoting international cooperation in mathematics. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>member of the International Science Council (ISC).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ISC was <strong>created in 2018</strong> and is an <strong>international non-governmental organization</strong> bringing together the natural and social sciences and the largest global science organization of its type.</li>
<li>It has its office in <strong>Paris, France.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India is a member country.</strong></li>
<li>IMU Secretariat is located in <strong>Berlin, Germany.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Department of Science and Technology of the Government of India (DST) has agreed to fund the Prize,</strong> starting with the 2014 Prize.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been supported by DST<strong> in the memory of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ramanujan-machine#:~:text=generations%20of%20mathematicians.-,Srinivasa%20Ramanujan,the%20memory%20of%20Srinivasa%20Ramanujan." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a>,</strong> a genius in pure mathematics who was essentially self-taught and made spectacular contributions to elliptic functions, continued fractions, infinite series, and analytical theory of numbers.</li>
<li>In India, <strong>22<sup>nd</sup> December</strong> is celebrated as <strong>National Mathematics Day</strong> in the memory of Srinivasa Ramanujan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>awarded to a researcher from a developing country</strong> who is<strong> less than 45 years of age on 31<sup>st</sup> December</strong> of the year of the award, and who has <strong>conducted outstanding research in a developing country.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Researchers <strong>working in any branch</strong> of the mathematical sciences <strong>are eligible.</strong></li>
<li>The Prize carries a <strong>USD 15,000 cash award.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1680017" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ramanujan-prize-for-young-mathematicians-2020'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Indus Valley Diet',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per a study published in the <strong>Journal of Archaeological Science,</strong> the diet of the people of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley civilization</strong></a> had a <strong>dominance of meat,</strong> including extensive eating of beef.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study,<strong> &ldquo;Lipid residues in pottery from Indus Civilisation in northwest India&rsquo;&rsquo;,</strong> looks at the food habits of the people on the basis of<strong> lipid residue analysis found in pottery</strong> from sites such as: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alamgirpur (Meerut), Uttar Pradesh</li>
<li>Haryana:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Masudpur, LohariRagho, Rakhigarhi city (Hisar)</li>
<li>Khanak (Bhiwani), Farmana town(Rohtak)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The study finds the dominance of animal products such as meat of <strong>pigs, cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat, as well as dairy products,</strong> from rural and urban settlements of Indus Valley civilisation.</li>
<li>Out of Domestic Animals, <strong>cattle/buffalo</strong> are the most abundant, averaging between <strong>50-60% of the animal bones found,</strong> with <strong>sheep/goat</strong> accounting for <strong>10%</strong> animal remains.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The High Proportions of cattle bones may suggest a <strong>cultural preference for beef consumption</strong> across Indus populations, supplemented by consumption of mutton/lamb.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At Harappa, <strong>90% of the cattle were kept alive</strong> until they were <strong>three or three-and-a-half years,</strong> suggesting that<strong> females</strong> were used for<strong> dairy production, whereas males were used for traction.</strong></li>
<li>Previously there have been many studies on the food habit in Indus Valley civilisation before, primarily focusing on <strong>crops.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indus Valley Civilization</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Time Period:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indus Valley Civilization was established <strong>around 3300 BC.</strong> It flourished between <strong>2600 BC and 1900 BC.</strong> It started declining around <strong>1900 BC</strong> and disappeared around <strong>1400 BC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is also called<strong> Harappan Civilization</strong> after the first city to be excavated,<strong> Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Geographical Extent:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Geographically, this civilization covered <strong>Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Western Uttar Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It extended from <strong>Sutkagengor</strong> (in Baluchistan) in the West to <strong>Alamgirpur</strong> (Western UP) in the East; and from <strong>Mandu</strong> (Jammu) in the North to <strong>Daimabad</strong> (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) in the South. Some Indus Valley sites have also been found in as far away as Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Sites:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kalibangan</strong> (Rajasthan), <strong>Lothal, Dholavira, Rangpur, Surkotda</strong> (Gujarat), <strong>Banawali</strong> (Haryana), Ropar (Punjab).</li>
<li><strong>In Pakistan: Harappa</strong> (on river Ravi), <strong>Mohenjodaro</strong> (on Indus River in Sindh), <strong>Chanhudaro</strong> (in Sindh).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607761446_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607761446_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Some Important Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indus Valley cities show a level of sophistication and advancement <strong>not seen in other contemporary civilizations.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Urban Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most cities had<strong> similar patterns.</strong> There were two parts:<strong> a citadel and the lower town</strong> showing presence of hierarchy in society.</li>
<li>Most cities had a <strong>Great Bath.</strong></li>
<li>There were also <strong>granaries, 2-storied houses made of burnt bricks, closed drainage lines, excellent stormwater, and wastewater management system, weights for measurements, toys, pots,</strong> etc.</li>
<li>A large number of<strong> seals</strong> have been discovered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agriculture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first civilization to <strong>cultivate cotton.</strong></li>
<li>Animals were domesticated like<strong> sheep, goats, and pigs.</strong></li>
<li>Crops were <strong>wheat, barley, cotton, ragi, dates, and peas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trade</strong> was conducted with the <strong>Sumerians</strong> (Mesopotamia).</li>
<li><strong>Metal Products :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These were produced including those with<strong> copper, bronze, tin, and lead. Gold and silver</strong> were also known.</li>
<li><strong>Iron</strong> was not known to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Religious Beliefs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>No structures</strong> like temples or palaces have been found.</li>
<li>The people worshipped <strong>male and female deities.</strong></li>
<li>A seal which was named <strong>&lsquo;Pashupati Seal&rsquo;</strong> has been excavated and it shows an image of a <strong>three-eyed figure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pottery:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Excellent pieces of <strong>red pottery designed in black</strong> have been excavated.</li>
<li>Faience was used to make <strong>beads, bangles, earrings, and vessels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Art Forms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A statuette named <strong>&lsquo;Dancing Girl&rsquo;</strong> has been found from <strong>Mohenjodaro</strong> and is believed to be 4000 years old.</li>
<li>A figure of a <strong>bearded Priest-King</strong> has also been found from <strong>Mohenjodaro.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lothal was a <strong>dockyard.</strong></li>
<li>Disposal of the dead was by<strong> burial in wooden coffins.</strong></li>
<li>The Indus Valley script has <strong>not yet been deciphered.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indus-valley-civilisation-diet-had-dominance-of-meat-finds-study-7098819/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indus-valley-diet'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'International Bharati Festival 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister has addressed the<strong> International Bharati Festival 2020,</strong> virtually <strong>organised by the Vanavil Cultural Centre</strong> (Tamil Nadu).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The event celebrates the <strong>138<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary</strong> (11<sup>th</sup> December 2020) of Tamil poet and writer<strong> Mahakavi Subramanya Bharati.</strong></li>
<li>Scholar Shri <strong>Seeni Viswanathan</strong> received the <strong>Bharathi Award for this year.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607760828_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607760828_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Subramanya Bharati:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> 11<sup>th</sup> December 1882, in Ettayapuram, Madras Presidency.</li>
<li><strong>Brief Profile:</strong> An outstanding <strong>Indian writer of the nationalist period</strong> (1885-1920) who is regarded as the <strong>father of the modern Tamil style.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He is <strong>also known as &lsquo;Mahakavi Bharathiyar&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>His <strong>strong sense of social justice</strong> drove him to fight for self-determination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Involvement during Nationalist Period:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After 1904, he <strong>joined the Tamil daily newspaper Swadesamitran.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This exposure to political affairs led to his <strong>involvement in the extremist wing of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian National Congress (INC)</a> party.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In order to proclaim its revolutionary ardour, Bharathi had the<strong> weekly newspaper named &lsquo;India&rsquo;</strong> printed in red paper. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was the<strong> first paper in Tamil Nadu to publish political cartoons. </strong></li>
<li>He also<strong> published and edited a few other journals like &ldquo;Vijaya&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He <strong>attended the annual sessions of INC</strong> and discussed national issues with extremist leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bal-gangadhar-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>B.G. Tilak</strong></a> and V.V.S. Iyer.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>His participation and activities in <strong>Benaras Session (1905)</strong> and <strong>Surat Session (1907)</strong> of the INC impressed many national leaders for his patriotic fervour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He published the sensational<strong> &ldquo;Sudesa Geethangal&rdquo;</strong> in 1908.</li>
<li>Bharati&rsquo;s reaction to the <strong>Russian Revolutions of 1917, </strong>in a <strong>poem entitled &ldquo;Pudiya Russia&rdquo; (&ldquo;The New Russia&rdquo;),</strong> offers a fascinating example of the poet&rsquo;s political philosophy.</li>
<li>He was<strong> forced to flee to Pondicherry</strong> (now Puducherry), a French colony, where he <strong>lived in exile from 1910 to 1919.</strong></li>
<li>During this time, <strong>Bharati&rsquo;s nationalistic poems and essays were popular successes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Works:</strong> Bharati&rsquo;s best-known works include Kaṇṇan pāṭṭu (1917; Songs to Krishna), Panchali sapatham (1912; Panchali&rsquo;s Vow), Kuyil pāṭṭu (1912; Kuyil&rsquo;s Song), Pudiya Russia and Gnanaratham (Chariot of Wisdom). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many of his English works were collected in Agni and Other Poems and Translations and Essays and Other Prose Fragments (1937).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> 11<sup>th</sup> September 1921.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance in Present Times:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poet&rsquo;s definition of progress<strong> had a central role for women.</strong> He wrote women should walk with their head held high, looking people in the eye. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government is inspired by this vision and is working to ensure women-led empowerment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He believed in a<strong> healthy mix between the ancient and the modern,</strong> indicating a need<strong> to develop a scientific temper,</strong> a spirit of inquiry and march towards progress.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bharathi Award:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bharati Award was <strong>instituted in 1994 by Vanavil Cultural Centre. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Every year,</strong> it is being conferred on eminent persons who have <strong>done laudable service in any field of social relevance</strong> and thus worked towards the fulfilment of Bharati&rsquo;s dreams.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1680025" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-bharati-festival-2020'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'P Ovale Malaria',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently a <strong>not very common type</strong> of malaria, <em>Plasmodium ovale,</em> has been identified in a jawan in Kerala.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The soldier is believed to have contracted it in<strong> Sudan,</strong> where Plasmodium ovale is endemic.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Plasmodium ovale is <strong>one among the five kinds</strong> of malarial parasites &mdash; Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax (the commonest ones), Plasmodium Malariae, Plasmodium Ovale and Plasmodium Knowlesi.</li>
<li>It is termed ovale as about<strong> 20% of the parasitised cells are oval in shape.</strong></li>
<li>The parasite can remain in the spleen or liver of the body for a long time, even years, after the mosquito bite, and the person could become symptomatic later.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Symptoms include fever for 48 hours, headache and nausea, and it rarely causes severe illness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Similar to P vivax:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>P ovale is very similar to P vivax and the treatment modality is the same as it is for a person infected with P vivax.</li>
<li>Distinguishing between P vivax and P ovale may be tricky and can be differentiated only through careful detection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevalence:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>P ovale malaria is <strong>endemic to tropical Western Africa.</strong> It is relatively unusual outside of Africa and, where found, comprises less than 1% of the isolates.</li>
<li>It has also been detected in the Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, but is still relatively rare in these areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transmission in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <strong>National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR),</strong> the Kerala case could be an isolated one and there are no recorded cases of local transmission so far.</li>
<li>Previously, too, isolated cases were reported in Gujarat, Kolkata, Odisha and Delhi. However, <strong>no local transmission has been recorded &mdash;</strong> which means these cases have been acquired.</li>
<li>In India, out of 1.57 lakh malaria cases in the <strong>high-burden states of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Meghalaya and Madhya Pradesh</strong> in 2019, 1.1 lakh cases (70%) were cases of <strong>falciparum malaria.</strong></li>
<li>According to the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-malaria-report-2020-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Malaria Report 2020</strong></a>, cases in India dropped from about 20 million in 2000 to about 5.6 million in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Malaria</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Malaria is caused by<strong> Plasmodium (a protozoan).</strong></li>
<li>Malaria caused by <strong>Plasmodium falciparum</strong> is the <strong>most serious</strong> one and can even be <strong>fatal.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Life Cycle of Plasmodium:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Plasmodium enters the human body as <strong>sporozoites (infectious form)</strong> through the bite of infected <strong>female Anopheles mosquito.</strong></li>
<li>The parasites initially multiply within the liver cells and then attack the <strong>Red Blood Cells (RBCs)</strong> resulting in their rupture. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The rupture of RBCs is associated with release of a <strong>toxic substance, haemozoin,</strong> which is responsible for the chill and high fever recurring every three to four days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When a female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person, these parasites enter the mosquito&rsquo;s body and undergo further development.</li>
<li>The parasites multiply within them to form sporozoites that are stored in their salivary glands. When these mosquitoes bite a human, the sporozoites are introduced into his/ her body, thereby initiating the events mentioned above.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607760400_Image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607760400_Image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is interesting to note that the malarial parasite<strong> requires two hosts &ndash; human</strong> and <strong>mosquitoes &ndash; </strong>to complete its life cycle.</li>
<li>The<strong> female Anopheles mosquito</strong> is the <strong>vector (transmitting agent) too.</strong></li>
<li><strong>World Malaria Day</strong> is observed on <strong>25<sup>th</sup> April.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can be noted that the <strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong> officially endorses disease-specific global awareness days for only four diseases viz. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-fund-for-aids-tb-and-malaria" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>HIV-AIDS, TB, Malaria, and Hepatitis.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-plasmodium-ovale-other-types-of-malaria-7101500/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/p-ovale-malaria'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Parliamentary Scrutiny',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/pointing-the-finger-at-parliamentary-scrutiny/article33309735.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Pointing the finger at parliamentary scrutiny&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 12/12/2020. It talks about the lapses in the management of the legislative work in the Indian Parliament.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2020-12-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new Farm laws</strong> </a>passed by Parliament have led to a serious confrontation between the government and the agitating farmers.</p>
<p>Although the government is reportedly willing to amend these Acts, the protesting farmers want these laws to be repealed and if necessary, fresh laws to be enacted after discussions with the farmers and other stakeholders.</p>
<p>The demand for the repeal of the laws passed by Parliament only recently essentially points to a serious lapse in the management of the legislative work in Parliament. These lapses can be witnessed in frequent bypassing of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/parliamentary-committee-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>parliamentary committees</strong></a> and<a href="/mains-practice-question/question-764" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> use of ordinances.</strong></a></p>
<p>As the parliament is the symbol of democracy, it is the responsibility of the government to check the decline of parliament and restore the people&rsquo;s trust.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Parliamentary Committees: Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Improving the pieces of legislation through detailed scrutiny by Parliament through its committees is historically an ancient practice.</li>
<li>In fact, the British Parliament has been doing it since the 16th century.</li>
<li>The Indian experience of legislative scrutiny of Bills goes back to the post-Montagu&ndash;Chelmsford Reforms.</li>
<li>It is interesting to note that the Central Legislative Assembly which was the Parliament of British India, had set up three committees:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Committee on Petitions relating to Bills,</li>
<li>Select Committee of Amendments of standing orders</li>
<li>Select Committee on Bills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, even the colonial Parliament recognised the need and usefulness of parliamentary scrutiny of Bills brought to the House by the government.</li>
<li>Free India&rsquo;s Parliament established a vast network of committees to undertake scrutiny of various aspects of governance including the Bills.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prior to the formation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extension-of-tenure-of-standing-committees" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Departmentally-related Standing Committees (DRSCs)</strong></a>, in 1993, the Indian Parliament used to appoint select committees, joint select committees, etc. for detailed scrutiny of important legislative proposals of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Parliamentary Committee System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inter-Ministerial Coordination:</strong> They are envisaged to be the face of Parliament in a set of interrelated departments and ministries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are assigned the task of looking into the demands for grants of the ministries/departments concerned, to examine Bills pertaining to them, to consider their annual reports, and to look into their long-term plans and report to Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Instrument For Detailed Scrutiny:</strong> Committee reports are usually exhaustive and provide authentic information on matters related to governance.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bills that are referred to committees are returned to the House with significant value addition.</li>
<li>Besides the standing committees, the Houses of Parliament set up ad hoc committees to enquire and report on specific subjects that are assigned the task of studying a Bill closely and reporting back to the House.</li>
<li>Also, in the discharge of their mandate, they can solicit expert advice and elicit public opinion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Acting As Mini-Parliament:</strong> These committees are smaller units of MPs from both Houses, across political parties and they function throughout the year.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, Parliamentary committees are not bound by the populistic demands that generally act as a hindrance in working of parliament.</li>
<li>As committee meetings are &lsquo;closed-door&rsquo; and members are not bound by party whips, the parliamentary committee work on the ethos of debate and discussions.</li>
<li>Moreover, they work away from the public glare, remain informal compared to the codes that govern parliamentary proceedings, and are great training schools for new and young members of the House.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Marginalization of Parliament Committee System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bypassing the Parliament Committee System:</strong> According to data by PRS Legislative Research, while 60% of the Bills in the 14<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha and 71% in the 15<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha were referred to DRSCs concerned, this proportion came down to 27% in the 16<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from the DRSCs, there are negligible bills referred to Select Committees of the Houses or Joint Parliamentary Committees.</li>
<li>The last Bill referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee was The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Second Amendment) Bill, in 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Speaker or Chairman:</strong> The reference to the committees is within the discretion of the Speaker or the Chairman. The Rules of the house held that important Bills should go before the committees for a detailed examination.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, many times, the speaker or chairman have exercised their discretion not to refer to the committee an important Bill which has serious implications for society.</li>
<li>For example, in the recent farm bills which were enacted through ordinances, were passed from Lok Sabha within three days without being referred to a Standing Committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Revitalising Parliamentary Committee System:</strong> Parliament should revitalise its committees to enable wider public participation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should insist that every Bill is deliberated upon in a committee, much like what the British Parliament does.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Acting With Responsibility &amp; Amending Rules:</strong> Apart from the Speaker or the Chairman acting with probity, there is need to amend rules of procedure in both Lok Sabha and Rajya sabha, so that all major Bills should be referred to DRSCs.</li>
<li><strong>Setting Up New Committees:</strong> Given the increasing complexity in matters of economy and technological advancement, there is a need for setting up new parliamentary committees. For example:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Standing Committee on Federal issues to provide analysis of all the matters that overlapping in the Union List, Concurrent List and State List.</li>
<li>Standing Constitution Committee to scrutinise Constitutional Amendment Bills before they are introduced in Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The primary role of Parliament is deliberation, discussion and reconsideration, the hallmarks of any democratic institution. However, Parliament deliberates on matters that are complex and therefore needs technical expertise to understand such matters better.</p>
<p>Thus, Parliamentary Committees help with this by providing a forum where members can engage with domain experts and government officials during the course of their study. There is a need to strengthen the parliamentary committees rather than bypassing them for the betterment of the parliamentary democracy.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607773282_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607773282_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7f8ff;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the significance of the parliamentary committee system in India and recent issues relating to their functioning.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lpeMG2fW_OA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/a-harsh-lesson-five-years-after-the-paris-agreement-the-world-gets-serious-again/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A Harsh lesson: Five years after the Paris Agreement, the world gets serious again&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Times of India on December 10th, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/parliamentary-scrutiny'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Changing Paradigms of Human Rights',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/reinvigoration-of-human-rights-is-imperative-to-emerge-from-covid-19-crisis-7100004/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Reinvigoration of human rights is imperative to emerge from COVID-19 crisis&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 10/12/2020. It talks about the changing paradigm in the concept of Human Rights, especially in the context of Covid-19 crisis.</p>
</div>
<p>The world honours <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-rights-day-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Human Rights Day every year on December 10</strong></a> to commemorate the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948.</p>
<p>The UDHR is a milestone document that proclaims the inalienable rights which everyone is entitled to as a human being - regardless of race, colour, religion, sex, language, political or another opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or another status.</p>
<p>In its remembrance also lies the recognition of the fundamental contribution of the UDHR, the codification of the inalienability and universality of human rights.</p>
<p>However, the idea and concept of human rights are still not fully realised, especially in many of the developing countries. Also, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 crisis</strong></a> has deepened poverty, raised inequalities &amp; structural discrimination and other gaps in human rights protection.</p>
<p>Thus, there is a need to look into what human rights should constitute today.</p>
<h3>The Evolution Of Human Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Civil And Political Rights (First Generation Rights)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These rights began to emerge as a theory during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and were based mostly on political concerns.</li>
<li>The two central ideas were those of personal liberty, and of protecting the individual against violations by the state.</li>
<li>Civil and political rights today are set out in detail in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un#:~:text=The%20ICCPR%20is%20a%20key,International%20Bill%20of%20Human%20Rights." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social, Economic And Cultural Rights (Second Generation Rights)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These rights concern how people live and work together and the basic necessities of life.</li>
<li>They are based on the ideas of equality and guaranteed access to essential social and economic goods, services, and opportunities.</li>
<li>They became increasingly a subject of international recognition with the effects of early industrialisation and the rise of a working-class.</li>
<li>These led to new demands and new ideas about the meaning of a life of dignity.</li>
<li>Social, economic and cultural rights are outlined in the<strong> International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Third Generation Rights: Solidarity Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>What is the Need:</strong> Covid-19 pandemic has led to the consequence of a deeper understanding of the different types of obstacles that may stand in the way of realising the first and second-generation rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In much of the world, conditions such as extreme poverty, war, ecological and natural disasters have meant that there has been only very limited progress in respect of human rights.</li>
<li>For these reasons, the need for the recognition of a new category of human rights is necessary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>What are Solidarity Rights:</strong> The idea at the basis of the third generation of rights is that of solidarity, and the rights embrace collective rights of society or peoples. The specific rights that are most commonly included within the category of third generation rights are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rights to development, to peace, to a healthy environment, to share in the exploitation of the common heritage of mankind, to communication and humanitarian assistance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Related To Solidarity Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human Rights are Individually Oriented:</strong> Some experts object to the idea of these rights because they are &lsquo;collective rights', in the sense of being held by communities or even whole states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They argue that human rights can only be held by individuals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Whose Accountability:</strong> Since it is not the state but the international community that is meant to safeguard third generation rights, accountability is impossible to guarantee.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Human Rights must be at the centre of the post-Covid-19 world. In this context, human rights should evolve and expand to include:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ending Discrimination of Any Kind:</strong> Structural discrimination and racism have been fuelled by the Covid-19 crisis. Equality and non-discrimination are core requirements for a post-Covid world.</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Inequalities:</strong> In order to recover from the crisis, there is also a need to address the inequality pandemic. For that, countries should promote and protect broader economic, social, &amp; cultural rights and bring them under the ambit of UDHR.</li>
<li><strong>Encouraging Participation and Solidarity:</strong> From individuals to governments, from civil society and grass-roots communities to the private sector, everyone has a role in building a post-COVID world that is better for present and future generations.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Sustainable Development:</strong> Human Rights are driven by progress on all <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a>, and the SDGs are driven by advancements on human rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, Human rights, the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement should act as the cornerstone of a recovery that leaves no one behind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The measures to close these gaps and advance human rights can ensure we fully recover and build back a world that is better, more resilient, just, and sustainable.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfaff;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>As the Covid-19 crisis has deepened social inequalities &amp; structural discrimination, there is a need to relook into what human rights should constitute today. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/g4xjZLfW2Dc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/the-trouble-with-russia-ht-editorial/story-cOBbuCRLZmjWzck8bkq6CN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The trouble with Russia&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on December 9<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/changing-paradigms-of-human-rights'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Morocco Normalises Relations with Israel',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Morocco and Israel</strong> have agreed to normalise relations in a <strong>deal brokered by the USA.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It makes Morocco the <strong>fourth Arab country, after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/israel-uae-and-bahrain-abraham-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the UAE, Bahrain</a> (Abraham Accords) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sudan-and-israel-to-normalise-relations#:~:text=Sudan%2C%20which%20was%20technically%20at,well%2C%20to%20normalise%20their%20relations." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sudan</a></strong>, to set aside hostilities with Israel in the past four months.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607678711_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607678711_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highlights of the Deal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Morocco will<strong> establish full diplomatic relations and resume official contacts</strong> with Israel,<strong> reopen their liaison offices</strong> in Rabat (capital of Morocco) and <strong>Tel Aviv</strong> (a city in Israel) immediately with the intention to open embassies and <strong>promote economic cooperation</strong> between Israeli and Moroccan companies.</li>
<li>Morocco <strong>intends to facilitate direct flights</strong> for Israeli tourists to and from Morocco.</li>
<li>The USA has <strong>changed its longstanding policy</strong> and recognised <strong>Morocco's sovereignty over Western Sahara.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Since 2007,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-security-council-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Security Council</strong></a>, of which the USA is a veto-capable permanent member, has called on <strong>Morocco and the Polisario to engage in negotiations without preconditions</strong> to reach a <strong>&ldquo;mutually acceptable political solution,</strong> which will provide for the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The USA is putting in efforts to <strong>present a united front against Iran and minimise Tehran&rsquo;s regional influence.</strong></li>
<li>This step is considered as a sovereign move and will <strong>contribute to strengthening the common quest for stability, prosperity and lasting peace</strong> in the region.</li>
<li>The deal would <strong>deepen Morocco&rsquo;s engagement with the West and will also boost Israel&rsquo;s motive</strong> which has made it a <strong>priority to forge ties with formerly hostile countries in Africa and the Arab</strong> world in the absence of any progress with the Palestinians.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reactions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Palestinians have been critical</strong> of the normalisation deals, saying Arab countries have set back the cause of peace by<strong> abandoning a longstanding demand of Israel giving up land for a Palestinian state</strong> before it can receive recognition.</li>
<li><strong>Egypt and the UAE have welcomed</strong> Morocco&rsquo;s decision.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Egypt and Israel signed a <strong>peace treaty in 1979.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Polisario Front &ldquo;highly regrets&rdquo;</strong> the change in USA&rsquo;s policy, which it called <strong>&ldquo;strange but not surprising.&rdquo;</strong> It holds that the deal will not change an inch of the reality of the conflict and the right of the people of Western Sahara to self-determination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Western Sahara</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607678734_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607678734_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Western Sahara</strong> is a desert region, a <strong>former Spanish colony</strong> and was <strong>annexed by Morocco in 1975.</strong></li>
<li>Since then, it has been the subject of a long-running territorial dispute between Morocco and its <strong>indigenous Saharawi people,</strong> led by the <strong>pro-independence Polisario Front.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Morocco</strong> says it has <strong>always been part of its territory,</strong> while the <strong><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/09-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">African Union</a> recognises it as an independent state.</strong></li>
<li>A 16-year-long insurgency ended with an <strong>UN-brokered truce in 1991</strong> and the <strong>promise of a referendum on independence,</strong> which has yet to take place.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The USA supported the <strong>ceasefire</strong> between <strong>Morocco and the Polisario Front.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>November 2020,</strong> after a border incident, the <strong>Polisario pulled out of that deal</strong> and announced a return to armed struggle.</li>
<li>The USA&rsquo;s backing of Morocco's claim to sovereignty over Western Sahara is a big deal because it <strong>diminishes the hope of a people who have aspired for the independence</strong> of that territory for decades.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>President-elect Joe Biden</strong> will face a decision <strong>whether to accept the USA deal on the Western Sahara,</strong> which no other Western nation has done till now.</li>
<li>While Biden is<strong> expected to move the USA&rsquo;s foreign policy away from the</strong> <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/28-06-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;America First&rdquo;</strong> </a>posture, he will <strong>continue the pursuit of &ldquo;the Abraham Accords&rdquo;</strong> between Israel and Arab and Muslim nations.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/morocco-joins-other-arab-nations-agreeing-to-normalize-israel-ties-7100425/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/morocco-normalises-relations-with-israel'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting Plus',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India&rsquo;s defence minister attended the <strong>14<sup>th</sup> ASEAN Defence Ministers&rsquo; Meeting (ADMM) Plus</strong> organized online at Hanoi, Vietnam.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It marked the<strong> 10<sup>th</sup> anniversary of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asean-defence-ministers-meeting-plus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ADMM Plus.</a></strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</strong></a> is a regional organization which was established to promote <strong>political and social stability amid rising tensions among the Asia-Pacific&rsquo;s post-colonial states.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607671098_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607671098_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About ASEAN Defence Ministers&rsquo; Meeting Plus:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Creation:</strong> The 2<sup>nd</sup> ASEAN Defence Ministers&rsquo; Meeting (ADMM) in<strong> 2007</strong> at Singapore <strong>adopted a resolution to establish the ADMM-Plus.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> first</strong> ADMM-Plus was convened at <strong>Hanoi, Vietnam in 2010.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> The <strong>ADMM-Plus is a platform for ASEAN (The Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and it&rsquo;s eight Dialogue Partners</strong> to strengthen security and defence cooperation for peace, stability, and development in the region.</li>
<li><strong>Membership:</strong> The ADMM-Plus countries include <strong>ten ASEAN Member States and eight Plus countries,</strong> namely<strong> Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, and the United States.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Chairman:</strong> The chairmanship of the <strong>ADMM-Plus follows the chairmanship of the ADMM.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This year it was chaired by <strong>Vietnam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> It aims to promote <strong>mutual trust and confidence</strong> between defence establishments through greater <strong>dialogue and transparency.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Areas of cooperation:</strong> Maritime security, counter-terrorism, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, peacekeeping operations and military medicine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The current meet</strong> comes at the time when India and China remain engaged in a military standoff along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control in Ladakh</strong></a>, and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/china-in-south-china-sea#:~:text=There%20are%20many%20interconnected%20disputes,%2C%20Vietnam%2C%20Brunei%20and%20Philippines." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tensions continue to mount in the South China Sea.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand at the Meet:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Future:</strong> The future of the<strong> South East Asian Countries</strong> will be defined by their<strong> ability to collectively respond to challenges</strong> in the region, based on the fundamentals of freedom, inclusivity and openness.</li>
<li><strong>Covid-19:</strong> The response to the pandemic needs to be <strong>collective and collaborative.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong> Threats to the<strong> rules-based order, maritime security, cyber-related crimes and terrorism.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Challenges are becoming increasingly<strong> trans-boundary in character</strong> which requires closer military-to-<strong>military interactions and cooperation amongst the ADMM-Plus countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tools for Cooperation:</strong> The conduct of <strong>field training exercises and table-top exercises</strong> amongst the ADMM-Plus countries are important tools to <strong>understand each other, cooperate to enhance security and maintain peace in the region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Example: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-maitree" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MAITREE</strong></a> which is an annual training event that is conducted in<strong> India and Thailand alternatively, since 2006.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-listening-rajnath-says-rules-based-order-under-threat-7100095/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asean-defence-ministers-meeting-plus-1'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Malnutrition, Covid-19 and POSHAN Abhiyaan',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/thousand-days-of-nutrition-and-a-billion-dreams/article33292645.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Thousand days of nutrition, and a billion dreams&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 10/12/2020. It talks about the linkages between Malnutrition, Covid-19 and POSHAN Abhiyaan.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong></a>, the flagship programme of the Government of India has completed 1,000 days of its inception. The POSHAN Abhiyaan is a holistic approach to tackle <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2020-10-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition in India.</strong></a></p>
<p>Under this program, the government strengthened the delivery of essential nutrition interventions so that more children have the right start in life for optimum growth, health, development and a prosperous future.</p>
<p>Although India has made positive strides in pursuit of addressing malnutrition, it still remains on the gravest threat that blocks the promise of young India at the foundational level. Further, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> threatens to derail the gains India has made in nutrition in more than one way.</p>
<p>Therefore, it is time to renew the commitment to address the menace of malnutrition.</p>
<h3>Malnutrition in India</h3>
<p>Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person&rsquo;s intake of energy and/or nutrients. It places a burden heavy enough for India, to make it a top national priority.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Comprehensive <strong>National Nutrition Survey,</strong> carried out by UNICEF, about half of all children under five years in the country were found to be stunted (too short) or wasted (too thin) for their height.</li>
<li>According to a <strong>Lancet study in 2019,</strong> a staggering 68% of 1.04 million deaths of children under five years in India was attributable to malnutrition.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-food-and-nutrition-security-analysis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Food and Nutrition Security Analysis, India, 2019</strong></a> report highlights the intergenerational transmission of poverty and malnutrition in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report shows the poorest sections of a society caught in a vicious cycle of poverty and malnutrition which is passed on from generation to generation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vicious Cycle of Poverty and Malnutrition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mothers who are hungry, anaemic and malnourished produce children who are stunted, underweight and unlikely to develop to achieve their full human potential.</li>
<li>The lack of nutrition in their childhood years can reduce their mental as well as physical development and condemn them to live in the margins of society.</li>
<li>Children who survive malnutrition do not do as well as they could. Without necessary nutrients, their brains do not develop to the fullest.</li>
<li>These disadvantaged children are likely to do poorly in school and subsequently have low incomes, high fertility, and provide poor care for their children, continuing the intergenerational transmission of poverty and malnutrition.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607603912_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607603912_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Impact of Covid-19 on Malnutrition</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Covid-19 is pushing millions into poverty, reducing incomes of many more and disproportionately affecting the economically disadvantaged, who are also most vulnerable to malnutrition and food insecurities.</li>
<li>Also, pandemic-prompted lockdowns disrupted essential services &mdash; such as supplementary feeding under Anganwadi centres, mid-day meals, immunisation, and micro-nutrient supplementation which exacerbated malnutrition.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Promotion of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices:</strong> First 1,000 days from the conception of a child till the child turns two years old, marking the most crucial period for nutrition interventions in a lifecycle.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, nutrition in the first 1,000 days will have the highest impact on the physical health, cognitive development, the academic and intellectual performance of the child.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>First 1000 Days</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The first 1,000 days begins with conception as a single cell and continues through the embryonic, foetal, and postnatal periods, including infancy and toddlerhood, through a process of rapid, complex and dramatic development &amp; differentiation.</li>
<li>The major influences for this rapid physical and mental development are exerted by the genetic environment and the nurturing biological environment of nutrition.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>ICYF Practices</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth:</strong> Mother&rsquo;s first yellow milk is vital for baby&rsquo;s nutrition and protection against infection.</li>
<li><strong>Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life:</strong> Critical for growth and development in addition to emotional bonding and protective immunity from diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Timely introduction of complementary feeding at six months of age:</strong> Gradual introduction of solid food in addition to milk-feed when most babies have acquired skills to start complementary feeding.</li>
<li><strong>Age-appropriate foods for children from six months to two years:</strong> The quality, quantity, frequency and hygiene, especially hand washing, practices are crucial factors.</li>
<li>After infancy, babies start exercising increasing autonomy in the selection of foods. Wide choice of nutritious foods needs to be offered to respect their autonomy and to encourage self -feeding behaviour.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Emulating POSHAN Abhiyan Example:</strong> POSHAN Abhiyaan succeeded in galvanising action so fast that it was led by the Prime Minister himself. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>That example must be sustained so that leadership of food and nutrition security rests with the Prime Minister at the national level, a Chief Minister at the State level, a district magistrate at the district and panchayat at the village level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring Holistic Development:</strong> In terms of policies, vision, strategies, India already has some of the world&rsquo;s biggest early childhood public intervention schemes such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1#:~:text=Integrated%20Child%20Development%20Services%20(ICDS)%20Scheme&amp;text=It%20provides%20a%20package%20of,check%2Dup%20and%20referral%20services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Scheme</strong></a>, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mid-day meal programme</strong></a>, and <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India needs to ensure coverage of every single child and mother, along with 12 months of Poshan Mah (Nutrition Month), 52 weeks of breastfeeding weeks and 365 days of take-home ration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multi-Stakeholder Approach:</strong> There is a need to develop a strategic, convergent action plan on nutrition-specific and sensitive areas by all stakeholders. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, there is a need to retain its financial commitments for the nutrition schemes and earmark additional funds to preserve nutritional security in vulnerable communities, particularly women and children in slum areas, migrants, the population in tribal areas and districts with malnutrition rates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>It takes time for nutrition interventions to yield dividends, but once those accrue, they can bring transformative generational shifts. Filling in the nutrition gaps will guarantee a level-playing field for all children and strengthen the foundations for the making of a future superpower.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607603945_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607603945_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f8fff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>How far India goes in realising its billion-plus dreams will be determined by how well it nourishes its children. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jQxZOGkjNtk" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/for-farmers-future-indias-big-ticket-dreams-all-hinge-on-reforms-government-must-stay-the-course/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;For farmers&rsquo; future: India&rsquo;s big ticket dreams all hinge on reforms. Government must stay the course&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Times of India on December 9<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-covid-19-and-poshan-abhiyaan'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Emissions Gap Report 2020: UNEP',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong> (UNEP)&rsquo;s <strong>Emissions Gap Report 2020</strong> has been published recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The annual report from UNEP measures the gap between anticipated emissions and levels consistent with the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> goals of limiting global warming this century to well below 2&deg;C and pursuing 1.5&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Analysis for the year 2019:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Record high <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GreenHouse Gas</a> (GHG) emissions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Global GHG emissions continued to grow for the third consecutive year in 2019, reaching a record high of <strong>52.4 Gigatonne carbon equivalent</strong> (GtCO<sub>2</sub>e) <strong>without including land use changes (LUC).</strong></li>
<li>There is some indication that the <strong>growth in global GHG emissions is slowing.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, GHG emissions are <strong>declining in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development</a></strong> (OECD) economies and <strong>increasing in non-OECD economies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Record carbon emission:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fossil<strong> carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions (from fossil fuels and carbonates)</strong> dominate <strong>total GHG emissions.</strong></li>
<li>Fossil CO<sub>2</sub> emissions reached a record <strong>38.0 GtCO<sub>2</sub> in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Forest fires increasing GHG emissions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since 2010, global GHG emissions have grown <strong>1.4% per year on average,</strong> with a more rapid increase of <strong>2.6% in 2019</strong> due to a large<strong> increase in vegetation forest fires.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>G20 countries account for bulk of emissions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over the last decade, the <strong>top four emitters (China, the United States of America, EU27+UK and India)</strong> have contributed to <strong>55% of the total GHG emissions without LUC.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> top seven emitters</strong> (including the Russian Federation, Japan and international transport) have contributed to 65%, with G20 members accounting for 78%.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ranking of countries changes when considering <strong>per capita emissions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On consumption-based emissions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is a general tendency that <strong>rich countries have higher consumption-based emissions</strong> (emissions allocated to the country where goods are purchased and consumed, rather than where they are produced) than <strong>territorial-based emissions,</strong> as they typically have cleaner production, relatively more services and more imports of primary and secondary products.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both emission types have <strong>declined at similar rates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of the Pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Emissions Level: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</strong> could <strong>decrease by about 7% in 2020</strong> compared with <strong>2019 emission levels,</strong> with<strong> a smaller drop expected in GHG emissions</strong> as <strong>non-CO<sub>2</sub></strong> is likely to be less affected.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The resulting atmospheric concentrations of GHGs such as <strong>methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide</strong> (N<sub>2</sub>O) <strong>continued to increase in both 2019 and 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sector reporting the lowest dip in emission due to pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The biggest changes have occurred in<strong> transport,</strong> as restrictions were targeted to <strong>limit mobility,</strong> though reductions have also occurred in other sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues and Possible Solutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The world is still heading for a temperature rise in excess of<strong> 3&deg;C this century.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The levels of ambition in the Paris Agreement still must be roughly<strong> tripled for the 2&deg;C pathway</strong> and<strong> increased at least fivefold for the&nbsp;</strong>1.5&deg;C Pathway.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rise of 3&deg;C in global temperatures <strong>could cause catastrophic weather-related events</strong> around the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>UN Experts believe the way to avoid it is encourage <strong>green recovery</strong> for countries facing Covid-induced economic slumps.</li>
<li>A green recovery involves <strong>investment in zero emissions tech and infrastructure,</strong> reducing <strong>fossil fuel subsidies, stopping new coal plants,</strong> and <strong>promoting nature-based solutions,</strong> according to the UN.</li>
<li>Such actions could cut 25% of predicted emissions by 2030, and gives the planet a 66% chance of keeping warming below the 2&deg;mark that the Paris pact had set as a long term goal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The UNEP is a leading global environmental authority established on <strong>5<sup>th</sup> june 1972.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong> It sets the <strong>global environmental agenda,</strong> promotes the sustainable development within the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> system,</strong> and serves as an authoritative advocate for global environment protection.</li>
<li><strong>Major Reports:</strong> Emission Gap Report, Global Environment Outlook, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet.</li>
<li><strong>Major Campaigns:</strong> Beat Pollution, UN75, World Environment Day, Wild for Life.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Nairobi, Kenya.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/climate-change-what-the-emissions-gap-report-2020-tells-us-74578" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Climate Change Performance Index',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India</strong> ranked <strong>10<sup>th</sup> </strong>in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-3rd-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Change Performance Index</strong></a> <strong>(CCPI) 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India, for the <strong>second time in a row,</strong> continued to remain in the<strong> top 10.</strong></li>
<li>Last year, India had been ranked at the <strong>ninth position.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607599463_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607599463_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Published by: Germanwatch,</strong> the <strong>New Climate Institute</strong> and the <strong>Climate Action Network</strong> annually since <strong>2005.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> It is an independent monitoring tool for tracking the climate protection performance of <strong>57 countries and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Union.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These countries together <strong>generate 90%+ of global greenhouse gas emissions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> It aims to<strong> enhance transparency</strong> in international climate politics and enables comparison of climate protection efforts and progress made by individual countries.</li>
<li><strong>Criteria:</strong> The CCPI looks at <strong>four categories,</strong> with 14 indicators:<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Greenhouse Gas Emissions</strong> </a>(40% of the overall score), <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Renewable Energy</strong> </a>(20%), <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/energy-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Energy Use</strong></a> (20%), and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Policy</strong></a> (20%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>CCPI 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Top three ranks were empty</strong> as <strong>no country had met the criteria</strong> to get placed high enough on the index.</li>
<li>Only two <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G20</a> nations,</strong> the <strong>United Kingdom and India</strong> are among the high rankers in <strong>CCPI 2021, which covers the year 2020.</strong></li>
<li>Six other <strong>G20 nations</strong> including the <strong>USA, Canada, South Korea, Russia, Australia and Saudi Arabia </strong>are <strong>ranked at the bottom</strong> of the index. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is the<strong> second time in a row</strong> that the USA (ranked last), which is the <strong>largest historical polluter,</strong> is ranked at the bottom.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China,</strong> which is the biggest current emitter of greenhouse gases, is ranked at the <strong>33<sup>rd</sup> position</strong> on the <strong>CCPI 2021 report.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Performance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Overall Performance:</strong> India ranked <strong>10<sup>th</sup></strong> and scored <strong>63.98 points</strong> out of 100.</li>
<li><strong>Renewable Energy:</strong> India has been ranked at <strong>27<sup>th</sup> </strong>out of 57 countries under the category this time.<strong> Last year,</strong> the country was ranked at <strong>26<sup>th</sup>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In September 2019, at the United Nations Climate Action Summit, India announced <strong>increasing the renewable energy target to 450 GW</strong> by 2030 from 175 GW by 2022.</li>
<li>In its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emission-gap-report-by-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)</strong></a>, India has pledged to increase the<strong> share of non-fossil fuels-based electricity to 40% by 2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Emissions:</strong> Per capita emissions stayed at a comparatively <strong>low level.</strong> India was <strong>ranked 12<sup>th</sup>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>BS-VI Emission Norms:</strong> India moved to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-bs-vi-emission-norms#:~:text=The%20switch%20to%20BS%2DVI,two%2Dwheelers%20and%20commercial%20vehicles." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BS-VI Emission Norms</strong></a> to control the emissions from the automobiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Policy:</strong> India&rsquo;s performance was rated as <strong>medium (13<sup>th</sup>).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong></a> (NAPCC) was launched in 2008 which aims at creating awareness among the representatives of the public, different agencies of the government, scientists, and the industry on the threat posed by climate change and the steps to counter it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy Use:</strong> India was ranked <strong>High (10<sup>th</sup>)</strong> under this category.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The country has not only established a comprehensive policy for energy efficiency &ndash;<strong> National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE),</strong> but has also executed successful demand side management programmes for consumers and municipal corporations to achieve overall energy savings while gradually mitigating the impact of climate change.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NMEEE is a <strong>part of NAPCC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestion for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's climate change mitigation strategy should include post-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-indian-federalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> recovery plans, according to the report. These include <strong>reducing fossil fuel subsidies, phasing out coal, better coordination</strong> between the central and state governments and <strong>raising self-sufficiency</strong> by domestic manufacturing in the <strong>renewable sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-in-top-10-performers-on-climate-change-index/articleshow/79612075.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TOI</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-performance-index'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Partners in Population and Development Initiative',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare has digitally addressed the <strong>Inter-Ministerial Conference by Partners in Population and Development</strong> (PPD).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Partners in Population and Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> It is an <strong>intergovernmental initiative</strong> created specifically for the purpose of <strong>expanding and improving<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-africa-partnership" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> South-South Cooperation</a></strong> in the fields of reproductive health, population, and development.</li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> PPD was <strong>launched at the 1994 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-world-population-2019-unfpa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Conference on Population and Development</a></strong> (ICPD), when <strong>ten developing countries from Asia, Africa and Latin America</strong> formed an intergovernmental alliance to help implement the <strong>Cairo Program of Action</strong> (POA).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The POA,<strong> endorsed by 179 nations,</strong> stresses the need to <strong>establish mechanisms to promote development</strong> through the sharing of experiences in reproductive health (RH) and family planning (FP) within and among countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> An alliance of <strong>27 developing countries. India is a member country.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Secretariat:</strong> Dhaka, Bangladesh</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inter-Ministerial Conference by PPD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was<strong> jointly organised by</strong> PPD, <strong>National Health Commission of China</strong> (NHC) and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-world-population-2020-unfpa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Population Fund</strong></a> (UNFPA).</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Advocate and ensure political support and investment to address the effects of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong> </a>in the achievement of the <strong>Three Zeros by 2030,</strong> finalised under the <strong>Nairobi Summit 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India appreciated the efforts of PPD</strong> in promoting cooperation in key areas of reproductive health, population and development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nairobi Summit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In<strong> November 2019,</strong> the Nairobi Summit, also known as <strong>ICPD+25,</strong> was held in Nairobi, Kenya, to celebrate the<strong> 25<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the ICPD</strong> (held in Cairo in 1994).</li>
<li>The <strong>UNFPA and the Government of Kenya hosted</strong> the Nairobi Summit, which brought together governments, UN agencies, private sector organizations, women's groups and youth networks to discuss and agree on initiatives to <strong>further advance the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Three Zeros by 2030:</strong> Pledges were announced to achieve <strong>zero preventable maternal deaths, zero unmet need for family planning, </strong>and<strong> zero gender-based violence and harmful practices by 2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Steps Taken by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Steadfast in its reaffirmation of the<strong> commitments made at the Nairobi Summit.</strong></li>
<li>Committed to ensuring<strong> universal health coverage</strong> through its flagship programme <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Government has <strong>pledged USD 3 billion by 2020 for improving reproductive health services.</strong></li>
<li>With aspirations of achieving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/universal-health-coverage-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>universal health care</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s<strong> National Health Policy 2017</strong> aims at raising public health expenditure to 2.5% of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product</strong> </a>(GDP).</li>
<li>Continuous efforts to<strong> substantially reduce the unmet need for contraception</strong> by increasing the range of contraceptives and improving accessibility and quality of family planning services.</li>
<li>Implementation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-council-of-health-and-family-welfare-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan</strong></a> (SUMAN) initiative for achieving the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal</strong> </a>(SDG) target for reducing Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to less than 70 by 2030.</li>
<li>It is<strong> enacting stringent legislation to address gender-based violence</strong> and eliminate all forms of atrocities against women and girls.</li>
<li>Dedicated to providing quality, timely and disaggregated data, <strong>investing in digital health innovations, and improvement of data systems</strong> by 2030 to achieve sustainable development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-digital-health-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Digital Health Mission (NDHM)</strong></a> aims to develop the backbone necessary to support the integrated digital health infrastructure of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19 response</strong> </a>started even before it was declared as a pandemic by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-whohttps://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/umbrella-scheme-for-family-welfare-and-other-health-interventions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Community-based interventions</strong></a> including <strong>family planning</strong> are also a part of various services provided.</li>
<li><strong>Promotion of alternate service delivery mechanisms</strong> along with<strong> telemedicine</strong> services, digital platforms for training, improving finances and streamlining supply chain systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Current times require integrated and coordinated efforts from all health institutions, academia and other partners directly or indirectly associated with the health care services to make these services accessible, affordable and acceptable to all. PPD plays an important role in fostering such dialogue at the highest levels to take forward the common agenda of &lsquo;Health for All&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1679131" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/partners-in-population-and-development-initiative'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Beresheet 2: Israel',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Israel launched the<strong> Beresheet 2 project</strong> aimed at landing an<strong> unmanned craft</strong> on the moon in <strong>2024.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, Israel&rsquo;s<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tardigrades" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Beresheet probe crash landed</strong></a> on the Moon.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607585358_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607585358_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Beresheet probe was a private mission</strong> to the Moon by Israeli non-profit SpaceIL organisation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Beresheet in hebrew (spoken in Israel) <strong>means Genesis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was successfully launched in<strong> February 2019,</strong> on board a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spacex-s-falcon-heavy-rocket" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Falcon 9 rocket</strong></a> from <strong>Cape Canaveral (USA)</strong> and arrived in lunar orbit in <strong>April 2019.</strong></li>
<li>It suffered an <strong>engine failure</strong> as it prepared to land and <strong>crashed abruptly</strong> on the surface of the <strong>moon.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beresheet 2:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> Conducting<strong> experiments and collecting data</strong> on behalf of school students.</li>
<li><strong>Structure:</strong> It will involve launching<strong> two landing craft and an orbiter</strong> that would circle the moon for years.</li>
<li><strong>Cost:</strong> It will cost around <strong>100 million dollars</strong> raised from<strong> international partnerships</strong> and<strong> donors.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Significance: Israel could become the fourth nation</strong> to land a spacecraft on the moon after the<strong> USA, the former Soviet Union and China.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Missions to Moon:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India</strong> has planned a new moon mission named <strong>Chandrayaan-3.</strong> It is likely to be launched in early <strong>2021.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be a mission repeat of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/mission-chandrayaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chandrayaan-2</strong></a> and will include a Lander and Rover similar to that of <strong>Chandrayaan-2,</strong> but will not have an orbiter.</li>
<li><strong>Chandrayaan-2</strong> failed which crushed <strong>India's dream to become the first nation</strong> to successfully touch down on the lunar surface in its maiden attempt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>United Arab Emirates (UAE)</strong> has decided to send an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uae-s-moon-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>unmanned spacecraft to the moon in 2024.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gateway-lunar-orbiting-outpost" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artemis</strong></a> is a crewed spaceflight program of the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong></a> (NASA) that has the goal of landing <strong>"the first woman and the next man"</strong> on the Moon, specifically at the lunar south pole region <strong>by 2024.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beresheet-2-israel'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Demand for Interest Waiver',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> has heard a batch of<strong> petitions seeking interest waiver</strong> during the <strong>loan moratorium period.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reserve Bank of India</a> (RBI)</strong> granted a<strong> six-month loan moratorium</strong> earlier this year, letting <strong>borrowers defer payments on loans</strong> and EMIs. The move was intended<strong> to provide borrowers relief</strong> during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Central Government's Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Huge Cost:</strong> It revealed that <strong>a blanket waiver of interests on debts</strong> incurred by all borrowers for the moratorium period will mean forgoing an estimated <strong>over Rs. 6 lakh crore.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Possible Impact on Banks:</strong> If the <strong>banks were to bear this burden,</strong> then it would <strong>necessarily wipe out a substantial and a major part of their net worth,</strong> rendering most of the lenders unviable and raising a very serious question mark over their very survival.</li>
<li><strong>Deposits vs. Loans: Continued payment of interest to depositors</strong> is not only one of the most essential banking activities but is a huge responsibility that can never be compromised as most of the depositors are bound to be<strong> small depositors, pensioners etc. surviving on the interest from their deposits.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the Indian banking system, <strong>for every loan account, there are about 8.5 deposit accounts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Financial Resources:</strong> There is<strong> a need to conserve and rationally use financial resources</strong> to deal with the economic effects of pandemic over an uncertain and indeterminate time frame.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also<strong> pointed out the sector-specific relief measures</strong> taken by the Centre for the small and mid-sized business/MSMEs including from sectors such as restaurants and hotels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relief Measures Taken by the Centre:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For Power Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government had sanctioned over<strong> Rs. 90,800</strong> crore liquidity injection for the power distribution companies. This would <strong>enable them to pay their outstanding dues</strong> to power producers and transmission companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Real Estate Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An advisory was issued allowing the extension of registration and completion dates of projects under Real Estate Regulatory Authorities by treating <strong>Covid-19</strong> as an event of <strong>force-majeure.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From a contractual perspective, a force majeure clause provides<strong> temporary reprieve</strong> to a party from performing its obligations under a contract upon occurrence of a <strong>force majeure event.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emergency-credit-line-guarantee-scheme-1#:~:text=250%20crore%20are%20eligible%20under,business%20purposes%20under%20its%20ambit." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>emergency credit line (ECLGS) of up to Rs. 3 lakh crore</strong></a>, backed by 100% government guarantee to enable the MSMEs to get back to regular operations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Small Borrowers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Centre has decided that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/compound-interest-waiver-on-moratorium-loans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>relief on waiver of compound interest</strong> </a>during the six-month moratorium period shall be limited to the most vulnerable category of borrowers who availed loan up to <strong>Rs. 2 crore.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The RBI has classified<strong> &ldquo;big borrowers&rdquo;</strong> having the loan account of<strong> Rs. 1500 crores and above</strong> and rest as &ldquo;not big borrowers&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Big Borrowers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/k-v-kamath-committee-on-restructuring-of-loans" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kamath Committee</a> set up by the RBI</strong> has recommended financial parameters for <strong>debt restructuring of 26 sectors</strong> affected by Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Measures:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Insolvency &amp; Bankruptcy Code</a> (IBC)</strong> was <strong>suspended</strong> for a period of <strong>six months</strong> in order to protect companies in distress due to the pandemic being dragged into bankruptcy tribunals.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Security and Exchange Board of India</strong></a> (SEBI) has issued circulars to relax the <strong>&ldquo;recognition&rdquo;</strong> of defaults committed during moratorium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/moratorium-sc-says-no-order-to-risk-economy-going-haywire/article33278078.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Land Reforms in India',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<h3>Pre Independence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/land-revenue-systems-in-british-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>British Raj</strong></a>, the farmers did not have the ownership of the lands they cultivated, the landlordship of the land lied with the Zamindars, Jagirdars etc.</li>
<li>Several important issues confronted the government and stood as a challenge in front of independent India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Land was concentrated in the hands of a few and there was a proliferation of intermediaries who had no vested interest in self-cultivation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Leasing out land was a common practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The tenancy contracts were expropriative in nature and tenant exploitation was almost everywhere.</li>
<li>Land records were in extremely bad shape giving rise to a mass of litigation.</li>
<li>One problem of agriculture was that the land was fragmented into very small parts l for commercial farming.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It resulted in inefficient use of soil, capital, and labour in the form of boundary lands and boundary disputes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Post Independence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A committee, under the Chairmanship of J. C. Kumarappan was appointed to look into the problem of land. The Kumarappa Committee's report recommended comprehensive agrarian reform measures.</li>
<li>The Land Reforms of the independent India had four components: <br />
<ol>
<li>The Abolition of the Intermediaries</li>
<li>Tenancy Reforms</li>
<li>Fixing Ceilings on Landholdings</li>
<li>Consolidation of Landholdings.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>These were taken in phases because of the need to establish a political will for their wider acceptance of these reforms.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Abolition of the Intermediaries</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Abolition of the zamindari system:</strong> The first important legislation was the abolition of the zamindari system, which removed the layer of intermediaries who stood between the cultivators and the state.</li>
<li>The reform was relatively the most effective than the other reforms, for in most areas it succeeded in taking away the superior rights of the zamindars over the land and weakening their economic and political power. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The reform was made to strengthen the actual landholders, the cultivators.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong> The abolition of intermediaries made almost 2 crore tenants the owners of the land they cultivated.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The abolition of intermediaries has led to the end of a parasite class. More lands have been brought to government possession for distribution to landless farmers.</li>
<li>A considerable area of cultivable waste land and private forests belonging to the intermediaries has been vested in the State.</li>
<li>The legal abolition brought the cultivators in direct contact with the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages:</strong> However, zamindari abolition did not wipe out landlordism or the tenancy or sharecropping systems, which continued in many areas. It only removed the top layer of landlords in the multi-layered agrarian structure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has led to large-scale eviction. Large-scale eviction, in turn, has given rise to several problems &ndash; social, economic, administrative and legal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong> While the states of J&amp;K and West Bengal legalised the abolition, in other states, intermediaries were allowed to retain possession of lands under their personal cultivation without limit being set. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Besides, in some states, the law applied only to tenant interests like sairati mahals etc. and not to agricultural holdings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Therefore, many large intermediaries continued to exist even after the formal abolition of zamindari.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It led to large-scale eviction which in turn gave rise to several socio-economic and administrative problems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tenancy Reforms</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After passing the Zamindari Abolition Acts, the next major problem was of tenancy regulation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rent paid by the tenants during the pre-independence period was exorbitant; between 35% and 75% of gross produce throughout India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tenancy reforms introduced to <strong>regulate rent, provide security of tenure</strong> and<strong> confer ownership to tenants.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the enactment of legislation (early 1950s) for regulating the rent payable by the cultivators, fair rent was fixed at 20% to 25% of the gross produce level in all the states except Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, and some parts of Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The reform attempted either to outlaw tenancy altogether or to regulate rents to give some security to the tenants.</li>
<li>In West Bengal and Kerala, there was a radical restructuring of the agrarian structure that gave land rights to the tenants.</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong> In most of the states, these laws were never implemented very effectively. Despite repeated emphasis in the plan documents, some states could not pass legislation to confer rights of ownership to tenants.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Few states in India have completely abolished tenancy while others states have given clearly spelt out rights to recognized tenants and sharecroppers.</li>
<li>Although the reforms reduced the areas under tenancy, they led to only a small percentage of tenants acquiring ownership rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ceilings on Landholdings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The third major category of land reform laws were the<strong> Land Ceiling Acts.</strong> In simpler terms, the ceilings on landholdings referred to <strong>legally stipulating the maximum size</strong> beyond which <strong>no individual farmer or farm household could hold any land.&nbsp;</strong>The imposition of such a ceiling was to deter the concentration of land in the hands of a few.</li>
<li>In 1942 the <strong>Kumarappan Committee</strong> recommended the maximum size of lands a landlord can retain. It was three times the economic holding i.e. sufficient livelihood for a family.</li>
<li>By 1961-62, all the state governments had passed the land ceiling acts. But the ceiling limits varied from state to state. To bring uniformity across states, a new land ceiling policy was evolved in 1971.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1972, national guidelines were issued with <strong>ceiling limits</strong> varying from region to region, depending on the kind of land, its productivity, and other such factors.</li>
<li>It was 10-18 acres for best land, 18-27 acres for second class land and for the rest with 27-54 acres of land with a slightly higher limit in the hill and desert areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With the help of these reforms, the state was supposed to identify and take possession of surplus land (above the ceiling limit) held by each household, and redistribute it to landless families and households in other specified categories, such as SCs and STs.</li>
<li><strong>Issues:</strong> In most of the states these acts proved to be toothless. There were many loopholes and other strategies through which most landowners were able to escape from having their surplus land taken over by the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While some very large estates were broken up, in most cases landowners managed to divide the land among relatives and others, including servants, in so-called<strong> &lsquo;benami transfers&rsquo; &ndash;</strong> which allowed them to keep control over the land.</li>
<li>In some places, some rich farmers actually divorced their wives (but continued to live with them) in order to avoid the provisions of the Land Ceiling Act, which allowed a separate share for unmarried women but not for wives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Consolidation of Landholdings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Consolidation</strong> referred to reorganization/redistribution of fragmented lands into one plot. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The growing population and less work opportunities in non- agricultural sectors, increased pressure on the land, leading to an increasing trend of fragmentation of the landholdings.</li>
<li>This fragmentation of land made the irrigation management tasks and personal supervision of the land plots very difficult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This led to the introduction of landholdings consolidation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this act, If a farmer had a few plots of land in the village, those lands were consolidated into one bigger piece of land which was done by either purchasing or exchanging the land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Almost all states except Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura and parts of Andhra Pradesh enacted laws for consolidation of Holdings.</li>
<li>In Punjab and Haryana, there was compulsory consolidation of the lands, whereas in other states law provided for consolidation on voluntary basis; if the majority of the landowners agreed.</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong> It prevented the endless subdivision and fragmentation of land Holdings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It saved the time and labour of the farmers spent in irrigating and cultivating lands at different places.</li>
<li>The reform also brought down the cost of cultivation and reduced litigation among farmers as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Result:</strong> Due to lack of adequate political and administrative support the progress made in terms of consolidation of holding was not very satisfactory except in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh where the task of consolidation was accomplished. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in these states there was a need for re-consolidation due to subsequent fragmentation of land under the population pressure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Need of re-consolidation:</strong> The average holding size in 1970-71 was 2.28 hectares (Ha), which has come down to 1.08 Ha in 2015-16.</li>
<li>While Nagaland has the largest average farm size, Punjab and Haryana rank second and third in the list respectively. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The holdings are much smaller in densely populated states like Bihar, West Bengal and Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The multiple subdivisions across generations have reduced even the sub divisions to a very small size.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607931728_Image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607931728_Image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Bhoodan and Gramdan Movements</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Vinoba Bhave,</strong> a disciple of <strong>Mahatma Gandhi,</strong> noticed the problems faced by the <strong>landless harijans </strong>in <strong>Pochampalli, Telangana.</strong></li>
<li>He led the movements in an attempt to bring about a<strong> &ldquo;non-violent revolution&rdquo;</strong> in India&rsquo;s land reforms programme. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The movements were about urging the landed classes to<strong> voluntarily surrender</strong> a part of their land to the landless giving it the name- Bhoodan Movement. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It began in <strong>1951.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In response to the appeal by Vinoba Bhave, some land owning class agreed to voluntary donation of their some part of land.</li>
<li>The Central and State governments had provided the necessary assistance to Vinoba Bhave.</li>
<li>Later, the Bhoodan gave way to the Gramdan movement which began in 1952. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The objective of the Gramdan movement was to persuade landowners and leaseholders in each village to<strong> renounce their land rights</strong> and all the lands would become the property of a <strong>village association</strong> for an egalitarian redistribution and joint cultivation.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under this movement, a village was declared as Gramdan when at <strong>least 75% of its residents</strong> with <strong>51% of the land</strong> signified their <strong>approval in writing</strong> for Gramdan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The first village to come under Gramdan was <strong>Magroth, Haripur, Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Successes of the Movement:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The movement was the first post independence movement that sought to bring social transformation through a movement and not through government legislation.</li>
<li>It created a <strong>moral ambience</strong> that put pressure on the big landlords.</li>
<li>It also stimulated the political activity among the peasants and landless, providing a fertile ground for political propaganda to organise peasants.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Drawbacks:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The land donated was mostly those which were unfertile or under litigation as a result although large areas of land was collected but little was distributed among the landless.</li>
<li>Gramdan movement was started in villages where class differentiation had not emerged, there was little difference in landholdings ownership, mainly in tribal areas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But it was not successful in areas where there was disparity in landholdings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the movement failed to realize its revolutionary potential.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The movements received widespread political patronage.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The movements reached their peak around 1969.</li>
<li>Several state governments passed laws aimed at Gramdan and Bhoodan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>But after 1969 Gramdan and Bhoodan lost its importance due to the shift from being a purely voluntary movement to a government supported programme.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1967, after the withdrawal of Vinoba Bhave from the movement, it lost its mass base.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has now been argued by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> and some sections of industry that land leasing should be adopted on a large scale to enable landholders with unviable holdings to lease out land for investment, thereby enabling greater income and employment generation in rural areas.</li>
<li>This cause would be facilitated by the consolidation of landholdings.</li>
<li>Modern land reforms measures such as <strong>land record digitisation</strong> must be accomplished at the earliest.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pace of implementation of land reform measures has been slow. The objective of social justice has, however, been achieved to a considerable degree.</li>
<li>Land reform has a great role in the rural agrarian economy that is dominated by land and agriculture. New and innovative land reform measures should be adopted with new vigour to eradicate rural poverty.</li>
</ul>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/land-reforms-in-india'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'El Niño & Drought',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In a recent study by<strong> Indian Institute of Science&rsquo;s</strong> (IISc) <strong>Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences</strong> (CAOS), it has been found that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/el-nino-forecast-for-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>El Ni&ntilde;o</strong></a> was <strong>not the only cause for droughts</strong> during the Summer <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monsoon</strong></a> in the Indian Subcontinent.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>El Ni&ntilde;o</strong> is a recurring climate event during which<strong> abnormally warm equatorial Pacific waters pull moisture-laden clouds</strong> away from the <strong>Indian subcontinent.</strong></li>
<li>It is the usual <strong>suspect</strong> for <strong>failing Indian summer monsoons</strong> between <strong>June and September.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings of the Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>43% of the droughts that occurred during the Indian summer monsoon season in the past century may have been driven by <strong>atmospheric disturbances</strong> from the <strong>North Atlantic region.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These<strong> droughts</strong> that India faced occurred during years <strong>when El Ni&ntilde;o was absent.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cause of these Drought:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sudden and steep drop in rainfall in late August that was linked to an <strong>atmospheric disturbance in the mid-latitude region over the North Atlantic Ocean,</strong> creating a <strong>pattern of atmospheric currents</strong> that move over the indian subcontinent and <strong>&ldquo;derail&rdquo; the monsoon.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Change in Drought Pattern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>El Ni&ntilde;o year drought:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> rainfall deficit</strong> begins <strong>mid-June</strong> and spreads throughout the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Normal year Drought Condition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is normal rainfall during the monsoon season but a <strong>sudden and steep decline was observed in August.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Causes for this August decline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An unusual <strong>atmospheric disturbance</strong> in the<strong> mid-latitudes</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The middle latitudes are spatial regions on Earth <strong>located between the latitudes 23&deg; and 66&deg; north.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The disturbance emerges from<strong> winds in the upper atmosphere</strong> interacting with a <strong>cyclonic circulation</strong> above abnormally<strong> cold North Atlantic waters.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The resulting wave of air currents, called<strong> a Rossby wave, moves from the North Atlantic</strong> towards the<strong> Tibetan plateau</strong> and <strong>hits the Indian subcontinent </strong>around<strong> mid-August, suppressing rainfall and causing drought-like conditions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Atmospheric Circulations that Impact Monsoon</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Indian Ocean Dipole:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is defined by the<strong> difference in sea surface temperature between two areas</strong> (or poles, hence a dipole) &ndash; a western pole in the <strong>Arabian Sea</strong> (western Indian Ocean) and an <strong>eastern pole</strong> in the eastern Indian Ocean <strong>south of Indonesia.</strong></li>
<li>IOD develops in the equatorial region of Indian Ocean<strong> from April to May</strong> peaking in October.</li>
<li>With a <strong>positive IOD</strong> winds over the Indian Ocean blow from east to west (from Bay of Bengal towards Arabian Sea). This results in the <strong>Arabian Sea</strong> (western Indian Ocean near African Coast) being much <strong>warmer and eastern Indian Ocean around Indonesia becoming colder and dry.</strong></li>
<li>In the <strong>negative dipole</strong> year (negative IOD), <strong>reverse happens</strong> making Indonesia much warmer and rainier.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607930138_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607930138_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li><strong>Indian Ocean Dipole effect:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was demonstrated that a <strong>positive IOD index</strong> often negated the effect of El Nino, resulting in increased Monsoon rains in several El Nino years like the 1983, 1994 and 1997.</li>
<li>Two poles of the IOD &ndash; the<strong> eastern pole</strong> (around Indonesia) and the <strong>western pole</strong> (off the African coast) were independently and cumulatively affecting the quantity of rains for the Monsoon in the Indian subcontinent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Impact of IOD on<strong> Cyclogenesis</strong> in Northern Indian Ocean:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Positive IOD (Arabian Sea warmer than Bay of Bengal) results in <strong>more cyclones than usual in Arabian Sea.</strong></li>
<li>Negative IOD results in<strong> stronger than usual <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tropical Cyclones</a></strong> in the Bay of Bengal. Cyclonic activity in Arabian Sea is <strong>suppressed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Madden-Julian Oscillation, or MJO</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Madden&ndash;Julian Oscillation (MJO), is an eastward <strong>moving band of rain clouds</strong> that travels around the globe spanning 12,000&ndash;20,000 km across the tropical oceans returning to its initial starting point in 30 to 60 days.</li>
<li>In its journey, it interacts with<strong> surface waters</strong> of the Indo-Pacific ocean, the <strong>largest pool of warm water in the globe.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607930099_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607930099_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>The MJO consists of two parts, or phases: one is the <strong>enhanced rainfall</strong> (or convective) phase and the other is the <strong>suppressed rainfall phase.</strong></li>
<li>Strong MJO activity often<strong> dissects the planet into halves:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One half within the<strong> enhanced convective phase</strong> and the other half in <strong>the suppressed convective phase.</strong> These two phases produce opposite changes in clouds and rainfall and this entire dipole propagates eastward.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effects of MJO on global weather phenomenon:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can modulate the<strong> timing and strength of monsoons.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> Influences tropical cyclone</strong> numbers and strength in nearly all ocean basins.</li>
<li>It can result in <strong>jet stream changes</strong> that can lead to cold air outbreaks, extreme heat events, and flooding rains over the United States and North America.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/43-indian-droughts-influenced-by-north-atlantic-air-currents/articleshow/79673081.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TOI</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/el-niño-drought'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Extreme Climate Events: CEEW',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a recent study on the report <strong>&ldquo;Preparing India for Extreme Climate Events&rdquo;</strong> released by the <strong>Council on Energy, Environment and Water</strong> (CEEW),<strong> over 75% of districts in India are hotspots of extreme climate events</strong> such as <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cyclones</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/flood-management-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>floods</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unccd-drought-tool-box#:~:text=Drought%20is%20generally%20considered%20as,definition%20of%20drought%20in%20India." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>droughts</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/heat-waves" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>heat waves</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cold-wave-1#:~:text=Cold%20Wave%20Conditions%3A,degree%20Celsius%20is%20rarely%20reached." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>cold waves.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the<strong> first time</strong> that extreme weather event hotspots in the country have been mapped. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>CEEW</strong> is an independent, non-partisan, one of Asia&rsquo;s leading not-for-profit policy research institutions, devoted to research on all matters affecting the use, reuse, and misuse of resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report comes just after the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-environment-outlook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong></a> (UNEP) <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Emissions Gap Report 2020</strong></a> which warned that the world is heading for a temperature <strong>rise of over 3 degrees Celsius</strong> this century.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>frequency, intensity,</strong> and<strong> unpredictability</strong> of extreme events have risen in recent decades.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While India witnessed 250 extreme climate events in 35 years between 1970 and 2005, it recorded 310 such weather events in only 15 years since then.</li>
<li>With an unusual spike in extreme events since 2005, these districts are bearing the <strong>effects of changing microclimate </strong>with<strong> loss of property, livelihoods and lives.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>pattern reflects the global changes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Extreme weather events resulting from climate change led to <strong>4,95,000 human deaths across the world in 1999-2018.</strong></li>
<li>More than 12,000 extreme weather events led to <strong>losses worth USD 3.54 trillion</strong> (measured in terms of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-purchasing-power-parities-icp-2017" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>purchasing power parity</strong></a> or PPP) during this period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> current trend</strong> of catastrophic climate events <strong>results from a mere 0.6 degrees Celsius temperature rise in the last 100 years.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India is <strong>already the 5<sup>th</sup> most vulnerable country globally</strong> in terms of extreme climate events, and it is all set to become the world&rsquo;s flood capital.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cyclones:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>After 2005,</strong> the yearly average number of<strong> districts affected by cyclones tripled</strong> and the <strong>cyclone frequency-doubled.</strong></li>
<li>In the past decade, 258 districts were affected by cyclones with hotspot districts<strong> all along the eastern coastline.</strong></li>
<li>The east coast&rsquo;s warming regional microclimate, <strong>land-use change,</strong> and<strong> degrading forests</strong> are triggering the region&rsquo;s cyclonic activity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Flood Events:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decade <strong>2000-2009 showed a spike in extreme flood events and in associated flood events,</strong> which affected almost 473 districts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Events associated with floods such as<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/landslide-in-kodagu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> landslides</strong></a>, <strong>heavy rainfall, hailstorms, thunderstorms, and cloudbursts</strong> increased by over 20 times.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The compounding effects of<strong> land subsidence,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cities-are-turning-into-lightening-magnets" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>urban heat island phenomenon</strong></a>, and<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/large-population-and-assets-to-be-affected-by-sea-level-rise" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> sea-level rise</a> due to glacial melts</strong> are leading to the <strong>intensification of cyclonic disturbances,</strong> thus increasing the number of flood events experienced during the decade and making it an outlier.</li>
<li>While the <strong>number of rainy days during monsoon has decreased, single-day extreme rainfall events are increasing,</strong> leading to flooding.</li>
<li><strong>Six of India&rsquo;s eight most flood-prone districts</strong> in the last decade, Barpeta, Darrang, Dhemaji, Goalpara, Golaghat and Sivasagar, are <strong>located in Assam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Droughts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>yearly average of drought-affected districts increased 13 times after 2005.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Until 2005, the number of districts affected by drought was six, but<strong> after 2005 this figure rose to 79.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While the<strong> intensity of damage in terms of loss of life has reduced significantly, </strong>droughts <strong>increase uncertainties related to agriculture and rural livelihoods.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Drought-affected district hotspots of India in the last decade</strong> were Ahmednagar, Aurangabad (both Maharashtra), Anantapur, Chittoor (both Andhra Pradesh), Bagalkot, Bijapur, Chikkaballapur, Gulbarga, and Hassan (all Karnataka).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weakening of Monsoon:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The empirical evidence generated from the analysis coincides with the <strong>weakening of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monsoons</a> due to rising micro-temperatures.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This further can be validated by the fact that states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh saw severe <strong>water scarcity during 2015 due to record-breaking temperatures during summer and weakening monsoons.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swapping of Nature of Extreme Events:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The study also found a<strong> shift in the pattern of extreme climate events,</strong> such as <strong>flood-prone areas becoming drought-prone and vice-versa,</strong> in over 40% of Indian districts.</li>
<li>This swapping has<strong> happened in two ways.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In some cases, districts which were <strong>flood-prone have now become drought-prone and vice versa.</strong></li>
<li>While <strong>many districts are facing floods and droughts simultaneously.</strong> This trend is both <strong>unusual and alarming, </strong>and <strong>requires further investigation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coastal southern Indian states</strong> are increasingly <strong>witnessing more droughts.</strong></li>
<li>Further,<strong> floods and droughts coincide during the same season</strong> in several districts of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Develop a Climate Risk Atlas</strong> to map critical vulnerabilities such as coasts, urban heat stress, water stress, and biodiversity collapse.</li>
<li><strong>Develop an Integrated Emergency Surveillance System</strong> to facilitate a systematic and sustained response to emergencies.</li>
<li><strong>Mainstream risk assessment at all levels,</strong> including localised, regional, sectoral, cross-sectoral, macro and micro-climatic level.</li>
<li><strong>Enhance adaptive and resilience capacity</strong> to climate-proof lives, livelihoods and investments.</li>
<li><strong>Increase the participatory engagement of all stakeholders</strong> in the risk assessment process.</li>
<li><strong>Integrate risk assessment</strong> into local, sub-national, and national level plans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Microclimatic zones shifting</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Microclimatic zones, or<strong> areas where the weather is different from surrounding areas, </strong>are<strong> shifting across</strong> various districts of India.</li>
<li>A shift in microclimate zones may<strong> lead to severe disruptions across sectors.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Every 2 degrees Celsius rise in annual mean temperature will reduce agricultural productivity by 15-20%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some reasons<strong> identified behind this shift </strong>in microclimatic zones is<strong> change in land-use patterns, deforestation, encroachments upon mangroves, disappearing wetlands</strong> and <strong>natural ecosystems by encroachment, </strong>and<strong> urban heat islands that trap heat locally.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/over-75-districts-hotspots-of-extreme-weather-events-finds-study-2-7100341/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extreme-climate-events-ceew'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Suggestions for Delimitation Exercise',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Pranab Mukherjee Foundation</strong> (PMF), a <strong>non governmental institution,</strong> has made suggestions for the next delimitation exercise.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/delimitation-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Delimitation</strong></a> literally means the <strong>act or process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies</strong> in a country to represent changes in population.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong> The next delimitation exercise should be a <strong>two&shy; step process:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <strong>Delimitation Commission</strong> should be set up to<strong> draw the boundaries as per the 2031 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Census</a></strong> and recommend the reorganisation of States based on population.</li>
<li>A<strong> State Reorganisation Act</strong> should be brought to give effect to the Delimitation Commissions&rsquo; recommendations <strong>&ldquo;by splitting States into smaller ones&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> 84<sup>th</sup> Amendment to the Constitution in 2002</strong> had<strong> put a freeze</strong> on the delimitation of<strong> Lok Sabha and State Assembly</strong> constituencies till the <strong>first Census after 2026.</strong></li>
<li>The current boundaries were drawn on the <strong>basis of the 2001 Census,</strong> the <strong>number of Lok Sabha seats</strong> and State Assembly seats <strong>remained frozen on the basis of the 1971 Census.</strong></li>
<li>The population according to the <strong>last census preceding the freeze</strong> was<strong> 50 crore, which in 50 years has grown to 130 crore,</strong> causing<strong> a massive asymmetry in the political representation</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Delimitation Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Delimitation Commission is appointed by the<strong> President of India</strong> and works in collaboration with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission of India.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Composition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Retired Supreme Court judge</li>
<li>Chief Election Commissioner</li>
<li>Respective State Election Commissioners</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To determine the <strong>number and boundaries of constituencies</strong> to make the population of all constituencies nearly equal.</li>
<li>To identify seats <strong>reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes,</strong> wherever their population is relatively large.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Delimitation Commissions have been<strong> set up four times &mdash;</strong> 1952, 1963, 1973 and 2002 under the Acts of 1952, 1962, 1972 and 2002.</li>
<li>The Delimitation Commission in India is a high power body whose orders have the <strong>force of law</strong> and cannot be<strong> called in question before any court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/suggestions-for-delimitation-exercise'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Five Years of Paris Climate Accord',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India has reiterated her commitment to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-renewed-support-for-paris-agreement#:~:text=Paris%20Agreement%20(also%20known%20as,to%20deal%20with%20climate%20change." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Climate Accord</strong></a>, prior to the <strong>Climate Ambition Summit</strong> which will start from 12<sup>th</sup> December 2020 at Glasgow, Scotland.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Climate Ambition Summit 2020</strong> will mark the<strong> fifth anniversary</strong> of the <strong>Paris Agreement,</strong> and will <strong>provide a platform f</strong>or government and non-governmental leaders to <strong>demonstrate their commitment</strong> to the Paris Agreement and the multilateral process.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607768808_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607768808_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Climate Ambition Summit 2020:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To set out new and ambitious commitments under the three pillars of the <strong>Paris Agreement</strong> that are<strong> mitigation, adaptation and finance commitments.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> The Summit will provide a <strong>meaningful platform</strong> for businesses, cities and other non-state actors who are rallying together and collaborating to support governments and <strong>accelerate the systemic change required to reduce emissions and build resilience.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hosted By:</strong> The<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> United Nations</strong></a>, United Kingdom and France in partnership with Chile and Italy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>History of Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the most abundant <a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Greenhouse Gas (GHG)</strong> </a>in our atmosphere, <strong>carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)</strong> has become a direct proxy for measuring climate change. Its levels have varied widely over the course of the Earth&rsquo;s 4.54 billion year history.</li>
<li>Historically it&rsquo;s the <strong>developed countries that have been major contributors</strong> to carbon emissions.</li>
<li><strong>Historical Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The United States (US) has the highest historical emissions at<strong> 25%,</strong> followed by the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Union</a></strong> (EU) at<strong> 22%</strong> and China at<strong> 13%.</strong></li>
<li>India has a low carbon emission contribution of only <strong>3%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Paris Climate Accord</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Legal status:</strong> It is a<strong> legally binding international treaty</strong> on <strong>climate change.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Adoption:</strong> It was adopted by <strong>196 countries at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cop25-climate-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conference of the Parties</a> COP 21</strong> in Paris in <strong>December 2015.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Goal:</strong> To limit global warming to<strong> well below 2&deg; Celsius, and preferably limit it to 1.5&deg; Celsius,</strong> compared to pre-industrial levels.</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> To achieve the <strong>long-term temperature goal,</strong> countries aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible to achieve a climate-neutral world by mid-century.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Current Status of Global Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Five years after the Paris agreement,</strong> all states have submitted their national contributions to mitigate and adapt to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> climate change.</strong></a></li>
<li>The contributions are<strong> radically insufficient</strong> to reach the well<strong> below 2 degrees Celsius limit and are even further from the 1.5 degrees Celsius</strong> temperature limit identified in the Paris Agreement.</li>
<li>Besides <strong>India,</strong> only Bhutan, the Philippines, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Morocco and Gambia were complying with the accord.</li>
<li><strong>China</strong> has the <strong>highest GHG</strong> emissions<strong> (30%)</strong> while the <strong>US</strong> contributes <strong>13.5%</strong> and the <strong>EU 8.7%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India's Current Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations report</strong></a> released earlier this year stated that India&rsquo;s per capita emissions are actually<strong> 60% lower than the global average.</strong></li>
<li>The emissions in the country<strong> grew 1.4% in 2019,</strong> much lower than its<strong> average of 3.3% per year over the last decade.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Some of the Measures taken by India to Control Emissions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/only-bs-vi-vehicles-to-be-sold-from-april-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bharat Stage (BS) VI</a> norms:</strong> These are emission control standards put in place by the government to keep a<strong> check on air pollution. </strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Solar Mission</a>:</strong> It is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Governments to <strong>promote ecologically sustainable growth</strong> while addressing India's energy security challenge.</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-indias-wind-energy-potential#:~:text=A%20Solar-Wind%20Hybrid%20policy,resources%2C%20transmission%20infrastructure%20and%20land." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy 2018</strong></a>: The main objective of the policy is to provide a framework for promotion of large grid connected <strong>wind-solar photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources,</strong> transmission infrastructure and land.</li>
<li>All these and many other initiatives helped India in cutting<strong> CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 164 million kg.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues in Achieving the Pledged Targets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the Nations have been slow to update their <strong>national contributions for reducing emissions for 2025-2030,</strong> however several have announced <strong>net zero emission targets</strong> in the recent past.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Net zero emission</strong> means that all man-made greenhouse gas emissions must be removed from the atmosphere through reduction measures, thus reducing the Earth&rsquo;s net climate balance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The net zero targets are<strong> subject to credibility, accountability and fairness checks.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Credibility:</strong> The plans and policies of nations is not credible enough to meet the long term<strong> net zero targets</strong> as :
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1.5 degrees Celsius Report</strong> </a>indicated that to stay within a reasonable chance of achieving 1.5 degrees Celsius, global <strong>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions have to fall by 45% from the 2010 levels by 2030</strong> but<strong> current national contributions are not on track for such a fall.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accountability:</strong> There is <strong>limited or no accountability</strong> for the long-term net zero goals and short-term national contributions as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many <strong>net zero goals have not yet been embedded in national contributions and long-term strategies</strong> under the Paris Agreement.</li>
<li>In any case,<strong> accountability under the Paris Agreement is limited.</strong> States are not obliged to achieve their self-selected targets. There is <strong>no mechanism to review the adequacy</strong> of individual contributions. <strong>States are only asked to provide justifications</strong> for the fairness and ambition of their targets.</li>
<li>The <strong>transparency framework does not contain a robust review function,</strong> and the compliance committee is facilitative and limited to ensuring compliance with a short list of binding procedural obligations..</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fairness:</strong> Issues of fairness and justice,<strong> both between and within generations,</strong> are <strong>unavoidable:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is<strong> no mechanism</strong> to check that whether the net zero targets, and pathways to net zero are fair or how much are states doing in comparison to others and relative to how much they should.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To achieve this long-term temperature goal, <strong>countries should aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible</strong> to achieve a climate-neutral world by mid-century.</li>
<li><strong>Net zero pledges need to be credible, accountable and fair</strong> to get us to a stable climate. Not all states will be in a position to pledge net zero targets, nor should they be expected to. All states, including India, can, however, <strong>pledge actions that are credible, accountable and fair.</strong></li>
<li>Credible <strong>short-term commitments, with a clear pathway to medium-term decarbonisation,</strong> that take into account the multiple challenges states face, such as on air pollution, and development, might well be the more defensible choice for some.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-didnt-cause-climate-change-prakash-javadekar-7101545/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'India-Uzbekistan Virtual Summit',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In a recent virtual summit, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uzbekistans-president-visit-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India and Uzbekistan</strong></a> have deliberated on <strong>expanding bilateral ties aiming to expand cooperation in a range of areas,</strong> including new and renewable energy, digital technologies, cybersecurity and sharing of information.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The agreements also include cooperation on <strong>connectivity projects in Afghanistan</strong> and its <strong>peace process, trilateral dialogue with Iran, combatting terrorism,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607768550_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607768550_pasted image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Trade, Economic and Investment Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Making efforts to achieve the <strong>mutually identified target of USD 1 billion for bilateral trade.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>current bilateral trade</strong> level of about <strong>USD 285 million</strong> (2018) is far below the potential.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fast-track the conclusion of the ongoing <strong>Joint Feasibility Study</strong> that will pave the way for the commencement of negotiations on a <strong>Preferential Trade Agreement.</strong></li>
<li>Early conclusion of the <strong>Bilateral Investment Treaty</strong> which shall facilitate investment promotion and protection for further improvement of trade and economic cooperation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The sides noted the prospects for greater opportunities in the free economic zones of the two countries, including in the<strong> Uzbek-Indian free pharmaceutical zone</strong> in the <strong>Andijan region</strong> (eastern part of the Fergana Valley in far eastern Uzbekistan).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Uzbekistan welcomed the opportunities in India for investing/manufacturing under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;</strong> </a>programme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development Cooperation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India confirmed the <strong>approval of a USD 448 million Line of Credit for four developmental projects</strong> in Uzbekistan in the areas of road construction, sewerage treatment and information technology.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence and Security:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Appreciated the enhanced pace of bilateral defence cooperation since the convening of the first meeting of<strong> Joint Working Group on Defence Cooperation in February 2019.</strong></li>
<li>Welcomed the holding of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-uzbekistan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Dustlik 2019&rdquo;</a>, first-ever joint military exercises in November 2019.</strong></li>
<li>Agreed to further strengthen cooperation between the law enforcement agencies and special services of the two countries, including under the framework of the <strong>Uzbekistan-India Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Civil Nuclear Energy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Welcomed the conclusion of the bilateral agreement between the <strong>Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership</strong> (GCNEP) <strong>India</strong> and the<strong> Agency for Development of Nuclear Energy, Uzbekistan.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>GCNEP is the <strong>sixth research and development</strong> (R&amp;D) <strong>unit</strong> under the aegis of <strong>Department of Atomic Energy</strong> (DAE) and helps in capacity building, in association with the interested countries and the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/63rd-general-conference-of-iaea" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Atomic Energy Agency</strong></a> (IAEA).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Connectivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reiterated continued commitment for <strong>enhancing connectivity</strong> between India and Uzbekistan and in the larger Central Asian region to bolster trade and investment.</li>
<li>India welcomed the <strong>proposal to hold trilateral dialogue among India, Iran and Uzbekistan</strong> to promote connectivity through the Chabahar port.</li>
<li>India also <strong>requested Uzbekistan to consider joining</strong> the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-central-asia-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International North-South Transport Corridor</strong> </a>(INSTC) which would add to the overall improvement of connectivity in the larger Eurasian space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Culture, Education and People-to-People Contacts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India invited Uzbekistan to avail of increased scholarship opportunities provided by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/70-years-of-indian-council-for-cultural-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Council for Cultural Relations</strong></a> (ICCR) and training and capacity building under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vice-president-s-visit-to-comoros-and-sierra-leone" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Terrorism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Strongly <strong>condemned terrorism</strong> in all its forms and manifestations and reaffirmed the determination to combat this menace by destroying terrorist safe-havens, networks, infrastructure and funding channels.</li>
<li>Also underlined the need for every country to ensure that its territory is not used to launch terrorist attacks against other countries and called for early finalisation of a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/at-unga-india-call-for-early-adoption-of-ccit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism</strong></a> (CCIT).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Afghanistan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Called for the <strong>settlement of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/afghan-turmoil-and-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Afghan conflict</a></strong> on the principle of Afghan-led, Afghan-owned and Afghan-controlled peace process and expressed unanimity in support for a united, sovereign and democratic Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reformed Multilateralism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reaffirmed that the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> (UN) must play a central role in maintaining global peace and security and also called for <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/un-reforms-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">comprehensive reform</a> of the UN structures</strong> including the Security Council with expansion in both categories of membership.</li>
<li>Uzbekistan <strong>reaffirmed its support to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-permanent-seat-in-unsc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India&rsquo;s candidature for permanent membership</a> of the UN Security Council</strong> and congratulated India on its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-non-permanent-seat-at-the-unsc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>election as a non-permanent member</strong> </a>of the UN Security Council for the term <strong>2021-22.</strong></li>
<li>India also congratulated the <strong>Uzbek side on its successful election</strong> to the <a href="/daily-news-editorials/the-relevance-of-unhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Human Rights Council</strong> </a>for the term <strong>2021-23.</strong></li>
<li>Appreciated their close cooperation in the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Shanghai Cooperation Organization</strong></a> (SCO).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In November 2020, India hosted the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sco-summit-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">first-ever meeting of the Council of the Heads of Government of SCO</a> since its joining the SCO.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India appreciated Uzbekistan&rsquo;s support in the successful holding of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-meeting-of-india-central-asia-dialogue" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2<sup>nd</sup> India-Central Asia Dialogue</strong></a> at the level of Foreign Ministers with the participation of Afghanistan.</li>
<li><strong>Uzbekistan is a member of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/organisation-of-islamic-cooperation-oic" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></strong> (OIC), which is the second largest intergovernmental organization after the UN.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India is not a member</strong> of the OIC. However, India was<strong> invited as a guest of honour at the 46<sup>th</sup> Session of the Council of Foreign Minister in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Covid-19 Pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emphasized the need for bilateral and global cooperation to continue the<strong> fight against the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pandemic</a></strong> including development and distribution of effective vaccines and other medicines.</li>
<li><strong>Uzbekistan thanked India for the assistance rendered to Uzbekistan in its fight against the pandemic</strong> and India reaffirmed its continued commitment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agreements reached during various bilateral visits have strengthened cooperation between India and Uzbekistan in diverse sectors such as political, trade and investment, defence, security, counter-terrorism, science and technology, nuclear energy, space, information technology and have promoted cultural and academic linkages.</li>
<li>Both countries thanked each other for the productive discussions held during the virtual summit and expressed confidence that the understandings and agreements will further deepen the strategic partnership between the two countries for the well-being of their peoples and mutual prosperity.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-uzbek-president-discuss-afghanistan-iran-connectivity/article33305691.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-uzbekistan-virtual-summit'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians 2020</strong> has been awarded to <strong>Dr. Carolina Araujo,</strong> Mathematician from the Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IMPA), Rio de Janeiro, <strong>Brazil.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>She received the Prize for her<strong> outstanding work in algebraic geometry.</strong> Her work area focuses on <strong>birational geometry,</strong> which aims to classify and describe the structure of algebraic varieties.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ramanujan Prize for <strong>Young Mathematicians from developing countries has been awarded annually since 2005.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>originally instituted</strong> by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), the Niels Henrik Abel Memorial Fund, and the International Mathematical Union (IMU).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>participation of the Abel Fund ended in 2012.</strong></li>
<li><strong>ICTP:</strong> Founded in 1964 by the late Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam, it seeks to accomplish its mandate by providing scientists from developing countries with the continuing education and skills that they need to enjoy long and productive careers.</li>
<li><strong>IMU:</strong> It is<strong> an international non-governmental and non-profit scientific organization,</strong> with the purpose of promoting international cooperation in mathematics. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>member of the International Science Council (ISC).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ISC was <strong>created in 2018</strong> and is an <strong>international non-governmental organization</strong> bringing together the natural and social sciences and the largest global science organization of its type.</li>
<li>It has its office in <strong>Paris, France.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India is a member country.</strong></li>
<li>IMU Secretariat is located in <strong>Berlin, Germany.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Department of Science and Technology of the Government of India (DST) has agreed to fund the Prize,</strong> starting with the 2014 Prize.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been supported by DST<strong> in the memory of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ramanujan-machine#:~:text=generations%20of%20mathematicians.-,Srinivasa%20Ramanujan,the%20memory%20of%20Srinivasa%20Ramanujan." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a>,</strong> a genius in pure mathematics who was essentially self-taught and made spectacular contributions to elliptic functions, continued fractions, infinite series, and analytical theory of numbers.</li>
<li>In India, <strong>22<sup>nd</sup> December</strong> is celebrated as <strong>National Mathematics Day</strong> in the memory of Srinivasa Ramanujan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is <strong>awarded to a researcher from a developing country</strong> who is<strong> less than 45 years of age on 31<sup>st</sup> December</strong> of the year of the award, and who has <strong>conducted outstanding research in a developing country.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Researchers <strong>working in any branch</strong> of the mathematical sciences <strong>are eligible.</strong></li>
<li>The Prize carries a <strong>USD 15,000 cash award.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1680017" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ramanujan-prize-for-young-mathematicians-2020'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Indus Valley Diet',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>As per a study published in the <strong>Journal of Archaeological Science,</strong> the diet of the people of <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley civilization</strong></a> had a <strong>dominance of meat,</strong> including extensive eating of beef.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study,<strong> &ldquo;Lipid residues in pottery from Indus Civilisation in northwest India&rsquo;&rsquo;,</strong> looks at the food habits of the people on the basis of<strong> lipid residue analysis found in pottery</strong> from sites such as: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alamgirpur (Meerut), Uttar Pradesh</li>
<li>Haryana:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Masudpur, LohariRagho, Rakhigarhi city (Hisar)</li>
<li>Khanak (Bhiwani), Farmana town(Rohtak)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The study finds the dominance of animal products such as meat of <strong>pigs, cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat, as well as dairy products,</strong> from rural and urban settlements of Indus Valley civilisation.</li>
<li>Out of Domestic Animals, <strong>cattle/buffalo</strong> are the most abundant, averaging between <strong>50-60% of the animal bones found,</strong> with <strong>sheep/goat</strong> accounting for <strong>10%</strong> animal remains.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The High Proportions of cattle bones may suggest a <strong>cultural preference for beef consumption</strong> across Indus populations, supplemented by consumption of mutton/lamb.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At Harappa, <strong>90% of the cattle were kept alive</strong> until they were <strong>three or three-and-a-half years,</strong> suggesting that<strong> females</strong> were used for<strong> dairy production, whereas males were used for traction.</strong></li>
<li>Previously there have been many studies on the food habit in Indus Valley civilisation before, primarily focusing on <strong>crops.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indus Valley Civilization</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Time Period:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indus Valley Civilization was established <strong>around 3300 BC.</strong> It flourished between <strong>2600 BC and 1900 BC.</strong> It started declining around <strong>1900 BC</strong> and disappeared around <strong>1400 BC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is also called<strong> Harappan Civilization</strong> after the first city to be excavated,<strong> Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Geographical Extent:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Geographically, this civilization covered <strong>Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Western Uttar Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It extended from <strong>Sutkagengor</strong> (in Baluchistan) in the West to <strong>Alamgirpur</strong> (Western UP) in the East; and from <strong>Mandu</strong> (Jammu) in the North to <strong>Daimabad</strong> (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) in the South. Some Indus Valley sites have also been found in as far away as Afghanistan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Sites:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Kalibangan</strong> (Rajasthan), <strong>Lothal, Dholavira, Rangpur, Surkotda</strong> (Gujarat), <strong>Banawali</strong> (Haryana), Ropar (Punjab).</li>
<li><strong>In Pakistan: Harappa</strong> (on river Ravi), <strong>Mohenjodaro</strong> (on Indus River in Sindh), <strong>Chanhudaro</strong> (in Sindh).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607761446_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607761446_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Some Important Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Indus Valley cities show a level of sophistication and advancement <strong>not seen in other contemporary civilizations.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Urban Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most cities had<strong> similar patterns.</strong> There were two parts:<strong> a citadel and the lower town</strong> showing presence of hierarchy in society.</li>
<li>Most cities had a <strong>Great Bath.</strong></li>
<li>There were also <strong>granaries, 2-storied houses made of burnt bricks, closed drainage lines, excellent stormwater, and wastewater management system, weights for measurements, toys, pots,</strong> etc.</li>
<li>A large number of<strong> seals</strong> have been discovered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agriculture:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The first civilization to <strong>cultivate cotton.</strong></li>
<li>Animals were domesticated like<strong> sheep, goats, and pigs.</strong></li>
<li>Crops were <strong>wheat, barley, cotton, ragi, dates, and peas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trade</strong> was conducted with the <strong>Sumerians</strong> (Mesopotamia).</li>
<li><strong>Metal Products :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These were produced including those with<strong> copper, bronze, tin, and lead. Gold and silver</strong> were also known.</li>
<li><strong>Iron</strong> was not known to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Religious Beliefs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>No structures</strong> like temples or palaces have been found.</li>
<li>The people worshipped <strong>male and female deities.</strong></li>
<li>A seal which was named <strong>&lsquo;Pashupati Seal&rsquo;</strong> has been excavated and it shows an image of a <strong>three-eyed figure.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pottery:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Excellent pieces of <strong>red pottery designed in black</strong> have been excavated.</li>
<li>Faience was used to make <strong>beads, bangles, earrings, and vessels.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Art Forms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A statuette named <strong>&lsquo;Dancing Girl&rsquo;</strong> has been found from <strong>Mohenjodaro</strong> and is believed to be 4000 years old.</li>
<li>A figure of a <strong>bearded Priest-King</strong> has also been found from <strong>Mohenjodaro.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Lothal was a <strong>dockyard.</strong></li>
<li>Disposal of the dead was by<strong> burial in wooden coffins.</strong></li>
<li>The Indus Valley script has <strong>not yet been deciphered.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indus-valley-civilisation-diet-had-dominance-of-meat-finds-study-7098819/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indus-valley-diet'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'International Bharati Festival 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister has addressed the<strong> International Bharati Festival 2020,</strong> virtually <strong>organised by the Vanavil Cultural Centre</strong> (Tamil Nadu).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The event celebrates the <strong>138<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary</strong> (11<sup>th</sup> December 2020) of Tamil poet and writer<strong> Mahakavi Subramanya Bharati.</strong></li>
<li>Scholar Shri <strong>Seeni Viswanathan</strong> received the <strong>Bharathi Award for this year.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607760828_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607760828_image3.png" style="float: right;" width="250" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Subramanya Bharati:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> 11<sup>th</sup> December 1882, in Ettayapuram, Madras Presidency.</li>
<li><strong>Brief Profile:</strong> An outstanding <strong>Indian writer of the nationalist period</strong> (1885-1920) who is regarded as the <strong>father of the modern Tamil style.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He is <strong>also known as &lsquo;Mahakavi Bharathiyar&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>His <strong>strong sense of social justice</strong> drove him to fight for self-determination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Involvement during Nationalist Period:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>After 1904, he <strong>joined the Tamil daily newspaper Swadesamitran.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This exposure to political affairs led to his <strong>involvement in the extremist wing of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/important-indian-national-congress-sessions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian National Congress (INC)</a> party.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In order to proclaim its revolutionary ardour, Bharathi had the<strong> weekly newspaper named &lsquo;India&rsquo;</strong> printed in red paper. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was the<strong> first paper in Tamil Nadu to publish political cartoons. </strong></li>
<li>He also<strong> published and edited a few other journals like &ldquo;Vijaya&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He <strong>attended the annual sessions of INC</strong> and discussed national issues with extremist leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bal-gangadhar-tilak" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>B.G. Tilak</strong></a> and V.V.S. Iyer.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>His participation and activities in <strong>Benaras Session (1905)</strong> and <strong>Surat Session (1907)</strong> of the INC impressed many national leaders for his patriotic fervour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He published the sensational<strong> &ldquo;Sudesa Geethangal&rdquo;</strong> in 1908.</li>
<li>Bharati&rsquo;s reaction to the <strong>Russian Revolutions of 1917, </strong>in a <strong>poem entitled &ldquo;Pudiya Russia&rdquo; (&ldquo;The New Russia&rdquo;),</strong> offers a fascinating example of the poet&rsquo;s political philosophy.</li>
<li>He was<strong> forced to flee to Pondicherry</strong> (now Puducherry), a French colony, where he <strong>lived in exile from 1910 to 1919.</strong></li>
<li>During this time, <strong>Bharati&rsquo;s nationalistic poems and essays were popular successes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Works:</strong> Bharati&rsquo;s best-known works include Kaṇṇan pāṭṭu (1917; Songs to Krishna), Panchali sapatham (1912; Panchali&rsquo;s Vow), Kuyil pāṭṭu (1912; Kuyil&rsquo;s Song), Pudiya Russia and Gnanaratham (Chariot of Wisdom). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Many of his English works were collected in Agni and Other Poems and Translations and Essays and Other Prose Fragments (1937).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong> 11<sup>th</sup> September 1921.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance in Present Times:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poet&rsquo;s definition of progress<strong> had a central role for women.</strong> He wrote women should walk with their head held high, looking people in the eye. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government is inspired by this vision and is working to ensure women-led empowerment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He believed in a<strong> healthy mix between the ancient and the modern,</strong> indicating a need<strong> to develop a scientific temper,</strong> a spirit of inquiry and march towards progress.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bharathi Award:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bharati Award was <strong>instituted in 1994 by Vanavil Cultural Centre. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Every year,</strong> it is being conferred on eminent persons who have <strong>done laudable service in any field of social relevance</strong> and thus worked towards the fulfilment of Bharati&rsquo;s dreams.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1680025" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-bharati-festival-2020'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'P Ovale Malaria',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently a <strong>not very common type</strong> of malaria, <em>Plasmodium ovale,</em> has been identified in a jawan in Kerala.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The soldier is believed to have contracted it in<strong> Sudan,</strong> where Plasmodium ovale is endemic.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Plasmodium ovale is <strong>one among the five kinds</strong> of malarial parasites &mdash; Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax (the commonest ones), Plasmodium Malariae, Plasmodium Ovale and Plasmodium Knowlesi.</li>
<li>It is termed ovale as about<strong> 20% of the parasitised cells are oval in shape.</strong></li>
<li>The parasite can remain in the spleen or liver of the body for a long time, even years, after the mosquito bite, and the person could become symptomatic later.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Symptoms include fever for 48 hours, headache and nausea, and it rarely causes severe illness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Similar to P vivax:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>P ovale is very similar to P vivax and the treatment modality is the same as it is for a person infected with P vivax.</li>
<li>Distinguishing between P vivax and P ovale may be tricky and can be differentiated only through careful detection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevalence:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>P ovale malaria is <strong>endemic to tropical Western Africa.</strong> It is relatively unusual outside of Africa and, where found, comprises less than 1% of the isolates.</li>
<li>It has also been detected in the Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, but is still relatively rare in these areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transmission in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <strong>National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR),</strong> the Kerala case could be an isolated one and there are no recorded cases of local transmission so far.</li>
<li>Previously, too, isolated cases were reported in Gujarat, Kolkata, Odisha and Delhi. However, <strong>no local transmission has been recorded &mdash;</strong> which means these cases have been acquired.</li>
<li>In India, out of 1.57 lakh malaria cases in the <strong>high-burden states of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Meghalaya and Madhya Pradesh</strong> in 2019, 1.1 lakh cases (70%) were cases of <strong>falciparum malaria.</strong></li>
<li>According to the recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-malaria-report-2020-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Malaria Report 2020</strong></a>, cases in India dropped from about 20 million in 2000 to about 5.6 million in 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Malaria</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Malaria is caused by<strong> Plasmodium (a protozoan).</strong></li>
<li>Malaria caused by <strong>Plasmodium falciparum</strong> is the <strong>most serious</strong> one and can even be <strong>fatal.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Life Cycle of Plasmodium:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Plasmodium enters the human body as <strong>sporozoites (infectious form)</strong> through the bite of infected <strong>female Anopheles mosquito.</strong></li>
<li>The parasites initially multiply within the liver cells and then attack the <strong>Red Blood Cells (RBCs)</strong> resulting in their rupture. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The rupture of RBCs is associated with release of a <strong>toxic substance, haemozoin,</strong> which is responsible for the chill and high fever recurring every three to four days.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When a female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person, these parasites enter the mosquito&rsquo;s body and undergo further development.</li>
<li>The parasites multiply within them to form sporozoites that are stored in their salivary glands. When these mosquitoes bite a human, the sporozoites are introduced into his/ her body, thereby initiating the events mentioned above.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607760400_Image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607760400_Image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is interesting to note that the malarial parasite<strong> requires two hosts &ndash; human</strong> and <strong>mosquitoes &ndash; </strong>to complete its life cycle.</li>
<li>The<strong> female Anopheles mosquito</strong> is the <strong>vector (transmitting agent) too.</strong></li>
<li><strong>World Malaria Day</strong> is observed on <strong>25<sup>th</sup> April.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can be noted that the <strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong> officially endorses disease-specific global awareness days for only four diseases viz. <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-fund-for-aids-tb-and-malaria" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>HIV-AIDS, TB, Malaria, and Hepatitis.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-plasmodium-ovale-other-types-of-malaria-7101500/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/p-ovale-malaria'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Parliamentary Scrutiny',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/pointing-the-finger-at-parliamentary-scrutiny/article33309735.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Pointing the finger at parliamentary scrutiny&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 12/12/2020. It talks about the lapses in the management of the legislative work in the Indian Parliament.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2020-12-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>new Farm laws</strong> </a>passed by Parliament have led to a serious confrontation between the government and the agitating farmers.</p>
<p>Although the government is reportedly willing to amend these Acts, the protesting farmers want these laws to be repealed and if necessary, fresh laws to be enacted after discussions with the farmers and other stakeholders.</p>
<p>The demand for the repeal of the laws passed by Parliament only recently essentially points to a serious lapse in the management of the legislative work in Parliament. These lapses can be witnessed in frequent bypassing of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/parliamentary-committee-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>parliamentary committees</strong></a> and<a href="/mains-practice-question/question-764" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> use of ordinances.</strong></a></p>
<p>As the parliament is the symbol of democracy, it is the responsibility of the government to check the decline of parliament and restore the people&rsquo;s trust.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Parliamentary Committees: Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Improving the pieces of legislation through detailed scrutiny by Parliament through its committees is historically an ancient practice.</li>
<li>In fact, the British Parliament has been doing it since the 16th century.</li>
<li>The Indian experience of legislative scrutiny of Bills goes back to the post-Montagu&ndash;Chelmsford Reforms.</li>
<li>It is interesting to note that the Central Legislative Assembly which was the Parliament of British India, had set up three committees:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Committee on Petitions relating to Bills,</li>
<li>Select Committee of Amendments of standing orders</li>
<li>Select Committee on Bills.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Thus, even the colonial Parliament recognised the need and usefulness of parliamentary scrutiny of Bills brought to the House by the government.</li>
<li>Free India&rsquo;s Parliament established a vast network of committees to undertake scrutiny of various aspects of governance including the Bills.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Prior to the formation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/extension-of-tenure-of-standing-committees" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Departmentally-related Standing Committees (DRSCs)</strong></a>, in 1993, the Indian Parliament used to appoint select committees, joint select committees, etc. for detailed scrutiny of important legislative proposals of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance of Parliamentary Committee System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inter-Ministerial Coordination:</strong> They are envisaged to be the face of Parliament in a set of interrelated departments and ministries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They are assigned the task of looking into the demands for grants of the ministries/departments concerned, to examine Bills pertaining to them, to consider their annual reports, and to look into their long-term plans and report to Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Instrument For Detailed Scrutiny:</strong> Committee reports are usually exhaustive and provide authentic information on matters related to governance.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bills that are referred to committees are returned to the House with significant value addition.</li>
<li>Besides the standing committees, the Houses of Parliament set up ad hoc committees to enquire and report on specific subjects that are assigned the task of studying a Bill closely and reporting back to the House.</li>
<li>Also, in the discharge of their mandate, they can solicit expert advice and elicit public opinion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Acting As Mini-Parliament:</strong> These committees are smaller units of MPs from both Houses, across political parties and they function throughout the year.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, Parliamentary committees are not bound by the populistic demands that generally act as a hindrance in working of parliament.</li>
<li>As committee meetings are &lsquo;closed-door&rsquo; and members are not bound by party whips, the parliamentary committee work on the ethos of debate and discussions.</li>
<li>Moreover, they work away from the public glare, remain informal compared to the codes that govern parliamentary proceedings, and are great training schools for new and young members of the House.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Marginalization of Parliament Committee System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bypassing the Parliament Committee System:</strong> According to data by PRS Legislative Research, while 60% of the Bills in the 14<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha and 71% in the 15<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha were referred to DRSCs concerned, this proportion came down to 27% in the 16<sup>th</sup> Lok Sabha.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from the DRSCs, there are negligible bills referred to Select Committees of the Houses or Joint Parliamentary Committees.</li>
<li>The last Bill referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee was The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Second Amendment) Bill, in 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Speaker or Chairman:</strong> The reference to the committees is within the discretion of the Speaker or the Chairman. The Rules of the house held that important Bills should go before the committees for a detailed examination.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, many times, the speaker or chairman have exercised their discretion not to refer to the committee an important Bill which has serious implications for society.</li>
<li>For example, in the recent farm bills which were enacted through ordinances, were passed from Lok Sabha within three days without being referred to a Standing Committee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Revitalising Parliamentary Committee System:</strong> Parliament should revitalise its committees to enable wider public participation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should insist that every Bill is deliberated upon in a committee, much like what the British Parliament does.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Acting With Responsibility &amp; Amending Rules:</strong> Apart from the Speaker or the Chairman acting with probity, there is need to amend rules of procedure in both Lok Sabha and Rajya sabha, so that all major Bills should be referred to DRSCs.</li>
<li><strong>Setting Up New Committees:</strong> Given the increasing complexity in matters of economy and technological advancement, there is a need for setting up new parliamentary committees. For example:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Standing Committee on Federal issues to provide analysis of all the matters that overlapping in the Union List, Concurrent List and State List.</li>
<li>Standing Constitution Committee to scrutinise Constitutional Amendment Bills before they are introduced in Parliament.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The primary role of Parliament is deliberation, discussion and reconsideration, the hallmarks of any democratic institution. However, Parliament deliberates on matters that are complex and therefore needs technical expertise to understand such matters better.</p>
<p>Thus, Parliamentary Committees help with this by providing a forum where members can engage with domain experts and government officials during the course of their study. There is a need to strengthen the parliamentary committees rather than bypassing them for the betterment of the parliamentary democracy.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607773282_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607773282_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f7f8ff;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the significance of the parliamentary committee system in India and recent issues relating to their functioning.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lpeMG2fW_OA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/a-harsh-lesson-five-years-after-the-paris-agreement-the-world-gets-serious-again/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A Harsh lesson: Five years after the Paris Agreement, the world gets serious again&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Times of India on December 10th, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/parliamentary-scrutiny'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Changing Paradigms of Human Rights',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/reinvigoration-of-human-rights-is-imperative-to-emerge-from-covid-19-crisis-7100004/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Reinvigoration of human rights is imperative to emerge from COVID-19 crisis&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 10/12/2020. It talks about the changing paradigm in the concept of Human Rights, especially in the context of Covid-19 crisis.</p>
</div>
<p>The world honours <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-rights-day-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Human Rights Day every year on December 10</strong></a> to commemorate the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948.</p>
<p>The UDHR is a milestone document that proclaims the inalienable rights which everyone is entitled to as a human being - regardless of race, colour, religion, sex, language, political or another opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or another status.</p>
<p>In its remembrance also lies the recognition of the fundamental contribution of the UDHR, the codification of the inalienability and universality of human rights.</p>
<p>However, the idea and concept of human rights are still not fully realised, especially in many of the developing countries. Also, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 crisis</strong></a> has deepened poverty, raised inequalities &amp; structural discrimination and other gaps in human rights protection.</p>
<p>Thus, there is a need to look into what human rights should constitute today.</p>
<h3>The Evolution Of Human Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Civil And Political Rights (First Generation Rights)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These rights began to emerge as a theory during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and were based mostly on political concerns.</li>
<li>The two central ideas were those of personal liberty, and of protecting the individual against violations by the state.</li>
<li>Civil and political rights today are set out in detail in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protesting-is-a-fundamental-right-un#:~:text=The%20ICCPR%20is%20a%20key,International%20Bill%20of%20Human%20Rights." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social, Economic And Cultural Rights (Second Generation Rights)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These rights concern how people live and work together and the basic necessities of life.</li>
<li>They are based on the ideas of equality and guaranteed access to essential social and economic goods, services, and opportunities.</li>
<li>They became increasingly a subject of international recognition with the effects of early industrialisation and the rise of a working-class.</li>
<li>These led to new demands and new ideas about the meaning of a life of dignity.</li>
<li>Social, economic and cultural rights are outlined in the<strong> International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Third Generation Rights: Solidarity Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>What is the Need:</strong> Covid-19 pandemic has led to the consequence of a deeper understanding of the different types of obstacles that may stand in the way of realising the first and second-generation rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In much of the world, conditions such as extreme poverty, war, ecological and natural disasters have meant that there has been only very limited progress in respect of human rights.</li>
<li>For these reasons, the need for the recognition of a new category of human rights is necessary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>What are Solidarity Rights:</strong> The idea at the basis of the third generation of rights is that of solidarity, and the rights embrace collective rights of society or peoples. The specific rights that are most commonly included within the category of third generation rights are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rights to development, to peace, to a healthy environment, to share in the exploitation of the common heritage of mankind, to communication and humanitarian assistance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Related To Solidarity Rights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Human Rights are Individually Oriented:</strong> Some experts object to the idea of these rights because they are &lsquo;collective rights', in the sense of being held by communities or even whole states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They argue that human rights can only be held by individuals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Whose Accountability:</strong> Since it is not the state but the international community that is meant to safeguard third generation rights, accountability is impossible to guarantee.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>Human Rights must be at the centre of the post-Covid-19 world. In this context, human rights should evolve and expand to include:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ending Discrimination of Any Kind:</strong> Structural discrimination and racism have been fuelled by the Covid-19 crisis. Equality and non-discrimination are core requirements for a post-Covid world.</li>
<li><strong>Addressing Inequalities:</strong> In order to recover from the crisis, there is also a need to address the inequality pandemic. For that, countries should promote and protect broader economic, social, &amp; cultural rights and bring them under the ambit of UDHR.</li>
<li><strong>Encouraging Participation and Solidarity:</strong> From individuals to governments, from civil society and grass-roots communities to the private sector, everyone has a role in building a post-COVID world that is better for present and future generations.</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Sustainable Development:</strong> Human Rights are driven by progress on all <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a>, and the SDGs are driven by advancements on human rights.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, Human rights, the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement should act as the cornerstone of a recovery that leaves no one behind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The measures to close these gaps and advance human rights can ensure we fully recover and build back a world that is better, more resilient, just, and sustainable.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfaff;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>As the Covid-19 crisis has deepened social inequalities &amp; structural discrimination, there is a need to relook into what human rights should constitute today. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/g4xjZLfW2Dc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/the-trouble-with-russia-ht-editorial/story-cOBbuCRLZmjWzck8bkq6CN.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;The trouble with Russia&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on December 9<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/changing-paradigms-of-human-rights'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Morocco Normalises Relations with Israel',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Morocco and Israel</strong> have agreed to normalise relations in a <strong>deal brokered by the USA.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It makes Morocco the <strong>fourth Arab country, after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/israel-uae-and-bahrain-abraham-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the UAE, Bahrain</a> (Abraham Accords) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sudan-and-israel-to-normalise-relations#:~:text=Sudan%2C%20which%20was%20technically%20at,well%2C%20to%20normalise%20their%20relations." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sudan</a></strong>, to set aside hostilities with Israel in the past four months.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607678711_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607678711_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highlights of the Deal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Morocco will<strong> establish full diplomatic relations and resume official contacts</strong> with Israel,<strong> reopen their liaison offices</strong> in Rabat (capital of Morocco) and <strong>Tel Aviv</strong> (a city in Israel) immediately with the intention to open embassies and <strong>promote economic cooperation</strong> between Israeli and Moroccan companies.</li>
<li>Morocco <strong>intends to facilitate direct flights</strong> for Israeli tourists to and from Morocco.</li>
<li>The USA has <strong>changed its longstanding policy</strong> and recognised <strong>Morocco's sovereignty over Western Sahara.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Since 2007,</strong> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-security-council-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Security Council</strong></a>, of which the USA is a veto-capable permanent member, has called on <strong>Morocco and the Polisario to engage in negotiations without preconditions</strong> to reach a <strong>&ldquo;mutually acceptable political solution,</strong> which will provide for the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The USA is putting in efforts to <strong>present a united front against Iran and minimise Tehran&rsquo;s regional influence.</strong></li>
<li>This step is considered as a sovereign move and will <strong>contribute to strengthening the common quest for stability, prosperity and lasting peace</strong> in the region.</li>
<li>The deal would <strong>deepen Morocco&rsquo;s engagement with the West and will also boost Israel&rsquo;s motive</strong> which has made it a <strong>priority to forge ties with formerly hostile countries in Africa and the Arab</strong> world in the absence of any progress with the Palestinians.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reactions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Palestinians have been critical</strong> of the normalisation deals, saying Arab countries have set back the cause of peace by<strong> abandoning a longstanding demand of Israel giving up land for a Palestinian state</strong> before it can receive recognition.</li>
<li><strong>Egypt and the UAE have welcomed</strong> Morocco&rsquo;s decision.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Egypt and Israel signed a <strong>peace treaty in 1979.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Polisario Front &ldquo;highly regrets&rdquo;</strong> the change in USA&rsquo;s policy, which it called <strong>&ldquo;strange but not surprising.&rdquo;</strong> It holds that the deal will not change an inch of the reality of the conflict and the right of the people of Western Sahara to self-determination.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Western Sahara</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607678734_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607678734_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Western Sahara</strong> is a desert region, a <strong>former Spanish colony</strong> and was <strong>annexed by Morocco in 1975.</strong></li>
<li>Since then, it has been the subject of a long-running territorial dispute between Morocco and its <strong>indigenous Saharawi people,</strong> led by the <strong>pro-independence Polisario Front.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Morocco</strong> says it has <strong>always been part of its territory,</strong> while the <strong><a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/09-07-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">African Union</a> recognises it as an independent state.</strong></li>
<li>A 16-year-long insurgency ended with an <strong>UN-brokered truce in 1991</strong> and the <strong>promise of a referendum on independence,</strong> which has yet to take place.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The USA supported the <strong>ceasefire</strong> between <strong>Morocco and the Polisario Front.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In <strong>November 2020,</strong> after a border incident, the <strong>Polisario pulled out of that deal</strong> and announced a return to armed struggle.</li>
<li>The USA&rsquo;s backing of Morocco's claim to sovereignty over Western Sahara is a big deal because it <strong>diminishes the hope of a people who have aspired for the independence</strong> of that territory for decades.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>President-elect Joe Biden</strong> will face a decision <strong>whether to accept the USA deal on the Western Sahara,</strong> which no other Western nation has done till now.</li>
<li>While Biden is<strong> expected to move the USA&rsquo;s foreign policy away from the</strong> <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/28-06-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;America First&rdquo;</strong> </a>posture, he will <strong>continue the pursuit of &ldquo;the Abraham Accords&rdquo;</strong> between Israel and Arab and Muslim nations.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/morocco-joins-other-arab-nations-agreeing-to-normalize-israel-ties-7100425/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/morocco-normalises-relations-with-israel'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting Plus',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India&rsquo;s defence minister attended the <strong>14<sup>th</sup> ASEAN Defence Ministers&rsquo; Meeting (ADMM) Plus</strong> organized online at Hanoi, Vietnam.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It marked the<strong> 10<sup>th</sup> anniversary of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asean-defence-ministers-meeting-plus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ADMM Plus.</a></strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/asean" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</strong></a> is a regional organization which was established to promote <strong>political and social stability amid rising tensions among the Asia-Pacific&rsquo;s post-colonial states.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607671098_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607671098_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About ASEAN Defence Ministers&rsquo; Meeting Plus:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Creation:</strong> The 2<sup>nd</sup> ASEAN Defence Ministers&rsquo; Meeting (ADMM) in<strong> 2007</strong> at Singapore <strong>adopted a resolution to establish the ADMM-Plus.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> first</strong> ADMM-Plus was convened at <strong>Hanoi, Vietnam in 2010.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> The <strong>ADMM-Plus is a platform for ASEAN (The Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and it&rsquo;s eight Dialogue Partners</strong> to strengthen security and defence cooperation for peace, stability, and development in the region.</li>
<li><strong>Membership:</strong> The ADMM-Plus countries include <strong>ten ASEAN Member States and eight Plus countries,</strong> namely<strong> Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, and the United States.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Chairman:</strong> The chairmanship of the <strong>ADMM-Plus follows the chairmanship of the ADMM.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This year it was chaired by <strong>Vietnam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> It aims to promote <strong>mutual trust and confidence</strong> between defence establishments through greater <strong>dialogue and transparency.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Areas of cooperation:</strong> Maritime security, counter-terrorism, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, peacekeeping operations and military medicine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The current meet</strong> comes at the time when India and China remain engaged in a military standoff along the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Line of Actual Control in Ladakh</strong></a>, and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/china-in-south-china-sea#:~:text=There%20are%20many%20interconnected%20disputes,%2C%20Vietnam%2C%20Brunei%20and%20Philippines." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tensions continue to mount in the South China Sea.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand at the Meet:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Future:</strong> The future of the<strong> South East Asian Countries</strong> will be defined by their<strong> ability to collectively respond to challenges</strong> in the region, based on the fundamentals of freedom, inclusivity and openness.</li>
<li><strong>Covid-19:</strong> The response to the pandemic needs to be <strong>collective and collaborative.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong> Threats to the<strong> rules-based order, maritime security, cyber-related crimes and terrorism.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Challenges are becoming increasingly<strong> trans-boundary in character</strong> which requires closer military-to-<strong>military interactions and cooperation amongst the ADMM-Plus countries.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tools for Cooperation:</strong> The conduct of <strong>field training exercises and table-top exercises</strong> amongst the ADMM-Plus countries are important tools to <strong>understand each other, cooperate to enhance security and maintain peace in the region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Example: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-maitree" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MAITREE</strong></a> which is an annual training event that is conducted in<strong> India and Thailand alternatively, since 2006.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-listening-rajnath-says-rules-based-order-under-threat-7100095/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asean-defence-ministers-meeting-plus-1'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Malnutrition, Covid-19 and POSHAN Abhiyaan',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/thousand-days-of-nutrition-and-a-billion-dreams/article33292645.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Thousand days of nutrition, and a billion dreams&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 10/12/2020. It talks about the linkages between Malnutrition, Covid-19 and POSHAN Abhiyaan.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong></a>, the flagship programme of the Government of India has completed 1,000 days of its inception. The POSHAN Abhiyaan is a holistic approach to tackle <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/2020-10-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition in India.</strong></a></p>
<p>Under this program, the government strengthened the delivery of essential nutrition interventions so that more children have the right start in life for optimum growth, health, development and a prosperous future.</p>
<p>Although India has made positive strides in pursuit of addressing malnutrition, it still remains on the gravest threat that blocks the promise of young India at the foundational level. Further, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> threatens to derail the gains India has made in nutrition in more than one way.</p>
<p>Therefore, it is time to renew the commitment to address the menace of malnutrition.</p>
<h3>Malnutrition in India</h3>
<p>Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person&rsquo;s intake of energy and/or nutrients. It places a burden heavy enough for India, to make it a top national priority.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Comprehensive <strong>National Nutrition Survey,</strong> carried out by UNICEF, about half of all children under five years in the country were found to be stunted (too short) or wasted (too thin) for their height.</li>
<li>According to a <strong>Lancet study in 2019,</strong> a staggering 68% of 1.04 million deaths of children under five years in India was attributable to malnutrition.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-food-and-nutrition-security-analysis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Food and Nutrition Security Analysis, India, 2019</strong></a> report highlights the intergenerational transmission of poverty and malnutrition in India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report shows the poorest sections of a society caught in a vicious cycle of poverty and malnutrition which is passed on from generation to generation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vicious Cycle of Poverty and Malnutrition</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mothers who are hungry, anaemic and malnourished produce children who are stunted, underweight and unlikely to develop to achieve their full human potential.</li>
<li>The lack of nutrition in their childhood years can reduce their mental as well as physical development and condemn them to live in the margins of society.</li>
<li>Children who survive malnutrition do not do as well as they could. Without necessary nutrients, their brains do not develop to the fullest.</li>
<li>These disadvantaged children are likely to do poorly in school and subsequently have low incomes, high fertility, and provide poor care for their children, continuing the intergenerational transmission of poverty and malnutrition.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607603912_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607603912_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Impact of Covid-19 on Malnutrition</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Covid-19 is pushing millions into poverty, reducing incomes of many more and disproportionately affecting the economically disadvantaged, who are also most vulnerable to malnutrition and food insecurities.</li>
<li>Also, pandemic-prompted lockdowns disrupted essential services &mdash; such as supplementary feeding under Anganwadi centres, mid-day meals, immunisation, and micro-nutrient supplementation which exacerbated malnutrition.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Promotion of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices:</strong> First 1,000 days from the conception of a child till the child turns two years old, marking the most crucial period for nutrition interventions in a lifecycle.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, nutrition in the first 1,000 days will have the highest impact on the physical health, cognitive development, the academic and intellectual performance of the child.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>First 1000 Days</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The first 1,000 days begins with conception as a single cell and continues through the embryonic, foetal, and postnatal periods, including infancy and toddlerhood, through a process of rapid, complex and dramatic development &amp; differentiation.</li>
<li>The major influences for this rapid physical and mental development are exerted by the genetic environment and the nurturing biological environment of nutrition.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>ICYF Practices</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth:</strong> Mother&rsquo;s first yellow milk is vital for baby&rsquo;s nutrition and protection against infection.</li>
<li><strong>Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life:</strong> Critical for growth and development in addition to emotional bonding and protective immunity from diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Timely introduction of complementary feeding at six months of age:</strong> Gradual introduction of solid food in addition to milk-feed when most babies have acquired skills to start complementary feeding.</li>
<li><strong>Age-appropriate foods for children from six months to two years:</strong> The quality, quantity, frequency and hygiene, especially hand washing, practices are crucial factors.</li>
<li>After infancy, babies start exercising increasing autonomy in the selection of foods. Wide choice of nutritious foods needs to be offered to respect their autonomy and to encourage self -feeding behaviour.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Emulating POSHAN Abhiyan Example:</strong> POSHAN Abhiyaan succeeded in galvanising action so fast that it was led by the Prime Minister himself. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>That example must be sustained so that leadership of food and nutrition security rests with the Prime Minister at the national level, a Chief Minister at the State level, a district magistrate at the district and panchayat at the village level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensuring Holistic Development:</strong> In terms of policies, vision, strategies, India already has some of the world&rsquo;s biggest early childhood public intervention schemes such as the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1#:~:text=Integrated%20Child%20Development%20Services%20(ICDS)%20Scheme&amp;text=It%20provides%20a%20package%20of,check%2Dup%20and%20referral%20services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Scheme</strong></a>, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>mid-day meal programme</strong></a>, and <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/public-distribution-system-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Public Distribution System.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India needs to ensure coverage of every single child and mother, along with 12 months of Poshan Mah (Nutrition Month), 52 weeks of breastfeeding weeks and 365 days of take-home ration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multi-Stakeholder Approach:</strong> There is a need to develop a strategic, convergent action plan on nutrition-specific and sensitive areas by all stakeholders. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, there is a need to retain its financial commitments for the nutrition schemes and earmark additional funds to preserve nutritional security in vulnerable communities, particularly women and children in slum areas, migrants, the population in tribal areas and districts with malnutrition rates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>It takes time for nutrition interventions to yield dividends, but once those accrue, they can bring transformative generational shifts. Filling in the nutrition gaps will guarantee a level-playing field for all children and strengthen the foundations for the making of a future superpower.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607603945_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607603945_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f8fff7;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>How far India goes in realising its billion-plus dreams will be determined by how well it nourishes its children. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jQxZOGkjNtk" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/for-farmers-future-indias-big-ticket-dreams-all-hinge-on-reforms-government-must-stay-the-course/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;For farmers&rsquo; future: India&rsquo;s big ticket dreams all hinge on reforms. Government must stay the course&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Times of India on December 9<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-covid-19-and-poshan-abhiyaan'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Emissions Gap Report 2020: UNEP',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong> (UNEP)&rsquo;s <strong>Emissions Gap Report 2020</strong> has been published recently.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The annual report from UNEP measures the gap between anticipated emissions and levels consistent with the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></a> goals of limiting global warming this century to well below 2&deg;C and pursuing 1.5&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Analysis for the year 2019:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Record high <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GreenHouse Gas</a> (GHG) emissions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Global GHG emissions continued to grow for the third consecutive year in 2019, reaching a record high of <strong>52.4 Gigatonne carbon equivalent</strong> (GtCO<sub>2</sub>e) <strong>without including land use changes (LUC).</strong></li>
<li>There is some indication that the <strong>growth in global GHG emissions is slowing.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, GHG emissions are <strong>declining in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development</a></strong> (OECD) economies and <strong>increasing in non-OECD economies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Record carbon emission:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fossil<strong> carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions (from fossil fuels and carbonates)</strong> dominate <strong>total GHG emissions.</strong></li>
<li>Fossil CO<sub>2</sub> emissions reached a record <strong>38.0 GtCO<sub>2</sub> in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Forest fires increasing GHG emissions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since 2010, global GHG emissions have grown <strong>1.4% per year on average,</strong> with a more rapid increase of <strong>2.6% in 2019</strong> due to a large<strong> increase in vegetation forest fires.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>G20 countries account for bulk of emissions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over the last decade, the <strong>top four emitters (China, the United States of America, EU27+UK and India)</strong> have contributed to <strong>55% of the total GHG emissions without LUC.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> top seven emitters</strong> (including the Russian Federation, Japan and international transport) have contributed to 65%, with G20 members accounting for 78%.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The ranking of countries changes when considering <strong>per capita emissions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On consumption-based emissions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There is a general tendency that <strong>rich countries have higher consumption-based emissions</strong> (emissions allocated to the country where goods are purchased and consumed, rather than where they are produced) than <strong>territorial-based emissions,</strong> as they typically have cleaner production, relatively more services and more imports of primary and secondary products.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both emission types have <strong>declined at similar rates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of the Pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Emissions Level: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</strong> could <strong>decrease by about 7% in 2020</strong> compared with <strong>2019 emission levels,</strong> with<strong> a smaller drop expected in GHG emissions</strong> as <strong>non-CO<sub>2</sub></strong> is likely to be less affected.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The resulting atmospheric concentrations of GHGs such as <strong>methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide</strong> (N<sub>2</sub>O) <strong>continued to increase in both 2019 and 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sector reporting the lowest dip in emission due to pandemic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The biggest changes have occurred in<strong> transport,</strong> as restrictions were targeted to <strong>limit mobility,</strong> though reductions have also occurred in other sectors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues and Possible Solutions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The world is still heading for a temperature rise in excess of<strong> 3&deg;C this century.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The levels of ambition in the Paris Agreement still must be roughly<strong> tripled for the 2&deg;C pathway</strong> and<strong> increased at least fivefold for the&nbsp;</strong>1.5&deg;C Pathway.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rise of 3&deg;C in global temperatures <strong>could cause catastrophic weather-related events</strong> around the world. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>UN Experts believe the way to avoid it is encourage <strong>green recovery</strong> for countries facing Covid-induced economic slumps.</li>
<li>A green recovery involves <strong>investment in zero emissions tech and infrastructure,</strong> reducing <strong>fossil fuel subsidies, stopping new coal plants,</strong> and <strong>promoting nature-based solutions,</strong> according to the UN.</li>
<li>Such actions could cut 25% of predicted emissions by 2030, and gives the planet a 66% chance of keeping warming below the 2&deg;mark that the Paris pact had set as a long term goal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Environment Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The UNEP is a leading global environmental authority established on <strong>5<sup>th</sup> june 1972.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong> It sets the <strong>global environmental agenda,</strong> promotes the sustainable development within the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> system,</strong> and serves as an authoritative advocate for global environment protection.</li>
<li><strong>Major Reports:</strong> Emission Gap Report, Global Environment Outlook, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet.</li>
<li><strong>Major Campaigns:</strong> Beat Pollution, UN75, World Environment Day, Wild for Life.</li>
<li><strong>Headquarters:</strong> Nairobi, Kenya.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/climate-change-what-the-emissions-gap-report-2020-tells-us-74578" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emissions-gap-report-2020-unep'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Climate Change Performance Index',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>India</strong> ranked <strong>10<sup>th</sup> </strong>in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-3rd-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Change Performance Index</strong></a> <strong>(CCPI) 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India, for the <strong>second time in a row,</strong> continued to remain in the<strong> top 10.</strong></li>
<li>Last year, India had been ranked at the <strong>ninth position.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607599463_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607599463_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Published by: Germanwatch,</strong> the <strong>New Climate Institute</strong> and the <strong>Climate Action Network</strong> annually since <strong>2005.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Scope:</strong> It is an independent monitoring tool for tracking the climate protection performance of <strong>57 countries and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/european-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener">European Union.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These countries together <strong>generate 90%+ of global greenhouse gas emissions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> It aims to<strong> enhance transparency</strong> in international climate politics and enables comparison of climate protection efforts and progress made by individual countries.</li>
<li><strong>Criteria:</strong> The CCPI looks at <strong>four categories,</strong> with 14 indicators:<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/greenhouse-gas-levels-reach-record-highs-un-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Greenhouse Gas Emissions</strong> </a>(40% of the overall score), <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-s-renewable-energy-plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Renewable Energy</strong> </a>(20%), <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/energy-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Energy Use</strong></a> (20%), and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Climate Policy</strong></a> (20%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>CCPI 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Top three ranks were empty</strong> as <strong>no country had met the criteria</strong> to get placed high enough on the index.</li>
<li>Only two <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G20</a> nations,</strong> the <strong>United Kingdom and India</strong> are among the high rankers in <strong>CCPI 2021, which covers the year 2020.</strong></li>
<li>Six other <strong>G20 nations</strong> including the <strong>USA, Canada, South Korea, Russia, Australia and Saudi Arabia </strong>are <strong>ranked at the bottom</strong> of the index. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is the<strong> second time in a row</strong> that the USA (ranked last), which is the <strong>largest historical polluter,</strong> is ranked at the bottom.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China,</strong> which is the biggest current emitter of greenhouse gases, is ranked at the <strong>33<sup>rd</sup> position</strong> on the <strong>CCPI 2021 report.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Performance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Overall Performance:</strong> India ranked <strong>10<sup>th</sup></strong> and scored <strong>63.98 points</strong> out of 100.</li>
<li><strong>Renewable Energy:</strong> India has been ranked at <strong>27<sup>th</sup> </strong>out of 57 countries under the category this time.<strong> Last year,</strong> the country was ranked at <strong>26<sup>th</sup>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In September 2019, at the United Nations Climate Action Summit, India announced <strong>increasing the renewable energy target to 450 GW</strong> by 2030 from 175 GW by 2022.</li>
<li>In its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emission-gap-report-by-unep" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)</strong></a>, India has pledged to increase the<strong> share of non-fossil fuels-based electricity to 40% by 2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Emissions:</strong> Per capita emissions stayed at a comparatively <strong>low level.</strong> India was <strong>ranked 12<sup>th</sup>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>BS-VI Emission Norms:</strong> India moved to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-bs-vi-emission-norms#:~:text=The%20switch%20to%20BS%2DVI,two%2Dwheelers%20and%20commercial%20vehicles." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BS-VI Emission Norms</strong></a> to control the emissions from the automobiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Policy:</strong> India&rsquo;s performance was rated as <strong>medium (13<sup>th</sup>).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change</strong></a> (NAPCC) was launched in 2008 which aims at creating awareness among the representatives of the public, different agencies of the government, scientists, and the industry on the threat posed by climate change and the steps to counter it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy Use:</strong> India was ranked <strong>High (10<sup>th</sup>)</strong> under this category.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The country has not only established a comprehensive policy for energy efficiency &ndash;<strong> National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE),</strong> but has also executed successful demand side management programmes for consumers and municipal corporations to achieve overall energy savings while gradually mitigating the impact of climate change.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NMEEE is a <strong>part of NAPCC.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestion for India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's climate change mitigation strategy should include post-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-indian-federalism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> recovery plans, according to the report. These include <strong>reducing fossil fuel subsidies, phasing out coal, better coordination</strong> between the central and state governments and <strong>raising self-sufficiency</strong> by domestic manufacturing in the <strong>renewable sector.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-in-top-10-performers-on-climate-change-index/articleshow/79612075.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TOI</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-performance-index'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Partners in Population and Development Initiative',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare has digitally addressed the <strong>Inter-Ministerial Conference by Partners in Population and Development</strong> (PPD).</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Partners in Population and Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> It is an <strong>intergovernmental initiative</strong> created specifically for the purpose of <strong>expanding and improving<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-india-africa-partnership" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> South-South Cooperation</a></strong> in the fields of reproductive health, population, and development.</li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> PPD was <strong>launched at the 1994 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-world-population-2019-unfpa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Conference on Population and Development</a></strong> (ICPD), when <strong>ten developing countries from Asia, Africa and Latin America</strong> formed an intergovernmental alliance to help implement the <strong>Cairo Program of Action</strong> (POA).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The POA,<strong> endorsed by 179 nations,</strong> stresses the need to <strong>establish mechanisms to promote development</strong> through the sharing of experiences in reproductive health (RH) and family planning (FP) within and among countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Members:</strong> An alliance of <strong>27 developing countries. India is a member country.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Secretariat:</strong> Dhaka, Bangladesh</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inter-Ministerial Conference by PPD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was<strong> jointly organised by</strong> PPD, <strong>National Health Commission of China</strong> (NHC) and the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-world-population-2020-unfpa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Population Fund</strong></a> (UNFPA).</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Advocate and ensure political support and investment to address the effects of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong> </a>in the achievement of the <strong>Three Zeros by 2030,</strong> finalised under the <strong>Nairobi Summit 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India appreciated the efforts of PPD</strong> in promoting cooperation in key areas of reproductive health, population and development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nairobi Summit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In<strong> November 2019,</strong> the Nairobi Summit, also known as <strong>ICPD+25,</strong> was held in Nairobi, Kenya, to celebrate the<strong> 25<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the ICPD</strong> (held in Cairo in 1994).</li>
<li>The <strong>UNFPA and the Government of Kenya hosted</strong> the Nairobi Summit, which brought together governments, UN agencies, private sector organizations, women's groups and youth networks to discuss and agree on initiatives to <strong>further advance the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Three Zeros by 2030:</strong> Pledges were announced to achieve <strong>zero preventable maternal deaths, zero unmet need for family planning, </strong>and<strong> zero gender-based violence and harmful practices by 2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Steps Taken by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Steadfast in its reaffirmation of the<strong> commitments made at the Nairobi Summit.</strong></li>
<li>Committed to ensuring<strong> universal health coverage</strong> through its flagship programme <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Government has <strong>pledged USD 3 billion by 2020 for improving reproductive health services.</strong></li>
<li>With aspirations of achieving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/universal-health-coverage-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>universal health care</strong></a>, India&rsquo;s<strong> National Health Policy 2017</strong> aims at raising public health expenditure to 2.5% of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gross Domestic Product</strong> </a>(GDP).</li>
<li>Continuous efforts to<strong> substantially reduce the unmet need for contraception</strong> by increasing the range of contraceptives and improving accessibility and quality of family planning services.</li>
<li>Implementation of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/central-council-of-health-and-family-welfare-conference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan</strong></a> (SUMAN) initiative for achieving the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goal</strong> </a>(SDG) target for reducing Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to less than 70 by 2030.</li>
<li>It is<strong> enacting stringent legislation to address gender-based violence</strong> and eliminate all forms of atrocities against women and girls.</li>
<li>Dedicated to providing quality, timely and disaggregated data, <strong>investing in digital health innovations, and improvement of data systems</strong> by 2030 to achieve sustainable development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-digital-health-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Digital Health Mission (NDHM)</strong></a> aims to develop the backbone necessary to support the integrated digital health infrastructure of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19 response</strong> </a>started even before it was declared as a pandemic by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-whohttps://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation</strong></a> (WHO).</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/umbrella-scheme-for-family-welfare-and-other-health-interventions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Community-based interventions</strong></a> including <strong>family planning</strong> are also a part of various services provided.</li>
<li><strong>Promotion of alternate service delivery mechanisms</strong> along with<strong> telemedicine</strong> services, digital platforms for training, improving finances and streamlining supply chain systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Current times require integrated and coordinated efforts from all health institutions, academia and other partners directly or indirectly associated with the health care services to make these services accessible, affordable and acceptable to all. PPD plays an important role in fostering such dialogue at the highest levels to take forward the common agenda of &lsquo;Health for All&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1679131" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/partners-in-population-and-development-initiative'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Beresheet 2: Israel',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Israel launched the<strong> Beresheet 2 project</strong> aimed at landing an<strong> unmanned craft</strong> on the moon in <strong>2024.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, Israel&rsquo;s<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tardigrades" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Beresheet probe crash landed</strong></a> on the Moon.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607585358_image2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1607585358_image2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Beresheet probe was a private mission</strong> to the Moon by Israeli non-profit SpaceIL organisation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Beresheet in hebrew (spoken in Israel) <strong>means Genesis.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It was successfully launched in<strong> February 2019,</strong> on board a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/spacex-s-falcon-heavy-rocket" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Falcon 9 rocket</strong></a> from <strong>Cape Canaveral (USA)</strong> and arrived in lunar orbit in <strong>April 2019.</strong></li>
<li>It suffered an <strong>engine failure</strong> as it prepared to land and <strong>crashed abruptly</strong> on the surface of the <strong>moon.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beresheet 2:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> Conducting<strong> experiments and collecting data</strong> on behalf of school students.</li>
<li><strong>Structure:</strong> It will involve launching<strong> two landing craft and an orbiter</strong> that would circle the moon for years.</li>
<li><strong>Cost:</strong> It will cost around <strong>100 million dollars</strong> raised from<strong> international partnerships</strong> and<strong> donors.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Significance: Israel could become the fourth nation</strong> to land a spacecraft on the moon after the<strong> USA, the former Soviet Union and China.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Missions to Moon:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India</strong> has planned a new moon mission named <strong>Chandrayaan-3.</strong> It is likely to be launched in early <strong>2021.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be a mission repeat of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/mission-chandrayaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chandrayaan-2</strong></a> and will include a Lander and Rover similar to that of <strong>Chandrayaan-2,</strong> but will not have an orbiter.</li>
<li><strong>Chandrayaan-2</strong> failed which crushed <strong>India's dream to become the first nation</strong> to successfully touch down on the lunar surface in its maiden attempt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>United Arab Emirates (UAE)</strong> has decided to send an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uae-s-moon-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>unmanned spacecraft to the moon in 2024.</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gateway-lunar-orbiting-outpost" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artemis</strong></a> is a crewed spaceflight program of the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-nasa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong></a> (NASA) that has the goal of landing <strong>"the first woman and the next man"</strong> on the Moon, specifically at the lunar south pole region <strong>by 2024.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beresheet-2-israel'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Demand for Interest Waiver',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> has heard a batch of<strong> petitions seeking interest waiver</strong> during the <strong>loan moratorium period.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reserve Bank of India</a> (RBI)</strong> granted a<strong> six-month loan moratorium</strong> earlier this year, letting <strong>borrowers defer payments on loans</strong> and EMIs. The move was intended<strong> to provide borrowers relief</strong> during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronaviruses" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Central Government's Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Huge Cost:</strong> It revealed that <strong>a blanket waiver of interests on debts</strong> incurred by all borrowers for the moratorium period will mean forgoing an estimated <strong>over Rs. 6 lakh crore.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Possible Impact on Banks:</strong> If the <strong>banks were to bear this burden,</strong> then it would <strong>necessarily wipe out a substantial and a major part of their net worth,</strong> rendering most of the lenders unviable and raising a very serious question mark over their very survival.</li>
<li><strong>Deposits vs. Loans: Continued payment of interest to depositors</strong> is not only one of the most essential banking activities but is a huge responsibility that can never be compromised as most of the depositors are bound to be<strong> small depositors, pensioners etc. surviving on the interest from their deposits.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the Indian banking system, <strong>for every loan account, there are about 8.5 deposit accounts.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Financial Resources:</strong> There is<strong> a need to conserve and rationally use financial resources</strong> to deal with the economic effects of pandemic over an uncertain and indeterminate time frame.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also<strong> pointed out the sector-specific relief measures</strong> taken by the Centre for the small and mid-sized business/MSMEs including from sectors such as restaurants and hotels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relief Measures Taken by the Centre:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For Power Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government had sanctioned over<strong> Rs. 90,800</strong> crore liquidity injection for the power distribution companies. This would <strong>enable them to pay their outstanding dues</strong> to power producers and transmission companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Real Estate Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An advisory was issued allowing the extension of registration and completion dates of projects under Real Estate Regulatory Authorities by treating <strong>Covid-19</strong> as an event of <strong>force-majeure.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>From a contractual perspective, a force majeure clause provides<strong> temporary reprieve</strong> to a party from performing its obligations under a contract upon occurrence of a <strong>force majeure event.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emergency-credit-line-guarantee-scheme-1#:~:text=250%20crore%20are%20eligible%20under,business%20purposes%20under%20its%20ambit." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>emergency credit line (ECLGS) of up to Rs. 3 lakh crore</strong></a>, backed by 100% government guarantee to enable the MSMEs to get back to regular operations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Small Borrowers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Centre has decided that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/compound-interest-waiver-on-moratorium-loans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>relief on waiver of compound interest</strong> </a>during the six-month moratorium period shall be limited to the most vulnerable category of borrowers who availed loan up to <strong>Rs. 2 crore.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The RBI has classified<strong> &ldquo;big borrowers&rdquo;</strong> having the loan account of<strong> Rs. 1500 crores and above</strong> and rest as &ldquo;not big borrowers&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>For Big Borrowers:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/k-v-kamath-committee-on-restructuring-of-loans" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kamath Committee</a> set up by the RBI</strong> has recommended financial parameters for <strong>debt restructuring of 26 sectors</strong> affected by Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Measures:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Insolvency &amp; Bankruptcy Code</a> (IBC)</strong> was <strong>suspended</strong> for a period of <strong>six months</strong> in order to protect companies in distress due to the pandemic being dragged into bankruptcy tribunals.</li>
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Security and Exchange Board of India</strong></a> (SEBI) has issued circulars to relax the <strong>&ldquo;recognition&rdquo;</strong> of defaults committed during moratorium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/moratorium-sc-says-no-order-to-risk-economy-going-haywire/article33278078.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/demand-for-interest-waiver'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
	'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
	'params' => [
		':c0' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'defaultTypes' => [
		'articles__article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 37
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 301
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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