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Antimicrobial Resistance: Threat to Global Health Security

Why in News Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global problem to which the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic may further contribute. With...

29 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Government of NCT of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021

Why in News The Government of National Capital Territory (GNCT) of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021, which gives primacy to the Lieutenant Governor (L-G)...

29 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Assam Earthquake

Why in News Recently, a powerful earthquake measuring 6.4 on the Richter Scale jolted Assam and other parts of Northeast. According to the...

29 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Women & Financial Inclusion

This article is based on “Women are key to financial inclusion” which was published in The Hindustan Times on 24/04/2021. It talks about...

28 Apr 2021 News Editorials
Advanced Chaff Technology

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has developed an Advanced Chaff Technology to safeguard the naval ships against...

28 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Green Initiatives: Saudi Arabia

Why in News Recently, Saudi Arabia launched Saudi Green Initiative and the Middle East Green Initiative to combat the threat of climate...

28 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Joint Logistics Node

Why in News The Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat has operationalised the third Joint Logistics Node (JLN) in Mumbai. Other...

28 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Oxygen Crisis: Covid-19

Why in News The Liquid Medical Oxygen (LMO) crisis during the second wave of Covid surge has been precipitated by a shortage of tankers and the...

28 Apr 2021 News Analysis
India-Japan

Why in News The Prime Minister in a telephonic conversation with his Japanese counterpart discussed various issues including high technology, skill...

28 Apr 2021 News Analysis
UK’s Indo-Pacific Tilt

Why in News Recently, the British Government said that the UK Carrier Strike Group’s “globe-spanning maiden deployment will feature...

28 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Bangladesh Liberation War 1971

This article is based on “Endeavour, leadership and the story of a nation” which was published in The Hindu on 26/04/2021. It talks...

27 Apr 2021 News Editorials
Increase in World Military Spending during Covid-19: SIPRI

Why in News According to the latest data published by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), the military spending across the...

27 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Chandler Good Government Index

Why in News Recently, India has been ranked 49th in the Chandler Good Government Index (CGGI). Finland has topped the list. Key...

27 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Project Dantak

Why in News Recently, Project DANTAK which is one of the oldest Projects of the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) commemorated its Diamond Jubilee in...

27 Apr 2021 News Analysis
PowerGrid Infrastructure Investment Trust

Why in News The Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL) launched its Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT) - PowerGrid Infrastructure Investment...

27 Apr 2021 News Analysis
The Armenian Genocide

Why in News Recently, the US President officially recognised the mass killings of Armenians by Ottoman Turks in 1915-16 as an act of...

27 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Crop Diversification

Why in News Recently, a top agriculture economist has suggested that the best chance of Crop Diversification is through animal agriculture/animal...

27 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Challenges for the New Chief Justice of India

This article is based upon “A Court in Crisis” which was published in the Indian Express on 24 April, 2021. It talks about the issues...

26 Apr 2021 News Editorials
Mahavir Jayanti

Why in News The Prime Minister of India greeted the people on occasion of ‘Mahavir Jayanti’ (25th April 2021). Mahavir Jayanti is one...

26 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Groundwater Depletion and Cropping Intensity

Why in News In a recent study, it has been found that groundwater depletion in India could reduce winter cropped acreage significantly in years...

26 Apr 2021 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Antimicrobial Resistance: Threat to Global Health Security',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global problem</strong> to which the ongoing <a href="/hindi/tags/covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic <strong>may further contribute.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With <strong>resources deployed away from antimicrobial stewardship,</strong> evidence of <strong>substantial preemptive antibiotic use in Covid-19 patients</strong> and indirectly, with <strong>deteriorating economic conditions</strong> fuelling poverty potentially impacting on levels of resistance, AMR threat remains significant.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Antimicrobial Resistance (Meaning):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Antimicrobial resistance is the<strong> resistance acquired by any microorganism (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasite, etc.) against antimicrobial drugs</strong> (such as antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimalarials, and anthelmintics) that are used to treat infections.</li>
<li>As a result, <strong>standard treatments become ineffective,</strong> infections persist and may spread to others.</li>
<li><strong>Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance</strong> are sometimes referred to as <strong>&ldquo;superbugs&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Some bacteria due to the presence of resistance genes</strong> are intrinsically resistant and therefore survive on being exposed to antibiotics.</li>
<li>Bacteria <strong>can also acquire resistance.</strong> This can happen in<strong> two ways:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By <strong>sharing and transferring resistance genes</strong> present in the rest of the population, or</li>
<li>By<strong> genetic mutations</strong> that help the bacteria survive antibiotic exposure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>misuse of antimicrobials in medicine</strong> and inappropriate use<strong> in agriculture.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Contamination around pharmaceutical manufacturing sites</strong> where untreated waste releases large amounts of active antimicrobials into the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AMR is <strong>already responsible for up to 7,00,000 deaths a year.</strong></li>
<li>A <strong>threat to prevention and treatment of infections -</strong> medical procedures such as organ transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, diabetes management and major surgery (for example, caesarean sections or hip replacements) become very risky.</li>
<li><strong>Increases the cost of healthcare</strong> with lengthier stays in hospitals, additional tests and use of more expensive drugs.</li>
<li>It is <strong>putting the gains of the Millennium Development Goals at risk</strong> and <strong>endangers achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No new classes of antibiotics</strong> have made it to the market in the last three decades, largely<strong> on account of inadequate incentives</strong> for their development and production.</li>
<li>Without urgent action, we are<strong> heading to antibiotic apocalypse &ndash;</strong> a future without antibiotics, with bacteria becoming completely resistant to treatment and when common infections and minor injuries could once again kill.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>AMR in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India, with its combination of<strong> large population,</strong> rising incomes that facilitate <strong>purchase of antibiotics,</strong> high <strong>burden of infectious diseases</strong> and easy over-the-counter access to antibiotics, is an important locus for the generation of resistance genes.</li>
<li>The multi-drug resistance determinant, <strong>New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1),</strong> emerged from this region to spread globally.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Africa, Europe and other parts of Asia have also been affected by multi-drug resistant typhoid originating from South Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In India, <strong>over 56,000 newborn deaths each year</strong> due to sepsis are caused by organisms that are resistant to first line antibiotics.</li>
<li>India has undertaken<strong> many activities</strong> like<strong> Mission Indradhanush &mdash;</strong> to address low vaccination coverage &mdash; strengthened micro-planning and additional mechanisms to improve monitoring and accountability.</li>
<li>The Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare (MoHFW) <strong>identified AMR as one of the top 10 priorities</strong> for the ministry&rsquo;s collaborative work with the World Health Organisation (WHO).</li>
<li>India has also launched the <strong>National Action Plan on AMR resistance 2017-2021.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since microbes will inevitably continue to evolve and become resistant even to new antimicrobials, we need <strong>sustained investments and global coordination</strong> to detect and combat new resistant strains on an ongoing basis.</li>
<li><strong>Efforts to control prescription of antimicrobials should be accompanied by efforts to educate consumers</strong> to reduce inappropriate demand, issue standard treatment guidelines that would empower providers to stand up to such demands, as well as provide point-of-care diagnostics to aid clinical decision-making.</li>
<li>In addition to developing new antimicrobials,<strong> infection-control measures</strong> can reduce antibiotic use. It is critical to ensure that all those who need an antimicrobial have access to it.</li>
<li>To track the spread of resistance in microbes, <strong>surveillance measures</strong> to identify these organisms need to expand beyond hospitals and encompass livestock, wastewater and farm run-offs.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/antimicrobial-resistance-the-silent-threat/article34434231.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Government of NCT of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Government of National Capital Territory (GNCT) of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021</strong>, which gives <strong>primacy to the Lieutenant Governor (L-G) over the elected government</strong> in the city, has <strong>come into force.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of the GNCT of Delhi (Amendment) Act 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>amended the Sections 21, 24, 33 and 44 of the 1991 Act.</strong></li>
<li>States that the <strong>&ldquo;government&rdquo;</strong> in the National Capital Territory of Delhi <strong>meant the Lieutenant-Governor</strong> of Delhi.</li>
<li>It <strong>gives discretionary powers to the L-G</strong> even in matters where the Legislative Assembly of Delhi is empowered to make laws.</li>
<li>It <strong>seeks to ensure that the L-G is &ldquo;necessarily granted an opportunity&rdquo;</strong> to give her or his opinion before any decision taken by the Council of Ministers (or the Delhi Cabinet) is implemented.</li>
<li>It <strong>bars the Assembly or its committees from making rules</strong> to take up matters concerning day-to-day administration, or to conduct inquiries in relation to administrative decisions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The latest amendment will <strong>greatly reduce the efficiency and timeliness of the Delhi government</strong> by making it imperative for it to hold consultations with the L-G even when a situation demands urgent action.</li>
<li>Significantly, the <strong>L-G is not obliged to give his opinion to the State government within a time frame.</strong> Critics argue that the L-G could politically exploit these unbridled powers to hamper the government&rsquo;s administrative work and thus turn the political tides against the incumbent if he so desires.</li>
<li>It is <strong>against the spirit of &lsquo;Federalism.&rdquo;</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Union Government&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is in <strong>keeping with the Supreme Court&rsquo;s July 2018 ruling</strong> on the ambit of powers of the L-G and the Delhi government following several headliner controversies between the two.</li>
<li>The purported fair objectives of the Act, include <strong>enhancing public accountability and easing out technical ambiguities</strong> related to everyday administration.</li>
<li>This will <strong>increase administrative efficiency of Delhi</strong> and will <strong>ensure better relationship between the executive and the legislator.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enactment of GNCTD Act:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>GNCTD Act was enacted in 1991</strong> to <strong>&ldquo;supplement provisions of the Constitution</strong> relating to the Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers for the National Capital Territory of Delhi&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It <strong>enabled the process of an elected government in Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court had in the past appreciated the 1991 developments</strong>, stating that the real purpose behind the <strong>Constitution (69<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 1991</strong> is to establish a democratic set-up and representative form of government wherein the majority has a right to embody their opinions in laws and policies pertaining to the NCT of Delhi subject to the limitations imposed by the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>69<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act, 1992</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>added two new Articles 239AA and 239AB</strong> under which the Union Territory of Delhi has been given a special status.</li>
<li><strong>Article 239AA</strong> provides that the Union Territory of Delhi be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi and its administrator shall be known as Lt. Governor.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also <strong>creates a legislative assembly for Delhi</strong> which can make laws on subjects under the State List and Concurrent List <strong>except on these matters:</strong> public order, land, and police.</li>
<li>It also <strong>provides for a Council of Ministers for Delhi</strong> consisting of not more than 10% of the total number of members in the assembly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 239AB</strong> provides that the <strong>President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of Article 239AA</strong> or of all or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article. This provision <strong>resembles Article 356 (President&rsquo;s Rule).</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Point of Friction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, over the years, there was <strong>friction between the Chief Minister and the Lieutenant Governor (L-G)</strong> over power-sharing.</li>
<li>The focal point of these conflicts was that <strong>in case of a difference between the L-G and the Council of Ministers on any matter,</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>matter was to be referred to the President</strong> by the L-G for his decision,</li>
<li>And <strong>pending such a decision</strong> the <strong>L-G was empowered to take any action</strong> on the matter as he deemed right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Judgement of the Supreme Court:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the <em><strong>Government of NCT of Delhi vs Union of India and Another in 2018</strong></em> case, the SC held that:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>government was not under obligation to seek the concurrence of the L-G</strong> on its decisions and</li>
<li>That <strong>any differences between them should be resolved keeping in view the constitutional primacy of representative government</strong> and cooperative federalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Essentially, the SC judgment <strong>made it extremely difficult for the L-G to refer such matters to the President.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/centre-notifies-gnct-act-that-gives-more-powers-to-delhi-l-g/article34428245.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-of-nct-of-delhi-amendment-act-2021'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Assam Earthquake',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a powerful earthquake <strong>measuring 6.4 on the Richter Scale</strong> jolted Assam and other parts of Northeast.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <strong>National Centre for Seismology (NCS)</strong> report, the tremors have been attributed to <strong>Kopili Fault zone closer to Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCS is the <strong>nodal agency</strong> <strong>of the Government of India for monitoring earthquake activity in the country.</strong> It comes under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>HFT, also known as the <strong>Main Frontal Thrust (MFT)</strong>, is a geological fault along the boundary of the <strong>Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kopili Fault Zone:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kopili fault zone is a 300 km long and 50 km wide lineament (linear feature) extending from the <strong>western part of Manipur up to the tri-junction of Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.</strong></li>
<li>The area is seismically very active falling in the highest <strong>Seismic Hazard zone V</strong> associated with collisional tectonics where <strong>Indian plate subducts beneath the Eurasian Plate.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Subduction is a geological process in which one crustal plate is forced below the edge of another.</li>
<li>Squeezed between the subduction and collision zones of the Himalayan belt and Sumatran belt, the North East is highly prone to earthquake occurrences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fault:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A fault is a fracture along which the blocks of crust on either side have moved relative to one another parallel to the fracture.</li>
<li>When an earthquake occurs, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other.</li>
<li>The fault surface can be <strong>vertical, horizontal, or at some angle to the surface of the earth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619689044_image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619689044_image 1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tectonic Plates:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/tectonic-plates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tectonic plate</strong></a> (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly-shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.</li>
<li>A tectonic plate may be a continental plate or an oceanic plate, depending on which of the two occupies the larger portion of the plate.</li>
<li>The Pacific plate is largely an oceanic plate whereas the Eurasian plate is a continental plate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Earthquake</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An earthquake in simple words is the shaking of the earth. It is a natural event. It is caused due to release of energy, which generates waves that travel in all directions.</li>
<li>The vibrations called <strong>seismic waves</strong> are generated from earthquakes that travel through the Earth and are recorded on instruments called seismographs.</li>
<li>The location below the earth&rsquo;s surface where the earthquake starts is called the <strong>hypocenter,</strong> and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the <strong>epicenter.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/earthquake-4#:~:text=Fault%20Zones%3A,the%20friction%20locks%20them%20together." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Types of Earthquake</a>:</strong> Fault Zones, Tectonic Earthquakes, Volcanic Earthquake, Human Induced Earthquakes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Seismic Hazard Map of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is one of the highly earthquake affected countries because of the presence of technically active young fold mountains - Himalaya.</li>
<li>India has been divided into <strong>four seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V)</strong> based on scientific inputs relating to seismicity, earthquakes occurred in the past and tectonic setup of the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Previously, earthquake zones were divided into five zones with respect to the severity of the earthquakes but the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bureau-of-indian-standards-bis-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bureau of Indian Standards</strong></a> (BIS) grouped the country into four seismic zones by unifying the first two zones.</li>
<li>BIS is the official agency for publishing the seismic hazard maps and codes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619689133_image%202.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619689133_image 2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Seismic Zone II:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Area with minor damage earthquakes corresponding to intensities V to VI of MM scale (MM-Modified Mercalli Intensity scale).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seismic Zone III:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moderate damage corresponding to intensity VII of MM scale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seismic Zone IV:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Major damage corresponding to intensity VII and higher of MM scale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seismic Zone V:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Area determined by pro seismically of certain major fault systems and is seismically the most active region.</li>
<li>Earthquake zone V is the most vulnerable to earthquakes, where historically some of the country&rsquo;s most powerful shocks have occurred.</li>
<li>Earthquakes with magnitudes in excess of 7.0 have occured in these areas, and have had intensities higher than IX.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-in-assam-earthquake-reminder-of-seismic-hazard-along-hft-faultline-7292770/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assam-earthquake'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Women & Financial Inclusion',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/women-are-key-to-financial-inclusion-101619276163691.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> &ldquo;Women are key to financial inclusion&rdquo;</a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 24/04/2021. It talks about gender-based barriers to financial inclusion.</p>
</div>
<p>Increasing access to and use of quality financial products and services is essential to inclusive economic growth and poverty reduction. Given this, increasing women&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/financial-inclusion-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>financial inclusion</strong></a> is important as women disproportionately experience poverty, unequal divisions of labor and a lack of control over economic resources</p>
<p>The effective implementation of Aadhaar-based eKYC collection and authentication lowered barriers of entry to the formal financial system. It has allowed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/financial-inclusion-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) trinity</strong> </a>to lay the foundation to bring 230 million unserved and underserved women into the formal financial services ecosystem.</p>
<p>However, despite digital technologies and government initiatives, hurdles to increase the financial inclusion for women have not been eliminated.</p>
<h3>Women &amp; Financial Inclusion Linkage</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Building Financial Resilience:</strong> Women are decision-makers for spending and savings in most low-income households. They are thus more committed and disciplined savers than men.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many research documents have shown that when given the opportunity, women save and by doing so build financial resilience.</li>
<li>Thus, it is economically viable for banks to target women, while contributing to such social good.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Social Capital:</strong> Women&rsquo;s engagement with financial institutions and their ability to access participation in work and credit from such institutions can increase their social capital. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, empowering 230 million women Jan Dhan customers financially leads to the potential upliftment of 920 million lives, at an average family of four.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Critical For Women&rsquo;s Empowerment and Poverty Reduction:</strong> Providing low-income women with effective and affordable financial tools to save and borrow money, make and receive payments, and manage risk is critical to both women&rsquo;s empowerment and poverty reduction.</li>
<li><strong>Gender Gap in Financial Inclusion:</strong> According to the 2017 Global Findex database, 83% of males above 15 years of age in India held accounts at a financial institution in 2017 compared to 77% females.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is attributed to socio-economic factors, including the availability of mobile handset and internet data facility being higher among men than women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gender-Based Barriers to Financial Inclusion</h3>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #10172b; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Demand Side Barriers</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #10172b; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Supply Side Barriers</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #10172b; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Legal &amp; Regulatory Barriers</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of bargaining power within the household</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Reduced mobility due to time constraints or social norms</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Account opening requirements that disadvantage women</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 40px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concentration in lower-paying economic activities</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 40px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of gender-specific policies and practices for product design and marketing</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 40px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Barriers to obtaining formal identification</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 43px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 43px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Competing demands on women&rsquo;s time related to unpaid domestic work</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 43px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inappropriate distribution channels</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 43px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Legal barriers to owning and inheriting property and other collateral</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of assets for collateral</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lower rates of digital inclusion</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of gender-inclusive credit reporting systems</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3><br />Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender-Disaggregated Data:</strong> Financial service providers need to deploy strategies that focus on the Jan Dhan women segment by using sex-disaggregated data. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, target and communicate with women and design products and processes to be women-centric.</li>
<li>At a policy-level, collecting and analysing gender-disaggregated data is vital for the creation of products and services for low-income women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In-design Changes:</strong> The design tweaks that take into account the specific needs and preferences of women can enhance their access to financial products, as well as the impact of those products on women&rsquo;s ability to make investments and smooth consumption in the face of income shocks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Financial Products which allow women greater degrees of control and privacy surrounding their incomes and spending decisions appear to be particularly promising.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enhancing Financial Literacy:</strong> Providing financial literacy remains the key for universalisation of financial inclusion.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the Reserve Bank of India has undertaken a project titled Project Financial Literacy.</li>
<li>The objective of the project is to disseminate information regarding the central bank and general banking concepts to various target groups, including, school and college going children, women, rural and urban poor, defence personnel and senior citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The government&rsquo;s continued focus on women and their inclusion in the financial sector can have a transformative impact in boosting household economic resilience, expanding women&rsquo;s access to credit and work opportunities, aiding empowerment and equity.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfcf0;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Despite digital technologies and government initiatives, hurdles to increase the financial inclusion for women have not been eliminated. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/women-financial-inclusion'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Advanced Chaff Technology',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has developed an <strong>Advanced Chaff Technology </strong>to<strong> safeguard the naval ships against enemy missile attack.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is another step towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chaff is an <strong>electronic countermeasure technology</strong> used by militaries worldwide <strong>to protect naval ships</strong> or other sensitive targets <strong>from radar and radio frequency (RF)</strong> guiding mechanisms<strong> of the enemy missile.</strong></li>
<li>The chaff rockets deployed in the air<strong> reflect as multiple targets for the missile guidance systems</strong> and deflecting adversary missiles, thus protecting their own assets.</li>
<li><strong>DRDO</strong> has<strong> indigenously developed</strong> three variants of the critical technology namely <strong>Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR), Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR) and Long Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR). </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Difference between Chaff and Flares:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both <strong>chaff and flares are defensive countermeasures</strong> deployed by military aircraft. The purpose is<strong> to confuse radar-guided or infrared-guided anti aircraft missiles</strong> fired so that they could be diverted.</li>
<li><strong>Chaff</strong> is<strong> composed of many small aluminium or zinc coated fibres</strong> stored on-board the aircraft in tubes. In case the aircraft feels threatened by any radar tracking missiles, chaff is ejected into the turbulent wake of air behind the plane.</li>
<li><strong>Flares</strong> on being fired <strong>provide an alternate strong IR (Infrared) source</strong> to heat-seeking anti-air missiles so that they are lured away from the aircraft.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DRDO works under the <strong>administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.</strong></li>
<li>It is working to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1958</strong> after combining Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</li>
<li>It is responsible for carrying out <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Some Recent Tests by DRDO</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hypersonic-technology-demonstrator-vehicle-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/abhyas-high-speed-expendable-aerial-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Abhyas High-speed Expendable Aerial Target</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nag-missile-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Laser-Guided Anti Tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-attack-version-of-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BrahMos Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-system-drdo#:~:text=About%3A%20SMART%20is%20a%20missile,like%20a%20regular%20supersonic%20missile." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) system</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-radiation-missile-rudram-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rudram</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1709617" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-chaff-technology'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Green Initiatives: Saudi Arabia',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Saudi Arabia launched <strong>Saudi Green Initiative</strong> and <strong>the Middle East Green Initiative</strong> to combat the threat of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> climate change.</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619607322_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619607322_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background and G20 Summit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the main pillars of the Saudi <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong></a> presidency was to<strong> safeguard the planet.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2020, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-launched-on-g20-emm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20 introduced initiatives</strong> </a>like establishing a <strong>Global Coral Reef Research and Development Accelerator Platform and the Circular Carbon Economy (CCE) Platform.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Saudi Arabia reiterated that it is committed to lead regional efforts to address climate change and has been making steady progress in this direction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Saudi Arabia established the<strong> Environmental Special Forces in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Saudi Green Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>raise the vegetation cover, reduce carbon emissions, combat pollution and land degradation, and preserve marine life.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>10 billion trees</strong> will be planted in the Kingdom.</li>
<li>To <strong>reduce carbon emissions by more than 4% of global contributions,</strong> through a <strong>renewable energy programme</strong> that will generate 50% of Saudi&rsquo;s energy from renewables by 2030.</li>
<li>Saudi Arabia is working towards <strong>raising the percentage of its protected areas to more than 30% of its total land area,</strong> exceeding the global target of 17%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Middle East Green Initiative :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To preserve marine and coastal environments, increase the proportion of natural reserves and protected land, <strong>improve the regulation of oil production, accelerate the transition to clean energy and boost the amount of energy generated by renewables.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Saudi Arabia will work with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gulf-cooperation-council-and-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gulf Cooperation Council</strong> </a>countries and regional partners to plant an additional 40 billion trees in the West Asian region. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It represents 5% of the global target of planting one trillion trees and reducing 2.5% of global carbon levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Saudi Arabia will<strong> convene an annual summit called the Middle East Green Initiative</strong> which will host leaders from the government, scientists and environmentalists to discuss the details of implementation.</li>
<li>In partnership with participating countries,<strong> innovative methods will be researched</strong> to irrigate from treated water, cloud seeding and other purpose-driven solutions such as planting native trees which requires support for three years to grow and will then be able to survive on their own with natural irrigation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Support:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Saudi Arabia has been sharing its expertise and know-how with its neighbouring countries to <strong>reduce carbon emissions resulting from hydrocarbon production in the region by 60% and globally by 10%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Saudi Arabia currently operates the <strong>largest carbon capture and utilisation plant in the world,</strong> it also operates one of the<strong> region&rsquo;s most advanced CO<sub>2</sub>-enhanced oil recovery plants</strong> that captures and stores 8,00,000 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> annually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appreciating Indian Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Saudi Arabia also appreciated India&rsquo;s remarkable commitments to tackle climate change as India is on track to achieve its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong> </a>targets.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>renewable energy capacity is the fourth largest in the world.</strong> India has an ambitious target of achieving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/foundation-day-of-areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>450 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Indian Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-environment-forest-and-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-india-will-shift-to-bs-vi-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI) emission norms</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-energy-efficiency-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UJALA scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-solar-technology-summit-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coalition for Disaster Resilience Infrastructure</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Saudi Arabia hopes that the launch of the two Initiatives marks the<strong> beginning of a green era </strong>and that these<strong> initiatives provide momentum to other countries to unify their efforts to save our planet.</strong></li>
<li>Economic prosperity cannot be achieved at the cost of the environment. It is critical for us, as an industry, to shift from &lsquo;pollute-first, clean-up later&rsquo; attitude and<strong> commit to preserving our diminishing natural resources.</strong></li>
<li>The intent and aspiration to align economic efforts with the environment should not be restricted to the government.<strong> Collaboration between the industry, government and regulatory bodies will help in evaluating decisions on economic viability and environmental benefits.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/marking-the-beginning-of-a-green-era/article34424848.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source:TH</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-initiatives-saudi-arabia'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Joint Logistics Node',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/chief-of-defence-staff-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chief of Defence Staff</a> General Bipin Rawat</strong> has operationalised the <strong>third Joint Logistics Node (JLN) in Mumbai.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Other</strong> operationalised JLNs are in <strong>Guwahati and Port Blair.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of Joint Logistics Nodes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These JLNs <strong>will provide integrated logistics cover to the Armed Forces</strong> for their small arms ammunition, rations, fuel, general stores, civil hired transport, aviation clothing, spares and also engineering support in an effort to synergise their operational efforts.</li>
<li>It would <strong>accrue advantages</strong> in terms of <strong>saving of manpower, economical utilisation of resources</strong>, besides <strong>financial savings.</strong></li>
<li>This is the <strong>precursor to the joint logistics command</strong> which is being planned and is <strong>imperative for the optimisation of the combat potential of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-theatre-command" target="_blank" rel="noopener">integrated theatres</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One of the means to achieve jointness is through the <strong>setting up of integrated theatre commands</strong> for the best use of military resources to fight future battles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Integrated Theatre Command:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An integrated theatre command <strong>envisages a unified command of the three Services</strong>, under a single commander, for geographical theatres (areas) that are of strategic and security concern.</li>
<li>The commander of such a force <strong>will be able to bear all resources at his disposal</strong>&mdash;from the Army, the Indian Air Force, and the Navy&mdash;with seamless efficacy.</li>
<li>The integrated theatre commander <strong>will not be answerable to individual Services.</strong></li>
<li>Integration and jointness of the three forces <strong>will avoid duplication of resources.</strong> The resources available under each service will be available to other services too.</li>
<li>The services will get to know one another better, <strong>strengthening cohesion in the defence establishment.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reforms-in-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shekatkar committee</strong> </a>has <strong>recommended the creation of 3 integrated theatre commands</strong>&mdash;northern for the China border, western for the Pakistan border, and southern for the maritime role.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Present Tri-Services Command:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC)</strong> is a theatre command, which is headed by the chiefs of the three services in rotation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was<strong> created in 2001</strong> to safeguard India's strategic interests in Southeast Asia and the Strait of Malacca by increasing rapid deployment of military assets in the islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Strategic Forces Command</strong> was <strong>established in 2006</strong> and is a functional tri-services command. It looks after the delivery and operational control of the country&rsquo;s nuclear assets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Chief of Defence Staff</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He is in the <strong>rank of a four-star General</strong> with salary and benefits equivalent to a Service Chief.</li>
<li>The <strong>retirement age for the CDS is 65 years,</strong> which is three years more than the retirement age of the three service chiefs.</li>
<li>The creation of a CDS was <strong>suggested by the Kargil Review Committee (KRC) in February 2000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of CDS:</strong> Fundamentally, the CDS will perform two roles:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>First Role:</strong> The CDS will act as the <strong>principal military adviser to the defence minister</strong> on tri-Services issues.</li>
<li><strong>Second Role:</strong> The CDS will <strong>lead the Department of Military Affairs (DoMA)</strong> dealing with the three services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cds-rawat-launches-joint-logistics-facility-in-mumbai/article34216887.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/joint-logistics-node'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Oxygen Crisis: Covid-19',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Liquid Medical Oxygen (LMO)</strong> crisis during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>second wave of Covid</strong></a> <strong>surge</strong> has been precipitated by a shortage of tankers and the daunting logistics of transportation from distant locations.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619602464_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619602464_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Liquid Medical Oxygen:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is high purity oxygen suitable for use in the human body. So, it is used for medical treatments.</li>
<li>This oxygen <strong>provides a basis for virtually all modern anaesthetic techniques, restores tissue oxygen tension</strong> by increasing the oxygen availability, <strong>aids cardiovascular stability, etc.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Health Organisation</a></strong> includes this on their <strong>List of Essential Medicines.</strong></li>
<li>According to the <strong>Drug Prices Control Order, 2013</strong>, LMO is placed under the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/essential-medicines#:~:text=Drug%20Prices%20Control%20Order%2C%202013,the%20National%20Pharmaceutical%20Pricing%20Authority." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>LMO Production in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has a <strong>daily production capacity</strong> of at least <strong>7,100 Metric Tonnes (MT)</strong> of oxygen, including for industrial use.</li>
<li>Due to the crisis, the production has been increased to <strong>8,922 MT.</strong> And approximately daily <strong>sale</strong> <strong>is 7,017 MT.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The domestic production is expected to <strong>cross 9,250 MT</strong> per day by the end of April 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Therefore, <strong>India appears to be producing sufficient oxygen</strong> to meet the current need.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for the Crisis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Distance of Production Plants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the LMO plants are located in the east, leading to long transportation hauls and a turnaround time of at least 6-7 days for each tanker. Add to this the problem of states holding up tankers on the way.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limited Tankers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At present, India has 1,224 LMO tankers with a cumulative capacity of 16,732 MT of LMO. This is grossly inadequate because at any given point, there are only 200 tankers in transit to meet a demand of 3,500-4,000 MT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Companies not Buying Cryogenic Tankers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cryogenic tankers cost around Rs. 50 lakh each. Companies are not buying these tankers because once this wave is over, that investment will turn into losses.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Cryogenic Tankers:</strong> These are tankers which store medical oxygen at -180 degrees C, have double-skin vacuum-insulated containers, including an inner vessel made of stainless steel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leakage and Irrational Use:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the past, the Health Ministry repeatedly demanded hospitals to reduce <strong>wastage and unnecessary oxygen use in Hospitals.</strong> Industrial experts also raised <strong>concerns over possible leakages in hospital pipelines that supply oxygen.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Black marketing of oxygen cylinders</strong> is another issue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Oxygen Express:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trains to transport LMO and oxygen cylinders across the country have been started to fight the ongoing crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disaster Management Act 2005:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Home Affairs <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disaster-management-act-2005-invoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>invoked Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DM Act)</strong></a> and ordered <strong>free inter-state movement of oxygen carrying vehicles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restarting Plants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government is restarting many closed plants to increase the supply of LMO, <strong>for example</strong>, Sterlite plant in Tamil Nadu will be <strong>reopened for 4 months to provide oxygen supply.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Air Force:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To speed up the transportation, <strong>Indian Air Force (IAF)</strong> is airlifting empty oxygen tankers and taking them to industrial units that have switched to producing medical grade oxygen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oxygen Enrichment Unit (OEU):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is developed by scientists of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</strong></a>-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), and will <strong>help reduce the requirement of ventilators and oxygen cylinders</strong> in homecare, villages and remote places.</li>
<li>Oxygen enrichment units have special significance in view of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic</a>.</strong> Patient <strong>recovery can be faster with supplemental oxygen in early stages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-second-wave-oxygen-crisis-more-than-supply-lack-of-tankers-and-plant-location-key-challenges-7291716/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619606458101000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3TCGM_B0uqkSxq17aw_rIh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oxygen-crisis-covid-19'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'India-Japan',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Prime Minister in a telephonic conversation with his Japanese counterpart</strong> discussed various issues including <strong>high technology, skill development and fighting the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic together.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619596974_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619596974_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>On Covid-19 Situation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Highlighted the <strong>importance of close India-Japan cooperation</strong> to overcome challenges posed by the pandemic, such as by working together to <strong>create resilient, diversified and trustworthy supply chains,</strong> ensuring <strong>reliable supply of critical materials and technologies,</strong> and developing<strong> new partnerships in manufacturing and skill development.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In this context, the two leaders <strong>emphasized the need for early operationalization of the Specified Skilled workers (SSW) agreement</strong> in order to synergize their strengths and achieve mutually beneficial outcomes.</li>
<li>They also <strong>highlighted the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail (MAHSR) project</strong> as a shining example of their cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On Cooperation for Indo-Pacific:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Confirmed the <strong>importance of Japan-India bilateral and multilateral cooperation,</strong> including <strong>Japan-Australia-India-US <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quad-meeting-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">quadrilateral cooperation</a>,</strong> towards realising a free and open Indo-Pacific.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On Possible Cooperation in Various fields:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Like 5G, submarine cables, strengthening of industrial competitiveness, diversification of supply chains and development projects in the northeastern state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Recent Developments Between India and Japan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, <strong>India, Japan and Australia</strong> have formally launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-of-supply-chain-resilience-initiative#:~:text=Supply%20Chain%20Resilience%20Initiative%20(SCRI)%3A,lead%20to%20the%20supply%20chain." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI)</strong></a> in a move <strong>to counter China&rsquo;s dominance of the supply chain in the Indo-Pacific region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The SCRI<strong> aims to create a virtuous cycle of enhancing supply chain resilience</strong> with a view to eventually attaining strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/japan-to-fund-projects-in-india#:~:text=Japan%20has%20finalised%20loans%20and,the%20Andaman%20and%20Nicobar%20islands." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Japan has finalised loans</strong></a> and a grant totalling around 233 billion yen for <strong>several key infrastructure projects in India,</strong> including for a project in the Andaman and Nicobar islands.</li>
<li>In<strong> 2020,</strong> India and Japan<strong> signed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-japan-logistics-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noopener">logistics agreement</a></strong> that will allow armed forces of both sides to coordinate closely in services and supplies. The agreement is known as the<strong> Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA).</strong></li>
<li>In 2014, India and Japan upgraded their relationship to <strong>'Special Strategic and Global Partnership'.</strong></li>
<li>The India-Japan <strong>Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)</strong> that came into force in <strong>August 2011</strong> covers trade in goods, services, movement of natural persons, investments, Intellectual Property Rights, custom procedures and other trade related issues.</li>
<li><strong>Defence Exercises:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India and Japan defence forces organize a series of bilateral exercises namely, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-08th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>JIMEX</strong> </a>(naval), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SHINYUU Maitri</strong></a> (Air Force), and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-dharma-guardian-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dharma Guardian</a></strong> (Army). Both countries also participate in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-malabar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malabar exercise</strong></a> (Naval Exercise) with the USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>More collaboration and cooperation can prove beneficial to both nations, since India needs sophisticated technology from Japan.</li>
<li>There is a huge potential with respect to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>. Joint ventures could be created by merging Japanese digital technology with Indian raw materials and labour.</li>
<li>Close cooperation is the best measure to combat China&rsquo;s growing role in Asia and Indo-Pacific, in physical as well as digital space.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-ministers-of-india-and-japan-discuss-quad-covid-19/article34417455.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-japan-7'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'UK’s Indo-Pacific Tilt',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the British Government said that the <strong>UK Carrier Strike Group&rsquo;s</strong> &ldquo;globe-spanning maiden deployment will feature <strong>visits to India, Japan, Republic of Korea and Singapore&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eu-indo-pacific" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> European Union had announced</strong></a> that it will reinforce its strategic focus, presence and actions in the Indo-Pacific with the aim of contributing to the stability, security, prosperity and sustainable development of the region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the UK Carrier Strike Group (CSG):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>CSG:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Carrier strike groups are<strong> often formed for a specific mission rather than by platform.</strong></li>
<li>The carrier is typically <strong>part of a larger formation,</strong> usually including destroyers, frigates and submarines, as well as logistical-support ships.</li>
<li>The carrier <strong>provides the primary offensive air power,</strong> while the other vessels provide the wider defence and support role and can also participate offensively, such as with the launch of missile systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UK CSG:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be <strong>led by the aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth.</strong></li>
<li>It will be <strong>a global deployment,</strong> from the <strong>North Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>&ldquo;28-week deployment&rdquo;</strong> will<strong> span 26,000 nautical miles,</strong> and CSG will <strong>undertake over 70 engagements in over 40 nations.</strong></li>
<li>As <strong>part of the UK&rsquo;s tilt towards the Indo-Pacific region,</strong> the CSG will conduct <strong>engagements with Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Japan and India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UK CSG Deployment in Indo-Pacific:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will <strong>bolster already deep defence partnerships in the region,</strong> where the UK is committed to a more enduring regional defence and security presence.</li>
<li>Engagement in Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Japan and India will<strong> provide the opportunity for strengthening the UK&rsquo;s security relationships, tightening political ties and supporting UK exports and International Trade agenda.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India-UK Ties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Political Cooperation:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619595167_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619595167_image4.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" height="168" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The bilateral relationship was <strong>upgraded to a strategic partnership</strong> in 2004.</li>
<li>The UK has reaffirmed its<strong> support for India&rsquo;s permanent membership of the UN Security Council.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope in Economic Cooperation: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s skilled labour, technological assistance and the vibrant market</strong> will open a lot of avenues for Britain which has recently parted ways with the European Union.</li>
<li>Along with the world, <strong>India is now steering towards 5G.</strong> The UK will need India&rsquo;s help to marginalize China in the telecom market.</li>
<li>The UK is <strong>one of the largest investors in India,</strong> among the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20 countries.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence Exercises:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Air Force</strong> Exercise<strong> &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-indradhanush" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indradhanush</a>&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Navy</strong> Exercise <strong>Konkan.</strong></li>
<li>Army Exercise: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-ajeya-warrior-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ajeya Warrior</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indo-Pacific: The New Point of Convergence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the <strong>UK expanding its footprint in the Indo-Pacific </strong>and<strong> India working toward gaining prominence as the net security provider in the region,</strong> both countries&rsquo; aspirations and future seem to be<strong> intertwined.</strong></li>
<li>An <strong>area of focus</strong> up ahead should be <strong>to enhance military-to-military interactions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While there exist service-specific joint training exercises, their pace has not matched with India&rsquo;s exercises with the US.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>lack of foundational agreements</strong> may be acting as a limiting factor as well. While an MoU on joint training is under development, a military logistics agreement is expected to be signed soon. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will give India and the UK reciprocal access to each other&rsquo;s bases and formalize the procedures for receiving and paying for logistic support, such as servicing and refueling.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>UK, with its bases in Kenya, Brunei, Bahrain, Oman, Singapore, and the British Indian Ocean Territory,</strong> is by no means new to the region. Having such an infrastructure already in place will not only aid its ambitions in the region but <strong>also be valuable to its partners.</strong></li>
<li>For <strong>India, access to these bases will augment its reach further</strong> into the Indian Ocean. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Working with other like-minded countries,</strong> such as Japan and Australia, there is great scope for close cooperation in areas of maritime domain awareness and intelligence sharing by leveraging the strength of each other&rsquo;s assets.</li>
<li>In this regard, <strong>Japan&rsquo;s initiative</strong> to enhance defence intelligence sharing with India, Australia, and the UK is a significant step.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Moving forward, the India-UK defence relationship <strong>will no longer be limited to being one of a buyer-seller.</strong> It will not stop at defence production either.</li>
<li>Through close maritime cooperation and a joint approach toward maintaining regional security and stability in the Indo-Pacific, the two countries have the potential to forge a truly comprehensive strategic partnership in action.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uks-indo-pacific-tilt-britains-aircraft-carrier-to-visit-india-japan-on-maiden-deployment-7290024/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uk-s-indo-pacific-tilt'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Bangladesh Liberation War 1971',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/endeavour-leadership-and-the-story-of-a-nation/article34408933.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Endeavour, leadership and the story of a nation&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 26/04/2021. It talks about the significance of the Bangladesh Liberation War 1971.</p>
</div>
<p>The year 2021 marks the golden jubilee of the Muktijuddho or the Liberation War. Bangladesh&rsquo;s Independence in 1971 not only gave Bangladesh its freedom from the clutches of oppressive East Pakistan but changed the history and geopolitical scenario of South Asia.</p>
<p>Oppressive military action by the then west Pakistan&rsquo;s military led to a massive refugee and humanitarian crisis. The plight of the ten million refugees did have an impact on the Indian government and prompted it to launch a retaliatory action against Pakistan.</p>
<p>However, India&rsquo;s intervention was not only altruistic in nature, but was primarily based on realpolitik.</p>
<h3>Bangladesh Liberation War 1971: Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political Imbalance:</strong> In the 1950s the centralised Pakistani state was run undemocratically by a military-bureaucratic oligarchy dominated by West Pakistan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this system, Bengalis had no political say. But West Pakistan dominance was challenged in 1970 during general elections.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Landslide Victory of Awami League:</strong> East Pakistan' Sheikh Mujibur Rahman&rsquo;s Awami League had a clear overall majority, enough to become the prime minister.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, west Pakistan was not willing to let a leader from its eastern provincial wing rule the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Differences:</strong> The then West Pakistan (present Pakistan), under the leadership of Yahya Khan, started a brutal assault on the people of East Pakistan (present Bangladesh) who were demanding freedom because of the language and cultural differences between the two regions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After political negotiations failed, the Pakistani army under General Yahya Khan decided to start the crackdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Operation Searchlight:</strong> West Pakistan kicked in operation searchlight across the whole of East Pakistan on March 26, 1971.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This resulted in millions of Bangladeshis fleeing to India, mainly West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura.</li>
<li>West Bengal, in particular, was massively burdened by the onrush of the refugees and the state appealed to the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her government for assistance for food and shelter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indo-Bangla Cooperation:</strong> With the subsequent bravery of the Indian Army coupled with the spirited fight put up by Mukti Bahini &mdash; the Bangladeshi guerilla resistance movement consisting of the Bangladeshi military, paramilitary and civilians &mdash; defeated the Pakistani forces.</li>
<li><strong>Defeat of Pakistani Military:</strong> On December 16, 1971, Lt Gen Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, the Chief Martial Law Administrator of East Pakistan and Commander of Pakistan Army forces located in East Pakistan signed the Instrument of Surrender.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over 93,000 Pakistani troops surrendered to the Indian forces and Bangladesh Liberation forces making it the largest surrender since World War II.</li>
<li>The intervention brought a conclusion to the war in 13 short days and led to the birth of a new nation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bangladesh Liberation War 1971: Realpolitik or Altruism?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Diminishing the Two-front War Threat:</strong> The East Pakistan uprising provided India with the opportunity to break up Pakistan and eliminate the threat of a two-front war in any future confrontation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although the eastern front remained largely inactive in 1965, it tied down substantial military resources that could have been deployed to greater effect in the western theatre.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preventing Side-Lining of Pro-India Awami League:</strong> India recognised that a drawn-out civil war in East Pakistan would radicalise the Bengali population. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This could lead to the side-lining of the pro-India Awami League and shift the leadership of the movement to left-wing pro-China parties such as the Bhashani-led National Awami Party and the Communist Party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negating Internal Security Threat:</strong> The Guerrilla warfare, inspired by Maoist ideology, was the major form of resistance against the Pakistani military. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If India wouldn&rsquo;t have intervened in the Bangladesh Liberation War 197, this could have been detrimental for India&rsquo;s internal security interests, especially in the context of the Naxalite movement which was then raging in eastern India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negating The Communal Threat:</strong> By July-August 1971, 90% of the refugees were Hindus concentrated in the border districts of West Bengal with large Muslim populations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently, there was danger of serious communal strife if India did not act quickly to ensure their return.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Departure from Non-Alignment:</strong> At the diplomatic level, India did not act entirely alone. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi&rsquo;s carefully crafted diplomatic dispatches to world leaders had helped create a groundswell of support for the persecuted Bengalis of East Pakistan. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The signing of the Indo-Soviet Treaty in August 1971 came as a shot-in-the-arm for India, encouraging it to stay the course.</li>
<li>The victory defined India's much broader role in foreign politics.</li>
<li>Many countries in the world, including the United States, realised that the balance of power had shifted to India in South Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The ultimate accolade for India&rsquo;s role in creating a new nation is that Bangladesh is today a relatively prosperous country, having made steady progress from the category of a Least Developed Country to a developing country.</p>
<p>The creation of Bangladesh &mdash; from the ashes of East Pakistan &mdash; is presumably India&rsquo;s finest foreign policy triumph till date.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfff5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The campaign of 1971 achieved India&rsquo;s strategic objectives while still maintaining a humanitarian veneer for both domestic and international consumption. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bangladesh-liberation-war-1971'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Increase in World Military Spending during Covid-19: SIPRI',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the latest data published by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fewer-but-newer-nuclear-arms-sipri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)</strong></a>, the military spending across the world rose to USD 1,981 billion in 2020, during<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>2.6% increase in world military spending</strong> came in a year<strong> when the global GDP shrank by 4.4%</strong> largely due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-economic-impact-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>economic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Military spending as a share of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</a>,</strong> reached a global average of<strong> 2.4% in 2020,</strong> up from 2.2% in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-among-top-military-spenders-sipri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2019.</strong></a></li>
<li>The<strong> five biggest spenders in 2020,</strong> which together accounted for 62% of global military expenditure were: the <strong>United States&gt;China&gt;India&gt;Russia&gt;the United Kingdom.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>US:</strong> 2020 was the <strong>third consecutive year of growth in US military spending,</strong> following seven years of continuous reductions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This reflects growing concerns over <strong>perceived threats from strategic competitors such as China and Russia,</strong> as well as the Trump administration&rsquo;s drive to bolster what it saw as a depleted US military.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China:</strong> China&rsquo;s <strong>spending has risen for 26 consecutive years,</strong> the longest series of uninterrupted increases by any country in the SIPRI Military Expenditure Database.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Nearly all members of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nato-ally-status-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</strong></a> saw their <strong>military burden rise in 2020.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>countries with the biggest increases in military burden</strong> among the top 15 spenders in 2020 were <strong>Saudi Arabia, Russia, Israel and US.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regional Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Europe:</strong> Military spending across Europe <strong>rose by 4.0%</strong> in 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Germany and France were the 7<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup> largest spender globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asia and Oceania:</strong> In addition to <strong>China, India</strong> (USD 72.9 billion), <strong>Japan</strong> (USD 49.1 billion),<strong> South Korea</strong> (USD 45.7 billion) and <strong>Australia</strong> (USD 27.5 billion) were the <strong>largest military spenders</strong> in the Asia and Oceania region. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All four countries increased their military spending between 2019 and 2020 and over the decade 2011-20.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sub-Saharan Africa: </strong>Military expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa<strong> increased by 3.4%</strong> in 2020 to reach USD 18.5 billion.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The biggest increases in spending were made by Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Nigeria, all in the<strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-wall-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sahel region</a>,</strong> as well as Uganda.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>South America:</strong> Military expenditure in South America <strong>fell by 2.1%.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The decrease was <strong>largely due to a 3.1% drop in spending by Brazil,</strong> the sub region's largest military spender.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Middle Eastern Countries:</strong> The <strong>combined military spending of the 11 Middle Eastern countries</strong> for which SIPRI has spending figures <strong>decreased by 6.5% in 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Eight of the nine members of the <a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/opec&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619526190254000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2PtI1_vfErV3ZdMnyuCOFs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)</strong></a> for which SIPRI has figures cut their military spending in 2020.</li>
<li>Angola&rsquo;s spending fell by 12%, Saudi Arabia&rsquo;s by 10%, and Kuwait&rsquo;s by 5.9%.</li>
<li><strong>Non-OPEC oil exporter Bahrain </strong>also<strong> cut its spending by 9.8%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Scenario:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decline-in-india-s-arms-imports-sipri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India</strong></a> was the<strong> third largest military spender</strong> in the world in 2020, behind only the US and China.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>military expenditure was USD 72.9 billion</strong> and it <strong>accounted for 3.7% of the global military expenditure share.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>spending since 2019 grew by 2.1%.</strong> The increase<strong> can be largely attributed to India&rsquo;s ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-s-new-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener">conflict with Pakistan</a> and renewed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener">border tension with China.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The continuing military confrontation with China in eastern Ladakh, of course, <strong>has led India to make several emergency arms purchases from abroad</strong> since the crisis erupted in early May 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s annual military expenditure also <strong>includes a huge pension bill for 33-lakh veterans and defence civilians.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the 2021-2022 defence budget, for instance, the pension bill was Rs. 1.15 lakh crore out of the total Rs 4.78 lakh crore outlay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India<strong> has to maintain an over 15-lakh strong armed forces</strong> because of the two active and unresolved borders with China and Pakistan. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Consequently, the revenue expenditure for the day-to-day running costs and salary bill in the defence budget by far<strong> outstrips the capital outlay for military modernization,</strong> leaving critical operational shortages on different fronts, ranging from fighters to submarines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With a<strong> weak domestic defence-industrial base,</strong> India of course continues to languish in the strategically-vulnerable position of <strong>being the world&rsquo;s second-largest arms importer just behind Saudi Arabia.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India <strong>accounted for 9.5% of the total global arms imports during 2016-2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This<strong> think tank</strong> is an<strong> independent international institute</strong> dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament.</li>
<li>It was<strong> established in 1966 at Stockholm (Sweden).</strong></li>
<li>It provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-third-highest-military-spender-in-2020-7290118/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increase-in-world-military-spending-during-covid-19-sipri'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Chandler Good Government Index',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India has been <strong>ranked 49<sup>th</sup></strong> in the <strong>Chandler Good Government Index (CGGI).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Finland</strong> has topped the list.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CGGI is<strong> released by the Chandler Institute of Governance</strong> which is a private nonprofit organization <strong>headquartered in Singapore.</strong></li>
<li>The Index classifies <strong>104 countries</strong> in terms of government capabilities and outcomes.</li>
<li>Each country is measured across over 50 open data points. The index focuses <strong>on seven pillars:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Leadership and foresight.</li>
<li>Robust laws and policies.</li>
<li>Strong institutions.</li>
<li>Financial stewardship.</li>
<li>Attractive marketplace.</li>
<li>Global influence and reputation.</li>
<li>Helping people rise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>supports government leaders and public officers worldwide in nation building</strong> and strengthening public institutional capacity through training, research and advisory work.</li>
<li>It also <strong>shares tools and frameworks for effective policymaking, and empowers nations to provide better public services</strong> for citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of South Asian Countries:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India ranked 49<sup>th</sup>, Sri Lanka 74<sup>th</sup>, Pakistan 90<sup>th</sup> and Nepal 92<sup>nd</sup>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives for Good Governance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/good-governance-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Good Governance Index</a>:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been launched by the <strong>Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances &amp; Pensions</strong> to determine the status of governance in the country.</li>
<li>It assesses the <strong>impact of various interventions taken up by the State Government and UTs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/good-governance-day-1#:~:text=Good%20Governance%20Index%3A,the%20State%20Government%20and%20UTs." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Good Governance Day</a>:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is celebrated annually on <strong>25<sup>th</sup> December</strong> to mark the birth anniversary of the former Prime Minister <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-bihari-vajpayee-passes-away" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Bihari Vajpayee</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Its aim is to create awareness of accountability in government among the citizens of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National e-Governance Plan</a>:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has the vision to <strong>&ldquo;make all government services accessible to the common man in his locality</strong>, through common service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency, transparency &amp; reliability of such services at affordable costs to realize the basic needs of the common man.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to Information Act, 2005</a>:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It plays an effective role in ensuring transparency in governance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Setting up of <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NITI Aayog</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Make in India programme</a>, <a href="/printpdf/lokpal-lokayukta-ombudsman-upsc-governance-transparency" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lokpal</a></strong>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Governance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>process of decision-making</strong> and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented).</li>
<li><a href="/be-mains-ready-daily-answer-writing-practice-question/papers/2019/good-governance-principles-polity-gspaper2-upsc-mains" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Governance</strong> </a>can be used in several contexts such as <strong>corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Good Governance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an approach to <strong>government that is committed</strong> to creating a system founded in <strong>justice and peace that protects individual&rsquo;s human rights and civil liberties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eight Characteristics of Good Governance as Identified by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a>:</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619520627_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619520627_pasted image 0.png" width="350" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-ranked-49th-in-cggi/article34417911.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chandler-good-government-index'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Project Dantak',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Project DANTAK</strong> which is one of the oldest Projects of the <strong>Border Roads Organisation (BRO)</strong> commemorated its <strong>Diamond Jubilee in Bhutan.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over 1,200 DANTAK personnel laid down their lives while constructing important infrastructure in Bhutan.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619517368_pasted%20image 2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619517368_pasted image 2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Project DANTAK was <strong>established on 24<sup>th</sup> April1961.</strong></li>
<li>It was a result of the visionary leadership of <strong>the third King of Bhutan and then Prime Minister of India Jawahar Lal Nehru.</strong></li>
<li>DANTAK was tasked <strong>to construct the pioneering motorable roads.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Road Connectivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over the years, the Project has completed approximately 1600 km of blacktopped roads and 120 km of tracks in Bhutan with 5000 meters of bridges over them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Projects Executed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Include the construction of Paro Airport, Yonphula Airfield, Thimphu &ndash; Trashigang Highway, Telecommunication &amp; Hydro Power Infrastructure, Sherubtse College, Kanglung and India House Estate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Medical and Education Facilities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The medical and education facilities established by DANTAK in far flung areas were often the first in those locations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Food Outlets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The food outlets along the road introduced the Bhutanese to Indian delicacies and developed a sweet tooth in them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indo-Bhutan Relationship:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1949:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Treaty provides for, among other things, <strong>perpetual peace and friendship, free trade and commerce and equal justice</strong> to each other&rsquo;s citizens.</li>
<li>In <strong>2007</strong>, the <strong>treaty was re-negotiated</strong>, and provisions were included to encourage Bhutan&rsquo;s sovereignty, abolishing the need to take India&rsquo;s guidance on foreign policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multilateral Partnership:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both of them share multilateral forums such as <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-bangladesh-relationship" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal)</a>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/drishti-specials-important-international-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation)</a></strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Partnership:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Mutually beneficial hydro-power cooperation</strong> with Bhutan forms the core of bilateral economic cooperation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>720 MW Mangdechhu</strong> was commissioned in August 2019. HEPs namely, 1200 MW Punatsangchhu-I, 1020 MW Punatsangchhu-II and Kholongchhu HEP (600 MWs) are under various stages of implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India is Bhutan's largest trading partner.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Border Roads Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BRO was <strong>conceived and raised in 1960 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru</strong> for coordinating the speedy development of a network of roads in the North and the North Eastern border regions of the country.</li>
<li>It works <strong>under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.</strong></li>
<li>It has diversified into a large spectrum of construction and development works comprising airfields, building projects, defence works and tunneling and has endeared itself to the people.</li>
<li><strong>Some Recent Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-tunnel" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atal Tunnel</a>:</strong> It is located in Himachal Pradesh&rsquo;s Rohtang pass. It connects Solang Valley near Manali to Sissu in Lahaul and Spiti district.</li>
<li><strong>Nechiphu Tunnel:</strong> Foundation stone was laid on the Balipara-Charduar-Tawang (BCT) road in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/daporijo-bridge" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Daporijo Bridge</a>:</strong> It is over Subansiri river in Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kasowal-bridge-on-river-ravi#:~:text=The%20Border%20Roads%20Organisation%20(BRO,the%20Project%20Chetak%20of%20BRO." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kasowal Bridge</a>:</strong> It is over Ravi river. It connects Kasowal enclave in Punjab along the India - Pakistan border to the rest of the country.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/darbuk-shyok-daulat-beg-oldie-road" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldie Road</a>:</strong> It connects Leh via the villages of Darbuk and Shyok at southern Shyok River Valley, with the Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) post near the northern border.</li>
<li><strong>Barsi Bridge (longest bridge on Manali&ndash;Leh highway):</strong> It is built on Bagga river, which joins with Chandra river at Tandi in Lahaul to flow down into Jammu &amp; Kashmir as the Chenab.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1714170&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619520883438000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3N5N9j6-Ep65raorpaPfX9" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-dantak'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'PowerGrid Infrastructure Investment Trust',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL)</strong> launched its <strong>Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT) - PowerGrid Infrastructure Investment Trust (PGInvIT).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About PGInvIT:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the <strong>first time a state-owned entity (PGCIL) is monetizing its infrastructure assets through the InvIT route.</strong></li>
<li>This will be <strong>only the third InvIT to be listed in the Indian markets</strong>, after IRB InvIT and India Grid Trust, both of which went public in 2017.</li>
<li>The InvIT route was <strong>proposed by the Centre as an alternative fundraising route</strong> for state-run companies to manage funding requirements without having to depend on government support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Power Grid</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>public limited company</strong> under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>largest power transmission company in India.</strong></li>
<li>It started its commercial operation in the year 1992-93 and is today, a <a href="/printpdf/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maharatna company.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a collective investment scheme similar to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-liquidity-offer-for-mutual-funds" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mutual fund</a></strong>, which enables <strong>direct investment</strong> of money from <strong>individual and institutional investors in infrastructure projects</strong> to earn a small portion of the income as return.</li>
<li>InvITs <strong>can be treated as the modified version of REITs (real estate investment trusts)</strong> designed to suit the specific circumstances of the infrastructure sector.</li>
<li>It is <strong>created to hold income-generating and operational infrastructure assets</strong> such as roads, power transmission lines, gas pipelines, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These assets have long-term contracts with strong counterparties that provide a steady cash flow over the long term &ndash; typically 15-20 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The InvITs are <strong>regulated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SEBI</a> (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014.</strong></li>
<li>An InvIT <strong>consists of four elements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Trustee</strong> has the responsibility of inspecting the performance of an InvIT.</li>
<li><strong>Sponsor(s)</strong> are promoters of the company that set up the InvIT.</li>
<li><strong>Investment Manager</strong> is entrusted with the task of supervising the assets and investments of the InvIT.</li>
<li><strong>Project Manager</strong> is responsible for the execution of the project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Units of InvITs <strong>can be listed and traded on a stock exchange</strong>, providing them liquidity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Or they<strong> can be private and unlisted</strong>, in which case they are not publicly traded and largely invested in by institutional investors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages of Setting up InvITs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For sponsors</strong> (infrastructure developers), InvITs <strong>provide a convenient route to monetize revenue-generating assets, unlock equity gains, </strong>and<strong> deleverage their balance sheets</strong> (i.e. to reduce debts).</li>
<li>InvITs also <strong>present a more tax-friendly structure.</strong> Being a trust, all income received by the InvIT from underlying assets receives a pass-through treatment and is not taxable at the InvIT level.</li>
<li><strong>For investors</strong> such as banks, financial institutions, pension funds, insurance companies, and even retail investors, InvITs <strong>provide a good low-risk investment opportunity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages of InvITs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>InvITs are <strong>sensitive to changes in regulatory and tax law.</strong></li>
<li>Infrastructure <strong>assets are not inflation-linked in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A high rate of inflation has a significant impact on the performance of InvITs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/power-grid-launches-pginvit-could-offer-18-more-assets-in-future-121042600522_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:BS</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/powergrid-infrastructure-investment-trust'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'The Armenian Genocide',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> US President</strong> officially<strong> recognised the mass killings of Armenians by Ottoman Turks in 1915-16 </strong>as <strong>an act of genocide.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Armenian diaspora marks <strong>24<sup>th</sup> April</strong> as<strong> Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Genocide (Meaning):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to <strong>Article II of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations (UN)</a> Convention on Genocide of December 1948,</strong> genocide has been described as <strong>carrying out acts intended &ldquo;to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Raphael Lemkin,</strong> the Polish lawyer, <strong>coined the term &ldquo;genocide&rdquo; in 1943.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Armenian Genocide:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Armenian Genocide is<strong> called the first genocide of the 20<sup>th</sup> century.</strong></li>
<li>It refers to the <strong>systematic annihilation of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1917.</strong></li>
<li>After the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-i-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>First World War</strong></a> broke out in <strong>November 1914,</strong> the Ottoman Turks participated in the war, siding with Germany and the Austro-Hungarian empire.</li>
<li>The Ottoman Turks <strong>believed the Armenians would side with Russia</strong> in the war. This resulted in the <strong>Ottoman Turks engaging in a mass-removal campaign of Armenians from the border</strong> areas along the Eastern Front.</li>
<li>On <strong>24<sup>th</sup> April, 1915, Ottoman Turkish</strong> government officials <strong>arrested and executed thousands of Armenian intellectuals.</strong> It was the <strong>start of the Armenian Genocide.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Armenian families,</strong> including small children, were forced to walk for days without food, water and shelter in the deserts of Syria and Arabia.</li>
<li>According to estimates, <strong>approximately 1.5 million Armenians died</strong> during the genocide, either in massacres and in killings, or from ill treatment, abuse and starvation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619511892_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619511892_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="379" height="256" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of this Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The acknowledgement by the US government will have <strong>little legal impact on Turkey,</strong> other than becoming a cause for embarrassment for the country and<strong> giving other countries the impetus to also acknowledge the genocide.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the Armenian National Institute,<strong> 30 countries officially recognise the Armenian Genocide.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Turkey&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such moves would<strong> only set back the already strained relationship between US and Turkey,</strong> both of whom are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nato-ally-status-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ties between the US and Turkey have been strained over<strong> a range of issues</strong> that include Turkey&rsquo;s purchase of Russian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/s-400-triumf-missile-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>S-400</strong> </a>defence systems, foreign policy differences with regard to Syria, human rights and other intersecting legal issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Turkey has <strong>acknowledged that atrocities were committed against Armenians, but denies it was a genocide</strong> (which comes with legal implications) and challenges the estimates that 1.5 million were killed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India, that has <strong>not formally recognised the Armenian Genocide</strong> has primarily adopted this stance<strong> in the interests of its wider foreign policy decisions </strong>and <strong>geo-political interests in the region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India <strong>does not have any domestic law on genocide,</strong> even though it <strong>has ratified the United Nations Convention on Genocide.</strong></li>
<li>This was even observed by the Delhi High Court in<em><strong> State v. Sajjan Kumar</strong></em> (2018). The case <strong>concerned the mass killing of Sikhs during the anti-Sikh riots in 1984 in Delhi &mdash;</strong> and throughout the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related News to Armenia:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/armenia-azerbaijan-conflict-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, Russia has brokered a new peace deal between<strong> Armenia and Azerbaijan.</strong> Both countries have been in<strong> a military conflict over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh</strong> in the South Caucasus.</li>
<li>Nagorno-Karabakh, the centre of the conflict, is located within Azerbaijan but is populated, mostly, by those of Armenian ethnicity (and mostly Christian compared to the Shia Muslim majority Azerbaijan).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/explained-what-happened-to-armenians-in-1915/article34406120.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-armenian-genocide'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Crop Diversification',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a top agriculture economist has suggested that the best chance of Crop <strong>Diversification</strong> is through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/animal-husbandry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>animal agriculture/animal husbandry.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Crop diversification refers to the <strong>addition of new crops or cropping systems to agricultural production</strong> on a particular farm taking into account the different returns from value- added crops with complementary marketing opportunities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Cropping System:</strong> It refers to the crops, crop sequences and management techniques used on a particular agricultural field over a period of years.</li>
<li><strong>Types:</strong> Major cropping systems in India are sequential-cropping, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/problems-of-punjab-s-monoculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monocropping</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/multi-cropping" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>intercropping, relay Cropping, mixed-cropping</strong></a> and alley cropping.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many farmers also use the <strong>mixed crop-livestock system</strong> to increase their standards of living and income.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Animal husbandry or Animal Agriculture is the branch of science <strong>dealing with the practice of breeding, farming and care of farm animals (livestocks)</strong> such as cattle, dogs, sheep and horses by humans for advantages.</li>
<li>It refers to <strong>livestock raising and selective breeding.</strong> It is a <strong>branch of agriculture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types:</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619509431_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619509431_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="576" height="604" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increase Income on Small Land Holding:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At present, <strong>70-80% farmers have land below 2 hectare.</strong> To overcome this, existing cropping patterns must be diversified with high value crops such as maize, pulses, etc.</li>
<li>The Government of Haryana has also supported this by announcing that farmers switching to other alternate crops instead of paddy will be paid Rs. 7000 per acre incentive (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restriction-on-paddy-cultivation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mera Pani - Meri Virasat</strong></a> Scheme).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Stability:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Crop diversification <strong>can better tolerate the ups and downs in price of various farm products</strong> and it may ensure economic stability of farming products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mitigating Natural Calamities:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sudden adverse weather conditions like erratic rainfall, drought, hail, incidence of insect and pest disease. Under this situation,<strong> crop diversification through mixed cropping may be useful.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Balance Food Demand: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the Indian population suffers from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition.</strong></a> Most of the girl children have <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>anemia.</strong></a> Including crops like pulses, oilseed, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/horticulture-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>horticulture</strong></a>, and vegetable crops can improve socio economic status by adding quality to the food basket and also improve soil health with the aim of food safety and nutritional security.</li>
<li>The Government of India has now targeted to increase the area under pulses and oilseeds through <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20Centrally%20Sponsored,area%20expansion%20and%20productivity%20enhancement." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Mission (NFSM).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Adoption of crop diversification <strong>helps in conservation of natural resources like introduction of legume in rice-wheat cropping system,</strong> which has the ability to fix atmospheric Nitrogen to help sustain soil fertility.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/soil-health-card-scheme-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Soil Health Card</strong></a> (SHC) provides information to farmers on nutrient status of their soil along with recommendations on appropriate dosage of nutrients to be applied for improving soil health and its fertility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Majority cropped area in the country is completely <strong>dependent on rainfall.</strong></li>
<li>Sub-optimal and <strong>over-use of resources</strong> like land and water resources, causing a negative impact on the environment and sustainability of agriculture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Animal agriculture</strong> is the <strong>second largest contributor</strong> to human-made<a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Greenhouse Gas (GHG)</strong> </a>emissions after fossil fuels and is a leading cause of deforestation, water and air pollution and biodiversity loss.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate supply of seeds and plants</strong> of improved cultivars.</li>
<li>Fragmentation of land holding <strong>less favouring modernization and mechanization of agriculture.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Poor basic infrastructure</strong> like rural roads, power, transport, communications etc.</li>
<li>Inadequate post-harvest technologies and <strong>inadequate infrastructure for post-harvest handling</strong> of perishable horticultural produce.</li>
<li>Very <strong>weak agro-based industry.</strong></li>
<li>Weak research - extension - farmer linkages.</li>
<li><strong>Inadequately trained human resources</strong> together with persistent and large scale illiteracy amongst farmers.</li>
<li>Host of <strong>diseases and pests</strong> affecting most crop plants.</li>
<li><strong>Poor database</strong> for horticultural crops.</li>
<li><strong>Decreased investments in the agricultural sector</strong> over the years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/refrigeration-system-pusa-fsf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Refrigeration System Pusa-FSF</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-mission-on-agroforestry-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sub-Mission on Agroforestry Scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/zoram-mega-food-park-mizoram" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mega Food Parks</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-agriculture-farmers-welfare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Seed-Hub Centres</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although there are challenges which can not be ignored, crop diversification provides an opportunity to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/doubling-farmers-income-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> double farmers income</strong> </a>and create <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>food security</strong> </a>for the nation.</li>
<li>Therefore, the <strong>government must promote crop diversification</strong> by purchasing crops produced other than wheat and rice at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-for-crops#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20major%20demands,of%20the%20cost%20of%20production." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price</strong></a>. This could also help conserve the dwindling supply of underground water.</li>
<li><strong>Agricultural emissions can also be limited</strong> through smarter livestock handling, technology-enabled monitoring of fertilizer application, simple changes in field layout and other, more efficient agricultural techniques.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/farm-laws-sudha-narayanan-balram-yadav-agri-sector-7287752/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crop-diversification'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Challenges for the New Chief Justice of India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based upon <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-court-in-crisis-7286542/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A Court in Crisis&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in the Indian Express on 24 April, 2021. It talks about the issues in the judiciary and what is the way forward for the new CJI, Justice NV Ramana to fulfill his oath.</p>
</div>
<p>Justice is the concept of making decisions based on moral rightness, rationality, equity and fairness and the onus of delivering timely justice to the citizens of a country lies majorly on the shoulders of the supreme judge of the country.</p>
<p>In India, this role is played by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cji-under-the-rti-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Chief Justice of India (CJI)</strong></a>; the<strong> &lsquo;Paterfamilias&rsquo;</strong> of the Judiciary and the<strong> &lsquo;Master of the Roster&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<p>Recently, Justice Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/n-v-ramana-48th-chief-justice-of-india#:~:text=Ramana%2C%20the%20senior%20most%20judge,till%2026th%20August%2C%202022." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NV Ramana</strong></a>), the most senior judge of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> after former CJI, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/47th-chief-justice-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Justice S A Bobde</strong></a>, took his oath as the 48th CJI.</p>
<p>Designated as CJI at such a time when India is going through a major crisis due to Covid-19 pandemic, a lot of potential challenges stand in the path of fulfilling his oath of delivering timely justice to all.</p>
<h3>Current Issues with the Judiciary</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inefficiency of the Supreme Court:</strong> The SC has not only <strong>stopped being the protector of the fundamental and other constitutional rights,</strong> but has also failed to act as the guardian of the rule of law. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the context of politically sensitive cases involving citizens, opposition parties, and activists, the Court has virtually deferred to the executive instead of stepping in to restore constitutional rights and values in letter and spirit.</li>
<li>The recently retired, 47th CJI was perhaps the only Chief Justice to have not made a single recommendation of a judge to be appointed to the Supreme Court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Judge to Population Ratio:</strong> The judge-population ratio in the country which stands at only<strong> 20 judges per million people</strong> is not very appreciable.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While for the other countries, the ratio is about 50-70 judges per million people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pendency and Vacancies in High Courts:</strong> The numbers both in respect of pendency of cases and vacancies in the High Courts are quite concerning &mdash; a backlog of <strong>over 57 lakh cases, and a vacancy level of 40%.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Madras High Court has 5.8 lakh cases against a relatively low level of vacancy at 7%.</li>
<li>As many as 44% of the posts in the Calcutta High Court are vacant, but the cases in arrears stand at 2.7 lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recruitment Delays:</strong> The posts in the judiciary are not filled up as expeditiously as required. For a country as populous as 135 million, the <strong>total strength of judges is only around 25000.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Almost 400 posts are vacant in the high courts.</li>
<li>Around 35% of the posts are lying vacant in the lower judiciary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Representation of Women and Minorities:</strong> The<strong> apex court</strong> currently has only <strong>one woman as judge</strong> despite the fact that virtually half the population comprise women and gender sensitive cases have also seen a sharp rise.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court has only one Muslim judge and no Sikh, Buddhist, Jain or a person from tribal community as a judge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lesser Strict Actions Taken for Judicial Delay:</strong> Though there is widespread acknowledgement of the problem of judicial delay, there is only limited effort within the judiciary taken to understand, through research, the nuances of the problems and ways to resolve it.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Challenges for the New CJI</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Keeping the court functioning during the present unprecedented crisis</strong> due to the Covid-19 Pandemic.</li>
<li><strong>Revamping the administrative machinery of the apex court</strong> and streamlining the functioning of the collegium.</li>
<li>Strengthening the judicial infrastructure and <strong>clearing the massive backlog of cases.</strong></li>
<li>The Supreme Court will have around 13 vacancies during Justice Ramana&rsquo;s tenure as many judges are due to retire by the end of 2021. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The biggest challenge will be to <strong>streamline the appointment process in the Supreme Court as well as in the High Courts</strong> which have been struggling with the pendency of a huge number of cases due to a lack of judges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The possibility of courts reopening for physical hearing, at such a time, looks bleak now, given the massive spike in Covid-19 infections in the Capital.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>hearings of courts will have to be digitised which is further criticised by lawyers</strong> on multiple instances due to technical faults.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Role of the Supreme Court:</strong> A country of a billion+ population needs its highest court to stand for the people as the power of the judiciary, just like the legislature and the executive, comes from the people of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC is expected to <strong>seek strict accountability from the legislature and executive</strong> and any infraction of the Constitution and laws must be corrected.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court collegium of the five senior-most judges should act more transparently and be made more accountable in order to inspire confidence and trust in the judiciary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of CJI:</strong> The new Chief Justice must<strong> stringently introspect and review the actions of his immediate predecessors,</strong> free himself of the bias in constituting benches and allocating cases and take concrete steps to revitalise the administration of justice. Only then will the rule of law be restored and the Constitution served.</li>
<li><strong>Streamlining the Appointment System:</strong> The vacancies must be filled without any unnecessary delay.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proper time frame for the appointment of judges must be laid down and the recommendations must be given in advance.</li>
<li>The Constitution of the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-accessible-and-affordable-judicial-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> All India Judicial Services (AIJS)</strong></a> is also an important factor which can definitely help India establish a better judicial system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fair Representation of All:</strong> Women and the minority communities deserve a fair representation in the Apex Court. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The collegium is duty-bound to diversify the Bench to give adequate representation to all sections of society so that public trust, which is the greatest strength of the judiciary, could be restored.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Chief Justice of India on account of the position he holds as the Paterfamilias of the judicial fraternity is bound to deliver undelayed and unbiased justice to its citizens in order to restore and maintain the faith of the people in the judicial system of India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, besides the challenges inside the court, surge in Covid cases remains as of the biggest challenges in his way, outside the court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A sound judicial system is one based on an objective enquiry, practical and unbiased analysis of evidence and delivery of timely and even-handed justice to all citizens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Time has come for the Supreme Court collegium to assert its primacy in judicial appointments of judges and thus reduce the pendency of cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffef2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the role of the Chief Justice of India (a) as the Paterfamilias of the judicial fraternity and (b) in delivering a sound and timely justice to the citizens and restoring their faith in the judicial system of the country.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Mahavir Jayanti',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India greeted the people on occasion of <strong>&lsquo;Mahavir Jayanti&rsquo; (25<sup>th</sup> April 2021).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahavir Jayanti is<strong> one of the most auspicious festivals in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/jainism-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jain community</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Mahavir Jayanti:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This day marks the birth of <strong>Vardhamana Mahavira,</strong> who was the 24<sup>th</sup> and the <strong>last Tirthankara</strong> and who succeeded the<strong> 23<sup>rd</sup> Tirthankara, Parshvanatha.</strong></li>
<li>According to Jain texts, Lord Mahavira was <strong>born on the 13<sup>th</sup> day of the bright half of the moon in the month of Chaitra.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the<strong> Gregorian calendar,</strong> it is usually celebrated in the month of<strong> March or April.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Celebration:</strong> Usually, a procession is called with the idol of Lord Mahavira called the <strong>Rath Yatra. Reciting stavans</strong> or Jain prayers, statues of the lord are given a ceremonial bath called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahamastakabhisheka-celebrations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abhisheka.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Lord Mahavira:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mahavira</strong> was born to <strong>King Siddhartha of Kundagrama</strong> and <strong>Queen Trishala,</strong> a Lichchhavi princess in the <strong>year 540 BC</strong> in the <strong>Vajji kingdom,</strong> identical with modern day <strong>Vaishali in Bihar.</strong></li>
<li>Mahavira belonged to the<strong> Ikshvaku dynasty.</strong></li>
<li>Lord Mahavir was named<strong> Vardhamana,</strong> which means<strong> &ldquo;one who grows&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>He<strong> abandoned worldly life</strong> at the<strong> age of 30</strong> and attained<strong> &lsquo;kaivalya&rsquo; or omniscience</strong> at the <strong>age of 42.</strong></li>
<li>Mahavira taught<strong> ahimsa</strong> (non-violence),<strong> Satya</strong> (truth), <strong>asteya</strong> (non-stealing), <strong>brahmacharya</strong> (chastity) and <strong>aparigraha</strong> (non-attachment) to his disciples and his teachings were called <strong>Jain Agamas.</strong></li>
<li>Ordinary people were able to understand the teachings of Mahavira and his followers because <strong>they used Prakrit.</strong></li>
<li>It is believed that the Mahavira passed away and attained moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) at the age of <strong>72 in 468 BC</strong> at a place called<strong> Pavapuri</strong> near modern <strong>Rajgir in Bihar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Jainism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The word <strong>Jaina</strong> comes from the<strong> term Jina,</strong> meaning<strong> conqueror.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Tirthankara</strong> is a Sanskrit word meaning<strong> 'Ford maker',</strong> i.e., one who is able to ford the river, to cross beyond the perpetual flow of earthly life.</li>
<li><strong>Jainism attaches</strong> utmost importance to <strong>ahimsa or non-violence.</strong></li>
<li><strong>It preaches 5 mahavratas</strong> (the 5 great vows):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ahimsa</strong> (Non-violence)</li>
<li><strong>Satya</strong> (Truth)</li>
<li><strong>Asteya or Acharya</strong> (Non-stealing)</li>
<li><strong>Aparigraha</strong> (Non-attachment/Non-possession)</li>
<li><strong>Brahmacharya</strong> (Celibacy/Chastity)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Among these 5 teachings,</strong> the<strong> Brahmacharya</strong> (Celibacy/Chastity) was added by <strong>Mahavira.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> three jewels or Triratna of Jainism</strong> include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Samyak Darshana</strong> (right faith).</li>
<li><strong>Samyak Gyana</strong> (right knowledge).</li>
<li><strong>Samyak Charitra</strong> (right conduct).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jainism</strong> is a religion of <strong>self-help.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>There are no gods</strong> or spiritual beings that will help human beings.</li>
<li><strong>It does not condemn</strong> the varna system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In later times, it got divided into <strong>two sects:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Shvetambaras</strong> (white-clad) under Sthalabahu.</li>
<li><strong>Digambaras</strong> (sky-clad) under the leadership of Bhadrabahu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The important <strong>idea in Jainism</strong> is that the entire world is animated: even stones, rocks, and water have life.</li>
<li><strong>Non-injury to living beings,</strong> especially to humans, animals, plants, and insects, is central to Jaina philosophy.</li>
<li>According to Jain teachings, the<strong> cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Asceticism and penance</strong> are required to free oneself from the cycle of karma and achieve the liberation of the soul.</li>
<li>The <strong>practice of Santhara</strong> is also a part of Jainism.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the ritual of fasting unto death. Swetambara Jains call it Santhara whereas Digambars call it Sallekhana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1713893#:~:text=PM%20greets%20people%20on%20Mahavir%20Jayanti&amp;text=The%20Prime%20Minister%2C%20Shri%20Narendra,and%20success%20for%20our%20efforts." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Groundwater Depletion and Cropping Intensity',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In a recent study, it has been found that<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/depleting-groundwater" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> groundwater depletion</strong></a> in India could reduce <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cropping-patterns-and-major-crops-of-india-part-two" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>winter cropped acreage</strong> </a>significantly in years ahead.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The researchers studied India&rsquo;s three main<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/different-irrigation-systems" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> irrigation types</strong></a> on winter cropped areas: dug wells, tube wells and canals.</li>
<li>The researchers also analysed the groundwater data from the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/groundwater-extraction-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Ground Water Board.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard </strong>are<strong> grown in winter.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Present Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has <strong>achieved impressive food-production gains since the 1960s,</strong> due to an increased reliance on irrigation wells, which allowed Indian farmers to expand production into the mostly dry winter and summer seasons.</li>
<li>India is the world&rsquo;s <strong>second-largest producer of wheat and rice</strong> and is home to more than 600 million farmers.</li>
<li>India produces <strong>10% of the world&rsquo;s crops</strong> and is now the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest consumer of groundwater,</strong> and <strong>aquifers are rapidly becoming depleted</strong> across much of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/16-12-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>green revolution era</strong></a>, policy-supported environment led to a large increase in rice cultivation in northwestern India mainly in Punjab and Haryana which are ecologically less suitable for rice cultivation due to predominantly light soils.</li>
<li>This policy-supported intensive agriculture <strong>led to unsustainable groundwater use for irrigation</strong> and in turn groundwater scarcity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings of the Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Related to Groundwater:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Groundwater is a critical resource for food security, accounting for <strong>60% of irrigation supplies in India,</strong> but unsustainable consumption of groundwater for irrigation and home use is leading to its depletion.</li>
<li>Groundwater depletion in India could result in a <strong>reduction in food crops by up to 20% across the country</strong> and up to 68% in regions projected to have low future groundwater availability in 2025.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is found that 13% of the villages in which farmers plant a winter crop are located in critically water-depleted regions.</li>
<li>The results suggest that these losses will largely occur in northwest and central India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related to Switching to Canal Irrigation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Indian<strong> government has suggested that switching from groundwater-depletion wells to irrigation canals</strong> is one way to overcome projected shortfalls.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The irrigation canals divert surface water from lakes and rivers.</li>
<li>However, switching to canal irrigation has <strong>limited adaptation potential at the national scale.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The study suggests that switch to canal irrigation<strong> will not fully compensate for the expected loss of groundwater</strong> in Indian agriculture.</li>
<li>Further, in comparison to tube well irrigation, <strong>canal irrigation was associated with less winter cropped area</strong> and cropped area that was more sensitive to rainfall variability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related to Impact on Crop Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Reduction in Cropping Intensity:</strong> Even if all regions that are currently using depleted groundwater for irrigation will switch to using canal irrigation, cropping intensity <strong>may decline by 7% nationally</strong> and by 24% in the most severely affected locations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is found that irrigation canals would favour farms close to canals, leading to unequal access.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reductions in Wheat Production:</strong> The reductions in crop area will occur largely in the states that grow wheat, potentially leading to substantial reductions in wheat production in the future.</li>
<li><strong>Food Security:</strong> The low wheat production could have ramifications for food security given that India is the second largest producer of wheat globally and wheat provides approximately 20% of household calories in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cropping Intensity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to<strong> raising of a number of crops from the same field during one agricultural year;</strong> it can be expressed through a formula.</li>
<li><strong>Cropping Intensity = Gross Cropped Area/Net Sown Area x 100.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gross Cropped Area:</strong> This represents the total area sown once and/or more than once in a particular year, i.e. the area is counted as many times as there are sowings in a year. This total area is also known as total cropped area or total area sown.</li>
<li><strong>Net Sown Area:</strong> This represents the total area sown with crops and orchards. Area sown more than once in the same year is counted only once.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Around 51% of India's geographical area is already under cultivation as compared to 11% of the world average.</li>
<li>The present cropping intensity of 136% has registered an increase of only 25% since independence. Further, rainfed drylands constitute 65% of the total net sown area.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Central Ground Water Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a subordinate office of the<strong> Ministry of Jal Shakti</strong>&nbsp;and is the National Apex Agency entrusted with the responsibilities of providing scientific inputs for management, exploration, monitoring, assessment, augmentation and regulation of groundwater resources of the country.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1970</strong> by renaming the Exploratory Tubewells Organization under the Ministry of Agriculture and later on merged with the <strong>Groundwater Wing of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-navy-signs-mou-with-geological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Geological Survey of India</a></strong> during 1972.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Irrigation Infrastructure in Easter India:</strong> There are enough groundwater resources supported with higher monsoon rainfall in eastern Indian states like Bihar. But due to lack of enough irrigation infrastructure, farmers are not able to make use of natural resources there.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a need for better policies in eastern India to expand irrigation and thus increase agricultural productivity.</li>
<li>This will also release some pressure from northwestern Indian states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water-saving Technologies:</strong> Adoption of water-saving technologies like a sprinkler, drip irrigation.</li>
<li><strong>Less water-Intensive Crops:</strong> Switching to less water-intensive crops in some areas may help use the limited groundwater resources more effectively.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/groundwater-depletion-may-reduce-winter-cropping-intensity-by-20-in-india/article34402181.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Antimicrobial Resistance: Threat to Global Health Security',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global problem</strong> to which the ongoing <a href="/hindi/tags/covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> pandemic <strong>may further contribute.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With <strong>resources deployed away from antimicrobial stewardship,</strong> evidence of <strong>substantial preemptive antibiotic use in Covid-19 patients</strong> and indirectly, with <strong>deteriorating economic conditions</strong> fuelling poverty potentially impacting on levels of resistance, AMR threat remains significant.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Antimicrobial Resistance (Meaning):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Antimicrobial resistance is the<strong> resistance acquired by any microorganism (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasite, etc.) against antimicrobial drugs</strong> (such as antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimalarials, and anthelmintics) that are used to treat infections.</li>
<li>As a result, <strong>standard treatments become ineffective,</strong> infections persist and may spread to others.</li>
<li><strong>Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance</strong> are sometimes referred to as <strong>&ldquo;superbugs&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Some bacteria due to the presence of resistance genes</strong> are intrinsically resistant and therefore survive on being exposed to antibiotics.</li>
<li>Bacteria <strong>can also acquire resistance.</strong> This can happen in<strong> two ways:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>By <strong>sharing and transferring resistance genes</strong> present in the rest of the population, or</li>
<li>By<strong> genetic mutations</strong> that help the bacteria survive antibiotic exposure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>misuse of antimicrobials in medicine</strong> and inappropriate use<strong> in agriculture.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Contamination around pharmaceutical manufacturing sites</strong> where untreated waste releases large amounts of active antimicrobials into the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>AMR is <strong>already responsible for up to 7,00,000 deaths a year.</strong></li>
<li>A <strong>threat to prevention and treatment of infections -</strong> medical procedures such as organ transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, diabetes management and major surgery (for example, caesarean sections or hip replacements) become very risky.</li>
<li><strong>Increases the cost of healthcare</strong> with lengthier stays in hospitals, additional tests and use of more expensive drugs.</li>
<li>It is <strong>putting the gains of the Millennium Development Goals at risk</strong> and <strong>endangers achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.</strong></li>
<li><strong>No new classes of antibiotics</strong> have made it to the market in the last three decades, largely<strong> on account of inadequate incentives</strong> for their development and production.</li>
<li>Without urgent action, we are<strong> heading to antibiotic apocalypse &ndash;</strong> a future without antibiotics, with bacteria becoming completely resistant to treatment and when common infections and minor injuries could once again kill.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>AMR in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India, with its combination of<strong> large population,</strong> rising incomes that facilitate <strong>purchase of antibiotics,</strong> high <strong>burden of infectious diseases</strong> and easy over-the-counter access to antibiotics, is an important locus for the generation of resistance genes.</li>
<li>The multi-drug resistance determinant, <strong>New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1),</strong> emerged from this region to spread globally.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Africa, Europe and other parts of Asia have also been affected by multi-drug resistant typhoid originating from South Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In India, <strong>over 56,000 newborn deaths each year</strong> due to sepsis are caused by organisms that are resistant to first line antibiotics.</li>
<li>India has undertaken<strong> many activities</strong> like<strong> Mission Indradhanush &mdash;</strong> to address low vaccination coverage &mdash; strengthened micro-planning and additional mechanisms to improve monitoring and accountability.</li>
<li>The Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare (MoHFW) <strong>identified AMR as one of the top 10 priorities</strong> for the ministry&rsquo;s collaborative work with the World Health Organisation (WHO).</li>
<li>India has also launched the <strong>National Action Plan on AMR resistance 2017-2021.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since microbes will inevitably continue to evolve and become resistant even to new antimicrobials, we need <strong>sustained investments and global coordination</strong> to detect and combat new resistant strains on an ongoing basis.</li>
<li><strong>Efforts to control prescription of antimicrobials should be accompanied by efforts to educate consumers</strong> to reduce inappropriate demand, issue standard treatment guidelines that would empower providers to stand up to such demands, as well as provide point-of-care diagnostics to aid clinical decision-making.</li>
<li>In addition to developing new antimicrobials,<strong> infection-control measures</strong> can reduce antibiotic use. It is critical to ensure that all those who need an antimicrobial have access to it.</li>
<li>To track the spread of resistance in microbes, <strong>surveillance measures</strong> to identify these organisms need to expand beyond hospitals and encompass livestock, wastewater and farm run-offs.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/antimicrobial-resistance-the-silent-threat/article34434231.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Government of NCT of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Government of National Capital Territory (GNCT) of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021</strong>, which gives <strong>primacy to the Lieutenant Governor (L-G) over the elected government</strong> in the city, has <strong>come into force.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of the GNCT of Delhi (Amendment) Act 2021:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>amended the Sections 21, 24, 33 and 44 of the 1991 Act.</strong></li>
<li>States that the <strong>&ldquo;government&rdquo;</strong> in the National Capital Territory of Delhi <strong>meant the Lieutenant-Governor</strong> of Delhi.</li>
<li>It <strong>gives discretionary powers to the L-G</strong> even in matters where the Legislative Assembly of Delhi is empowered to make laws.</li>
<li>It <strong>seeks to ensure that the L-G is &ldquo;necessarily granted an opportunity&rdquo;</strong> to give her or his opinion before any decision taken by the Council of Ministers (or the Delhi Cabinet) is implemented.</li>
<li>It <strong>bars the Assembly or its committees from making rules</strong> to take up matters concerning day-to-day administration, or to conduct inquiries in relation to administrative decisions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The latest amendment will <strong>greatly reduce the efficiency and timeliness of the Delhi government</strong> by making it imperative for it to hold consultations with the L-G even when a situation demands urgent action.</li>
<li>Significantly, the <strong>L-G is not obliged to give his opinion to the State government within a time frame.</strong> Critics argue that the L-G could politically exploit these unbridled powers to hamper the government&rsquo;s administrative work and thus turn the political tides against the incumbent if he so desires.</li>
<li>It is <strong>against the spirit of &lsquo;Federalism.&rdquo;</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Union Government&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is in <strong>keeping with the Supreme Court&rsquo;s July 2018 ruling</strong> on the ambit of powers of the L-G and the Delhi government following several headliner controversies between the two.</li>
<li>The purported fair objectives of the Act, include <strong>enhancing public accountability and easing out technical ambiguities</strong> related to everyday administration.</li>
<li>This will <strong>increase administrative efficiency of Delhi</strong> and will <strong>ensure better relationship between the executive and the legislator.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enactment of GNCTD Act:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>GNCTD Act was enacted in 1991</strong> to <strong>&ldquo;supplement provisions of the Constitution</strong> relating to the Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers for the National Capital Territory of Delhi&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It <strong>enabled the process of an elected government in Delhi.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court had in the past appreciated the 1991 developments</strong>, stating that the real purpose behind the <strong>Constitution (69<sup>th</sup> Amendment) Act, 1991</strong> is to establish a democratic set-up and representative form of government wherein the majority has a right to embody their opinions in laws and policies pertaining to the NCT of Delhi subject to the limitations imposed by the Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>69<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act, 1992</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It <strong>added two new Articles 239AA and 239AB</strong> under which the Union Territory of Delhi has been given a special status.</li>
<li><strong>Article 239AA</strong> provides that the Union Territory of Delhi be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi and its administrator shall be known as Lt. Governor.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It also <strong>creates a legislative assembly for Delhi</strong> which can make laws on subjects under the State List and Concurrent List <strong>except on these matters:</strong> public order, land, and police.</li>
<li>It also <strong>provides for a Council of Ministers for Delhi</strong> consisting of not more than 10% of the total number of members in the assembly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 239AB</strong> provides that the <strong>President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of Article 239AA</strong> or of all or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article. This provision <strong>resembles Article 356 (President&rsquo;s Rule).</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Point of Friction:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, over the years, there was <strong>friction between the Chief Minister and the Lieutenant Governor (L-G)</strong> over power-sharing.</li>
<li>The focal point of these conflicts was that <strong>in case of a difference between the L-G and the Council of Ministers on any matter,</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>matter was to be referred to the President</strong> by the L-G for his decision,</li>
<li>And <strong>pending such a decision</strong> the <strong>L-G was empowered to take any action</strong> on the matter as he deemed right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Judgement of the Supreme Court:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the <em><strong>Government of NCT of Delhi vs Union of India and Another in 2018</strong></em> case, the SC held that:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>government was not under obligation to seek the concurrence of the L-G</strong> on its decisions and</li>
<li>That <strong>any differences between them should be resolved keeping in view the constitutional primacy of representative government</strong> and cooperative federalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Essentially, the SC judgment <strong>made it extremely difficult for the L-G to refer such matters to the President.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/centre-notifies-gnct-act-that-gives-more-powers-to-delhi-l-g/article34428245.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-of-nct-of-delhi-amendment-act-2021'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Assam Earthquake',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a powerful earthquake <strong>measuring 6.4 on the Richter Scale</strong> jolted Assam and other parts of Northeast.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <strong>National Centre for Seismology (NCS)</strong> report, the tremors have been attributed to <strong>Kopili Fault zone closer to Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT).</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NCS is the <strong>nodal agency</strong> <strong>of the Government of India for monitoring earthquake activity in the country.</strong> It comes under the <strong>Ministry of Earth Sciences.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>HFT, also known as the <strong>Main Frontal Thrust (MFT)</strong>, is a geological fault along the boundary of the <strong>Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kopili Fault Zone:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kopili fault zone is a 300 km long and 50 km wide lineament (linear feature) extending from the <strong>western part of Manipur up to the tri-junction of Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.</strong></li>
<li>The area is seismically very active falling in the highest <strong>Seismic Hazard zone V</strong> associated with collisional tectonics where <strong>Indian plate subducts beneath the Eurasian Plate.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Subduction is a geological process in which one crustal plate is forced below the edge of another.</li>
<li>Squeezed between the subduction and collision zones of the Himalayan belt and Sumatran belt, the North East is highly prone to earthquake occurrences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fault:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A fault is a fracture along which the blocks of crust on either side have moved relative to one another parallel to the fracture.</li>
<li>When an earthquake occurs, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other.</li>
<li>The fault surface can be <strong>vertical, horizontal, or at some angle to the surface of the earth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619689044_image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619689044_image 1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Tectonic Plates:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/tectonic-plates" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>tectonic plate</strong></a> (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly-shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.</li>
<li>A tectonic plate may be a continental plate or an oceanic plate, depending on which of the two occupies the larger portion of the plate.</li>
<li>The Pacific plate is largely an oceanic plate whereas the Eurasian plate is a continental plate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Earthquake</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An earthquake in simple words is the shaking of the earth. It is a natural event. It is caused due to release of energy, which generates waves that travel in all directions.</li>
<li>The vibrations called <strong>seismic waves</strong> are generated from earthquakes that travel through the Earth and are recorded on instruments called seismographs.</li>
<li>The location below the earth&rsquo;s surface where the earthquake starts is called the <strong>hypocenter,</strong> and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the <strong>epicenter.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper1/earthquake-4#:~:text=Fault%20Zones%3A,the%20friction%20locks%20them%20together." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Types of Earthquake</a>:</strong> Fault Zones, Tectonic Earthquakes, Volcanic Earthquake, Human Induced Earthquakes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Seismic Hazard Map of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is one of the highly earthquake affected countries because of the presence of technically active young fold mountains - Himalaya.</li>
<li>India has been divided into <strong>four seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V)</strong> based on scientific inputs relating to seismicity, earthquakes occurred in the past and tectonic setup of the region.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Previously, earthquake zones were divided into five zones with respect to the severity of the earthquakes but the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bureau-of-indian-standards-bis-act-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bureau of Indian Standards</strong></a> (BIS) grouped the country into four seismic zones by unifying the first two zones.</li>
<li>BIS is the official agency for publishing the seismic hazard maps and codes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619689133_image%202.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619689133_image 2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Seismic Zone II:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Area with minor damage earthquakes corresponding to intensities V to VI of MM scale (MM-Modified Mercalli Intensity scale).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seismic Zone III:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moderate damage corresponding to intensity VII of MM scale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seismic Zone IV:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Major damage corresponding to intensity VII and higher of MM scale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Seismic Zone V:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Area determined by pro seismically of certain major fault systems and is seismically the most active region.</li>
<li>Earthquake zone V is the most vulnerable to earthquakes, where historically some of the country&rsquo;s most powerful shocks have occurred.</li>
<li>Earthquakes with magnitudes in excess of 7.0 have occured in these areas, and have had intensities higher than IX.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-in-assam-earthquake-reminder-of-seismic-hazard-along-hft-faultline-7292770/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assam-earthquake'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Women & Financial Inclusion',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/women-are-key-to-financial-inclusion-101619276163691.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> &ldquo;Women are key to financial inclusion&rdquo;</a> which was published in The Hindustan Times on 24/04/2021. It talks about gender-based barriers to financial inclusion.</p>
</div>
<p>Increasing access to and use of quality financial products and services is essential to inclusive economic growth and poverty reduction. Given this, increasing women&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/financial-inclusion-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>financial inclusion</strong></a> is important as women disproportionately experience poverty, unequal divisions of labor and a lack of control over economic resources</p>
<p>The effective implementation of Aadhaar-based eKYC collection and authentication lowered barriers of entry to the formal financial system. It has allowed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/financial-inclusion-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) trinity</strong> </a>to lay the foundation to bring 230 million unserved and underserved women into the formal financial services ecosystem.</p>
<p>However, despite digital technologies and government initiatives, hurdles to increase the financial inclusion for women have not been eliminated.</p>
<h3>Women &amp; Financial Inclusion Linkage</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Building Financial Resilience:</strong> Women are decision-makers for spending and savings in most low-income households. They are thus more committed and disciplined savers than men.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Many research documents have shown that when given the opportunity, women save and by doing so build financial resilience.</li>
<li>Thus, it is economically viable for banks to target women, while contributing to such social good.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Increasing Social Capital:</strong> Women&rsquo;s engagement with financial institutions and their ability to access participation in work and credit from such institutions can increase their social capital. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Thus, empowering 230 million women Jan Dhan customers financially leads to the potential upliftment of 920 million lives, at an average family of four.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Critical For Women&rsquo;s Empowerment and Poverty Reduction:</strong> Providing low-income women with effective and affordable financial tools to save and borrow money, make and receive payments, and manage risk is critical to both women&rsquo;s empowerment and poverty reduction.</li>
<li><strong>Gender Gap in Financial Inclusion:</strong> According to the 2017 Global Findex database, 83% of males above 15 years of age in India held accounts at a financial institution in 2017 compared to 77% females.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is attributed to socio-economic factors, including the availability of mobile handset and internet data facility being higher among men than women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gender-Based Barriers to Financial Inclusion</h3>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #10172b; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Demand Side Barriers</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #10172b; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Supply Side Barriers</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; height: 19px; background-color: #10172b; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Legal &amp; Regulatory Barriers</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of bargaining power within the household</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Reduced mobility due to time constraints or social norms</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Account opening requirements that disadvantage women</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 40px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concentration in lower-paying economic activities</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 40px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of gender-specific policies and practices for product design and marketing</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 40px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Barriers to obtaining formal identification</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 43px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 43px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Competing demands on women&rsquo;s time related to unpaid domestic work</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 43px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inappropriate distribution channels</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 43px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Legal barriers to owning and inheriting property and other collateral</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of assets for collateral</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lower rates of digital inclusion</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 33.3333%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: 45px; background-color: #f7f5ff;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of gender-inclusive credit reporting systems</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3><br />Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender-Disaggregated Data:</strong> Financial service providers need to deploy strategies that focus on the Jan Dhan women segment by using sex-disaggregated data. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For instance, target and communicate with women and design products and processes to be women-centric.</li>
<li>At a policy-level, collecting and analysing gender-disaggregated data is vital for the creation of products and services for low-income women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In-design Changes:</strong> The design tweaks that take into account the specific needs and preferences of women can enhance their access to financial products, as well as the impact of those products on women&rsquo;s ability to make investments and smooth consumption in the face of income shocks.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Financial Products which allow women greater degrees of control and privacy surrounding their incomes and spending decisions appear to be particularly promising.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enhancing Financial Literacy:</strong> Providing financial literacy remains the key for universalisation of financial inclusion.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the Reserve Bank of India has undertaken a project titled Project Financial Literacy.</li>
<li>The objective of the project is to disseminate information regarding the central bank and general banking concepts to various target groups, including, school and college going children, women, rural and urban poor, defence personnel and senior citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The government&rsquo;s continued focus on women and their inclusion in the financial sector can have a transformative impact in boosting household economic resilience, expanding women&rsquo;s access to credit and work opportunities, aiding empowerment and equity.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfcf0;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Despite digital technologies and government initiatives, hurdles to increase the financial inclusion for women have not been eliminated. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/women-financial-inclusion'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Advanced Chaff Technology',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has developed an <strong>Advanced Chaff Technology </strong>to<strong> safeguard the naval ships against enemy missile attack.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is another step towards <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Chaff is an <strong>electronic countermeasure technology</strong> used by militaries worldwide <strong>to protect naval ships</strong> or other sensitive targets <strong>from radar and radio frequency (RF)</strong> guiding mechanisms<strong> of the enemy missile.</strong></li>
<li>The chaff rockets deployed in the air<strong> reflect as multiple targets for the missile guidance systems</strong> and deflecting adversary missiles, thus protecting their own assets.</li>
<li><strong>DRDO</strong> has<strong> indigenously developed</strong> three variants of the critical technology namely <strong>Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR), Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR) and Long Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR). </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Difference between Chaff and Flares:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both <strong>chaff and flares are defensive countermeasures</strong> deployed by military aircraft. The purpose is<strong> to confuse radar-guided or infrared-guided anti aircraft missiles</strong> fired so that they could be diverted.</li>
<li><strong>Chaff</strong> is<strong> composed of many small aluminium or zinc coated fibres</strong> stored on-board the aircraft in tubes. In case the aircraft feels threatened by any radar tracking missiles, chaff is ejected into the turbulent wake of air behind the plane.</li>
<li><strong>Flares</strong> on being fired <strong>provide an alternate strong IR (Infrared) source</strong> to heat-seeking anti-air missiles so that they are lured away from the aircraft.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>DRDO works under the <strong>administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.</strong></li>
<li>It is working to establish a world class science and technology base for India and provides Defence Services decisive edge by equipping them with internationally competitive systems and solutions.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1958</strong> after combining Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development &amp; Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO).</li>
<li>It is responsible for carrying out <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Some Recent Tests by DRDO</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hypersonic-technology-demonstrator-vehicle-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/abhyas-high-speed-expendable-aerial-target" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Abhyas High-speed Expendable Aerial Target</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nag-missile-anti-tank-guided-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Laser-Guided Anti Tank Guided Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-attack-version-of-brahmos-missile" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BrahMos Missile</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-system-drdo#:~:text=About%3A%20SMART%20is%20a%20missile,like%20a%20regular%20supersonic%20missile." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) system</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-radiation-missile-rudram-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rudram</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1709617" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-chaff-technology'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Green Initiatives: Saudi Arabia',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Saudi Arabia launched <strong>Saudi Green Initiative</strong> and <strong>the Middle East Green Initiative</strong> to combat the threat of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/climate-change-and-development-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> climate change.</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619607322_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619607322_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background and G20 Summit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the main pillars of the Saudi <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20</strong></a> presidency was to<strong> safeguard the planet.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 2020, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-launched-on-g20-emm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20 introduced initiatives</strong> </a>like establishing a <strong>Global Coral Reef Research and Development Accelerator Platform and the Circular Carbon Economy (CCE) Platform.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Saudi Arabia reiterated that it is committed to lead regional efforts to address climate change and has been making steady progress in this direction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Saudi Arabia established the<strong> Environmental Special Forces in 2019.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Saudi Green Initiative:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>raise the vegetation cover, reduce carbon emissions, combat pollution and land degradation, and preserve marine life.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>10 billion trees</strong> will be planted in the Kingdom.</li>
<li>To <strong>reduce carbon emissions by more than 4% of global contributions,</strong> through a <strong>renewable energy programme</strong> that will generate 50% of Saudi&rsquo;s energy from renewables by 2030.</li>
<li>Saudi Arabia is working towards <strong>raising the percentage of its protected areas to more than 30% of its total land area,</strong> exceeding the global target of 17%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Middle East Green Initiative :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To preserve marine and coastal environments, increase the proportion of natural reserves and protected land, <strong>improve the regulation of oil production, accelerate the transition to clean energy and boost the amount of energy generated by renewables.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Saudi Arabia will work with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gulf-cooperation-council-and-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Gulf Cooperation Council</strong> </a>countries and regional partners to plant an additional 40 billion trees in the West Asian region. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It represents 5% of the global target of planting one trillion trees and reducing 2.5% of global carbon levels.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Saudi Arabia will<strong> convene an annual summit called the Middle East Green Initiative</strong> which will host leaders from the government, scientists and environmentalists to discuss the details of implementation.</li>
<li>In partnership with participating countries,<strong> innovative methods will be researched</strong> to irrigate from treated water, cloud seeding and other purpose-driven solutions such as planting native trees which requires support for three years to grow and will then be able to survive on their own with natural irrigation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Support:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Saudi Arabia has been sharing its expertise and know-how with its neighbouring countries to <strong>reduce carbon emissions resulting from hydrocarbon production in the region by 60% and globally by 10%.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Saudi Arabia currently operates the <strong>largest carbon capture and utilisation plant in the world,</strong> it also operates one of the<strong> region&rsquo;s most advanced CO<sub>2</sub>-enhanced oil recovery plants</strong> that captures and stores 8,00,000 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> annually.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Appreciating Indian Efforts:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Saudi Arabia also appreciated India&rsquo;s remarkable commitments to tackle climate change as India is on track to achieve its <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-paris-climate-accord" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong> </a>targets.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>renewable energy capacity is the fourth largest in the world.</strong> India has an ambitious target of achieving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/foundation-day-of-areas" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>450 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Indian Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-environment-forest-and-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-india-will-shift-to-bs-vi-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI) emission norms</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-energy-efficiency-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UJALA scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-action-plan-on-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-solar-technology-summit-isa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Solar Alliance </strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coalition-for-disaster-resilient-infrastructure-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Coalition for Disaster Resilience Infrastructure</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Saudi Arabia hopes that the launch of the two Initiatives marks the<strong> beginning of a green era </strong>and that these<strong> initiatives provide momentum to other countries to unify their efforts to save our planet.</strong></li>
<li>Economic prosperity cannot be achieved at the cost of the environment. It is critical for us, as an industry, to shift from &lsquo;pollute-first, clean-up later&rsquo; attitude and<strong> commit to preserving our diminishing natural resources.</strong></li>
<li>The intent and aspiration to align economic efforts with the environment should not be restricted to the government.<strong> Collaboration between the industry, government and regulatory bodies will help in evaluating decisions on economic viability and environmental benefits.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/marking-the-beginning-of-a-green-era/article34424848.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source:TH</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-initiatives-saudi-arabia'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Joint Logistics Node',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/chief-of-defence-staff-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chief of Defence Staff</a> General Bipin Rawat</strong> has operationalised the <strong>third Joint Logistics Node (JLN) in Mumbai.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Other</strong> operationalised JLNs are in <strong>Guwahati and Port Blair.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of Joint Logistics Nodes:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These JLNs <strong>will provide integrated logistics cover to the Armed Forces</strong> for their small arms ammunition, rations, fuel, general stores, civil hired transport, aviation clothing, spares and also engineering support in an effort to synergise their operational efforts.</li>
<li>It would <strong>accrue advantages</strong> in terms of <strong>saving of manpower, economical utilisation of resources</strong>, besides <strong>financial savings.</strong></li>
<li>This is the <strong>precursor to the joint logistics command</strong> which is being planned and is <strong>imperative for the optimisation of the combat potential of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/integrated-theatre-command" target="_blank" rel="noopener">integrated theatres</a>.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>One of the means to achieve jointness is through the <strong>setting up of integrated theatre commands</strong> for the best use of military resources to fight future battles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Integrated Theatre Command:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An integrated theatre command <strong>envisages a unified command of the three Services</strong>, under a single commander, for geographical theatres (areas) that are of strategic and security concern.</li>
<li>The commander of such a force <strong>will be able to bear all resources at his disposal</strong>&mdash;from the Army, the Indian Air Force, and the Navy&mdash;with seamless efficacy.</li>
<li>The integrated theatre commander <strong>will not be answerable to individual Services.</strong></li>
<li>Integration and jointness of the three forces <strong>will avoid duplication of resources.</strong> The resources available under each service will be available to other services too.</li>
<li>The services will get to know one another better, <strong>strengthening cohesion in the defence establishment.</strong></li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reforms-in-army" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shekatkar committee</strong> </a>has <strong>recommended the creation of 3 integrated theatre commands</strong>&mdash;northern for the China border, western for the Pakistan border, and southern for the maritime role.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Present Tri-Services Command:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC)</strong> is a theatre command, which is headed by the chiefs of the three services in rotation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was<strong> created in 2001</strong> to safeguard India's strategic interests in Southeast Asia and the Strait of Malacca by increasing rapid deployment of military assets in the islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Strategic Forces Command</strong> was <strong>established in 2006</strong> and is a functional tri-services command. It looks after the delivery and operational control of the country&rsquo;s nuclear assets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Chief of Defence Staff</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He is in the <strong>rank of a four-star General</strong> with salary and benefits equivalent to a Service Chief.</li>
<li>The <strong>retirement age for the CDS is 65 years,</strong> which is three years more than the retirement age of the three service chiefs.</li>
<li>The creation of a CDS was <strong>suggested by the Kargil Review Committee (KRC) in February 2000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of CDS:</strong> Fundamentally, the CDS will perform two roles:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>First Role:</strong> The CDS will act as the <strong>principal military adviser to the defence minister</strong> on tri-Services issues.</li>
<li><strong>Second Role:</strong> The CDS will <strong>lead the Department of Military Affairs (DoMA)</strong> dealing with the three services.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cds-rawat-launches-joint-logistics-facility-in-mumbai/article34216887.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/joint-logistics-node'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Oxygen Crisis: Covid-19',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Liquid Medical Oxygen (LMO)</strong> crisis during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reasons-for-rising-covid-19-infections-second-wave" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>second wave of Covid</strong></a> <strong>surge</strong> has been precipitated by a shortage of tankers and the daunting logistics of transportation from distant locations.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619602464_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619602464_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Liquid Medical Oxygen:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is high purity oxygen suitable for use in the human body. So, it is used for medical treatments.</li>
<li>This oxygen <strong>provides a basis for virtually all modern anaesthetic techniques, restores tissue oxygen tension</strong> by increasing the oxygen availability, <strong>aids cardiovascular stability, etc.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Health Organisation</a></strong> includes this on their <strong>List of Essential Medicines.</strong></li>
<li>According to the <strong>Drug Prices Control Order, 2013</strong>, LMO is placed under the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/essential-medicines#:~:text=Drug%20Prices%20Control%20Order%2C%202013,the%20National%20Pharmaceutical%20Pricing%20Authority." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>LMO Production in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has a <strong>daily production capacity</strong> of at least <strong>7,100 Metric Tonnes (MT)</strong> of oxygen, including for industrial use.</li>
<li>Due to the crisis, the production has been increased to <strong>8,922 MT.</strong> And approximately daily <strong>sale</strong> <strong>is 7,017 MT.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The domestic production is expected to <strong>cross 9,250 MT</strong> per day by the end of April 2021.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Therefore, <strong>India appears to be producing sufficient oxygen</strong> to meet the current need.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for the Crisis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Distance of Production Plants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the LMO plants are located in the east, leading to long transportation hauls and a turnaround time of at least 6-7 days for each tanker. Add to this the problem of states holding up tankers on the way.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limited Tankers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At present, India has 1,224 LMO tankers with a cumulative capacity of 16,732 MT of LMO. This is grossly inadequate because at any given point, there are only 200 tankers in transit to meet a demand of 3,500-4,000 MT.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Companies not Buying Cryogenic Tankers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cryogenic tankers cost around Rs. 50 lakh each. Companies are not buying these tankers because once this wave is over, that investment will turn into losses.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Cryogenic Tankers:</strong> These are tankers which store medical oxygen at -180 degrees C, have double-skin vacuum-insulated containers, including an inner vessel made of stainless steel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leakage and Irrational Use:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the past, the Health Ministry repeatedly demanded hospitals to reduce <strong>wastage and unnecessary oxygen use in Hospitals.</strong> Industrial experts also raised <strong>concerns over possible leakages in hospital pipelines that supply oxygen.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Black marketing of oxygen cylinders</strong> is another issue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Oxygen Express:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trains to transport LMO and oxygen cylinders across the country have been started to fight the ongoing crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disaster Management Act 2005:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Home Affairs <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/disaster-management-act-2005-invoked" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>invoked Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DM Act)</strong></a> and ordered <strong>free inter-state movement of oxygen carrying vehicles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Restarting Plants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government is restarting many closed plants to increase the supply of LMO, <strong>for example</strong>, Sterlite plant in Tamil Nadu will be <strong>reopened for 4 months to provide oxygen supply.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Use of Air Force:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To speed up the transportation, <strong>Indian Air Force (IAF)</strong> is airlifting empty oxygen tankers and taking them to industrial units that have switched to producing medical grade oxygen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oxygen Enrichment Unit (OEU):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is developed by scientists of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</strong></a>-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), and will <strong>help reduce the requirement of ventilators and oxygen cylinders</strong> in homecare, villages and remote places.</li>
<li>Oxygen enrichment units have special significance in view of the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19 pandemic</a>.</strong> Patient <strong>recovery can be faster with supplemental oxygen in early stages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-second-wave-oxygen-crisis-more-than-supply-lack-of-tankers-and-plant-location-key-challenges-7291716/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619606458101000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3TCGM_B0uqkSxq17aw_rIh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oxygen-crisis-covid-19'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'India-Japan',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Prime Minister in a telephonic conversation with his Japanese counterpart</strong> discussed various issues including <strong>high technology, skill development and fighting the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Covid-19</a> pandemic together.</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619596974_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619596974_image5.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>On Covid-19 Situation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Highlighted the <strong>importance of close India-Japan cooperation</strong> to overcome challenges posed by the pandemic, such as by working together to <strong>create resilient, diversified and trustworthy supply chains,</strong> ensuring <strong>reliable supply of critical materials and technologies,</strong> and developing<strong> new partnerships in manufacturing and skill development.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In this context, the two leaders <strong>emphasized the need for early operationalization of the Specified Skilled workers (SSW) agreement</strong> in order to synergize their strengths and achieve mutually beneficial outcomes.</li>
<li>They also <strong>highlighted the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail (MAHSR) project</strong> as a shining example of their cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On Cooperation for Indo-Pacific:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Confirmed the <strong>importance of Japan-India bilateral and multilateral cooperation,</strong> including <strong>Japan-Australia-India-US <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/quad-meeting-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">quadrilateral cooperation</a>,</strong> towards realising a free and open Indo-Pacific.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>On Possible Cooperation in Various fields:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Like 5G, submarine cables, strengthening of industrial competitiveness, diversification of supply chains and development projects in the northeastern state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Recent Developments Between India and Japan:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently, <strong>India, Japan and Australia</strong> have formally launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-of-supply-chain-resilience-initiative#:~:text=Supply%20Chain%20Resilience%20Initiative%20(SCRI)%3A,lead%20to%20the%20supply%20chain." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI)</strong></a> in a move <strong>to counter China&rsquo;s dominance of the supply chain in the Indo-Pacific region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The SCRI<strong> aims to create a virtuous cycle of enhancing supply chain resilience</strong> with a view to eventually attaining strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/japan-to-fund-projects-in-india#:~:text=Japan%20has%20finalised%20loans%20and,the%20Andaman%20and%20Nicobar%20islands." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Japan has finalised loans</strong></a> and a grant totalling around 233 billion yen for <strong>several key infrastructure projects in India,</strong> including for a project in the Andaman and Nicobar islands.</li>
<li>In<strong> 2020,</strong> India and Japan<strong> signed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-japan-logistics-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noopener">logistics agreement</a></strong> that will allow armed forces of both sides to coordinate closely in services and supplies. The agreement is known as the<strong> Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA).</strong></li>
<li>In 2014, India and Japan upgraded their relationship to <strong>'Special Strategic and Global Partnership'.</strong></li>
<li>The India-Japan <strong>Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)</strong> that came into force in <strong>August 2011</strong> covers trade in goods, services, movement of natural persons, investments, Intellectual Property Rights, custom procedures and other trade related issues.</li>
<li><strong>Defence Exercises:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India and Japan defence forces organize a series of bilateral exercises namely, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-08th-october-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>JIMEX</strong> </a>(naval), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-4th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SHINYUU Maitri</strong></a> (Air Force), and <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-dharma-guardian-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dharma Guardian</a></strong> (Army). Both countries also participate in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-malabar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Malabar exercise</strong></a> (Naval Exercise) with the USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>More collaboration and cooperation can prove beneficial to both nations, since India needs sophisticated technology from Japan.</li>
<li>There is a huge potential with respect to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/five-years-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Make in India</strong></a>. Joint ventures could be created by merging Japanese digital technology with Indian raw materials and labour.</li>
<li>Close cooperation is the best measure to combat China&rsquo;s growing role in Asia and Indo-Pacific, in physical as well as digital space.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-ministers-of-india-and-japan-discuss-quad-covid-19/article34417455.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-japan-7'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'UK’s Indo-Pacific Tilt',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the British Government said that the <strong>UK Carrier Strike Group&rsquo;s</strong> &ldquo;globe-spanning maiden deployment will feature <strong>visits to India, Japan, Republic of Korea and Singapore&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eu-indo-pacific" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> European Union had announced</strong></a> that it will reinforce its strategic focus, presence and actions in the Indo-Pacific with the aim of contributing to the stability, security, prosperity and sustainable development of the region.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the UK Carrier Strike Group (CSG):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>CSG:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Carrier strike groups are<strong> often formed for a specific mission rather than by platform.</strong></li>
<li>The carrier is typically <strong>part of a larger formation,</strong> usually including destroyers, frigates and submarines, as well as logistical-support ships.</li>
<li>The carrier <strong>provides the primary offensive air power,</strong> while the other vessels provide the wider defence and support role and can also participate offensively, such as with the launch of missile systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UK CSG:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will be <strong>led by the aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth.</strong></li>
<li>It will be <strong>a global deployment,</strong> from the <strong>North Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>&ldquo;28-week deployment&rdquo;</strong> will<strong> span 26,000 nautical miles,</strong> and CSG will <strong>undertake over 70 engagements in over 40 nations.</strong></li>
<li>As <strong>part of the UK&rsquo;s tilt towards the Indo-Pacific region,</strong> the CSG will conduct <strong>engagements with Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Japan and India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UK CSG Deployment in Indo-Pacific:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will <strong>bolster already deep defence partnerships in the region,</strong> where the UK is committed to a more enduring regional defence and security presence.</li>
<li>Engagement in Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Japan and India will<strong> provide the opportunity for strengthening the UK&rsquo;s security relationships, tightening political ties and supporting UK exports and International Trade agenda.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India-UK Ties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Political Cooperation:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619595167_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619595167_image4.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="300" height="168" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The bilateral relationship was <strong>upgraded to a strategic partnership</strong> in 2004.</li>
<li>The UK has reaffirmed its<strong> support for India&rsquo;s permanent membership of the UN Security Council.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scope in Economic Cooperation: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s skilled labour, technological assistance and the vibrant market</strong> will open a lot of avenues for Britain which has recently parted ways with the European Union.</li>
<li>Along with the world, <strong>India is now steering towards 5G.</strong> The UK will need India&rsquo;s help to marginalize China in the telecom market.</li>
<li>The UK is <strong>one of the largest investors in India,</strong> among the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>G20 countries.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Defence Exercises:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Air Force</strong> Exercise<strong> &lsquo;<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-indradhanush" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indradhanush</a>&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Navy</strong> Exercise <strong>Konkan.</strong></li>
<li>Army Exercise: <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-ajeya-warrior-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ajeya Warrior</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indo-Pacific: The New Point of Convergence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the <strong>UK expanding its footprint in the Indo-Pacific </strong>and<strong> India working toward gaining prominence as the net security provider in the region,</strong> both countries&rsquo; aspirations and future seem to be<strong> intertwined.</strong></li>
<li>An <strong>area of focus</strong> up ahead should be <strong>to enhance military-to-military interactions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While there exist service-specific joint training exercises, their pace has not matched with India&rsquo;s exercises with the US.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>lack of foundational agreements</strong> may be acting as a limiting factor as well. While an MoU on joint training is under development, a military logistics agreement is expected to be signed soon. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This will give India and the UK reciprocal access to each other&rsquo;s bases and formalize the procedures for receiving and paying for logistic support, such as servicing and refueling.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>UK, with its bases in Kenya, Brunei, Bahrain, Oman, Singapore, and the British Indian Ocean Territory,</strong> is by no means new to the region. Having such an infrastructure already in place will not only aid its ambitions in the region but <strong>also be valuable to its partners.</strong></li>
<li>For <strong>India, access to these bases will augment its reach further</strong> into the Indian Ocean. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Working with other like-minded countries,</strong> such as Japan and Australia, there is great scope for close cooperation in areas of maritime domain awareness and intelligence sharing by leveraging the strength of each other&rsquo;s assets.</li>
<li>In this regard, <strong>Japan&rsquo;s initiative</strong> to enhance defence intelligence sharing with India, Australia, and the UK is a significant step.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Moving forward, the India-UK defence relationship <strong>will no longer be limited to being one of a buyer-seller.</strong> It will not stop at defence production either.</li>
<li>Through close maritime cooperation and a joint approach toward maintaining regional security and stability in the Indo-Pacific, the two countries have the potential to forge a truly comprehensive strategic partnership in action.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uks-indo-pacific-tilt-britains-aircraft-carrier-to-visit-india-japan-on-maiden-deployment-7290024/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uk-s-indo-pacific-tilt'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Bangladesh Liberation War 1971',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/endeavour-leadership-and-the-story-of-a-nation/article34408933.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Endeavour, leadership and the story of a nation&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 26/04/2021. It talks about the significance of the Bangladesh Liberation War 1971.</p>
</div>
<p>The year 2021 marks the golden jubilee of the Muktijuddho or the Liberation War. Bangladesh&rsquo;s Independence in 1971 not only gave Bangladesh its freedom from the clutches of oppressive East Pakistan but changed the history and geopolitical scenario of South Asia.</p>
<p>Oppressive military action by the then west Pakistan&rsquo;s military led to a massive refugee and humanitarian crisis. The plight of the ten million refugees did have an impact on the Indian government and prompted it to launch a retaliatory action against Pakistan.</p>
<p>However, India&rsquo;s intervention was not only altruistic in nature, but was primarily based on realpolitik.</p>
<h3>Bangladesh Liberation War 1971: Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political Imbalance:</strong> In the 1950s the centralised Pakistani state was run undemocratically by a military-bureaucratic oligarchy dominated by West Pakistan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this system, Bengalis had no political say. But West Pakistan dominance was challenged in 1970 during general elections.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Landslide Victory of Awami League:</strong> East Pakistan' Sheikh Mujibur Rahman&rsquo;s Awami League had a clear overall majority, enough to become the prime minister.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, west Pakistan was not willing to let a leader from its eastern provincial wing rule the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Differences:</strong> The then West Pakistan (present Pakistan), under the leadership of Yahya Khan, started a brutal assault on the people of East Pakistan (present Bangladesh) who were demanding freedom because of the language and cultural differences between the two regions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>After political negotiations failed, the Pakistani army under General Yahya Khan decided to start the crackdown.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Operation Searchlight:</strong> West Pakistan kicked in operation searchlight across the whole of East Pakistan on March 26, 1971.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This resulted in millions of Bangladeshis fleeing to India, mainly West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura.</li>
<li>West Bengal, in particular, was massively burdened by the onrush of the refugees and the state appealed to the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her government for assistance for food and shelter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indo-Bangla Cooperation:</strong> With the subsequent bravery of the Indian Army coupled with the spirited fight put up by Mukti Bahini &mdash; the Bangladeshi guerilla resistance movement consisting of the Bangladeshi military, paramilitary and civilians &mdash; defeated the Pakistani forces.</li>
<li><strong>Defeat of Pakistani Military:</strong> On December 16, 1971, Lt Gen Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, the Chief Martial Law Administrator of East Pakistan and Commander of Pakistan Army forces located in East Pakistan signed the Instrument of Surrender.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over 93,000 Pakistani troops surrendered to the Indian forces and Bangladesh Liberation forces making it the largest surrender since World War II.</li>
<li>The intervention brought a conclusion to the war in 13 short days and led to the birth of a new nation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bangladesh Liberation War 1971: Realpolitik or Altruism?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Diminishing the Two-front War Threat:</strong> The East Pakistan uprising provided India with the opportunity to break up Pakistan and eliminate the threat of a two-front war in any future confrontation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Although the eastern front remained largely inactive in 1965, it tied down substantial military resources that could have been deployed to greater effect in the western theatre.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Preventing Side-Lining of Pro-India Awami League:</strong> India recognised that a drawn-out civil war in East Pakistan would radicalise the Bengali population. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This could lead to the side-lining of the pro-India Awami League and shift the leadership of the movement to left-wing pro-China parties such as the Bhashani-led National Awami Party and the Communist Party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negating Internal Security Threat:</strong> The Guerrilla warfare, inspired by Maoist ideology, was the major form of resistance against the Pakistani military. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>If India wouldn&rsquo;t have intervened in the Bangladesh Liberation War 197, this could have been detrimental for India&rsquo;s internal security interests, especially in the context of the Naxalite movement which was then raging in eastern India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Negating The Communal Threat:</strong> By July-August 1971, 90% of the refugees were Hindus concentrated in the border districts of West Bengal with large Muslim populations. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently, there was danger of serious communal strife if India did not act quickly to ensure their return.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Departure from Non-Alignment:</strong> At the diplomatic level, India did not act entirely alone. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi&rsquo;s carefully crafted diplomatic dispatches to world leaders had helped create a groundswell of support for the persecuted Bengalis of East Pakistan. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The signing of the Indo-Soviet Treaty in August 1971 came as a shot-in-the-arm for India, encouraging it to stay the course.</li>
<li>The victory defined India's much broader role in foreign politics.</li>
<li>Many countries in the world, including the United States, realised that the balance of power had shifted to India in South Asia.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The ultimate accolade for India&rsquo;s role in creating a new nation is that Bangladesh is today a relatively prosperous country, having made steady progress from the category of a Least Developed Country to a developing country.</p>
<p>The creation of Bangladesh &mdash; from the ashes of East Pakistan &mdash; is presumably India&rsquo;s finest foreign policy triumph till date.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fcfff5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The campaign of 1971 achieved India&rsquo;s strategic objectives while still maintaining a humanitarian veneer for both domestic and international consumption. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bangladesh-liberation-war-1971'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Increase in World Military Spending during Covid-19: SIPRI',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the latest data published by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fewer-but-newer-nuclear-arms-sipri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)</strong></a>, the military spending across the world rose to USD 1,981 billion in 2020, during<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>2.6% increase in world military spending</strong> came in a year<strong> when the global GDP shrank by 4.4%</strong> largely due to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-economic-impact-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>economic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Military spending as a share of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</a>,</strong> reached a global average of<strong> 2.4% in 2020,</strong> up from 2.2% in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-among-top-military-spenders-sipri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2019.</strong></a></li>
<li>The<strong> five biggest spenders in 2020,</strong> which together accounted for 62% of global military expenditure were: the <strong>United States&gt;China&gt;India&gt;Russia&gt;the United Kingdom.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>US:</strong> 2020 was the <strong>third consecutive year of growth in US military spending,</strong> following seven years of continuous reductions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This reflects growing concerns over <strong>perceived threats from strategic competitors such as China and Russia,</strong> as well as the Trump administration&rsquo;s drive to bolster what it saw as a depleted US military.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China:</strong> China&rsquo;s <strong>spending has risen for 26 consecutive years,</strong> the longest series of uninterrupted increases by any country in the SIPRI Military Expenditure Database.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Nearly all members of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nato-ally-status-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</strong></a> saw their <strong>military burden rise in 2020.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>countries with the biggest increases in military burden</strong> among the top 15 spenders in 2020 were <strong>Saudi Arabia, Russia, Israel and US.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Regional Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Europe:</strong> Military spending across Europe <strong>rose by 4.0%</strong> in 2020. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Germany and France were the 7<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup> largest spender globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Asia and Oceania:</strong> In addition to <strong>China, India</strong> (USD 72.9 billion), <strong>Japan</strong> (USD 49.1 billion),<strong> South Korea</strong> (USD 45.7 billion) and <strong>Australia</strong> (USD 27.5 billion) were the <strong>largest military spenders</strong> in the Asia and Oceania region. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>All four countries increased their military spending between 2019 and 2020 and over the decade 2011-20.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sub-Saharan Africa: </strong>Military expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa<strong> increased by 3.4%</strong> in 2020 to reach USD 18.5 billion.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The biggest increases in spending were made by Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Nigeria, all in the<strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-wall-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sahel region</a>,</strong> as well as Uganda.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>South America:</strong> Military expenditure in South America <strong>fell by 2.1%.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The decrease was <strong>largely due to a 3.1% drop in spending by Brazil,</strong> the sub region's largest military spender.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Middle Eastern Countries:</strong> The <strong>combined military spending of the 11 Middle Eastern countries</strong> for which SIPRI has spending figures <strong>decreased by 6.5% in 2020.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Eight of the nine members of the <a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/opec&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619526190254000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2PtI1_vfErV3ZdMnyuCOFs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)</strong></a> for which SIPRI has figures cut their military spending in 2020.</li>
<li>Angola&rsquo;s spending fell by 12%, Saudi Arabia&rsquo;s by 10%, and Kuwait&rsquo;s by 5.9%.</li>
<li><strong>Non-OPEC oil exporter Bahrain </strong>also<strong> cut its spending by 9.8%.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Scenario:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decline-in-india-s-arms-imports-sipri" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India</strong></a> was the<strong> third largest military spender</strong> in the world in 2020, behind only the US and China.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>military expenditure was USD 72.9 billion</strong> and it <strong>accounted for 3.7% of the global military expenditure share.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>spending since 2019 grew by 2.1%.</strong> The increase<strong> can be largely attributed to India&rsquo;s ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pakistan-s-new-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener">conflict with Pakistan</a> and renewed <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict" target="_blank" rel="noopener">border tension with China.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The continuing military confrontation with China in eastern Ladakh, of course, <strong>has led India to make several emergency arms purchases from abroad</strong> since the crisis erupted in early May 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s annual military expenditure also <strong>includes a huge pension bill for 33-lakh veterans and defence civilians.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the 2021-2022 defence budget, for instance, the pension bill was Rs. 1.15 lakh crore out of the total Rs 4.78 lakh crore outlay.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India<strong> has to maintain an over 15-lakh strong armed forces</strong> because of the two active and unresolved borders with China and Pakistan. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Consequently, the revenue expenditure for the day-to-day running costs and salary bill in the defence budget by far<strong> outstrips the capital outlay for military modernization,</strong> leaving critical operational shortages on different fronts, ranging from fighters to submarines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With a<strong> weak domestic defence-industrial base,</strong> India of course continues to languish in the strategically-vulnerable position of <strong>being the world&rsquo;s second-largest arms importer just behind Saudi Arabia.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India <strong>accounted for 9.5% of the total global arms imports during 2016-2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This<strong> think tank</strong> is an<strong> independent international institute</strong> dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament.</li>
<li>It was<strong> established in 1966 at Stockholm (Sweden).</strong></li>
<li>It provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-third-highest-military-spender-in-2020-7290118/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increase-in-world-military-spending-during-covid-19-sipri'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Chandler Good Government Index',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India has been <strong>ranked 49<sup>th</sup></strong> in the <strong>Chandler Good Government Index (CGGI).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Finland</strong> has topped the list.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The CGGI is<strong> released by the Chandler Institute of Governance</strong> which is a private nonprofit organization <strong>headquartered in Singapore.</strong></li>
<li>The Index classifies <strong>104 countries</strong> in terms of government capabilities and outcomes.</li>
<li>Each country is measured across over 50 open data points. The index focuses <strong>on seven pillars:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Leadership and foresight.</li>
<li>Robust laws and policies.</li>
<li>Strong institutions.</li>
<li>Financial stewardship.</li>
<li>Attractive marketplace.</li>
<li>Global influence and reputation.</li>
<li>Helping people rise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It <strong>supports government leaders and public officers worldwide in nation building</strong> and strengthening public institutional capacity through training, research and advisory work.</li>
<li>It also <strong>shares tools and frameworks for effective policymaking, and empowers nations to provide better public services</strong> for citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Performance of South Asian Countries:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India ranked 49<sup>th</sup>, Sri Lanka 74<sup>th</sup>, Pakistan 90<sup>th</sup> and Nepal 92<sup>nd</sup>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Initiatives for Good Governance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/good-governance-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Good Governance Index</a>:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been launched by the <strong>Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances &amp; Pensions</strong> to determine the status of governance in the country.</li>
<li>It assesses the <strong>impact of various interventions taken up by the State Government and UTs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/good-governance-day-1#:~:text=Good%20Governance%20Index%3A,the%20State%20Government%20and%20UTs." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Good Governance Day</a>:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is celebrated annually on <strong>25<sup>th</sup> December</strong> to mark the birth anniversary of the former Prime Minister <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-bihari-vajpayee-passes-away" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atal Bihari Vajpayee</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Its aim is to create awareness of accountability in government among the citizens of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/e-governance-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National e-Governance Plan</a>:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has the vision to <strong>&ldquo;make all government services accessible to the common man in his locality</strong>, through common service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency, transparency &amp; reliability of such services at affordable costs to realize the basic needs of the common man.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right to Information Act, 2005</a>:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It plays an effective role in ensuring transparency in governance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Setting up of <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NITI Aayog</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/assessment-of-make-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Make in India programme</a>, <a href="/printpdf/lokpal-lokayukta-ombudsman-upsc-governance-transparency" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lokpal</a></strong>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Governance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>process of decision-making</strong> and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented).</li>
<li><a href="/be-mains-ready-daily-answer-writing-practice-question/papers/2019/good-governance-principles-polity-gspaper2-upsc-mains" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Governance</strong> </a>can be used in several contexts such as <strong>corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Good Governance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an approach to <strong>government that is committed</strong> to creating a system founded in <strong>justice and peace that protects individual&rsquo;s human rights and civil liberties.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eight Characteristics of Good Governance as Identified by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a>:</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619520627_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619520627_pasted image 0.png" width="350" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-ranked-49th-in-cggi/article34417911.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chandler-good-government-index'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Project Dantak',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Project DANTAK</strong> which is one of the oldest Projects of the <strong>Border Roads Organisation (BRO)</strong> commemorated its <strong>Diamond Jubilee in Bhutan.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over 1,200 DANTAK personnel laid down their lives while constructing important infrastructure in Bhutan.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619517368_pasted%20image 2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619517368_pasted image 2.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Project DANTAK was <strong>established on 24<sup>th</sup> April1961.</strong></li>
<li>It was a result of the visionary leadership of <strong>the third King of Bhutan and then Prime Minister of India Jawahar Lal Nehru.</strong></li>
<li>DANTAK was tasked <strong>to construct the pioneering motorable roads.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Road Connectivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Over the years, the Project has completed approximately 1600 km of blacktopped roads and 120 km of tracks in Bhutan with 5000 meters of bridges over them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Projects Executed:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Include the construction of Paro Airport, Yonphula Airfield, Thimphu &ndash; Trashigang Highway, Telecommunication &amp; Hydro Power Infrastructure, Sherubtse College, Kanglung and India House Estate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Medical and Education Facilities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The medical and education facilities established by DANTAK in far flung areas were often the first in those locations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Food Outlets:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The food outlets along the road introduced the Bhutanese to Indian delicacies and developed a sweet tooth in them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indo-Bhutan Relationship:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1949:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Treaty provides for, among other things, <strong>perpetual peace and friendship, free trade and commerce and equal justice</strong> to each other&rsquo;s citizens.</li>
<li>In <strong>2007</strong>, the <strong>treaty was re-negotiated</strong>, and provisions were included to encourage Bhutan&rsquo;s sovereignty, abolishing the need to take India&rsquo;s guidance on foreign policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multilateral Partnership:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Both of them share multilateral forums such as <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/south-asian-association-for-regional-cooperation-saarc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-bangladesh-relationship" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal)</a>, <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/drishti-specials-important-international-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation)</a></strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Partnership:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Mutually beneficial hydro-power cooperation</strong> with Bhutan forms the core of bilateral economic cooperation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>720 MW Mangdechhu</strong> was commissioned in August 2019. HEPs namely, 1200 MW Punatsangchhu-I, 1020 MW Punatsangchhu-II and Kholongchhu HEP (600 MWs) are under various stages of implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India is Bhutan's largest trading partner.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Border Roads Organisation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BRO was <strong>conceived and raised in 1960 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru</strong> for coordinating the speedy development of a network of roads in the North and the North Eastern border regions of the country.</li>
<li>It works <strong>under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.</strong></li>
<li>It has diversified into a large spectrum of construction and development works comprising airfields, building projects, defence works and tunneling and has endeared itself to the people.</li>
<li><strong>Some Recent Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atal-tunnel" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atal Tunnel</a>:</strong> It is located in Himachal Pradesh&rsquo;s Rohtang pass. It connects Solang Valley near Manali to Sissu in Lahaul and Spiti district.</li>
<li><strong>Nechiphu Tunnel:</strong> Foundation stone was laid on the Balipara-Charduar-Tawang (BCT) road in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/daporijo-bridge" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Daporijo Bridge</a>:</strong> It is over Subansiri river in Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kasowal-bridge-on-river-ravi#:~:text=The%20Border%20Roads%20Organisation%20(BRO,the%20Project%20Chetak%20of%20BRO." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kasowal Bridge</a>:</strong> It is over Ravi river. It connects Kasowal enclave in Punjab along the India - Pakistan border to the rest of the country.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/darbuk-shyok-daulat-beg-oldie-road" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldie Road</a>:</strong> It connects Leh via the villages of Darbuk and Shyok at southern Shyok River Valley, with the Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) post near the northern border.</li>
<li><strong>Barsi Bridge (longest bridge on Manali&ndash;Leh highway):</strong> It is built on Bagga river, which joins with Chandra river at Tandi in Lahaul to flow down into Jammu &amp; Kashmir as the Chenab.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1714170&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619520883438000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3N5N9j6-Ep65raorpaPfX9" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/project-dantak'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'PowerGrid Infrastructure Investment Trust',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL)</strong> launched its <strong>Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT) - PowerGrid Infrastructure Investment Trust (PGInvIT).</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About PGInvIT:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the <strong>first time a state-owned entity (PGCIL) is monetizing its infrastructure assets through the InvIT route.</strong></li>
<li>This will be <strong>only the third InvIT to be listed in the Indian markets</strong>, after IRB InvIT and India Grid Trust, both of which went public in 2017.</li>
<li>The InvIT route was <strong>proposed by the Centre as an alternative fundraising route</strong> for state-run companies to manage funding requirements without having to depend on government support.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Power Grid</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>public limited company</strong> under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Power.</strong></li>
<li>It is the <strong>largest power transmission company in India.</strong></li>
<li>It started its commercial operation in the year 1992-93 and is today, a <a href="/printpdf/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Maharatna company.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>a collective investment scheme similar to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-liquidity-offer-for-mutual-funds" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mutual fund</a></strong>, which enables <strong>direct investment</strong> of money from <strong>individual and institutional investors in infrastructure projects</strong> to earn a small portion of the income as return.</li>
<li>InvITs <strong>can be treated as the modified version of REITs (real estate investment trusts)</strong> designed to suit the specific circumstances of the infrastructure sector.</li>
<li>It is <strong>created to hold income-generating and operational infrastructure assets</strong> such as roads, power transmission lines, gas pipelines, etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These assets have long-term contracts with strong counterparties that provide a steady cash flow over the long term &ndash; typically 15-20 years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The InvITs are <strong>regulated by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SEBI</a> (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014.</strong></li>
<li>An InvIT <strong>consists of four elements:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Trustee</strong> has the responsibility of inspecting the performance of an InvIT.</li>
<li><strong>Sponsor(s)</strong> are promoters of the company that set up the InvIT.</li>
<li><strong>Investment Manager</strong> is entrusted with the task of supervising the assets and investments of the InvIT.</li>
<li><strong>Project Manager</strong> is responsible for the execution of the project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Units of InvITs <strong>can be listed and traded on a stock exchange</strong>, providing them liquidity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Or they<strong> can be private and unlisted</strong>, in which case they are not publicly traded and largely invested in by institutional investors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages of Setting up InvITs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>For sponsors</strong> (infrastructure developers), InvITs <strong>provide a convenient route to monetize revenue-generating assets, unlock equity gains, </strong>and<strong> deleverage their balance sheets</strong> (i.e. to reduce debts).</li>
<li>InvITs also <strong>present a more tax-friendly structure.</strong> Being a trust, all income received by the InvIT from underlying assets receives a pass-through treatment and is not taxable at the InvIT level.</li>
<li><strong>For investors</strong> such as banks, financial institutions, pension funds, insurance companies, and even retail investors, InvITs <strong>provide a good low-risk investment opportunity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages of InvITs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>InvITs are <strong>sensitive to changes in regulatory and tax law.</strong></li>
<li>Infrastructure <strong>assets are not inflation-linked in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A high rate of inflation has a significant impact on the performance of InvITs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/power-grid-launches-pginvit-could-offer-18-more-assets-in-future-121042600522_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:BS</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/powergrid-infrastructure-investment-trust'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'The Armenian Genocide',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong> US President</strong> officially<strong> recognised the mass killings of Armenians by Ottoman Turks in 1915-16 </strong>as <strong>an act of genocide.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Armenian diaspora marks <strong>24<sup>th</sup> April</strong> as<strong> Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Genocide (Meaning):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to <strong>Article II of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations (UN)</a> Convention on Genocide of December 1948,</strong> genocide has been described as <strong>carrying out acts intended &ldquo;to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Raphael Lemkin,</strong> the Polish lawyer, <strong>coined the term &ldquo;genocide&rdquo; in 1943.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Armenian Genocide:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Armenian Genocide is<strong> called the first genocide of the 20<sup>th</sup> century.</strong></li>
<li>It refers to the <strong>systematic annihilation of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1917.</strong></li>
<li>After the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/world-war-i-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>First World War</strong></a> broke out in <strong>November 1914,</strong> the Ottoman Turks participated in the war, siding with Germany and the Austro-Hungarian empire.</li>
<li>The Ottoman Turks <strong>believed the Armenians would side with Russia</strong> in the war. This resulted in the <strong>Ottoman Turks engaging in a mass-removal campaign of Armenians from the border</strong> areas along the Eastern Front.</li>
<li>On <strong>24<sup>th</sup> April, 1915, Ottoman Turkish</strong> government officials <strong>arrested and executed thousands of Armenian intellectuals.</strong> It was the <strong>start of the Armenian Genocide.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Armenian families,</strong> including small children, were forced to walk for days without food, water and shelter in the deserts of Syria and Arabia.</li>
<li>According to estimates, <strong>approximately 1.5 million Armenians died</strong> during the genocide, either in massacres and in killings, or from ill treatment, abuse and starvation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619511892_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619511892_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="379" height="256" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significance of this Recognition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The acknowledgement by the US government will have <strong>little legal impact on Turkey,</strong> other than becoming a cause for embarrassment for the country and<strong> giving other countries the impetus to also acknowledge the genocide.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the Armenian National Institute,<strong> 30 countries officially recognise the Armenian Genocide.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Turkey&rsquo;s Response:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Such moves would<strong> only set back the already strained relationship between US and Turkey,</strong> both of whom are <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nato-ally-status-to-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ties between the US and Turkey have been strained over<strong> a range of issues</strong> that include Turkey&rsquo;s purchase of Russian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/s-400-triumf-missile-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>S-400</strong> </a>defence systems, foreign policy differences with regard to Syria, human rights and other intersecting legal issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Turkey has <strong>acknowledged that atrocities were committed against Armenians, but denies it was a genocide</strong> (which comes with legal implications) and challenges the estimates that 1.5 million were killed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India, that has <strong>not formally recognised the Armenian Genocide</strong> has primarily adopted this stance<strong> in the interests of its wider foreign policy decisions </strong>and <strong>geo-political interests in the region.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India <strong>does not have any domestic law on genocide,</strong> even though it <strong>has ratified the United Nations Convention on Genocide.</strong></li>
<li>This was even observed by the Delhi High Court in<em><strong> State v. Sajjan Kumar</strong></em> (2018). The case <strong>concerned the mass killing of Sikhs during the anti-Sikh riots in 1984 in Delhi &mdash;</strong> and throughout the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related News to Armenia:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/armenia-azerbaijan-conflict-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict:</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, Russia has brokered a new peace deal between<strong> Armenia and Azerbaijan.</strong> Both countries have been in<strong> a military conflict over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh</strong> in the South Caucasus.</li>
<li>Nagorno-Karabakh, the centre of the conflict, is located within Azerbaijan but is populated, mostly, by those of Armenian ethnicity (and mostly Christian compared to the Shia Muslim majority Azerbaijan).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/explained-what-happened-to-armenians-in-1915/article34406120.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-armenian-genocide'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Crop Diversification',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, a top agriculture economist has suggested that the best chance of Crop <strong>Diversification</strong> is through <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/animal-husbandry" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>animal agriculture/animal husbandry.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Crop diversification refers to the <strong>addition of new crops or cropping systems to agricultural production</strong> on a particular farm taking into account the different returns from value- added crops with complementary marketing opportunities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Cropping System:</strong> It refers to the crops, crop sequences and management techniques used on a particular agricultural field over a period of years.</li>
<li><strong>Types:</strong> Major cropping systems in India are sequential-cropping, <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/problems-of-punjab-s-monoculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener">monocropping</a></strong>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/multi-cropping" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>intercropping, relay Cropping, mixed-cropping</strong></a> and alley cropping.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many farmers also use the <strong>mixed crop-livestock system</strong> to increase their standards of living and income.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Animal husbandry or Animal Agriculture is the branch of science <strong>dealing with the practice of breeding, farming and care of farm animals (livestocks)</strong> such as cattle, dogs, sheep and horses by humans for advantages.</li>
<li>It refers to <strong>livestock raising and selective breeding.</strong> It is a <strong>branch of agriculture.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types:</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619509431_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1619509431_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="576" height="604" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Increase Income on Small Land Holding:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At present, <strong>70-80% farmers have land below 2 hectare.</strong> To overcome this, existing cropping patterns must be diversified with high value crops such as maize, pulses, etc.</li>
<li>The Government of Haryana has also supported this by announcing that farmers switching to other alternate crops instead of paddy will be paid Rs. 7000 per acre incentive (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/restriction-on-paddy-cultivation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mera Pani - Meri Virasat</strong></a> Scheme).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic Stability:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Crop diversification <strong>can better tolerate the ups and downs in price of various farm products</strong> and it may ensure economic stability of farming products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mitigating Natural Calamities:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sudden adverse weather conditions like erratic rainfall, drought, hail, incidence of insect and pest disease. Under this situation,<strong> crop diversification through mixed cropping may be useful.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Balance Food Demand: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Most of the Indian population suffers from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition.</strong></a> Most of the girl children have <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>anemia.</strong></a> Including crops like pulses, oilseed, <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/horticulture-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>horticulture</strong></a>, and vegetable crops can improve socio economic status by adding quality to the food basket and also improve soil health with the aim of food safety and nutritional security.</li>
<li>The Government of India has now targeted to increase the area under pulses and oilseeds through <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20Centrally%20Sponsored,area%20expansion%20and%20productivity%20enhancement." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Mission (NFSM).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Adoption of crop diversification <strong>helps in conservation of natural resources like introduction of legume in rice-wheat cropping system,</strong> which has the ability to fix atmospheric Nitrogen to help sustain soil fertility.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/soil-health-card-scheme-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Soil Health Card</strong></a> (SHC) provides information to farmers on nutrient status of their soil along with recommendations on appropriate dosage of nutrients to be applied for improving soil health and its fertility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Majority cropped area in the country is completely <strong>dependent on rainfall.</strong></li>
<li>Sub-optimal and <strong>over-use of resources</strong> like land and water resources, causing a negative impact on the environment and sustainability of agriculture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Animal agriculture</strong> is the <strong>second largest contributor</strong> to human-made<a href="/infographics/info-paper3/greenhouse-gas-emission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Greenhouse Gas (GHG)</strong> </a>emissions after fossil fuels and is a leading cause of deforestation, water and air pollution and biodiversity loss.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate supply of seeds and plants</strong> of improved cultivars.</li>
<li>Fragmentation of land holding <strong>less favouring modernization and mechanization of agriculture.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Poor basic infrastructure</strong> like rural roads, power, transport, communications etc.</li>
<li>Inadequate post-harvest technologies and <strong>inadequate infrastructure for post-harvest handling</strong> of perishable horticultural produce.</li>
<li>Very <strong>weak agro-based industry.</strong></li>
<li>Weak research - extension - farmer linkages.</li>
<li><strong>Inadequately trained human resources</strong> together with persistent and large scale illiteracy amongst farmers.</li>
<li>Host of <strong>diseases and pests</strong> affecting most crop plants.</li>
<li><strong>Poor database</strong> for horticultural crops.</li>
<li><strong>Decreased investments in the agricultural sector</strong> over the years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/refrigeration-system-pusa-fsf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Refrigeration System Pusa-FSF</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sub-mission-on-agroforestry-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sub-Mission on Agroforestry Scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/five-years-of-pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/zoram-mega-food-park-mizoram" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mega Food Parks</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-agriculture-farmers-welfare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Seed-Hub Centres</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although there are challenges which can not be ignored, crop diversification provides an opportunity to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/doubling-farmers-income-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> double farmers income</strong> </a>and create <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-security-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>food security</strong> </a>for the nation.</li>
<li>Therefore, the <strong>government must promote crop diversification</strong> by purchasing crops produced other than wheat and rice at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-for-crops#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20major%20demands,of%20the%20cost%20of%20production." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minimum Support Price</strong></a>. This could also help conserve the dwindling supply of underground water.</li>
<li><strong>Agricultural emissions can also be limited</strong> through smarter livestock handling, technology-enabled monitoring of fertilizer application, simple changes in field layout and other, more efficient agricultural techniques.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/farm-laws-sudha-narayanan-balram-yadav-agri-sector-7287752/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/crop-diversification'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Challenges for the New Chief Justice of India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based upon <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-court-in-crisis-7286542/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A Court in Crisis&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in the Indian Express on 24 April, 2021. It talks about the issues in the judiciary and what is the way forward for the new CJI, Justice NV Ramana to fulfill his oath.</p>
</div>
<p>Justice is the concept of making decisions based on moral rightness, rationality, equity and fairness and the onus of delivering timely justice to the citizens of a country lies majorly on the shoulders of the supreme judge of the country.</p>
<p>In India, this role is played by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cji-under-the-rti-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Chief Justice of India (CJI)</strong></a>; the<strong> &lsquo;Paterfamilias&rsquo;</strong> of the Judiciary and the<strong> &lsquo;Master of the Roster&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<p>Recently, Justice Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/n-v-ramana-48th-chief-justice-of-india#:~:text=Ramana%2C%20the%20senior%20most%20judge,till%2026th%20August%2C%202022." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NV Ramana</strong></a>), the most senior judge of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> after former CJI, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/47th-chief-justice-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Justice S A Bobde</strong></a>, took his oath as the 48th CJI.</p>
<p>Designated as CJI at such a time when India is going through a major crisis due to Covid-19 pandemic, a lot of potential challenges stand in the path of fulfilling his oath of delivering timely justice to all.</p>
<h3>Current Issues with the Judiciary</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inefficiency of the Supreme Court:</strong> The SC has not only <strong>stopped being the protector of the fundamental and other constitutional rights,</strong> but has also failed to act as the guardian of the rule of law. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the context of politically sensitive cases involving citizens, opposition parties, and activists, the Court has virtually deferred to the executive instead of stepping in to restore constitutional rights and values in letter and spirit.</li>
<li>The recently retired, 47th CJI was perhaps the only Chief Justice to have not made a single recommendation of a judge to be appointed to the Supreme Court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Judge to Population Ratio:</strong> The judge-population ratio in the country which stands at only<strong> 20 judges per million people</strong> is not very appreciable.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While for the other countries, the ratio is about 50-70 judges per million people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pendency and Vacancies in High Courts:</strong> The numbers both in respect of pendency of cases and vacancies in the High Courts are quite concerning &mdash; a backlog of <strong>over 57 lakh cases, and a vacancy level of 40%.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Madras High Court has 5.8 lakh cases against a relatively low level of vacancy at 7%.</li>
<li>As many as 44% of the posts in the Calcutta High Court are vacant, but the cases in arrears stand at 2.7 lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recruitment Delays:</strong> The posts in the judiciary are not filled up as expeditiously as required. For a country as populous as 135 million, the <strong>total strength of judges is only around 25000.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Almost 400 posts are vacant in the high courts.</li>
<li>Around 35% of the posts are lying vacant in the lower judiciary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Representation of Women and Minorities:</strong> The<strong> apex court</strong> currently has only <strong>one woman as judge</strong> despite the fact that virtually half the population comprise women and gender sensitive cases have also seen a sharp rise.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court has only one Muslim judge and no Sikh, Buddhist, Jain or a person from tribal community as a judge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lesser Strict Actions Taken for Judicial Delay:</strong> Though there is widespread acknowledgement of the problem of judicial delay, there is only limited effort within the judiciary taken to understand, through research, the nuances of the problems and ways to resolve it.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Challenges for the New CJI</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Keeping the court functioning during the present unprecedented crisis</strong> due to the Covid-19 Pandemic.</li>
<li><strong>Revamping the administrative machinery of the apex court</strong> and streamlining the functioning of the collegium.</li>
<li>Strengthening the judicial infrastructure and <strong>clearing the massive backlog of cases.</strong></li>
<li>The Supreme Court will have around 13 vacancies during Justice Ramana&rsquo;s tenure as many judges are due to retire by the end of 2021. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The biggest challenge will be to <strong>streamline the appointment process in the Supreme Court as well as in the High Courts</strong> which have been struggling with the pendency of a huge number of cases due to a lack of judges.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The possibility of courts reopening for physical hearing, at such a time, looks bleak now, given the massive spike in Covid-19 infections in the Capital.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>hearings of courts will have to be digitised which is further criticised by lawyers</strong> on multiple instances due to technical faults.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Role of the Supreme Court:</strong> A country of a billion+ population needs its highest court to stand for the people as the power of the judiciary, just like the legislature and the executive, comes from the people of the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC is expected to <strong>seek strict accountability from the legislature and executive</strong> and any infraction of the Constitution and laws must be corrected.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court collegium of the five senior-most judges should act more transparently and be made more accountable in order to inspire confidence and trust in the judiciary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of CJI:</strong> The new Chief Justice must<strong> stringently introspect and review the actions of his immediate predecessors,</strong> free himself of the bias in constituting benches and allocating cases and take concrete steps to revitalise the administration of justice. Only then will the rule of law be restored and the Constitution served.</li>
<li><strong>Streamlining the Appointment System:</strong> The vacancies must be filled without any unnecessary delay.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A proper time frame for the appointment of judges must be laid down and the recommendations must be given in advance.</li>
<li>The Constitution of the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-accessible-and-affordable-judicial-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> All India Judicial Services (AIJS)</strong></a> is also an important factor which can definitely help India establish a better judicial system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fair Representation of All:</strong> Women and the minority communities deserve a fair representation in the Apex Court. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The collegium is duty-bound to diversify the Bench to give adequate representation to all sections of society so that public trust, which is the greatest strength of the judiciary, could be restored.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Chief Justice of India on account of the position he holds as the Paterfamilias of the judicial fraternity is bound to deliver undelayed and unbiased justice to its citizens in order to restore and maintain the faith of the people in the judicial system of India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, besides the challenges inside the court, surge in Covid cases remains as of the biggest challenges in his way, outside the court.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A sound judicial system is one based on an objective enquiry, practical and unbiased analysis of evidence and delivery of timely and even-handed justice to all citizens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Time has come for the Supreme Court collegium to assert its primacy in judicial appointments of judges and thus reduce the pendency of cases.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fffef2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the role of the Chief Justice of India (a) as the Paterfamilias of the judicial fraternity and (b) in delivering a sound and timely justice to the citizens and restoring their faith in the judicial system of the country.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-for-the-new-chief-justice-of-india'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Mahavir Jayanti',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Prime Minister of India greeted the people on occasion of <strong>&lsquo;Mahavir Jayanti&rsquo; (25<sup>th</sup> April 2021).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahavir Jayanti is<strong> one of the most auspicious festivals in the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/jainism-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jain community</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Mahavir Jayanti:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This day marks the birth of <strong>Vardhamana Mahavira,</strong> who was the 24<sup>th</sup> and the <strong>last Tirthankara</strong> and who succeeded the<strong> 23<sup>rd</sup> Tirthankara, Parshvanatha.</strong></li>
<li>According to Jain texts, Lord Mahavira was <strong>born on the 13<sup>th</sup> day of the bright half of the moon in the month of Chaitra.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>As per the<strong> Gregorian calendar,</strong> it is usually celebrated in the month of<strong> March or April.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Celebration:</strong> Usually, a procession is called with the idol of Lord Mahavira called the <strong>Rath Yatra. Reciting stavans</strong> or Jain prayers, statues of the lord are given a ceremonial bath called <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahamastakabhisheka-celebrations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abhisheka.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Lord Mahavira:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mahavira</strong> was born to <strong>King Siddhartha of Kundagrama</strong> and <strong>Queen Trishala,</strong> a Lichchhavi princess in the <strong>year 540 BC</strong> in the <strong>Vajji kingdom,</strong> identical with modern day <strong>Vaishali in Bihar.</strong></li>
<li>Mahavira belonged to the<strong> Ikshvaku dynasty.</strong></li>
<li>Lord Mahavir was named<strong> Vardhamana,</strong> which means<strong> &ldquo;one who grows&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>He<strong> abandoned worldly life</strong> at the<strong> age of 30</strong> and attained<strong> &lsquo;kaivalya&rsquo; or omniscience</strong> at the <strong>age of 42.</strong></li>
<li>Mahavira taught<strong> ahimsa</strong> (non-violence),<strong> Satya</strong> (truth), <strong>asteya</strong> (non-stealing), <strong>brahmacharya</strong> (chastity) and <strong>aparigraha</strong> (non-attachment) to his disciples and his teachings were called <strong>Jain Agamas.</strong></li>
<li>Ordinary people were able to understand the teachings of Mahavira and his followers because <strong>they used Prakrit.</strong></li>
<li>It is believed that the Mahavira passed away and attained moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) at the age of <strong>72 in 468 BC</strong> at a place called<strong> Pavapuri</strong> near modern <strong>Rajgir in Bihar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Jainism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The word <strong>Jaina</strong> comes from the<strong> term Jina,</strong> meaning<strong> conqueror.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Tirthankara</strong> is a Sanskrit word meaning<strong> 'Ford maker',</strong> i.e., one who is able to ford the river, to cross beyond the perpetual flow of earthly life.</li>
<li><strong>Jainism attaches</strong> utmost importance to <strong>ahimsa or non-violence.</strong></li>
<li><strong>It preaches 5 mahavratas</strong> (the 5 great vows):<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ahimsa</strong> (Non-violence)</li>
<li><strong>Satya</strong> (Truth)</li>
<li><strong>Asteya or Acharya</strong> (Non-stealing)</li>
<li><strong>Aparigraha</strong> (Non-attachment/Non-possession)</li>
<li><strong>Brahmacharya</strong> (Celibacy/Chastity)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Among these 5 teachings,</strong> the<strong> Brahmacharya</strong> (Celibacy/Chastity) was added by <strong>Mahavira.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> three jewels or Triratna of Jainism</strong> include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Samyak Darshana</strong> (right faith).</li>
<li><strong>Samyak Gyana</strong> (right knowledge).</li>
<li><strong>Samyak Charitra</strong> (right conduct).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Jainism</strong> is a religion of <strong>self-help.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>There are no gods</strong> or spiritual beings that will help human beings.</li>
<li><strong>It does not condemn</strong> the varna system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In later times, it got divided into <strong>two sects:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Shvetambaras</strong> (white-clad) under Sthalabahu.</li>
<li><strong>Digambaras</strong> (sky-clad) under the leadership of Bhadrabahu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The important <strong>idea in Jainism</strong> is that the entire world is animated: even stones, rocks, and water have life.</li>
<li><strong>Non-injury to living beings,</strong> especially to humans, animals, plants, and insects, is central to Jaina philosophy.</li>
<li>According to Jain teachings, the<strong> cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Asceticism and penance</strong> are required to free oneself from the cycle of karma and achieve the liberation of the soul.</li>
<li>The <strong>practice of Santhara</strong> is also a part of Jainism.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the ritual of fasting unto death. Swetambara Jains call it Santhara whereas Digambars call it Sallekhana.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1713893#:~:text=PM%20greets%20people%20on%20Mahavir%20Jayanti&amp;text=The%20Prime%20Minister%2C%20Shri%20Narendra,and%20success%20for%20our%20efforts." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mahavir-jayanti-2'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Groundwater Depletion and Cropping Intensity',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>In a recent study, it has been found that<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/depleting-groundwater" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> groundwater depletion</strong></a> in India could reduce <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/cropping-patterns-and-major-crops-of-india-part-two" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>winter cropped acreage</strong> </a>significantly in years ahead.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The researchers studied India&rsquo;s three main<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/different-irrigation-systems" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> irrigation types</strong></a> on winter cropped areas: dug wells, tube wells and canals.</li>
<li>The researchers also analysed the groundwater data from the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/groundwater-extraction-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Ground Water Board.</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>Wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard </strong>are<strong> grown in winter.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Present Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has <strong>achieved impressive food-production gains since the 1960s,</strong> due to an increased reliance on irrigation wells, which allowed Indian farmers to expand production into the mostly dry winter and summer seasons.</li>
<li>India is the world&rsquo;s <strong>second-largest producer of wheat and rice</strong> and is home to more than 600 million farmers.</li>
<li>India produces <strong>10% of the world&rsquo;s crops</strong> and is now the <strong>world&rsquo;s largest consumer of groundwater,</strong> and <strong>aquifers are rapidly becoming depleted</strong> across much of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/16-12-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>green revolution era</strong></a>, policy-supported environment led to a large increase in rice cultivation in northwestern India mainly in Punjab and Haryana which are ecologically less suitable for rice cultivation due to predominantly light soils.</li>
<li>This policy-supported intensive agriculture <strong>led to unsustainable groundwater use for irrigation</strong> and in turn groundwater scarcity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings of the Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Related to Groundwater:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Groundwater is a critical resource for food security, accounting for <strong>60% of irrigation supplies in India,</strong> but unsustainable consumption of groundwater for irrigation and home use is leading to its depletion.</li>
<li>Groundwater depletion in India could result in a <strong>reduction in food crops by up to 20% across the country</strong> and up to 68% in regions projected to have low future groundwater availability in 2025.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is found that 13% of the villages in which farmers plant a winter crop are located in critically water-depleted regions.</li>
<li>The results suggest that these losses will largely occur in northwest and central India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related to Switching to Canal Irrigation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Indian<strong> government has suggested that switching from groundwater-depletion wells to irrigation canals</strong> is one way to overcome projected shortfalls.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The irrigation canals divert surface water from lakes and rivers.</li>
<li>However, switching to canal irrigation has <strong>limited adaptation potential at the national scale.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The study suggests that switch to canal irrigation<strong> will not fully compensate for the expected loss of groundwater</strong> in Indian agriculture.</li>
<li>Further, in comparison to tube well irrigation, <strong>canal irrigation was associated with less winter cropped area</strong> and cropped area that was more sensitive to rainfall variability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related to Impact on Crop Production:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Reduction in Cropping Intensity:</strong> Even if all regions that are currently using depleted groundwater for irrigation will switch to using canal irrigation, cropping intensity <strong>may decline by 7% nationally</strong> and by 24% in the most severely affected locations.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is found that irrigation canals would favour farms close to canals, leading to unequal access.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reductions in Wheat Production:</strong> The reductions in crop area will occur largely in the states that grow wheat, potentially leading to substantial reductions in wheat production in the future.</li>
<li><strong>Food Security:</strong> The low wheat production could have ramifications for food security given that India is the second largest producer of wheat globally and wheat provides approximately 20% of household calories in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cropping Intensity</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to<strong> raising of a number of crops from the same field during one agricultural year;</strong> it can be expressed through a formula.</li>
<li><strong>Cropping Intensity = Gross Cropped Area/Net Sown Area x 100.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gross Cropped Area:</strong> This represents the total area sown once and/or more than once in a particular year, i.e. the area is counted as many times as there are sowings in a year. This total area is also known as total cropped area or total area sown.</li>
<li><strong>Net Sown Area:</strong> This represents the total area sown with crops and orchards. Area sown more than once in the same year is counted only once.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Around 51% of India's geographical area is already under cultivation as compared to 11% of the world average.</li>
<li>The present cropping intensity of 136% has registered an increase of only 25% since independence. Further, rainfed drylands constitute 65% of the total net sown area.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Central Ground Water Board</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a subordinate office of the<strong> Ministry of Jal Shakti</strong>&nbsp;and is the National Apex Agency entrusted with the responsibilities of providing scientific inputs for management, exploration, monitoring, assessment, augmentation and regulation of groundwater resources of the country.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1970</strong> by renaming the Exploratory Tubewells Organization under the Ministry of Agriculture and later on merged with the <strong>Groundwater Wing of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-navy-signs-mou-with-geological-survey-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Geological Survey of India</a></strong> during 1972.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Irrigation Infrastructure in Easter India:</strong> There are enough groundwater resources supported with higher monsoon rainfall in eastern Indian states like Bihar. But due to lack of enough irrigation infrastructure, farmers are not able to make use of natural resources there.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a need for better policies in eastern India to expand irrigation and thus increase agricultural productivity.</li>
<li>This will also release some pressure from northwestern Indian states.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Water-saving Technologies:</strong> Adoption of water-saving technologies like a sprinkler, drip irrigation.</li>
<li><strong>Less water-Intensive Crops:</strong> Switching to less water-intensive crops in some areas may help use the limited groundwater resources more effectively.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/groundwater-depletion-may-reduce-winter-cropping-intensity-by-20-in-india/article34402181.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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