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Resurge in Covid Cases and Economic Recovery

This Article is based upon “A Looming Economic Crisis” which was published in the Hindustan Times on 15 April, 2021. It talks about how...

16 Apr 2021 News Editorials
World Population Report 2021: UNFPA

Why in News Recently, the United Nations Population Fund’s (UNFPA) flagship State of World Population Report 2021 titled ‘My Body is My...

16 Apr 2021 News Analysis
EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge

Why in News Recently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge. The...

16 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana

Why in News Recently, alumni meets were organized across the country under Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) to commemorate 75 years...

16 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Monkeydactyl: Pterosaur Species

Why in News The new pterosaur fossil was discovered in the Tiaojishan Formation of Liaoning, China, and is thought to be 160 million years...

16 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Dolphin Population in Odisha

Why in News Recently, Odisha has released the final data on the dolphin census, indicating a spectacular growth in numbers. Key Points Census...

16 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Aahaar Kranti Mission

Why in News The Government has launched 'Aahaar Kranti', a mission dedicated to spread awareness about nutrition. Key Points About: The...

16 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Legacy of BR Ambedkar

This article is based on “The Ambedkar we don’t know” which was published in The Indian Express on 14/04/2021. It talks about the...

15 Apr 2021 News Editorials
Depreciation in Rupee

Why in News Recently, the Indian Rupee depreciated to a nine-month low of 75.4 against the USD, it is one of the biggest losers among the emerging...

15 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Online Grievance Management Portal: NCSC

Why in News The Government launched the “Online Grievance Management Portal of National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)” on the...

15 Apr 2021 News Analysis
MANAS Mobile App

Why in News Recently, the government of India launched a mobile app, MANAS (Mental Health and Normalcy Augmentation System) to promote mental...

15 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Sputnik V Vaccine

Why in News Sputnik V, the vaccine against Covid-19 developed by Russia, has been cleared for emergency use by the Drugs Controller General of India...

15 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Child Labour and Forced labour in India

Why in News A recent study has raised the issue of ambiguity about definitions of child labour and forced labour in India, especially for sugarcane...

15 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Research on Lithium Ion Battery Performance

Why in News Researchers from IIT Guwahati have developed a technique to improve the performance of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which power...

15 Apr 2021 News Analysis
B R Ambedkar: 130th Birth Anniversary

Why in News The nation celebrated the 130th birth anniversary of B R Ambedkar on 14th April 2021. Dr. Ambedkar was a social reformer, jurist,...

15 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1): Farthest Gamma-Ray Emitting Galaxy

Why in News Recently, Astronomers have discovered a new active galaxy called Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) which has been identified as the farthest...

15 Apr 2021 News Analysis
India & BIMSTEC

This article is based on “BIMSTEC needs to reinvent itself” which was published in The Hindu on 14/04/2021. It talks about the...

14 Apr 2021 News Editorials
Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland

Why in News Recently, an apex body of Naga tribes, Naga Hoho has cautioned the Nagaland Government with respect to preparation of the Register of...

14 Apr 2021 News Analysis
Decriminalising Begging

Why in News The Supreme Court has asked the Centre and four States to file their response on a plea seeking a direction to repeal the provisions...

14 Apr 2021 News Analysis
e-SANTA

Why in News Recently the Union Commerce and Industry Minister has inaugurated an electronic platform named e-SANTA, which will connect aqua farmers...

14 Apr 2021 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Resurge in Covid Cases and Economic Recovery ',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
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<p><em><strong>This Article is based upon &ldquo;<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/bracing-for-economic-disruption-101618492329640.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A Looming Economic Crisis</a>&rdquo; which was published in the Hindustan Times on 15 April, 2021. It talks about how the drastic increase in the number of Covid-19 cases is acting as a barrier in India&rsquo;s slowly recovering economy, once again.</strong></em></p>
</div>
<p>The last fiscal year, FY 2020-21 was no less than a roller coaster ride for India&rsquo;s economy, witnessing nationwide partial and complete lockdowns, curfews and increase in unemployment with no projections of the economy returning to the 2019-20 levels of GDP even in FY 2021-22.</p>
<p>However, with the easing of lockdown restrictions, these projections were revised favourably in late 2020.</p>
<p>Just when there was growing optimism over India&rsquo;s economic rebound, when the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-outlook-imf-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IMF upgraded India&rsquo;s GDP forecast for FY 21-22 to 12.5%</strong></a>, the second <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> wave has come as a rude shock to businesses and consumers alike.</p>
<p>India&rsquo;s daily new cases have been hitting higher peaks every day, with the country contributing almost 20% to the global tally of fresh daily cases. The situation is worse than last year&rsquo;s peak situation where the only sigh of relief is India now has access to vaccines.</p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Economic Recovery</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Factors Facilitating the Growth:</strong>The gross tax collections are estimated to have touched ₹20.16 lakh crore (₹20.16 Trillion), up ₹1.2 lakh crore from the revised estimates detailed in the Union Budget a few months ago.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Centre&rsquo;s indirect tax collections have touched ₹10.71 lakh crore in 2020-21, even higher than the collections in 2019-20.</li>
<li>Indicators like the Purchasing Managers&rsquo; Index (PMI), tractor &amp; two-wheeler sales, Goods and Services Tax collection, E-way bills, and rail freight traffic showed sustained growth in 2021.</li>
<li>The exports figures have also seen a huge jump standing at 31 billion dollar</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impacts of Resurging Covid Cases and Consequent Lockdowns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highest Week-on-Week Decline as per NIBRI:</strong> The <strong>Nomura India Business Resumption Index (NIBRI)</strong>, is a weekly tracker of the pace of normalisation of economic activity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The index reached 99 points in February, 2021 but slipped down to 90.5 in the month of April, registering its biggest week-on-week fall.</li>
<li>The reason for this downfall is mainly the second wave of Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>City-wise Impact:</strong> States like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Chhattisgarh, which are witnessing the highest surge in COVID-19 cases, account for over 30% of India&rsquo;s GDP. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even partial lockdowns and curbs in these states will impact economic activity majorly and if the lockdowns are extended further due to uncontrolled infections, the damage will be even more extensive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contraction in Industrial Output:</strong> The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) has witnessed the sharpest contraction in the month of February 2021 (since August 2020), at the rate of 3.6%. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The recent spike in Covid-19 cases has raised concerns over the economic recovery, especially with the imposition of harsher restrictions on activities now being a possibility.</li>
<li>The restrictions currently being imposed such as night curfews and weekend lockdowns are economically less painful. However, if the situation worsens, harsher measures cannot be ruled out.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manufacturing and Other Sectors:</strong> While manufacturing may not be directly hit due to partial lockdowns, the impact on the contact services sectors like hospitality, travel, and tourism will have a multiplier effect, as these sectors have strong backward linkages with other sectors of the economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significant Role of Vaccines:</strong> The only effective way to safeguard the economy from another massive disruption is to relax both demand and supply for vaccines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More than 10 crore shots have been administered so far, however, it accounts for only 8% of the country&rsquo;s population that has received at least one shot, the US and the UK, in contrast, have vaccinated close to 50% of their total population.</li>
<li>Vaccination is a key element in controlling the second wave of Covid-19, but a shortage of vaccines could slow the progress of vaccine rollout.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Therefore, the government shall now increase the reach of the vaccines and make the eligibility criteria for vaccination more expansive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reducing the Tax Levies:</strong> The RBI, which has been stridently seeking a reduction in the tax levies, foresees inflation averaging 5.2% in the April-June quarter. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The price pressures are unlikely to ease significantly in the near term, unless the Centre and the States bite the bullet by agreeing to forego some near-term revenue from petroproducts and reduce fuel taxes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Policy Makers:</strong> More efforts and better policies are needed on the part of Policymakers, to nurse back demand and this must be done without letting quickening inflation undermine purchasing power and overall economic stability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, policymakers should not lose sight of the fact that India is better equipped to fight the virus compared to last year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At this juncture, the primary objective of governments, both at the Centre and states, should be to ramp up the vaccination drive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expenditures as Proposed in the Union Budget:</strong> The support from the rebound in global growth and implementation of the Union Budget&rsquo;s proposed capital expenditures will reinforce India&rsquo;s economic revival.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the agricultural growth and rural demand have been quite robust until now, which is also expected to support growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If the choice between flattening the Covid-19 curve and economic hardship was difficult last year, it will be even more difficult this year, as businesses and workers are still nursing the wounds of the first lockdown. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The second wave has coincided with the beginning of the new fiscal year which means that even the conservative revenue targets in the Budget could be jeopardised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In all these difficult circumstances, the only silver lining that India has is the availability of the Vaccines and its ongoing Vaccination Drive. It must be taken advantage to the fullest.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 92px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 92px; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fcff; border-style: dotted;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question:</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;Flattening the Covid-19 curve or dealing with the economic hardships. Choosing sides between these two is not exactly a wise decision to make, maintaining a balance is the need of the hour&rdquo;. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p></p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'World Population Report 2021: UNFPA',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-world-population-2019-unfpa#:~:text=According%20to%20State%20of%20World,annual%20growth%20rate%20of%20China." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Population Fund&rsquo;s (UNFPA)</strong></a> flagship <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-world-population-2020-unfpa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State of World Population Report</strong></a> <strong>2021</strong> titled <strong>&lsquo;My Body is My Own&rsquo;</strong> was launched.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the first time a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> report has focused on <strong>bodily autonomy</strong>, defined as the power and agency to make choices about your body without fear of violence or having someone else decide for you.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Violation of Bodily Autonomy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The principle of bodily integrity sums up the <strong>right of each human being, including children, to autonomy and self-determination over their own body.</strong> It considers an unconsented physical intrusion as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-rights-day-2#:~:text=Human%20Rights%20in%20India&amp;text=These%20include%20the%20Right%20to%20Equality%2C%20Right%20to%20Freedom%2C%20Right,to%2051%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>human rights</strong></a> violation.</li>
<li>While the principle has traditionally been raised in connection with practices such as torture, inhumane treatment and forced disappearance, <strong>bodily integrity has the potential to apply to wide range of human rights violations, which also affect children&rsquo;s civil rights.</strong></li>
<li>Under its ambit also fall <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/persons-with-disabilities-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">people with disabilities</a></strong> stripped of their rights to self-determination, to be free from violence and to enjoy a safe and satisfying sexual life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Examples:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-marriage-and-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Child marriage</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Female genital mutilation.</li>
<li>Lack of contraceptive choices leading to unplanned pregnancy.</li>
<li>Unwanted <strong>sex exchanged for a home and food.</strong></li>
<li>When <strong>people with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities cannot</strong> walk down a street without fearing assault or humiliation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Right to Make Decisions Regarding Own Body:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nearly <strong>half the women from 57 developing countries</strong> do not have the right to make decisions regarding their bodies, including using contraception, seeking healthcare or even on their sexuality.</li>
<li>Only <strong>75% of countries legally ensure full and equal access to contraception.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect of Covid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Women around the world are denied the fundamental right of bodily autonomy with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19#:~:text=This%20article%20is%20based%20on,than%20merely%20a%20biomedical%20one." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> further exacerbating this situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, according to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-family-health-survey-5-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Family Health Survey</strong></a> (NFHS)-4 (2015-2016):</li>
<li><strong>Healthcare:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>12%</strong> of currently <strong>married women</strong> (15-49 years of age) <strong>independently make decisions</strong> about their own healthcare.</li>
<li>63% decide in <strong>consultation with their spouse.</strong></li>
<li>For <strong>23%</strong> it is the <strong>spouse that mainly takes decisions</strong> about healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contraceptives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>8%</strong> of currently married women (15-49 years) <strong>take decisions on the use of contraception independently.</strong></li>
<li><strong>83% decide jointly with their spouse.</strong> Information provided to women about use of contraception is also limited.</li>
<li><strong>47% of women</strong> using a contraceptive <strong>were informed about the side effects of the method.</strong></li>
<li><strong>54%</strong> women <strong>were provided information</strong> about other contraceptives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-related-to-women-nfsh-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Women Related Data</a> from NFHS-5:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Contraception:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Overall Contraceptive Prevalence Rate</strong> (CPR) has <strong>increased substantially</strong> in most States/UTs and it is the highest in HP and WB (74%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domestic Violence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has <strong>generally declined</strong> in most of the states and UTs.</li>
<li>However, it has witnessed an <strong>increase in five states</strong>, namely Sikkim, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Assam and Karnataka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decision making related to health, major household purchases and visiting relatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bihar has reported the maximum increase from 75.2% in NFHS-4 (2015-2016) to 86.5% in <strong>NFHS-5 (2019-2020).</strong></li>
<li>Almost <strong>99% of women in Nagaland</strong> participate in household decision-making, followed by Mizoram at 98.8%.</li>
<li>On the other hand, <strong>Ladakh and Sikkim reported the biggest decrease in women&rsquo;s participation</strong> in decision-making, with a 7-5% drop among married women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Supreme Courts (SC) Judgement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath#:~:text=Two%20years%20ago%2C%20in%20August,and%20liberty%20under%20Article%2021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Justice K S Puttaswamy v Union of India 2017:</strong></em></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SC</strong></a> held that reproductive rights include a woman&rsquo;s entitlement to carry a pregnancy to its full term, to give birth, and to subsequently raise children; and that these rights form part of a woman&rsquo;s right to privacy, dignity, and bodily integrity.</li>
<li>The judgement gave required impetus to resolve the potential constitutional challenges to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/abortions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abortion</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-bill-to-regulate-surrogacy#:~:text=It%20provides%20for%20the%20constitution,26%2D55%20years%20for%20males." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>surrogacy.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) (Amendment) Bill, 2020</strong></a> was passed which seeks to <strong>extend the termination of pregnancy period from 20 weeks to 24 weeks</strong>, making it easier for women to safely and legally terminate an unwanted pregnancy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Population Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a subsidiary organ of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> and works as a sexual and reproductive health agency.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-ecosoc-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)</strong></a> establishes its mandate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established as a trust fund in 1967 and began operations in 1969.</li>
<li>In <strong>1987, it was officially renamed the United Nations Population Fund</strong> but the original abbreviation, &lsquo;UNFPA&rsquo; for the United Nations Fund for Population Activities was retained.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNFPA works directly to tackle <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> on health (SDG3), education (SDG4) and gender equality (SDG5).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fund:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNFPA is not supported by the UN budget, instead, it is entirely <strong>supported by voluntary contributions of donor governments, intergovernmental organizations, the private sector, foundations and individuals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Real, sustained progress largely depends on <strong>uprooting gender inequality and all forms</strong> of discrimination, and transforming the social and economic structures that maintain them.</li>
<li>In this, <strong>men must become allies</strong>. Many more must commit to stepping away from patterns of privilege and dominance that profoundly undercut bodily autonomy, and move towards ways of living that are more fair and harmonious, benefiting all.</li>
<li>Realising bodily autonomy is <strong>essential to achieving the UNFPA&rsquo;s goals of ending the global unmet need</strong> for contraception, preventable maternal deaths, gender-based violence and harmful practices by <strong>2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unfpas-population-report-launched/article34329822.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-population-report-2021-unfpa'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the <strong>EatSmart Cities Challenge</strong> and <strong>Transport 4 All Challenge.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The challenges aim at creating an <strong>environment of right food practices and habits</strong> and to make <strong>public transport safe, affordable, comfortable, and reliable.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>EatSmart Cities Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The EatSmart Cities Challenge is envisioned as a competition among cities to recognize their efforts in adopting and scaling up various initiatives under <strong>Eat Right India.</strong></li>
<li>The challenge is open to all <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres#:~:text=Smart%20City%20Mission,create%20smart%20outcomes%20for%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Cities</strong></a>, capital cities of States /UTs, and cities with a population of more than 5 lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to motivate Smart Cities to develop a plan that supports a healthy, safe and sustainable food environment supported by institutional, physical, social, and economic infrastructure along with the application of &lsquo;smart&rsquo; solutions to combat food related issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The challenge has a potential to create social and behavioural change towards food safety, hygiene and nutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trans-fatty-acids-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Limit TFA</strong></a><strong>:</strong>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)</strong></a> has capped the amount of trans fatty acids (TFA) in oils and fats to 3% for 2021 and 2% by 2022 from the current permissible limit of 5% through an amendment to the Food Safety and Standards (Prohibition and Restriction on Sales) Regulations 2011.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-safety-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Raman 1.0&rsquo;</a>:</strong> A new-age, hand-held battery operated device to perform rapid detection (in less than 1 minute) of economically driven adulteration in edible oils, fats and ghee.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-safety-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Safety Magic Box</a>:</strong> This do-it-yourself food testing kit comprises a manual and equipment to check for food adulterants, which school children can use in their classroom laboratories.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-safety-mitra-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Safety Mitra scheme</a>:</strong> It aims to support <strong>small and medium-scale food businesses</strong> so as to comply with the <strong>food safety laws</strong> and will facilitate them with the licensing and registration process, hygiene ratings and training programme.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-edition-of-eat-right-mela" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Eat Right Mela</a>:</strong> It is an outreach activity for citizens to nudge them towards eating right. It is organised to make citizens aware of the health and nutrition benefits of different types of food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transport 4 All Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The initiative has been launched in collaboration with <strong>The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP)</strong> and aims to bring together cities, citizen groups, and start-ups to develop solutions that improve public transport.</li>
<li>ITDP is a non-governmental non-profit organization that focuses on developing bus rapid transit systems, promoting biking, walking, and non-motorized transport, and improving private bus operators margins.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Transport 4 All Digital Innovation Challenge Aims to develop digital solutions that will make public transport safe, affordable, comfortable, and reliable for all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>COVID-19 has brought the entire world to a halt with transport being one of the worst-hit sectors. Transport 4 All Digital Innovation Challenge has the potential to support cities to recover from this mobility crisis.</li>
<li>It will support the cities and start-ups all over the country to move towards digital transformation in urban mobility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Address Urban Transport Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP):</strong></a> The plan aims to achieve national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles in the country</li>
<li><strong>Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &amp;) Electric vehicles in India (FAME India):</strong> This scheme supports hybrid/electric vehicles market development and manufacturing ecosystem.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/metro-neo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mass Rapid Transit/ Transport Systems (MRTS):</strong></a> In 2017, the government introduced the new Metro Policy which aims to improve collaborations, standardising norms, financing and creating a procurement mechanism so that the projects can be implemented effectively.</li>
<li><strong>Personal Rapid Transit System (PRT):</strong> It is a transport mode combining small automated vehicles, known as pods, operating on a network of specially built guideways.</li>
<li><strong>Green Urban Mobility Initiative:</strong> The Indian government launched the Green Urban Mobility Initiative (GUMI) to boost green and sustainable alternatives under the Smart Cities Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711988" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SOURCE: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eatsmart-cities-challenge-and-transport-4-all-challenge'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, alumni meets were organized across the country under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushal-se-kal-badlenge-ddu-gky" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)</strong></a> to commemorate 75 years of Independence.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)</strong> announced it on <strong>Antyodaya Diwas in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>It is a demand-driven placement linked skill training initiative working under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>uses skill training and placement in wage employment as a tool</strong> to diversify income and enable sustained upward movement out of poverty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DDU-GKY is uniquely focused on rural youth between the ages of 15 and 35 years from poor families.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adding <strong>diversity to the incomes</strong> of rural poor families</li>
<li>Cater to the <strong>career aspirations of rural youth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alumni Meet:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alumni meet is an <strong>important component of the scheme.</strong></li>
<li>The Alumni meets <strong>provide healthy ground for experience sharing by the former trainees with their present counterparts</strong> on topics like placements, career goals, challenges they faced in finding employment before undertaking the training and the benefits they reaped after.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>former trainees are also felicitated</strong> at the events for their exemplary performances at their workplaces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The program is currently being implemented in <strong>27 States and 3 Union Territories</strong> and has over <strong>2198 Training Centres in 1822 projects</strong>, in partnership with <strong>839 Project Implementing Agencies</strong> conducting <strong>training across 56 sectors, and over 600 job-roles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since inception of the scheme, a total <strong>10.81 lakh candidates have been trained in 56 sectors and 600 Trades and 6.92 lakh placed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DDU-GKY and integrated farming initiatives for rural development across the country are important for greater success in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>skilling</strong></a> and placing the rural youth.</li>
<li>DDU-GKY has played a significant role in the context of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>through skilling.</li>
<li>As a part of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Skill India campaign</strong></a>, it plays an instrumental role in supporting the social and economic programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Other Initiatives Related to Skill Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0:</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in 2021 in a bid to empower India&rsquo;s youth with employable skills by making over 300 skill courses available to them.</li>
<li>It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM):</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in 2020 (by MSDE), it is a portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shreyas-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS):</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme is to provide industry apprenticeship opportunities to the general graduates exiting in April 2019 through the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS). It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Education.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushalacharya-awards" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaushal Acharya Awards:</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched (by MSDE) to recognize the contribution made by skill trainers and to motivate more trainers to join the Skill India Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana (Yuva Udyamita Vikas Abhiyan):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in the year 2016 (by MSDE), it aims at creating an enabling ecosystem for Entrepreneurship development through Entrepreneurship education and training; Advocacy and easy access to entrepreneurship support network and Promoting social enterprises for inclusive growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Antyodaya Diwas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every year, <strong>25<sup>th</sup> September is observed as Antyodaya Diwas</strong> to mark the birth anniversary of <strong>Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya</strong>, one of the great thinkers and philosophers of the nationalist movement of the country.</li>
<li>The Government of India announced it for the first time in 2014 along with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skilling-under-mgnrega" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li>Antyodaya means <strong>"uplifting the poorest of the poor"</strong> and the day aims to reach the person in the last mile.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1712013%23:~:text%3DAs%2520part%2520of%2520the%2520%27Amrit,75%2520years%2520of%2520Indian%2520Independence.&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618575874299000&amp;usg=AOvVaw06MYYSx1Qo60vbC5NKA1gP" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deen-dayal-upadhyaya-grameen-kaushalya-yojana'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Monkeydactyl: Pterosaur Species',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> new pterosaur fossil was discovered in the Tiaojishan Formation of Liaoning, China,</strong> and is thought to be 160 million years old.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been <strong>named Kunpengopterus antipollicatus,</strong> also <strong>dubbed &ldquo;Monkeydactyl&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tiaojishan Formation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Geographically, the Tiaojishan Formation is <strong>widely distributed in western Liaoning Province and the neighboring northern Hebei Province (China).</strong></li>
<li>This formation is lithologically composed of intermediate lava and pyroclastic rocks, interlayered with basic volcanic rocks and sedimentary deposits.</li>
<li>It <strong>contains abundant and well-preserved fossil plants,</strong> including leaves, seeds and fruits, permineralized rhizomes and wood.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618560360_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618560360_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Pterosaurs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The pterosaur species were <strong>reptiles,</strong> close cousins of dinosaurs and the <strong>first animals after insects to evolve powered flight.</strong></li>
<li>They evolved into<strong> various species,</strong> while some were as large as an F-16 fighter jet, others were as small as paper airplanes.</li>
<li>They <strong>flourished</strong> during all periods <strong>(Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous)</strong> of the <strong>Mesozoic Era</strong> (252.2 million to 66 million years ago).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Monkeydactyl Fossil (Kunpengopterus antipollicatus):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&ldquo;Antipollicatus&rdquo;</strong> in ancient Greek means <strong>&ldquo;opposite thumbs&rdquo;,</strong> and it was attached to the name because the researchers&rsquo; findings<strong> could be the first discovery of a pterosaur with an opposed thumb.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It could <strong>likely be the earliest-known instance of the limb.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is<strong> far older than the one identified in 2019.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Paleontologists had identified that species as <strong>a pterosaur that lived over 77 million years ago</strong> in what is <strong>Western Canada</strong> today.</li>
<li>Named<strong> Cryodrakon boreas,</strong> it was believed to be one of the largest flying animals, which &ldquo;flew over the heads of dinosaurs&rdquo;, with a wingspan of <strong>over 10 metres.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Opposability of the Thumb:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Opposability of the thumb is defined as being able to <strong>&ldquo;simultaneously flex, abduct and medially rotate the thumb&rdquo;</strong> in a way that one is able to bring the tip of the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers.</li>
<li>Along with humans, some ancient monkeys and apes also had opposable thumbs.</li>
<li>Humans, however, have a <strong>relatively longer</strong> and<strong> distally placed thumb,</strong> and larger<strong> thumb muscles.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This means that humans&rsquo; tip-to-tip precision grip when holding smaller objects is superior to non-human primates. This is the reason that humans are able to <strong>hold a pen, unscrew an earring stopper, or put a thread through a needle hole.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Monkeydactyl and Opposability of the Thumb:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The research team scanned the fossil of K. antipollicatus using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), a technique making use of X-ray to image an object.</li>
<li>By studying its forelimb morphology and musculature, they suggest that K. antipollicatus could have used its hand for grasping, which is likely an adaptation for <strong>arboreal life</strong> (living in trees).</li>
<li>The grasping hands of primates developed as a result of their life in the trees &mdash; an opposable thumb made it easier for the common ancestor of all primates to cling on to tree branches.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-monkeydactyl-the-flying-reptile-with-the-oldest-opposable-thumbs-7272513/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monkeydactyl-pterosaur-species'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Dolphin Population in Odisha',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Odisha has released the final data on the dolphin census, indicating a spectacular growth in numbers.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Census Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> population of dolphins in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-lake-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chilika</a>,</strong> India&rsquo;s largest brackish water lake, and along the Odisha coast has <strong>doubled this year</strong> (2021) compared with last year.</li>
<li><strong>Three species were recorded</strong> during the census, with 544<strong> Irrawaddy, bottle-nose and humpback dolphins</strong> sighted this year, compared with 233 last year.</li>
<li>The<strong> rise in the Irrawaddy dolphin population in Chilika</strong> can be attributed to the <strong>eviction of illegal fish enclosures.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Irrawaddy Dolphins:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Irrawaddy dolphins are<strong> found in coastal areas in South and Southeast Asia,</strong> and in<strong> three rivers:</strong> the Ayeyarwady (Myanmar), the Mahakam (Indonesian Borneo) and the Mekong. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mekong River Irrawaddy dolphins inhabit a 118-mile stretch of the river between Cambodia and Lao PDR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Endangered</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-cop-13-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CMS</strong></a> <strong>(Convention on Migratory Species):</strong> Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Indo- Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins generally occur in shallow coastal waters of the<strong> Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and Australia.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>IUCN Red List:</strong> Near Threatened</li>
<li><strong>CITES:</strong> Appendix II</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphins:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> The Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphin occurs within the Indian Ocean from South Africa to India.</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>IUCN Red List:</strong> Endangered</li>
<li><strong>CITES:</strong> Appendix I</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972:</strong> Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Chilika Lake</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chilika is <strong>Asia's largest and world's second largest lagoon.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> lies on the east coast of India in the state of Odisha,</strong> separated from the mighty Bay of Bengal by a small strip of sand.</li>
<li>It spreads over Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha on the east coast of India, at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an area of over 1,100 square kilometers.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>largest wintering ground for migratory birds</strong> on the Indian sub-continent and is home to a number of threatened species of plants and animals.</li>
<li>In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the<strong> first Indian wetland of international importance</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-backs-dhanauri-for-ramsar-site-tag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ramsar Convention.</strong></a></li>
<li>Major attraction at Chilika is <strong>Irrawaddy dolphins</strong> which are often spotted off Satapada Island.</li>
<li>The <strong>large Nalabana Island (Forest of Reeds)</strong> covering about 16 sq km in the lagoon area was declared <strong>a bird sanctuary</strong> in 1987.</li>
<li><strong>Kalijai Temple -</strong> Located on an island in the Chilika Lake.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/dolphin-boom-in-odishas-chilika-lake/article34292274.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dolphin-population-in-odisha'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Aahaar Kranti Mission',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Government has launched 'Aahaar Kranti', a <strong>mission dedicated to spread awareness about nutrition.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative &lsquo;Aahaar Kranti&rsquo; will focus on <strong>addressing the problem of hunger and diseases in abundance</strong> across India and the world.</li>
<li>The initiative will shine a light on the <strong>richness and value of India&rsquo;s traditional diet</strong>, the miracles of <strong>local fruits and vegetables</strong>, and the healing powers of a <strong>balanced diet.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Organisations Involved:</strong> Pravasi Bharatiya Academic and Scientific Sampark (PRABHASS), Global Indian Scientists and Technocrats&rsquo; Forum (GIST), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fifth-india-international-science-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vijnana Bharati (Vibha)</strong></a> and Vigyan Prasar (an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology) have come together to launch the mission &lsquo;Aahaar Kranti&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The <strong>motto</strong> of the Mission is <strong>&ldquo;Uttam Aahaar- Uttam Vichaar or Good Diet-Good Cognition&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Strategy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The messages <strong>will be imparted through the curriculum</strong> in the form of `what&rsquo;s and `why&rsquo;s of nutrition, or through the forms of games or as instructions such as `how to&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The content will be provided both online and offline, in all vernacular languages besides English and Hindi.</li>
<li>The programme <strong>will focus on training teachers</strong>, who, in turn, will pass on the message to the multitudes of students, and through them to their families and finally the society at large.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The United Nations (UN) has also declared <strong>2021 as the International Year of Fruits and Vegetables</strong>, which vibes very well with Aahaar Kranti.</li>
<li>Further, it is in line with the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN sustainable goal 3</strong></a> that emphasizes human well-being.</li>
<li>It will <strong>help in applying the rich knowledge of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ayurveda</a>-based nutrition</strong> to practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Performance of India on Global Hunger Index 2020</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has been <strong>ranked at 94</strong> among 107 countries in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2020.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With a score of 27.2, India has a level of hunger that is<strong> &ldquo;serious&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<li><strong>Performance on the Indicators:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Undernourishment:</strong> 14% of India&rsquo;s population is undernourished (2017-19). It was 16.3% during 2011-13.</li>
<li><strong>Child Wasting:</strong> 17.3% (2015-19), it was 15.1% in 2010-14.</li>
<li><strong>Child Stunting:</strong> 34.7%, it has improved significantly, from 54% in 2000 to less than 35% now.</li>
<li><strong>Child Mortality:</strong> 3.7%, it was 5.2% in 2012.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1711729&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618553875541000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3ZnBVP6DHbLSIwybxBcKLH" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aahaar-kranti-mission'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Legacy of BR Ambedkar',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/b-r-ambedkar-130th-birth-anniversary-7272609/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;The Ambedkar we don&rsquo;t know&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 14/04/2021. It talks about the role played by BR Ambedkar in nation-building.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the nation celebrated the 130<sup>th</sup> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ambedkar-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>birth anniversary of B R Ambedkar</strong></a>. His role as a social reformer, chairman of the draft committee of the Indian Constitution, and first law minister of the country is well-known.</p>
<p>However, there are many lesser-known attributes about <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-political-thinker-br-ambedkar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>B R Ambedkar</strong></a> that helped in nation-building and continues to have a prominent impact on present Indian socio-economic-political setup.</p>
<p>As India is about to celebrate the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dandi-march-to-mark-75-years-of-independence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav</strong></a> to commemorate 75 years of Independence, it is imperative to recognise the role played by BR Ambedkar.</p>
<h3>Role Played by BR Ambedkar</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Father of Indian Constitution:</strong> BR Ambedkar's legal expertise and knowledge of the Constitution of different countries was very helpful in the framing of the constitution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He became chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly and played an important role in framing the Indian Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Building a Just Society:</strong> As chairman of the Constitution&rsquo;s drafting committee, he took meticulous measures to build a just society through liberty, equality, and fraternity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to him, for India, where society is divided on the basis of caste, religion, language, and other factors, a common moral compass is needed, and the Constitution can play the role of that compass.</li>
<li>In addition, the Poona Pact assured a fair representation of the depressed classes in the public services while earmarking a portion of the educational grant for their uplift.</li>
<li>His advocacy for universal adult franchise ensured that women had the right to vote immediately after Independence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Distinguished Economist:</strong> The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualized from the Hilton Young Commission&rsquo;s recommendation, which considered Ambedkar&rsquo;s guidelines laid out in <strong>The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Role In Integrated Water Resources Management:</strong> His farsightedness helped in establishing the Central Water Commission and integrated water resources management through the establishment of the river valley projects like the Damodar River Valley Project, the Sone River Valley Project, the Mahanadi (Hirakud Project), etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Inter-State Water Dispute Act, 1956, and the River Board Act, 1956 emanate from his vision.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour Leader:</strong> Ambedkar was the voice of the Depressed Classes on every platform. As their representative at the Round Table Conference, he championed the cause of labor and improving the condition of peasants.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, as a member of the Bombay Assembly, Ambedkar opposed the introduction of the Industrial Disputes Bill, 1937, as it removed workers&rsquo; right to strike.</li>
<li>As a labour member, he advocated for &ldquo;fair condition of life of labour&rdquo; instead of securing &ldquo;fair condition of work&rdquo; and laid out the basic structure of the government&rsquo;s labour policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vision for India&rsquo;s Agricultural Problem:</strong> His essay titled &lsquo;Small Holdings in India and their Remedies&rsquo; (1918) proposed industrialization as the answer to India&rsquo;s agricultural problem and is still relevant to contemporary debates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was the first legislator in the country to introduce a Bill for abolishing the serfdom of agricultural tenants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role in Ensuring Gender Parity:</strong> He contributed to the reduction of working hours to 48 hours per week, lifting the ban on the employment of women for underground work in coal mines, introducing the provisions of overtime, paid leave, and minimum wage. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He also helped to establish the principle of &ldquo;equal pay for equal work&rdquo; irrespective of sex and maternity benefits.</li>
<li>His advocacy of the Hindu Code Bill was a revolutionary measure towards ameliorating women&rsquo;s plight by conferring on them the right to adopt and inherit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance of Ambedkar in Present Times</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Persisting Caste-Based Inequalities:</strong> Caste-based inequality in India still persists. While Dalits have acquired a political identity through Affirmative action like reservation and forming their own political parties, they lack behind in social dimensions (health and education) and economic dimension.</li>
<li><strong>Persisting Communal Problem:</strong> There has been a rise of communal polarization and communalization of politics. It is necessary that Ambedkar's vision of constitutional morality must supersede religious morality to avoid permanent damage to the Indian Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Babasaheb Ambedkar&rsquo;s perspective, Constitutional morality would mean effective coordination between conflicting interests of different people and administrative cooperation.</li>
<li>It will help to resolve the conflict amicably without any confrontation amongst the various groups working for the realization of their ends at any cost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pro-People Policies:</strong> Ambedkar&rsquo;s thinking and legacy are reflected in the pro-people, pro-poor welfare policies and programmes of the Government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mudra-scheme-and-employment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mudra Scheme</strong></a> for availing loans, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/startups-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Stand-up India</strong></a> for promoting entrepreneurship in the SC and ST community, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat scheme</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saubhagya-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojna</strong></a>, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-code-for-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> simplification of labour laws</strong></a> are among the several measures that display the government&rsquo;s unwavering commitment to fulfil the dreams of B R Ambedkar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The development of Panchteerth &mdash; Janam Bhumi (Mhow), Shiksha Bhumi (London), Chaitya Bhumi (Mumbai), Diksha Bhumi (Nagpur), Mahaparinirvan Bhumi (Delhi) &mdash; are steps towards ensuring an appropriate legacy for Ambedkar, the nationalist reformer.</p>
<p>However, today India is facing many socio-economic challenges such as casteism, communalism, separatism, gender inequality, etc. We need to find the Ambedkar's spirit within us, so that we can pull ourselves from these challenges.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 579px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fcff;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The role played by B R Ambedkar has helped in nation building and continues to have a prominent impact on present Indian socio-economic-political setup.Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/legacy-of-br-ambedkar'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Depreciation in Rupee',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Indian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/depreciation-of-rupee#:~:text=The%20rupee%20depreciated%20by%2016,account%20of%20global%20risk%20aversion.&amp;text=Under%20risk%20aversion%2C%20an%20investor,higher%20returns%20with%20unknown%20risks." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rupee depreciated</a> to a nine-month low</strong> of 75.4 against the USD, it is<strong> one of the biggest losers among the emerging market currencies.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the last three weeks <strong>since 22<sup>nd</sup> March 2021,</strong> Rupee has<strong> lost 4.2%</strong> against the USD.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618483631_image11.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618483631_image11.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for the Decline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rising Covid Cases:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rising <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19#:~:text=Covid%2D19%20pandemic%20is%20a,crises%20in%20recent%20human%20history." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> cases have emerged as a key concern. As several states are now considering more stringent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown</strong></a> measures, market participants are <strong>concerned over delay in the recovery of the economy,</strong> which was hit hard in 2020-21 by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/future-pandemics-and-reduction-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening of USD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The strengthening of USD in line with expectations of <strong>better growth in the US economy,</strong> has also put pressure on the Rupee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reserve Bank of India's (RBIs) G-SAP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RBI&rsquo;s</strong> </a>announcement of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report-rbi-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Government Securities Acquisition Programme (G-SAP)</strong></a> programme to infuse liquidity has also put additional pressure on the Rupee.</li>
<li>This is being read as a sort of <strong>quantitative easing policy</strong> the global central banks had followed, in which the RBI will <strong>support the government&rsquo;s elevated borrowing programme</strong> through infusion of liquidity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decreasing FPI Investments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Another factor that is putting additional pressure is the <strong>decreasing support of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-foreign-portfolio-investments" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs)</a>,</strong> who pumped huge inflows into Indian equity markets between October 2020 and February 2021. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While the FPIs invested a net of Rs. <strong>1.94 lakh crore between October 2020 and February 2021</strong> (in the Indian markets), in the month of <strong>April 2021 they have pulled out a net of Rs 2,263 crore</strong> (till date).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Depreciating Rupee:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Losers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>People <strong>Importing</strong> from outside.</li>
<li>People seeking <strong>foreign education.</strong></li>
<li>People <strong>travelling abroad.</strong></li>
<li>People <strong>investing abroad.</strong></li>
<li>People seeking <strong>medical treatment abroad</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gainers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>People<strong> exporting</strong> from India.</li>
<li>People receiving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/impact-of-covid-19-on-remittance-wb#:~:text=A%20remittance%20is%20money%20sent,recipient%20a%20relative%20back%20home."><strong>remittances</strong> </a>from <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-diaspora" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non Resident Indian (NRI).</a></strong></li>
<li>Foreign tourists as <strong>travel to India</strong> gets cheaper.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Currency Depreciation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currency depreciation is a <strong>fall in the value of a currency</strong> in a<strong> floating exchange rate system.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a floating exchange rate system, <strong>market forces (based on demand and supply of a currency) determine the value of a currency.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rupee depreciation means that<strong> rupee has become less valuable</strong> with respect to dollar.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It means that the rupee is now weaker than what it used to be earlier.</li>
<li><strong>For example:</strong> USD 1 used to equal to Rs. 70, now USD 1 is equal to Rs. 76, implying that the rupee has depreciated relative to the dollar i.e. it takes more rupees to purchase a dollar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some of the factors that influence the value of a currency:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inflation-data-august-2020#:~:text=Inflation%20measures%20the%20average%20price,a%20deceleration%20in%20economic%20growth." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inflation</strong></a></li>
<li>Interest rates</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-trade-deficit-with-china-at-five-year-low-in-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Trade deficit</strong></a></li>
<li>Macroeconomic policies</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/taxes-and-india-s-equity-market" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Equity market</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Currency <strong>depreciation increases a country&rsquo;s export activity</strong> as its products and services become cheaper to buy.</li>
<li>The<strong> RBI intervenes</strong> in the currency market<strong> to support the rupee as a weak domestic unit can increase a country&rsquo;s import bill.</strong></li>
<li>There are a <strong>variety of methods</strong> by which RBI intervenes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can intervene<strong> directly in the currency market by buying and selling dollars.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If the RBI wishes to increase the rupee value, then it can sell dollars and when it needs to bring down rupee value, it can buy dollars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The central bank can also<strong> influence the value of rupee</strong> by the way of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/repo-rate-unchanged" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monetary policy.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>RBI can adjust the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> repo rate</strong></a> (the rate at which RBI lends to banks) and the liquidity ratio (the portion of money banks are required to invest in government bonds) to control rupee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-the-rupee-is-among-biggest-losers-over-the-past-few-weeks-7272922/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/depreciation-in-rupee'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Online Grievance Management Portal: NCSC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Government launched the <strong>&ldquo;Online Grievance Management Portal of National Commission for Scheduled Castes (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NCSC</a>)&rdquo;</strong> on the occasion of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dr-b-r-ambedkar-s-129th-birth-anniversary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>130<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Dr. B R Ambedkar.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The portal would make it easier for the SC population to register their complaints.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Online Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been <strong>designed in collaboration with the Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG-N)</strong>, a Centre of Excellence under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.</li>
<li>It will <strong>facilitate an end-to-end e-filing of complaints</strong> and grievances and <strong>their tracking.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is for <strong>submission of complaints about atrocities</strong> against citizens who belong to the Scheduled Castes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is &ldquo;intended to make the hearing processor" similar to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-courts-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s e-Courts project</strong></a> and allow grievance redressal for the country&rsquo;s scheduled caste population in a &ldquo;time bound manner".</li>
<li>It will <strong>supplement the physical submission of complaints</strong> and grievances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NCSC is a constitutional body</strong> that works to <strong>safeguard the interests of the Scheduled Castes (SC)</strong> in India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338 of the Constitution</strong> of India deals with this commission.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provided for a National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes with duties to investigate and monitor all matters relating to safeguards provided for them, to inquire into specific complaints and to participate and advise on the planning process of their socio-economic development etc.</li>
<li>By the <strong>amendment in 2003</strong>, the erstwhile National Commission for SC and ST was replaced by two separate Commissions <strong>from the year 2004</strong> which are: National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a>-under <strong>Article 338-A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions of the NCSC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and investigating</strong> all issues concerning the safeguards provided <strong>for the SCs</strong> under the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Enquiring into complaints</strong> relating to <strong>the deprivation of the rights</strong> and <strong>safeguards of the SCs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Taking part in and advising</strong> the central or state governments with respect to the planning of <strong>socio-economic development of the SCs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Regular reporting to the President</strong> of the country on the implementation of <strong>these safeguards.</strong></li>
<li>Any other function with respect to the welfare, protection, development and <strong>advancement of the SC community.</strong></li>
<li>The Commission is also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Anglo-Indian Community</strong> as it does <strong>with respect to the SCs.</strong></li>
<li>Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Other Backward Classes (OBCs).</strong> It was relieved from this responsibility by the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc#:~:text=102nd%20Constitution%20Amendment%20Act,socially%20and%20educationally%20backward%20classes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>102<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 2018.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Constitutional and Legal Provisions For Upliftment of the Schedule Caste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 15</a>(4)</strong> refers to the special provisions for their advancement.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4A)</strong> speaks of <strong>&ldquo;reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of SCs/STs</strong>, which are not adequately represented in the services under the State&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Article 17</strong> abolishes Untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46</strong> requires the State <strong>&lsquo;to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.</li>
<li><strong>Article 335</strong> provides that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of <strong>appointments to services and posts</strong> in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330</strong> and <strong>Article 332</strong> of the Constitution respectively provide for <strong>reservation of seats in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the legislative assemblies</strong> of the States.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Part IX</strong> relating to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/panchayati-raj-institutions-and-participative-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayats</strong></a> and <strong>Part IXA</strong> of the Constitution relating to the Municipalities, reservation for SC and ST in local bodies has been envisaged and provided.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SC and the ST (Prevention of Atrocities) amendment Act, 2018.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1711868&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618486972066000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1XyieJyQj3nMy-4cSogBay" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-grievance-management-portal-ncsc'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'MANAS Mobile App',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government of India launched a mobile app, <strong>MANAS (Mental Health and Normalcy Augmentation System)</strong> to <strong>promote mental wellbeing across age groups.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MANAS was endorsed as a national program by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nine-science-and-technology-missions#:~:text=Prime%20Minister's%20Science%2C%20Technology%20%26%20Innovation,to%20ensure%20India's%20sustainable%20development." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC).</strong></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>PM-STIAC:</strong> It is an overarching Council that <strong>facilitates the Principal Scientific Adviser&rsquo;s Office to assess the status in specific science and technology domains</strong>, comprehend challenges in hand, formulate specific interventions, develop a futuristic roadmap and advise the Prime Minister accordingly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>comprehensive, scalable, and national digital wellbeing platform</strong> and an app <strong>developed to augment mental well-being of Indian citizens.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>integrates the health and wellness efforts of various government ministries</strong>, scientifically validated indigenous tools with gamified interfaces developed/researched by various national bodies and research institutions.</li>
<li>It is <strong>based on life skills and core psychological processes</strong>, with <strong>universal accessibility</strong>, delivering <strong>age-appropriate methods</strong> and promoting positive attitude focusing on wellness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developed By:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-brain-templates-nimhans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS)</strong></a> Bengaluru, Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) Pune and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jatan-virtual-museum-software" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centre for Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC)</strong></a> Bengaluru.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Catering to the overall wellbeing of people of <strong>all age groups</strong>, the <strong>initial version of MANAS focuses on promoting positive mental health in the age group of 15-35 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To build a healthier and happier community, to empower it to nurture its innate potential for building a <strong>Swasth and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Motto of MANAS:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uttam Mann, Saksham Jan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618484820_image13.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618484820_image13.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Mental Health in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong> A report published in <strong>The Lancet Psychiatry</strong> in February 2020 indicates that in 2017, there were <strong>197.3 million people with mental disorders in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>top mental illnesses were depressive disorder</strong> (45.7 million) and <strong>anxiety disorder</strong> (44.9 million).</li>
<li>The contribution of mental disorders to the total <strong>Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)</strong> in India increased from 2.5% in 1990 to 4.7% in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Depressive disorder and anxiety disorder contributed the most to the total mental disorders DALYs.</li>
<li><strong>DALYs:</strong> The burden of disability associated with a disease or disorder can be measured in units called DALYs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DALYs <strong>represent the total number of years lost</strong> to illness, disability, or premature death within a given population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Indian Initiatives to Improve Mental Health:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Mental Health Care Act (MHCA) 2017:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/mental-healthcare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mental Health Care Act (MHCA) 2017</strong></a> came into force in 2018 to meet the requirements of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-principles-for-people-with-disabilities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</strong></a> which India ratified in 2007.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>KIRAN:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has launched a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kiran-mental-health-rehabilitation-helpline" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>24/7 toll-free helpline</strong></a> to provide support to people facing anxiety, stress, depression, suicidal thoughts and other mental health concerns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manodarpan Initiative:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manodarpan-mental-health-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Manodarpan</strong></a> is an initiative of the Ministry of Education under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.</li>
<li>It is aimed to provide psychosocial support to students, family members and teachers for their mental health and well-being during the times of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NIMHANS RAAH APP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>one-stop source of data on mental health centres and professionals.</strong> It is developed by the <strong>NIMHANS.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although developing apps to cater mental well-being of citizens on scalable, secure and digital platforms is the need of the hour the <strong>app must be integrated with the public health schemes</strong> like the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Health Mission</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Poshan Abhiyan</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-summit-on-good-replicable-practices-innovations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">e-Sanjeevani</a></strong> and others so that it is used widely. Besides, the <strong>application must be made multi-lingual.</strong></li>
<li>Increasing the number of psychologists and psychiatrists, and Apps alone won&rsquo;t help. <strong>Stigma and awareness</strong> are two separate issues although interlinked. They <strong>need to be addressed in parallel in order to tackle the burden of mental illness.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711860" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manas-mobile-app'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Sputnik V Vaccine',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Sputnik V</strong>, the vaccine against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> developed by Russia, has been cleared for emergency use by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is now the third coronavirus vaccine to get emergency use approval, after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covishield-and-covaxin-approved-for-restricted-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covishield (Serum Institute of India) and Covaxin (Bharat Biotech).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Sputnik V Vaccine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/russian-covid-vaccine-sputnik-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sputnik V vaccine</strong></a> has been <strong>developed by Gamaleya National Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</strong> in Moscow.</li>
<li>It<strong> uses two different viruses</strong> that cause the <strong>common cold (adenovirus)</strong> in humans. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>adenoviruses</strong> are weakened so they cannot replicate in humans and cannot cause disease.</li>
<li>They are also modified so that the vaccine delivers a code for making the coronavirus spike protein. This aims to ensure that when the real virus tries to infect the body, it can mount an immune response<strong> in the form of antibodies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sputnik uses a <strong>different vector</strong> for each of the<strong> two shots</strong> in a course of vaccination. This<strong> provides immunity with a longer duration than vaccines using the same delivery mechanism</strong> for both shots.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The two shots are <strong>given 21 days apart.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sputnik<strong> V is to be stored at -18&deg;C in its liquid form.</strong> However, in its freeze-dried form,<strong> it can be stored at 2-8&deg;C,</strong> in a conventional refrigerator without any need to invest in additional cold-chain infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Efficacy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/russian-covid-vaccine-sputnik-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase 3 trials</strong> </a>conducted in Russia, with the results published in The Lancet, have found it has<strong> an efficacy of 91.6%.</strong></li>
<li>In India, Dr Reddy&rsquo;s conducted a bridging study after which it applied for emergency use approval.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trial <strong>participants</strong> were given the <strong>first dose (rAd26-)</strong> followed by <strong>a booster dose (rAd5-S) 21 days later.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Adenoviruses</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Adenoviruses (ADVs) are<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> DNA viruses</a> ranging from 70-90</strong> nanometre in size, which induce many illnesses in humans like cold, respiratory infection etc.</li>
<li>Adenoviruses are <strong>preferred for vaccines</strong> because their<strong> DNA is double stranded</strong> which makes them <strong>genetically more stable</strong> and the chances of them changing after injection are lower.</li>
<li><strong>Rabies vaccine</strong> is an adenovirus vaccine.</li>
<li>Adenovirus vaccines are<strong> a type of viral vector vaccine.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this vaccine, adenovirus is used as a tool to deliver genes or vaccine antigens to the target host tissue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, there are <strong>drawbacks of adenovirus vector</strong> vaccines like<strong> pre-existing immunity in humans, inflammatory responses etc.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Just as human bodies develop immune responses to most real viral infections, they also develop immunity to adenoviral vectors. Since adenoviral vectors are based on natural viruses that some humans might already have been exposed to, these vaccines might not work for everyone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-sputnik-v-works-against-coronavirus-and-how-effectively-7270877/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sputnik-v-vaccine'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Child Labour and Forced labour in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A recent study has raised the <strong>issue of ambiguity about definitions of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-day-against-child-labour-2020#:~:text=National%20Policy%20on%20Child%20Labour,processes%2C%20rather%20than%20on%20prevention." target="_blank" rel="noopener">child labour</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bonded-labour-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">forced labour</a></strong> in India, especially for sugarcane producing states of Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study was commissioned by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/undps-accelerator-lab#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20Development%20Programme%20(UNDP)%20is%20the%20UN's%20global,assistance%20to%20the%20least%20developed." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)</strong></a><strong> and The Coca-Cola Company.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings from the Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Authorities discounted <strong>underage child labour as &ldquo;children helping parents in the field&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Similarly, confusion was about the <strong>advance payment to migrant workers, </strong>and<strong> associated risks of forced or bonded labour.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the interventions in the sugarcane sector, either by government authorities or by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)</strong></a> arm of companies, were focused just on &ldquo;improving farming techniques to ensure an increase in cane productivity&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Labour and Forced Labour (Meaning):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term<strong> &ldquo;child labour&rdquo;</strong> is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development.</li>
<li><strong>Forced labour</strong> is defined as &ldquo;all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The term forced labour <strong>includes slavery and practices similar to slavery as well as bonded labour or debt bondage.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bonded Labour</strong> is a practice in which <strong>employers give high-interest loans</strong> to workers who <strong>work at low wages to pay off the debt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618472623_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618472623_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="576" height="432" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/world-day-against-child-labour-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Act</strong></a>, employment of <strong>children below the age of 14 years in any commercial enterprise is illegal.</strong></li>
<li>The Act also <strong>bars the employment of adolescents</strong> in occupations that deal with <strong>hazardous working conditions</strong> such as chemical plants and mines.</li>
<li>The Act says that <strong>children can only work after school hours or during holidays </strong>and that <strong>children are allowed to work in family owned secure sectors.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is criticised that the Act allows child labour in <strong>&ldquo;family or family enterprises&rdquo;</strong> or allows the child to be<strong> &ldquo;an artist in an audio-visual entertainment industry&rdquo;.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Itt <strong>excludes</strong> a section of toiling children in the unorganized sectors including <strong>agriculture as well as the household work.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Act <strong>does not define the hours of work</strong> and it simply states that children may work after school hours or during vacations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bonded Labour in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court of India </strong>has<strong> interpreted bonded labour as the payment of wages that are below the prevailing market wages</strong> and legal minimum wages.</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution of India prohibits forced labour under Article 23</strong> (Fundamental Rights).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 23:</strong> Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bonded labour was historically associated with rural economies where peasants from economically disadvantaged communities were bound to work for the landlords.</li>
<li>Bonded labour is found to <strong>exist in both rural and urban pockets</strong> in unorganized industries such as brick kilns, stone quarries, coal mining, agricultural labour, domestic servitude, circus, and sexual slavery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sugarcane Cultivation in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21&deg;C to 27&deg;C and an annual rainfall between 75cm and 100cm</li>
<li>In India, sugarcane is primarily grown and cultivated in Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li>Of these,<strong> Uttar Pradesh is the largest sugarcane producer</strong> and accounts for<strong> nearly 40%</strong> of the cash crop grown in the country, followed by Maharashtra and Karnataka, which account for 21% and 11% of the total domestic production.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Child Labour Laws/Programmes in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 24 of the Constitution:</strong> No child below the age fourteen years shall be employed in work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.</li>
<li><strong>National Policy on Child Labour (1987):</strong> It focuses more on rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations and processes, rather than on prevention.</li>
<li><strong>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015:</strong> It includes the working child in the category of children in need of care and protection, without any limitation of age or type of occupation.</li>
<li><strong>National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme 2007:</strong> Under it, children in the age group of 9-14 years, rescued/withdrawn from work are enrolled in the NCLP Special Training Centres, where they are provided with bridge education, vocational training, mid day meal, stipend, health care, etc. before being mainstreamed into formal education system.</li>
<li>The <strong>Right to Education Act, 2009</strong> has made it mandatory for the state to ensure that all children aged 6 to 14 years are in school and receive free education.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>Mines Act of 1952,</strong> employment of children below the age of 18 years is illegal in mines.</li>
<li><strong>Platform for Effective Enforcement for No Child Labour (PENCIL) Portal 2017:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an electronic platform that aims at involving Centre, State, District, Governments, civil society and the general public in achieving the target of child labour free society.</li>
<li>It has been launched for the effective implementation of Child Labour Act and National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, India has ratified <strong>International Labour Organizations Convention (ILO) no 138</strong> (minimum age for employment) and <strong>Convention no 182</strong> (worst forms of child labour).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bonded Labour Related Schemes/Acts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act extends to the whole of India but implemented by respective state governments.</li>
<li>It provides for an institutional mechanism at the district level in the form of Vigilance Committees.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vigilance committees advise District Magistrate (DM) to ensure the provisions of this act are properly implemented.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The State Governments/UTs may confer, on an Executive Magistrate, the powers of a Judicial Magistrate of the first class or second class for the trial of offences under this Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Sector Scheme for Rehabilitation of Bonded Labourers (2016):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this scheme financial assistance to the extent of Three lakhs Rupees is provided to released bonded labourers along with other non-cash assistance for their livelihood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> cycle of poverty and its implications </strong>must be <strong>addressed properly,</strong> so families can find other means to survive and send their children to schools.</li>
<li>Many <strong>NGOs like Bachpan Bachao Andolan, ChildFund, CARE India, Kailash Satyarthi Children Foundation</strong> etc. have been working to eradicate child labour in India. Right kind of<strong> focus and orientation with state level authorities</strong> is also needed to avoid the practice of child labour.</li>
<li><strong>Forced Child Labour</strong> requires an urgent action from governments and the international communities.</li>
<li>A <strong>very robust, reliable and fairly decent social security package</strong> and <strong>strict implementation</strong> of the acts is needed.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/study-flags-labour-issues-in-sugarcane-producing-states-7268274/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-labour-and-forced-labour-in-india'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Research on Lithium Ion Battery Performance',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers from IIT Guwahati have developed a technique to improve the performance of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which power most of the portable devices used today.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lithium Ion Batteries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry</strong></a> was jointly awarded to <strong>Stanley Whittingham, John Goodenough and Akira Yoshino</strong> for work that led to the development of <strong>lithium-ion batteries.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>foundation of the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery was laid during the oil crisis of the 1970s</strong>, around which time Whittingham started working on developing methods that could lead to fossil fuel-free energy technologies.</li>
<li>The <strong>first commercially viable Li-ion battery</strong> was created by Yoshino <strong>in 1985.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Utility:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Li-ion batteries provide portable electricity, powering electronic gadgets such as mobile phones, laptops and tablets.</li>
<li>Today, most <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Electrical Vehicles (EV)</strong></a><strong> use Li-ion batteries</strong> as well, but are slowly reaching their theoretical limits of being able to provide roughly up to <strong>300-watt hour per kilogram</strong> of energy.</li>
<li>These batteries can also be used to <strong>store solar and wind power</strong>, which means that with their widespread use it may even be possible to <strong>live in a fuel free society.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some of the disadvantages of Li-ion batteries include their <strong>susceptibility to overheating</strong> and their <strong>being prone to damage at high voltages.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since they are made with <strong>flammable and combustible materials.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Such batteries also start <strong>losing their capacity over time</strong>&mdash;for instance, a laptop battery in use for a few years does not function as well as a new one.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Research:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Researchers <strong>from IIT Guwahati</strong> have developed a technique which can <strong>precisely estimate</strong> one of the most important battery internal states known as <strong>SOC, state of charge.</strong></li>
<li><strong>SOC reflects the remaining capacity of the battery</strong>, that is how much more charge can be withdrawn from the battery before it gets fully discharged.</li>
<li>The knowledge of remaining capacity helps to optimize battery&rsquo;s capacity utilization, prevent overcharging and undercharging of the battery, <strong>increases its lifespan, reduces cost, and ensures safety of the battery and its surroundings.</strong></li>
<li>To improve a battery&rsquo;s lifespan and optimize its capacity, it is <strong>important to predict its various states accurately. One of these states is the SOC</strong>, which has so far been difficult to estimate.</li>
<li>Through their work, the <strong>researchers have proposed</strong> an approach that avoids overestimation and therefore helps in <strong>taking accurate measurements.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>State Of Charge</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The state of charge (SOC) of a cell denotes the capacity that is currently available as a function of the rated capacity.</li>
<li>The value of the SOC varies between 0% and 100%. If the SOC is 100%, then the cell is said to be fully charged, whereas a SOC of 0% indicates that the cell is completely discharged.</li>
<li>In practical applications, the SOC is not allowed to go beyond 50% and therefore the cell is recharged when the SOC reaches 50%.</li>
<li>Similarly, as a cell starts aging, the maximum SOC starts decreasing. This means that for an aged cell, a 100% SOC would be equivalent to a 75%&ndash;80% SOC of a new cell.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Related Developments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory</strong> developed <strong>a Lithium-ion battery that does not catch fire.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier in January 2020, researchers from <strong>Australia</strong> claimed that they developed the world&rsquo;s most efficient <strong>lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery</strong>, capable of powering a smartphone for five continuous days.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While the materials used in the <strong>Li-S batteries</strong> are not different from those in <strong>Li-ion batteries</strong>, the Australian researchers <strong>reconfigured the design of the sulfur cathodes</strong> (a type of electrical conductor through which electrons move) to accommodate higher stress without a drop in overall capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India, through a newly-floated state-owned company <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lithium-ion-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khanij Bidesh India Ltd</strong></a>, has <strong>inked a pact with an Argentine firm</strong> to jointly prospect lithium in Argentina, a country that has the one of the largest reserves of Lithium in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Alternatives to Li-ion Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lithium-Sulfur Batteries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Li-S batteries</strong> are generally considered <strong>the successors of Li-ion batteries</strong> because of their <strong>lower cost of production, energy efficiency and improved safety.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Their cost of production is lower because sulfur is abundantly available.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even so, there have been some difficulties when it comes to commercialising these batteries, mainly <strong>due to their short life cycle</strong> and poor <strong>instantaneous power capabilities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Graphene Batteries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Graphene batteries may be an important alternative to lithium-ion batteries, with the latter having limitations due to the frequency with which lithium requires charging. Graphene is a newly stabilized and isolated material.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fluoride Batteries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fluoride Batteries have the potential to last eight times longer than lithium batteries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sand Battery:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This alternative type of lithium-ion battery <strong>uses silicon</strong> to achieve three times better performance than current graphite Li-ion batteries. The battery is still lithium-ion like the one found in a smartphone, but it uses silicon instead of graphite in the anodes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ammonia-powered Batteries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ammonia-powered batteries may not be coming any time soon, but the chemical commonly known as a household cleaner is still an alternative to lithium in the way it can power fuel cells in vehicles and other equipment.</li>
<li>If scientists can figure out a way to produce ammonia without creating the greenhouse gas emissions that result right now, they can ship it anywhere in the world to be converted into hydrogen to power those fuel cells.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Electrode:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These are good candidates for lithium-ion battery electrodes which require high rate capability and capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solid-state Batteries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It uses alternatives to aqueous electrolyte solutions, an innovation that could lower the risk of fires, sharply increase energy density and potentially take only 10 minutes to charge an EV, cutting the recharging time by two-thirds.</li>
<li>These cells can extend the driving distance of a compact electric vehicle while maintaining legroom - a quantum leap in battery tech.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-iit-guwahati-lithium-ion-battery-7267366/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/research-on-lithium-ion-battery-performance'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'B R Ambedkar: 130th Birth Anniversary',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The nation celebrated the <strong>130<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-political-thinker-br-ambedkar" target="_blank" rel="noopener">B R Ambedkar</a> on</strong> 14<sup>th</sup> April 2021.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dr. Ambedkar was a <strong>social reformer, jurist, economist, author, polyglot</strong> (knowing or using several languages) orator, a <strong>scholar</strong> and <strong>thinker of comparative religions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618467599_Image%202.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618467599_Image 2.png" width="450" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> Babasaheb Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was born in <strong>1891 in Mhow, Central Province</strong> (now Madhya Pradesh).</li>
<li><strong>Brief Profile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution and was <strong>India's first Law Minister.</strong></li>
<li>He was the <strong>Chairman of the Drafting Committee</strong> for the new Constitution.</li>
<li>He was a <strong>well-known statesman who fought for the rights of the Dalits</strong> and other socially backward classes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contributions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He led the <strong>Mahad Satyagraha in March 1927 against Hindus</strong> who were opposing the decision of the Municipal Board.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>In 1926, Municipal Board</strong> of Mahad (Maharashtra) passed an order to throw open the tank to all communities. Earlier, the untouchables were not allowed to use water from the Mahad tank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He participated in <strong>all three Round Table Conferences.</strong></li>
<li><strong>In 1932</strong>, Dr. Ambedkar signed the <strong>Poona pact with Mahatma Gandhi</strong>, which abandoned the idea of separate electorates <strong>for the depressed classes</strong> (Communal Award). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the seats reserved for the depressed classes were increased from <strong>71 to 147 in provincial legislatures</strong> and to <strong>18% of the total in the Central Legislature.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>His ideas before the <strong>Hilton Young Commission served</strong> as the foundation of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Election and Designation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In 1936</strong>, he was elected to the <strong>Bombay Legislative Assembly</strong> as a legislator (MLA).</li>
<li>He <strong>was appointed</strong> to the <strong>Executive Council of Viceroy</strong> as a Labour member <strong>in 1942.</strong></li>
<li><strong>In 1947</strong>, Dr. Ambedkar accepted <strong>PM Nehru's invitation to become Minister of Law</strong> in the first Cabinet of independent India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Shift to Buddhism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>He resigned</strong> from the cabinet in <strong>1951</strong>, over differences on the <strong>Hindu Code Bill.</strong></li>
<li>He <strong>converted to Buddhism</strong>. He <strong>passed away on 6<sup>th</sup> December 1956 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/64th-mahaparinirvan-diwas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Mahaparinirvan Diwas).</a></strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Chaitya Bhoomi</strong> is a memorial to B R Ambedkar, located in Mumbai.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He was awarded India&rsquo;s highest civilian honour the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-28th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Ratna</strong></a> in 1990.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Works:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Journals:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mooknayak (1920)</li>
<li>Bahishkrit Bharat (1927)</li>
<li>Samatha (1929)</li>
<li>Janata (1930)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Books:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Annihilation of Caste</li>
<li>Buddha or Karl Marx</li>
<li>The Untouchable: Who are They and Why They Have Become Untouchables</li>
<li>Buddha and His Dhamma</li>
<li>The Rise and Fall of Hindu Women</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Organisations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha (1923)</li>
<li>Independent Labor Party (1936)</li>
<li>Scheduled Castes Federation (1942)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relevance of Ambedkar in Present Times:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Caste-based inequality in India still persists. While Dalits have acquired a political identity through <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reservation</strong></a> and forming their own political parties, they lack behind in social dimensions (health and education) and economic dimension.</li>
<li>There has been a rise of communal polarization and communalization of politics. It is necessary that Ambedkar's vision of constitutional morality must supersede religious morality to avoid permanent damage to the Indian Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Round Table Conferences</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First Round Table Conference:</strong> It was held in London on 12th November, 1930 but the Congress did not participate in it.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In March 1931, Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin (Viceroy of India 1926-31) entered into a Pact, called <strong>Gandhi-Irwin Pact</strong>, by which the Congress called off the Civil Disobedience Movement and agreed to participate in the Round Table Conference.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second Round Table Conference:</strong> It was held in London on the 7<sup>th</sup> of September, 1931.</li>
<li><strong>Third Round Table Conference:</strong> It was held in London on the 17<sup>th</sup> of November, 1932 to consider the reports of various sub-committees appointed from time to time. It ultimately led to the passage of <strong>Govt. of India Act, 1935.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Congress did not participate</strong> as most of the leaders were in jail.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/b-r-ambedkar-130th-birth-anniversary-7272609/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/b-r-ambedkar-130th-birth-anniversary'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1): Farthest Gamma-Ray Emitting Galaxy',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Astronomers have discovered a <strong>new active galaxy</strong> called <strong>Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1)</strong> which has been identified as the <strong>farthest gamma-ray emitting galaxy.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists from <strong>Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES)</strong> in collaboration with researchers from other institutions, studied around 25,000 luminous <strong>Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)</strong> from the <strong>Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>AGN</strong> are the most <strong>powerful, long-lived objects and steady sources of luminosity in the Universe.</strong> The emission is spread widely across the <strong>electromagnetic spectrum</strong>, often peaking in the Ultra-Violet , but with significant luminosity in the x-ray and infrared bands.</li>
<li><strong>SDSS</strong> is a major <strong>multi-spectral imaging and spectroscopic <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/einstein-was-right:-astronomers-confirm-key-theory-of-relativity" target="_blank" rel="noopener">redshift</a></strong> <strong>survey</strong> using a dedicated 2.5-m wide-angle optical telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, United States. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has created the <strong>most detailed three-dimensional maps of the Universe</strong> ever made, with deep multi-color images of one third of the sky, and spectra for more than three million astronomical objects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They found <strong>a unique object that emits high-energy gamma rays</strong> located at a <strong>high redshift (more than 1)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was identified as a <strong>gamma-ray emitting NLS1 galaxy</strong>, which is a rare entity in space.</li>
<li>The new gamma-ray emitting NLS1 was <strong>formed when the Universe was only about 4.7 billion years old</strong> as compared to its current age of about 13.8 billion years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Redshift</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>displacement of spectral lines towards longer wavelengths</strong> (the red end of the spectrum) in radiation from distant galaxies and celestial objects.</li>
<li>It <strong>reveals how an object is moving in space and enables astronomers to discover otherwise-invisible planets and the movements of galaxies</strong>, and to uncover the beginnings of our universe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Astronomers use redshifts <strong>to measure how the universe is expanding</strong>, and thus to <strong>determine the distance to our universe&rsquo;s most distant (and therefore oldest) objects.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measurement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The most accurate way to measure redshift is by using<strong> spectroscopy.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When a beam of white light strikes a triangular prism it is separated into its various components <strong>(ROYGBIV)</strong>. This is known as a spectrum (plural: spectra).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Astronomers can look at the <strong>spectra created by different elements and compare these with the spectra of stars.</strong> If the absorption or emission lines they see in the star's spectra are shifted, they know the object is moving either towards us or away from us.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465198_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465198_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Astronomers calculate redshift in terms of the redshift parameter (z) which helps in calculating the distance of the object (galaxy,planet etc).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With <strong>increasing value of z the distance of the object increases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Instrument Used:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scientists used the Japanese <strong>8.2 m Subaru Telescope</strong> which is one of the <strong>largest ground-based telescopes in the world</strong>, located at Hawaii, USA.</li>
<li>Its powerful light collecting capability can capture weak light from celestial objects. A <strong>major feature</strong> of the Subaru Telescope is that its <strong>prime focus boasts an overwhelming wide field of view compared to other large telescopes</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Detection of gamma-ray emission from NLS1 <strong>challenges the idea of how relativistic jets</strong> are formed because <strong>NLS1s are a unique class of AGN</strong> that are powered by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-images-of-a-black-hole" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>black holes</strong> </a>of low mass and hosted in spiral galaxies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Relativistic Jets:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Supermassive black holes in the centers of some active galaxies that create <strong>powerful jets of radiation and particles travelling close to the speed of light</strong> are called relativistic jets.</li>
<li>These jets are believed to be the <strong>sources of the fastest-travelling particles in the Universe that are cosmic rays.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>No method was present till date to find <strong>NLS1 at redshifts larger than one.</strong></li>
<li>This discovery <strong>opens up a new way to find gamma-ray emitting NLS1 galaxies</strong> in the early Universe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ARIES is one of the <strong>leading research Institutes</strong> which <strong>specializes in observational Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics and Atmospheric Sciences </strong>situated in<strong> Nainital,</strong> Uttarakhand.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1955</strong> and its primary objective has been <strong>to develop facilities for modern astrophysical research in stellar, solar &amp; theoretical branches of astrophysics.&nbsp;</strong>On some selected clear nights the visitors are also shown some celestial objects through the telescopes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Galaxy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A galaxy is a <strong>huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars and their solar systems, all held together by gravity.</strong></li>
<li>Earth is the part of the <strong>Milky Way Galaxy</strong>, which also has a super Massive Blackhole in the middle.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465463_image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465463_image 1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Black Hole</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to a point in space where the <strong>matter is so compressed as to create a gravity field from which even light cannot escape.</strong></li>
<li>The concept was <strong>theorized by Albert Einstein in 1915</strong> and the term &lsquo;black hole&rsquo; was coined in the mid-1960s by American physicist John Archibald Wheeler.</li>
<li>All the black holes observed so far belong to <strong>two categories:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One category ranges between a few solar masses and tens of solar masses. These are thought to form when massive stars die.</li>
<li>The other category is of <strong>supermassive black holes.</strong> These range from hundreds of thousands to billions of times that of the sun from the Solar system to which Earth belongs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gamma Ray Astronomy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the study of astronomical objects and <strong>phenomena that emit gamma rays.</strong> Gamma-ray telescopes are designed to <strong>observe high-energy astrophysical systems.</strong></li>
<li>As Earth&rsquo;s atmosphere blocks most gamma rays, <strong>observations are generally conducted by high-altitude balloons or spacecraft.</strong></li>
<li>Gamma-ray astronomy presents unique <strong>opportunities to explore exotic objects.</strong> By exploring the universe at these high energies, <strong>scientists can search for new physics, testing theories and performing experiments which are not possible in earth-bound laboratories.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711362" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/narrow-line-seyfert-1-nls1-farthest-gamma-ray-emitting-galaxy'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'India & BIMSTEC',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/bimstec-needs-to-reinvent-itself/article34313033.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;BIMSTEC needs to reinvent itself&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 14/04/2021. It talks about the obstacles that limit the BIMSTEC (the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) in realizing its full potential.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the foreign ministers of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BIMSTEC (the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation)</strong> </a>met in a virtual conference. This is the first ministerial since the globe has been hit by the Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
<p>BIMSTEC as a regional organization has achieved a lot in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief and security, including counterterrorism, cybersecurity, and coastal security cooperation.</p>
<p>However, there are many obstacles that limit the regional body in realizing its full potential.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Highlights of the Meeting</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The foreign ministers cleared the draft for the BIMSTEC charter, recommending its early adoption.</li>
<li>They endorsed the rationalization of sectors and sub-sectors of activity, with each member-state serving as a lead for the assigned areas of special interest.</li>
<li>The ministers also conveyed their support for the Master Plan for Transport Connectivity, which will be adopted at the next summit in Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Preparations have been completed for the signing of three agreements relating to mutual legal assistance in criminal matters, cooperation between diplomatic academies, and the establishment of a technology transfer facility.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Evolution of BIMSTEC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BIMSTEC was established as a grouping of four nations &mdash; India, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka &mdash; through the<strong> Bangkok Declaration of 1997.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BIMSTEC was expanded later to include three more countries &mdash; Myanmar, Nepal, and Bhutan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Initially, BIMSTEC didn&rsquo;t hold much geopolitical weight. This can be reflected by only just three summits in the first 20 years of its formation.</li>
<li>However, BIMSTEC suddenly received special attention as India chose to treat it as a more practical instrument for regional cooperation, as SAARC continues to remain defunct.</li>
<li>The BIMSTEC Leaders&rsquo; Retreat, followed by their Outreach Summit with the BRICS leaders in Goa in October 2016, drew considerable international limelight to the low-profile regional grouping.</li>
<li>At the second swearing-in of the Indian Prime Minister in May 2019, the leaders of BIMSTEC, not SAARC, were invited as honored guests.</li>
<li>Soon thereafter, the External Affairs Minister observed that India saw a mix of &ldquo;energy, mindset and possibility&rdquo; in BIMSTEC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unfinished Economic Agenda:</strong> BIMSTEC Free Trade Area Framework Agreement, was signed in 2004, but over 20 rounds of negotiations it is still to be operationalized.</li>
<li><strong>Internal Tussle:</strong> A strong BIMSTEC presupposes cordial and tension-free bilateral relations among all its member-states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has not been the case, given the trajectory of India-Nepal, India-Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh-Myanmar ties in recent years.</li>
<li>Moreover, both Nepal and Sri Lanka want the SAARC summit revived. However, India maintains that terror and talks can&rsquo;t go hand in hand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Intrusion:</strong> China&rsquo;s decisive intrusion in the South-Southeast Asian space is causing a limiting effect on India&rsquo;s zone of influence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, a renowned Bangladeshi scholar argued at a recent conference that BIMSTEC would make progress if China is accepted as its principal interlocutor and partner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Myanmar Coup:</strong> The military coup in Myanmar, brutal crackdown of protesters, and continuation of popular resistance resulting in a protracted impasse have produced a new set of border management challenges for India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>BIMSTEC FTA:</strong> In 2018, a study by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry had suggested that BIMSTEC urgently needed a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement to be a real game-changer.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should cover trade in goods, services, and investment; promote regulatory harmonization; adopt policies that develop regional value chains, and eliminate non-tariff barriers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Balancing Security &amp; Economy:</strong> India has led through constant focus and follow-up &mdash; to the extent that some member-states have complained about the &lsquo;over securitization of BIMSTEC. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hence, there is a need to ensure maintaining security and forging solid arrangements for economic cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gujral Doctrine:</strong> India would have to counter the impression that BIMSTEC is an India-dominated bloc, in that context India can follow the Gujral doctrine that intends to chalk out the effect of transactional motive in bilateral relations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>As BIMSTEC readies itself to celebrate the silver jubilee of its formation next year, it faces a serious challenge: to effect &ldquo;a paradigm shift in raising the level of our cooperation and regional integration.&rdquo;</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f0f7fc;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>BIMSTEC needs a paradigm shift in raising the level of cooperation and regional integration. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an apex body of Naga tribes, <strong>Naga Hoho</strong> has cautioned the Nagaland Government with respect to preparation of the <strong>Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland (RIIN)</strong>, seen as a variant of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Assam&rsquo;s National Register of Citizens.</strong></a></p>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618400014_Image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618400014_Image 1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The State government had formed a <strong>three-member Committee</strong> in 2019 for <strong>studying, examining, and recommending the implementation of RIIN.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Functions of RIIN Committee was to determine:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The eligibility criteria to be an indigenous inhabitant.</li>
<li>Authority to authenticate claims of being indigenous.</li>
<li>Place of registration as indigenous inhabitant.</li>
<li>The basis of claims of being indigenous.</li>
<li>The nature of documents that will be acceptable as proof of being indigenous.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the <strong>exercise was suspended following protests</strong> from community-based and extremist organisations.</li>
<li>Since then the Nagaland government has been trying to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/register-of-indigenous-inhabitants-of-nagaland-riin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>revive the RIIN exercise that was launched in July 2019</strong></a> with the objective of <strong>preventing outsiders from obtaining fake indigenous certificates</strong> for seeking jobs and benefits of government schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The RIIN will be <strong>prepared after an extensive survey with the help of a village-wise and ward-wise list of indigenous inhabitants based on official records.</strong> Also, It will be prepared under the supervision of each district administration.</li>
<li><strong>No fresh indigenous inhabitant certificate will be issued after the RIIN is completed</strong> except for children born to the State&rsquo;s indigenous inhabitants who will be issued indigenous certificates along with birth certificates. The RIIN database will be updated accordingly.</li>
<li>The RIIN will also be <strong>integrated with the online system for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/petition-for-protection-of-non-nagas-in-dimapur" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Inner-Line Permit</a></strong>, a temporary document non-inhabitants are required to possess for entry into and travel in Nagaland.</li>
<li>The entire exercise will be <strong>monitored by the Commissioner of Nagaland.</strong> In addition, the state government will designate nodal officers of the rank of a Secretary to the state government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Naga&rsquo;s Concern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Exclusion of Nagas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If RIIN implemented the identification process with<strong> 1<sup>st</sup> December, 1963</strong> (the day Nagaland attained statehood) as the cut-off date for determining the permanent residents of the State, it is likely to <strong>exclude Nagas who have come from beyond the boundaries of Nagaland.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Loss of Property:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Naga tribes living in Assam, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh in India and in Myanmar have a legitimate claim to their <strong>ancestral homeland.</strong></li>
<li>There are thousands of Nagas who have bought lands, built houses and settled down in Nagaland for several decades.</li>
<li>In the absence of records such as land pattas, house taxes paid or enrolment in electoral rolls prior to <strong>1<sup>st</sup> December, 1963</strong> many procedural anomalies will crop up even within the so-called pure Nagas of Nagaland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Can Be treated as Illegal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The non-indigenous Nagas could be treated as &ldquo;illegal immigrants&rdquo; and their lands and property confiscated. <strong>The idea of the Nagas as a people to live together and their aspiration to live with self-determination will be irreparably damaged.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nagas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nagas are a <strong>hill people who are estimated to number about 2. 5 million (1.8 million in Nagaland</strong>, 0.6 million in Manipur and 0.1 million in Arunachal states) and living in the remote and mountainous country between the Indian state of Assam and Burma.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are also Naga groups in Myanmar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Nagas are not a single tribe, but an <strong>ethnic community that comprises several tribes</strong> who live in the state of Nagaland and its neighbourhood.</li>
<li>Nagas belong to the <strong>Indo-Mongoloid Family.</strong></li>
<li>There are <strong>nineteen major Naga tribes</strong>, namely, Aos, Angamis, Changs, Chakesang, Kabuis, Kacharis, Khain-Mangas, Konyaks, Kukis, Lothas (Lothas), Maos, Mikirs, Phoms, Rengmas, Sangtams, Semas, Tankhuls, Yamchumgar and Zeeliang.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In an already volatile region where the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/afspa-extended-in-nagaland#:~:text=AFSPA%20gives%20armed%20forces%20the,in%20contravention%20of%20the%20law." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958</strong></a> is routinely extended, it is <strong>best that Nagaland proceeds with caution in this enterprise.</strong> The <strong>RIIN should not ultimately become a vehicle to make outsiders of insiders.</strong></li>
<li>The NRC experiment in Assam witnessed extremely divisive political posturing. Other Northeastern states are sure to be watching with keen interest what is unfolding in Assam and Nagaland. <strong>Emotive political issues cannot be allowed to drive the compiling of a registry of citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tribal-body-flags-concerns-over-nagalands-version-of-nrc/article34314341.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Decriminalising Begging',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has asked the Centre and four States to file their response on a plea seeking a direction to<strong> repeal the provisions <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/decriminalising-beggary" target="_blank" rel="noopener">criminalising begging.</a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been argued in the plea that a person, who is compelled to beg due to certain circumstances,<strong> cannot be faulted for his actions.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposed-amendment-to-railways-act-1989" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Railways has also proposed to decriminalise begging</strong></a> on trains or railway premises.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Plea&rsquo;s Argument For Decriminalising Begging:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Earlier Judgment On Decriminalisation:</strong> The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/delhi-high-court-decriminalises-beggary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Delhi High Court which had decriminalised begging</strong></a> in the national capital said provisions of the <strong>Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959,</strong> which<strong> treats begging as an offence cannot sustain constitutional scrutiny.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Criminalising Begging Against Right To Life:</strong> The provisions of the statutes criminalising the act of begging put people in a situation to make an <strong>unreasonable choice between committing a crime or not committing one and starving,</strong> which goes against the very spirit of the Constitution and violates <strong>Article 21 i.e. Right to Life.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Obligation To Provide Social Security:</strong> The government is mandated to provide <strong>social security to everyone and ensure that all had basic facilities,</strong> as embedded in the <strong>Directives Principles of State Policy (DPSP)</strong> in the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The presence of beggars is evidence that the state has failed to provide basic facilities to all its citizens.</li>
<li>So instead of working on its failure and examining what made people beg, <strong>criminalising the act of beggary is irrational and against the approach of a socialist nation</strong> as embedded in the preamble of Indian Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plea&rsquo;s Suggestion:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fast Forward Beggars Rehabilitation Legislation:</strong> The plea has claimed that the <strong>Abolition of Begging and Rehabilitation of Beggars Bill 2018</strong> had been introduced in the Lok Sabha but till now, this bill is not passed and is wedged in length parliamentary procedures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has resulted in <strong>thousands of poor facing more hardships because of present arbitrary statutes.</strong></li>
<li>The legislation process must be fast forwarded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Declare Some Provision As Void :</strong> The petition has sought directions to declare as <strong>&ldquo;illegal and void&rdquo; all provisions,</strong> except some sections, of the <strong>Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959, Punjab Prevention of Beggary Act, 1971, Haryana Prevention of Begging Act, 1971</strong> and<strong> Bihar Prevention of Begging Act 1951.</strong></li>
<li>It has also sought to declare all other similar Acts prevailing in any part of the country as illegal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>no central Act on beggary,</strong> many states and Union Territories have used the Bombay Act as the basis for their own laws.</li>
<li>The<strong> Act defines a &ldquo;beggar&rdquo;</strong> as anyone having no visible means of subsistence, and wandering about or remaining in any public place in such condition or manner, as makes it likely that the person doing so exists by soliciting or receiving alms.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Begging&rdquo; under the Act includes soliciting or receiving alms in a public place, whether or not under any pretence of singing, dancing, fortune-telling, performing or offering any article for sale.</li>
<li>The<strong> Act gives the police the power to arrest individuals without a warrant.</strong> It gives magistrates the power to commit them to a detention centre for up to three years on the commission of the first &ldquo;offence&rdquo;, and up to 10 years upon the second &ldquo;offence&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Before that, it strips them of their privacy and dignity by compelling them to allow themselves to be fingerprinted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Act also authorises the detention of the family of the beggar,</strong> and the separation of children over the age of five.</li>
<li><strong>Certified institutions or detention centres have absolute power over detainees,</strong> including the power of punishment, and the power to exact &ldquo;manual work&rdquo;. Disobeying the rules of the institution can land an individual in jail.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Number of Beggars In India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <strong>Census 2011</strong> total number of beggars in India is 4,13,670 (including 2,21,673 males and 1,91,997 females) and the number has increased from the last census.</li>
<li><strong>West Bengal tops the chart followed by Uttar Pradesh and Bihar</strong> at number two and three respectively. Lakshadweep merely has two vagrants according to the 2011 census.</li>
<li>Among the union territories, New Delhi had the largest number of beggars 2,187 followed by 121 in Chandigarh.</li>
<li>Among the northeastern states, Asam topped the chart with 22,116 beggars, while Mizoram ranked low with 53 beggars.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre made an attempt at repealing the Act through the <strong>Persons in Destitution (Protection, Care and Rehabilitation) Model Bill, 2016,</strong> with provisions including <strong>doing away with the Beggary Act and proposing rehabilitation centres</strong> for the destitute in each district.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Persons in Destitution Bill, 2016, needs to see the light of the day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bihar government&rsquo;s <strong>Mukhyamantri Bhikshavriti Nivaran Yojana</strong> is a scheme worth emulation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme, instead of detaining persons under the Act, provides for open homes and community outreach for destitute persons.</li>
<li>Now, rehabilitation centres have been set up, with facilities for treatment, family reintegration and vocational training.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The very real problem of<strong> organised begging rackets will have to be addressed</strong> by other means, perhaps based on the law of trafficking.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-asks-centre-four-states-to-respond-to-plea-to-decriminalise-begging/article34291189.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'e-SANTA',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently the Union Commerce and Industry Minister has inaugurated an <strong>electronic platform</strong> named <strong>e-SANTA</strong>, which will connect <strong>aqua farmers and the buyers.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term <strong>e-SANTA</strong> was coined for the web portal, meaning <strong>Electronic Solution for Augmenting NaCSA farmers' Trade in Aquaculture.</strong></li>
<li>e-SANTA is a <strong>digital bridge</strong> to end the market divide and will act as an alternative marketing tool between farmers &amp; buyers by eliminating middlemen.</li>
<li>The farmers can <strong>freely list their produce and quote their price</strong> while the exporters have the freedom to list their requirements and also to choose the products based on their requirements such as desired size, location, harvest dates etc.</li>
<li>The Platform is available in <strong>many languages</strong>, which will help the local population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>e-SANTA will <strong>RAISE</strong> income, lifestyle, self-reliance, quality levels, traceability, and provide new options for aqua farmers by: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reducing Risk</li>
<li>Awareness of Products &amp; Markets</li>
<li>Increase in Income</li>
<li>Shielding Against Wrong Practice</li>
<li>Ease of Processes</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will enable the farmers and buyers to have greater control over the trade and enables them to make informed decisions.</li>
<li>It will provide a cashless, contactless and paperless electronic trade platform between farmers and exporters.</li>
<li>e-SANTA can become a tool to advertise collectively the kind of products the buyers, fishermen &amp; fish producing organisations are harvesting.</li>
<li>It will help people in India &amp; internationally to know about the products availability and has the potential of becoming an auction platform in future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture (NaCSA) is an extension arm of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5th-aqua-aquaria-india-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA)</strong></a>, Ministry of Commerce &amp; Industry Govt. of India.</li>
<li>The objectives of NaCSA are to <strong>encourage and uplift the small and marginal farmers</strong> through organization of clusters and maintaining Best Management Practices in shrimp culture.</li>
<li>The primary advantage of cluster approach to shrimp farming is that it contributes to substantial reduction in cost of production.</li>
<li>It also enables participating farmers to organize:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The schedule of farm operations,</li>
<li>Quality seed procurement,</li>
<li>Simultaneous stocking,</li>
<li>Water exchange</li>
<li>Harvesting regimes</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711426" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB </strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Resurge in Covid Cases and Economic Recovery ',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><em><strong>This Article is based upon &ldquo;<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/bracing-for-economic-disruption-101618492329640.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A Looming Economic Crisis</a>&rdquo; which was published in the Hindustan Times on 15 April, 2021. It talks about how the drastic increase in the number of Covid-19 cases is acting as a barrier in India&rsquo;s slowly recovering economy, once again.</strong></em></p>
</div>
<p>The last fiscal year, FY 2020-21 was no less than a roller coaster ride for India&rsquo;s economy, witnessing nationwide partial and complete lockdowns, curfews and increase in unemployment with no projections of the economy returning to the 2019-20 levels of GDP even in FY 2021-22.</p>
<p>However, with the easing of lockdown restrictions, these projections were revised favourably in late 2020.</p>
<p>Just when there was growing optimism over India&rsquo;s economic rebound, when the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-outlook-imf-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IMF upgraded India&rsquo;s GDP forecast for FY 21-22 to 12.5%</strong></a>, the second <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> wave has come as a rude shock to businesses and consumers alike.</p>
<p>India&rsquo;s daily new cases have been hitting higher peaks every day, with the country contributing almost 20% to the global tally of fresh daily cases. The situation is worse than last year&rsquo;s peak situation where the only sigh of relief is India now has access to vaccines.</p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Economic Recovery</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Factors Facilitating the Growth:</strong>The gross tax collections are estimated to have touched ₹20.16 lakh crore (₹20.16 Trillion), up ₹1.2 lakh crore from the revised estimates detailed in the Union Budget a few months ago.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Centre&rsquo;s indirect tax collections have touched ₹10.71 lakh crore in 2020-21, even higher than the collections in 2019-20.</li>
<li>Indicators like the Purchasing Managers&rsquo; Index (PMI), tractor &amp; two-wheeler sales, Goods and Services Tax collection, E-way bills, and rail freight traffic showed sustained growth in 2021.</li>
<li>The exports figures have also seen a huge jump standing at 31 billion dollar</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impacts of Resurging Covid Cases and Consequent Lockdowns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Highest Week-on-Week Decline as per NIBRI:</strong> The <strong>Nomura India Business Resumption Index (NIBRI)</strong>, is a weekly tracker of the pace of normalisation of economic activity.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The index reached 99 points in February, 2021 but slipped down to 90.5 in the month of April, registering its biggest week-on-week fall.</li>
<li>The reason for this downfall is mainly the second wave of Covid-19.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>City-wise Impact:</strong> States like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Chhattisgarh, which are witnessing the highest surge in COVID-19 cases, account for over 30% of India&rsquo;s GDP. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even partial lockdowns and curbs in these states will impact economic activity majorly and if the lockdowns are extended further due to uncontrolled infections, the damage will be even more extensive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contraction in Industrial Output:</strong> The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) has witnessed the sharpest contraction in the month of February 2021 (since August 2020), at the rate of 3.6%. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The recent spike in Covid-19 cases has raised concerns over the economic recovery, especially with the imposition of harsher restrictions on activities now being a possibility.</li>
<li>The restrictions currently being imposed such as night curfews and weekend lockdowns are economically less painful. However, if the situation worsens, harsher measures cannot be ruled out.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manufacturing and Other Sectors:</strong> While manufacturing may not be directly hit due to partial lockdowns, the impact on the contact services sectors like hospitality, travel, and tourism will have a multiplier effect, as these sectors have strong backward linkages with other sectors of the economy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Significant Role of Vaccines:</strong> The only effective way to safeguard the economy from another massive disruption is to relax both demand and supply for vaccines.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>More than 10 crore shots have been administered so far, however, it accounts for only 8% of the country&rsquo;s population that has received at least one shot, the US and the UK, in contrast, have vaccinated close to 50% of their total population.</li>
<li>Vaccination is a key element in controlling the second wave of Covid-19, but a shortage of vaccines could slow the progress of vaccine rollout.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Therefore, the government shall now increase the reach of the vaccines and make the eligibility criteria for vaccination more expansive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reducing the Tax Levies:</strong> The RBI, which has been stridently seeking a reduction in the tax levies, foresees inflation averaging 5.2% in the April-June quarter. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The price pressures are unlikely to ease significantly in the near term, unless the Centre and the States bite the bullet by agreeing to forego some near-term revenue from petroproducts and reduce fuel taxes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role of Policy Makers:</strong> More efforts and better policies are needed on the part of Policymakers, to nurse back demand and this must be done without letting quickening inflation undermine purchasing power and overall economic stability.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, policymakers should not lose sight of the fact that India is better equipped to fight the virus compared to last year. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>At this juncture, the primary objective of governments, both at the Centre and states, should be to ramp up the vaccination drive.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Expenditures as Proposed in the Union Budget:</strong> The support from the rebound in global growth and implementation of the Union Budget&rsquo;s proposed capital expenditures will reinforce India&rsquo;s economic revival.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the agricultural growth and rural demand have been quite robust until now, which is also expected to support growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If the choice between flattening the Covid-19 curve and economic hardship was difficult last year, it will be even more difficult this year, as businesses and workers are still nursing the wounds of the first lockdown. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The second wave has coincided with the beginning of the new fiscal year which means that even the conservative revenue targets in the Budget could be jeopardised.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In all these difficult circumstances, the only silver lining that India has is the availability of the Vaccines and its ongoing Vaccination Drive. It must be taken advantage to the fullest.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 92px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 92px; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fcff; border-style: dotted;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question:</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&ldquo;Flattening the Covid-19 curve or dealing with the economic hardships. Choosing sides between these two is not exactly a wise decision to make, maintaining a balance is the need of the hour&rdquo;. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/resurge-in-covid-cases-and-economic-recovery'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'World Population Report 2021: UNFPA',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-world-population-2019-unfpa#:~:text=According%20to%20State%20of%20World,annual%20growth%20rate%20of%20China." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Population Fund&rsquo;s (UNFPA)</strong></a> flagship <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-of-the-world-population-2020-unfpa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>State of World Population Report</strong></a> <strong>2021</strong> titled <strong>&lsquo;My Body is My Own&rsquo;</strong> was launched.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the first time a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong></a> report has focused on <strong>bodily autonomy</strong>, defined as the power and agency to make choices about your body without fear of violence or having someone else decide for you.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Violation of Bodily Autonomy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The principle of bodily integrity sums up the <strong>right of each human being, including children, to autonomy and self-determination over their own body.</strong> It considers an unconsented physical intrusion as a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/human-rights-day-2#:~:text=Human%20Rights%20in%20India&amp;text=These%20include%20the%20Right%20to%20Equality%2C%20Right%20to%20Freedom%2C%20Right,to%2051%20of%20the%20Constitution." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>human rights</strong></a> violation.</li>
<li>While the principle has traditionally been raised in connection with practices such as torture, inhumane treatment and forced disappearance, <strong>bodily integrity has the potential to apply to wide range of human rights violations, which also affect children&rsquo;s civil rights.</strong></li>
<li>Under its ambit also fall <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/persons-with-disabilities-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">people with disabilities</a></strong> stripped of their rights to self-determination, to be free from violence and to enjoy a safe and satisfying sexual life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Examples:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-marriage-and-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Child marriage</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Female genital mutilation.</li>
<li>Lack of contraceptive choices leading to unplanned pregnancy.</li>
<li>Unwanted <strong>sex exchanged for a home and food.</strong></li>
<li>When <strong>people with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities cannot</strong> walk down a street without fearing assault or humiliation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Right to Make Decisions Regarding Own Body:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Nearly <strong>half the women from 57 developing countries</strong> do not have the right to make decisions regarding their bodies, including using contraception, seeking healthcare or even on their sexuality.</li>
<li>Only <strong>75% of countries legally ensure full and equal access to contraception.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Effect of Covid:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Women around the world are denied the fundamental right of bodily autonomy with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19#:~:text=This%20article%20is%20based%20on,than%20merely%20a%20biomedical%20one." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> further exacerbating this situation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Scenario:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, according to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-family-health-survey-5-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Family Health Survey</strong></a> (NFHS)-4 (2015-2016):</li>
<li><strong>Healthcare:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>12%</strong> of currently <strong>married women</strong> (15-49 years of age) <strong>independently make decisions</strong> about their own healthcare.</li>
<li>63% decide in <strong>consultation with their spouse.</strong></li>
<li>For <strong>23%</strong> it is the <strong>spouse that mainly takes decisions</strong> about healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contraceptives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>8%</strong> of currently married women (15-49 years) <strong>take decisions on the use of contraception independently.</strong></li>
<li><strong>83% decide jointly with their spouse.</strong> Information provided to women about use of contraception is also limited.</li>
<li><strong>47% of women</strong> using a contraceptive <strong>were informed about the side effects of the method.</strong></li>
<li><strong>54%</strong> women <strong>were provided information</strong> about other contraceptives.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/data-related-to-women-nfsh-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Women Related Data</a> from NFHS-5:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Contraception:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Overall Contraceptive Prevalence Rate</strong> (CPR) has <strong>increased substantially</strong> in most States/UTs and it is the highest in HP and WB (74%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domestic Violence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has <strong>generally declined</strong> in most of the states and UTs.</li>
<li>However, it has witnessed an <strong>increase in five states</strong>, namely Sikkim, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Assam and Karnataka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decision making related to health, major household purchases and visiting relatives:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bihar has reported the maximum increase from 75.2% in NFHS-4 (2015-2016) to 86.5% in <strong>NFHS-5 (2019-2020).</strong></li>
<li>Almost <strong>99% of women in Nagaland</strong> participate in household decision-making, followed by Mizoram at 98.8%.</li>
<li>On the other hand, <strong>Ladakh and Sikkim reported the biggest decrease in women&rsquo;s participation</strong> in decision-making, with a 7-5% drop among married women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Supreme Courts (SC) Judgement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/privacy-judgement-and-the-aftermath#:~:text=Two%20years%20ago%2C%20in%20August,and%20liberty%20under%20Article%2021." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>Justice K S Puttaswamy v Union of India 2017:</strong></em></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SC</strong></a> held that reproductive rights include a woman&rsquo;s entitlement to carry a pregnancy to its full term, to give birth, and to subsequently raise children; and that these rights form part of a woman&rsquo;s right to privacy, dignity, and bodily integrity.</li>
<li>The judgement gave required impetus to resolve the potential constitutional challenges to <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/abortions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>abortion</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-bill-to-regulate-surrogacy#:~:text=It%20provides%20for%20the%20constitution,26%2D55%20years%20for%20males." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>surrogacy.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) (Amendment) Bill, 2020</strong></a> was passed which seeks to <strong>extend the termination of pregnancy period from 20 weeks to 24 weeks</strong>, making it easier for women to safely and legally terminate an unwanted pregnancy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Population Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a subsidiary organ of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN General Assembly</strong></a> and works as a sexual and reproductive health agency.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-ecosoc-meet" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)</strong></a> establishes its mandate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Establishment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was established as a trust fund in 1967 and began operations in 1969.</li>
<li>In <strong>1987, it was officially renamed the United Nations Population Fund</strong> but the original abbreviation, &lsquo;UNFPA&rsquo; for the United Nations Fund for Population Activities was retained.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNFPA works directly to tackle <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong></a> on health (SDG3), education (SDG4) and gender equality (SDG5).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fund:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>UNFPA is not supported by the UN budget, instead, it is entirely <strong>supported by voluntary contributions of donor governments, intergovernmental organizations, the private sector, foundations and individuals.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Real, sustained progress largely depends on <strong>uprooting gender inequality and all forms</strong> of discrimination, and transforming the social and economic structures that maintain them.</li>
<li>In this, <strong>men must become allies</strong>. Many more must commit to stepping away from patterns of privilege and dominance that profoundly undercut bodily autonomy, and move towards ways of living that are more fair and harmonious, benefiting all.</li>
<li>Realising bodily autonomy is <strong>essential to achieving the UNFPA&rsquo;s goals of ending the global unmet need</strong> for contraception, preventable maternal deaths, gender-based violence and harmful practices by <strong>2030.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unfpas-population-report-launched/article34329822.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-population-report-2021-unfpa'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'EatSmart Cities Challenge and Transport 4 All Challenge',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched the <strong>EatSmart Cities Challenge</strong> and <strong>Transport 4 All Challenge.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The challenges aim at creating an <strong>environment of right food practices and habits</strong> and to make <strong>public transport safe, affordable, comfortable, and reliable.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>EatSmart Cities Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The EatSmart Cities Challenge is envisioned as a competition among cities to recognize their efforts in adopting and scaling up various initiatives under <strong>Eat Right India.</strong></li>
<li>The challenge is open to all <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-cities-command-centres#:~:text=Smart%20City%20Mission,create%20smart%20outcomes%20for%20citizens." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Smart Cities</strong></a>, capital cities of States /UTs, and cities with a population of more than 5 lakh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to motivate Smart Cities to develop a plan that supports a healthy, safe and sustainable food environment supported by institutional, physical, social, and economic infrastructure along with the application of &lsquo;smart&rsquo; solutions to combat food related issues.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The challenge has a potential to create social and behavioural change towards food safety, hygiene and nutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related initiatives:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trans-fatty-acids-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Limit TFA</strong></a><strong>:</strong>Recently, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/food-safety-and-standards-authority-of-india-fssai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)</strong></a> has capped the amount of trans fatty acids (TFA) in oils and fats to 3% for 2021 and 2% by 2022 from the current permissible limit of 5% through an amendment to the Food Safety and Standards (Prohibition and Restriction on Sales) Regulations 2011.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-safety-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&lsquo;Raman 1.0&rsquo;</a>:</strong> A new-age, hand-held battery operated device to perform rapid detection (in less than 1 minute) of economically driven adulteration in edible oils, fats and ghee.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-food-safety-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Safety Magic Box</a>:</strong> This do-it-yourself food testing kit comprises a manual and equipment to check for food adulterants, which school children can use in their classroom laboratories.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/food-safety-mitra-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food Safety Mitra scheme</a>:</strong> It aims to support <strong>small and medium-scale food businesses</strong> so as to comply with the <strong>food safety laws</strong> and will facilitate them with the licensing and registration process, hygiene ratings and training programme.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/second-edition-of-eat-right-mela" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Eat Right Mela</a>:</strong> It is an outreach activity for citizens to nudge them towards eating right. It is organised to make citizens aware of the health and nutrition benefits of different types of food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transport 4 All Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The initiative has been launched in collaboration with <strong>The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP)</strong> and aims to bring together cities, citizen groups, and start-ups to develop solutions that improve public transport.</li>
<li>ITDP is a non-governmental non-profit organization that focuses on developing bus rapid transit systems, promoting biking, walking, and non-motorized transport, and improving private bus operators margins.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Transport 4 All Digital Innovation Challenge Aims to develop digital solutions that will make public transport safe, affordable, comfortable, and reliable for all.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>COVID-19 has brought the entire world to a halt with transport being one of the worst-hit sectors. Transport 4 All Digital Innovation Challenge has the potential to support cities to recover from this mobility crisis.</li>
<li>It will support the cities and start-ups all over the country to move towards digital transformation in urban mobility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Initiatives to Address Urban Transport Issues:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP):</strong></a> The plan aims to achieve national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles in the country</li>
<li><strong>Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &amp;) Electric vehicles in India (FAME India):</strong> This scheme supports hybrid/electric vehicles market development and manufacturing ecosystem.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/metro-neo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mass Rapid Transit/ Transport Systems (MRTS):</strong></a> In 2017, the government introduced the new Metro Policy which aims to improve collaborations, standardising norms, financing and creating a procurement mechanism so that the projects can be implemented effectively.</li>
<li><strong>Personal Rapid Transit System (PRT):</strong> It is a transport mode combining small automated vehicles, known as pods, operating on a network of specially built guideways.</li>
<li><strong>Green Urban Mobility Initiative:</strong> The Indian government launched the Green Urban Mobility Initiative (GUMI) to boost green and sustainable alternatives under the Smart Cities Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711988" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SOURCE: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/eatsmart-cities-challenge-and-transport-4-all-challenge'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, alumni meets were organized across the country under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushal-se-kal-badlenge-ddu-gky" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)</strong></a> to commemorate 75 years of Independence.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)</strong> announced it on <strong>Antyodaya Diwas in 2014.</strong></li>
<li>It is a demand-driven placement linked skill training initiative working under the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-rural-economic-transformation-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>uses skill training and placement in wage employment as a tool</strong> to diversify income and enable sustained upward movement out of poverty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DDU-GKY is uniquely focused on rural youth between the ages of 15 and 35 years from poor families.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adding <strong>diversity to the incomes</strong> of rural poor families</li>
<li>Cater to the <strong>career aspirations of rural youth.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alumni Meet:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Alumni meet is an <strong>important component of the scheme.</strong></li>
<li>The Alumni meets <strong>provide healthy ground for experience sharing by the former trainees with their present counterparts</strong> on topics like placements, career goals, challenges they faced in finding employment before undertaking the training and the benefits they reaped after.</li>
<li>Some of the <strong>former trainees are also felicitated</strong> at the events for their exemplary performances at their workplaces.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coverage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The program is currently being implemented in <strong>27 States and 3 Union Territories</strong> and has over <strong>2198 Training Centres in 1822 projects</strong>, in partnership with <strong>839 Project Implementing Agencies</strong> conducting <strong>training across 56 sectors, and over 600 job-roles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Achievements:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since inception of the scheme, a total <strong>10.81 lakh candidates have been trained in 56 sectors and 600 Trades and 6.92 lakh placed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>DDU-GKY and integrated farming initiatives for rural development across the country are important for greater success in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>skilling</strong></a> and placing the rural youth.</li>
<li>DDU-GKY has played a significant role in the context of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat</strong> </a>through skilling.</li>
<li>As a part of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-problem-of-skilling-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Skill India campaign</strong></a>, it plays an instrumental role in supporting the social and economic programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Some Other Initiatives Related to Skill Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana-3-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0:</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched in 2021 in a bid to empower India&rsquo;s youth with employable skills by making over 300 skill courses available to them.</li>
<li>It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aseem-portal" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM):</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in 2020 (by MSDE), it is a portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shreyas-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS):</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The scheme is to provide industry apprenticeship opportunities to the general graduates exiting in April 2019 through the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS). It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Education.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaushalacharya-awards" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kaushal Acharya Awards:</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched (by MSDE) to recognize the contribution made by skill trainers and to motivate more trainers to join the Skill India Mission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana (Yuva Udyamita Vikas Abhiyan):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Launched in the year 2016 (by MSDE), it aims at creating an enabling ecosystem for Entrepreneurship development through Entrepreneurship education and training; Advocacy and easy access to entrepreneurship support network and Promoting social enterprises for inclusive growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Antyodaya Diwas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Every year, <strong>25<sup>th</sup> September is observed as Antyodaya Diwas</strong> to mark the birth anniversary of <strong>Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya</strong>, one of the great thinkers and philosophers of the nationalist movement of the country.</li>
<li>The Government of India announced it for the first time in 2014 along with the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skilling-under-mgnrega" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana.</strong></a></li>
<li>Antyodaya means <strong>"uplifting the poorest of the poor"</strong> and the day aims to reach the person in the last mile.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1712013%23:~:text%3DAs%2520part%2520of%2520the%2520%27Amrit,75%2520years%2520of%2520Indian%2520Independence.&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618575874299000&amp;usg=AOvVaw06MYYSx1Qo60vbC5NKA1gP" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deen-dayal-upadhyaya-grameen-kaushalya-yojana'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Monkeydactyl: Pterosaur Species',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The<strong> new pterosaur fossil was discovered in the Tiaojishan Formation of Liaoning, China,</strong> and is thought to be 160 million years old.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been <strong>named Kunpengopterus antipollicatus,</strong> also <strong>dubbed &ldquo;Monkeydactyl&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tiaojishan Formation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Geographically, the Tiaojishan Formation is <strong>widely distributed in western Liaoning Province and the neighboring northern Hebei Province (China).</strong></li>
<li>This formation is lithologically composed of intermediate lava and pyroclastic rocks, interlayered with basic volcanic rocks and sedimentary deposits.</li>
<li>It <strong>contains abundant and well-preserved fossil plants,</strong> including leaves, seeds and fruits, permineralized rhizomes and wood.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618560360_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618560360_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Pterosaurs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The pterosaur species were <strong>reptiles,</strong> close cousins of dinosaurs and the <strong>first animals after insects to evolve powered flight.</strong></li>
<li>They evolved into<strong> various species,</strong> while some were as large as an F-16 fighter jet, others were as small as paper airplanes.</li>
<li>They <strong>flourished</strong> during all periods <strong>(Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous)</strong> of the <strong>Mesozoic Era</strong> (252.2 million to 66 million years ago).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the Monkeydactyl Fossil (Kunpengopterus antipollicatus):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&ldquo;Antipollicatus&rdquo;</strong> in ancient Greek means <strong>&ldquo;opposite thumbs&rdquo;,</strong> and it was attached to the name because the researchers&rsquo; findings<strong> could be the first discovery of a pterosaur with an opposed thumb.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It could <strong>likely be the earliest-known instance of the limb.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is<strong> far older than the one identified in 2019.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Paleontologists had identified that species as <strong>a pterosaur that lived over 77 million years ago</strong> in what is <strong>Western Canada</strong> today.</li>
<li>Named<strong> Cryodrakon boreas,</strong> it was believed to be one of the largest flying animals, which &ldquo;flew over the heads of dinosaurs&rdquo;, with a wingspan of <strong>over 10 metres.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Opposability of the Thumb:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Opposability of the thumb is defined as being able to <strong>&ldquo;simultaneously flex, abduct and medially rotate the thumb&rdquo;</strong> in a way that one is able to bring the tip of the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers.</li>
<li>Along with humans, some ancient monkeys and apes also had opposable thumbs.</li>
<li>Humans, however, have a <strong>relatively longer</strong> and<strong> distally placed thumb,</strong> and larger<strong> thumb muscles.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This means that humans&rsquo; tip-to-tip precision grip when holding smaller objects is superior to non-human primates. This is the reason that humans are able to <strong>hold a pen, unscrew an earring stopper, or put a thread through a needle hole.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Monkeydactyl and Opposability of the Thumb:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The research team scanned the fossil of K. antipollicatus using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), a technique making use of X-ray to image an object.</li>
<li>By studying its forelimb morphology and musculature, they suggest that K. antipollicatus could have used its hand for grasping, which is likely an adaptation for <strong>arboreal life</strong> (living in trees).</li>
<li>The grasping hands of primates developed as a result of their life in the trees &mdash; an opposable thumb made it easier for the common ancestor of all primates to cling on to tree branches.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-monkeydactyl-the-flying-reptile-with-the-oldest-opposable-thumbs-7272513/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monkeydactyl-pterosaur-species'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Dolphin Population in Odisha',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Odisha has released the final data on the dolphin census, indicating a spectacular growth in numbers.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Census Data:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> population of dolphins in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/odisha-s-lake-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chilika</a>,</strong> India&rsquo;s largest brackish water lake, and along the Odisha coast has <strong>doubled this year</strong> (2021) compared with last year.</li>
<li><strong>Three species were recorded</strong> during the census, with 544<strong> Irrawaddy, bottle-nose and humpback dolphins</strong> sighted this year, compared with 233 last year.</li>
<li>The<strong> rise in the Irrawaddy dolphin population in Chilika</strong> can be attributed to the <strong>eviction of illegal fish enclosures.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Irrawaddy Dolphins:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Irrawaddy dolphins are<strong> found in coastal areas in South and Southeast Asia,</strong> and in<strong> three rivers:</strong> the Ayeyarwady (Myanmar), the Mahakam (Indonesian Borneo) and the Mekong. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Mekong River Irrawaddy dolphins inhabit a 118-mile stretch of the river between Cambodia and Lao PDR.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN Red List</strong></a>: Endangered</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CITES</strong></a>: Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cms-cop-13-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CMS</strong></a> <strong>(Convention on Migratory Species):</strong> Appendix I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Indo- Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins generally occur in shallow coastal waters of the<strong> Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and Australia.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>IUCN Red List:</strong> Near Threatened</li>
<li><strong>CITES:</strong> Appendix II</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphins:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> The Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphin occurs within the Indian Ocean from South Africa to India.</li>
<li><strong>Conservation Status:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>IUCN Red List:</strong> Endangered</li>
<li><strong>CITES:</strong> Appendix I</li>
<li><strong>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972:</strong> Schedule I</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Chilika Lake</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chilika is <strong>Asia's largest and world's second largest lagoon.</strong></li>
<li>It<strong> lies on the east coast of India in the state of Odisha,</strong> separated from the mighty Bay of Bengal by a small strip of sand.</li>
<li>It spreads over Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha on the east coast of India, at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an area of over 1,100 square kilometers.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>largest wintering ground for migratory birds</strong> on the Indian sub-continent and is home to a number of threatened species of plants and animals.</li>
<li>In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the<strong> first Indian wetland of international importance</strong> under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-backs-dhanauri-for-ramsar-site-tag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ramsar Convention.</strong></a></li>
<li>Major attraction at Chilika is <strong>Irrawaddy dolphins</strong> which are often spotted off Satapada Island.</li>
<li>The <strong>large Nalabana Island (Forest of Reeds)</strong> covering about 16 sq km in the lagoon area was declared <strong>a bird sanctuary</strong> in 1987.</li>
<li><strong>Kalijai Temple -</strong> Located on an island in the Chilika Lake.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/dolphin-boom-in-odishas-chilika-lake/article34292274.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dolphin-population-in-odisha'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Aahaar Kranti Mission',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Government has launched 'Aahaar Kranti', a <strong>mission dedicated to spread awareness about nutrition.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The initiative &lsquo;Aahaar Kranti&rsquo; will focus on <strong>addressing the problem of hunger and diseases in abundance</strong> across India and the world.</li>
<li>The initiative will shine a light on the <strong>richness and value of India&rsquo;s traditional diet</strong>, the miracles of <strong>local fruits and vegetables</strong>, and the healing powers of a <strong>balanced diet.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Organisations Involved:</strong> Pravasi Bharatiya Academic and Scientific Sampark (PRABHASS), Global Indian Scientists and Technocrats&rsquo; Forum (GIST), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fifth-india-international-science-festival" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Vijnana Bharati (Vibha)</strong></a> and Vigyan Prasar (an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology) have come together to launch the mission &lsquo;Aahaar Kranti&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The <strong>motto</strong> of the Mission is <strong>&ldquo;Uttam Aahaar- Uttam Vichaar or Good Diet-Good Cognition&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implementation Strategy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The messages <strong>will be imparted through the curriculum</strong> in the form of `what&rsquo;s and `why&rsquo;s of nutrition, or through the forms of games or as instructions such as `how to&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The content will be provided both online and offline, in all vernacular languages besides English and Hindi.</li>
<li>The programme <strong>will focus on training teachers</strong>, who, in turn, will pass on the message to the multitudes of students, and through them to their families and finally the society at large.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The United Nations (UN) has also declared <strong>2021 as the International Year of Fruits and Vegetables</strong>, which vibes very well with Aahaar Kranti.</li>
<li>Further, it is in line with the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN sustainable goal 3</strong></a> that emphasizes human well-being.</li>
<li>It will <strong>help in applying the rich knowledge of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-indian-system-of-medicine-bill-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ayurveda</a>-based nutrition</strong> to practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Performance of India on Global Hunger Index 2020</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has been <strong>ranked at 94</strong> among 107 countries in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-hunger-index-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2020.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With a score of 27.2, India has a level of hunger that is<strong> &ldquo;serious&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<li><strong>Performance on the Indicators:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Undernourishment:</strong> 14% of India&rsquo;s population is undernourished (2017-19). It was 16.3% during 2011-13.</li>
<li><strong>Child Wasting:</strong> 17.3% (2015-19), it was 15.1% in 2010-14.</li>
<li><strong>Child Stunting:</strong> 34.7%, it has improved significantly, from 54% in 2000 to less than 35% now.</li>
<li><strong>Child Mortality:</strong> 3.7%, it was 5.2% in 2012.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1711729&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618553875541000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3ZnBVP6DHbLSIwybxBcKLH" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aahaar-kranti-mission'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Legacy of BR Ambedkar',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/b-r-ambedkar-130th-birth-anniversary-7272609/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;The Ambedkar we don&rsquo;t know&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Indian Express on 14/04/2021. It talks about the role played by BR Ambedkar in nation-building.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the nation celebrated the 130<sup>th</sup> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ambedkar-jayanti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>birth anniversary of B R Ambedkar</strong></a>. His role as a social reformer, chairman of the draft committee of the Indian Constitution, and first law minister of the country is well-known.</p>
<p>However, there are many lesser-known attributes about <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-political-thinker-br-ambedkar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>B R Ambedkar</strong></a> that helped in nation-building and continues to have a prominent impact on present Indian socio-economic-political setup.</p>
<p>As India is about to celebrate the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dandi-march-to-mark-75-years-of-independence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav</strong></a> to commemorate 75 years of Independence, it is imperative to recognise the role played by BR Ambedkar.</p>
<h3>Role Played by BR Ambedkar</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Father of Indian Constitution:</strong> BR Ambedkar's legal expertise and knowledge of the Constitution of different countries was very helpful in the framing of the constitution. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He became chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly and played an important role in framing the Indian Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Building a Just Society:</strong> As chairman of the Constitution&rsquo;s drafting committee, he took meticulous measures to build a just society through liberty, equality, and fraternity. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to him, for India, where society is divided on the basis of caste, religion, language, and other factors, a common moral compass is needed, and the Constitution can play the role of that compass.</li>
<li>In addition, the Poona Pact assured a fair representation of the depressed classes in the public services while earmarking a portion of the educational grant for their uplift.</li>
<li>His advocacy for universal adult franchise ensured that women had the right to vote immediately after Independence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Distinguished Economist:</strong> The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualized from the Hilton Young Commission&rsquo;s recommendation, which considered Ambedkar&rsquo;s guidelines laid out in <strong>The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Role In Integrated Water Resources Management:</strong> His farsightedness helped in establishing the Central Water Commission and integrated water resources management through the establishment of the river valley projects like the Damodar River Valley Project, the Sone River Valley Project, the Mahanadi (Hirakud Project), etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Inter-State Water Dispute Act, 1956, and the River Board Act, 1956 emanate from his vision.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Labour Leader:</strong> Ambedkar was the voice of the Depressed Classes on every platform. As their representative at the Round Table Conference, he championed the cause of labor and improving the condition of peasants.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, as a member of the Bombay Assembly, Ambedkar opposed the introduction of the Industrial Disputes Bill, 1937, as it removed workers&rsquo; right to strike.</li>
<li>As a labour member, he advocated for &ldquo;fair condition of life of labour&rdquo; instead of securing &ldquo;fair condition of work&rdquo; and laid out the basic structure of the government&rsquo;s labour policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vision for India&rsquo;s Agricultural Problem:</strong> His essay titled &lsquo;Small Holdings in India and their Remedies&rsquo; (1918) proposed industrialization as the answer to India&rsquo;s agricultural problem and is still relevant to contemporary debates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was the first legislator in the country to introduce a Bill for abolishing the serfdom of agricultural tenants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Role in Ensuring Gender Parity:</strong> He contributed to the reduction of working hours to 48 hours per week, lifting the ban on the employment of women for underground work in coal mines, introducing the provisions of overtime, paid leave, and minimum wage. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He also helped to establish the principle of &ldquo;equal pay for equal work&rdquo; irrespective of sex and maternity benefits.</li>
<li>His advocacy of the Hindu Code Bill was a revolutionary measure towards ameliorating women&rsquo;s plight by conferring on them the right to adopt and inherit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance of Ambedkar in Present Times</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Persisting Caste-Based Inequalities:</strong> Caste-based inequality in India still persists. While Dalits have acquired a political identity through Affirmative action like reservation and forming their own political parties, they lack behind in social dimensions (health and education) and economic dimension.</li>
<li><strong>Persisting Communal Problem:</strong> There has been a rise of communal polarization and communalization of politics. It is necessary that Ambedkar's vision of constitutional morality must supersede religious morality to avoid permanent damage to the Indian Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In Babasaheb Ambedkar&rsquo;s perspective, Constitutional morality would mean effective coordination between conflicting interests of different people and administrative cooperation.</li>
<li>It will help to resolve the conflict amicably without any confrontation amongst the various groups working for the realization of their ends at any cost.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pro-People Policies:</strong> Ambedkar&rsquo;s thinking and legacy are reflected in the pro-people, pro-poor welfare policies and programmes of the Government of India.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mudra-scheme-and-employment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mudra Scheme</strong></a> for availing loans, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/startups-in-india-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Stand-up India</strong></a> for promoting entrepreneurship in the SC and ST community, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat scheme</strong></a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saubhagya-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojna</strong></a>, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-code-for-labour" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> simplification of labour laws</strong></a> are among the several measures that display the government&rsquo;s unwavering commitment to fulfil the dreams of B R Ambedkar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The development of Panchteerth &mdash; Janam Bhumi (Mhow), Shiksha Bhumi (London), Chaitya Bhumi (Mumbai), Diksha Bhumi (Nagpur), Mahaparinirvan Bhumi (Delhi) &mdash; are steps towards ensuring an appropriate legacy for Ambedkar, the nationalist reformer.</p>
<p>However, today India is facing many socio-economic challenges such as casteism, communalism, separatism, gender inequality, etc. We need to find the Ambedkar's spirit within us, so that we can pull ourselves from these challenges.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 579px; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f5fcff;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>The role played by B R Ambedkar has helped in nation building and continues to have a prominent impact on present Indian socio-economic-political setup.Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/legacy-of-br-ambedkar'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Depreciation in Rupee',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Indian <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/depreciation-of-rupee#:~:text=The%20rupee%20depreciated%20by%2016,account%20of%20global%20risk%20aversion.&amp;text=Under%20risk%20aversion%2C%20an%20investor,higher%20returns%20with%20unknown%20risks." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rupee depreciated</a> to a nine-month low</strong> of 75.4 against the USD, it is<strong> one of the biggest losers among the emerging market currencies.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the last three weeks <strong>since 22<sup>nd</sup> March 2021,</strong> Rupee has<strong> lost 4.2%</strong> against the USD.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618483631_image11.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618483631_image11.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for the Decline:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rising Covid Cases:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Rising <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19#:~:text=Covid%2D19%20pandemic%20is%20a,crises%20in%20recent%20human%20history." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> cases have emerged as a key concern. As several states are now considering more stringent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lockdown</strong></a> measures, market participants are <strong>concerned over delay in the recovery of the economy,</strong> which was hit hard in 2020-21 by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/future-pandemics-and-reduction-measures" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthening of USD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The strengthening of USD in line with expectations of <strong>better growth in the US economy,</strong> has also put pressure on the Rupee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reserve Bank of India's (RBIs) G-SAP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RBI&rsquo;s</strong> </a>announcement of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monetary-policy-report-rbi-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Government Securities Acquisition Programme (G-SAP)</strong></a> programme to infuse liquidity has also put additional pressure on the Rupee.</li>
<li>This is being read as a sort of <strong>quantitative easing policy</strong> the global central banks had followed, in which the RBI will <strong>support the government&rsquo;s elevated borrowing programme</strong> through infusion of liquidity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Decreasing FPI Investments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Another factor that is putting additional pressure is the <strong>decreasing support of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increased-foreign-portfolio-investments" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs)</a>,</strong> who pumped huge inflows into Indian equity markets between October 2020 and February 2021. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While the FPIs invested a net of Rs. <strong>1.94 lakh crore between October 2020 and February 2021</strong> (in the Indian markets), in the month of <strong>April 2021 they have pulled out a net of Rs 2,263 crore</strong> (till date).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Depreciating Rupee:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Losers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>People <strong>Importing</strong> from outside.</li>
<li>People seeking <strong>foreign education.</strong></li>
<li>People <strong>travelling abroad.</strong></li>
<li>People <strong>investing abroad.</strong></li>
<li>People seeking <strong>medical treatment abroad</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gainers:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>People<strong> exporting</strong> from India.</li>
<li>People receiving <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/impact-of-covid-19-on-remittance-wb#:~:text=A%20remittance%20is%20money%20sent,recipient%20a%20relative%20back%20home."><strong>remittances</strong> </a>from <strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-diaspora" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non Resident Indian (NRI).</a></strong></li>
<li>Foreign tourists as <strong>travel to India</strong> gets cheaper.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Currency Depreciation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currency depreciation is a <strong>fall in the value of a currency</strong> in a<strong> floating exchange rate system.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a floating exchange rate system, <strong>market forces (based on demand and supply of a currency) determine the value of a currency.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rupee depreciation means that<strong> rupee has become less valuable</strong> with respect to dollar.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It means that the rupee is now weaker than what it used to be earlier.</li>
<li><strong>For example:</strong> USD 1 used to equal to Rs. 70, now USD 1 is equal to Rs. 76, implying that the rupee has depreciated relative to the dollar i.e. it takes more rupees to purchase a dollar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some of the factors that influence the value of a currency:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/inflation-data-august-2020#:~:text=Inflation%20measures%20the%20average%20price,a%20deceleration%20in%20economic%20growth." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inflation</strong></a></li>
<li>Interest rates</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-trade-deficit-with-china-at-five-year-low-in-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Trade deficit</strong></a></li>
<li>Macroeconomic policies</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/taxes-and-india-s-equity-market" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Equity market</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Currency <strong>depreciation increases a country&rsquo;s export activity</strong> as its products and services become cheaper to buy.</li>
<li>The<strong> RBI intervenes</strong> in the currency market<strong> to support the rupee as a weak domestic unit can increase a country&rsquo;s import bill.</strong></li>
<li>There are a <strong>variety of methods</strong> by which RBI intervenes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can intervene<strong> directly in the currency market by buying and selling dollars.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If the RBI wishes to increase the rupee value, then it can sell dollars and when it needs to bring down rupee value, it can buy dollars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The central bank can also<strong> influence the value of rupee</strong> by the way of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/repo-rate-unchanged" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monetary policy.</strong></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>RBI can adjust the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-s-covid-19-economic-relief-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> repo rate</strong></a> (the rate at which RBI lends to banks) and the liquidity ratio (the portion of money banks are required to invest in government bonds) to control rupee.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-the-rupee-is-among-biggest-losers-over-the-past-few-weeks-7272922/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/depreciation-in-rupee'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Online Grievance Management Portal: NCSC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Government launched the <strong>&ldquo;Online Grievance Management Portal of National Commission for Scheduled Castes (<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-castes-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NCSC</a>)&rdquo;</strong> on the occasion of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dr-b-r-ambedkar-s-129th-birth-anniversary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>130<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of Dr. B R Ambedkar.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The portal would make it easier for the SC population to register their complaints.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Online Portal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been <strong>designed in collaboration with the Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG-N)</strong>, a Centre of Excellence under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.</li>
<li>It will <strong>facilitate an end-to-end e-filing of complaints</strong> and grievances and <strong>their tracking.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is for <strong>submission of complaints about atrocities</strong> against citizens who belong to the Scheduled Castes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is &ldquo;intended to make the hearing processor" similar to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-courts-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s e-Courts project</strong></a> and allow grievance redressal for the country&rsquo;s scheduled caste population in a &ldquo;time bound manner".</li>
<li>It will <strong>supplement the physical submission of complaints</strong> and grievances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>NCSC is a constitutional body</strong> that works to <strong>safeguard the interests of the Scheduled Castes (SC)</strong> in India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 338 of the Constitution</strong> of India deals with this commission.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provided for a National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes with duties to investigate and monitor all matters relating to safeguards provided for them, to inquire into specific complaints and to participate and advise on the planning process of their socio-economic development etc.</li>
<li>By the <strong>amendment in 2003</strong>, the erstwhile National Commission for SC and ST was replaced by two separate Commissions <strong>from the year 2004</strong> which are: National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)</strong></a>-under <strong>Article 338-A.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions of the NCSC:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Monitoring and investigating</strong> all issues concerning the safeguards provided <strong>for the SCs</strong> under the Constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Enquiring into complaints</strong> relating to <strong>the deprivation of the rights</strong> and <strong>safeguards of the SCs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Taking part in and advising</strong> the central or state governments with respect to the planning of <strong>socio-economic development of the SCs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Regular reporting to the President</strong> of the country on the implementation of <strong>these safeguards.</strong></li>
<li>Any other function with respect to the welfare, protection, development and <strong>advancement of the SC community.</strong></li>
<li>The Commission is also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Anglo-Indian Community</strong> as it does <strong>with respect to the SCs.</strong></li>
<li>Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge similar functions with regard to the <strong>Other Backward Classes (OBCs).</strong> It was relieved from this responsibility by the<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-commission-for-backward-classes-ncbc#:~:text=102nd%20Constitution%20Amendment%20Act,socially%20and%20educationally%20backward%20classes." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>102<sup>nd</sup> Amendment Act of 2018.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Other Constitutional and Legal Provisions For Upliftment of the Schedule Caste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/important-articles-from-indian-constitution-compilation-part-i" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 15</a>(4)</strong> refers to the special provisions for their advancement.</li>
<li><strong>Article 16(4A)</strong> speaks of <strong>&ldquo;reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of SCs/STs</strong>, which are not adequately represented in the services under the State&rsquo;.</li>
<li><strong>Article 17</strong> abolishes Untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Article 46</strong> requires the State <strong>&lsquo;to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections</strong> of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.</li>
<li><strong>Article 335</strong> provides that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of <strong>appointments to services and posts</strong> in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.</li>
<li><strong>Article 330</strong> and <strong>Article 332</strong> of the Constitution respectively provide for <strong>reservation of seats in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the legislative assemblies</strong> of the States.</li>
<li>Under <strong>Part IX</strong> relating to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/panchayati-raj-institutions-and-participative-democracy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Panchayats</strong></a> and <strong>Part IXA</strong> of the Constitution relating to the Municipalities, reservation for SC and ST in local bodies has been envisaged and provided.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SC and the ST (Prevention of Atrocities) amendment Act, 2018.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID%3D1711868&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1618486972066000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1XyieJyQj3nMy-4cSogBay" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/online-grievance-management-portal-ncsc'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'MANAS Mobile App',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the government of India launched a mobile app, <strong>MANAS (Mental Health and Normalcy Augmentation System)</strong> to <strong>promote mental wellbeing across age groups.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MANAS was endorsed as a national program by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nine-science-and-technology-missions#:~:text=Prime%20Minister's%20Science%2C%20Technology%20%26%20Innovation,to%20ensure%20India's%20sustainable%20development." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC).</strong></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>PM-STIAC:</strong> It is an overarching Council that <strong>facilitates the Principal Scientific Adviser&rsquo;s Office to assess the status in specific science and technology domains</strong>, comprehend challenges in hand, formulate specific interventions, develop a futuristic roadmap and advise the Prime Minister accordingly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>comprehensive, scalable, and national digital wellbeing platform</strong> and an app <strong>developed to augment mental well-being of Indian citizens.</strong></li>
<li>It <strong>integrates the health and wellness efforts of various government ministries</strong>, scientifically validated indigenous tools with gamified interfaces developed/researched by various national bodies and research institutions.</li>
<li>It is <strong>based on life skills and core psychological processes</strong>, with <strong>universal accessibility</strong>, delivering <strong>age-appropriate methods</strong> and promoting positive attitude focusing on wellness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Developed By:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-brain-templates-nimhans" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS)</strong></a> Bengaluru, Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) Pune and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jatan-virtual-museum-software" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Centre for Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC)</strong></a> Bengaluru.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Catering to the overall wellbeing of people of <strong>all age groups</strong>, the <strong>initial version of MANAS focuses on promoting positive mental health in the age group of 15-35 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To build a healthier and happier community, to empower it to nurture its innate potential for building a <strong>Swasth and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atmanirbhar Bharat.</a></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Motto of MANAS:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uttam Mann, Saksham Jan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618484820_image13.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618484820_image13.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Mental Health in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data Analysis:</strong> A report published in <strong>The Lancet Psychiatry</strong> in February 2020 indicates that in 2017, there were <strong>197.3 million people with mental disorders in India.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>top mental illnesses were depressive disorder</strong> (45.7 million) and <strong>anxiety disorder</strong> (44.9 million).</li>
<li>The contribution of mental disorders to the total <strong>Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)</strong> in India increased from 2.5% in 1990 to 4.7% in 2017.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Depressive disorder and anxiety disorder contributed the most to the total mental disorders DALYs.</li>
<li><strong>DALYs:</strong> The burden of disability associated with a disease or disorder can be measured in units called DALYs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>DALYs <strong>represent the total number of years lost</strong> to illness, disability, or premature death within a given population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Indian Initiatives to Improve Mental Health:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Mental Health Care Act (MHCA) 2017:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/mental-healthcare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mental Health Care Act (MHCA) 2017</strong></a> came into force in 2018 to meet the requirements of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-principles-for-people-with-disabilities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</strong></a> which India ratified in 2007.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>KIRAN:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has launched a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kiran-mental-health-rehabilitation-helpline" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>24/7 toll-free helpline</strong></a> to provide support to people facing anxiety, stress, depression, suicidal thoughts and other mental health concerns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Manodarpan Initiative:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manodarpan-mental-health-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Manodarpan</strong></a> is an initiative of the Ministry of Education under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.</li>
<li>It is aimed to provide psychosocial support to students, family members and teachers for their mental health and well-being during the times of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NIMHANS RAAH APP:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a <strong>one-stop source of data on mental health centres and professionals.</strong> It is developed by the <strong>NIMHANS.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although developing apps to cater mental well-being of citizens on scalable, secure and digital platforms is the need of the hour the <strong>app must be integrated with the public health schemes</strong> like the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Health Mission</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Poshan Abhiyan</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-summit-on-good-replicable-practices-innovations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">e-Sanjeevani</a></strong> and others so that it is used widely. Besides, the <strong>application must be made multi-lingual.</strong></li>
<li>Increasing the number of psychologists and psychiatrists, and Apps alone won&rsquo;t help. <strong>Stigma and awareness</strong> are two separate issues although interlinked. They <strong>need to be addressed in parallel in order to tackle the burden of mental illness.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711860" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manas-mobile-app'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Sputnik V Vaccine',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Sputnik V</strong>, the vaccine against <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19</strong></a> developed by Russia, has been cleared for emergency use by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/no-clinical-trials-in-india-for-new-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is now the third coronavirus vaccine to get emergency use approval, after <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covishield-and-covaxin-approved-for-restricted-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covishield (Serum Institute of India) and Covaxin (Bharat Biotech).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Sputnik V Vaccine:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/russian-covid-vaccine-sputnik-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sputnik V vaccine</strong></a> has been <strong>developed by Gamaleya National Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</strong> in Moscow.</li>
<li>It<strong> uses two different viruses</strong> that cause the <strong>common cold (adenovirus)</strong> in humans. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>adenoviruses</strong> are weakened so they cannot replicate in humans and cannot cause disease.</li>
<li>They are also modified so that the vaccine delivers a code for making the coronavirus spike protein. This aims to ensure that when the real virus tries to infect the body, it can mount an immune response<strong> in the form of antibodies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sputnik uses a <strong>different vector</strong> for each of the<strong> two shots</strong> in a course of vaccination. This<strong> provides immunity with a longer duration than vaccines using the same delivery mechanism</strong> for both shots.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The two shots are <strong>given 21 days apart.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sputnik<strong> V is to be stored at -18&deg;C in its liquid form.</strong> However, in its freeze-dried form,<strong> it can be stored at 2-8&deg;C,</strong> in a conventional refrigerator without any need to invest in additional cold-chain infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Efficacy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/russian-covid-vaccine-sputnik-v" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Phase 3 trials</strong> </a>conducted in Russia, with the results published in The Lancet, have found it has<strong> an efficacy of 91.6%.</strong></li>
<li>In India, Dr Reddy&rsquo;s conducted a bridging study after which it applied for emergency use approval.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Trial <strong>participants</strong> were given the <strong>first dose (rAd26-)</strong> followed by <strong>a booster dose (rAd5-S) 21 days later.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Adenoviruses</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Adenoviruses (ADVs) are<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/novel-strain-of-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> DNA viruses</a> ranging from 70-90</strong> nanometre in size, which induce many illnesses in humans like cold, respiratory infection etc.</li>
<li>Adenoviruses are <strong>preferred for vaccines</strong> because their<strong> DNA is double stranded</strong> which makes them <strong>genetically more stable</strong> and the chances of them changing after injection are lower.</li>
<li><strong>Rabies vaccine</strong> is an adenovirus vaccine.</li>
<li>Adenovirus vaccines are<strong> a type of viral vector vaccine.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this vaccine, adenovirus is used as a tool to deliver genes or vaccine antigens to the target host tissue.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, there are <strong>drawbacks of adenovirus vector</strong> vaccines like<strong> pre-existing immunity in humans, inflammatory responses etc.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Just as human bodies develop immune responses to most real viral infections, they also develop immunity to adenoviral vectors. Since adenoviral vectors are based on natural viruses that some humans might already have been exposed to, these vaccines might not work for everyone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-sputnik-v-works-against-coronavirus-and-how-effectively-7270877/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sputnik-v-vaccine'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Child Labour and Forced labour in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>A recent study has raised the <strong>issue of ambiguity about definitions of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-day-against-child-labour-2020#:~:text=National%20Policy%20on%20Child%20Labour,processes%2C%20rather%20than%20on%20prevention." target="_blank" rel="noopener">child labour</a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bonded-labour-system-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">forced labour</a></strong> in India, especially for sugarcane producing states of Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study was commissioned by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/undps-accelerator-lab#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20Development%20Programme%20(UNDP)%20is%20the%20UN's%20global,assistance%20to%20the%20least%20developed." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)</strong></a><strong> and The Coca-Cola Company.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings from the Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Authorities discounted <strong>underage child labour as &ldquo;children helping parents in the field&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Similarly, confusion was about the <strong>advance payment to migrant workers, </strong>and<strong> associated risks of forced or bonded labour.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the interventions in the sugarcane sector, either by government authorities or by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-expenditure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)</strong></a> arm of companies, were focused just on &ldquo;improving farming techniques to ensure an increase in cane productivity&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child Labour and Forced Labour (Meaning):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term<strong> &ldquo;child labour&rdquo;</strong> is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development.</li>
<li><strong>Forced labour</strong> is defined as &ldquo;all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The term forced labour <strong>includes slavery and practices similar to slavery as well as bonded labour or debt bondage.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Bonded Labour</strong> is a practice in which <strong>employers give high-interest loans</strong> to workers who <strong>work at low wages to pay off the debt.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618472623_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618472623_image6.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="576" height="432" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Provisions of Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/world-day-against-child-labour-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Act</strong></a>, employment of <strong>children below the age of 14 years in any commercial enterprise is illegal.</strong></li>
<li>The Act also <strong>bars the employment of adolescents</strong> in occupations that deal with <strong>hazardous working conditions</strong> such as chemical plants and mines.</li>
<li>The Act says that <strong>children can only work after school hours or during holidays </strong>and that <strong>children are allowed to work in family owned secure sectors.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Criticism:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is criticised that the Act allows child labour in <strong>&ldquo;family or family enterprises&rdquo;</strong> or allows the child to be<strong> &ldquo;an artist in an audio-visual entertainment industry&rdquo;.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Itt <strong>excludes</strong> a section of toiling children in the unorganized sectors including <strong>agriculture as well as the household work.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Act <strong>does not define the hours of work</strong> and it simply states that children may work after school hours or during vacations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bonded Labour in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Supreme Court of India </strong>has<strong> interpreted bonded labour as the payment of wages that are below the prevailing market wages</strong> and legal minimum wages.</li>
<li>The <strong>Constitution of India prohibits forced labour under Article 23</strong> (Fundamental Rights).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Article 23:</strong> Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bonded labour was historically associated with rural economies where peasants from economically disadvantaged communities were bound to work for the landlords.</li>
<li>Bonded labour is found to <strong>exist in both rural and urban pockets</strong> in unorganized industries such as brick kilns, stone quarries, coal mining, agricultural labour, domestic servitude, circus, and sexual slavery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sugarcane Cultivation in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21&deg;C to 27&deg;C and an annual rainfall between 75cm and 100cm</li>
<li>In India, sugarcane is primarily grown and cultivated in Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li>Of these,<strong> Uttar Pradesh is the largest sugarcane producer</strong> and accounts for<strong> nearly 40%</strong> of the cash crop grown in the country, followed by Maharashtra and Karnataka, which account for 21% and 11% of the total domestic production.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other Child Labour Laws/Programmes in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 24 of the Constitution:</strong> No child below the age fourteen years shall be employed in work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.</li>
<li><strong>National Policy on Child Labour (1987):</strong> It focuses more on rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations and processes, rather than on prevention.</li>
<li><strong>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015:</strong> It includes the working child in the category of children in need of care and protection, without any limitation of age or type of occupation.</li>
<li><strong>National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme 2007:</strong> Under it, children in the age group of 9-14 years, rescued/withdrawn from work are enrolled in the NCLP Special Training Centres, where they are provided with bridge education, vocational training, mid day meal, stipend, health care, etc. before being mainstreamed into formal education system.</li>
<li>The <strong>Right to Education Act, 2009</strong> has made it mandatory for the state to ensure that all children aged 6 to 14 years are in school and receive free education.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>Mines Act of 1952,</strong> employment of children below the age of 18 years is illegal in mines.</li>
<li><strong>Platform for Effective Enforcement for No Child Labour (PENCIL) Portal 2017:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is an electronic platform that aims at involving Centre, State, District, Governments, civil society and the general public in achieving the target of child labour free society.</li>
<li>It has been launched for the effective implementation of Child Labour Act and National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently, India has ratified <strong>International Labour Organizations Convention (ILO) no 138</strong> (minimum age for employment) and <strong>Convention no 182</strong> (worst forms of child labour).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bonded Labour Related Schemes/Acts</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Act extends to the whole of India but implemented by respective state governments.</li>
<li>It provides for an institutional mechanism at the district level in the form of Vigilance Committees.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Vigilance committees advise District Magistrate (DM) to ensure the provisions of this act are properly implemented.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The State Governments/UTs may confer, on an Executive Magistrate, the powers of a Judicial Magistrate of the first class or second class for the trial of offences under this Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Central Sector Scheme for Rehabilitation of Bonded Labourers (2016):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this scheme financial assistance to the extent of Three lakhs Rupees is provided to released bonded labourers along with other non-cash assistance for their livelihood.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> cycle of poverty and its implications </strong>must be <strong>addressed properly,</strong> so families can find other means to survive and send their children to schools.</li>
<li>Many <strong>NGOs like Bachpan Bachao Andolan, ChildFund, CARE India, Kailash Satyarthi Children Foundation</strong> etc. have been working to eradicate child labour in India. Right kind of<strong> focus and orientation with state level authorities</strong> is also needed to avoid the practice of child labour.</li>
<li><strong>Forced Child Labour</strong> requires an urgent action from governments and the international communities.</li>
<li>A <strong>very robust, reliable and fairly decent social security package</strong> and <strong>strict implementation</strong> of the acts is needed.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/study-flags-labour-issues-in-sugarcane-producing-states-7268274/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/child-labour-and-forced-labour-in-india'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Research on Lithium Ion Battery Performance',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Researchers from IIT Guwahati have developed a technique to improve the performance of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which power most of the portable devices used today.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lithium Ion Batteries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Development:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry</strong></a> was jointly awarded to <strong>Stanley Whittingham, John Goodenough and Akira Yoshino</strong> for work that led to the development of <strong>lithium-ion batteries.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>foundation of the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery was laid during the oil crisis of the 1970s</strong>, around which time Whittingham started working on developing methods that could lead to fossil fuel-free energy technologies.</li>
<li>The <strong>first commercially viable Li-ion battery</strong> was created by Yoshino <strong>in 1985.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Utility:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Li-ion batteries provide portable electricity, powering electronic gadgets such as mobile phones, laptops and tablets.</li>
<li>Today, most <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/electric-vehicles-evs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Electrical Vehicles (EV)</strong></a><strong> use Li-ion batteries</strong> as well, but are slowly reaching their theoretical limits of being able to provide roughly up to <strong>300-watt hour per kilogram</strong> of energy.</li>
<li>These batteries can also be used to <strong>store solar and wind power</strong>, which means that with their widespread use it may even be possible to <strong>live in a fuel free society.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Some of the disadvantages of Li-ion batteries include their <strong>susceptibility to overheating</strong> and their <strong>being prone to damage at high voltages.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since they are made with <strong>flammable and combustible materials.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Such batteries also start <strong>losing their capacity over time</strong>&mdash;for instance, a laptop battery in use for a few years does not function as well as a new one.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>New Research:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Researchers <strong>from IIT Guwahati</strong> have developed a technique which can <strong>precisely estimate</strong> one of the most important battery internal states known as <strong>SOC, state of charge.</strong></li>
<li><strong>SOC reflects the remaining capacity of the battery</strong>, that is how much more charge can be withdrawn from the battery before it gets fully discharged.</li>
<li>The knowledge of remaining capacity helps to optimize battery&rsquo;s capacity utilization, prevent overcharging and undercharging of the battery, <strong>increases its lifespan, reduces cost, and ensures safety of the battery and its surroundings.</strong></li>
<li>To improve a battery&rsquo;s lifespan and optimize its capacity, it is <strong>important to predict its various states accurately. One of these states is the SOC</strong>, which has so far been difficult to estimate.</li>
<li>Through their work, the <strong>researchers have proposed</strong> an approach that avoids overestimation and therefore helps in <strong>taking accurate measurements.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>State Of Charge</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The state of charge (SOC) of a cell denotes the capacity that is currently available as a function of the rated capacity.</li>
<li>The value of the SOC varies between 0% and 100%. If the SOC is 100%, then the cell is said to be fully charged, whereas a SOC of 0% indicates that the cell is completely discharged.</li>
<li>In practical applications, the SOC is not allowed to go beyond 50% and therefore the cell is recharged when the SOC reaches 50%.</li>
<li>Similarly, as a cell starts aging, the maximum SOC starts decreasing. This means that for an aged cell, a 100% SOC would be equivalent to a 75%&ndash;80% SOC of a new cell.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Related Developments:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory</strong> developed <strong>a Lithium-ion battery that does not catch fire.</strong></li>
<li>Earlier in January 2020, researchers from <strong>Australia</strong> claimed that they developed the world&rsquo;s most efficient <strong>lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery</strong>, capable of powering a smartphone for five continuous days.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While the materials used in the <strong>Li-S batteries</strong> are not different from those in <strong>Li-ion batteries</strong>, the Australian researchers <strong>reconfigured the design of the sulfur cathodes</strong> (a type of electrical conductor through which electrons move) to accommodate higher stress without a drop in overall capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India, through a newly-floated state-owned company <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lithium-ion-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Khanij Bidesh India Ltd</strong></a>, has <strong>inked a pact with an Argentine firm</strong> to jointly prospect lithium in Argentina, a country that has the one of the largest reserves of Lithium in the world.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Potential Alternatives to Li-ion Technology:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Lithium-Sulfur Batteries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Li-S batteries</strong> are generally considered <strong>the successors of Li-ion batteries</strong> because of their <strong>lower cost of production, energy efficiency and improved safety.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Their cost of production is lower because sulfur is abundantly available.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even so, there have been some difficulties when it comes to commercialising these batteries, mainly <strong>due to their short life cycle</strong> and poor <strong>instantaneous power capabilities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Graphene Batteries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Graphene batteries may be an important alternative to lithium-ion batteries, with the latter having limitations due to the frequency with which lithium requires charging. Graphene is a newly stabilized and isolated material.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Fluoride Batteries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Fluoride Batteries have the potential to last eight times longer than lithium batteries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sand Battery:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This alternative type of lithium-ion battery <strong>uses silicon</strong> to achieve three times better performance than current graphite Li-ion batteries. The battery is still lithium-ion like the one found in a smartphone, but it uses silicon instead of graphite in the anodes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ammonia-powered Batteries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ammonia-powered batteries may not be coming any time soon, but the chemical commonly known as a household cleaner is still an alternative to lithium in the way it can power fuel cells in vehicles and other equipment.</li>
<li>If scientists can figure out a way to produce ammonia without creating the greenhouse gas emissions that result right now, they can ship it anywhere in the world to be converted into hydrogen to power those fuel cells.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Electrode:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These are good candidates for lithium-ion battery electrodes which require high rate capability and capacity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solid-state Batteries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It uses alternatives to aqueous electrolyte solutions, an innovation that could lower the risk of fires, sharply increase energy density and potentially take only 10 minutes to charge an EV, cutting the recharging time by two-thirds.</li>
<li>These cells can extend the driving distance of a compact electric vehicle while maintaining legroom - a quantum leap in battery tech.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-iit-guwahati-lithium-ion-battery-7267366/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/research-on-lithium-ion-battery-performance'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'B R Ambedkar: 130th Birth Anniversary',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The nation celebrated the <strong>130<sup>th</sup> birth anniversary of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/indian-political-thinker-br-ambedkar" target="_blank" rel="noopener">B R Ambedkar</a> on</strong> 14<sup>th</sup> April 2021.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dr. Ambedkar was a <strong>social reformer, jurist, economist, author, polyglot</strong> (knowing or using several languages) orator, a <strong>scholar</strong> and <strong>thinker of comparative religions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618467599_Image%202.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618467599_Image 2.png" width="450" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> Babasaheb Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was born in <strong>1891 in Mhow, Central Province</strong> (now Madhya Pradesh).</li>
<li><strong>Brief Profile:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution and was <strong>India's first Law Minister.</strong></li>
<li>He was the <strong>Chairman of the Drafting Committee</strong> for the new Constitution.</li>
<li>He was a <strong>well-known statesman who fought for the rights of the Dalits</strong> and other socially backward classes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contributions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He led the <strong>Mahad Satyagraha in March 1927 against Hindus</strong> who were opposing the decision of the Municipal Board.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>In 1926, Municipal Board</strong> of Mahad (Maharashtra) passed an order to throw open the tank to all communities. Earlier, the untouchables were not allowed to use water from the Mahad tank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He participated in <strong>all three Round Table Conferences.</strong></li>
<li><strong>In 1932</strong>, Dr. Ambedkar signed the <strong>Poona pact with Mahatma Gandhi</strong>, which abandoned the idea of separate electorates <strong>for the depressed classes</strong> (Communal Award). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, the seats reserved for the depressed classes were increased from <strong>71 to 147 in provincial legislatures</strong> and to <strong>18% of the total in the Central Legislature.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>His ideas before the <strong>Hilton Young Commission served</strong> as the foundation of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Election and Designation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In 1936</strong>, he was elected to the <strong>Bombay Legislative Assembly</strong> as a legislator (MLA).</li>
<li>He <strong>was appointed</strong> to the <strong>Executive Council of Viceroy</strong> as a Labour member <strong>in 1942.</strong></li>
<li><strong>In 1947</strong>, Dr. Ambedkar accepted <strong>PM Nehru's invitation to become Minister of Law</strong> in the first Cabinet of independent India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Shift to Buddhism:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>He resigned</strong> from the cabinet in <strong>1951</strong>, over differences on the <strong>Hindu Code Bill.</strong></li>
<li>He <strong>converted to Buddhism</strong>. He <strong>passed away on 6<sup>th</sup> December 1956 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/64th-mahaparinirvan-diwas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Mahaparinirvan Diwas).</a></strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Chaitya Bhoomi</strong> is a memorial to B R Ambedkar, located in Mumbai.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He was awarded India&rsquo;s highest civilian honour the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-28th-january-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bharat Ratna</strong></a> in 1990.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Works:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Journals:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Mooknayak (1920)</li>
<li>Bahishkrit Bharat (1927)</li>
<li>Samatha (1929)</li>
<li>Janata (1930)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Books:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Annihilation of Caste</li>
<li>Buddha or Karl Marx</li>
<li>The Untouchable: Who are They and Why They Have Become Untouchables</li>
<li>Buddha and His Dhamma</li>
<li>The Rise and Fall of Hindu Women</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Organisations:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha (1923)</li>
<li>Independent Labor Party (1936)</li>
<li>Scheduled Castes Federation (1942)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relevance of Ambedkar in Present Times:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Caste-based inequality in India still persists. While Dalits have acquired a political identity through <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>reservation</strong></a> and forming their own political parties, they lack behind in social dimensions (health and education) and economic dimension.</li>
<li>There has been a rise of communal polarization and communalization of politics. It is necessary that Ambedkar's vision of constitutional morality must supersede religious morality to avoid permanent damage to the Indian Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Round Table Conferences</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First Round Table Conference:</strong> It was held in London on 12th November, 1930 but the Congress did not participate in it.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In March 1931, Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin (Viceroy of India 1926-31) entered into a Pact, called <strong>Gandhi-Irwin Pact</strong>, by which the Congress called off the Civil Disobedience Movement and agreed to participate in the Round Table Conference.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Second Round Table Conference:</strong> It was held in London on the 7<sup>th</sup> of September, 1931.</li>
<li><strong>Third Round Table Conference:</strong> It was held in London on the 17<sup>th</sup> of November, 1932 to consider the reports of various sub-committees appointed from time to time. It ultimately led to the passage of <strong>Govt. of India Act, 1935.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Congress did not participate</strong> as most of the leaders were in jail.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/b-r-ambedkar-130th-birth-anniversary-7272609/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/b-r-ambedkar-130th-birth-anniversary'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1): Farthest Gamma-Ray Emitting Galaxy',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, Astronomers have discovered a <strong>new active galaxy</strong> called <strong>Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1)</strong> which has been identified as the <strong>farthest gamma-ray emitting galaxy.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists from <strong>Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES)</strong> in collaboration with researchers from other institutions, studied around 25,000 luminous <strong>Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)</strong> from the <strong>Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS).</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>AGN</strong> are the most <strong>powerful, long-lived objects and steady sources of luminosity in the Universe.</strong> The emission is spread widely across the <strong>electromagnetic spectrum</strong>, often peaking in the Ultra-Violet , but with significant luminosity in the x-ray and infrared bands.</li>
<li><strong>SDSS</strong> is a major <strong>multi-spectral imaging and spectroscopic <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/einstein-was-right:-astronomers-confirm-key-theory-of-relativity" target="_blank" rel="noopener">redshift</a></strong> <strong>survey</strong> using a dedicated 2.5-m wide-angle optical telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, United States. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has created the <strong>most detailed three-dimensional maps of the Universe</strong> ever made, with deep multi-color images of one third of the sky, and spectra for more than three million astronomical objects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They found <strong>a unique object that emits high-energy gamma rays</strong> located at a <strong>high redshift (more than 1)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was identified as a <strong>gamma-ray emitting NLS1 galaxy</strong>, which is a rare entity in space.</li>
<li>The new gamma-ray emitting NLS1 was <strong>formed when the Universe was only about 4.7 billion years old</strong> as compared to its current age of about 13.8 billion years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Redshift</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>displacement of spectral lines towards longer wavelengths</strong> (the red end of the spectrum) in radiation from distant galaxies and celestial objects.</li>
<li>It <strong>reveals how an object is moving in space and enables astronomers to discover otherwise-invisible planets and the movements of galaxies</strong>, and to uncover the beginnings of our universe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Astronomers use redshifts <strong>to measure how the universe is expanding</strong>, and thus to <strong>determine the distance to our universe&rsquo;s most distant (and therefore oldest) objects.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Measurement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The most accurate way to measure redshift is by using<strong> spectroscopy.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When a beam of white light strikes a triangular prism it is separated into its various components <strong>(ROYGBIV)</strong>. This is known as a spectrum (plural: spectra).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Astronomers can look at the <strong>spectra created by different elements and compare these with the spectra of stars.</strong> If the absorption or emission lines they see in the star's spectra are shifted, they know the object is moving either towards us or away from us.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465198_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465198_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Astronomers calculate redshift in terms of the redshift parameter (z) which helps in calculating the distance of the object (galaxy,planet etc).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>With <strong>increasing value of z the distance of the object increases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Instrument Used:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scientists used the Japanese <strong>8.2 m Subaru Telescope</strong> which is one of the <strong>largest ground-based telescopes in the world</strong>, located at Hawaii, USA.</li>
<li>Its powerful light collecting capability can capture weak light from celestial objects. A <strong>major feature</strong> of the Subaru Telescope is that its <strong>prime focus boasts an overwhelming wide field of view compared to other large telescopes</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Detection of gamma-ray emission from NLS1 <strong>challenges the idea of how relativistic jets</strong> are formed because <strong>NLS1s are a unique class of AGN</strong> that are powered by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/first-images-of-a-black-hole" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>black holes</strong> </a>of low mass and hosted in spiral galaxies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Relativistic Jets:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Supermassive black holes in the centers of some active galaxies that create <strong>powerful jets of radiation and particles travelling close to the speed of light</strong> are called relativistic jets.</li>
<li>These jets are believed to be the <strong>sources of the fastest-travelling particles in the Universe that are cosmic rays.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>No method was present till date to find <strong>NLS1 at redshifts larger than one.</strong></li>
<li>This discovery <strong>opens up a new way to find gamma-ray emitting NLS1 galaxies</strong> in the early Universe.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ARIES is one of the <strong>leading research Institutes</strong> which <strong>specializes in observational Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics and Atmospheric Sciences </strong>situated in<strong> Nainital,</strong> Uttarakhand.</li>
<li>It was <strong>established in 1955</strong> and its primary objective has been <strong>to develop facilities for modern astrophysical research in stellar, solar &amp; theoretical branches of astrophysics.&nbsp;</strong>On some selected clear nights the visitors are also shown some celestial objects through the telescopes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Galaxy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A galaxy is a <strong>huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars and their solar systems, all held together by gravity.</strong></li>
<li>Earth is the part of the <strong>Milky Way Galaxy</strong>, which also has a super Massive Blackhole in the middle.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465463_image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618465463_image 1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="350" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Black Hole</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It refers to a point in space where the <strong>matter is so compressed as to create a gravity field from which even light cannot escape.</strong></li>
<li>The concept was <strong>theorized by Albert Einstein in 1915</strong> and the term &lsquo;black hole&rsquo; was coined in the mid-1960s by American physicist John Archibald Wheeler.</li>
<li>All the black holes observed so far belong to <strong>two categories:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One category ranges between a few solar masses and tens of solar masses. These are thought to form when massive stars die.</li>
<li>The other category is of <strong>supermassive black holes.</strong> These range from hundreds of thousands to billions of times that of the sun from the Solar system to which Earth belongs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Gamma Ray Astronomy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the study of astronomical objects and <strong>phenomena that emit gamma rays.</strong> Gamma-ray telescopes are designed to <strong>observe high-energy astrophysical systems.</strong></li>
<li>As Earth&rsquo;s atmosphere blocks most gamma rays, <strong>observations are generally conducted by high-altitude balloons or spacecraft.</strong></li>
<li>Gamma-ray astronomy presents unique <strong>opportunities to explore exotic objects.</strong> By exploring the universe at these high energies, <strong>scientists can search for new physics, testing theories and performing experiments which are not possible in earth-bound laboratories.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711362" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/narrow-line-seyfert-1-nls1-farthest-gamma-ray-emitting-galaxy'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'India & BIMSTEC',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/bimstec-needs-to-reinvent-itself/article34313033.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;BIMSTEC needs to reinvent itself&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 14/04/2021. It talks about the obstacles that limit the BIMSTEC (the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) in realizing its full potential.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the foreign ministers of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/india-bimstec" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BIMSTEC (the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation)</strong> </a>met in a virtual conference. This is the first ministerial since the globe has been hit by the Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
<p>BIMSTEC as a regional organization has achieved a lot in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief and security, including counterterrorism, cybersecurity, and coastal security cooperation.</p>
<p>However, there are many obstacles that limit the regional body in realizing its full potential.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Highlights of the Meeting</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The foreign ministers cleared the draft for the BIMSTEC charter, recommending its early adoption.</li>
<li>They endorsed the rationalization of sectors and sub-sectors of activity, with each member-state serving as a lead for the assigned areas of special interest.</li>
<li>The ministers also conveyed their support for the Master Plan for Transport Connectivity, which will be adopted at the next summit in Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Preparations have been completed for the signing of three agreements relating to mutual legal assistance in criminal matters, cooperation between diplomatic academies, and the establishment of a technology transfer facility.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Evolution of BIMSTEC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BIMSTEC was established as a grouping of four nations &mdash; India, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka &mdash; through the<strong> Bangkok Declaration of 1997.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BIMSTEC was expanded later to include three more countries &mdash; Myanmar, Nepal, and Bhutan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Initially, BIMSTEC didn&rsquo;t hold much geopolitical weight. This can be reflected by only just three summits in the first 20 years of its formation.</li>
<li>However, BIMSTEC suddenly received special attention as India chose to treat it as a more practical instrument for regional cooperation, as SAARC continues to remain defunct.</li>
<li>The BIMSTEC Leaders&rsquo; Retreat, followed by their Outreach Summit with the BRICS leaders in Goa in October 2016, drew considerable international limelight to the low-profile regional grouping.</li>
<li>At the second swearing-in of the Indian Prime Minister in May 2019, the leaders of BIMSTEC, not SAARC, were invited as honored guests.</li>
<li>Soon thereafter, the External Affairs Minister observed that India saw a mix of &ldquo;energy, mindset and possibility&rdquo; in BIMSTEC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unfinished Economic Agenda:</strong> BIMSTEC Free Trade Area Framework Agreement, was signed in 2004, but over 20 rounds of negotiations it is still to be operationalized.</li>
<li><strong>Internal Tussle:</strong> A strong BIMSTEC presupposes cordial and tension-free bilateral relations among all its member-states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This has not been the case, given the trajectory of India-Nepal, India-Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh-Myanmar ties in recent years.</li>
<li>Moreover, both Nepal and Sri Lanka want the SAARC summit revived. However, India maintains that terror and talks can&rsquo;t go hand in hand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Intrusion:</strong> China&rsquo;s decisive intrusion in the South-Southeast Asian space is causing a limiting effect on India&rsquo;s zone of influence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, a renowned Bangladeshi scholar argued at a recent conference that BIMSTEC would make progress if China is accepted as its principal interlocutor and partner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Myanmar Coup:</strong> The military coup in Myanmar, brutal crackdown of protesters, and continuation of popular resistance resulting in a protracted impasse have produced a new set of border management challenges for India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>BIMSTEC FTA:</strong> In 2018, a study by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry had suggested that BIMSTEC urgently needed a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement to be a real game-changer.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It should cover trade in goods, services, and investment; promote regulatory harmonization; adopt policies that develop regional value chains, and eliminate non-tariff barriers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Balancing Security &amp; Economy:</strong> India has led through constant focus and follow-up &mdash; to the extent that some member-states have complained about the &lsquo;over securitization of BIMSTEC. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hence, there is a need to ensure maintaining security and forging solid arrangements for economic cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gujral Doctrine:</strong> India would have to counter the impression that BIMSTEC is an India-dominated bloc, in that context India can follow the Gujral doctrine that intends to chalk out the effect of transactional motive in bilateral relations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>As BIMSTEC readies itself to celebrate the silver jubilee of its formation next year, it faces a serious challenge: to effect &ldquo;a paradigm shift in raising the level of our cooperation and regional integration.&rdquo;</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f0f7fc;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>BIMSTEC needs a paradigm shift in raising the level of cooperation and regional integration. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-bimstec-1'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, an apex body of Naga tribes, <strong>Naga Hoho</strong> has cautioned the Nagaland Government with respect to preparation of the <strong>Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland (RIIN)</strong>, seen as a variant of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Assam&rsquo;s National Register of Citizens.</strong></a></p>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618400014_Image%201.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1618400014_Image 1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The State government had formed a <strong>three-member Committee</strong> in 2019 for <strong>studying, examining, and recommending the implementation of RIIN.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Functions of RIIN Committee was to determine:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The eligibility criteria to be an indigenous inhabitant.</li>
<li>Authority to authenticate claims of being indigenous.</li>
<li>Place of registration as indigenous inhabitant.</li>
<li>The basis of claims of being indigenous.</li>
<li>The nature of documents that will be acceptable as proof of being indigenous.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the <strong>exercise was suspended following protests</strong> from community-based and extremist organisations.</li>
<li>Since then the Nagaland government has been trying to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/register-of-indigenous-inhabitants-of-nagaland-riin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>revive the RIIN exercise that was launched in July 2019</strong></a> with the objective of <strong>preventing outsiders from obtaining fake indigenous certificates</strong> for seeking jobs and benefits of government schemes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Register of Indigenous Inhabitants of Nagaland:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The RIIN will be <strong>prepared after an extensive survey with the help of a village-wise and ward-wise list of indigenous inhabitants based on official records.</strong> Also, It will be prepared under the supervision of each district administration.</li>
<li><strong>No fresh indigenous inhabitant certificate will be issued after the RIIN is completed</strong> except for children born to the State&rsquo;s indigenous inhabitants who will be issued indigenous certificates along with birth certificates. The RIIN database will be updated accordingly.</li>
<li>The RIIN will also be <strong>integrated with the online system for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/petition-for-protection-of-non-nagas-in-dimapur" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Inner-Line Permit</a></strong>, a temporary document non-inhabitants are required to possess for entry into and travel in Nagaland.</li>
<li>The entire exercise will be <strong>monitored by the Commissioner of Nagaland.</strong> In addition, the state government will designate nodal officers of the rank of a Secretary to the state government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Naga&rsquo;s Concern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Exclusion of Nagas:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>If RIIN implemented the identification process with<strong> 1<sup>st</sup> December, 1963</strong> (the day Nagaland attained statehood) as the cut-off date for determining the permanent residents of the State, it is likely to <strong>exclude Nagas who have come from beyond the boundaries of Nagaland.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Loss of Property:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Naga tribes living in Assam, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh in India and in Myanmar have a legitimate claim to their <strong>ancestral homeland.</strong></li>
<li>There are thousands of Nagas who have bought lands, built houses and settled down in Nagaland for several decades.</li>
<li>In the absence of records such as land pattas, house taxes paid or enrolment in electoral rolls prior to <strong>1<sup>st</sup> December, 1963</strong> many procedural anomalies will crop up even within the so-called pure Nagas of Nagaland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Can Be treated as Illegal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The non-indigenous Nagas could be treated as &ldquo;illegal immigrants&rdquo; and their lands and property confiscated. <strong>The idea of the Nagas as a people to live together and their aspiration to live with self-determination will be irreparably damaged.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nagas</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nagas are a <strong>hill people who are estimated to number about 2. 5 million (1.8 million in Nagaland</strong>, 0.6 million in Manipur and 0.1 million in Arunachal states) and living in the remote and mountainous country between the Indian state of Assam and Burma.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are also Naga groups in Myanmar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Nagas are not a single tribe, but an <strong>ethnic community that comprises several tribes</strong> who live in the state of Nagaland and its neighbourhood.</li>
<li>Nagas belong to the <strong>Indo-Mongoloid Family.</strong></li>
<li>There are <strong>nineteen major Naga tribes</strong>, namely, Aos, Angamis, Changs, Chakesang, Kabuis, Kacharis, Khain-Mangas, Konyaks, Kukis, Lothas (Lothas), Maos, Mikirs, Phoms, Rengmas, Sangtams, Semas, Tankhuls, Yamchumgar and Zeeliang.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In an already volatile region where the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/afspa-extended-in-nagaland#:~:text=AFSPA%20gives%20armed%20forces%20the,in%20contravention%20of%20the%20law." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958</strong></a> is routinely extended, it is <strong>best that Nagaland proceeds with caution in this enterprise.</strong> The <strong>RIIN should not ultimately become a vehicle to make outsiders of insiders.</strong></li>
<li>The NRC experiment in Assam witnessed extremely divisive political posturing. Other Northeastern states are sure to be watching with keen interest what is unfolding in Assam and Nagaland. <strong>Emotive political issues cannot be allowed to drive the compiling of a registry of citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tribal-body-flags-concerns-over-nagalands-version-of-nrc/article34314341.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/register-of-indigenous-inhabitants-of-nagaland-1'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Decriminalising Begging',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The Supreme Court has asked the Centre and four States to file their response on a plea seeking a direction to<strong> repeal the provisions <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/decriminalising-beggary" target="_blank" rel="noopener">criminalising begging.</a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has been argued in the plea that a person, who is compelled to beg due to certain circumstances,<strong> cannot be faulted for his actions.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposed-amendment-to-railways-act-1989" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ministry of Railways has also proposed to decriminalise begging</strong></a> on trains or railway premises.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Plea&rsquo;s Argument For Decriminalising Begging:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Earlier Judgment On Decriminalisation:</strong> The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/delhi-high-court-decriminalises-beggary" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Delhi High Court which had decriminalised begging</strong></a> in the national capital said provisions of the <strong>Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959,</strong> which<strong> treats begging as an offence cannot sustain constitutional scrutiny.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Criminalising Begging Against Right To Life:</strong> The provisions of the statutes criminalising the act of begging put people in a situation to make an <strong>unreasonable choice between committing a crime or not committing one and starving,</strong> which goes against the very spirit of the Constitution and violates <strong>Article 21 i.e. Right to Life.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Obligation To Provide Social Security:</strong> The government is mandated to provide <strong>social security to everyone and ensure that all had basic facilities,</strong> as embedded in the <strong>Directives Principles of State Policy (DPSP)</strong> in the Constitution.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The presence of beggars is evidence that the state has failed to provide basic facilities to all its citizens.</li>
<li>So instead of working on its failure and examining what made people beg, <strong>criminalising the act of beggary is irrational and against the approach of a socialist nation</strong> as embedded in the preamble of Indian Constitution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plea&rsquo;s Suggestion:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fast Forward Beggars Rehabilitation Legislation:</strong> The plea has claimed that the <strong>Abolition of Begging and Rehabilitation of Beggars Bill 2018</strong> had been introduced in the Lok Sabha but till now, this bill is not passed and is wedged in length parliamentary procedures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has resulted in <strong>thousands of poor facing more hardships because of present arbitrary statutes.</strong></li>
<li>The legislation process must be fast forwarded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Declare Some Provision As Void :</strong> The petition has sought directions to declare as <strong>&ldquo;illegal and void&rdquo; all provisions,</strong> except some sections, of the <strong>Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959, Punjab Prevention of Beggary Act, 1971, Haryana Prevention of Begging Act, 1971</strong> and<strong> Bihar Prevention of Begging Act 1951.</strong></li>
<li>It has also sought to declare all other similar Acts prevailing in any part of the country as illegal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, 1959:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is <strong>no central Act on beggary,</strong> many states and Union Territories have used the Bombay Act as the basis for their own laws.</li>
<li>The<strong> Act defines a &ldquo;beggar&rdquo;</strong> as anyone having no visible means of subsistence, and wandering about or remaining in any public place in such condition or manner, as makes it likely that the person doing so exists by soliciting or receiving alms.</li>
<li>&ldquo;Begging&rdquo; under the Act includes soliciting or receiving alms in a public place, whether or not under any pretence of singing, dancing, fortune-telling, performing or offering any article for sale.</li>
<li>The<strong> Act gives the police the power to arrest individuals without a warrant.</strong> It gives magistrates the power to commit them to a detention centre for up to three years on the commission of the first &ldquo;offence&rdquo;, and up to 10 years upon the second &ldquo;offence&rdquo;. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Before that, it strips them of their privacy and dignity by compelling them to allow themselves to be fingerprinted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Act also authorises the detention of the family of the beggar,</strong> and the separation of children over the age of five.</li>
<li><strong>Certified institutions or detention centres have absolute power over detainees,</strong> including the power of punishment, and the power to exact &ldquo;manual work&rdquo;. Disobeying the rules of the institution can land an individual in jail.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Number of Beggars In India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <strong>Census 2011</strong> total number of beggars in India is 4,13,670 (including 2,21,673 males and 1,91,997 females) and the number has increased from the last census.</li>
<li><strong>West Bengal tops the chart followed by Uttar Pradesh and Bihar</strong> at number two and three respectively. Lakshadweep merely has two vagrants according to the 2011 census.</li>
<li>Among the union territories, New Delhi had the largest number of beggars 2,187 followed by 121 in Chandigarh.</li>
<li>Among the northeastern states, Asam topped the chart with 22,116 beggars, while Mizoram ranked low with 53 beggars.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre made an attempt at repealing the Act through the <strong>Persons in Destitution (Protection, Care and Rehabilitation) Model Bill, 2016,</strong> with provisions including <strong>doing away with the Beggary Act and proposing rehabilitation centres</strong> for the destitute in each district.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Persons in Destitution Bill, 2016, needs to see the light of the day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bihar government&rsquo;s <strong>Mukhyamantri Bhikshavriti Nivaran Yojana</strong> is a scheme worth emulation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scheme, instead of detaining persons under the Act, provides for open homes and community outreach for destitute persons.</li>
<li>Now, rehabilitation centres have been set up, with facilities for treatment, family reintegration and vocational training.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The very real problem of<strong> organised begging rackets will have to be addressed</strong> by other means, perhaps based on the law of trafficking.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-asks-centre-four-states-to-respond-to-plea-to-decriminalise-begging/article34291189.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'e-SANTA',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently the Union Commerce and Industry Minister has inaugurated an <strong>electronic platform</strong> named <strong>e-SANTA</strong>, which will connect <strong>aqua farmers and the buyers.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term <strong>e-SANTA</strong> was coined for the web portal, meaning <strong>Electronic Solution for Augmenting NaCSA farmers' Trade in Aquaculture.</strong></li>
<li>e-SANTA is a <strong>digital bridge</strong> to end the market divide and will act as an alternative marketing tool between farmers &amp; buyers by eliminating middlemen.</li>
<li>The farmers can <strong>freely list their produce and quote their price</strong> while the exporters have the freedom to list their requirements and also to choose the products based on their requirements such as desired size, location, harvest dates etc.</li>
<li>The Platform is available in <strong>many languages</strong>, which will help the local population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>e-SANTA will <strong>RAISE</strong> income, lifestyle, self-reliance, quality levels, traceability, and provide new options for aqua farmers by: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Reducing Risk</li>
<li>Awareness of Products &amp; Markets</li>
<li>Increase in Income</li>
<li>Shielding Against Wrong Practice</li>
<li>Ease of Processes</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will enable the farmers and buyers to have greater control over the trade and enables them to make informed decisions.</li>
<li>It will provide a cashless, contactless and paperless electronic trade platform between farmers and exporters.</li>
<li>e-SANTA can become a tool to advertise collectively the kind of products the buyers, fishermen &amp; fish producing organisations are harvesting.</li>
<li>It will help people in India &amp; internationally to know about the products availability and has the potential of becoming an auction platform in future.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture (NaCSA) is an extension arm of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/5th-aqua-aquaria-india-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA)</strong></a>, Ministry of Commerce &amp; Industry Govt. of India.</li>
<li>The objectives of NaCSA are to <strong>encourage and uplift the small and marginal farmers</strong> through organization of clusters and maintaining Best Management Practices in shrimp culture.</li>
<li>The primary advantage of cluster approach to shrimp farming is that it contributes to substantial reduction in cost of production.</li>
<li>It also enables participating farmers to organize:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The schedule of farm operations,</li>
<li>Quality seed procurement,</li>
<li>Simultaneous stocking,</li>
<li>Water exchange</li>
<li>Harvesting regimes</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1711426" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB </strong></a></p>',
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