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Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018

The government has introduced the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018 in the Lok Sabha. The bill replaces the Ordinance...

24 Jul 2018 News Analysis
NASA Set to Launch ‘Parker Solar Probe’

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is scheduled to launch ‘Parker Space Probe’ for a planned seven-year mission to...

24 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (24th July, 2018)

Krintafel Krintafel (tafenoquine) is a one dose medication produced by GlaxoSmithKline and has been approved by US regulators as a simple,...

24 Jul 2018 News Analysis
PM Modi in Rwanda

The Indian Prime Minister is on a 5-day visit to Rwanda, Uganda and South Africa. The visit to the three-nations is meant to further strengthen...

24 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Karnataka Sees 300% Jump in FDI Inflows

According to RBI data presented in Parliament, Karnataka received $8.58 billion FDI in 2017-18, which is an increase of about 300% from the $2.13...

24 Jul 2018 News Analysis
General Studies-IV

Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude This paper will include questions to test the candidates’ attitude and approach to issues relating to...

23 Jul 2018 Mains Syllabus
General Studies-III

(Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management) Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning,...

23 Jul 2018 Mains Syllabus
General Studies-II

(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations) Indian Constitution—Historical Underpinnings, Evolution,...

23 Jul 2018 Mains Syllabus
General Studies-I

(Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society) Indian Culture - Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and...

23 Jul 2018 Mains Syllabus
Ayushman Bharat and the Role of Private Hospitals

This editorial appears in The Mint and addresses the brand new scheme Ayushman Bharat and how it is going to affect the role of private hospitals in...

23 Jul 2018 News Editorials
India to Overtake US by 2030

10 Asian economies including India will overtake the US in terms of GDP by 2030, according to a report by global financial services major...

23 Jul 2018 News Analysis
UN Model for Cross-Border Norms

Recently, the government is looking at the possibility of adopting a United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) model for...

23 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Panel for Denotified, Semi-Nomadic, Nomadic Tribes

The NITI Aayog has backed a proposal by Ministry of Social justice and Empowerment to set up a permanent commission for Denotified (DNT), Semi...

23 Jul 2018 News Analysis
UPSC Preliminary Examination Syllabus

Paper I - (200 marks) Current Events of National and International Importance. History of India and Indian National Movement. Indian and...

23 Jul 2018 Prelims
MSP, Agrarian Crisis and Reform

Despite agriculture occupying a major portion of Indian economy and the election manifestos of political parties, it is disheartening to see the...

21 Jul 2018 News Editorials
Cryptocurrencies Will Boost Illegal Transactions: RBI

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) informed the Supreme Court that dealing in cryptocurrency will encourage illegal transactions. According to the...

21 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (21st July 2018)

Van Dhan Yojana Van Dhan Yojana was launched in April 2018, in Chhattisgarh. A Van Dhan Vikas Kendra was set up under the program. The Van Dhan...

21 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Ganga Vriksharopan Abhiyan

National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has launched afforestation drive in five Ganga basin states – Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,...

21 Jul 2018 News Analysis
India to host ‘2+2’ Dialogue Mechanism

India will host the inaugural round of the two-plus-two dialogue with the United States on September 6, 2018. Key Highlights It is aimed at...

21 Jul 2018 News Analysis
New Cell to Resolve Child Custody Disputes

The government has recently decided to establish a Mediation Cell under the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) to resolve...

21 Jul 2018 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The government has introduced the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018 in the Lok Sabha.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bill replaces the Ordinance on the same, which was approved and promulgated in <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="68" data-gr-id="68">June,</g> 2018.</li>
<li>The bill brings about significant changes to improve the insolvency resolution framework in the country.</li>
<li>The changes are based on suggestions made by a 14-member <strong>Insolvency Law Committee</strong> chaired by Corporate Affairs Secretary Injeti Srinivas.</li>
<li>The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) was initially introduced in 2016 when the banking sector was going through a serious crisis because of indiscriminate lending by banks between 2008-2014. The debt recovery laws prevailing at that time were weak and hence loan recoveries could not be made from big industrialists.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Provisions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recognises homebuyers as <strong>financial creditors</strong> - thus giving them due representation in the <strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC)</strong> and making them an integral part of the decision-making process.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 238px; width: 30.3919%; border-collapse: collapse; float: right;" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 10px; vertical-align: middle;">
<p><strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The CoC is comprised of all financial creditors of the corporate debtor.</li>
<li>The voting share in the CoC is proportionate to the extent of financial debts owed to such creditor.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, home buyers would be able to invoke Section 7 of the IBC against errant developers. <em>(Section 7 allows financial creditors to file </em><g class="gr_ gr_70 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="70" data-gr-id="70">application</g><em> seeking the insolvency resolution process.)</em></li>
<li>Reduces the <strong>minimum voting threshold</strong> for the CoC to 66%, from 75% for key decisions. For routine decisions, the voting threshold is fixed at 51%.</li>
<li>Assent of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) will be needed before the Committee of Creditors (CoC) <g class="gr_ gr_64 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="64" data-gr-id="64">finalises</g> a resolution plan. Currently, the winning bidder approaches CCI for clearance before formally taking over the asset.</li>
<li>Allows promoters of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to bid for their companies in any insolvency process. It also empowers the Centre, in public interest, to exempt MSMEs from the application of any other provisions of the Code.</li>
<li>Corporate houses can bid for multiple distressed assets under the insolvency process without getting themselves disqualified under Section 29A of IBC. <em>(Section 29A specifies the parties ineligible to be a resolution applicant.)</em></li>
<li>The bill amends the criteria which <g class="gr_ gr_80 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="80" data-gr-id="80">prohibits</g> certain persons from submitting a resolution plan. For example, the Code prohibits a person from being a resolution applicant if his account has been identified as a non-performing asset (NPA) for more than a year. However, the bill provides that pure-play financial entities (pure-play refers to a publicly traded company that is focused on only one industry or product) like banks would be exempted from this disqualification provision on account of holding <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="79" data-gr-id="79">stake</g> in or acquiring stressed firms under the IBC, 2016. A grace period of <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="77" data-gr-id="77">three-years</g> has been provided from the date of such acquisition.</li>
<li>The amendments allow the promoter to bid for his enterprise undergoing Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) provided he is not a wilful defaulter and does not attract other disqualifications not related to default.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Insertion of a new section - Section 12A - that permits the withdrawal of application admitted for initiation of insolvency resolution process to the National Company Law Tribunal. Such withdrawal would be permissible only with the approval of the CoC with 90% of the voting share voting in <g class="gr_ gr_65 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="65" data-gr-id="65">favour</g>.</li>
<li>The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India&rsquo;s (IBBI) will be given a &ldquo;developmental&rdquo; role similar to other regulators such as <g class="gr_ gr_58 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="58" data-gr-id="58">IRDAI</g> and PFRDA. It will also be given the power to regulate the working and practices of certain professionals under the IBC.</li>
<li>The Limitation Act 1963 will apply to the proceedings or appeals under the IBC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move is likely to enable homebuyers to take builders defaulting on their obligations to a bankruptcy court and decide their future along with their lenders&rsquo;.</li>
<li>At a time when many homebuyers are facing hardships on account of delayed and incomplete real estate projects, this will infuse confidence in the homebuyers to invest their money - helping revive the stagnant real estate market.</li>
<li>By allowing MSME promoters to submit their resolution plan in insolvency cases, it will also help <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="57" data-gr-id="57">MSMEs</g> sector - which is key to job growth in India.</li>
</ul>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'NASA Set to Launch ‘Parker Solar Probe’',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is scheduled to launch &lsquo;Parker Space Probe&rsquo; for a planned seven-year mission to study the Sun closer than any human-made object.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights&nbsp;<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/179THJC-US-SPACE-SOLAR-PROBE.jpg" width="374" height="197" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1817619620" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Parker Solar Probe is a robotic spacecraft the size of a small car and is named after American solar astrophysicist Eugene Newman Parker.</li>
<li>It is set to fly into the sun&rsquo;s corona within 3.8 million miles from the solar surface, seven times closer than any other spacecraft.</li>
<li>The probe is capable to endure wicked heat while zooming through the solar corona to study this outermost part of the stellar atmosphere that gives rise to the solar wind.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Corona is a region of the Sun seen from Earth when the Moon blocks out the Sun&rsquo;s bright face during total solar eclipses.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The probe is set to use seven Venus flybys over nearly seven years to steadily reduce its orbit around the sun, using instruments designed to image the solar wind and study electric and magnetic fields, coronal plasma and energetic particles.</li>
<li>The probe has been outfitted with a heat shield designed to keep its instruments at a tolerable 29 degrees Celsius even as the spacecraft faces temperatures reaching nearly 21,370 degrees Celsius at its closest pass.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of the Study</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sun is far more complex than meets the eyes as it is a dynamic and magnetically active star.</li>
<li>The Sun&rsquo;s atmosphere constantly sends magnetised material outward, enveloping the Solar System far beyond the orbit of Pluto and influencing every world along the way.</li>
<li>The corona gives rise to the solar wind, a continuous flow of charged particles that permeates the solar system.</li>
<li>Unpredictable solar winds cause disturbances in our planet&rsquo;s magnetic field and can play havoc with communications technology on the earth.</li>
<li>The findings of the probe will enable scientists to forecast changes in the earth&rsquo;s space environment.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nasa-set-to-launch-parker-solar-probe'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (24th July, 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Krintafel</h3>
<h3></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Krintafel (tafenoquine) is a one dose medication produced by GlaxoSmithKline and has been approved by US regulators as a simple, one-dose treatment to prevent relapses of Plasmodium vivax malaria.</li>
<li>The one-dose treatment will treat the recurring form of malaria, caused by the parasite plasmodium vivax, to which around 8.5 million people fall prey to every year.</li>
<li>The medication is considered as a significant advancement in malaria treatment in the last 60 years.</li>
<li>A single 300mg dose of drug blocks the dormant form of P.vivax, that affects the liver, transferred by infected mosquitoes to human beings.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<h3>VAHAN &amp; SARATHI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, an inter-ministerial task force has recommended to integrate e-way bill database with VAHAN and SARATHI.</li>
<li>The e-Way bill, currently gives only details of the value of goods being transported.</li>
<li>Vahan allows access to all details related to vehicles such as registration number, chassis/engine number, body/fuel type, colour, manufacturer and model and provides various online services to citizens.</li>
<li>Vahan has been mandated by the Central Motor Vehicle Act 1988 as well as State Motor Vehicle Rules.</li>
<li>Driving Licence and related data are automated through a separate application called &lsquo;Sarathi&rsquo;.</li>
<li>National Informatics Centre (NIC) has been entrusted with the task to standardize &amp; deploy the software VAHAN for Vehicle</li>
<li>Registration and SARATHI for Driving Licenses along with compilation of data with respect to Vehicle Registration and Driving Licenses of all the states in State Register and National Register.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tribal Atlas of Odisha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Odisha has unveiled the &lsquo;Tribal Atlas of Odisha&rsquo;, a compilation of demographic and cultural information of the tribal population in the state.</li>
<li>The state government has claimed that the compilation is the first-of-its-kind in the country.</li>
<li>This book will help to provide comprehensive data on tribal population.</li>
<li>The atlas displays the salient features of the tribal population of Odisha with a series of maps, charts and diagrams.</li>
<li>The atlas has been prepared by the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) Research and Training Institute in collaboration with the Academy of Tribal Language and Culture.</li>
<li>As per Census 2011, Odisha has the second highest tribal population in the country after Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li>It will help in policy decisions and development of tribes of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bharat Stage-VI</h3>
<p>Recently, the central government has said that the sale of the vehicles, which follow non-compliant BS-IV, will be stopped by Apr 2020, but registration of these vehicles can continue till May-end.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharat Stage Norms</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Based on the European regulations (Euro norms), introduced in the year 2000, the Bharat stage norms are emission control standards put in place by the government to keep a check on air pollution.</li>
<li>These standards set specifications/limits for the release of air pollutants from equipment using internal combustion engines, including vehicles.</li>
<li>The higher the stage, the more stringent the norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>What is BS VI&rsquo;s Key Improvement in Fuel Quality Over BS IV?</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BS VI norms seek to cut down sulphur content to 10 parts per million (ppm) from 50 ppm</li>
<li>Sulphur in the fuel contributes to fine particulate matter emissions.</li>
<li>BS VI norms seek to reduce the level of certain harmful hydrocarbons in the emissions that are produced due to incomplete combustion of fuel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Horn of Africa<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/891image1.png" width="320" height="274" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2346367043" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<p>Recently, Qatar and its ally, Turkey, are building ports in Sudan, and Saudi Arabia is in talks to set up a naval base in Djibouti.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Peninsula Of Northeast Africa is called the Horn of Africa or sometimes called the Somalia peninsula. It lies opposite of the southern Arabian Peninsula.</li>
<li>It is the easternmost extension of the African continent separating the Gulf of Aden from the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>It mainly includes Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Somalia and sometimes even including parts of Sudan and Kenya.</li>
<li>The Horn of Africa has been at the centre of global attention for several decades because of protracted armed conflict, severe food crises and large-scale displacement.</li>
<li>The Horn ports are near the Bab al-Mandab strait, a vital choke-point at the mouth of the Red Sea.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-23rd-july-2018'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'PM Modi in Rwanda',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Indian Prime Minister is on a 5-day visit to Rwanda, Uganda and South Africa. The visit to the three-nations is meant to further strengthen India&rsquo;s relations with the African continent.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights of PM&rsquo;s Visit to Rwanda<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/160Rwanda.png" width="282" height="200" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="3061927843" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<h3></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The visit to Rwanda will mark the first-ever visit to the African nation by an Indian Prime Minister.&nbsp;</li>
<li>India is set to establish an Indian high commision in Rwanda to enhance better communication between the respective governments and to enable facilities for consular, passport, visa and others.</li>
<li>India will gift 200 cows as a part of Rwandan President Kagame's flagship Girinka program, in which the poorest get cows from the government and gift the first female calf to a neighbour to promote brotherhood.</li>
<li>She has also extended $100 million for development of industrial parks and Kigali special economic zone (SEZ) in Rwanda and another $100 million for&nbsp;agriculture.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/610India &amp; Rwanda.png" width="317" height="410" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1674889042" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<h3>Why is Rwanda Important?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister's visit to Rwanda is historic as Rwanda is an important gateway to Eastern Africa. India had elevated its bilateral relations with Rwanda to the level of a strategic partnership.</li>
<li>Rwanda has left behind memories of a horrific genocide in 1994 which saw majority ethnic group of Hutus target the minority Tutsis, leaving hundreds of thousands dead. However, since 2000, Rwanda has attained a growth rate of 8% a year, making it one of the fastest-growing economies in the world (though still one of the poorest).</li>
<li>Rwanda is also increasingly playing an important role in African affairs. The Rwandan President is the current Chair of the African Union. In March, Kigali (Capital of Rwanda) hosted the Assembly of the African Union where the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (<g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="41" data-gr-id="41">AfCTA</g>) establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area was signed.</li>
<li>Rwanda is the third largest troop contributor for peacekeeping in Africa and plays an important role in the UN Mission in the Central African Republic.</li>
<li>Despite the ramping up of high-level visits, various studies and statistics show that Indian interest in the Africa growth story has not kept pace, and even declined through most of the period.</li>
<li>According to the &ldquo;World Investment Report for 2018&rdquo;, issued by UNCTAD, Indian FDI in Africa in 2016-17 was at $14 billion while China has increased its investment levels to a massive $40 billion in 2016-17. Hence, India has to encounter increasing challenges of Chinese competition as well as declining Indian trade and investment figures.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India-Rwanda Relations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1999, Rwanda officially opened its Mission in New Delhi. There are approximately 3000 Indian nationals and PIOs in Rwanda.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s engagement with Rwanda is at three levels viz. at the African Union (AU) level, at the level of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and at the bilateral level.</li>
<li>India&nbsp;has consistently been one of the top import sources for Rwanda.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-modi-in-Rwanda'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Karnataka Sees 300% Jump in FDI Inflows',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to RBI data presented in Parliament, Karnataka received $8.58 billion FDI in 2017-18, which is an increase of about 300% from the $2.13 billion in the previous fiscal year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tamil Nadu witnessed a 56% increase from the $2.22 billion in the previous period.</li>
<li>Notably, the investment had halved in 2016-17 owing to assembly elections and political uncertainty in the wake of then Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa&rsquo;s hospitalisation and untimely demise.</li>
<li>Other major states Maharashtra, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh saw a dip in FDI inflows.</li>
<li>The sector-wise investment data show that computer software and hardware gained from a 68% jump in FDI last year to $6.15 billion.</li>
<li>The services sector which comprises finance, banking, insurance and outsourcing among others, remained the top recipient of FDI despite seeing a 23% decline in inflows.</li>
<li>Defence industries have attracted a meagre &nbsp;$10,000 (about Rs seven lakh) FDI in 2017-18. In 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 defence industries received &nbsp;$0.82 million, &nbsp;$0.08 million, &nbsp;$0.10 million foreign inflows, respectively. In 2016-17, the defence industries failed to attract any foreign direct investments.</li>
<li>Sectors such as coal production, ports, dye stuffs and coir industries, have failed to attract any foreign direct investments during the last financial year.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>A.T. Kearney Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index- 2018</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India in 2018 has fallen out of the top 10 destinations for FDI in terms of its attractiveness, according to an AT Kearney report.</li>
<li>The report cites teething troubles in the implementation of the goods and services tax and the government&rsquo;s demonetisation decision in 2016 as the two reasons for this.</li>
<li>India ranks 11 in the 2018 AT Kearney FDI Confidence Index, down from 8 in 2017 and 9 in 2016.</li>
<li>However, the report highlighted reforms like removing the Foreign Investment<a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.thehindu.com/tag/62817-833-684/foreign-investment/?utm%3Dbodytag&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1532416487374000">&nbsp;</a>Promotion Board and liberalising FDI limits in key sectors as responsible for India&rsquo;s high rankings in terms of FDI attractiveness, amongst competing countries.</li>
<li>The report cautioned potential investors about political risks such as China abolishing presidential term limits and the upcoming general election in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/karnataka-sees-300-jump-in-fdi-inflows'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'General Studies-IV',
			'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
			'desc' => '<h3>Ethics, Integrity <g class="gr_ gr_25 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="25" data-gr-id="25">and</g> Aptitude</h3>
<p><em>This paper will include questions to test the candidates&rsquo; attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered:</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants <g class="gr_ gr_26 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="26" data-gr-id="26">and</g> Consequences of Ethics in - Human Actions; Dimensions of Ethics; Ethics - in Private and Public Relationships. Human Values - Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers <g class="gr_ gr_27 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="27" data-gr-id="27">and</g> Administrators; Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in Inculcating Values.</li>
<li>Attitude: Content, Structure, Function; its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour; Moral and Political Attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion.</li>
<li>Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service, Integrity, Impartiality <g class="gr_ gr_24 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="24" data-gr-id="24">and</g> Non-partisanship, Objectivity, Dedication to Public Service, Empathy, Tolerance and Compassion towards the weaker-sections.</li>
<li>Emotional Intelligence-Concepts, and their Utilities and Application in Administration and Governance.</li>
<li>Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and World.</li>
<li>Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems; Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions; Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical Guidance; Accountability and Ethical Governance; Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance; Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding; Corporate Governance.</li>
<li>Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service; Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity; Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen&rsquo;s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service Delivery, Utilization of Public Funds, Challenges of Corruption.</li>
<li>Case Studies on <g class="gr_ gr_22 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="22" data-gr-id="22">above</g> issues.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/upsc-ias-general-studies-iv-ethics-morality-paper-4'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'General Studies-III',
			'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
			'desc' => '<h3>(Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development <g class="gr_ gr_50 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="50" data-gr-id="50">and</g> Employment.</li>
<li>Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it.</li>
<li>Government Budgeting.</li>
<li>Major Crops - Cropping Patterns in various parts of the country, - Different Types of Irrigation and Irrigation Systems; Storage, Transport <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="51" data-gr-id="51">and</g> Marketing of Agricultural Produce and Issues and Related Constraints; E-technology in the aid of farmers.</li>
<li>Issues related to Direct and Indirect Farm Subsidies and Minimum Support Prices; Public Distribution System - Objectives, Functioning, Limitations, Revamping; Issues of Buffer Stocks and Food Security; Technology Missions; Economics of Animal-Rearing.</li>
<li>Food Processing and Related Industries in India- Scope&rsquo; and Significance, Location, Upstream <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="47" data-gr-id="47">and</g> Downstream Requirements, Supply Chain Management.</li>
<li>Land Reforms in India.</li>
<li>Effects of Liberalization on the Economy, Changes in Industrial Policy and their Effects on Industrial Growth.</li>
<li>Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.</li>
<li>Investment Models.</li>
<li>Science and Technology- Developments and their Applications and Effects in Everyday Life.</li>
<li>Achievements of Indians in Science &amp; Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology.</li>
<li>Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, <g class="gr_ gr_43 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="43" data-gr-id="43">Bio-technology</g> <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="44" data-gr-id="44">and</g> issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights.</li>
<li>Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.</li>
<li>Disaster and Disaster Management.</li>
<li>Linkages between Development and Spread of Extremism.</li>
<li>Role of External State and Non-state Actors in creating challenges to Internal Security.</li>
<li>Challenges to Internal Security through Communication Networks, Role of Media and Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges, Basics of Cyber Security; Money-Laundering and its prevention.</li>
<li>Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas - Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism.</li>
<li>Various Security Forces and Agencies and their Mandate.</li>
</ul>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Economy &amp; Issues Relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development &amp; Employment</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 617px;">
<td style="height: 617px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Planning</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Meaning of Planning</li>
<li>Need for Planning in Economic Development</li>
<li>Imperative Vs. Indicative Vs. Structural Planning</li>
<li>Objectives of Planning</li>
<li>Indian Planning History</li>
<li>Techniques of Indian Planning</li>
<li>Achievements &amp; Failures of Indian Planning</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Planning in India</li>
<li>NITI Aayog Vs. Planning Commission</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Mobilisation of Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Resources &ndash; Financial, Human, Natural etc.</li>
<li>Need for Resource Mobilisation</li>
<li>Role of Savings &amp; Investment</li>
<li>Government Resources &ndash; Tax &amp; Non-Tax ( or Fiscal &amp; Monetary Policy)</li>
<li>Banking Sector &amp; NBFCs</li>
<li>Capital Market</li>
<li>External Sources &ndash; FDI, ODA etc.</li>
<li>Public Borrowing &amp; Management of Public Debt</li>
<li>Challenges in Mobilising Resources for Development</li>
<li>Steps That Can Be Taken</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Growth &amp; Development</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Meaning of Development &amp; Growth</li>
<li>Difference between Development &amp; Growth</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 617px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Determinants of Growth &amp; Development</li>
<li>Importance &amp; Limitations of Economic Growth</li>
<li>Jobless Growth</li>
<li>Pro-Poor Growth</li>
<li>Balanced &amp; Unbalanced Growth</li>
<li>Dimensions of Development</li>
<li>Measurement &amp; Indicators of Development</li>
<li>Approaches to Development:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Market-Based Approach</li>
<li>Role of State and Planned Approach</li>
<li>Mixed Economy Approach</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Challenges to Development &amp; Growth</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Employment</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nature &ndash; Rural vs. Urban, Formal Vs. Informal</li>
<li>Terms Related to Employment &ndash; Labour Force Participation Rate, Employment Rate, Working Age Population etc.</li>
<li>Sectoral Distribution of Employment</li>
<li>Quality of Employment</li>
<li>Causes of Lack of Employment</li>
<li>Restructuring of Workforce</li>
<li>Government Initiatives for Generating Employment</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 99.9602%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Inclusive Growth &amp; Issues Arising From It</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="height: 10px; vertical-align: top; width: 49.9602%;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>What is Inclusive Growth?</li>
<li>Elements of Inclusive Growth</li>
<li>Need for Inclusive Growth</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indicators of Inclusive Growth</li>
<li>Challenges in Achieveing Inclusive Growth in India</li>
<li>12<sup>th</sup> FYP &amp; Inclusive Growth</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; width: 100%; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Government Budgeting</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Need for Government Budgeting </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Components of the Government Budget</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Revenue Account &ndash; Revenue Receipts &amp; Revenue Expenditure</li>
<li>Capital Account &ndash; Capital Receipts &amp; Capital Expenditure</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Changes in Budgetary Process in 2017</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Measures of Government Deficit</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Revenue Deficit</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fiscal Deficit</li>
<li>Primary Deficit</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Fiscal Policy</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Deficit Reduction</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>FRBM Act</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Other Types of Budgets &ndash; Outcome, Zero-Based, etc.</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Land Reforms in India</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 111px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rationale for Land Reforms</li>
<li>Components of Land Reforms</li>
<li>Impact of Land Reforms</li>
<li>Problems in Implementaion of Land Reforms</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Success of Land Reforms</li>
<li>Recent Initiatives - Land Leasing, Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation &amp; Resettlement Act, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Effects of Liberalization on the Economy</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 45px;">
<p>Phase of Liberalisation</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 45px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Impact on Different Sectors of the Economy</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Changes In Industrial Policy &amp; their Effects on Industrial Growth</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 91px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 91px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Industrial Policy Before 1991</li>
<li>Industrial Policy After 1991</li>
<li>Phases of Industrial Growth</li>
<li>Linkage Between Economic Reforms and Economic Outcomes</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 91px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Weaknesses and Failures of Industrial Policies</li>
<li>National Manufacturing Policy</li>
<li>SEZs</li>
<li>Make in India</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Infrastructure</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Energy</li>
<li>Ports</li>
<li>Roads</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Airports</li>
<li>Railways</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Investment Models</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 202px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 202px;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Need for Investment</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Sources of Investment</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Types of Investment Models</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Domestic Investment Models
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Public Investment Model</li>
<li>Private Investment Model</li>
<li>Public Private Participation Investment Model</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 202px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foreign Investment Models:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FDI</li>
<li>FII, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sector Specific Investment Models</li>
<li>Cluster Based Investment Models</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Investment Models Followed by India</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">AGRICULTURE<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Major Crops Cropping Patterns in Various Parts of the Country</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Importance of Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Types of Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Reasons Why Cropping Pattern Differ</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factors Influencing Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Emerging Trends in Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Long-Run Effects of Current Trends in Cropping Pattern</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Different Types of Irrigation &amp; Irrigation Systems Storage</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 84px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 84px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Modes of Irrigation</li>
<li>Sources of Irrigation</li>
<li>Choosing an Irrigation System</li>
<li>Problems Associated with Irrigation</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 84px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Progress of Irrigation Under Five Year Plans</li>
<li>Environmental Effects of Irrigation</li>
<li>Need for Systemic Irrigation Reforms</li>
<li>Need for a National Water Policy</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Transport &amp; Marketing of Agricultural Produce &amp; Issues &amp; Related Constraints</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 105px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 105px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Process of Agricultural Marketing - Marketing Channels, Functionaries, Costs, etc.</li>
<li>Role of FCI</li>
<li>Regulated Markets</li>
<li>Warehousing</li>
<li>Cooperative Marketing</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Current Agricultural Marketing Process</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 105px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>APMCs</li>
<li>National Agricultutral Market (NAM)</li>
<li>Farmer Producer Organisations (FPO)</li>
<li>Contract Farming</li>
<li>Futures Trading in Agricultural Commodities</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>E-Technology in the Aid of Farmers, Technology Missions</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues Related to Direct &amp; Indirect Farm Subsidies &amp; Minimum Support Prices</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 59px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 59px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agricultural Pricing Policy</li>
<li>Rationale for Subsidies</li>
<li>Types of Subsidies</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 59px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Effectiveness, Extent &amp; Problems of Subsisies</li>
<li>Clash with WTO Agreements</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Public Distribution System Objectives, Functioning, Limitations, Revamping</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Objectices/Significance</li>
<li>Functioning - Fair Price Shops, FCI, Ration Cards, Aadhar Linking, etc.</li>
<li>Shortcomings or Problems Associated with PDS</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need to Improve the Working of PDS</li>
<li>Measures to Improve the Loopholes &amp; Lacunaes Associated with PDS</li>
<li>Steps Taken by Governement in this Regard</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues of Buffer Stocks &amp; Food Security</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 40px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Buffer Stock &ndash; Objectives &amp; Norms in India</li>
<li>Impact of Government Procurement &amp; Distribution</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 40px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need for Food Security</li>
<li>NFSM And othe Food Security Realted Government Initiatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Economics of Animal-Rearing</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%;"></td>
<td style="width: 50%;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 18px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Food Processing &amp; Related Industries in India</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 76px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 76px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scope &amp; Potential in India</li>
<li>Significance</li>
<li>Location</li>
<li>Constraints and Challenges</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 76px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Upstream &amp; Downstream Requirements</li>
<li>Supply Chain Management</li>
<li>Government Policies and Initiatives &ndash; SAMPADA, 12th FYP, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">SCIENCE &amp; TECHNOLOGY<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Developments &amp; their Applications &amp; Effects in Everyday Life</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Chemicals in Food</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Artificial Sweetening Agents</li>
<li>Food Preservatives</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Drugs</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antacid</li>
<li>Antihistamines</li>
<li>Neurologically Active Drugs
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tranquilizers</li>
<li>Analgesics</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Antimicrobials
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Antibiotics</li>
<li>Antiseptic and Disinfectant</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Anti-Fertility Drugs, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Cleansing Agents</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Soaps</li>
<li>Synthetic detergents</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Glass</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Water Softener</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Water Purification/Disinfection</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Microwave Oven, etc.</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Achievements of Indians in Science &amp; Technology</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 124px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 124px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</li>
<li>Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose</li>
<li>Satyendra Nath Bose</li>
<li>Meghnad Saha</li>
<li>Homi Jehangir Bhabha</li>
<li>Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 124px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A.P.J. Abdul Kalam</li>
<li>Vikram Sarabhai</li>
<li>Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya</li>
<li>Har Gobind Khorana</li>
<li>Tessy Thomas</li>
<li>C.N.R. Rao</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indigenization of Technology &amp; Developing New Technology</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 10px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IT &amp; Computers</li>
<li>Space</li>
<li>Nanotechnology</li>
<li>Biotechnology</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 10px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Robotics</li>
<li>Defence</li>
<li>Nuclear</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Awareness in Different Fields</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 73px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 73px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IT &amp; Computers</li>
<li>Space</li>
<li>Nanotechnology</li>
<li>Biotechnology</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 73px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Robotics</li>
<li>Defence</li>
<li>Nuclear</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Issues Relating to Intellectual Property Rights</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18px;">
<td style="height: 18px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need for Intellectual Property Rights</li>
<li>Types of IPR</li>
<li>IPR Regime in India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 18px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International Agreements Related to IPRs</li>
<li>Geographical Indicators</li>
<li>Recent Issues - Evergreening, Compuslory Licensing, Prominent Cases etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">BIODIVERSITY &amp; ENVIRONMENT<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Conservation</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 159px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 159px;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>What is Biodiversity?</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Types of Biodiversity &ndash; Genetic, Species, Ecosystem, etc.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Importance of Biodivesirty &ndash; Ecosystem Services, Bio Resources of Economic Importance, Social Benefits etc.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Resasons for Loss of Biodiversity</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 159px;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Conservation</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In-situ &amp; Ex-Situ</li>
<li>Eco-Sensitive Areas</li>
<li>Ecological Hotspots</li>
<li>National Guidelines, Legislations &amp; Other Programmes.</li>
<li>International Agreements &amp; Groupings</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Environmental Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 155px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 155px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Types of Pollution &amp; Pollutants</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Impact of Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ozone Layer Depletion and Ozone Hole</li>
<li>Greenhouse Gas Effect &amp; Global Warming</li>
<li>Eutrophication</li>
<li>Desertification</li>
<li>Acid Rain</li>
<li>Hazardous Waste, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 155px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Causes/Sources of Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Prevention &amp; Control of Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>National Environment Agencies, Legislations and Policies </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>International Environment Agencies &amp; Agreements</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 57px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 57px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>What is EIA?</li>
<li>Indian Guidelines &amp; Legislations</li>
<li>EIA Process</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 57px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need &amp; Benefits of EIA</li>
<li>Shortcomings of EIA in India</li>
<li>Measures to Make EIA Effective</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Disaster Management</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Disasters</li>
<li>Management of Disasters</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Community Level Disaster Management</li>
<li>Governement Initiatives on Disaster Management</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">SECURITY<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Linkages Between Development &amp; Spread of Extremism</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factors Responsible for Spread of Extremism</li>
<li>Steps that State can Taken to Reduce the Spread of Extremism due to Underdevelopment</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul>
<li>Naxalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Role of External State &amp; Non-State Actors in Creating Challenges to Internal Security</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>Threats from Non-State Actors</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>J&amp;K Separatism</li>
<li>Left Wing Extremism</li>
<li>North East Insurgency</li>
<li>Terrorism in Hinterland &amp; Border Areas</li>
<li>Right Wing Terrorism</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>Reasons for Spread of Terrorism</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>State Sponsored Terrorism</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>Institutional Framework to Tackle Challenge of Internal Security</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NIA</li>
<li>NATGRID</li>
<li>MAC</li>
<li>UAPA</li>
<li>TADA</li>
<li>POTA</li>
<li>NCTC</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Challenges to Internal Security Through Communication Networks</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 35px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role of Media &amp; Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges</li>
<li>Challenges in Managing Social Media</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 35px;">
<ul>
<li>Steps That can be Taken</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Basics of Cyber Security</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51px;">
<td style="height: 51px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cyber Security</li>
<li>Threats to Indian Cyber Security</li>
<li>Steps taken by India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 51px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International Cooperation on Cyber Security</li>
<li>Cyber Warfare</li>
<li>Terms Associated with Cyber Security</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Money-Laundering &amp; its Prevention</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 72px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 72px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Process of Money Laundering</li>
<li>Impact of Money Laundering</li>
<li>Challenges to Tackle Money Laundering</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 72px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Steps to Counter Money Laundering</li>
<li>Terms Related To Money Laundering</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Security Challenges &amp; their Management in Border Areas</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 44px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 44px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Challenges in Managing Border Security &ndash; Coastal &amp; Terrestrial</li>
<li>Land Boundary Disputes with Neighbours</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 44px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India's Policy in Border Area Security Management</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 67px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Organised Crime</li>
<li>Challenges in Controlling Organised Crime</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 67px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Context &ndash; Link between Organised Crime &amp; Terrorism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Various Security Forces &amp; Agencies &amp; Their Mandate</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Armed Police Forces</li>
<li>Central Paramilitary Forces</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Security &amp; Intelligence Agencies &ndash; IB. R&amp;WA, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/general-studies-III'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'General Studies-II',
			'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
			'desc' => '<h3>(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Constitution&mdash;Historical Underpinnings, Evolution, Features, Amendments, Significant Provisions <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="81" data-gr-id="81">and</g> Basic Structure.</li>
<li>Functions and Responsibilities of the Union and the States, Issues and Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure, Devolution of&nbsp;Powers and Finances up to Local Levels and Challenges Therein.</li>
<li>Separation of Powers between various organs Dispute Redressal Mechanisms and Institutions.</li>
<li>Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme with that of Other Countries.</li>
<li>Parliament and State Legislatures&mdash;Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business, Powers &amp; Privileges and Issues Arising out of these.</li>
<li>Structure, Organization <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="83" data-gr-id="83">and</g> Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary&mdash;Ministries and Departments of the Government; Pressure Groups and Formal/Informal Associations and their Role in the Polity.</li>
<li>Salient Features of the Representation of People&rsquo;s Act.</li>
<li>Appointment to various Constitutional Posts, Powers, Functions <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="78" data-gr-id="78">and</g> Responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.</li>
<li>Statutory, Regulatory and various Quasi-judicial Bodies.</li>
<li>Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation. <br />Development Processes and the Development Industry &mdash; the Role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.</li>
<li>Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions <g class="gr_ gr_70 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="70" data-gr-id="70">and</g> Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.</li>
<li>Issues Relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.</li>
<li>Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.</li>
<li>Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency <g class="gr_ gr_72 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="72" data-gr-id="72">and</g> Accountability, E-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; Citizens Charters, Transparency &amp; Accountability and institutional and other measures.</li>
<li>Role of Civil Services in a Democracy.</li>
<li>India and its Neighborhood- Relations.</li>
<li>Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India&rsquo;s interests.</li>
<li>Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India&rsquo;s interests, Indian Diaspora.</li>
<li>Important International Institutions, agencies <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="68" data-gr-id="68">and</g> fora - their Structure, Mandate.</li>
</ul>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Polity<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<th style="width: 99.8889%; background-color: #008b8b; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" colspan="2">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Constitution</strong></span><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong></strong></span></p>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 393px;">
<td width="378" style="width: 53.1111%; height: 393px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Historical Underpinning &amp; Evolution</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Regulating Act (1773) to Independence Act (1947)</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_73 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="73" data-gr-id="73">Constituent</g> Assembly</li>
<li>Objective Resolution</li>
<li>Enactment &amp; Enforcement of Constitution</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Features</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Written</li>
<li>Flexible &amp; Rigid</li>
<li>Federal &amp; Unitary</li>
<li>Parliamentary Form of Government (Presidential vs. Parliamentary Type of Government)</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Amendments</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>List of Significant <g class="gr_ gr_74 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="74" data-gr-id="74">Amendments</g> &amp; Their Provisions</li>
<li>Procedure for Amending Constitution</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 46.7778%; height: 393px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Significant Provisions</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fundamental Rights</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="79" data-gr-id="79">Directive</g> Principles of State Policy</li>
<li>Judicial Review</li>
<li>Universal Adult Franchise</li>
<li>Single Citizenship</li>
<li>Separation of Powers</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Basic Structure</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Doctrine</li>
<li>Judgments &amp; Cases</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Functions &amp; Responsibilities of the Union and the States</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 67px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>7<sup>th</sup> Schedule</li>
<li>Legislative Functions</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 67px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Financial Functions</li>
<li>Administrative &amp; Quasi-Judicial Functions</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 16px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues &amp; Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Federal Structure in India - Is India truly Federal?</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Cooperative &amp; Competitive Federalism</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Centre-State Relations</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Legislative Relations</li>
<li>Administrative Relations</li>
<li>Financial Relations</li>
<li>Trends in Centre-State Relations</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Inter-State Relations</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inter-state Water Disputes</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inter-State Councils</li>
<li>Public Acts, Records and Judicial Proceedings</li>
<li>Inter-State Trade and Commerce</li>
<li>Zonal Councils</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Emergency Provisions</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Role of Governor</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Reports of Various Commissions</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>2nd ARC, Punchhi, Sarkaria, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 50%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Devolution of Powers &amp; Finances to Local Levels &amp; Challenges Therein</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role of State Government</li>
<li>Role of State Finance Commission</li>
<li>11<sup>th</sup> &amp; 12<sup>th</sup> Schedule</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Reasons for Ineffective Performance</li>
<li>Panchayat Devolution Index ( NITI Aayog)</li>
<li>Steps That Can Be Taken to Improve Their Performance</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Separation of Powers Between Various Organs</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 72px;">
<td style="height: 72px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Doctrine of Separation of Power</li>
<li>Separation of Power in Indian Constitution</li>
<li>Doctrine of Checks &amp; Balances</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 72px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Provisions for Checks &amp; Balances in Indian Constitution</li>
<li>Related Judgments - Golaknath case, Kesavananda Bharati, Indira Gandhi Vs Raj Narain, Ram Jawaya vs Punjab</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Dispute Redressal Mechanisms and Institutions</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 34px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 34px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RTI</li>
<li>PIL</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 34px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tribunals, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme With That of Other Countries Parliament &amp; State Legislatures </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 145px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 145px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business, Powers &amp; Privileges</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Written Constitution</li>
<li>Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility</li>
<li>Federal System with Unitary Bias</li>
<li>Parliamentary Form of Government</li>
<li>Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy</li>
<li>Integrated and Independent Judiciary</li>
<li>Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Duties</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 145px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Secular State</li>
<li>Universal Adult Franchise</li>
<li>Single Citizenship</li>
<li>Emergency Provisions</li>
<li>Three-tier Government</li>
<li>Due Process of Law vs. Procedure Established by Law</li>
<li>Impeachment of President, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Structure, Organization &amp; Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Executive</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Union:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>President</li>
<li>Prime Minister</li>
<li>Council of Ministers</li>
<li>Cabinet Secretariat</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Governor</li>
<li>Chief Minister</li>
<li>Council of Ministers</li>
<li>Secretariat</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Judiciary</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Three-Tier Structure</li>
<li>Chief Justice of India</li>
<li>SC &amp; HC Judges</li>
<li>Jurisdiction</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Ministries and Departments of the Government</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cabinet Ministries</li>
<li>Other Ministries</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliamentary Secretaries</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Pressure Groups &amp; Formal/informal Associations &amp; Their Role in Polity</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Characteristics of Pressure Groups</li>
<li>Pressure Groups &amp; Political Parties</li>
<li>Pressure Groups &amp; Interest Groups</li>
<li>Types of Pressure Groups</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Functions, Role &amp; Importance of Pressure Groups</li>
<li>Techniques/Methods of Pressure Groups</li>
<li>Pressure Groups in India</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Pressure Groups</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Salient Features of Representation of People's Act</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Appointment to Various Constitutional Posts</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Appointment, Powers, Functions &amp; Responsibilities of:</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Election Commission</li>
<li>Union Public Service Commission</li>
<li>State Public Service Commission</li>
<li>Finance Commission</li>
<li>National Commission for SCs</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Commission for STs</li>
<li>Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities</li>
<li>Comptroller and Auditor General of India</li>
<li>Attorney General of India</li>
<li>Advocate General of the State</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Statutory, Regulatory &amp; Quasi-Judicial Bodies</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 220px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 220px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NITI Aayog</li>
<li>RBI</li>
<li>National Human Rights Commission</li>
<li>State Human Rights Commission</li>
<li>Central Information Commission</li>
<li>Central Vigilance Commission</li>
<li>Central Bureau of Investigation</li>
<li>Lokpal and Lokayuktas</li>
<li>National Commission for Women</li>
<li>National Commission for Backward Classes</li>
<li>National Commission for Minorities</li>
<li>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority</li>
<li>Securities and Exchange Board of India</li>
<li>Competition Commission of India</li>
<li>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</li>
<li>Central Electricity Regulatory Commission</li>
<li>Atomic Energy Regulatory Board</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 220px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Pollution Control Board</li>
<li>Medical Council of India</li>
<li>Inland Waterways Authority of India</li>
<li>Central Ground Water Authority</li>
<li>Directorate General of Civil Aviation</li>
<li>Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority</li>
<li>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India</li>
<li>Bar Council of India</li>
<li>University Grants Commission</li>
<li>Financial Stability and Development Council</li>
<li>All India Council for Technical Education</li>
<li>National Green Tribunal</li>
<li>Competition Appellate Tribunal</li>
<li>Income-Tax Appellate Tribunal</li>
<li>Cyber Appellate Tribunal</li>
<li>Intellectual Property Appellate Board</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Governance<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Government Policies &amp; Interventions for Development</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 230px;">
<td style="height: 230px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Government Policies &amp; Interventions in Various Sectors</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Health, Gender, Education, Poverty, Economic etc</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Issues Arising Out of Their Design &amp; Implementation</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concerns/Issues</li>
<li>Suggestions for Improvement</li>
<li>Critical Assessment of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)</li>
<li>Rationalisation of CSS</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 230px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Analysis of Main Schemes:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Beti Bachao Beti Padhao</li>
<li>Smart City</li>
<li>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</li>
<li>MGNERGA</li>
<li>Digital India</li>
<li>Make in India</li>
<li>Skill India</li>
<li>PM Jan Dhan Yojana</li>
<li>Start-up India etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Development Processes &amp; the Development Industry</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 360px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 360px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role of Social Capital Organisations</li>
<li>Indian Context</li>
<li>Classification</li>
<li>Provisions for the Third Sector in the Indian Constitution</li>
<li>National Policy on the Voluntary Sector 2007</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Non-Governmental Organisations</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role and Impact of Non-governmental Organizations</li>
<li>Issue Areas: Accreditation, Legitimacy &amp; Accountability, Foreign Funding etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Self Help Groups (SHGs)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need for SHGs</li>
<li>Benefits of SHGs</li>
<li>Weaknesses of SHGs</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 360px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Challenges</li>
<li>Measures to Make SHGs Effective</li>
<li>Case Studies: Kudumbashree (Kerala), Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (Maharashtra)</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Societies, Trusts and Cooperatives</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Societies</li>
<li>Trust</li>
<li>Religious Endowments</li>
<li>Cooperatives &ndash;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Need for Cooperatives</li>
<li>Constitutional Provisions</li>
<li>National Policy on Co-operatives, 2002</li>
<li>Issues and Challenges in the Cooperatives Sector</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 20px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency &amp; Accountability</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 401px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 401px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Governance</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dimensions of Governance</li>
<li>Good Governance (GG)</li>
<li>Aspects of GG</li>
<li>Barriers to GG</li>
<li>Necessary Pre-conditions for GG</li>
<li>How to Ensure GG</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>E-Governance</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Applications</li>
<li>Models</li>
<li>Successes</li>
<li>Limitations</li>
<li>Potential</li>
<li>Recent e-governance Initiatives by Government</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Citizens Charters (CC)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Components of CC</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 401px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Features of CC</li>
<li>Six Principles of CC</li>
<li>Shortcomings of CC</li>
<li>Measures to Make CC Effective</li>
<li>Sevottam Model</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Aspects of Transparency</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Elements &amp; Types of Accountability</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Means to ensure Transparency &amp; Accountability</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RTI</li>
<li>Social Audit</li>
<li>Whistleblower Protection Bill</li>
<li>Lokpal &amp; Lokayuktas Act</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Role of Civil Services in a Democracy</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 348px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 348px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Relationship Between Civil Service And Democracy </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Role Played By Civil Services</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Advisory Role in Policy Making</li>
<li>Institutionalise Socio-economic change</li>
<li>Discharge Delegated Functions</li>
<li>Administer Law of the Land</li>
<li>Watchdogs</li>
<li>Continuity in times of Political Instability</li>
<li>Record-Keeping</li>
<li>Channel of Communication</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Ailments/Issues Afflicting Indian Civil Services</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of Professionalism &amp; Poor Capacity Building</li>
<li>Inefficient Incentive Systems</li>
<li>Outdated Rules &amp; Procedures</li>
<li>Systemic Inconsistencies in Promotion</li>
<li>Lack of Adequate Transparency &amp; Accountability Procedures</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 348px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Arbitrary &amp; Whimsical Transfers</li>
<li>Political Interference &amp; Administrative Acquiescence</li>
<li>Gradual Erosion in Values &amp; Ethics</li>
<li>Redtapism</li>
<li>Elitist in Nature</li>
<li>Poor Pay</li>
<li>Tendency to Capture Power</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Reforming Bureaucracy to Strengthen Democracy</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Setting Right the Asymmetry of Power</li>
<li>Insulating Civil Servants from Undue Political Interference</li>
<li>Professionalisation with Stability of Tenure &amp; Competition</li>
<li>Citizen-Centric Administration</li>
<li>Accountability</li>
<li>Outcome Orientation</li>
<li>Promoting Public Service Values &amp; Ethics</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">SOCIAL JUSTICE<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 693px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 693px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Schemes for the Following Vulnerable Sections</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SCs &amp; STs</li>
<li>Minorities</li>
<li>Children</li>
<li>Elderly</li>
<li>Disabled</li>
<li>Women</li>
<li>Transgender</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Performance of These Schemes</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions &amp; Bodies Constituted for Protection &amp; Betterment of These Vulnerable Sections</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SCs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Protection of Civil Rights Act</li>
<li>The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act</li>
<li>National Commission for Scheduled Castes</li>
<li>Scheduled Castes Sub Plan</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disabled:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Rehabilitation Council of India Act</li>
<li>The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act</li>
<li>Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act</li>
<li>The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with<br />Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act</li>
<li>Rights of the Persons with Disabilities Act</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 693px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>STs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes</li>
<li>Tribal Sub Plan</li>
<li>TRIFED</li>
<li>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Minorities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Commission for Minorities</li>
<li>National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Women &amp; Children</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act</li>
<li>The Indecent Representation of Women (Prevention) Act</li>
<li>The Dowry Prohibition Act</li>
<li>The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act</li>
<li>The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act</li>
<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act</li>
<li>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act</li>
<li>Central Adoption Resource Agency (CARA)</li>
<li>The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act</li>
<li>Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal)</li>
<li>Pre-Conception and Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PC&amp;PNDT) Act</li>
<li>Gender Budgeting</li>
<li>National Policy for Women</li>
<li>Domestic Violence Act</li>
<li>Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Elderly</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues Relating to Development &amp; Management of Social Sector/Services</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 403px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 403px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Health</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s Performance on Various Health Indicators</li>
<li>Weaknesses of Indian Healthcare System</li>
<li>Health Infrastructure in India</li>
<li>Universal Health Coverage</li>
<li>12th FYP Strategy</li>
<li>Universal Health Coverage</li>
<li>Health Insurance</li>
<li>National Family Health Survey</li>
<li>National Health Policy</li>
<li>National Health Mission</li>
<li>Maternal &amp; Adolescent Health</li>
<li>Child Health</li>
<li>Antimicrobial Resistance</li>
<li>Disease Burden in India</li>
<li>Measures to Ensure Good Health Outcomes</li>
<li>Government Initiatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 403px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Education</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p><strong></strong>Status of Literacy in India</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Education Structure in India</p>
</li>
<li>Challenges Faced by Education Sector in India</li>
<li>Reforms Required</li>
<li>Government Initiatives</li>
<li>ASER Report</li>
<li>Financing Education</li>
<li>Subramanian Panel Report</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Human Resource</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need For Skill Development</li>
<li>Skill Development Initiatives</li>
<li>Challenges in Skilling Landscape in India</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Current Skill Development Initiatives</li>
<li>Reforms Required</li>
<li>Steps that can Be Taken</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues Relating to Poverty &amp; Hunger</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 98px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 98px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Relation between Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Distribution of Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Magnitude &amp; Trends of Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Causes of Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Cost/Impact of Poverty &amp; Malnutrition</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 98px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MDGs &amp; SDGs</li>
<li>Food and nutrition insecurity - a consequence of structural inequities</li>
<li>Constraints in Reducing Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Measure to Reduce Poverty &amp; Hunger &ndash; National Food Security Act, Mid-day Meal Scheme, MGNREGA etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>India and its Neighborhood &ndash; Relations</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 137px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 137px;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>India&rsquo;s Relations With</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China</li>
<li>Pakistan</li>
<li>Myanmar</li>
<li>Bhutan</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 137px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bangladesh</li>
<li>Sri Lanka</li>
<li>Afghanistan</li>
<li>Nepal</li>
<li>Maldives</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Bilateral, Regional &amp; Global Groupings &amp; Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 450px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 450px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>India&rsquo;s Major Foreign Policy Doctrines Since 1947</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Non-aligned Movement (NAM)</li>
<li>Nuclear Doctrine</li>
<li>Gujral Doctrine</li>
<li>Look East to Act East</li>
<li>Think West, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Bilateral Relations With</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Major Powers Like &ndash; USA, Russia, Japan</li>
<li>Central Asian Countries</li>
<li>West Asian Countries</li>
<li>African Countries</li>
<li>Australia &amp; New Zealand</li>
<li>EU &amp; European Countries</li>
<li>Latin American Countries</li>
<li>Pacific Countries</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Regional &amp; Global Groupings</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SAARC</li>
<li>BRICS</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 450px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BBIN &amp; BCIM</li>
<li>BIMSTEC</li>
<li>IBSA</li>
<li>ASEAN &amp; RCEP</li>
<li>India-Africa Forum</li>
<li>SCO</li>
<li>Ashgabat Agreement</li>
<li>FIPIC</li>
<li>IOR-ARC</li>
<li>Mekong Ganga Cooperation (MGC)</li>
<li>Raisina Dialogue</li>
<li>Heart of Asia Conference</li>
<li>East Asia Summit</li>
<li>G-20</li>
<li>Asian Development Bank</li>
<li>National Security Summit</li>
<li>Multilateral Nuclear Export Regulatory Regimes: Wassenar, MTCR, Australia Group</li>
<li>Asian Development Bank</li>
<li>APEC, etc</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="width: 50%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Effect of Policies &amp; Politics of Developed &amp; Developing Countries on India's Interests</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 88px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 88px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One Belt One Road</li>
<li>International North&ndash;South Transport Corridor</li>
<li>Global Trade War</li>
<li>Global Currency War</li>
<li>Syrian Crisis</li>
<li>UN Reforms</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 88px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WTO Reforms</li>
<li>South China Sea Conflict</li>
<li>Brexit</li>
<li>Deglobalisation &amp; Protectionism &ndash; US Sanctions on Iran, US Pullout from Paris Agreement, H-1B Visa Issue etc.</li>
<li>OPEC Oil Prices Manipulation, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Diaspora</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 95px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 95px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Spread of Indian Diaspora</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s Diaspora Policy &amp; Engagement Initiatives
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OCI</li>
<li>Pravasi Bharatiya Divas</li>
<li>Know India Programme, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 95px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LM Singhvi High Level Committee on the Diaspora</li>
<li>Role played by Indian Diaspora</li>
<li>Issues Concerning the Diaspora:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dual Nationality</li>
<li>Remittances, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important International Institutions</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UN &amp; its Agencies</li>
<li>WTO</li>
<li>World Bank</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMF</li>
<li>World Economic Forum</li>
<li>Commonwealth of Nations, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/general-studies-ii'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'General Studies-I',
			'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
			'desc' => '<h3>(Indian Heritage and Culture, History <g class="gr_ gr_113 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="113" data-gr-id="113">and</g> Geography of the World and Society)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Culture - Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.</li>
<li>Modern Indian History from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.</li>
<li>The Freedom Struggle &mdash; its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.</li>
<li>Post-independence Consolidation and Reorganization within the country.</li>
<li>History of the World will include events from 18th century such as Industrial Revolution, world wars, <g class="gr_ gr_105 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="105" data-gr-id="105">Redrawal</g> of National Boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.&mdash; their forms and effect on the society.</li>
<li>Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.</li>
<li>Role of Women and Women&rsquo;s Organization, Population and Associated Issues, Poverty and Developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.</li>
<li>Effects of Globalization on Indian society.</li>
<li>Social Empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism &amp; Secularism.</li>
<li>Salient features of World&rsquo;s Physical Geography.</li>
<li>Distribution of Key Natural Resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).</li>
<li>Important Geophysical Phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.</li>
</ul>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">History<br /><br /></h1>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 100%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Heritage &amp; Culture</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong><span style="color: #008b8b;">Indian Art Forms</span><br /></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Paintings</li>
<li>Classical Dance Forms</li>
<li>Folk Dance Forms</li>
<li>Classical Music</li>
<li>Puppetry</li>
<li>Pottery</li>
<li>Drama/Theatre</li>
<li>Martial Arts</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Literature</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ancient Indian Literature</li>
<li>Classical Sanskrit Literature</li>
<li>Literature in Pali and Prakrit</li>
<li>Early Dravidian Literature</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Medieval Literature</li>
<li>Women Poets of Bhakti</li>
<li>Trends in Medieval Literature</li>
<li>Modern Indian Literature</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Architecture</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Harappan Architecture</li>
<li>Temple Architecture</li>
<li>Cave Architecture</li>
<li>Indo-Islamic Architecture</li>
<li>Medieval Architecture</li>
<li>Modern Architecture</li>
<li>Contribution of Buddhism &amp; Jainism to the Development of Indian Architecture</li>
<li>Rock Cut Architecture</li>
<li>Colonial Architecture &amp; the Modern Period</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 99.8889%; height: 19px;" colspan="2">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Modern Indian History</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25px;">
<td style="width: 50.1111%; height: 25px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong><span style="color: #008b8b;">Middle of the Eighteenth Century Until The Present</span><br /></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Socio-economic Condition of People</li>
<li>European Penetration of India</li>
<li>British Conquest of India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 49.7778%; height: 25px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>British Policies &amp; Their Impact &ndash; Economic, Administrative &amp; Socio-cultural</li>
<li>Socio-cultural Reform Movements</li>
<li>Uprisings Against British Pre-1857</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 96.3405%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">The Freedom Struggle</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 540px;">
<td style="width: 48.6823%; height: 540px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Revolt of 1857</strong></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008b8b;">Growth of Nationalism in India (1858-1905)</span><br /></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Political, Economic &amp; Administrative Unification of the Country</li>
<li>Role of Western Education</li>
<li>Role of Press</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_124 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="124" data-gr-id="124">Rediscovery</g> of India&rsquo;s Past</li>
<li>Early Political Movements</li>
<li>Formation of INC</li>
<li>Era of Moderates</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong><g class="gr_ gr_125 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="125" data-gr-id="125">Growth</g> of Militant Nationalism &amp; Revolutionary Activities (1905-1918)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swadeshi &amp; Boycott Movement</li>
<li>Surat Split</li>
<li>International Influence</li>
<li>Morley &ndash; Minto Reforms</li>
<li>Growth of Communalism</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong><g class="gr_ gr_126 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="126" data-gr-id="126">Beginning</g> of Mass Nationalism (1919-1939)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahatma Gandhi &ndash; His Ideas &amp; Leadership</li>
<li>Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms</li>
<li>Rowlatt Act, <g class="gr_ gr_114 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="114" data-gr-id="114">Satyagrah</g> <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="128" data-gr-id="128">and</g> Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</li>
<li>Non-cooperation &amp; Khilafat Movement</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 47.6582%; height: 540px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swarajists &amp; No-Changers</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="127" data-gr-id="127">Emergence</g> of New Forces &ndash; Socialistic Ideas, Youth &amp; Trade Unionism</li>
<li>Revolutionary Activity</li>
<li>Simon Commission &amp; Nehru Report</li>
<li>Civil Disobedience Movement</li>
<li>Round Table Conferences</li>
<li>Communal Award &amp; Poona Pact</li>
<li>Participation in Elections to Central Legislature (1934) &amp; Provincial Assemblies (1937)</li>
<li>Government of India Act, 1935</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Towards Freedom &amp; Partition (1939-1947)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Movement During World War II</li>
<li>August Offer</li>
<li>Individual Satyagraha</li>
<li>Growth of Communalism</li>
<li>Peasant Movements</li>
<li>State People&rsquo;s Struggle</li>
<li>Cripps Mission</li>
<li>Quit India Movement</li>
<li>Wavell Plan</li>
<li>INA &amp; Subhash Chandra Bose</li>
<li>Cabinet Mission</li>
<li>Nationalist Upsurge Post-World War II</li>
<li>Independence with Partition</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="width: 96.5366%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" width="255"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Post-independence Consolidation</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 445px;">
<td style="width: 48.9556%; vertical-align: top; height: 445px;" width="296">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Nation Building</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Partition and Its Aftermath</li>
<li>Integration of Princely States</li>
<li>Reorganisation of States</li>
<li>Issue of Official Language</li>
<li>Tribal Consolidation</li>
<li>Regional Aspirations</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Foreign Policy</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Non-Aligned Movement</li>
<li>Panchsheel</li>
<li>Wars with Pakistan &amp; China</li>
<li>Nuclear Policy</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Economy</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Planned Development</li>
<li>Green Revolution, Operation Flood &amp; Cooperatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 47.581%; vertical-align: top; height: 445px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agrarian &amp; Land Reforms</li>
<li>Industrial Reforms</li>
<li>LPG Reforms</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Polity</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Era of One-Party Dominance</li>
<li>Emergence of Opposition Parties</li>
<li>Emergency: Crisis of Democratic Order</li>
<li>Rise of Regional Parties</li>
<li>Coalition Era</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Social</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Popular Movements</li>
<li>Communalism</li>
<li>Indian Women Since Independence</li>
<li>Naxalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.5086%;" width="255"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>History of the World</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 618px;">
<td style="width: 49.1329%; vertical-align: top; height: 618px;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Industrial Revolution</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Renaissance</li>
<li>Discovery of Sea Routes</li>
<li>Reformation</li>
<li>Counter Reformation</li>
<li>European Nations Settle North America</li>
<li>Rise of Slave Trade</li>
<li>American War of Independence</li>
<li>French Revolution</li>
<li>Nationalism in Europe</li>
<li>Rise of Capitalism, Colonialism &amp; Imperialism</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>World War I</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Causes of the War</li>
<li>Scope &amp; Course of the War</li>
<li>Russian Revolution</li>
<li>End of the War &amp; Peace Treaties</li>
<li>Consequences of the War</li>
<li>League of Nations</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>World Between the Two Wars</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Europe After the War &ndash; Fascism &amp; Nazism</li>
<li>The Great Depression</li>
<li>Emergence of Soviet Union</li>
<li>Nationalist Movements in Asia &amp; Africa</li>
<li>US as a Strong Power</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 47.3757%; vertical-align: top; height: 618px;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>World War II</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fascist Aggression &amp; Response of Western Democracies</li>
<li>Outbreak of the War</li>
<li>Theatres of the War</li>
<li>US Entry into the War</li>
<li>Global Nature of the War</li>
<li>The Holocaust</li>
<li>Resistance Movements</li>
<li>After-effects of the War</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Decolonialisation &amp; Redrawal of National Boundaries</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Europe after World War II</li>
<li>Cold War</li>
<li>Rise of Asia &amp; Africa</li>
<li>Developments in West Asia &amp; North Africa</li>
<li>Spread of Communism</li>
<li>Korean War</li>
<li>Vietnam War</li>
<li>Cuban Crisis</li>
<li>Collapse of Soviet Union</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Concept, Types &amp; Social Impact of Political Philosophies</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Communism</li>
<li>Capitalism</li>
<li>Socialism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Indian Society<br /><br /></h1>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="width: 96.5792%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Salient Features of Indian Society</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 88px;">
<td style="width: 43.5561%; vertical-align: top; height: 88px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Diversity (Types &ndash; caste, linguistic, social and religious, race, tribe and ethnicity, culture)</li>
<li>Challenges posed by Diversity</li>
<li>Unity</li>
<li>Pluralism</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.0231%; vertical-align: top; height: 88px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Unity in Diversity</li>
<li>Inequality and Exclusion</li>
<li>Family System</li>
<li>Examples of above.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="width: 96.6591%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Role of Women and Women's Organization</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 109px;">
<td style="width: 43.4765%; height: 109px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Women's Organisations &ndash; Empowerment through Action</li>
<li>19<sup>th</sup> Century Social Reform Movements and Early Women's Organisations &ndash; (1) Agrarian Struggles and Revolt, (2) Participation in Freedom Struggle</li>
<li>Women's Organisations Post &ndash; 1947</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.1826%; height: 109px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Resurgence of Women's Movement in the 70s: (1) Emergence of New Organisations, (2) Approaches and Issues</li>
<li>Contemporary Women's Issues &amp; Organisation Response</li>
<li>Women's Organisations and SHGs</li>
<li>Challenges faced by Women's Organisations</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="width: 96.6541%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Population and Associated Issues</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 73px;">
<td style="width: 43.6356%; height: 73px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Basic Demography of India</li>
<li>Population Trends in India and their Implications</li>
<li>Causes and Effects of Over Population</li>
<li>Challenges of Population Explosion</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.0185%; height: 73px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Changing Age Structure of Indian Population</li>
<li>Demogarphic Dividend: Boon or Bane for India</li>
<li>Population Aging in India</li>
<li>India's Population Policy &amp; Initiatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.5792%;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Poverty and Developmental Issues</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 243px;">
<td style="width: 43.6356%; vertical-align: top; height: 243px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concept of Development and Poverty</li>
<li>Types of Poverty</li>
<li>Measurement of Poverty &ndash; Poverty Line</li>
<li>Causes of Poverty</li>
<li>Poverty as a Social Problem</li>
<li>Socio-economic Spread of Poverty</li>
<li>Consequences of Poverty &ndash;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inequality</li>
<li>Continuation of Vicious Cycle</li>
<li>Who are worst affected by poverty?</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 52.9436%; vertical-align: top; height: 243px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Problem of Rising Urban Poverty</li>
<li>Poverty Alleviation Initiatives</li>
<li>Policy shift from &ldquo;Trickle Down&rdquo; Economics to Inclusive or Pro-poor Development to Reduce Poverty</li>
<li>Relation between Poverty Reduction and Development: Poverty-Inequality-Development Nexus</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 96.6587%;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Urbanization</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 43.7152%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Urbanisation Trends in India and Their Implications - Demographic and Social Dimensions</li>
<li>Factors Driving Urbanisation</li>
<li>State of Service Delivery and Challeges posed by Urbanisation</li>
<li>Problems of Urban Areas</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 52.9435%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Social Consequences of Urbanisation</li>
<li>Impact of Urbanisation in Rural Areas</li>
<li>Urban Planning and Role of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)</li>
<li>Reforms Required and Government Initiatives Taken So Far</li>
<li>Problems of Slums</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b; height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 96.7383%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Effects of Globalization on Indian Society</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 111px;">
<td style="width: 43.75%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Understanding Globalisation &ndash; Its Different Dimensions</li>
<li>Globalisation &amp; Culture - Homogenisation vs. Glocalisation</li>
<li>Factors Driving Globalisation</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 52.9883%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Globalisation &amp; India</li>
<li>Impact of Globalisation on India - Socio-cultural, economic, on women, agrarian sector etc.</li>
<li>Does Globalisation cause Poverty?</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; width: 96.7383%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Social Empowerment</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 43.4765%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Which are the Socially Disadvantaged Groups?</li>
<li>Dimensions of Social Empowerment</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.2618%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government Initiatives to Aide Social Empowerment</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.7383%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Communalism</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 79px;">
<td style="width: 43.4765%; height: 79px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Communalism &ndash; Its Characteristics</li>
<li>Communalism in India in the Past</li>
<li>Communalism in Contemporqary India</li>
<li>Causes of Communalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.2618%; height: 79px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Consequences of Communalism</li>
<li>Measures to Control &amp; Eradicate Communalism</li>
<li>Secularism as an Antidote to Communalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.7335%;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Regionalism</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 89px;">
<td style="width: 43.2455%; height: 89px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concept of Region &amp; Regionalism</li>
<li>Different Forms of Regionalism</li>
<li>Regionalism in India</li>
<li>Causes of Regionalism</li>
<li>Concept of 'Sons of Soil'</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.488%; height: 89px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Consequences of Regionalism</li>
<li>Federalism &amp; Regionalism</li>
<li>Role of Regional Parties</li>
<li>Measures to Contain Regionalism</li>
<li>Regionalism in the International Sphere</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.7383%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Secularism</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 43.0099%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concept of Secularism</li>
<li>Indian Model of Secularism</li>
<li>Secularism in India</li>
<li>Nature &amp; Practice of Secularism in India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.7284%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Uniform Civil Code</li>
<li>Challenges faced by Secularism in India</li>
<li>Measures to Make India Truly Secular</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Geography<br /><br /></h1>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 99.8806%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Salient Features of World's Physical Geography</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 494px;">
<td style="height: 216px; vertical-align: top; width: 44.7096%;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Geomorphology</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Origin &amp; Evolution of Earth</li>
<li>Interior of the Earth</li>
<li>Distribution of Continents &amp; Oceans</li>
<li>Plate Tectonic Theory</li>
<li>Distribution of Earthquakes &amp; Volcanoes</li>
<li>Rocks &amp; Rock Cycle</li>
<li>Geomorphic Processes &ndash; Endogenic &amp; Exogenic</li>
<li>Landforms &amp; their Evolution</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Oceanography</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hydrological Cycle</li>
<li>Seafloor Spreading</li>
<li>Ocean Floor Configuration</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.171%; height: 216px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Temperature &amp; Salinity of Oceans</li>
<li>Movement of Oceans &ndash; Waves, Tides, Currents</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Climatology</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earth&rsquo;s Atmosphere &ndash; Composition &amp; Structure</li>
<li>Solar Radiation, Heat Budget &amp; Temperature</li>
<li>Atmospheric Circulation &amp; Weather Systems</li>
<li>World Climate (examples)</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Soil Geography</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Soil &amp; Soil Contents</li>
<li>Process of Soil Formation</li>
<li>Soil Forming Factors</li>
<li>Types of Soils (examples)</li>
<li>Soil Erosion &amp; Conservation</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Distribution of Key Natural Resources Across the World </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 411px;">
<td style="width: 44.829%; vertical-align: top; height: 411px;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Types of Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the Basis of Origin, Ownership, Exhaustability etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Land Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Land Utilisation</li>
<li>Land Use Pattern</li>
<li>Land Degradation &amp; Conservation</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Forest Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types &amp; Distribution &ndash; Grasslands, Forests etc.</li>
<li>Causes of Depletion</li>
<li>Conservation of Forests</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Water Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Marine &amp; Freshwater</li>
<li>Water Scarcity &amp; Need For Conservation</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.171%; vertical-align: top; height: 411px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Integrated Water Resources Management</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Agricultural Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Farming</li>
<li>Cropping Patterns</li>
<li>Contribution to Economy, Employment &amp; Output</li>
<li>Food Security</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Mineral &amp; Energy Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Classification of Minerals &ndash; Ferrous &amp; Non-Ferrous</li>
<li>Occurrence of Minerals</li>
<li>Conservation of Minerals</li>
<li>Classification of Energy Resources &ndash; Conventional &amp; Non-Conventional</li>
<li>Occurrence of Energy Resources</li>
<li>Conservation of Energy Resources</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 99.9602%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Factors Responsible for the Location of Industries</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 188px;">
<td style="height: 188px; vertical-align: top; width: 44.8687%;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Classification of Industries</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Location &amp; Distribution of the Industries on the Basis of</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Raw Material</li>
<li>Labour</li>
<li>Market</li>
<li>Capital</li>
<li>Land</li>
<li>Grants &amp; Financial Incentives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.0915%; height: 188px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Power</li>
<li>Transport</li>
<li>Water</li>
<li>Communication</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Distribution of Major Industries &ndash; Iron &amp; Steel, IT, Cotton Textile</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Agglomeration &amp; Footloose Industries</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important Geophysical Phenomena</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 318px;">
<td style="width: 44.9881%; vertical-align: top; height: 318px;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Earthquakes</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Why Does Earth Shake?</li>
<li>Earthquake Waves</li>
<li>Shadow Zone</li>
<li>Types of Earthquake</li>
<li>Measuring Earthquake</li>
<li>Effects of Earthquake</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Tsunami</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>What Causes Tsunami</li>
<li>Effect of Tsunami</li>
<li>Mitigating the Impact of Tsunami</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.0119%; vertical-align: top; height: 318px;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Volcanoes</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Volcanoes</li>
<li>What Causes Volcanoes?</li>
<li>Volcanic Landforms</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Cyclone</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tropical Cyclones</li>
<li>Anti-Cyclone</li>
<li>Extra Tropical Cyclones</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Geographical Features and their Location</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 45.1472%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factors Causing Changes in Critical Geographical Features</li>
<li>Examples of Changing Geographicl Features - Mealting of Ice Sheets, Desertification etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 54.8528%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Impact of Changing Geographical Features</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/general-studies-I'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Ayushman Bharat and the Role of Private Hospitals',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p><em>This editorial appears in The Mint and addresses the brand new scheme Ayushman Bharat and how it is going to affect the role of private hospitals in the country.</em></p>
<p>Principally, India has committed to provide free and equitable healthcare facilities to all its citizens, regardless of their economic and social status. However, the real picture is far from this ideological commitment.</p>
<p>India&rsquo;s expenditure on healthcare goods and services is only around ~3.9% of its national GDP, including the private sector (compared to 18% of the US). Further, it is met with fourfold challenges - (i) providing universal access to <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="96" data-gr-id="96">healthcare</g>; (ii) arranging for fair and equitable distribution of cost of healthcare (iii) maintaining quality of healthcare by training practitioners and providers; and (iv) giving special attention to vulnerable groups like women, elderly, disabled and children. The present government has taken a bold step forward in this direction - launching a nationwide health protection scheme known as &ldquo;Ayushman Bharat&rdquo;.</p>
<p>Recently, the government initiated the empanelment process for public and private hospitals under the scheme for universal health coverage. However, some healthcare provider networks have expressed concerns over the viability of &ldquo;pricing model&rdquo; as proposed by the government as it is too low to be afforded by them. <br />About the scheme<br />Ayushman Bharat -National Health Protection Mission (AB-NHPM) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, with the central component anchored in the MoHFW.</p>
<h3>Salient features:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AB-NHPM will have a defined benefit cover of Rs. 5 lakh per family per year and will take care of almost all secondary care and most of the tertiary care procedures.</li>
<li>Benefits of the scheme are portable across the country and a beneficiary covered under the scheme will be allowed to take cashless benefits from any public/private empanelled hospital across the country.</li>
<li>AB-NHPM will be an entitlement based scheme with entitlement decided on the basis of deprivation criteria in the <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="91" data-gr-id="91">SECC</g> database.</li>
<li>The National Health Agency (NHA) is the apex body for the implementation of the ambitious Ayushman Bharat-National Health Protection Scheme</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AB-NHPM will have a major impact on the reduction of Out Of Pocket (OOP) expenditure as it covers the poorest and the most vulnerable sections of the society, and almost all secondary and tertiary hospitals.</li>
<li>This will lead to increased access to quality health and medication.</li>
<li>This will lead to timely treatments, improvements in health outcomes, patient satisfaction, improvement in productivity and efficiency, job creation thus leading to a general improvement in the quality of life.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Health Account</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Low public expenditure:</strong> Public health expenditure in India (total of Centre and State governments) has remained constant at approximately 1.3% of the GDP between 2008 and 2015, and increased marginally to 1.4% in 2016-17. This is less than the world average of 6%.</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">&nbsp;<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/739Table-1-6.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2729207587" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /><br /><strong></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disparity among states:</strong> Low-income states with low revenue capacity <g class="gr_ gr_118 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="118" data-gr-id="118">spend</g> significant lower on social services like health. Further, differences in the cost of delivering health services have contributed to health disparities among and within states.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/501Fig-2-1.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2008619644" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Out-of-pocket expenditures on healthcare:</strong> If cumulatively 30% of the total health expenditure is incurred by the public sector, the rest of the health expenditure, i.e. approximately 70% is borne by consumers.</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/531Fig-3.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="3582751752" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of health support coverage</strong>: 86% of the rural population and 82% of the urban population are not covered under any scheme of health expenditure support. <br />Demand for Basic Primary Healthcare and Infrastructure: India faces a growing need to fix its basic health concerns in the areas of HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrhoea. More than one-third of the world's malnourished children live in India. Half of the children under three years old are underweight.<br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Underdeveloped Medical Devices Sector: </strong>The medical devices sector faces a number of regulatory challenges which has prevented its growth and development.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why Is the &ldquo;Pricing Model&rdquo; Right?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First of its kind:</strong> As there is a dearth of national-level comprehensive costing studies, the current rates do have some loopholes. However, the rates are subject to revision which should be done after taking help from similar successfully running schemes in states such as Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Karnataka. These schemes have many empanelled hospitals which are providing healthcare services at the rates so provisioned.</li>
<li><strong>Flexibility across states:</strong> The rates prescribed are median rates and can be adjusted according to the states. Hospitals accredited to the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals &amp; Healthcare Providers (NABH) and those located in &ldquo;aspirational districts&rdquo; will receive higher rates.
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 25px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 25px;">
<p><strong>NABH:</strong> National Accreditation Board for Hospitals &amp; Healthcare Providers (NABH) is a constituent board of Quality Council of India, set up to establish and operate accreditation programmes for healthcare organisations.</p>
<p><strong><g class="gr_ gr_108 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="108" data-gr-id="108">Scope</g> of NABH /Objectives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Accreditation of healthcare facilities</li>
<li>Quality promotion: initiatives like Safe-I, Nursing Excellence, Laboratory certification programs (but not limited to these)</li>
<li>IEC activities: public lecture, advertisement, workshops/ seminars</li>
<li>Education and Training for Quality &amp; Patient Safety</li>
<li>Recognition: Endorsement of various healthcare quality courses/ workshops</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li><strong>Adjustment of prices:</strong> Although the price model doesn&rsquo;t incorporate complicated cases, AB-NHPM plans to move to provider payment mechanisms, including Diagnosis-Related Group models.
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><strong>Diagnosis-Related Grouping</strong> categorizes the hospital services used for &ldquo;reimbursement&rdquo; to patients. This is in contrast to the &ldquo;cost-plus-profit-based-system&rdquo; as it is fixed on a case to case basis.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What Do the Hospitals Need to Do?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The hospitals should understand that the nationally prescribed rates are not intended to cover the cost of capital and infrastructure in the short run but only the marginal cost. This means that the scheme will ensure that the surplus capacities of hospitals will be utilized.</li>
<li>The hospitals should not seek to drive their profit regime by the poor of the country. As it goes for other corporate entities, the hospitals too have a responsibility towards the poor and marginalized of the country.</li>
<li>The private hospitals should view this as an opportunity to do their bit in shaping the most ambitious healthcare scheme in the world.</li>
</ul>
<p>In view of the perilous health scenario of the country, AB-NHPM is a bold and courageous step which dares to take private hospitals under its ambit. Blockading its way is going to cost the whole country. The aim of overturning healthcare from market-based sector to its recognition as a public good and a universal right can be fulfilled only when the private entities take up their responsibility as agents of this change.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushman-bharat-and-the-role -of-private-hospitals'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'India to Overtake US by 2030',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>10 Asian economies including India will overtake the US in terms of GDP by 2030, according to a report by global financial services major DBS.</li>
<li>These economies are expected to see robust growth and will cross $28 trillion mark in real GDP terms on aggregate, more than that of the U.S., whose economy will amount to $22.33 trillion by 2030.</li>
<li>The Asia-10 include China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand.</li>
<li>However, this is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition to invest in Asia, as investing cannot be based on a single indicator, especially when it comes to a long-term horizon.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The report has highlighted <strong>three</strong> major concerns:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Trade war:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rise of protectionism may reduce investment flow in the region as Asia is one off the most externally exposed regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Demographic dividend:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report also said that the Asian countries may have benefited in the past from the demographic dividend, but it&rsquo;s not such valuable now.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Employment:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A young population creates a &ldquo;challenge&rdquo; in terms of generating jobs, in absence of which there will be high levels of unemployment, creating both an economic and social/political challenge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apart from above three, these economies also face some common issues like climate change, rising inequality, worsening environment for trade, and technological disruption.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-overtake-us-by-2030'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'UN Model for Cross-Border Norms',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3></h3>
<p>Recently, the government is looking at the possibility of adopting a United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) model for cross-border insolvency cases as it works on strengthening the insolvency resolution framework.</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The existing Code in The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) provides for two sections i.e. 234 and 235 &mdash; relating to cross-border insolvency, which allows the Centre to enter into an agreement with a foreign country for enforcing the provisions of the Code, which is considered insufficient and time-taking.</li>
<li>Moreover, these sections are yet to be made operational.</li>
<li>In case the UN model is adopted for cross-border insolvency matters, then sections 234 and 235 could be dropped from the Code as they pertain to only bilateral pacts.</li>
<li>The inclusion of cross-border insolvency framework will further enhance ease of doing business, provide a mechanism of cooperation between India and other countries in the area of insolvency resolution, and protect creditors in the global scenario.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Note:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), established in 1966 as a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly.</li>
<li>UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency was adopted in 1997.</li>
<li>Key provisions of UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency focus on four elements identified as key to the conduct of cross-border insolvency cases: access, recognition, relief</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-model-for-cross-border-norms'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Panel for Denotified, Semi-Nomadic, Nomadic Tribes',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The NITI Aayog has backed a proposal by Ministry of Social justice and Empowerment to set up a permanent commission for Denotified (DNT), Semi Nomadic (SNT), and Nomadic Tribes (NT). The commission will be set up on the lines of similar commissions for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In May 2018, the Ministry of Social justice and Empowerment had written to the NITI Aayog, asking for its stand on the report of the Bhiku Ramji Idate Commission on DNT, SNT, and NT communities.</li>
<li>In response to this NITI Aayog has offered to set up a working group to come up with policy suggestions on issues related to the most deprived communities.</li>
<li>It supports the suggestion by Bhiku Ramji Idate Commission to form a dedicated National Finance Development Corporation for DNT, SNT and NTs.</li>
<li>It also supports the suggestion lowering tuition fees and relaxing admission conditions for children from the communities, and easy allotment of land and housing for members of the community in which 90% or more are landless.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The DNT, NT, SNT communities have been identified as the most marginalised by several commissions set up since Independence.</li>
<li>The community has for long not been enumerated in the Census data. The Renke Commission report of 2008 had roughly estimated their population to be between 10-12 crore however none of its recommendations were implemented.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Denotified Tribes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Denotified tribes are those that were notified under the Criminal Tribes Acts enforced during British Rule, whereby entire populations were branded criminals by birth. In 1952, the Act was repealed and the communities were de-notified.</li>
<li>The Nomadic tribes maintain constant geographical mobility while semi-nomads are those who are on the move but return to a fixed habitations once a year, mainly for occupational reasons.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bhiku Ramji Idate Commission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Idate Commission submitted its report in January 2018. It mentioned that a permanent commission for Denotified, Semi Nomadic, and Nomadic Tribes should have a prominent community leader as its chairperson, and a senior Union government bureaucrat, an anthropologist, and a sociologist as members.</li>
<li>Some of the major recommendations of the panel include granting Constitutional protection to these communities under a separate third schedule after Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, making them eligible for reservation, and extending the protective cover of Prevention of Atrocities Act to them.</li>
<li>Some of the issues raised by the report involve the repealing of the Habitual Offenders Act, provision of Public Distribution System (PDS) cards, special housing schemes for the largely landless community, establishment of a separate academy to preserve their art and culture, special education and health schemes.</li>
<li>The Commission noted that post-independence policies for these communities have been mostly symbolic reparations, with post-liberalisation policies alienating them further from their land and occupations.</li>
<li>The Ministry had also written to the NITI Aayog, asking whether it would set up a Working Group for framing Vision 2030 for development of these communities as per the UN Sustainable Development Goals.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panel-for-denotified-semi-nomadic-nomadic-tribes'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'UPSC Preliminary Examination Syllabus',
			'catname' => 'Prelims',
			'desc' => '<ol>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_29 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="29" data-gr-id="29">Paper</g> I - (200 marks)</li>
</ol>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;" class="ticklist">
<li>Current Events of National and International Importance.</li>
<li>History of India and Indian National Movement.</li>
<li>Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.</li>
<li>Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.</li>
<li>Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.</li>
<li>General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity <g class="gr_ gr_28 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="28" data-gr-id="28">and</g> Climate Change - that do not require subject specialization.</li>
<li>General Science.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Paper II - (200 marks)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;" class="ticklist">
<li>Comprehension; Interpersonal Skills including Communication Skills.</li>
<li>Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability.</li>
<li>Decision Making and Problem Solving.</li>
<li>General Mental Ability.</li>
<li>Basic Numeracy (Numbers and their Relations, Orders of Magnitude, etc.) (Class X level).</li>
<li>Data Interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. &mdash; Class X level).</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Note 1:</strong> Paper-II of the Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination will be a qualifying paper with minimum qualifying marks fixed at 33%. </em><br /><em><strong>Note 2:</strong> The questions will be of multiple choice, objective type.</em></p>
<p><em></em></p>
<p><em></em></p>
<p><em></em></p>
<h2><strong>For UPSC Mains Examination Syllabus please <a href="/mains/mains-syllabus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">click this link</a></strong></h2>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/prelims/preliminary-examination-syllabus'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'MSP, Agrarian Crisis and Reform ',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/184(1)_Agriculture_and_rural_farms_of_India.jpg" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2545374877" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<p>Despite agriculture occupying a major portion of Indian economy and the election manifestos of political parties, it is disheartening to see the rising incidences of farmers&rsquo; suicides and agitations in various parts of the country. While we have managed to excel in almost all the sectors of the economy and are matching pace with technological advancements around the world, our expertise and innovation seem to have failed the small and marginal farmers.</p>
<p>With the announcement of 50% increase in Minimum Support Price (MSP) by the government, the topic of what has been done and what needs to be done for curing the agrarian crisis in India has picked up the debates once again.</p>
<h3>History of India&rsquo;s Food Policy</h3>
<p>India's food policy evolved out of the Bengal famine of 1943 which killed more than a million people, with starvation caused mainly by lack of adequate supplies of foodgrains than the lack of production. Foodgrains Policy Committee 1943 was appointed under the chairmanship of Sir George Theodore which emphasized on rationing to overcome such situation in the future.</p>
<p>L. K Jha Committee 1964 prescribed the first price policy in the matter of foodgrains and recommended the establishment of Agricultural Prices Commission (APC) which announced Minimum Support Prices and Procurement Prices. Later, Procurement Prices were abolished and only MSPs are announced by the government, presently.</p>
<p>After the economic <g class="gr_ gr_176 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="176" data-gr-id="176">liberalisation</g> in 1991, under tremendous pressure by the World Bank, the PDS was restructured into Revamped PDS (RPDS) and later Targeted PDS (TPDS). TPDS divided the population into "Below Poverty Line" (BPL) and "Above Poverty Line" (APL). Over the years, the amount of foodgrains distributed through the PDS has increased enormously.</p>
<h3>Institutions controlling Agricultural price:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Commission for Agricultural Cost and Prices (CACP):</strong> This is a renewed version of the erstwhile Agricultural Price Commission (APC). It is the chief advisory body on agriculture price policy.</li>
<li><strong>Food Corporation of India (FCI):</strong> The FCI was set up in 1964 through an act of parliament. Its primary responsibility is to undertake purchase, storage, transportation, distribution and sale of foodgrains. It also aims to ensure that the primary producer gets the minimum price set by the government and that the consumer is protected from the vagaries of speculative trades.</li>
</ul>
<h3>MSP, Rationale, Determination and Present Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>rationale</strong> for &lsquo;minimum&rsquo; support price lies in two factors:<br />Protection of farm income in years of abundance through purchases by the government at minimum prices and building up of stocks; and</li>
<li>Maximum price would imply protection of consumer interests in years when there is crop failure. This is because the food price acts as a base in the determination of both agricultural and industrial costs.</li>
</ul>
<p>The following<strong> factors</strong> are taken into account while determining MSP for foodgrains:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cost of production</li>
<li>Changes in input prices</li>
<li>Input-output price parity</li>
<li>Trends in market prices</li>
<li>Demand and supply</li>
<li>Inter-crop price parity</li>
<li>Effect on <g class="gr_ gr_194 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="194" data-gr-id="194">industrial</g> cost structure</li>
<li>Effect on <g class="gr_ gr_195 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="195" data-gr-id="195">cost</g> of living</li>
<li>Effect on <g class="gr_ gr_196 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="196" data-gr-id="196">general</g> price level</li>
<li>International price situation</li>
<li>Parity between prices paid and prices received by the farmers.</li>
<li>Effect on issue prices and implications for subsidy</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Types of Production Costs</strong></p>
<p>According to The Commission for Agricultural Cost and Prices (CACP), there are three types of production costs:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A2=A2 costs basically cover all paid-out expenses, both in cash and in-kind, incurred by farmers on seeds, <g class="gr_ gr_178 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="178" data-gr-id="178">fertilisers</g>, chemicals, hired <g class="gr_ gr_179 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="179" data-gr-id="179">labour</g>, fuel, irrigation, etc.</li>
<li>A2+FL= It covers actual paid-out costs plus an imputed value of unpaid family <g class="gr_ gr_149 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="149" data-gr-id="149">labour</g>.</li>
<li>C2=C2 costs are more comprehensive, accounting for the rentals and interest forgone on owned land and fixed capital assets respectively, on top of A2+FL</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Present Scenario</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Abhijit Sen Committee on Long-term Grain Policy recommended that the MSPs that CACP recommends must be based on its projection of the full C2 cost.</li>
<li>The National Commission on Farmers (NCF) constituted in November 2004 and chaired by Professor M.S. Swaminathan also recommended the use of C2 to determine MSP.</li>
<li>However, the government has announced to keep MSP at 50% more than A2+FL, which is lower than C2. Many farmers organizations and experts have expressed their dissatisfaction over this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues related to MSP Hike</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>C2 includes income rather than cost: As C2 includes imputed rent for own land, this shouldn&rsquo;t be counted as a cost rather as an income for the farmer which he earns by not having to pay rent on land.</li>
<li>Net income to farmers is justified: The new announcement will give 50 <g class="gr_ gr_136 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="136" data-gr-id="136">per cent</g> net return to farmers over cost C2 when rent on own land and wages for family <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="137" data-gr-id="137">labour</g> are treated as a return to the farmer.</li>
<li>Fiscal deficit: As the global demand for cereals and other crops under the ambit of MSP is low, keeping prices at a&nbsp;very high level will cause <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="148" data-gr-id="148">fiscal</g> deficit.</li>
<li>Inflation: Giving unrealistically high prices to farmers will also push inflation. This will make domestic prices much higher than global prices, which will strongly hit exports and make way for cheaper imports.</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_159 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="159" data-gr-id="159">Decline</g> in market competitiveness: If the MSP crops are procured at prices far higher than other crops, there will be little incentive for efficiency and diversification in the crop sector. This will also impact the competitiveness of the market negatively.</li>
<li>Other areas of agricultural reforms need to be focussed upon: Instead of focussing on price interventions only, there is a need for regulatory reforms, institutional changes, and the development of appropriate infrastructure to promote the evolution of the agricultural market system.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The crisis in agriculture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Demographic pressure on land:</strong> With the increasing population, the size of landholdings has been declining due to land fragmentation. The landless and marginal farmers account for more than 80% of rural households. Agriculture is unable to sustain these households.</li>
<li><strong>Shortage of money:</strong> The small and marginal farmers face an acute shortage of money to buy more land or invest in infrastructure viz. irrigation, farm machinery, storage equipment etc. This leads to lesser output which again makes farming a non-viable option.</li>
<li><strong>Risks:</strong> One-third of India&rsquo;s agriculture is dependent on rain-fed farming. The unpredictability of monsoon combined with lack of preparedness on the part of farmers and government make farming more of a gamble than occupation. Moreover, the farmers who produce perishables are prone to rotting and wastage due to lack of storage facilities.</li>
<li><strong><g class="gr_ gr_171 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="171" data-gr-id="171">Dominance</g> of large traders in APMC:</strong> Most of the small and marginal farmers have to sell their <g class="gr_ gr_173 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="173" data-gr-id="173">produce</g> in the local market at prices much lower than the MSP. Farmers have to sell their produce through auctions in regulated markets controlled by cartels of licensed traders, whose <g class="gr_ gr_175 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="175" data-gr-id="175">licences</g> give them oligopolistic market power. These cartels fix low purchase prices, extract large commissions, delay payments, etc. Thus, the real benefit of MSP is skimmed off by the large traders. Farmers typically get as little as 25% of the price that consumers finally pay.</li>
<li><strong>Rise in input costs:</strong> Despite various subsidies, the rise in the prices of inputs like fertilizers, machinery etc. pushes the farmers into the vicious cycle of debt and distress.<br />Migration of rural youth: As agriculture is increasingly not being seen as a viable means of livelihood and year-round sustenance, the tendency to migrate to urban areas is escalating the rural youth, where they work majorly as informal <g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="134" data-gr-id="134">labourers</g>. <br />Price hikes for minor foodgrains: The largest price increases have been announced in the case of coarse cereals like <g class="gr_ gr_131 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="131" data-gr-id="131">jowar</g>, <g class="gr_ gr_132 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="132" data-gr-id="132">bajra</g> and ragi, which account for less than 5% of the Kharif foodgrain output.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What needs to be done?</h3>
<p>Looking at the state of affairs, it is clear that agriculture in India needs an overhaul right from the policy aspect to reforms in agri-market.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong> Cooperative agriculture</strong> is one of the key areas which can help small and marginal farmers to pool their resources and empower themselves. For example, Amul Dairy Cooperative is an outstanding example of the success of cooperative agriculture. Recent success stories in the Kudumbashree programme in Kerala, the Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty in Andhra are some other such examples.</li>
<li>A series of essential steps are required to <strong>raise agricultural productivity.</strong> To increase productivity, progress is required along four dimensions:<br />(i) Quality and <strong>judicious use of inputs</strong> such as water, seeds, fertilizer <g class="gr_ gr_189 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="189" data-gr-id="189">and</g> pesticides;<br />(ii) Judicious and safe exploitation of <strong>modern technology i</strong>ncluding genetically modified (GM) seeds; and<br />(iii) Shift into <strong>high-value commodities</strong> such as fruits, vegetables, flowers, fisheries, animal husbandry and poultry. <br />(iv) In the longer run, productivity enhancement requires <strong>research</strong> toward the discovery of robust seed varieties and other inputs, appropriate crops and input usage for a given soil type and effective extension practices.</li>
<li>To <strong>free agricultural markets</strong> from the clutches of large traders and oligopoly of large traders, it is important that <br />(i) <strong>APMC Act of 2003,</strong> which introduced all-around marketing reform, is implemented genuinely.<br />(ii)<strong> National Agriculture Market or eNAM,</strong> an online trading platform for agricultural commodities in India is an important step in this direction. The need of the hour is to make it reach every corner of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Farmers</strong> are frequently affected by natural disasters such as droughts, floods, cyclones, storms, landslides, hails and earthquakes. Though crop insurance schemes like<strong> Pradhan Mantri <g class="gr_ gr_133 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="133" data-gr-id="133">Fasal</g> Bima Yojana</strong> covers crop failures, still there is a need for more broad coverage of natural calamities affecting crop <g class="gr_ gr_157 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="157" data-gr-id="157">produce</g>.</li>
<li>We need to pay special attention to the <strong>problems of farmers in eastern states.</strong> Given fertile land and abundant water resources, these states have a high potential in agriculture. Yet, their productivity in various crops lags behind the national average. Therefore, a concerted effort is required to bring the Green Revolution to these states.</li>
</ul>
<p>Apart from it, the government should shift its focus from providing only price support to farmers and focus on <strong>building better infrastructure, minimizing the gap between farmers and the market, land reforms, policy reforms to increase flow of credit to farmers, establishing food-processing industries for perishable goods, providing better irrigation facilities</strong> etc so, that agriculture emerges as a viable means of sustenance.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/msp-agrarian-crisis-and-reform '
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Cryptocurrencies Will Boost Illegal Transactions: RBI',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) informed the Supreme Court that dealing in cryptocurrency will encourage illegal transactions.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to the RBI, Cryptocurrencies are &ldquo;a stateless digital currency&rdquo; in which encryption techniques are used for trading and these &lsquo;currencies&rsquo; operate independently of a Central bank, rendering it immune from government interference.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">An interdisciplinary committee headed by secretary of economic affairs <strong>Subhash Garg</strong> was set-up in 2017 to examine virtual currencies and recommend the regulatory framework for crypto currencies.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The RBI had already issued a circular prohibiting use of these virtual currencies.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cryptocurrency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cryptocurrencies use decentralized technology to let users make secure payments and store money without the need to use their name or go through a bank.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">They run on a distributed public ledger called blockchain, which is a record of all transactions updated and held by currency holders.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The most common cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, and Litecoin.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (21st July 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Van Dhan Yojana</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Van Dhan Yojana was launched in April 2018, in Chhattisgarh. A Van Dhan Vikas Kendra was set up under the program.</li>
<li>The Van Dhan Vikas Kendra will cater to ten Self Help Groups of thirty tribal gatherers each.</li>
<li>The selection of the tribal beneficiaries and formation of the SHGs has been undertaken by TRIFED.</li>
<li>The Van Dhan Vikas Kendras will boost the economic development of tribals involved in the collection of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) and provide a sustainable MFP-based livelihood in MFP-rich districts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Eklavya Model Residential Schools</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) are being set up by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs in States/ UTs from allocated grants provided under Article 275(1).</li>
<li>As per Union Budget 2018-19, by the year 2022, every block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal persons, will have an EMRS.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Samagra Shiksha Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Samagra Shiksha - an Integrated Scheme for School Education has been launched by the Ministry of Human Resources as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.</li>
<li>The programme subsumes the three erstwhile Centrally Sponsored Schemes of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE).</li>
<li>It is an overarching programme for the school education sector extending from pre-school to class XII and aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels of school education. &nbsp;</li>
<li>The main emphasis of the Scheme is on improving the quality of school education and the strategy for all interventions would be to enhance the Learning Outcomes at all levels of schooling.</li>
<li>The Scheme will focus on-
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Universal Access including Infrastructure Development and Retention</li>
<li>Gender and Equity</li>
<li>Inclusive Education</li>
<li>Quality</li>
<li>Financial support for Teacher Salary</li>
<li>Digital initiatives</li>
<li>Entitlements under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 including uniforms, textbooks etc</li>
<li>Pre-school Education</li>
<li>Vocational Education</li>
<li>Sports and Physical Education</li>
<li>Strengthening of Teacher Education and Training</li>
<li>Monitoring</li>
<li>Programme Management</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Anamalai Tiger Reserve</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Anamalai Tiger Reserve is one of the four Tiger Reserves in Tamil Nadu. Mudumalai, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserves and Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary are the other three.</li>
<li>It falls within the Western Ghats range of South West India, a region designated as one of 25 Global Biodiversity Hotspots.</li>
<li>Animals and birds found: Elephant, gaur, tiger, panther, sloth bear, wild boar, wild dog, Nilgiri langur, lion-tailed macaque, sambar, four horned antelope, chital, the trogar, pied hornbill and several eagles.</li>
<li>The Tiger Reserve supports diverse habitat types like Wet evergreen forests, semi evergreen forests, moist deciduous, dry deciduous, dry thorn and shola forests. Other unique habitats like montane grass lands, savannah and marshy grass lands are also present.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant is a joint venture between Rosatom (Russia) and state-owned Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited.</li>
<li>The power plant is located in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>Kudankulam, or Koodankulam, is India&rsquo;s first nuclear plant to use imported (Pressurised Water Reactor) PWR technology.</li>
<li>The existing nuclear power plants in India use pressurised heavy water reactor or boiling water reactor technology.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/930NPP in India.png" width="470" height="478" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1490392241" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<p></p>',
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		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Ganga Vriksharopan Abhiyan',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has launched&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: 400;">afforestation drive</span> in five Ganga basin states &ndash; Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The campaign has been initiated as part of the Forest Interventions in Ganga (FIG) component of Namami Gange programme.</li>
<li>State Forest Departments of these states have been made the nodal agencies for the smooth and effective execution of the campaign.</li>
<li>In order to implement the afforestation project in a scientific manner, Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun was assigned the project to prepare a Detailed Project Report (DPR) on the basis of which the State Forest Departments would carry out their plantation activities.</li>
<li>The FRI report provides a multi-disciplinary approach with potential plantation and treatment models. Considering the type of natural ecosystem, identification of native vegetation, soil conditions and agro-climatic zones, potential models of various types have been developed.</li>
<li>Besides maintenance of the ecological and geological integrities, the implementation plan aims to contribute towards the Clean Ganga Mission, by improving the base flow and filtration of the ground water pollution.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Namami Gange Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Namami Gange Programme is an Integrated Conservation Mission, approved as &lsquo;Flagship Programme&rsquo; by the Union Government in June 2014 to accomplish the twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution, conservation and rejuvenation of National River Ganga.</li>
<li>The program is being implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), and its state counterpart organizations i.e., State Program ManagementGroups (SPMGs).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>NOTE</strong></p>
<p><strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is the implementation wing of National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA).</li>
<li>It is a registered society, originally formed by Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) on 12th August 2011 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.</li>
<li>But now both NGRBA and NMCG are allocated to the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation(MoWR,RD &amp;GR).</li>
<li>Main pillars of the programme include sewerage treatment infrastructure, river-front development, river-surface cleaning, bio-diversity, afforestation, public awareness industrial effluent monitoring, and ganga gram.</li>
<li>Its implementation has been divided into Entry-Level Activities (for immediate visible impact), Medium-Term Activities (to be implemented within 5 years of period) and Long-Term Activities (to be implemented within 10 years).</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Significance of the programme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to bring greater awareness among people and other stakeholders regarding the importance of afforestation for the task of Ganga Rejuvenation.</li>
<li>A number of schools, colleges and departments have been requested to &ldquo;Adopt a Plant&rdquo; for turning this campaign into a people&rsquo;s movement.</li>
<li>Plantation activities are being carried out with great enthusiasm all along the banks of the River Ganga with participation of local people.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why is Afforestation in Ganga Basin important?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Forests cause higher rainfall and raise water level in the rivers.</li>
<li>Through their foliage, craggy bark and abundant leaf litter, trees and forests decrease the speed of water dispersion and favour slow but greater infiltration of rainwater to ensure smooth functioning of the hydrological cycle.</li>
<li>The presence of healthy forest cover along the river provides self-cleaning ability to the river.</li>
<li>Afforestation and augmentation of existing forest along the Ganga can strengthen the riparian ecosystem and contribute to the overarching cause of Ganga Rejuvenation.</li>
</ul>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'India to host ‘2+2’ Dialogue Mechanism',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India will host the inaugural round of the two-plus-two dialogue with the United States on September 6, 2018.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is aimed at opening a new chapter in the strategic partnership between India and the United States.</li>
<li>The Ministerial-level meeting will cover a broad range of bilateral, regional and global issues of shared interest, with a view to strengthening strategic and security ties between the two countries.</li>
<li>The &lsquo;two-plus-two&rsquo; dialogue comes amidst prospects of India being imposed with unintended sanctions that are targeted at Iran and Russia.</li>
<li>India wants the US to recognize that its purchase of the S-400 air defence system from Russia is a legacy decision that predates the enactment last year of the Countering America&rsquo;s Adversaries through Sanctions ACT.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> <strong>What is CAATSA?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Countering America&rsquo;s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) is a legislation introduced in the United States that aims to counter anti-US aggression displayed by countries like Iran, North Korea and Russia through a series of punitive measures.</li>
<li>Among the provisions of CAATSA are secondary sanctions on countries that are found to be dealing with the Russian defence and intelligence sectors.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are also concerns over how US sanctions on Iran will impact India&rsquo;s energy ties with Tehran and New Delhi&rsquo;s plans to develop the Iranian port of Chabahar.</li>
<li>Although this is undoubtedly a serious challenge in the bilateral relationship, it is not insurmountable. Both sides will have to focus their efforts on finding a solution that preserves both their respective interests.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: <strong>What is the 2+2 Dialogue?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new dialogue format will replace earlier India-US Strategic and Commercial Dialogue.</li>
<li>It is similar to India&rsquo;s 2+2 dialogue with Japan, Australia and South Korea format between foreign and defence secretaries of the two countries.</li>
<li>The 2+2 Dialogue between the&nbsp;US and India aims to enhance strategic coordination between both countries and maintaining peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'New Cell to Resolve Child Custody Disputes',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The government has recently decided to establish a Mediation Cell under the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) to resolve child custody disputes arising from cases of transnational marital discord.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The cell will resolve the cases of children who were taken away by one of the spouses without the permission of the other due to marital discord from India to other countries or vice versa.</li>
<li>It will also prepare a parental plan taking into account the best interest of the child.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission for Protection of Child Rights</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) was set up in 2007 under the Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005.</li>
<li>The Commission's Mandate is to ensure that all Laws, Policies, Programmes, and Administrative Mechanisms are in consonance with the Child Rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNCRC defines Child Rights as the minimum entitlements and freedoms that should be afforded to every citizen below the age of 18 regardless of race, national origin, colour, gender, language, religion, opinions, origin, wealth, birth status, disability, or other characteristics.</li>
<li>These rights encompass freedom of children and their civil rights, family environment, necessary healthcare and welfare, education, leisure and cultural activities and special protection measures.</li>
<li>The UNCRC outlines the fundamental human rights that should be afforded to children that suitably cover all civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights of every child.</li>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Though the Government has not yet taken a decision on either acceding to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction or framing a domestic law on the issue.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 255px; width: 39.1667%; border-collapse: collapse; float: right;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; text-align: right;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 19px; text-align: left;"><strong>Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px; text-align: right;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 19px; text-align: left;">
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hague Convention is a multilateral treaty which came into existence on 1st December, 1983.</li>
<li>It is an international treaty to ensure the prompt return of a child who has been &ldquo;abducted&rdquo; from the country of their &ldquo;habitual residence&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The Convention applies to children under age of 16 years.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2009, the Law Commission of India recommended signing The Hague Convention, because it &ldquo;will in turn bring the prospects of achieving the return to India of children who have their home in India&rdquo;.</li>
<li>In February 2016, Punjab and Haryana High Court again referred the matter to the Law Commission and Ministry of Women and Child Development.</li>
<li>In June 2016, a draft Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction Bill, 2016, with provisions similar to The Hague Convention, was proposed.</li>
<li>After examining the Bill and the issue, the Law Commission submitted a revised version of the Bill, called The International Child Removal and Retention Bill, 2016, in October.</li>
<li>In July 2017, the committee, comprising two HC judges, a Delhi HC judge, the chairman of the Punjab NRI Commission, a family law expert, and six representatives of various Ministries released a concept note for public suggestions.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The government has introduced the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018 in the Lok Sabha.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bill replaces the Ordinance on the same, which was approved and promulgated in <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="68" data-gr-id="68">June,</g> 2018.</li>
<li>The bill brings about significant changes to improve the insolvency resolution framework in the country.</li>
<li>The changes are based on suggestions made by a 14-member <strong>Insolvency Law Committee</strong> chaired by Corporate Affairs Secretary Injeti Srinivas.</li>
<li>The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) was initially introduced in 2016 when the banking sector was going through a serious crisis because of indiscriminate lending by banks between 2008-2014. The debt recovery laws prevailing at that time were weak and hence loan recoveries could not be made from big industrialists.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Provisions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recognises homebuyers as <strong>financial creditors</strong> - thus giving them due representation in the <strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC)</strong> and making them an integral part of the decision-making process.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 238px; width: 30.3919%; border-collapse: collapse; float: right;" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 10px; vertical-align: middle;">
<p><strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The CoC is comprised of all financial creditors of the corporate debtor.</li>
<li>The voting share in the CoC is proportionate to the extent of financial debts owed to such creditor.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, home buyers would be able to invoke Section 7 of the IBC against errant developers. <em>(Section 7 allows financial creditors to file </em><g class="gr_ gr_70 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="70" data-gr-id="70">application</g><em> seeking the insolvency resolution process.)</em></li>
<li>Reduces the <strong>minimum voting threshold</strong> for the CoC to 66%, from 75% for key decisions. For routine decisions, the voting threshold is fixed at 51%.</li>
<li>Assent of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) will be needed before the Committee of Creditors (CoC) <g class="gr_ gr_64 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="64" data-gr-id="64">finalises</g> a resolution plan. Currently, the winning bidder approaches CCI for clearance before formally taking over the asset.</li>
<li>Allows promoters of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to bid for their companies in any insolvency process. It also empowers the Centre, in public interest, to exempt MSMEs from the application of any other provisions of the Code.</li>
<li>Corporate houses can bid for multiple distressed assets under the insolvency process without getting themselves disqualified under Section 29A of IBC. <em>(Section 29A specifies the parties ineligible to be a resolution applicant.)</em></li>
<li>The bill amends the criteria which <g class="gr_ gr_80 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="80" data-gr-id="80">prohibits</g> certain persons from submitting a resolution plan. For example, the Code prohibits a person from being a resolution applicant if his account has been identified as a non-performing asset (NPA) for more than a year. However, the bill provides that pure-play financial entities (pure-play refers to a publicly traded company that is focused on only one industry or product) like banks would be exempted from this disqualification provision on account of holding <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="79" data-gr-id="79">stake</g> in or acquiring stressed firms under the IBC, 2016. A grace period of <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="77" data-gr-id="77">three-years</g> has been provided from the date of such acquisition.</li>
<li>The amendments allow the promoter to bid for his enterprise undergoing Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) provided he is not a wilful defaulter and does not attract other disqualifications not related to default.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Insertion of a new section - Section 12A - that permits the withdrawal of application admitted for initiation of insolvency resolution process to the National Company Law Tribunal. Such withdrawal would be permissible only with the approval of the CoC with 90% of the voting share voting in <g class="gr_ gr_65 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="65" data-gr-id="65">favour</g>.</li>
<li>The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India&rsquo;s (IBBI) will be given a &ldquo;developmental&rdquo; role similar to other regulators such as <g class="gr_ gr_58 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="58" data-gr-id="58">IRDAI</g> and PFRDA. It will also be given the power to regulate the working and practices of certain professionals under the IBC.</li>
<li>The Limitation Act 1963 will apply to the proceedings or appeals under the IBC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move is likely to enable homebuyers to take builders defaulting on their obligations to a bankruptcy court and decide their future along with their lenders&rsquo;.</li>
<li>At a time when many homebuyers are facing hardships on account of delayed and incomplete real estate projects, this will infuse confidence in the homebuyers to invest their money - helping revive the stagnant real estate market.</li>
<li>By allowing MSME promoters to submit their resolution plan in insolvency cases, it will also help <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="57" data-gr-id="57">MSMEs</g> sector - which is key to job growth in India.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'NASA Set to Launch ‘Parker Solar Probe’',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is scheduled to launch &lsquo;Parker Space Probe&rsquo; for a planned seven-year mission to study the Sun closer than any human-made object.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights&nbsp;<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/179THJC-US-SPACE-SOLAR-PROBE.jpg" width="374" height="197" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1817619620" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Parker Solar Probe is a robotic spacecraft the size of a small car and is named after American solar astrophysicist Eugene Newman Parker.</li>
<li>It is set to fly into the sun&rsquo;s corona within 3.8 million miles from the solar surface, seven times closer than any other spacecraft.</li>
<li>The probe is capable to endure wicked heat while zooming through the solar corona to study this outermost part of the stellar atmosphere that gives rise to the solar wind.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Corona is a region of the Sun seen from Earth when the Moon blocks out the Sun&rsquo;s bright face during total solar eclipses.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The probe is set to use seven Venus flybys over nearly seven years to steadily reduce its orbit around the sun, using instruments designed to image the solar wind and study electric and magnetic fields, coronal plasma and energetic particles.</li>
<li>The probe has been outfitted with a heat shield designed to keep its instruments at a tolerable 29 degrees Celsius even as the spacecraft faces temperatures reaching nearly 21,370 degrees Celsius at its closest pass.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of the Study</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sun is far more complex than meets the eyes as it is a dynamic and magnetically active star.</li>
<li>The Sun&rsquo;s atmosphere constantly sends magnetised material outward, enveloping the Solar System far beyond the orbit of Pluto and influencing every world along the way.</li>
<li>The corona gives rise to the solar wind, a continuous flow of charged particles that permeates the solar system.</li>
<li>Unpredictable solar winds cause disturbances in our planet&rsquo;s magnetic field and can play havoc with communications technology on the earth.</li>
<li>The findings of the probe will enable scientists to forecast changes in the earth&rsquo;s space environment.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nasa-set-to-launch-parker-solar-probe'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (24th July, 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Krintafel</h3>
<h3></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Krintafel (tafenoquine) is a one dose medication produced by GlaxoSmithKline and has been approved by US regulators as a simple, one-dose treatment to prevent relapses of Plasmodium vivax malaria.</li>
<li>The one-dose treatment will treat the recurring form of malaria, caused by the parasite plasmodium vivax, to which around 8.5 million people fall prey to every year.</li>
<li>The medication is considered as a significant advancement in malaria treatment in the last 60 years.</li>
<li>A single 300mg dose of drug blocks the dormant form of P.vivax, that affects the liver, transferred by infected mosquitoes to human beings.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<h3>VAHAN &amp; SARATHI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, an inter-ministerial task force has recommended to integrate e-way bill database with VAHAN and SARATHI.</li>
<li>The e-Way bill, currently gives only details of the value of goods being transported.</li>
<li>Vahan allows access to all details related to vehicles such as registration number, chassis/engine number, body/fuel type, colour, manufacturer and model and provides various online services to citizens.</li>
<li>Vahan has been mandated by the Central Motor Vehicle Act 1988 as well as State Motor Vehicle Rules.</li>
<li>Driving Licence and related data are automated through a separate application called &lsquo;Sarathi&rsquo;.</li>
<li>National Informatics Centre (NIC) has been entrusted with the task to standardize &amp; deploy the software VAHAN for Vehicle</li>
<li>Registration and SARATHI for Driving Licenses along with compilation of data with respect to Vehicle Registration and Driving Licenses of all the states in State Register and National Register.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tribal Atlas of Odisha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Odisha has unveiled the &lsquo;Tribal Atlas of Odisha&rsquo;, a compilation of demographic and cultural information of the tribal population in the state.</li>
<li>The state government has claimed that the compilation is the first-of-its-kind in the country.</li>
<li>This book will help to provide comprehensive data on tribal population.</li>
<li>The atlas displays the salient features of the tribal population of Odisha with a series of maps, charts and diagrams.</li>
<li>The atlas has been prepared by the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) Research and Training Institute in collaboration with the Academy of Tribal Language and Culture.</li>
<li>As per Census 2011, Odisha has the second highest tribal population in the country after Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li>It will help in policy decisions and development of tribes of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bharat Stage-VI</h3>
<p>Recently, the central government has said that the sale of the vehicles, which follow non-compliant BS-IV, will be stopped by Apr 2020, but registration of these vehicles can continue till May-end.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharat Stage Norms</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Based on the European regulations (Euro norms), introduced in the year 2000, the Bharat stage norms are emission control standards put in place by the government to keep a check on air pollution.</li>
<li>These standards set specifications/limits for the release of air pollutants from equipment using internal combustion engines, including vehicles.</li>
<li>The higher the stage, the more stringent the norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>What is BS VI&rsquo;s Key Improvement in Fuel Quality Over BS IV?</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BS VI norms seek to cut down sulphur content to 10 parts per million (ppm) from 50 ppm</li>
<li>Sulphur in the fuel contributes to fine particulate matter emissions.</li>
<li>BS VI norms seek to reduce the level of certain harmful hydrocarbons in the emissions that are produced due to incomplete combustion of fuel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Horn of Africa<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/891image1.png" width="320" height="274" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2346367043" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<p>Recently, Qatar and its ally, Turkey, are building ports in Sudan, and Saudi Arabia is in talks to set up a naval base in Djibouti.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Peninsula Of Northeast Africa is called the Horn of Africa or sometimes called the Somalia peninsula. It lies opposite of the southern Arabian Peninsula.</li>
<li>It is the easternmost extension of the African continent separating the Gulf of Aden from the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>It mainly includes Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Somalia and sometimes even including parts of Sudan and Kenya.</li>
<li>The Horn of Africa has been at the centre of global attention for several decades because of protracted armed conflict, severe food crises and large-scale displacement.</li>
<li>The Horn ports are near the Bab al-Mandab strait, a vital choke-point at the mouth of the Red Sea.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-23rd-july-2018'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'PM Modi in Rwanda',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Indian Prime Minister is on a 5-day visit to Rwanda, Uganda and South Africa. The visit to the three-nations is meant to further strengthen India&rsquo;s relations with the African continent.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights of PM&rsquo;s Visit to Rwanda<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/160Rwanda.png" width="282" height="200" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="3061927843" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<h3></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The visit to Rwanda will mark the first-ever visit to the African nation by an Indian Prime Minister.&nbsp;</li>
<li>India is set to establish an Indian high commision in Rwanda to enhance better communication between the respective governments and to enable facilities for consular, passport, visa and others.</li>
<li>India will gift 200 cows as a part of Rwandan President Kagame's flagship Girinka program, in which the poorest get cows from the government and gift the first female calf to a neighbour to promote brotherhood.</li>
<li>She has also extended $100 million for development of industrial parks and Kigali special economic zone (SEZ) in Rwanda and another $100 million for&nbsp;agriculture.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/610India &amp; Rwanda.png" width="317" height="410" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1674889042" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<h3>Why is Rwanda Important?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister's visit to Rwanda is historic as Rwanda is an important gateway to Eastern Africa. India had elevated its bilateral relations with Rwanda to the level of a strategic partnership.</li>
<li>Rwanda has left behind memories of a horrific genocide in 1994 which saw majority ethnic group of Hutus target the minority Tutsis, leaving hundreds of thousands dead. However, since 2000, Rwanda has attained a growth rate of 8% a year, making it one of the fastest-growing economies in the world (though still one of the poorest).</li>
<li>Rwanda is also increasingly playing an important role in African affairs. The Rwandan President is the current Chair of the African Union. In March, Kigali (Capital of Rwanda) hosted the Assembly of the African Union where the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (<g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="41" data-gr-id="41">AfCTA</g>) establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area was signed.</li>
<li>Rwanda is the third largest troop contributor for peacekeeping in Africa and plays an important role in the UN Mission in the Central African Republic.</li>
<li>Despite the ramping up of high-level visits, various studies and statistics show that Indian interest in the Africa growth story has not kept pace, and even declined through most of the period.</li>
<li>According to the &ldquo;World Investment Report for 2018&rdquo;, issued by UNCTAD, Indian FDI in Africa in 2016-17 was at $14 billion while China has increased its investment levels to a massive $40 billion in 2016-17. Hence, India has to encounter increasing challenges of Chinese competition as well as declining Indian trade and investment figures.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India-Rwanda Relations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1999, Rwanda officially opened its Mission in New Delhi. There are approximately 3000 Indian nationals and PIOs in Rwanda.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s engagement with Rwanda is at three levels viz. at the African Union (AU) level, at the level of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and at the bilateral level.</li>
<li>India&nbsp;has consistently been one of the top import sources for Rwanda.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-modi-in-Rwanda'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Karnataka Sees 300% Jump in FDI Inflows',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to RBI data presented in Parliament, Karnataka received $8.58 billion FDI in 2017-18, which is an increase of about 300% from the $2.13 billion in the previous fiscal year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tamil Nadu witnessed a 56% increase from the $2.22 billion in the previous period.</li>
<li>Notably, the investment had halved in 2016-17 owing to assembly elections and political uncertainty in the wake of then Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa&rsquo;s hospitalisation and untimely demise.</li>
<li>Other major states Maharashtra, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh saw a dip in FDI inflows.</li>
<li>The sector-wise investment data show that computer software and hardware gained from a 68% jump in FDI last year to $6.15 billion.</li>
<li>The services sector which comprises finance, banking, insurance and outsourcing among others, remained the top recipient of FDI despite seeing a 23% decline in inflows.</li>
<li>Defence industries have attracted a meagre &nbsp;$10,000 (about Rs seven lakh) FDI in 2017-18. In 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 defence industries received &nbsp;$0.82 million, &nbsp;$0.08 million, &nbsp;$0.10 million foreign inflows, respectively. In 2016-17, the defence industries failed to attract any foreign direct investments.</li>
<li>Sectors such as coal production, ports, dye stuffs and coir industries, have failed to attract any foreign direct investments during the last financial year.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>A.T. Kearney Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index- 2018</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India in 2018 has fallen out of the top 10 destinations for FDI in terms of its attractiveness, according to an AT Kearney report.</li>
<li>The report cites teething troubles in the implementation of the goods and services tax and the government&rsquo;s demonetisation decision in 2016 as the two reasons for this.</li>
<li>India ranks 11 in the 2018 AT Kearney FDI Confidence Index, down from 8 in 2017 and 9 in 2016.</li>
<li>However, the report highlighted reforms like removing the Foreign Investment<a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.thehindu.com/tag/62817-833-684/foreign-investment/?utm%3Dbodytag&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1532416487374000">&nbsp;</a>Promotion Board and liberalising FDI limits in key sectors as responsible for India&rsquo;s high rankings in terms of FDI attractiveness, amongst competing countries.</li>
<li>The report cautioned potential investors about political risks such as China abolishing presidential term limits and the upcoming general election in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/karnataka-sees-300-jump-in-fdi-inflows'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'General Studies-IV',
		'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
		'desc' => '<h3>Ethics, Integrity <g class="gr_ gr_25 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="25" data-gr-id="25">and</g> Aptitude</h3>
<p><em>This paper will include questions to test the candidates&rsquo; attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered:</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants <g class="gr_ gr_26 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="26" data-gr-id="26">and</g> Consequences of Ethics in - Human Actions; Dimensions of Ethics; Ethics - in Private and Public Relationships. Human Values - Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers <g class="gr_ gr_27 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="27" data-gr-id="27">and</g> Administrators; Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in Inculcating Values.</li>
<li>Attitude: Content, Structure, Function; its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour; Moral and Political Attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion.</li>
<li>Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service, Integrity, Impartiality <g class="gr_ gr_24 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="24" data-gr-id="24">and</g> Non-partisanship, Objectivity, Dedication to Public Service, Empathy, Tolerance and Compassion towards the weaker-sections.</li>
<li>Emotional Intelligence-Concepts, and their Utilities and Application in Administration and Governance.</li>
<li>Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and World.</li>
<li>Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems; Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions; Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical Guidance; Accountability and Ethical Governance; Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance; Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding; Corporate Governance.</li>
<li>Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service; Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity; Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen&rsquo;s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service Delivery, Utilization of Public Funds, Challenges of Corruption.</li>
<li>Case Studies on <g class="gr_ gr_22 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="22" data-gr-id="22">above</g> issues.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/upsc-ias-general-studies-iv-ethics-morality-paper-4'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'General Studies-III',
		'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
		'desc' => '<h3>(Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development <g class="gr_ gr_50 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="50" data-gr-id="50">and</g> Employment.</li>
<li>Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it.</li>
<li>Government Budgeting.</li>
<li>Major Crops - Cropping Patterns in various parts of the country, - Different Types of Irrigation and Irrigation Systems; Storage, Transport <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="51" data-gr-id="51">and</g> Marketing of Agricultural Produce and Issues and Related Constraints; E-technology in the aid of farmers.</li>
<li>Issues related to Direct and Indirect Farm Subsidies and Minimum Support Prices; Public Distribution System - Objectives, Functioning, Limitations, Revamping; Issues of Buffer Stocks and Food Security; Technology Missions; Economics of Animal-Rearing.</li>
<li>Food Processing and Related Industries in India- Scope&rsquo; and Significance, Location, Upstream <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="47" data-gr-id="47">and</g> Downstream Requirements, Supply Chain Management.</li>
<li>Land Reforms in India.</li>
<li>Effects of Liberalization on the Economy, Changes in Industrial Policy and their Effects on Industrial Growth.</li>
<li>Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.</li>
<li>Investment Models.</li>
<li>Science and Technology- Developments and their Applications and Effects in Everyday Life.</li>
<li>Achievements of Indians in Science &amp; Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology.</li>
<li>Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, <g class="gr_ gr_43 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="43" data-gr-id="43">Bio-technology</g> <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="44" data-gr-id="44">and</g> issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights.</li>
<li>Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.</li>
<li>Disaster and Disaster Management.</li>
<li>Linkages between Development and Spread of Extremism.</li>
<li>Role of External State and Non-state Actors in creating challenges to Internal Security.</li>
<li>Challenges to Internal Security through Communication Networks, Role of Media and Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges, Basics of Cyber Security; Money-Laundering and its prevention.</li>
<li>Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas - Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism.</li>
<li>Various Security Forces and Agencies and their Mandate.</li>
</ul>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Economy &amp; Issues Relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development &amp; Employment</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 617px;">
<td style="height: 617px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Planning</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Meaning of Planning</li>
<li>Need for Planning in Economic Development</li>
<li>Imperative Vs. Indicative Vs. Structural Planning</li>
<li>Objectives of Planning</li>
<li>Indian Planning History</li>
<li>Techniques of Indian Planning</li>
<li>Achievements &amp; Failures of Indian Planning</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Planning in India</li>
<li>NITI Aayog Vs. Planning Commission</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Mobilisation of Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Resources &ndash; Financial, Human, Natural etc.</li>
<li>Need for Resource Mobilisation</li>
<li>Role of Savings &amp; Investment</li>
<li>Government Resources &ndash; Tax &amp; Non-Tax ( or Fiscal &amp; Monetary Policy)</li>
<li>Banking Sector &amp; NBFCs</li>
<li>Capital Market</li>
<li>External Sources &ndash; FDI, ODA etc.</li>
<li>Public Borrowing &amp; Management of Public Debt</li>
<li>Challenges in Mobilising Resources for Development</li>
<li>Steps That Can Be Taken</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Growth &amp; Development</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Meaning of Development &amp; Growth</li>
<li>Difference between Development &amp; Growth</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 617px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Determinants of Growth &amp; Development</li>
<li>Importance &amp; Limitations of Economic Growth</li>
<li>Jobless Growth</li>
<li>Pro-Poor Growth</li>
<li>Balanced &amp; Unbalanced Growth</li>
<li>Dimensions of Development</li>
<li>Measurement &amp; Indicators of Development</li>
<li>Approaches to Development:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Market-Based Approach</li>
<li>Role of State and Planned Approach</li>
<li>Mixed Economy Approach</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Challenges to Development &amp; Growth</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Employment</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nature &ndash; Rural vs. Urban, Formal Vs. Informal</li>
<li>Terms Related to Employment &ndash; Labour Force Participation Rate, Employment Rate, Working Age Population etc.</li>
<li>Sectoral Distribution of Employment</li>
<li>Quality of Employment</li>
<li>Causes of Lack of Employment</li>
<li>Restructuring of Workforce</li>
<li>Government Initiatives for Generating Employment</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 99.9602%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Inclusive Growth &amp; Issues Arising From It</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="height: 10px; vertical-align: top; width: 49.9602%;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>What is Inclusive Growth?</li>
<li>Elements of Inclusive Growth</li>
<li>Need for Inclusive Growth</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indicators of Inclusive Growth</li>
<li>Challenges in Achieveing Inclusive Growth in India</li>
<li>12<sup>th</sup> FYP &amp; Inclusive Growth</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; width: 100%; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Government Budgeting</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Need for Government Budgeting </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Components of the Government Budget</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Revenue Account &ndash; Revenue Receipts &amp; Revenue Expenditure</li>
<li>Capital Account &ndash; Capital Receipts &amp; Capital Expenditure</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Changes in Budgetary Process in 2017</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Measures of Government Deficit</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Revenue Deficit</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fiscal Deficit</li>
<li>Primary Deficit</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Fiscal Policy</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Deficit Reduction</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>FRBM Act</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Other Types of Budgets &ndash; Outcome, Zero-Based, etc.</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Land Reforms in India</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 111px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rationale for Land Reforms</li>
<li>Components of Land Reforms</li>
<li>Impact of Land Reforms</li>
<li>Problems in Implementaion of Land Reforms</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Success of Land Reforms</li>
<li>Recent Initiatives - Land Leasing, Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation &amp; Resettlement Act, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Effects of Liberalization on the Economy</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 45px;">
<p>Phase of Liberalisation</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 45px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Impact on Different Sectors of the Economy</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Changes In Industrial Policy &amp; their Effects on Industrial Growth</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 91px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 91px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Industrial Policy Before 1991</li>
<li>Industrial Policy After 1991</li>
<li>Phases of Industrial Growth</li>
<li>Linkage Between Economic Reforms and Economic Outcomes</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 91px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Weaknesses and Failures of Industrial Policies</li>
<li>National Manufacturing Policy</li>
<li>SEZs</li>
<li>Make in India</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Infrastructure</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Energy</li>
<li>Ports</li>
<li>Roads</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Airports</li>
<li>Railways</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Investment Models</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 202px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 202px;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Need for Investment</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Sources of Investment</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Types of Investment Models</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Domestic Investment Models
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Public Investment Model</li>
<li>Private Investment Model</li>
<li>Public Private Participation Investment Model</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 202px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foreign Investment Models:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FDI</li>
<li>FII, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sector Specific Investment Models</li>
<li>Cluster Based Investment Models</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Investment Models Followed by India</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">AGRICULTURE<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Major Crops Cropping Patterns in Various Parts of the Country</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Importance of Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Types of Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Reasons Why Cropping Pattern Differ</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factors Influencing Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Emerging Trends in Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Long-Run Effects of Current Trends in Cropping Pattern</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Different Types of Irrigation &amp; Irrigation Systems Storage</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 84px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 84px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Modes of Irrigation</li>
<li>Sources of Irrigation</li>
<li>Choosing an Irrigation System</li>
<li>Problems Associated with Irrigation</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 84px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Progress of Irrigation Under Five Year Plans</li>
<li>Environmental Effects of Irrigation</li>
<li>Need for Systemic Irrigation Reforms</li>
<li>Need for a National Water Policy</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Transport &amp; Marketing of Agricultural Produce &amp; Issues &amp; Related Constraints</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 105px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 105px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Process of Agricultural Marketing - Marketing Channels, Functionaries, Costs, etc.</li>
<li>Role of FCI</li>
<li>Regulated Markets</li>
<li>Warehousing</li>
<li>Cooperative Marketing</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Current Agricultural Marketing Process</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 105px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>APMCs</li>
<li>National Agricultutral Market (NAM)</li>
<li>Farmer Producer Organisations (FPO)</li>
<li>Contract Farming</li>
<li>Futures Trading in Agricultural Commodities</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>E-Technology in the Aid of Farmers, Technology Missions</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues Related to Direct &amp; Indirect Farm Subsidies &amp; Minimum Support Prices</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 59px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 59px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agricultural Pricing Policy</li>
<li>Rationale for Subsidies</li>
<li>Types of Subsidies</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 59px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Effectiveness, Extent &amp; Problems of Subsisies</li>
<li>Clash with WTO Agreements</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Public Distribution System Objectives, Functioning, Limitations, Revamping</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Objectices/Significance</li>
<li>Functioning - Fair Price Shops, FCI, Ration Cards, Aadhar Linking, etc.</li>
<li>Shortcomings or Problems Associated with PDS</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need to Improve the Working of PDS</li>
<li>Measures to Improve the Loopholes &amp; Lacunaes Associated with PDS</li>
<li>Steps Taken by Governement in this Regard</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues of Buffer Stocks &amp; Food Security</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 40px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Buffer Stock &ndash; Objectives &amp; Norms in India</li>
<li>Impact of Government Procurement &amp; Distribution</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 40px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need for Food Security</li>
<li>NFSM And othe Food Security Realted Government Initiatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Economics of Animal-Rearing</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%;"></td>
<td style="width: 50%;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 18px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Food Processing &amp; Related Industries in India</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 76px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 76px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scope &amp; Potential in India</li>
<li>Significance</li>
<li>Location</li>
<li>Constraints and Challenges</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 76px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Upstream &amp; Downstream Requirements</li>
<li>Supply Chain Management</li>
<li>Government Policies and Initiatives &ndash; SAMPADA, 12th FYP, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">SCIENCE &amp; TECHNOLOGY<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Developments &amp; their Applications &amp; Effects in Everyday Life</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Chemicals in Food</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Artificial Sweetening Agents</li>
<li>Food Preservatives</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Drugs</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antacid</li>
<li>Antihistamines</li>
<li>Neurologically Active Drugs
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tranquilizers</li>
<li>Analgesics</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Antimicrobials
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Antibiotics</li>
<li>Antiseptic and Disinfectant</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Anti-Fertility Drugs, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Cleansing Agents</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Soaps</li>
<li>Synthetic detergents</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Glass</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Water Softener</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Water Purification/Disinfection</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Microwave Oven, etc.</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Achievements of Indians in Science &amp; Technology</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 124px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 124px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</li>
<li>Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose</li>
<li>Satyendra Nath Bose</li>
<li>Meghnad Saha</li>
<li>Homi Jehangir Bhabha</li>
<li>Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 124px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A.P.J. Abdul Kalam</li>
<li>Vikram Sarabhai</li>
<li>Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya</li>
<li>Har Gobind Khorana</li>
<li>Tessy Thomas</li>
<li>C.N.R. Rao</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indigenization of Technology &amp; Developing New Technology</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 10px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IT &amp; Computers</li>
<li>Space</li>
<li>Nanotechnology</li>
<li>Biotechnology</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 10px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Robotics</li>
<li>Defence</li>
<li>Nuclear</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Awareness in Different Fields</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 73px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 73px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IT &amp; Computers</li>
<li>Space</li>
<li>Nanotechnology</li>
<li>Biotechnology</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 73px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Robotics</li>
<li>Defence</li>
<li>Nuclear</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Issues Relating to Intellectual Property Rights</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18px;">
<td style="height: 18px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need for Intellectual Property Rights</li>
<li>Types of IPR</li>
<li>IPR Regime in India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 18px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International Agreements Related to IPRs</li>
<li>Geographical Indicators</li>
<li>Recent Issues - Evergreening, Compuslory Licensing, Prominent Cases etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">BIODIVERSITY &amp; ENVIRONMENT<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Conservation</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 159px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 159px;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>What is Biodiversity?</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Types of Biodiversity &ndash; Genetic, Species, Ecosystem, etc.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Importance of Biodivesirty &ndash; Ecosystem Services, Bio Resources of Economic Importance, Social Benefits etc.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Resasons for Loss of Biodiversity</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 159px;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Conservation</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In-situ &amp; Ex-Situ</li>
<li>Eco-Sensitive Areas</li>
<li>Ecological Hotspots</li>
<li>National Guidelines, Legislations &amp; Other Programmes.</li>
<li>International Agreements &amp; Groupings</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Environmental Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 155px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 155px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Types of Pollution &amp; Pollutants</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Impact of Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ozone Layer Depletion and Ozone Hole</li>
<li>Greenhouse Gas Effect &amp; Global Warming</li>
<li>Eutrophication</li>
<li>Desertification</li>
<li>Acid Rain</li>
<li>Hazardous Waste, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 155px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Causes/Sources of Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Prevention &amp; Control of Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>National Environment Agencies, Legislations and Policies </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>International Environment Agencies &amp; Agreements</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 57px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 57px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>What is EIA?</li>
<li>Indian Guidelines &amp; Legislations</li>
<li>EIA Process</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 57px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need &amp; Benefits of EIA</li>
<li>Shortcomings of EIA in India</li>
<li>Measures to Make EIA Effective</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Disaster Management</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Disasters</li>
<li>Management of Disasters</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Community Level Disaster Management</li>
<li>Governement Initiatives on Disaster Management</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">SECURITY<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Linkages Between Development &amp; Spread of Extremism</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factors Responsible for Spread of Extremism</li>
<li>Steps that State can Taken to Reduce the Spread of Extremism due to Underdevelopment</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul>
<li>Naxalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Role of External State &amp; Non-State Actors in Creating Challenges to Internal Security</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>Threats from Non-State Actors</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>J&amp;K Separatism</li>
<li>Left Wing Extremism</li>
<li>North East Insurgency</li>
<li>Terrorism in Hinterland &amp; Border Areas</li>
<li>Right Wing Terrorism</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>Reasons for Spread of Terrorism</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>State Sponsored Terrorism</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>Institutional Framework to Tackle Challenge of Internal Security</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NIA</li>
<li>NATGRID</li>
<li>MAC</li>
<li>UAPA</li>
<li>TADA</li>
<li>POTA</li>
<li>NCTC</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Challenges to Internal Security Through Communication Networks</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 35px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role of Media &amp; Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges</li>
<li>Challenges in Managing Social Media</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 35px;">
<ul>
<li>Steps That can be Taken</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Basics of Cyber Security</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51px;">
<td style="height: 51px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cyber Security</li>
<li>Threats to Indian Cyber Security</li>
<li>Steps taken by India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 51px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International Cooperation on Cyber Security</li>
<li>Cyber Warfare</li>
<li>Terms Associated with Cyber Security</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Money-Laundering &amp; its Prevention</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 72px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 72px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Process of Money Laundering</li>
<li>Impact of Money Laundering</li>
<li>Challenges to Tackle Money Laundering</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 72px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Steps to Counter Money Laundering</li>
<li>Terms Related To Money Laundering</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Security Challenges &amp; their Management in Border Areas</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 44px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 44px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Challenges in Managing Border Security &ndash; Coastal &amp; Terrestrial</li>
<li>Land Boundary Disputes with Neighbours</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 44px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India's Policy in Border Area Security Management</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 67px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Organised Crime</li>
<li>Challenges in Controlling Organised Crime</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 67px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Context &ndash; Link between Organised Crime &amp; Terrorism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Various Security Forces &amp; Agencies &amp; Their Mandate</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Armed Police Forces</li>
<li>Central Paramilitary Forces</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Security &amp; Intelligence Agencies &ndash; IB. R&amp;WA, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/general-studies-III'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'General Studies-II',
		'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
		'desc' => '<h3>(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Constitution&mdash;Historical Underpinnings, Evolution, Features, Amendments, Significant Provisions <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="81" data-gr-id="81">and</g> Basic Structure.</li>
<li>Functions and Responsibilities of the Union and the States, Issues and Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure, Devolution of&nbsp;Powers and Finances up to Local Levels and Challenges Therein.</li>
<li>Separation of Powers between various organs Dispute Redressal Mechanisms and Institutions.</li>
<li>Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme with that of Other Countries.</li>
<li>Parliament and State Legislatures&mdash;Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business, Powers &amp; Privileges and Issues Arising out of these.</li>
<li>Structure, Organization <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="83" data-gr-id="83">and</g> Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary&mdash;Ministries and Departments of the Government; Pressure Groups and Formal/Informal Associations and their Role in the Polity.</li>
<li>Salient Features of the Representation of People&rsquo;s Act.</li>
<li>Appointment to various Constitutional Posts, Powers, Functions <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="78" data-gr-id="78">and</g> Responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.</li>
<li>Statutory, Regulatory and various Quasi-judicial Bodies.</li>
<li>Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation. <br />Development Processes and the Development Industry &mdash; the Role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.</li>
<li>Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions <g class="gr_ gr_70 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="70" data-gr-id="70">and</g> Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.</li>
<li>Issues Relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.</li>
<li>Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.</li>
<li>Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency <g class="gr_ gr_72 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="72" data-gr-id="72">and</g> Accountability, E-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; Citizens Charters, Transparency &amp; Accountability and institutional and other measures.</li>
<li>Role of Civil Services in a Democracy.</li>
<li>India and its Neighborhood- Relations.</li>
<li>Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India&rsquo;s interests.</li>
<li>Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India&rsquo;s interests, Indian Diaspora.</li>
<li>Important International Institutions, agencies <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="68" data-gr-id="68">and</g> fora - their Structure, Mandate.</li>
</ul>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Polity<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<th style="width: 99.8889%; background-color: #008b8b; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" colspan="2">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Constitution</strong></span><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong></strong></span></p>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 393px;">
<td width="378" style="width: 53.1111%; height: 393px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Historical Underpinning &amp; Evolution</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Regulating Act (1773) to Independence Act (1947)</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_73 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="73" data-gr-id="73">Constituent</g> Assembly</li>
<li>Objective Resolution</li>
<li>Enactment &amp; Enforcement of Constitution</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Features</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Written</li>
<li>Flexible &amp; Rigid</li>
<li>Federal &amp; Unitary</li>
<li>Parliamentary Form of Government (Presidential vs. Parliamentary Type of Government)</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Amendments</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>List of Significant <g class="gr_ gr_74 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="74" data-gr-id="74">Amendments</g> &amp; Their Provisions</li>
<li>Procedure for Amending Constitution</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 46.7778%; height: 393px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Significant Provisions</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fundamental Rights</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="79" data-gr-id="79">Directive</g> Principles of State Policy</li>
<li>Judicial Review</li>
<li>Universal Adult Franchise</li>
<li>Single Citizenship</li>
<li>Separation of Powers</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Basic Structure</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Doctrine</li>
<li>Judgments &amp; Cases</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Functions &amp; Responsibilities of the Union and the States</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 67px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>7<sup>th</sup> Schedule</li>
<li>Legislative Functions</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 67px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Financial Functions</li>
<li>Administrative &amp; Quasi-Judicial Functions</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 16px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues &amp; Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Federal Structure in India - Is India truly Federal?</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Cooperative &amp; Competitive Federalism</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Centre-State Relations</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Legislative Relations</li>
<li>Administrative Relations</li>
<li>Financial Relations</li>
<li>Trends in Centre-State Relations</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Inter-State Relations</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inter-state Water Disputes</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inter-State Councils</li>
<li>Public Acts, Records and Judicial Proceedings</li>
<li>Inter-State Trade and Commerce</li>
<li>Zonal Councils</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Emergency Provisions</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Role of Governor</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Reports of Various Commissions</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>2nd ARC, Punchhi, Sarkaria, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 50%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Devolution of Powers &amp; Finances to Local Levels &amp; Challenges Therein</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role of State Government</li>
<li>Role of State Finance Commission</li>
<li>11<sup>th</sup> &amp; 12<sup>th</sup> Schedule</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Reasons for Ineffective Performance</li>
<li>Panchayat Devolution Index ( NITI Aayog)</li>
<li>Steps That Can Be Taken to Improve Their Performance</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Separation of Powers Between Various Organs</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 72px;">
<td style="height: 72px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Doctrine of Separation of Power</li>
<li>Separation of Power in Indian Constitution</li>
<li>Doctrine of Checks &amp; Balances</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 72px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Provisions for Checks &amp; Balances in Indian Constitution</li>
<li>Related Judgments - Golaknath case, Kesavananda Bharati, Indira Gandhi Vs Raj Narain, Ram Jawaya vs Punjab</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Dispute Redressal Mechanisms and Institutions</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 34px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 34px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RTI</li>
<li>PIL</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 34px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tribunals, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme With That of Other Countries Parliament &amp; State Legislatures </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 145px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 145px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business, Powers &amp; Privileges</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Written Constitution</li>
<li>Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility</li>
<li>Federal System with Unitary Bias</li>
<li>Parliamentary Form of Government</li>
<li>Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy</li>
<li>Integrated and Independent Judiciary</li>
<li>Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Duties</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 145px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Secular State</li>
<li>Universal Adult Franchise</li>
<li>Single Citizenship</li>
<li>Emergency Provisions</li>
<li>Three-tier Government</li>
<li>Due Process of Law vs. Procedure Established by Law</li>
<li>Impeachment of President, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Structure, Organization &amp; Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Executive</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Union:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>President</li>
<li>Prime Minister</li>
<li>Council of Ministers</li>
<li>Cabinet Secretariat</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Governor</li>
<li>Chief Minister</li>
<li>Council of Ministers</li>
<li>Secretariat</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Judiciary</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Three-Tier Structure</li>
<li>Chief Justice of India</li>
<li>SC &amp; HC Judges</li>
<li>Jurisdiction</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Ministries and Departments of the Government</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cabinet Ministries</li>
<li>Other Ministries</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliamentary Secretaries</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Pressure Groups &amp; Formal/informal Associations &amp; Their Role in Polity</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Characteristics of Pressure Groups</li>
<li>Pressure Groups &amp; Political Parties</li>
<li>Pressure Groups &amp; Interest Groups</li>
<li>Types of Pressure Groups</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Functions, Role &amp; Importance of Pressure Groups</li>
<li>Techniques/Methods of Pressure Groups</li>
<li>Pressure Groups in India</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Pressure Groups</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Salient Features of Representation of People's Act</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Appointment to Various Constitutional Posts</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Appointment, Powers, Functions &amp; Responsibilities of:</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Election Commission</li>
<li>Union Public Service Commission</li>
<li>State Public Service Commission</li>
<li>Finance Commission</li>
<li>National Commission for SCs</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Commission for STs</li>
<li>Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities</li>
<li>Comptroller and Auditor General of India</li>
<li>Attorney General of India</li>
<li>Advocate General of the State</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Statutory, Regulatory &amp; Quasi-Judicial Bodies</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 220px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 220px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NITI Aayog</li>
<li>RBI</li>
<li>National Human Rights Commission</li>
<li>State Human Rights Commission</li>
<li>Central Information Commission</li>
<li>Central Vigilance Commission</li>
<li>Central Bureau of Investigation</li>
<li>Lokpal and Lokayuktas</li>
<li>National Commission for Women</li>
<li>National Commission for Backward Classes</li>
<li>National Commission for Minorities</li>
<li>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority</li>
<li>Securities and Exchange Board of India</li>
<li>Competition Commission of India</li>
<li>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</li>
<li>Central Electricity Regulatory Commission</li>
<li>Atomic Energy Regulatory Board</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 220px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Pollution Control Board</li>
<li>Medical Council of India</li>
<li>Inland Waterways Authority of India</li>
<li>Central Ground Water Authority</li>
<li>Directorate General of Civil Aviation</li>
<li>Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority</li>
<li>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India</li>
<li>Bar Council of India</li>
<li>University Grants Commission</li>
<li>Financial Stability and Development Council</li>
<li>All India Council for Technical Education</li>
<li>National Green Tribunal</li>
<li>Competition Appellate Tribunal</li>
<li>Income-Tax Appellate Tribunal</li>
<li>Cyber Appellate Tribunal</li>
<li>Intellectual Property Appellate Board</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Governance<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Government Policies &amp; Interventions for Development</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 230px;">
<td style="height: 230px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Government Policies &amp; Interventions in Various Sectors</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Health, Gender, Education, Poverty, Economic etc</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Issues Arising Out of Their Design &amp; Implementation</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concerns/Issues</li>
<li>Suggestions for Improvement</li>
<li>Critical Assessment of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)</li>
<li>Rationalisation of CSS</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 230px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Analysis of Main Schemes:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Beti Bachao Beti Padhao</li>
<li>Smart City</li>
<li>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</li>
<li>MGNERGA</li>
<li>Digital India</li>
<li>Make in India</li>
<li>Skill India</li>
<li>PM Jan Dhan Yojana</li>
<li>Start-up India etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Development Processes &amp; the Development Industry</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 360px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 360px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role of Social Capital Organisations</li>
<li>Indian Context</li>
<li>Classification</li>
<li>Provisions for the Third Sector in the Indian Constitution</li>
<li>National Policy on the Voluntary Sector 2007</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Non-Governmental Organisations</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role and Impact of Non-governmental Organizations</li>
<li>Issue Areas: Accreditation, Legitimacy &amp; Accountability, Foreign Funding etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Self Help Groups (SHGs)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need for SHGs</li>
<li>Benefits of SHGs</li>
<li>Weaknesses of SHGs</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 360px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Challenges</li>
<li>Measures to Make SHGs Effective</li>
<li>Case Studies: Kudumbashree (Kerala), Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (Maharashtra)</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Societies, Trusts and Cooperatives</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Societies</li>
<li>Trust</li>
<li>Religious Endowments</li>
<li>Cooperatives &ndash;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Need for Cooperatives</li>
<li>Constitutional Provisions</li>
<li>National Policy on Co-operatives, 2002</li>
<li>Issues and Challenges in the Cooperatives Sector</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 20px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency &amp; Accountability</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 401px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 401px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Governance</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dimensions of Governance</li>
<li>Good Governance (GG)</li>
<li>Aspects of GG</li>
<li>Barriers to GG</li>
<li>Necessary Pre-conditions for GG</li>
<li>How to Ensure GG</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>E-Governance</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Applications</li>
<li>Models</li>
<li>Successes</li>
<li>Limitations</li>
<li>Potential</li>
<li>Recent e-governance Initiatives by Government</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Citizens Charters (CC)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Components of CC</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 401px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Features of CC</li>
<li>Six Principles of CC</li>
<li>Shortcomings of CC</li>
<li>Measures to Make CC Effective</li>
<li>Sevottam Model</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Aspects of Transparency</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Elements &amp; Types of Accountability</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Means to ensure Transparency &amp; Accountability</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RTI</li>
<li>Social Audit</li>
<li>Whistleblower Protection Bill</li>
<li>Lokpal &amp; Lokayuktas Act</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Role of Civil Services in a Democracy</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 348px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 348px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Relationship Between Civil Service And Democracy </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Role Played By Civil Services</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Advisory Role in Policy Making</li>
<li>Institutionalise Socio-economic change</li>
<li>Discharge Delegated Functions</li>
<li>Administer Law of the Land</li>
<li>Watchdogs</li>
<li>Continuity in times of Political Instability</li>
<li>Record-Keeping</li>
<li>Channel of Communication</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Ailments/Issues Afflicting Indian Civil Services</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of Professionalism &amp; Poor Capacity Building</li>
<li>Inefficient Incentive Systems</li>
<li>Outdated Rules &amp; Procedures</li>
<li>Systemic Inconsistencies in Promotion</li>
<li>Lack of Adequate Transparency &amp; Accountability Procedures</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 348px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Arbitrary &amp; Whimsical Transfers</li>
<li>Political Interference &amp; Administrative Acquiescence</li>
<li>Gradual Erosion in Values &amp; Ethics</li>
<li>Redtapism</li>
<li>Elitist in Nature</li>
<li>Poor Pay</li>
<li>Tendency to Capture Power</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Reforming Bureaucracy to Strengthen Democracy</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Setting Right the Asymmetry of Power</li>
<li>Insulating Civil Servants from Undue Political Interference</li>
<li>Professionalisation with Stability of Tenure &amp; Competition</li>
<li>Citizen-Centric Administration</li>
<li>Accountability</li>
<li>Outcome Orientation</li>
<li>Promoting Public Service Values &amp; Ethics</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">SOCIAL JUSTICE<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 693px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 693px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Schemes for the Following Vulnerable Sections</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SCs &amp; STs</li>
<li>Minorities</li>
<li>Children</li>
<li>Elderly</li>
<li>Disabled</li>
<li>Women</li>
<li>Transgender</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Performance of These Schemes</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions &amp; Bodies Constituted for Protection &amp; Betterment of These Vulnerable Sections</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SCs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Protection of Civil Rights Act</li>
<li>The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act</li>
<li>National Commission for Scheduled Castes</li>
<li>Scheduled Castes Sub Plan</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disabled:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Rehabilitation Council of India Act</li>
<li>The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act</li>
<li>Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act</li>
<li>The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with<br />Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act</li>
<li>Rights of the Persons with Disabilities Act</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 693px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>STs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes</li>
<li>Tribal Sub Plan</li>
<li>TRIFED</li>
<li>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Minorities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Commission for Minorities</li>
<li>National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Women &amp; Children</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act</li>
<li>The Indecent Representation of Women (Prevention) Act</li>
<li>The Dowry Prohibition Act</li>
<li>The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act</li>
<li>The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act</li>
<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act</li>
<li>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act</li>
<li>Central Adoption Resource Agency (CARA)</li>
<li>The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act</li>
<li>Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal)</li>
<li>Pre-Conception and Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PC&amp;PNDT) Act</li>
<li>Gender Budgeting</li>
<li>National Policy for Women</li>
<li>Domestic Violence Act</li>
<li>Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Elderly</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues Relating to Development &amp; Management of Social Sector/Services</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 403px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 403px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Health</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s Performance on Various Health Indicators</li>
<li>Weaknesses of Indian Healthcare System</li>
<li>Health Infrastructure in India</li>
<li>Universal Health Coverage</li>
<li>12th FYP Strategy</li>
<li>Universal Health Coverage</li>
<li>Health Insurance</li>
<li>National Family Health Survey</li>
<li>National Health Policy</li>
<li>National Health Mission</li>
<li>Maternal &amp; Adolescent Health</li>
<li>Child Health</li>
<li>Antimicrobial Resistance</li>
<li>Disease Burden in India</li>
<li>Measures to Ensure Good Health Outcomes</li>
<li>Government Initiatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 403px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Education</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p><strong></strong>Status of Literacy in India</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Education Structure in India</p>
</li>
<li>Challenges Faced by Education Sector in India</li>
<li>Reforms Required</li>
<li>Government Initiatives</li>
<li>ASER Report</li>
<li>Financing Education</li>
<li>Subramanian Panel Report</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Human Resource</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need For Skill Development</li>
<li>Skill Development Initiatives</li>
<li>Challenges in Skilling Landscape in India</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Current Skill Development Initiatives</li>
<li>Reforms Required</li>
<li>Steps that can Be Taken</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues Relating to Poverty &amp; Hunger</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 98px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 98px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Relation between Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Distribution of Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Magnitude &amp; Trends of Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Causes of Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Cost/Impact of Poverty &amp; Malnutrition</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 98px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MDGs &amp; SDGs</li>
<li>Food and nutrition insecurity - a consequence of structural inequities</li>
<li>Constraints in Reducing Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Measure to Reduce Poverty &amp; Hunger &ndash; National Food Security Act, Mid-day Meal Scheme, MGNREGA etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>India and its Neighborhood &ndash; Relations</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 137px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 137px;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>India&rsquo;s Relations With</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China</li>
<li>Pakistan</li>
<li>Myanmar</li>
<li>Bhutan</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 137px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bangladesh</li>
<li>Sri Lanka</li>
<li>Afghanistan</li>
<li>Nepal</li>
<li>Maldives</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Bilateral, Regional &amp; Global Groupings &amp; Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 450px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 450px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>India&rsquo;s Major Foreign Policy Doctrines Since 1947</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Non-aligned Movement (NAM)</li>
<li>Nuclear Doctrine</li>
<li>Gujral Doctrine</li>
<li>Look East to Act East</li>
<li>Think West, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Bilateral Relations With</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Major Powers Like &ndash; USA, Russia, Japan</li>
<li>Central Asian Countries</li>
<li>West Asian Countries</li>
<li>African Countries</li>
<li>Australia &amp; New Zealand</li>
<li>EU &amp; European Countries</li>
<li>Latin American Countries</li>
<li>Pacific Countries</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Regional &amp; Global Groupings</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SAARC</li>
<li>BRICS</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 450px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BBIN &amp; BCIM</li>
<li>BIMSTEC</li>
<li>IBSA</li>
<li>ASEAN &amp; RCEP</li>
<li>India-Africa Forum</li>
<li>SCO</li>
<li>Ashgabat Agreement</li>
<li>FIPIC</li>
<li>IOR-ARC</li>
<li>Mekong Ganga Cooperation (MGC)</li>
<li>Raisina Dialogue</li>
<li>Heart of Asia Conference</li>
<li>East Asia Summit</li>
<li>G-20</li>
<li>Asian Development Bank</li>
<li>National Security Summit</li>
<li>Multilateral Nuclear Export Regulatory Regimes: Wassenar, MTCR, Australia Group</li>
<li>Asian Development Bank</li>
<li>APEC, etc</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="width: 50%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Effect of Policies &amp; Politics of Developed &amp; Developing Countries on India's Interests</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 88px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 88px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One Belt One Road</li>
<li>International North&ndash;South Transport Corridor</li>
<li>Global Trade War</li>
<li>Global Currency War</li>
<li>Syrian Crisis</li>
<li>UN Reforms</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 88px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WTO Reforms</li>
<li>South China Sea Conflict</li>
<li>Brexit</li>
<li>Deglobalisation &amp; Protectionism &ndash; US Sanctions on Iran, US Pullout from Paris Agreement, H-1B Visa Issue etc.</li>
<li>OPEC Oil Prices Manipulation, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Diaspora</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 95px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 95px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Spread of Indian Diaspora</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s Diaspora Policy &amp; Engagement Initiatives
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OCI</li>
<li>Pravasi Bharatiya Divas</li>
<li>Know India Programme, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 95px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LM Singhvi High Level Committee on the Diaspora</li>
<li>Role played by Indian Diaspora</li>
<li>Issues Concerning the Diaspora:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dual Nationality</li>
<li>Remittances, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important International Institutions</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UN &amp; its Agencies</li>
<li>WTO</li>
<li>World Bank</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMF</li>
<li>World Economic Forum</li>
<li>Commonwealth of Nations, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/general-studies-ii'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'General Studies-I',
		'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
		'desc' => '<h3>(Indian Heritage and Culture, History <g class="gr_ gr_113 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="113" data-gr-id="113">and</g> Geography of the World and Society)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Culture - Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.</li>
<li>Modern Indian History from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.</li>
<li>The Freedom Struggle &mdash; its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.</li>
<li>Post-independence Consolidation and Reorganization within the country.</li>
<li>History of the World will include events from 18th century such as Industrial Revolution, world wars, <g class="gr_ gr_105 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="105" data-gr-id="105">Redrawal</g> of National Boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.&mdash; their forms and effect on the society.</li>
<li>Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.</li>
<li>Role of Women and Women&rsquo;s Organization, Population and Associated Issues, Poverty and Developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.</li>
<li>Effects of Globalization on Indian society.</li>
<li>Social Empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism &amp; Secularism.</li>
<li>Salient features of World&rsquo;s Physical Geography.</li>
<li>Distribution of Key Natural Resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).</li>
<li>Important Geophysical Phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.</li>
</ul>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">History<br /><br /></h1>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 100%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Heritage &amp; Culture</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong><span style="color: #008b8b;">Indian Art Forms</span><br /></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Paintings</li>
<li>Classical Dance Forms</li>
<li>Folk Dance Forms</li>
<li>Classical Music</li>
<li>Puppetry</li>
<li>Pottery</li>
<li>Drama/Theatre</li>
<li>Martial Arts</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Literature</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ancient Indian Literature</li>
<li>Classical Sanskrit Literature</li>
<li>Literature in Pali and Prakrit</li>
<li>Early Dravidian Literature</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Medieval Literature</li>
<li>Women Poets of Bhakti</li>
<li>Trends in Medieval Literature</li>
<li>Modern Indian Literature</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Architecture</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Harappan Architecture</li>
<li>Temple Architecture</li>
<li>Cave Architecture</li>
<li>Indo-Islamic Architecture</li>
<li>Medieval Architecture</li>
<li>Modern Architecture</li>
<li>Contribution of Buddhism &amp; Jainism to the Development of Indian Architecture</li>
<li>Rock Cut Architecture</li>
<li>Colonial Architecture &amp; the Modern Period</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 99.8889%; height: 19px;" colspan="2">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Modern Indian History</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25px;">
<td style="width: 50.1111%; height: 25px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong><span style="color: #008b8b;">Middle of the Eighteenth Century Until The Present</span><br /></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Socio-economic Condition of People</li>
<li>European Penetration of India</li>
<li>British Conquest of India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 49.7778%; height: 25px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>British Policies &amp; Their Impact &ndash; Economic, Administrative &amp; Socio-cultural</li>
<li>Socio-cultural Reform Movements</li>
<li>Uprisings Against British Pre-1857</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 96.3405%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">The Freedom Struggle</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 540px;">
<td style="width: 48.6823%; height: 540px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Revolt of 1857</strong></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008b8b;">Growth of Nationalism in India (1858-1905)</span><br /></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Political, Economic &amp; Administrative Unification of the Country</li>
<li>Role of Western Education</li>
<li>Role of Press</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_124 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="124" data-gr-id="124">Rediscovery</g> of India&rsquo;s Past</li>
<li>Early Political Movements</li>
<li>Formation of INC</li>
<li>Era of Moderates</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong><g class="gr_ gr_125 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="125" data-gr-id="125">Growth</g> of Militant Nationalism &amp; Revolutionary Activities (1905-1918)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swadeshi &amp; Boycott Movement</li>
<li>Surat Split</li>
<li>International Influence</li>
<li>Morley &ndash; Minto Reforms</li>
<li>Growth of Communalism</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong><g class="gr_ gr_126 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="126" data-gr-id="126">Beginning</g> of Mass Nationalism (1919-1939)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahatma Gandhi &ndash; His Ideas &amp; Leadership</li>
<li>Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms</li>
<li>Rowlatt Act, <g class="gr_ gr_114 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="114" data-gr-id="114">Satyagrah</g> <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="128" data-gr-id="128">and</g> Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</li>
<li>Non-cooperation &amp; Khilafat Movement</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 47.6582%; height: 540px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swarajists &amp; No-Changers</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="127" data-gr-id="127">Emergence</g> of New Forces &ndash; Socialistic Ideas, Youth &amp; Trade Unionism</li>
<li>Revolutionary Activity</li>
<li>Simon Commission &amp; Nehru Report</li>
<li>Civil Disobedience Movement</li>
<li>Round Table Conferences</li>
<li>Communal Award &amp; Poona Pact</li>
<li>Participation in Elections to Central Legislature (1934) &amp; Provincial Assemblies (1937)</li>
<li>Government of India Act, 1935</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Towards Freedom &amp; Partition (1939-1947)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Movement During World War II</li>
<li>August Offer</li>
<li>Individual Satyagraha</li>
<li>Growth of Communalism</li>
<li>Peasant Movements</li>
<li>State People&rsquo;s Struggle</li>
<li>Cripps Mission</li>
<li>Quit India Movement</li>
<li>Wavell Plan</li>
<li>INA &amp; Subhash Chandra Bose</li>
<li>Cabinet Mission</li>
<li>Nationalist Upsurge Post-World War II</li>
<li>Independence with Partition</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="width: 96.5366%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" width="255"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Post-independence Consolidation</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 445px;">
<td style="width: 48.9556%; vertical-align: top; height: 445px;" width="296">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Nation Building</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Partition and Its Aftermath</li>
<li>Integration of Princely States</li>
<li>Reorganisation of States</li>
<li>Issue of Official Language</li>
<li>Tribal Consolidation</li>
<li>Regional Aspirations</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Foreign Policy</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Non-Aligned Movement</li>
<li>Panchsheel</li>
<li>Wars with Pakistan &amp; China</li>
<li>Nuclear Policy</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Economy</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Planned Development</li>
<li>Green Revolution, Operation Flood &amp; Cooperatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 47.581%; vertical-align: top; height: 445px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agrarian &amp; Land Reforms</li>
<li>Industrial Reforms</li>
<li>LPG Reforms</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Polity</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Era of One-Party Dominance</li>
<li>Emergence of Opposition Parties</li>
<li>Emergency: Crisis of Democratic Order</li>
<li>Rise of Regional Parties</li>
<li>Coalition Era</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Social</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Popular Movements</li>
<li>Communalism</li>
<li>Indian Women Since Independence</li>
<li>Naxalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.5086%;" width="255"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>History of the World</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 618px;">
<td style="width: 49.1329%; vertical-align: top; height: 618px;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Industrial Revolution</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Renaissance</li>
<li>Discovery of Sea Routes</li>
<li>Reformation</li>
<li>Counter Reformation</li>
<li>European Nations Settle North America</li>
<li>Rise of Slave Trade</li>
<li>American War of Independence</li>
<li>French Revolution</li>
<li>Nationalism in Europe</li>
<li>Rise of Capitalism, Colonialism &amp; Imperialism</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>World War I</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Causes of the War</li>
<li>Scope &amp; Course of the War</li>
<li>Russian Revolution</li>
<li>End of the War &amp; Peace Treaties</li>
<li>Consequences of the War</li>
<li>League of Nations</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>World Between the Two Wars</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Europe After the War &ndash; Fascism &amp; Nazism</li>
<li>The Great Depression</li>
<li>Emergence of Soviet Union</li>
<li>Nationalist Movements in Asia &amp; Africa</li>
<li>US as a Strong Power</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 47.3757%; vertical-align: top; height: 618px;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>World War II</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fascist Aggression &amp; Response of Western Democracies</li>
<li>Outbreak of the War</li>
<li>Theatres of the War</li>
<li>US Entry into the War</li>
<li>Global Nature of the War</li>
<li>The Holocaust</li>
<li>Resistance Movements</li>
<li>After-effects of the War</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Decolonialisation &amp; Redrawal of National Boundaries</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Europe after World War II</li>
<li>Cold War</li>
<li>Rise of Asia &amp; Africa</li>
<li>Developments in West Asia &amp; North Africa</li>
<li>Spread of Communism</li>
<li>Korean War</li>
<li>Vietnam War</li>
<li>Cuban Crisis</li>
<li>Collapse of Soviet Union</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Concept, Types &amp; Social Impact of Political Philosophies</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Communism</li>
<li>Capitalism</li>
<li>Socialism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Indian Society<br /><br /></h1>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="width: 96.5792%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Salient Features of Indian Society</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 88px;">
<td style="width: 43.5561%; vertical-align: top; height: 88px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Diversity (Types &ndash; caste, linguistic, social and religious, race, tribe and ethnicity, culture)</li>
<li>Challenges posed by Diversity</li>
<li>Unity</li>
<li>Pluralism</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.0231%; vertical-align: top; height: 88px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Unity in Diversity</li>
<li>Inequality and Exclusion</li>
<li>Family System</li>
<li>Examples of above.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="width: 96.6591%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Role of Women and Women's Organization</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 109px;">
<td style="width: 43.4765%; height: 109px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Women's Organisations &ndash; Empowerment through Action</li>
<li>19<sup>th</sup> Century Social Reform Movements and Early Women's Organisations &ndash; (1) Agrarian Struggles and Revolt, (2) Participation in Freedom Struggle</li>
<li>Women's Organisations Post &ndash; 1947</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.1826%; height: 109px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Resurgence of Women's Movement in the 70s: (1) Emergence of New Organisations, (2) Approaches and Issues</li>
<li>Contemporary Women's Issues &amp; Organisation Response</li>
<li>Women's Organisations and SHGs</li>
<li>Challenges faced by Women's Organisations</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="width: 96.6541%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Population and Associated Issues</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 73px;">
<td style="width: 43.6356%; height: 73px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Basic Demography of India</li>
<li>Population Trends in India and their Implications</li>
<li>Causes and Effects of Over Population</li>
<li>Challenges of Population Explosion</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.0185%; height: 73px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Changing Age Structure of Indian Population</li>
<li>Demogarphic Dividend: Boon or Bane for India</li>
<li>Population Aging in India</li>
<li>India's Population Policy &amp; Initiatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.5792%;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Poverty and Developmental Issues</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 243px;">
<td style="width: 43.6356%; vertical-align: top; height: 243px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concept of Development and Poverty</li>
<li>Types of Poverty</li>
<li>Measurement of Poverty &ndash; Poverty Line</li>
<li>Causes of Poverty</li>
<li>Poverty as a Social Problem</li>
<li>Socio-economic Spread of Poverty</li>
<li>Consequences of Poverty &ndash;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inequality</li>
<li>Continuation of Vicious Cycle</li>
<li>Who are worst affected by poverty?</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 52.9436%; vertical-align: top; height: 243px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Problem of Rising Urban Poverty</li>
<li>Poverty Alleviation Initiatives</li>
<li>Policy shift from &ldquo;Trickle Down&rdquo; Economics to Inclusive or Pro-poor Development to Reduce Poverty</li>
<li>Relation between Poverty Reduction and Development: Poverty-Inequality-Development Nexus</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 96.6587%;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Urbanization</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 43.7152%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Urbanisation Trends in India and Their Implications - Demographic and Social Dimensions</li>
<li>Factors Driving Urbanisation</li>
<li>State of Service Delivery and Challeges posed by Urbanisation</li>
<li>Problems of Urban Areas</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 52.9435%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Social Consequences of Urbanisation</li>
<li>Impact of Urbanisation in Rural Areas</li>
<li>Urban Planning and Role of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)</li>
<li>Reforms Required and Government Initiatives Taken So Far</li>
<li>Problems of Slums</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b; height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 96.7383%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Effects of Globalization on Indian Society</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 111px;">
<td style="width: 43.75%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Understanding Globalisation &ndash; Its Different Dimensions</li>
<li>Globalisation &amp; Culture - Homogenisation vs. Glocalisation</li>
<li>Factors Driving Globalisation</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 52.9883%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Globalisation &amp; India</li>
<li>Impact of Globalisation on India - Socio-cultural, economic, on women, agrarian sector etc.</li>
<li>Does Globalisation cause Poverty?</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; width: 96.7383%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Social Empowerment</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 43.4765%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Which are the Socially Disadvantaged Groups?</li>
<li>Dimensions of Social Empowerment</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.2618%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government Initiatives to Aide Social Empowerment</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.7383%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Communalism</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 79px;">
<td style="width: 43.4765%; height: 79px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Communalism &ndash; Its Characteristics</li>
<li>Communalism in India in the Past</li>
<li>Communalism in Contemporqary India</li>
<li>Causes of Communalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.2618%; height: 79px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Consequences of Communalism</li>
<li>Measures to Control &amp; Eradicate Communalism</li>
<li>Secularism as an Antidote to Communalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.7335%;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Regionalism</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 89px;">
<td style="width: 43.2455%; height: 89px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concept of Region &amp; Regionalism</li>
<li>Different Forms of Regionalism</li>
<li>Regionalism in India</li>
<li>Causes of Regionalism</li>
<li>Concept of 'Sons of Soil'</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.488%; height: 89px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Consequences of Regionalism</li>
<li>Federalism &amp; Regionalism</li>
<li>Role of Regional Parties</li>
<li>Measures to Contain Regionalism</li>
<li>Regionalism in the International Sphere</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.7383%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Secularism</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 43.0099%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concept of Secularism</li>
<li>Indian Model of Secularism</li>
<li>Secularism in India</li>
<li>Nature &amp; Practice of Secularism in India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.7284%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Uniform Civil Code</li>
<li>Challenges faced by Secularism in India</li>
<li>Measures to Make India Truly Secular</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Geography<br /><br /></h1>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 99.8806%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Salient Features of World's Physical Geography</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 494px;">
<td style="height: 216px; vertical-align: top; width: 44.7096%;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Geomorphology</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Origin &amp; Evolution of Earth</li>
<li>Interior of the Earth</li>
<li>Distribution of Continents &amp; Oceans</li>
<li>Plate Tectonic Theory</li>
<li>Distribution of Earthquakes &amp; Volcanoes</li>
<li>Rocks &amp; Rock Cycle</li>
<li>Geomorphic Processes &ndash; Endogenic &amp; Exogenic</li>
<li>Landforms &amp; their Evolution</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Oceanography</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hydrological Cycle</li>
<li>Seafloor Spreading</li>
<li>Ocean Floor Configuration</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.171%; height: 216px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Temperature &amp; Salinity of Oceans</li>
<li>Movement of Oceans &ndash; Waves, Tides, Currents</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Climatology</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earth&rsquo;s Atmosphere &ndash; Composition &amp; Structure</li>
<li>Solar Radiation, Heat Budget &amp; Temperature</li>
<li>Atmospheric Circulation &amp; Weather Systems</li>
<li>World Climate (examples)</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Soil Geography</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Soil &amp; Soil Contents</li>
<li>Process of Soil Formation</li>
<li>Soil Forming Factors</li>
<li>Types of Soils (examples)</li>
<li>Soil Erosion &amp; Conservation</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Distribution of Key Natural Resources Across the World </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 411px;">
<td style="width: 44.829%; vertical-align: top; height: 411px;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Types of Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the Basis of Origin, Ownership, Exhaustability etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Land Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Land Utilisation</li>
<li>Land Use Pattern</li>
<li>Land Degradation &amp; Conservation</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Forest Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types &amp; Distribution &ndash; Grasslands, Forests etc.</li>
<li>Causes of Depletion</li>
<li>Conservation of Forests</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Water Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Marine &amp; Freshwater</li>
<li>Water Scarcity &amp; Need For Conservation</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.171%; vertical-align: top; height: 411px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Integrated Water Resources Management</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Agricultural Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Farming</li>
<li>Cropping Patterns</li>
<li>Contribution to Economy, Employment &amp; Output</li>
<li>Food Security</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Mineral &amp; Energy Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Classification of Minerals &ndash; Ferrous &amp; Non-Ferrous</li>
<li>Occurrence of Minerals</li>
<li>Conservation of Minerals</li>
<li>Classification of Energy Resources &ndash; Conventional &amp; Non-Conventional</li>
<li>Occurrence of Energy Resources</li>
<li>Conservation of Energy Resources</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 99.9602%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Factors Responsible for the Location of Industries</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 188px;">
<td style="height: 188px; vertical-align: top; width: 44.8687%;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Classification of Industries</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Location &amp; Distribution of the Industries on the Basis of</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Raw Material</li>
<li>Labour</li>
<li>Market</li>
<li>Capital</li>
<li>Land</li>
<li>Grants &amp; Financial Incentives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.0915%; height: 188px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Power</li>
<li>Transport</li>
<li>Water</li>
<li>Communication</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Distribution of Major Industries &ndash; Iron &amp; Steel, IT, Cotton Textile</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Agglomeration &amp; Footloose Industries</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important Geophysical Phenomena</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 318px;">
<td style="width: 44.9881%; vertical-align: top; height: 318px;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Earthquakes</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Why Does Earth Shake?</li>
<li>Earthquake Waves</li>
<li>Shadow Zone</li>
<li>Types of Earthquake</li>
<li>Measuring Earthquake</li>
<li>Effects of Earthquake</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Tsunami</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>What Causes Tsunami</li>
<li>Effect of Tsunami</li>
<li>Mitigating the Impact of Tsunami</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.0119%; vertical-align: top; height: 318px;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Volcanoes</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Volcanoes</li>
<li>What Causes Volcanoes?</li>
<li>Volcanic Landforms</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Cyclone</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tropical Cyclones</li>
<li>Anti-Cyclone</li>
<li>Extra Tropical Cyclones</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Geographical Features and their Location</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 45.1472%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factors Causing Changes in Critical Geographical Features</li>
<li>Examples of Changing Geographicl Features - Mealting of Ice Sheets, Desertification etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 54.8528%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Impact of Changing Geographical Features</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/general-studies-I'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Ayushman Bharat and the Role of Private Hospitals',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p><em>This editorial appears in The Mint and addresses the brand new scheme Ayushman Bharat and how it is going to affect the role of private hospitals in the country.</em></p>
<p>Principally, India has committed to provide free and equitable healthcare facilities to all its citizens, regardless of their economic and social status. However, the real picture is far from this ideological commitment.</p>
<p>India&rsquo;s expenditure on healthcare goods and services is only around ~3.9% of its national GDP, including the private sector (compared to 18% of the US). Further, it is met with fourfold challenges - (i) providing universal access to <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="96" data-gr-id="96">healthcare</g>; (ii) arranging for fair and equitable distribution of cost of healthcare (iii) maintaining quality of healthcare by training practitioners and providers; and (iv) giving special attention to vulnerable groups like women, elderly, disabled and children. The present government has taken a bold step forward in this direction - launching a nationwide health protection scheme known as &ldquo;Ayushman Bharat&rdquo;.</p>
<p>Recently, the government initiated the empanelment process for public and private hospitals under the scheme for universal health coverage. However, some healthcare provider networks have expressed concerns over the viability of &ldquo;pricing model&rdquo; as proposed by the government as it is too low to be afforded by them. <br />About the scheme<br />Ayushman Bharat -National Health Protection Mission (AB-NHPM) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, with the central component anchored in the MoHFW.</p>
<h3>Salient features:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AB-NHPM will have a defined benefit cover of Rs. 5 lakh per family per year and will take care of almost all secondary care and most of the tertiary care procedures.</li>
<li>Benefits of the scheme are portable across the country and a beneficiary covered under the scheme will be allowed to take cashless benefits from any public/private empanelled hospital across the country.</li>
<li>AB-NHPM will be an entitlement based scheme with entitlement decided on the basis of deprivation criteria in the <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="91" data-gr-id="91">SECC</g> database.</li>
<li>The National Health Agency (NHA) is the apex body for the implementation of the ambitious Ayushman Bharat-National Health Protection Scheme</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AB-NHPM will have a major impact on the reduction of Out Of Pocket (OOP) expenditure as it covers the poorest and the most vulnerable sections of the society, and almost all secondary and tertiary hospitals.</li>
<li>This will lead to increased access to quality health and medication.</li>
<li>This will lead to timely treatments, improvements in health outcomes, patient satisfaction, improvement in productivity and efficiency, job creation thus leading to a general improvement in the quality of life.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Health Account</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Low public expenditure:</strong> Public health expenditure in India (total of Centre and State governments) has remained constant at approximately 1.3% of the GDP between 2008 and 2015, and increased marginally to 1.4% in 2016-17. This is less than the world average of 6%.</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">&nbsp;<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/739Table-1-6.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2729207587" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /><br /><strong></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disparity among states:</strong> Low-income states with low revenue capacity <g class="gr_ gr_118 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="118" data-gr-id="118">spend</g> significant lower on social services like health. Further, differences in the cost of delivering health services have contributed to health disparities among and within states.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/501Fig-2-1.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2008619644" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Out-of-pocket expenditures on healthcare:</strong> If cumulatively 30% of the total health expenditure is incurred by the public sector, the rest of the health expenditure, i.e. approximately 70% is borne by consumers.</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/531Fig-3.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="3582751752" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of health support coverage</strong>: 86% of the rural population and 82% of the urban population are not covered under any scheme of health expenditure support. <br />Demand for Basic Primary Healthcare and Infrastructure: India faces a growing need to fix its basic health concerns in the areas of HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrhoea. More than one-third of the world's malnourished children live in India. Half of the children under three years old are underweight.<br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Underdeveloped Medical Devices Sector: </strong>The medical devices sector faces a number of regulatory challenges which has prevented its growth and development.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why Is the &ldquo;Pricing Model&rdquo; Right?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First of its kind:</strong> As there is a dearth of national-level comprehensive costing studies, the current rates do have some loopholes. However, the rates are subject to revision which should be done after taking help from similar successfully running schemes in states such as Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Karnataka. These schemes have many empanelled hospitals which are providing healthcare services at the rates so provisioned.</li>
<li><strong>Flexibility across states:</strong> The rates prescribed are median rates and can be adjusted according to the states. Hospitals accredited to the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals &amp; Healthcare Providers (NABH) and those located in &ldquo;aspirational districts&rdquo; will receive higher rates.
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 25px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 25px;">
<p><strong>NABH:</strong> National Accreditation Board for Hospitals &amp; Healthcare Providers (NABH) is a constituent board of Quality Council of India, set up to establish and operate accreditation programmes for healthcare organisations.</p>
<p><strong><g class="gr_ gr_108 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="108" data-gr-id="108">Scope</g> of NABH /Objectives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Accreditation of healthcare facilities</li>
<li>Quality promotion: initiatives like Safe-I, Nursing Excellence, Laboratory certification programs (but not limited to these)</li>
<li>IEC activities: public lecture, advertisement, workshops/ seminars</li>
<li>Education and Training for Quality &amp; Patient Safety</li>
<li>Recognition: Endorsement of various healthcare quality courses/ workshops</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li><strong>Adjustment of prices:</strong> Although the price model doesn&rsquo;t incorporate complicated cases, AB-NHPM plans to move to provider payment mechanisms, including Diagnosis-Related Group models.
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><strong>Diagnosis-Related Grouping</strong> categorizes the hospital services used for &ldquo;reimbursement&rdquo; to patients. This is in contrast to the &ldquo;cost-plus-profit-based-system&rdquo; as it is fixed on a case to case basis.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What Do the Hospitals Need to Do?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The hospitals should understand that the nationally prescribed rates are not intended to cover the cost of capital and infrastructure in the short run but only the marginal cost. This means that the scheme will ensure that the surplus capacities of hospitals will be utilized.</li>
<li>The hospitals should not seek to drive their profit regime by the poor of the country. As it goes for other corporate entities, the hospitals too have a responsibility towards the poor and marginalized of the country.</li>
<li>The private hospitals should view this as an opportunity to do their bit in shaping the most ambitious healthcare scheme in the world.</li>
</ul>
<p>In view of the perilous health scenario of the country, AB-NHPM is a bold and courageous step which dares to take private hospitals under its ambit. Blockading its way is going to cost the whole country. The aim of overturning healthcare from market-based sector to its recognition as a public good and a universal right can be fulfilled only when the private entities take up their responsibility as agents of this change.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushman-bharat-and-the-role -of-private-hospitals'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'India to Overtake US by 2030',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>10 Asian economies including India will overtake the US in terms of GDP by 2030, according to a report by global financial services major DBS.</li>
<li>These economies are expected to see robust growth and will cross $28 trillion mark in real GDP terms on aggregate, more than that of the U.S., whose economy will amount to $22.33 trillion by 2030.</li>
<li>The Asia-10 include China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand.</li>
<li>However, this is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition to invest in Asia, as investing cannot be based on a single indicator, especially when it comes to a long-term horizon.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The report has highlighted <strong>three</strong> major concerns:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Trade war:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rise of protectionism may reduce investment flow in the region as Asia is one off the most externally exposed regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Demographic dividend:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report also said that the Asian countries may have benefited in the past from the demographic dividend, but it&rsquo;s not such valuable now.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Employment:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A young population creates a &ldquo;challenge&rdquo; in terms of generating jobs, in absence of which there will be high levels of unemployment, creating both an economic and social/political challenge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apart from above three, these economies also face some common issues like climate change, rising inequality, worsening environment for trade, and technological disruption.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-overtake-us-by-2030'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'UN Model for Cross-Border Norms',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3></h3>
<p>Recently, the government is looking at the possibility of adopting a United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) model for cross-border insolvency cases as it works on strengthening the insolvency resolution framework.</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The existing Code in The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) provides for two sections i.e. 234 and 235 &mdash; relating to cross-border insolvency, which allows the Centre to enter into an agreement with a foreign country for enforcing the provisions of the Code, which is considered insufficient and time-taking.</li>
<li>Moreover, these sections are yet to be made operational.</li>
<li>In case the UN model is adopted for cross-border insolvency matters, then sections 234 and 235 could be dropped from the Code as they pertain to only bilateral pacts.</li>
<li>The inclusion of cross-border insolvency framework will further enhance ease of doing business, provide a mechanism of cooperation between India and other countries in the area of insolvency resolution, and protect creditors in the global scenario.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>Note:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), established in 1966 as a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly.</li>
<li>UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency was adopted in 1997.</li>
<li>Key provisions of UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency focus on four elements identified as key to the conduct of cross-border insolvency cases: access, recognition, relief</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-model-for-cross-border-norms'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Panel for Denotified, Semi-Nomadic, Nomadic Tribes',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The NITI Aayog has backed a proposal by Ministry of Social justice and Empowerment to set up a permanent commission for Denotified (DNT), Semi Nomadic (SNT), and Nomadic Tribes (NT). The commission will be set up on the lines of similar commissions for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In May 2018, the Ministry of Social justice and Empowerment had written to the NITI Aayog, asking for its stand on the report of the Bhiku Ramji Idate Commission on DNT, SNT, and NT communities.</li>
<li>In response to this NITI Aayog has offered to set up a working group to come up with policy suggestions on issues related to the most deprived communities.</li>
<li>It supports the suggestion by Bhiku Ramji Idate Commission to form a dedicated National Finance Development Corporation for DNT, SNT and NTs.</li>
<li>It also supports the suggestion lowering tuition fees and relaxing admission conditions for children from the communities, and easy allotment of land and housing for members of the community in which 90% or more are landless.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The DNT, NT, SNT communities have been identified as the most marginalised by several commissions set up since Independence.</li>
<li>The community has for long not been enumerated in the Census data. The Renke Commission report of 2008 had roughly estimated their population to be between 10-12 crore however none of its recommendations were implemented.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Denotified Tribes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Denotified tribes are those that were notified under the Criminal Tribes Acts enforced during British Rule, whereby entire populations were branded criminals by birth. In 1952, the Act was repealed and the communities were de-notified.</li>
<li>The Nomadic tribes maintain constant geographical mobility while semi-nomads are those who are on the move but return to a fixed habitations once a year, mainly for occupational reasons.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bhiku Ramji Idate Commission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Idate Commission submitted its report in January 2018. It mentioned that a permanent commission for Denotified, Semi Nomadic, and Nomadic Tribes should have a prominent community leader as its chairperson, and a senior Union government bureaucrat, an anthropologist, and a sociologist as members.</li>
<li>Some of the major recommendations of the panel include granting Constitutional protection to these communities under a separate third schedule after Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, making them eligible for reservation, and extending the protective cover of Prevention of Atrocities Act to them.</li>
<li>Some of the issues raised by the report involve the repealing of the Habitual Offenders Act, provision of Public Distribution System (PDS) cards, special housing schemes for the largely landless community, establishment of a separate academy to preserve their art and culture, special education and health schemes.</li>
<li>The Commission noted that post-independence policies for these communities have been mostly symbolic reparations, with post-liberalisation policies alienating them further from their land and occupations.</li>
<li>The Ministry had also written to the NITI Aayog, asking whether it would set up a Working Group for framing Vision 2030 for development of these communities as per the UN Sustainable Development Goals.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panel-for-denotified-semi-nomadic-nomadic-tribes'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'UPSC Preliminary Examination Syllabus',
		'catname' => 'Prelims',
		'desc' => '<ol>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_29 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="29" data-gr-id="29">Paper</g> I - (200 marks)</li>
</ol>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;" class="ticklist">
<li>Current Events of National and International Importance.</li>
<li>History of India and Indian National Movement.</li>
<li>Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.</li>
<li>Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.</li>
<li>Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.</li>
<li>General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity <g class="gr_ gr_28 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="28" data-gr-id="28">and</g> Climate Change - that do not require subject specialization.</li>
<li>General Science.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Paper II - (200 marks)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;" class="ticklist">
<li>Comprehension; Interpersonal Skills including Communication Skills.</li>
<li>Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability.</li>
<li>Decision Making and Problem Solving.</li>
<li>General Mental Ability.</li>
<li>Basic Numeracy (Numbers and their Relations, Orders of Magnitude, etc.) (Class X level).</li>
<li>Data Interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. &mdash; Class X level).</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Note 1:</strong> Paper-II of the Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination will be a qualifying paper with minimum qualifying marks fixed at 33%. </em><br /><em><strong>Note 2:</strong> The questions will be of multiple choice, objective type.</em></p>
<p><em></em></p>
<p><em></em></p>
<p><em></em></p>
<h2><strong>For UPSC Mains Examination Syllabus please <a href="/mains/mains-syllabus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">click this link</a></strong></h2>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/prelims/preliminary-examination-syllabus'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'MSP, Agrarian Crisis and Reform ',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/184(1)_Agriculture_and_rural_farms_of_India.jpg" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2545374877" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<p>Despite agriculture occupying a major portion of Indian economy and the election manifestos of political parties, it is disheartening to see the rising incidences of farmers&rsquo; suicides and agitations in various parts of the country. While we have managed to excel in almost all the sectors of the economy and are matching pace with technological advancements around the world, our expertise and innovation seem to have failed the small and marginal farmers.</p>
<p>With the announcement of 50% increase in Minimum Support Price (MSP) by the government, the topic of what has been done and what needs to be done for curing the agrarian crisis in India has picked up the debates once again.</p>
<h3>History of India&rsquo;s Food Policy</h3>
<p>India's food policy evolved out of the Bengal famine of 1943 which killed more than a million people, with starvation caused mainly by lack of adequate supplies of foodgrains than the lack of production. Foodgrains Policy Committee 1943 was appointed under the chairmanship of Sir George Theodore which emphasized on rationing to overcome such situation in the future.</p>
<p>L. K Jha Committee 1964 prescribed the first price policy in the matter of foodgrains and recommended the establishment of Agricultural Prices Commission (APC) which announced Minimum Support Prices and Procurement Prices. Later, Procurement Prices were abolished and only MSPs are announced by the government, presently.</p>
<p>After the economic <g class="gr_ gr_176 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="176" data-gr-id="176">liberalisation</g> in 1991, under tremendous pressure by the World Bank, the PDS was restructured into Revamped PDS (RPDS) and later Targeted PDS (TPDS). TPDS divided the population into "Below Poverty Line" (BPL) and "Above Poverty Line" (APL). Over the years, the amount of foodgrains distributed through the PDS has increased enormously.</p>
<h3>Institutions controlling Agricultural price:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Commission for Agricultural Cost and Prices (CACP):</strong> This is a renewed version of the erstwhile Agricultural Price Commission (APC). It is the chief advisory body on agriculture price policy.</li>
<li><strong>Food Corporation of India (FCI):</strong> The FCI was set up in 1964 through an act of parliament. Its primary responsibility is to undertake purchase, storage, transportation, distribution and sale of foodgrains. It also aims to ensure that the primary producer gets the minimum price set by the government and that the consumer is protected from the vagaries of speculative trades.</li>
</ul>
<h3>MSP, Rationale, Determination and Present Scenario</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>rationale</strong> for &lsquo;minimum&rsquo; support price lies in two factors:<br />Protection of farm income in years of abundance through purchases by the government at minimum prices and building up of stocks; and</li>
<li>Maximum price would imply protection of consumer interests in years when there is crop failure. This is because the food price acts as a base in the determination of both agricultural and industrial costs.</li>
</ul>
<p>The following<strong> factors</strong> are taken into account while determining MSP for foodgrains:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cost of production</li>
<li>Changes in input prices</li>
<li>Input-output price parity</li>
<li>Trends in market prices</li>
<li>Demand and supply</li>
<li>Inter-crop price parity</li>
<li>Effect on <g class="gr_ gr_194 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="194" data-gr-id="194">industrial</g> cost structure</li>
<li>Effect on <g class="gr_ gr_195 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="195" data-gr-id="195">cost</g> of living</li>
<li>Effect on <g class="gr_ gr_196 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="196" data-gr-id="196">general</g> price level</li>
<li>International price situation</li>
<li>Parity between prices paid and prices received by the farmers.</li>
<li>Effect on issue prices and implications for subsidy</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Types of Production Costs</strong></p>
<p>According to The Commission for Agricultural Cost and Prices (CACP), there are three types of production costs:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A2=A2 costs basically cover all paid-out expenses, both in cash and in-kind, incurred by farmers on seeds, <g class="gr_ gr_178 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="178" data-gr-id="178">fertilisers</g>, chemicals, hired <g class="gr_ gr_179 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="179" data-gr-id="179">labour</g>, fuel, irrigation, etc.</li>
<li>A2+FL= It covers actual paid-out costs plus an imputed value of unpaid family <g class="gr_ gr_149 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="149" data-gr-id="149">labour</g>.</li>
<li>C2=C2 costs are more comprehensive, accounting for the rentals and interest forgone on owned land and fixed capital assets respectively, on top of A2+FL</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Present Scenario</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Abhijit Sen Committee on Long-term Grain Policy recommended that the MSPs that CACP recommends must be based on its projection of the full C2 cost.</li>
<li>The National Commission on Farmers (NCF) constituted in November 2004 and chaired by Professor M.S. Swaminathan also recommended the use of C2 to determine MSP.</li>
<li>However, the government has announced to keep MSP at 50% more than A2+FL, which is lower than C2. Many farmers organizations and experts have expressed their dissatisfaction over this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues related to MSP Hike</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>C2 includes income rather than cost: As C2 includes imputed rent for own land, this shouldn&rsquo;t be counted as a cost rather as an income for the farmer which he earns by not having to pay rent on land.</li>
<li>Net income to farmers is justified: The new announcement will give 50 <g class="gr_ gr_136 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="136" data-gr-id="136">per cent</g> net return to farmers over cost C2 when rent on own land and wages for family <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="137" data-gr-id="137">labour</g> are treated as a return to the farmer.</li>
<li>Fiscal deficit: As the global demand for cereals and other crops under the ambit of MSP is low, keeping prices at a&nbsp;very high level will cause <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="148" data-gr-id="148">fiscal</g> deficit.</li>
<li>Inflation: Giving unrealistically high prices to farmers will also push inflation. This will make domestic prices much higher than global prices, which will strongly hit exports and make way for cheaper imports.</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_159 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="159" data-gr-id="159">Decline</g> in market competitiveness: If the MSP crops are procured at prices far higher than other crops, there will be little incentive for efficiency and diversification in the crop sector. This will also impact the competitiveness of the market negatively.</li>
<li>Other areas of agricultural reforms need to be focussed upon: Instead of focussing on price interventions only, there is a need for regulatory reforms, institutional changes, and the development of appropriate infrastructure to promote the evolution of the agricultural market system.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The crisis in agriculture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Demographic pressure on land:</strong> With the increasing population, the size of landholdings has been declining due to land fragmentation. The landless and marginal farmers account for more than 80% of rural households. Agriculture is unable to sustain these households.</li>
<li><strong>Shortage of money:</strong> The small and marginal farmers face an acute shortage of money to buy more land or invest in infrastructure viz. irrigation, farm machinery, storage equipment etc. This leads to lesser output which again makes farming a non-viable option.</li>
<li><strong>Risks:</strong> One-third of India&rsquo;s agriculture is dependent on rain-fed farming. The unpredictability of monsoon combined with lack of preparedness on the part of farmers and government make farming more of a gamble than occupation. Moreover, the farmers who produce perishables are prone to rotting and wastage due to lack of storage facilities.</li>
<li><strong><g class="gr_ gr_171 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="171" data-gr-id="171">Dominance</g> of large traders in APMC:</strong> Most of the small and marginal farmers have to sell their <g class="gr_ gr_173 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="173" data-gr-id="173">produce</g> in the local market at prices much lower than the MSP. Farmers have to sell their produce through auctions in regulated markets controlled by cartels of licensed traders, whose <g class="gr_ gr_175 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="175" data-gr-id="175">licences</g> give them oligopolistic market power. These cartels fix low purchase prices, extract large commissions, delay payments, etc. Thus, the real benefit of MSP is skimmed off by the large traders. Farmers typically get as little as 25% of the price that consumers finally pay.</li>
<li><strong>Rise in input costs:</strong> Despite various subsidies, the rise in the prices of inputs like fertilizers, machinery etc. pushes the farmers into the vicious cycle of debt and distress.<br />Migration of rural youth: As agriculture is increasingly not being seen as a viable means of livelihood and year-round sustenance, the tendency to migrate to urban areas is escalating the rural youth, where they work majorly as informal <g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="134" data-gr-id="134">labourers</g>. <br />Price hikes for minor foodgrains: The largest price increases have been announced in the case of coarse cereals like <g class="gr_ gr_131 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="131" data-gr-id="131">jowar</g>, <g class="gr_ gr_132 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="132" data-gr-id="132">bajra</g> and ragi, which account for less than 5% of the Kharif foodgrain output.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What needs to be done?</h3>
<p>Looking at the state of affairs, it is clear that agriculture in India needs an overhaul right from the policy aspect to reforms in agri-market.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong> Cooperative agriculture</strong> is one of the key areas which can help small and marginal farmers to pool their resources and empower themselves. For example, Amul Dairy Cooperative is an outstanding example of the success of cooperative agriculture. Recent success stories in the Kudumbashree programme in Kerala, the Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty in Andhra are some other such examples.</li>
<li>A series of essential steps are required to <strong>raise agricultural productivity.</strong> To increase productivity, progress is required along four dimensions:<br />(i) Quality and <strong>judicious use of inputs</strong> such as water, seeds, fertilizer <g class="gr_ gr_189 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="189" data-gr-id="189">and</g> pesticides;<br />(ii) Judicious and safe exploitation of <strong>modern technology i</strong>ncluding genetically modified (GM) seeds; and<br />(iii) Shift into <strong>high-value commodities</strong> such as fruits, vegetables, flowers, fisheries, animal husbandry and poultry. <br />(iv) In the longer run, productivity enhancement requires <strong>research</strong> toward the discovery of robust seed varieties and other inputs, appropriate crops and input usage for a given soil type and effective extension practices.</li>
<li>To <strong>free agricultural markets</strong> from the clutches of large traders and oligopoly of large traders, it is important that <br />(i) <strong>APMC Act of 2003,</strong> which introduced all-around marketing reform, is implemented genuinely.<br />(ii)<strong> National Agriculture Market or eNAM,</strong> an online trading platform for agricultural commodities in India is an important step in this direction. The need of the hour is to make it reach every corner of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Farmers</strong> are frequently affected by natural disasters such as droughts, floods, cyclones, storms, landslides, hails and earthquakes. Though crop insurance schemes like<strong> Pradhan Mantri <g class="gr_ gr_133 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="133" data-gr-id="133">Fasal</g> Bima Yojana</strong> covers crop failures, still there is a need for more broad coverage of natural calamities affecting crop <g class="gr_ gr_157 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="157" data-gr-id="157">produce</g>.</li>
<li>We need to pay special attention to the <strong>problems of farmers in eastern states.</strong> Given fertile land and abundant water resources, these states have a high potential in agriculture. Yet, their productivity in various crops lags behind the national average. Therefore, a concerted effort is required to bring the Green Revolution to these states.</li>
</ul>
<p>Apart from it, the government should shift its focus from providing only price support to farmers and focus on <strong>building better infrastructure, minimizing the gap between farmers and the market, land reforms, policy reforms to increase flow of credit to farmers, establishing food-processing industries for perishable goods, providing better irrigation facilities</strong> etc so, that agriculture emerges as a viable means of sustenance.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/msp-agrarian-crisis-and-reform '
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Cryptocurrencies Will Boost Illegal Transactions: RBI',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) informed the Supreme Court that dealing in cryptocurrency will encourage illegal transactions.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to the RBI, Cryptocurrencies are &ldquo;a stateless digital currency&rdquo; in which encryption techniques are used for trading and these &lsquo;currencies&rsquo; operate independently of a Central bank, rendering it immune from government interference.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">An interdisciplinary committee headed by secretary of economic affairs <strong>Subhash Garg</strong> was set-up in 2017 to examine virtual currencies and recommend the regulatory framework for crypto currencies.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The RBI had already issued a circular prohibiting use of these virtual currencies.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cryptocurrency</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cryptocurrencies use decentralized technology to let users make secure payments and store money without the need to use their name or go through a bank.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">They run on a distributed public ledger called blockchain, which is a record of all transactions updated and held by currency holders.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The most common cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, and Litecoin.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cryptocurrencies-will-boost-illegal-transactions-rbi'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (21st July 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Van Dhan Yojana</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Van Dhan Yojana was launched in April 2018, in Chhattisgarh. A Van Dhan Vikas Kendra was set up under the program.</li>
<li>The Van Dhan Vikas Kendra will cater to ten Self Help Groups of thirty tribal gatherers each.</li>
<li>The selection of the tribal beneficiaries and formation of the SHGs has been undertaken by TRIFED.</li>
<li>The Van Dhan Vikas Kendras will boost the economic development of tribals involved in the collection of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) and provide a sustainable MFP-based livelihood in MFP-rich districts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Eklavya Model Residential Schools</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) are being set up by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs in States/ UTs from allocated grants provided under Article 275(1).</li>
<li>As per Union Budget 2018-19, by the year 2022, every block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal persons, will have an EMRS.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Samagra Shiksha Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Samagra Shiksha - an Integrated Scheme for School Education has been launched by the Ministry of Human Resources as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.</li>
<li>The programme subsumes the three erstwhile Centrally Sponsored Schemes of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE).</li>
<li>It is an overarching programme for the school education sector extending from pre-school to class XII and aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels of school education. &nbsp;</li>
<li>The main emphasis of the Scheme is on improving the quality of school education and the strategy for all interventions would be to enhance the Learning Outcomes at all levels of schooling.</li>
<li>The Scheme will focus on-
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Universal Access including Infrastructure Development and Retention</li>
<li>Gender and Equity</li>
<li>Inclusive Education</li>
<li>Quality</li>
<li>Financial support for Teacher Salary</li>
<li>Digital initiatives</li>
<li>Entitlements under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 including uniforms, textbooks etc</li>
<li>Pre-school Education</li>
<li>Vocational Education</li>
<li>Sports and Physical Education</li>
<li>Strengthening of Teacher Education and Training</li>
<li>Monitoring</li>
<li>Programme Management</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Anamalai Tiger Reserve</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Anamalai Tiger Reserve is one of the four Tiger Reserves in Tamil Nadu. Mudumalai, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserves and Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary are the other three.</li>
<li>It falls within the Western Ghats range of South West India, a region designated as one of 25 Global Biodiversity Hotspots.</li>
<li>Animals and birds found: Elephant, gaur, tiger, panther, sloth bear, wild boar, wild dog, Nilgiri langur, lion-tailed macaque, sambar, four horned antelope, chital, the trogar, pied hornbill and several eagles.</li>
<li>The Tiger Reserve supports diverse habitat types like Wet evergreen forests, semi evergreen forests, moist deciduous, dry deciduous, dry thorn and shola forests. Other unique habitats like montane grass lands, savannah and marshy grass lands are also present.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant is a joint venture between Rosatom (Russia) and state-owned Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited.</li>
<li>The power plant is located in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>Kudankulam, or Koodankulam, is India&rsquo;s first nuclear plant to use imported (Pressurised Water Reactor) PWR technology.</li>
<li>The existing nuclear power plants in India use pressurised heavy water reactor or boiling water reactor technology.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/930NPP in India.png" width="470" height="478" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1490392241" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-21st-july-2018'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Ganga Vriksharopan Abhiyan',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has launched&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: 400;">afforestation drive</span> in five Ganga basin states &ndash; Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The campaign has been initiated as part of the Forest Interventions in Ganga (FIG) component of Namami Gange programme.</li>
<li>State Forest Departments of these states have been made the nodal agencies for the smooth and effective execution of the campaign.</li>
<li>In order to implement the afforestation project in a scientific manner, Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun was assigned the project to prepare a Detailed Project Report (DPR) on the basis of which the State Forest Departments would carry out their plantation activities.</li>
<li>The FRI report provides a multi-disciplinary approach with potential plantation and treatment models. Considering the type of natural ecosystem, identification of native vegetation, soil conditions and agro-climatic zones, potential models of various types have been developed.</li>
<li>Besides maintenance of the ecological and geological integrities, the implementation plan aims to contribute towards the Clean Ganga Mission, by improving the base flow and filtration of the ground water pollution.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Namami Gange Programme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Namami Gange Programme is an Integrated Conservation Mission, approved as &lsquo;Flagship Programme&rsquo; by the Union Government in June 2014 to accomplish the twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution, conservation and rejuvenation of National River Ganga.</li>
<li>The program is being implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), and its state counterpart organizations i.e., State Program ManagementGroups (SPMGs).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>NOTE</strong></p>
<p><strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is the implementation wing of National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA).</li>
<li>It is a registered society, originally formed by Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) on 12th August 2011 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.</li>
<li>But now both NGRBA and NMCG are allocated to the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation(MoWR,RD &amp;GR).</li>
<li>Main pillars of the programme include sewerage treatment infrastructure, river-front development, river-surface cleaning, bio-diversity, afforestation, public awareness industrial effluent monitoring, and ganga gram.</li>
<li>Its implementation has been divided into Entry-Level Activities (for immediate visible impact), Medium-Term Activities (to be implemented within 5 years of period) and Long-Term Activities (to be implemented within 10 years).</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Significance of the programme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to bring greater awareness among people and other stakeholders regarding the importance of afforestation for the task of Ganga Rejuvenation.</li>
<li>A number of schools, colleges and departments have been requested to &ldquo;Adopt a Plant&rdquo; for turning this campaign into a people&rsquo;s movement.</li>
<li>Plantation activities are being carried out with great enthusiasm all along the banks of the River Ganga with participation of local people.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why is Afforestation in Ganga Basin important?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Forests cause higher rainfall and raise water level in the rivers.</li>
<li>Through their foliage, craggy bark and abundant leaf litter, trees and forests decrease the speed of water dispersion and favour slow but greater infiltration of rainwater to ensure smooth functioning of the hydrological cycle.</li>
<li>The presence of healthy forest cover along the river provides self-cleaning ability to the river.</li>
<li>Afforestation and augmentation of existing forest along the Ganga can strengthen the riparian ecosystem and contribute to the overarching cause of Ganga Rejuvenation.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ganga-vriksharopan-abhiyan'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'India to host ‘2+2’ Dialogue Mechanism',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India will host the inaugural round of the two-plus-two dialogue with the United States on September 6, 2018.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is aimed at opening a new chapter in the strategic partnership between India and the United States.</li>
<li>The Ministerial-level meeting will cover a broad range of bilateral, regional and global issues of shared interest, with a view to strengthening strategic and security ties between the two countries.</li>
<li>The &lsquo;two-plus-two&rsquo; dialogue comes amidst prospects of India being imposed with unintended sanctions that are targeted at Iran and Russia.</li>
<li>India wants the US to recognize that its purchase of the S-400 air defence system from Russia is a legacy decision that predates the enactment last year of the Countering America&rsquo;s Adversaries through Sanctions ACT.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> <strong>What is CAATSA?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Countering America&rsquo;s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) is a legislation introduced in the United States that aims to counter anti-US aggression displayed by countries like Iran, North Korea and Russia through a series of punitive measures.</li>
<li>Among the provisions of CAATSA are secondary sanctions on countries that are found to be dealing with the Russian defence and intelligence sectors.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are also concerns over how US sanctions on Iran will impact India&rsquo;s energy ties with Tehran and New Delhi&rsquo;s plans to develop the Iranian port of Chabahar.</li>
<li>Although this is undoubtedly a serious challenge in the bilateral relationship, it is not insurmountable. Both sides will have to focus their efforts on finding a solution that preserves both their respective interests.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: <strong>What is the 2+2 Dialogue?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The new dialogue format will replace earlier India-US Strategic and Commercial Dialogue.</li>
<li>It is similar to India&rsquo;s 2+2 dialogue with Japan, Australia and South Korea format between foreign and defence secretaries of the two countries.</li>
<li>The 2+2 Dialogue between the&nbsp;US and India aims to enhance strategic coordination between both countries and maintaining peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-host-2-2-dialogue-mechanism '
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'New Cell to Resolve Child Custody Disputes',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The government has recently decided to establish a Mediation Cell under the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) to resolve child custody disputes arising from cases of transnational marital discord.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The cell will resolve the cases of children who were taken away by one of the spouses without the permission of the other due to marital discord from India to other countries or vice versa.</li>
<li>It will also prepare a parental plan taking into account the best interest of the child.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Commission for Protection of Child Rights</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) was set up in 2007 under the Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005.</li>
<li>The Commission's Mandate is to ensure that all Laws, Policies, Programmes, and Administrative Mechanisms are in consonance with the Child Rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UNCRC defines Child Rights as the minimum entitlements and freedoms that should be afforded to every citizen below the age of 18 regardless of race, national origin, colour, gender, language, religion, opinions, origin, wealth, birth status, disability, or other characteristics.</li>
<li>These rights encompass freedom of children and their civil rights, family environment, necessary healthcare and welfare, education, leisure and cultural activities and special protection measures.</li>
<li>The UNCRC outlines the fundamental human rights that should be afforded to children that suitably cover all civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights of every child.</li>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;"></ul>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Though the Government has not yet taken a decision on either acceding to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction or framing a domestic law on the issue.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 255px; width: 39.1667%; border-collapse: collapse; float: right;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; text-align: right;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 19px; text-align: left;"><strong>Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px; text-align: right;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 19px; text-align: left;">
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Hague Convention is a multilateral treaty which came into existence on 1st December, 1983.</li>
<li>It is an international treaty to ensure the prompt return of a child who has been &ldquo;abducted&rdquo; from the country of their &ldquo;habitual residence&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The Convention applies to children under age of 16 years.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2009, the Law Commission of India recommended signing The Hague Convention, because it &ldquo;will in turn bring the prospects of achieving the return to India of children who have their home in India&rdquo;.</li>
<li>In February 2016, Punjab and Haryana High Court again referred the matter to the Law Commission and Ministry of Women and Child Development.</li>
<li>In June 2016, a draft Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction Bill, 2016, with provisions similar to The Hague Convention, was proposed.</li>
<li>After examining the Bill and the issue, the Law Commission submitted a revised version of the Bill, called The International Child Removal and Retention Bill, 2016, in October.</li>
<li>In July 2017, the committee, comprising two HC judges, a Delhi HC judge, the chairman of the Punjab NRI Commission, a family law expert, and six representatives of various Ministries released a concept note for public suggestions.</li>
</ul>',
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