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Government Notifies E-flow for Ganga

The Central Government has notified the minimum environmental flows for River Ganga with an aim to maintain the natural pattern of the river flow...

11 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (11th October 2018)

IWAI to Launch New Ro-Ro Service to Majuli Island Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) will start a new Roll on-Roll off (Ro-Ro)...

11 Oct 2018 News Analysis
NITI Aayog Organises Workshop on Arbitration

Recently NITI Aayog and International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)- International Court of Arbitration have organised the Training-cum-Brainstorming...

11 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Twin Cyclones, Luban and Titli Keep Indian Seas Active

The cyclonic storms ‘TITLI’ over the Bay of Bengal and another cyclonic storm ‘LUBAN’ over the Arabian sea have developed in...

10 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Another Warning On Warming

(The editorial is based on the article “Another Warning On Warming” which appeared in The Hindu on 10th October 2018. It provides the...

10 Oct 2018 News Editorials
Important Facts for Prelims (09th October 2018)

Zika Virus Disease Cases in Rajasthan Recently, few cases of Zika virus disease have been reported in Jaipur, Rajasthan. The mosquito borne...

09 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Sovereign Gold Bonds

Government of India, in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India, has decided to issue Sovereign Gold Bonds-2018-19. The Sovereign Gold Bonds will...

09 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Global Warming of 1.5°C -IPCC Report

Recently, a special report, which was commissioned to specifically explore the scientific feasibility of the 1.5°C goal set in the Paris...

08 Oct 2018 News Analysis
RBI Keeps Policy Rates Unchanged

RBI has decided to keep the benchmark policy rate unchanged at 6.5% and has shifted its instances from neutral to calibrated tightening i.e. rates...

08 Oct 2018 News Analysis
ICMR Recommends Vaccine for Lions

The Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) has confirmed that the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) was responsible for lion deaths in the Gir forest...

06 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (06th October 2018)

GI Tag for Alphonso Mangoes Alphonso from Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Palghar, Thane and Raigad districts of Maharashtra, have been given Geographical...

06 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Challenges to Electric Vehicle Adoption in India

Electric Vehicles (EVs) as an element of transportation policy is being considered by most of the countries in the world. However, these...

05 Oct 2018 News Editorials
Important Facts for Prelims (05th October 2018)

Integrated Criminal Justice System (ICJS) ICJS is an OTP-enabled web platform that integrates police, prison, and court records for government and...

05 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Government Initiates Probe into Type-2 Polio Virus Contamination

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has ordered an inquiry into the type-2 polio virus contamination detected in the vials used for...

04 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (04th October 2018)

Champions of the Earth Award Recently Prime Minister of India received the Champions of the Earth Award. It is the UN’s highest...

04 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (03rd October 2018)

IBSAMAR-VI It is a joint Multinational Maritime Exercise between the Indian, Brazilian and South African Navies. Currently being held at Simons...

03 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (01st October 2018)

Mahatma Gandhi International Sanitation Convention. The Mahatma Gandhi International Sanitation Convention (MGISC) is a 4-day event that brings...

01 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Reservation in Promotions

A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court has upheld the application of "creamy layer" principle relating to reservations for...

01 Oct 2018 News Analysis
AIIB Approves $455-million Loan for Andhra Pradesh

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has approved a $455-million loan to improve road transport connectivity by providing all-weather...

29 Sep 2018 News Analysis
UPSC Study Material

Invitation Offer Free 6 months subscription of Drishti Current Affairs Today magazine with every module. Any...

29 Sep 2018 Distance Learning Programme (DLP)

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Government Notifies E-flow for Ganga ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Central Government has notified the minimum environmental flows for River Ganga with an aim to maintain the natural pattern of the river flow <em>(Aviral Dhara).</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A river's e-flow is the quantity and timing of water that is essential for the river to perform its ecological functions and also important from the social and cultural standpoint.</li>
<li>As part of the Centre's Namami Gange river cleaning project, <em>Aviral Dhara</em> (uninterrupted flow) is one of two important components, along with<em> Nirmal Dhara</em> (Unpolluted flow).</li>
<li>The notification issued by the Government will ensure that the river has at least the minimum required an environmental flow of water even after the river flow gets diverted by projects and structures for purposes like irrigation, hydropower, domestic and industrial use etc.</li>
<li>The <strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga has laid down the minimum e-flow norms</strong> will apply to the <strong>upper Ganga River Basin</strong> - starting from originating glaciers and through respective confluences of its head tributaries which meet at Devaprayag<strong> up to Haridwa</strong>r - and the<strong> main stem of the river Ganga up to Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>compliance of minimum environmental flow</strong> is applicable to all <strong>existing, under-construction and future projects</strong>.</li>
<li>The existing projects which currently do not meet the norms will have to ensure that the desired environmental flow norms are complied with <strong>within a period of three years.</strong></li>
<li>The mini and micro-projects which do not alter the flow characteristics of the river or stream significantly are exempted from these environmental flows.</li>
<li>The<strong> flow conditions</strong> in these river reach will be<strong> monitored at hourly intervals</strong> from time to time.</li>
<li><strong>The Central Water Commission is the designated authority and the custodian of the data and will be responsible for supervision, monitoring, regulation of flows and reporting of necessary information to the appropriate authority and also take emergent decisions about the water storage norms in case of an emergency.</strong></li>
<li>The project developers or authorities will have to install automatic data acquisition and data transmission facilities at appropriate locations at project sites.</li>
<li>The Central Government through National Mission for Clean Ganga may direct release of additional water in the River Ganga to meet special demand as and when required.</li>
<li>The notification also stipulated that the concerned Central and State authorities will implement demand-side management plans to reduce water withdrawal from River Ganga by adopting good and scientific practices such as the efficient method of irrigation, reuse and recycle of water including monitoring and regulation of groundwater withdrawals for various purposes.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga(NMCG)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NMCG is the implementation wing of National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection, and Management of River Ganga.</li>
<li>It was established in the year 2011 as a registered society.</li>
<li>The aims and objectives of NMCG are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To ensure effective control of pollution and rejuvenation of the river Ganga by adopting a river basin approach to promote inter-sectoral co-ordination for comprehensive planning and management</li>
<li>To maintain minimum ecological flows in the river Ganga with the aim of ensuring water quality and environmentally sustainable development</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Central Water Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Water Commission is a premier technical organization of India in the field of Water Resources.</li>
<li>It is presently functioning as an attached office of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India.</li>
<li>The Commission is entrusted with the general responsibilities of initiating, coordinating and furthering in consultation of the State Governments concerned, schemes for control, conservation, and utilization of water resources throughout the country, for purpose of flood control, irrigation, navigation, drinking water supply and water power development.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (11th October 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>IWAI to Launch New Ro-Ro Service to Majuli Island</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) will &nbsp;start a new Roll on-Roll off (Ro-Ro) facility in collaboration with the Government of Assam for Majuli Island which currently faces serious challenges of connectivity.</li>
<li>The Ro-Ro ferry services are vessels made to carry wheeled cargo that are driven on and off the ferry on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle.</li>
<li>The wheeled cargo includes, cars, trucks, semi trailer trucks, trailers, and railroad cars.</li>
<li>This Ro-Ro facility will cut down the circuitous road route of 423 kms that trucks take from Neamati to Majuli Island via Tezpur Road Bridge, by limiting the distance to only 12.7 kms with the use of river route.</li>
<li>The commencement of Ro-Ro services to Majuli island will augment connectivity not only in Assam but the entire North Eastern Region.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Majuli Island</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Majuli is the biggest inhabited riverine islands in the world located in the river Brahmaputra.</li>
<li>It is India's First island district. It has 144 villages with a population of over 1,50,000.</li>
<li>Majuli was once 1200 square kilometres but due to excessive erosion has shrunk to under 500 square kilometres.</li>
<li>It is the nerve centre of neo-Vaishnavite culture. It has many 'Sattras' (religious and cultural institutions).</li>
<li>It has been included in the tentative list of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Goa Maritime Symposium &ndash; 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To strengthen friendly relations with maritime neighbours, the Indian Navy is hosting the &lsquo;Goa Maritime Symposium &ndash; 2018&rsquo; on 16th October 2018.</li>
<li>The theme for the one day symposium is &ldquo;Building Stronger Maritime Partnerships in IOR&rdquo; The focus of the symposium is on capacity building among IOR Navies to tackle emerging maritime threats, as well as discussing cooperative strategies for enhancing interoperability among partner maritime agencies.</li>
<li>The 16 Indian Ocean littoral countries participating in the Symposium include Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand from South East Asia; Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka from India&rsquo;s immediate neighbourhood; the island nations of Seychelles, Mauritius and Maldives; Oman in West Asia; and South Africa, Madagascar, Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique from Africa.</li>
<li>The symposium will facilitate interaction in the Indian Ocean Region for sharing ideas on common issues of maritime interest.</li>
<li>With the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) becoming the locus of the 21st century strategic landscape, the symposium will play a constructive role in bringing together stakeholders that have a role in evolving strategies, policies and implementation mechanisms in the maritime domain.</li>
<li>Further it is aligned with the objective of &nbsp;&lsquo;SAGAR&rsquo; (Security and Growth for All in the Region) initiative of India which envisions enhanced engagement with countries beyond shores with the aim of building greater trust and promoting respect for maritime rules, norms and peaceful resolution of disputes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Fleet Review (IFR)- 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Guided missile destroyer INS Rana has reached Jeju in South Korea to participate in the International Fleet Review (IFR) which is being held from October 8 to 15.</li>
<li>However, Japan is not participating in international fleet review hosted by South Korea.</li>
<li>It has refused Seoul&rsquo;s request to remove the Japanese navy&rsquo;s &ldquo;rising sun&rdquo; flag.</li>
<li>The flag portrays a red sun with 16 rays extending outward and is mandatory for Japan's naval ships under domestic laws. Many countries in Korean peninsula see the red-and-white flag as a symbol of Japan&rsquo;s past military aggression and its colonisation.</li>
<li>A Naval Fleet Review is a long-standing tradition followed by navies all over the world. The idea of a Review was conceived as a show of naval might or an inspection of readiness for battle at sea.</li>
<li>In India, the President, as the Supreme Commander of the armed forces, reviews the Fleet once during his tenure. Ten Reviews have taken place in India since Independence in 1947. The first was held in 1953 and the last in 2016.</li>
</ul>',
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		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'NITI Aayog Organises Workshop on Arbitration',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently <strong>NITI Aayog</strong> and <strong>International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)- International Court of Arbitration</strong> have <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="89" data-gr-id="89">organised</g> the Training-cum-Brainstorming Workshop on Best Practices in International Arbitration in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Moving towards a New India in 2022, ensuring legal reform is a key and critical priority. Complementing &lsquo;Make in India&rsquo; vision with &lsquo;Resolve in India&rsquo;, strong <g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="86" data-gr-id="86">alternate</g> dispute resolution mechanisms are significant in encouraging the Ease of Doing Business and Ease of Living in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arbitration</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Arbitration is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to one or more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the dispute. In choosing arbitration, the parties opt for a private dispute resolution procedure instead of going to court. Arbitration ensures timely and effective enforcement of contracts.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Types of Arbitration</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are two main types of arbitration procedures. These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ad-Hoc Arbitration</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ad-Hoc Arbitration can be defined as a procedure of arbitration where a tribunal will conduct arbitration between the parties, following the rules which have been agreed by the parties beforehand or by following the rules which have been laid down by the tribunal, in case the parties do not have any agreement between them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Arbitration</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the case of Institutional Arbitration, the disputing parties submit their issue to an institution that has been designated to administer the arbitrational process. The institution then arbitrates the dispute according to the rules laid by them in front of the parties. The institute selects a panel which administers the whole process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arbitration Practices in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">Currently</g> India has ad-hoc arbitration.</li>
<li>Arbitration proceedings in India before 2015 are governed under Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and according to the proposed Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2018 the proceedings after Oct 23, <g class="gr_ gr_95 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="95" data-gr-id="95">2015</g> will be dealt under Arbitration and Conciliation Act, <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="96" data-gr-id="96">2015 .</g> The Act is based on the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) model law.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2018</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2018 seeks to amend the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The Act contains provisions to deal with domestic and international <g class="gr_ gr_114 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="114" data-gr-id="114">arbitration,</g> and defines the law for conducting conciliation proceedings. Key features of the Bill are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Arbitration Council of India</strong>: The Bill seeks to establish an independent body called the Arbitration Council of India (ACI) for the promotion of arbitration, mediation, conciliation <g class="gr_ gr_115 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="115" data-gr-id="115">and</g> other alternative dispute redressal mechanisms.</li>
<li><strong>Appointment of arbitrators</strong>: Under the 1996 Act, parties were free to appoint arbitrators. In case of disagreement on an appointment, the parties could request the Supreme Court, or the concerned High Court, or any person or institution designated by such Court, to appoint an arbitrator.</li>
<li>Under the Bill, the Supreme Court and High Courts may now designate arbitral institutions, which parties can approach for the appointment of arbitrators.</li>
<li>For international commercial arbitration, appointments will be made by the institution designated by the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>For domestic arbitration, appointments will be made by the institution designated by the concerned High Court.</li>
<li>In case there are no arbitral institutions available, the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court may maintain a panel of arbitrators to perform the functions of the arbitral institutions.</li>
<li><strong>Relaxation of time limits</strong>: Under the 1996 Act, arbitral tribunals are required to make their award within a period of 12 months for all arbitration proceedings. The Bill proposed to remove this time restriction for international commercial arbitrations.</li>
<li><strong>Completion of written submissions</strong>: Currently, there is no time limit to file written submissions before an arbitral tribunal. The Bill requires that the written claim and the <g class="gr_ gr_106 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="106" data-gr-id="106">defence</g> to the claim in an arbitration <g class="gr_ gr_105 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="105" data-gr-id="105">proceeding,</g> should be completed within six months of the appointment of the arbitrators.</li>
<li><strong>Confidentiality of proceedings</strong>: The Bill provides that all details of arbitration proceedings will be kept confidential except for the details of the arbitral award in certain circumstances. Disclosure of the arbitral award will only be made where it is necessary for implementing or enforcing the award.</li>
<li><strong>Applicability of Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 2015</strong>: The Bill clarifies that the 2015 Act shall only apply to arbitral proceedings which started on or after October 23, 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of Workshop on Arbitration</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The workshop is part of ongoing efforts to institutionalize and streamline dispute resolution to make India a hub for doing business.</li>
<li>There is an emerging need for understanding and implementing arbitration across the spectrum of commercial contracts.</li>
<li>The workshop covered basic concepts of international arbitration and included best practices on drafting of arbitration agreements, factors to consider when deciding on the seat, venue, institution and governing law.</li>
<li>It also covered topics related to the selection of arbitrators; enforcement of arbitral awards and the role of courts before, during and after the arbitration.</li>
</ul>
<h3>NITI Aayog Encouraging Arbitration in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NITI Aayog highlighted the importance of Arbitration by organizing a successful conference on international arbitration in 2016 which was presided over by the President of India and Prime Minister of India with participation from the Chief Justices of all SAARC countries.</li>
<li>The conference explored the vitality of commercial arbitration, both domestic and international, as the preferred method of resolving disputes between parties.</li>
<li>NITI Aayog also organized the two-day National Law Day Conference in 2017, with the Law Commission of India, in which debate and discussion were taken up on a multitude of legal aspects, including dispute resolution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With <g class="gr_ gr_100 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="100" data-gr-id="100">government&rsquo;s</g> thrust on &lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;, it is important for investors, both domestic and international, to have faith in the dispute resolution mechanism in India.</li>
<li>Use of arbitration for dispute resolution will greatly reduce pendency of cases and boost investor confidence in India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>ICC-International Court of Arbitration</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Court of Arbitration is an institution for the resolution of international commercial disputes.</li>
<li>It is part of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) which is <g class="gr_ gr_94 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="94" data-gr-id="94">world&rsquo;s</g> largest business organization working to promote international trade and responsible business conduct.</li>
<li>It has been helping to resolve difficulties in international commercial and business disputes to support trade and investment since 1923.</li>
<li>It performs an essential role by providing individuals, businesses and governments alike with a variety of <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="90" data-gr-id="90">customisable</g> services for every stage of their dispute.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/niti-aayog-organises-workshop-on-arbitration'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Twin Cyclones, Luban and Titli Keep Indian Seas Active',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The cyclonic storms &lsquo;TITLI&rsquo; over the Bay of Bengal and another cyclonic storm &lsquo;LUBAN&rsquo; over the Arabian sea have developed in the Indian Ocean Region.<a href="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/512Cyclon.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The severe cyclone Luban is active in the Arabian Sea and will not affect any coast of India, while severe cyclone &lsquo;Titli&rsquo; is forecast to hit the coasts in Odisha and adjoining North Andhra Pradesh coasts.</li>
<li>It is very rare that the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal host cyclonic storms of this strength.</li>
<li>Cyclone Titli has been named by Pakistan, while Luban has been named by Oman.</li>
<li>The active Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) has started shifting southwards towards the coast. This is the main generator behind the disturbances in the open waters. Both cyclones have been offshoot of this ITCZ only.</li>
<li>Besides this, MJO (Madden-Julian Oscillation) is also presiding in the close proximity of Indian Ocean and is likely to visit the Indian waters soon. This has also been providing favourable weather conditions.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Inter Tropical Convergence Zone</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Intertropical Convergence Zone, or ITCZ, is the region that circles the Earth, near the equator, where the trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, i.e. the northeast trade winds and southeast trade winds come together.</li>
<li>The intense sun and warm water of the equator heat the air in the ITCZ, raising its humidity and making it buoyant. Aided by the convergence of the trade winds, the buoyant air rises.</li>
<li>As the air rises it expands and cools, releasing the accumulated moisture in an almost perpetual series of thunderstorms and heavy rainfall.</li>
<li>The ITCZ shifts north and south seasonally with the Sun. Over the Indian Ocean, it undergoes especially large seasonal shifts of 40&deg;&ndash;45&deg; of latitude.</li>
<li>Seasonal shifts in the location of the ITCZ drastically affects rainfall in many equatorial nations, resulting in the wet and dry seasons of the tropics rather than the cold and warm seasons of higher latitudes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Madden-Julian Oscillation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Madden-Julian Oscillation is a major fluctuation in tropical circulation and rainfall that moves eastward along the equator, and circles the entire globe in a span of 30&ndash;60 days on an average.</li>
<li>The MJO, therefore is not static and is a moving system of wind, cloud and pressure that brings rain as it circles around the equator.</li>
<li>The phenomenon takes its name from the two scientists who identified it in 1971 &mdash; Roland Madden and Paul Julian.</li>
<li>In the active phase, MJO results in more than average rainfall for that time of the year, while in the suppressed phase, the area receives less than average rainfall.</li>
<li>The effect of the MJO is witnessed mainly in the tropical region, in the band between 30 degrees North and 30 degrees South of the equator, even though the mid-latitude regions in both hemispheres also feel its impact.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-daye" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read more about Cyclone...</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/twin-cyclones-luban-and-titli-keep-indian-seas-active'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Another Warning On Warming ',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;Another Warning On Warming&rdquo; which appeared in The Hindu on 10th October 2018. It provides the analysis on the IPCC Report on global warming.)</p>
</div>
<p>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released a special report- &ldquo;Global Warming of 1.5&deg;C&rdquo; over pre-industrial (late 18th century-early 19th century) temperature. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report has come out after a clear scientific consensus that calls for a reversal of man-made greenhouse gas emissions, to prevent severe harm to humanity in the decades ahead.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IPCC&rsquo;s special report on global warming of 1.5&deg;C, prepared as a follow-up to the UN Paris Agreement on Climate Change, provides the scientific basis for governments to act.</li>
<li>The IPCC report makes it clear that the human and economic costs of a 2&deg;C rise are far greater than for 1.5&deg;C, and the need for action is urgent.</li>
<li>The report identifies two main strategies.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first stabilises global temperature around the 1.5&deg;C mark with limited overshoot.</li>
<li>The second permits temperatures to exceed 1.5&deg;C temporarily before coming back down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul></ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2015, at the Paris climate conference, the global community made a pact to pursue efforts to limit warming to within 1.5&deg;C &mdash; half a degree below the previous target of 2&deg;C.</li>
<li>The Paris Agreement asked all Parties to put forward their best efforts through intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) and to strengthen these efforts in the years ahead, including requirements that all Parties report regularly on their emissions and on their implementation efforts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Human activity has warmed the world by 1&deg;C over the pre-industrial level and with another half-degree rise, many regions will have warmer extreme temperatures, raising the frequency, intensity and amount of rain or severity of drought.</li>
<li>Global temperature, which have already crossed 1&deg;C, is likely to cross the 1.5&deg;C mark around 2040. The window of opportunity to take action is very small and closing fast.</li>
<li>Half a degree of warming makes a world of difference to many species whose chance of survival is significantly reduced at the higher temperature.</li>
<li>Studies conservatively estimate sea levels to rise on average by about 50 cm by 2100 in a 2&deg;C warmer world, 10 cm more than for 1.5&deg;C warming.</li>
<li>The risks to food security, health, fresh water, human security, livelihoods and economic growth are already on the rise and will be worse in a 2&deg;C world. Risks to food security and water, heat exposure, drought and coastal submergence all increase significantly even for a 1.5&deg;C rise.</li>
<li>The number of people exposed to the complex and compound risks from warming will also increase and the poorest &mdash; mostly in Asia and Africa &mdash; will suffer the worst impacts.</li>
<li>India, Pakistan and China are already suffering moderate effects of warming in areas such as water availability, food production and land degradation, and these will worsen.</li>
<li>Closer to a 2&deg;C increase, these impacts are expected to spread to sub-Saharan Africa, and West and East Asia.</li>
<li>Melting of Greenland ice, collapse of Antarctic glaciers (which would lead to several metres of sea level rise), destruction of Amazon forests, melting of all the permafrost is also a cause of concern.</li>
</ul>
<p>With sound policies, the world can still pull back, although major progress must be achieved by 2030.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governments should achieve net zero CO2 addition to the atmosphere, balancing man-made emissions through removal of CO2. And also there should be public support for this and governments must go even beyond what they have committed to.</li>
<li>To stay below 1.5&deg;C, the transitions required by energy systems and human societies, in land use, transport, and infrastructure, would have to be rapid and on an unprecedented scale with deep emission reductions.</li>
<li>Contributions from the U.S. and other rich countries to the Green Climate Fund and other funding mechanisms for the purpose of mitigation and adaptation are vital even to reach the goals of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) &mdash; commitments that each country made prior to the Paris conference.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The commitment to generate solar energy by 2022 should lead to a quick scale-up, and cutting down of fossil fuel use.</li>
<li>Agriculture needs to be strengthened with policies that improve water conservation, and afforestation should help create a large carbon sink. There is a crucial role for all the States, since their decisions will have a lock-in effect.</li>
<li>Each country will have to decide whether to play politics on a global scale for one&rsquo;s own interests or to collaborate to protect the world and its ecosystems and global commons as a whole.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Global Commons</strong> is a term used to describe international and global resources such as the high oceans, the atmosphere and outer space and the Antarctic in particular.</p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/daily-updates-news-editorials-another-warning-on-warming'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (09th October 2018)	',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Zika Virus Disease Cases in Rajasthan</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, few cases of Zika virus disease have been reported in Jaipur, Rajasthan.</li>
<li>The mosquito borne flavivirus was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in monkeys through a network that monitored yellow fever. It was later identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania.</li>
<li>Zika Virus is also transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, through sexual contact, transfusion of blood and organ transplantation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ghagra River as National Waterway</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Development work of Ghagra river as National Waterway (NW)-40 is to start from Basti in Uttar Pradesh, under the Sagarmala Programme of Ministry of Shipping.</li>
<li>The waterway from Manjhighat at Ganga-Ghaghra river confluence to Faizabad/Ayodhya along Ghagra River for a length of 354 km was declared as NW-40 during the year 2016.</li>
<li>This waterway is being classified as class-III waterway which envisages movement of up to 1000 ton capacity vessels. Besides cargo and passenger movement, NW-40 will provide a connectivity to tourist and pilgrimage places along river Ghaghra and Ganga.</li>
<li>Ghaghra is the largest tributary of the Ganges by volume and the second longest tributary of the Ganges by length after Yamuna.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sagarmala Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sagarmala project aims at holistic port infrastructure development along the 7,500-km long coastline through modernisation, mechanisation and computerisation. Under this port led development framework government hopes to increase its cargo traffic three-fold.</li>
<li>It also includes establishment of rail / road linkages with the port terminals, thus providing last mile connectivity to ports; development of linkages with new regions, enhanced multi-modal connectivity including rail, inland water, coastal and road services.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Andaman and Nicobar Command</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently the Andaman and Nicobar Command has celebrated its 18th Raising Day recently.</li>
<li>It is the only joint tri-services operational Command of the country.</li>
<li>The joint tri-services operational Command was created in 2001 to safeguard India's strategic interests in the Andaman and Nicobar region.</li>
<li>The Command has been doing regular exercises with the neighbouring countries as part of India's Act East Policy.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-09th-october-2018'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Sovereign Gold Bonds',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><g class="gr_ gr_63 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="63" data-gr-id="63">Government</g> of India, in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India, has decided to issue Sovereign Gold Bonds-2018-19. The Sovereign Gold Bonds will be issued every month from October 2018 to February 2019</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sovereign Gold Bonds are government securities denominated in grams of gold. They are substitutes for holding physical gold.</li>
<li>The sovereign gold bond scheme was launched in November 2015 to reduce the demand for physical gold and shift a part of the domestic savings, used for the purchase of gold, into financial savings.</li>
<li>Gold and crude oil have <g class="gr_ gr_61 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="61" data-gr-id="61">significant</g> role in India&rsquo;s widening current account deficit. The government, however, chose not to increase import duty on gold when it raised duty on non-essential imports to narrow the current account deficit, fearing a surge in gold smuggling.</li>
<li>The main objective of the scheme is to develop a financial asset as an alternative to purchasing metal gold.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 82.9408%; height: 483px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 19px; background-color: #4eede0;">Sl. No.</td>
<td style="width: 16.3716%; height: 19px; background-color: #4eede0;">Item</td>
<td style="width: 58.7911%; height: 19px; background-color: #4eede0;">Details</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 33px;">1</td>
<td>Issuance</td>
<td>By Reserve Bank India on behalf of the Government of India.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 52px;">2</td>
<td>Eligibility</td>
<td>Restricted for sale to resident entities including individuals, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), Trusts, Universities, and Charitable Institutions.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 43px;">3</td>
<td>Denomination</td>
<td>The Bonds will be denominated in the multiples of <g id="65" data-gr-id="65">gram</g>(s) of gold with a basic unit of 1 gram.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 43px;">4</td>
<td>Tenor (time to maturity of a bond)</td>
<td>The tenor of the Bond will be for a period of 8 years with <g id="66" data-gr-id="66">exit</g> option in 5th, 6th year and 7th year.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 38px;">5</td>
<td>Minimum size</td>
<td>The minimum permissible investment will be 1 gram of gold.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 42px;">6</td>
<td>Maximum limit</td>
<td>The maximum limit of subscribed shall be 4 KG for the individual, 4 Kg for HUF and 20 Kg for trusts and similar entities per fiscal (April-March).</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 56px;">7</td>
<td>Sales channel</td>
<td>Bonds will be sold through banks, Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL), designated post offices and National Stock Exchange of India Limited and Bombay Stock Exchange, either directly or through agents.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 51px;">8</td>
<td>Interest rate</td>
<td>The investors will be compensated at a fixed rate of 2.50 percent per annum payable semi-annually on the nominal value.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 43px;">9</td>
<td>Collateral</td>
<td>
<p>Bonds can be used as collateral for loans</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 68px;">10</td>
<td>Payment</td>
<td>
<p>Payment can be made through demand draft, cheque, and electronic banking.</p>
<p>Cash payment is allowed up to a maximum of Rs 20,000.</p>
<p>The issue price of the Gold Bonds will be Rs 50 per gram less for those who subscribe online and pay through digital mode.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 26px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 55px;">11</td>
<td>Tax treatment</td>
<td>
<p>The interest on Gold Bonds shall be taxable as per the provision of Income Tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961). The capital gains tax arising on redemption of SGB to an individual has been exempted.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 57px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 80px;">12</td>
<td>Tradability</td>
<td>
<p>Bonds will be tradable on stock exchanges within a fortnight of the issuance on a date, as notified by the RBI.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sovereign-gold-bonds'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Global Warming of 1.5°C -IPCC Report',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Recently, a special report, which was commissioned to specifically explore the scientific feasibility of the 1.5&deg;C goal set in the Paris Agreement, on global warming has been released by IPCC. </span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It suggests that it has become extremely improbable to achieve the 1.5&deg;C goal purely by reducing emission.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">As per the IPCC Report, at current rate of emissions, the world is set to breach the global warming limit of 1.5&deg;C between 2030 and 2052. At present, the world is 1.2&deg;C warmer compared to pre-industrial levels.</span></li>
<li>The latest report &nbsp;was requested by various countries in 2015 to explore the possibilities of keeping the temperature rise within 1.5&deg;C. This was the key demand made by a number of smaller and poorer countries, especially the small island states, which face the maximum risks from the impact of climate change.</li>
<li>One of the key messages from this report is that we are already seeing the consequences of 1&deg;C of global warming through more extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, among other changes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">As of now, the world is striving to prevent the temperature rise beyond 2&deg;C, in accordance with the stated objective of the Paris Agreement of 2015. To meet that target, the aim is to reduce greenhouse gases by only 20 percent, from 2010 levels, by the year 2030 and achieve a net-zero emission level by the year 2075.</span></li>
<li>Net-zero emission is achieved when the total emissions is balanced by the amount of absorption of carbon dioxide through natural sinks like forests, or removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through technological interventions.</li>
<li>In its earlier reports, which have formed the basis of global action, the IPCC has said that climate change could have &ldquo;irreversible&rdquo; and &ldquo;catastrophic&rdquo; impacts if the global average temperatures were allowed to rise beyond 2&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It projects &nbsp;that a 1.5&deg;C world would witness greater sea level rise, increased precipitation and increased frequency of droughts and floods, more hotter days and heatwaves, more intense tropical cyclones, increased ocean acidification and salinity.</span></li>
<li>While 1.5&deg;C rise in global temperature will be precarious, a 2&deg;C rise would be catastrophic. The report points out that the risk transition from 1.5&deg;C to 2&deg;C is very high and the impact of a 2&deg;C rise will be more devastating than what IPCC&rsquo;s earlier Report had indicated.</li>
<li>Coastal nations and agricultural economies of Asia and Africa would be the worst affected. Decline in crop yields, unprecedented climate extremes and increased susceptibility could push poverty by up to several hundred million by 2050.</li>
<li>When global warming is limited to 1.5&deg;C instead of 2&deg;C:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By 2100, global sea level rise would be 10 cm lower with global warming of 1.5&deg;C compared with 2&deg;C.</li>
<li>Climate related-risks in terms of food productivity, crop yields, water stress, health hazards and economic growth will be lower than at 2&deg;C.</li>
<li>Limiting global warming to 1.5&deg;C rather than 2&deg;C is projected to prevent the thawing of a permafrost area in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 million sq km.</li>
<li>The land area at risk is projected to be approximately 50 percent lower at 1.5&deg;C compared to 2&deg;C.</li>
<li>Limiting global warming to 1.5&deg;C reduces risk of rising ocean temperatures and salinity, thereby making marine ecosystems less vulnerable.</li>
<li>The likelihood of an Arctic Ocean free of sea ice in summer would be once per century with global warming of 1.5&deg;C, compared with at least once per decade with 2&deg;C.</li>
<li>Coral reefs would decline by 70-90 percent with global warming of 1.5&deg;C, whereas virtually all (over 99 percent) would be lost with 2&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Considering the scale and intensity of devastation that 1.5&deg;C temperature rise can cause, the focus of the upcoming discussions must only be on this target instead of 2&deg;C as only the rich would survive in a world that is warmer by 2&deg;C and the poor would be drowned.</span></li>
<li>Adaptation needs will also be lower for global warming of 1.5&deg;C. It implies that limiting global warming to 1.5&deg;C compared to 2&deg;C is projected to lower the impacts on terrestrial, freshwater, and coastal ecosystems and retain more of their services to humans.</li>
<li>To limit global warming to 1.5&deg;C, net-zero emissions would have to be achieved by 2050 and emissions would need to be drastically cut by at least 45 percent by 2030. The corresponding rates of reduction to limit warming to 2&deg;C would require a 20 percent reduction by 2030 and net-zero emissions by 2075.</li>
<li>The science shows that current climate efforts would not limit global warming to 1.5&deg;C, even if they are supplemented by an increase in the scale and ambition of emissions reduction after 2030.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Technologies for Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) are still undeveloped and untested. Varying amounts between 100 to 1000 gigatons (billion tonnes) of carbon dioxide would need to be removed from the atmosphere. The world currently emits about 47 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide every year.</span></li>
<li>There is a &nbsp;requirement of &nbsp;rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure (including transport and buildings), and industrial systems to curb carbon emissions.</li>
<li>Global net anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions must decline by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030 and net-zero emission should be achieved by 2050. &nbsp;This is difficult, and would require rapid and unprecedented economy-wide transformation in each country.</li>
<li>Countries need to undertake massive de-carbonisation while the developed countries must also address consumption in their countries.</li>
<li>It would involve upscaling of low-carbon technologies in all carbon-intensive sectors of the economy, energy efficiency and enhancement of carbon sinks for sequestering carbon globally.</li>
<li>There must be renewed emphasis on adaptation, which requires transformation and incremental shifts with more finance directed towards adaptation.</li>
<li>The focus must now be on how developed world can lead and support this transformation. Therefore, even though urgent action is a necessity, it should be equitable and the onus of addressing climate change cannot fall on the developing world.</li>
<li>Science has delivered its verdict. It has also provided hope for action and results. It is up to the policymakers to carry out necessary action for survival at 1.5&deg;C. For that to happen, IPCC&rsquo;s findings must guide the discussions on the Talanoa Dialogue and COP 24 at Katowice (Poland) in December, 2018.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>About IPCC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the international body for assessing the science related to climate change.</li>
<li>It was set up in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to provide policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation.</li>
<li>IPCC assessments provide a scientific basis for governments at all levels to develop climate related policies, and they underlie negotiations at the UN Climate Conference &ndash; the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</li>
<li>IPCC assessments are written by hundreds of leading scientists who volunteer their time and expertise as Coordinating Lead Authors and Lead Authors of the reports.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'RBI Keeps Policy Rates Unchanged',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>RBI has decided to keep the benchmark policy rate unchanged at 6.5% and has shifted its instances from neutral to calibrated tightening i.e. rates will either go up or stay steady in the future.</p>
<h3>Monetary Policy Committee:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The monetary policy committee is a<strong> statutory and institutionalized framework</strong> under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, for maintaining price stability, while keeping in mind the objective of growth.</li>
<li><strong>MPC consists of 6 members</strong>. Out of 6, 3 members are from RBI and 3 are appointed by the government.</li>
<li><strong>Governor of RBI is ex-officio Chairman of the committee.</strong></li>
<li>The MPC determines the policy interest rate (repo rate) required to achieve the inflation target.</li>
<li>An RBI-appointed committee led by the then deputy governor<strong> Urjit Patel in 2014 recommended</strong> the establishment of the monetary policy committee.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Instruments of Monetary Policy</strong></p>
<p><strong>Repo Rate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank lends money to banks against the collateral of government and other approved securities under Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF).</li>
<li>It is also the benchmark policy rate.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reverse Repo Rate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank borrows money from banks against the collateral of eligible government securities under LAF</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LAF is a tool by which Reserve Bank adjust money supply in the economy.</li>
<li>It is a monetary policy tool which allows the bank to borrow money through repurchase agreements (repo and reverse repos).<strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a special window for banks to borrow from RBI against approved government securities in an emergency situation like an acute cash shortage.</li>
<li>MSF rate is higher than the Repo rate.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bank Rate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the long-term rate(Repo rate is for short term) at which central bank (RBI) lends money to other banks or financial institutions. Bank rate is not used by RBI for monetary management.</li>
<li>This rate has been aligned to the MSF rate and, therefore, changes automatically when the MSF rate changes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Banks are required to hold a certain proportion of their deposits in the form of cash. This minimum ratio (that is the part of the total deposits to be held as cash) is stipulated by the RBI and is known as the CRR.</li>
<li>It means that banks do not have access to that much amount for any economic activity or commercial activity.</li>
<li>Banks can&rsquo;t lend the money to corporates or individual borrowers, banks can&rsquo;t use that money for investment purposes. CRR remains in the current account and banks don&rsquo;t earn anything on that.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The share of Net Demand and Time Liabilities that a bank is required to maintain safe and liquid assets, such as government securities, cash, and gold.</li>
<li>SLR is the amount of money that is invested in certain specified securities predominantly central government and state government securities.</li>
<li>The banks earn some amount of interest on SLR investment as against CRR where it earns zero.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Open Market Operations (OMOs)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These include both, purchase and sale of government securities, for injection and absorption of liquidity, respectively by Reserve Bank of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS):</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This instrument for monetary management was introduced in 2004.</li>
<li>Surplus liquidity arising from large capital inflows is absorbed through the sale of short-dated government securities and treasury bills.</li>
<li>The cash so collected is held in a separate government account with the Reserve Bank.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-keeps-policy-rates-unchanged'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'ICMR Recommends Vaccine for Lions',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) has confirmed that the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) was responsible for lion deaths in the Gir forest of Gujarat and recommended that the remaining lions be vaccinated to prevent further outbreaks.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This goes against recommendations by wildlife biologists that wild animals shouldn&rsquo;t be vaccinated as it may compromise their immunity against future infections.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Laboratory tests have confirmed that four of the 23 lions had been infected by the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) while 10 others had been infected Babesia protozoa, an infection spread by tick parasite.</li>
<li>Apart from vaccination, ICMR has also recommended that the animals should be placed in 2-3 different sanctuaries.</li>
<li>The devastating link between the CDV and potential epidemics has been known since 1994, when within the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem of East Africa (Tanzania) nearly a third of the lion population died or disappeared.</li>
<li>The same pattern is being repeated in Gujarat today, with the forest department confirming the spread of the CDV from dogs to the lions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issue of Relocation of Lions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 2015 lion census by the Gujarat government showed that it was home to 523 lions, a 27% increase compared with the 2010 Census.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The population of lions has started spilling outside the protected areas and&nbsp;one-third of the 523 lions in the region are living outside the core, making them susceptible to viruses.</li>
<li>Experts say the paucity of big animals inside the park&rsquo;s wildlife area , their increasing dependence on domestic cattle and congestion are some reasons for the spread of CDV.</li>
<li>Also because of rapid urbanisation in the area, large influx of human population has increased man-animal conflicts. Therefore, the government also needs to give more support to the local community for better conservation of lions.</li>
<li>Moreover, it is also a question of genetic diversity. A species which is bottle-necked, becomes more susceptible to disease. The risks to population also include catastrophes like a forest fire or an extreme weather event.</li>
<li>Earlier in September 2011, the Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), Bangalore, and Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Uttarakhand, analysed tissues from a 2007 Gir lion carcass. They found the presence of highly contagious peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) which is also highly contagious and carries an 80-100% chance of mortality.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Legal Tussle</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1990, the&nbsp; Wildlife Institute of India (WII) proposed the creation of a second wild population of Asiatic lions to safeguard the species against potential calamities in Gujarat&rsquo;s Gir National Park. It favoured shifting of about 40 lions from Gujarat to Madhya Pradesh&rsquo;s Palpur Kuno sanctuary.</li>
<li>Gujarat, however, refused to part with 19 animals for an initial relocation plan.</li>
<li>In 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that Gujarat needed to relocate some of its lions to neighbouring Madhya Pradesh to avoid the possibility of disease or some other disaster wiping out the entire population.</li>
<li>The Gujarat government refused to translocate the lions to Kuno in Madhya Pradesh over concerns of its co-existence with the tiger,&nbsp;&nbsp;insufficient prey density and the difference in the climatic condition of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Canine Distemper Virus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Canine distemper virus is known mainly to cause a severe infection in dogs&nbsp;respiratory, gastrointestinal, respiratory and central nervous systems, as well as the conjunctival membranes of the eye.</li>
<li>CDV may also affect wild carnivores such as wolves, foxes, raccoons, red pandas, ferrets, hyenas, tigers, and lions.</li>
<li>The prevalence of this virus and its diversity in wildlife of India is not adequately studied.</li>
<li>A lion does not eat the entire prey at one go. In between, the dogs consume the kill and infect it with the CDV. Once the lion returns to finish it off, its gets the deadly disease.</li>
<li>The CDV is more dangerous for lions than tigers. This is because lions move together in large numbers, making them more vulnerable to the virus as compared to tigers that are more isolated and territorial animals.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-21st-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read more...</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icmr-recommends-vaccine-for-lions'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (06th October 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>GI Tag for Alphonso Mangoes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Alphonso from Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Palghar, Thane and Raigad districts of Maharashtra, have been given Geographical Indication tag (GI).</li>
<li>Alphonso, better known as &lsquo;Hapus&rsquo; in Maharashtra, is in demand in domestic and international markets not only for its taste but also for pleasant fragrance and vibrant colour.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>GI Tags</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GI is an indication used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.</li>
<li>Such a name conveys an assurance of quality and distinctiveness which is essentially attributable to its origin in that defined geographical locality.</li>
<li>For a product to get GI tag, the goods need to be produced or processed or prepared in that region.</li>
<li>As a form of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), GI are distinct from other forms like patents, trademarks and copyrights because the ownership of rights in this case is with a "community" or a "group of people" rather than an individual or a corporate or non-corporate firm as might be the case with other IPRs.</li>
<li>As a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), India enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration &amp; Protection) Act, 1999, which has come into effect from 2003.</li>
<li>The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 aims to provide registration and protection of GI goods in India.</li>
<li>This Act is administered by the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks, who is also the Registrar of Geographical Indications.</li>
<li>The geographical indications registry for India is located at Chennai.</li>
<li>Darjeeling Tea, Mahabaleshwar Strawberry, Blue Pottery of Jaipur, Banarasi Sarees and TirupatiLaddus, Banaganapalle mangoes are some of the GIs.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Methanol Cooking Fuel Program</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The state-owned company- Northeast and Assam Petro-chemicals, launched <strong>Asia's first canisters based</strong> and <strong>India's first "Methanol Cooking Fuel Program".</strong></li>
<li>The pilot project will include 500 households inside the Assam Petro Complex, which will be later scaled up to 40,000 households in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana, Goa and Karnataka.</li>
<li>The safe handling canister based cooking stoves are from <strong>Swedish Technology</strong> and through a technology transfer a large-scale cooking stove manufacturing plant will come up in India in the next 18 months producing 10 lakh Cookstoves and 1 Crore Cannisters per year.</li>
<li>This technology is very unique, it handles methanol extremely safely, does not need regulator or any piping system.</li>
<li>The gaseous form, Methanol - Dimethyl Ether (DME), can be blended in 20% ratio with LPG. LPG-DME blending program is expected to kickstart in the country by 2019.</li>
<li>The cooking medium can directly substitute LPG, Kerosene, Wood, Charcoal and any other fuel for cooking.</li>
<li>1.2 litres canisters can last for full five hours on twin burners and 8 such canisters as rack can last for one month for a family of three. The cost of energy equivalent of one cylinder of LPG for Methanol is Rs. 650, compared to Rs. 850 per cylinder resulting in a minimum of 20% Savings.</li>
<li>For instance, in Manipur the cost of transportation of LPG is Rs. 200, whereas same cost for Methanol will be Rs. 12. This provides for an excellent alternative as household fuel and commercial, institutional and fuel for restaurants.</li>
<li>This step is in direction of reducing import of crude and an effort to provide clean, import substitute, cost effective and pollution free cooking medium.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-06th-october-2018'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Challenges to Electric Vehicle Adoption in India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p>Electric Vehicles (EVs) as an element of transportation policy is being considered by most of the countries in the world. However, these countries&rsquo; responses are affected by their stage of economic development, availability of energy resources, technological capabilities and political will to address climate change issues on a priority basis (higher the development, more the likelihood of adopting EVs).</p>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/788Mahindra-REVAi1.jpg" caption="false" width="620" height="497" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>The rapid growth in India&rsquo;s urbanization, population and wealth over the last few decades has had changed the mobility of its citizens. <strong>India&rsquo;s transport demand has grown by almost 8 times since 1980 &ndash; more than any other Asian economy</strong> (World Bank data, cited by NITI Aayog). While on the one hand, this has led to widespread development of the auto industry in the country, on the other hand, it has revealed the potential for irreversible damage on the environment.</p>
<h3>Need for EVs in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rapid urbanization</strong> has increased the demand for energy and transport infrastructure.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>commitment to address the issue of climate change</strong> (Intended Nationally Determined Contribution goal to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% by 2030 from 2005 level and to achieve about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030) necessitates the adoption of alternative fuels for environmental sustainability.</li>
<li>The <strong>shift towards renewable energy sources</strong> has led to cost reduction from better electricity generating technologies. This has introduced the possibility of clean, low-carbon and inexpensive grids.</li>
<li><strong>Advances in battery technology</strong> have led to higher energy densities, faster charging and reduced battery degradation from charging. Combined with the development of motors with higher rating and reliability, these improvements in <strong>battery chemistry</strong> have reduced costs and improved the performance and efficiency of electric vehicles.</li>
<li>High expenses on oil import in the changing geopolitical conditions require India <strong>to ensure its energy security</strong> by moving towards alternative energy sources.</li>
<li>The existing mode of transport for last mile connectivity like autorickshaw and feeder buses suffer from capacity constraint. These vehicles need better management and should be considered as the first area of transformation to e-vehicles.</li>
</ul>
<p>The demand for EVs has emerged from the contention of addressing the rising demand for automobiles while keeping a check on the environmental pollution. Despite the Government&rsquo;s willingness to transform the mobility services in the country, the growth of <g class="gr_ gr_113 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="113" data-gr-id="113">EV</g> industry has not been <g class="gr_ gr_75 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="75" data-gr-id="75">upto</g> the mark. The Indian EV industry has the lowest level of penetration rates in the world. There are several reasons behind this.</p>
<h3>Factors that can facilitate Electric Vehicle production in India</h3>
<ol>
<li>A relative abundance of exploitable renewable energy resources like wind and solar.</li>
<li>High availability of skilled manpower and technology in manufacturing and IT sector to handle the technical issues related to this industry.</li>
<li>The consumer base in the country is changing and is becoming more receptive to the new technological changes in the automobile industry.</li>
<li>A universal culture that accepts and promotes the sharing of assets and resources for the overall common good.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Factors that hinder the development of <g class="gr_ gr_108 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="108" data-gr-id="108">EV</g> industry in India</h3>
<ol>
<li><strong>Lack of a stable policy for EV production:</strong> Profit determination becomes uncertain considering the high capital costs and the uncertainty in policies related to EV production. This discourages investment in the industry.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For eg, the launch of Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles (FAME) framework has been extended repeatedly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of associated infrastructural support:</strong> Policy uncertainty is affecting the development of associated infrastructural support for the industry, for example, the charging infrastructure. The lack of clarity over AC versus DC charging stations, grid stability and range anxiety (fear that battery will soon run out of power) are other factors that hinder the growth of <g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="104" data-gr-id="104">EV</g> industry. This comes in the backdrop of already debilitated existing infrastructure like roads, bridges etc.</li>
<li><strong>Domestic factors affecting EV production:</strong> India does not have any known reserve of lithium and cobalt, it is dependent on countries like Japan and China for the import of lithium-ion batteries. Rupee depreciation has also negatively affected such imports.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of skilled workers:</strong> EVs have higher servicing costs and higher levels of skills <g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="88" data-gr-id="88">is</g> needed for servicing. India lacks the dedicated training courses for such skill development.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Two-wheelers account for 76% of the vehicles in the country. Customizing India&rsquo;s EV Policy to suit the current demands of its auto-industry i.e. focussing more on the production of electric-two wheelers can be beneficial.</li>
<li>The promotion of Electric Vehicle as one of the solutions to environmental pollution should consider all other factors like the source used for electricity generation.<br />Electricity is majorly produced from the thermal sources (bituminous coal which has low calorific value and high ash content) in India which negatively impact the environment. Hence, an integrated approach should be followed by combining the renewable industry and the EV industry.</li>
<li>India needs to encourage private investment in battery manufacturing plants along with an emphasis on the development of low-cost production technology.</li>
<li>The education system in the country has to be synchronized with the industrial transformation. Skill development plans should be upgraded to handle the servicing related concerns.</li>
<li>Stabilizing policy environment by working on tax incentives, non-fiscal incentives can address the uncertainty of demand which can, in turn, help the industry to achieve economies of scale (maximum utilization of resources on the conditions of maximum efficiency which will reduce the per unit cost).</li>
<li><strong>India currently ranks as one of the top energy consumers in the world. It is the world's third largest producer and third largest consumer of electricity.</strong> With India&rsquo;s population and GDP expected to grow in the future, energy demand will see a significant rise and with that associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well. In keeping with these developments, policy measures need to focus on increasing access to clean energy while keeping the emissions in check.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-to-electric-vehicle-adoption-in-india'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (05th October 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Integrated Criminal Justice System (ICJS)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ICJS is an OTP-enabled web platform that integrates police, prison, and court records for government and police use.</li>
<li>The ICJS covers suspect profiles combining data from prisons, FIR data from Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS), and courts.</li>
<li>In its present form, it enters details such as a photo, state, religion, gender, nationality, age, type of case, marital status, whether or not the suspect is a drug addict, and biometric data.</li>
<li>ICJS now proposes to include social media profiles, and details of immigration, prosecution, and National Investigative Agency records, allowing a &ldquo;360 profile view&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It is proposed to introduce a &ldquo;risk score&rdquo;(a score ranking threat-level of a criminal) for the profiles. The Ministry of Home Affairs, state governments, district authorities, and police stations will be able to view the statistics relevant to their geographies.</li>
<li>This project is in alignment with the government&rsquo;s vision of the Smart policing and Digital India of the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Crime and Criminals Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) Project interconnects about 15000 Police Stations and additional 5000 offices of supervisory police officers across the country and digitize data related to FIR registration, investigation and charge sheets in all Police Stations.</li>
<li>It will lead to the development of a national database of crimes and criminals.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India International Science Festival</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>4th India International Science Festival-2018 (IISF-2018)</strong> will be held in Lucknow from 5th to 8th October.</li>
<li>As part of the event, a<strong> &ldquo;science village&rdquo;</strong> will be set up at National Botanical Garden in Lucknow where common people will get to know about the progress of science.</li>
<li>The theme of this edition of Science Festival is <strong>&ldquo;Science for Transformation&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>In IISF 2018, a World Record attempt will be made to <strong>&ldquo;isolate DNA&rdquo;</strong> by 500 students from 8th to 10th standard.</li>
<li>The <strong>1st IISF</strong> was held at <strong>Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) New Delhi</strong> in December, 2015.</li>
<li>IISF 2018 is being organized by <strong>Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> in association with Vijnana Bharati at Indira Gandhi Pratishthan, Lucknow.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border"></div>
<h3>National Swachh Survekshan Grameen 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prime Minister gave awards to top ranked state and districts as well as districts and states with maximum citizen participation based on the National Swachh Survekshan Grameen 2018.</li>
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation</strong> had commissioned &ldquo;Swachh Survekshan Grameen-2018&rdquo; (SSG 2018) through an independent survey agency to develop ranking of all districts of India on the basis of quantitative and qualitative sanitation (Swachhata) parameters.</li>
<li>This ranking was done based on a comprehensive set of parameters including surveys of public places like schools, Anganwadis, Primary Health Centres (PHCs), Haat/ Bazaars, Panchayats.</li>
<li>Citizens were mobilised to provide feedback on sanitation relation related issues online using an application developed for the purpose.</li>
<li>Top 3 States
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Haryana</li>
<li>Gujarat</li>
<li>Maharashtra</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Top 3 Districts
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Satara, Maharashtra</li>
<li>Rewari, Haryana</li>
<li>Pedapalli, Telangana</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>States with maximum citizen participation
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uttar Pradesh</li>
<li>Gujarat</li>
<li>Maharashtra</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Districts with maximum citizens&rsquo; participation
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nashik, Maharashtra</li>
<li>Solapur, Maharashtra</li>
<li>Chittorgarh, Rajasthan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pictorial Warning on Tobacco Products</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India has been ranked fifth</strong>, jointly with Hong Kong and Thailand in the listing of countries that have pictorial health warning on tobacco products.</li>
<li>Recently the Canadian Cancer Society released a report titled <strong>&ldquo;The Cigarette Package Health Warnings: International Status Report&rdquo;</strong> which documents global progress on plain packaging.</li>
<li>It has ranked 206 countries and territories on the size of their health warnings on cigarette packages, and lists countries and territories that require graphic picture warnings.</li>
<li><strong>East Timor is ranked first</strong> with 85% of the front and 100% of the back of the packaging being used for pictorial warnings.</li>
<li><strong>Nepal and Vanuatu</strong> follows with 90% coverage on both sides and New Zealand at fourth with 87.5 percent. Indian packaging has the warning on 85% of both sides.</li>
<li>The report found that 118 countries and territories have now made picture health warnings on cigarette packages mandatory, up from 100 in 2016.</li>
<li><strong>Canada</strong> was the first to insist on picture health warnings in 2001.</li>
<li>India is the only SAARC country to have a <strong>Quit-Line number</strong> on tobacco products and the fourth in Asia after Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Loo Review Campaign</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, under the aegis of Swachh Bharat Mission &ndash; Urban (SBM &ndash; U), has <strong>partnered with Google</strong> to launch the Loo Review campaign to encourage all local guides in India to rate and review public toilets on Google Maps.</li>
<li>The campaign will involve and engage Local Guides in India to rate and review public toilets on Google Maps, and use the hashtag <strong>(#LooReview)</strong> for the chance to be featured on Google Local Guides&rsquo; social channels.</li>
<li>Local Guides are people who share reviews, photos, and knowledge on Google Maps to help people explore the world.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Important Facts for Prelims (05th October 2018)'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Government Initiates Probe into Type-2 Polio Virus Contamination',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: 400;">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare </span> has ordered an inquiry into the type-2 polio virus contamination detected in the vials used for immunisation in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Telangana.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The&nbsp;World Health Organization (WHO) found the virus in some sewage and stool samples during their routine surveillance and ensured that the cases have not developed into <span style="font-weight: 400;">Poliomyelitis (Polio)</span>. N<span>evertheless</span>, the government has ordered additional immunisation in these three States.</li>
<li>This detection indicated the use of a type 2 poliovirus containing vaccine, despite the fact that&nbsp;trivalent vaccine (tOPV) that contained type 2 poliovirus vaccine had been phased out globally, and in India, in April 2016, as a part of the Polio End Game strategy.</li>
<li>The traces found are attenuated (weakened) poliovirus and does not cause paralysis. The recipients of such vaccine usually shed the vaccine virus through fecal route for about 4-6 weeks after which it will die down.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The last case due to type-2 wild poliovirus globally was reported from Aligarh in India in 1999.</li>
<li>India was declared polio free in 2014 and the last case was reported in January 2011.</li>
<li>India switched to biovalent vaccine (bOPV) from trivalent vaccine (tOPV) following certification of global eradication of type 2 wild polio virus. Removing type 2 component from polio vaccine was done with the aim of minimizing the risk of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 outbreak.</li>
<li>Oral Polio Vaccines (OPV)contains weakened but live polio virus which can cause paralytic polio. Also, the vaccine virus is excreted by immunized children which can move from one person to another. This allows the virus to stick around and mutate to a more virulent form, raising the threat of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). VDPV, like imported wild polio, can cause outbreaks in under-immunized population.</li>
<li>Therefore replacing OPV with the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) is a prerequisite for Polio eradication. Even the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan of WHO calls for the phased removal of oral polio vaccines (OPV) by 2019.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Why not use IPV at first instance itself?&nbsp;
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IPV induces very low levels of immunity in the intestine. As a result, when a person immunized with IPV is infected with wild poliovirus, the virus can still multiply inside the intestines and be shed in the faeces, risking continued circulation.</li>
<li>IPV is over five times more expensive than OPV.</li>
<li>Administering IPV requires trained health workers, as well as sterile injection equipment and procedures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently India had also launched Pulse Polio programme for 2018 to&nbsp;administer Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) to more than 17 crores children who are less than 5 years of age on National Immunisation Day, which is observed on January 28.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Polio</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The virus is transmitted by person-to person spread mainly through the faecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated water or food) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis.</li>
<li>Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs. In a small proportion of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which is often permanent. There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented by immunization.</li>
<li>Of the 3 strains of wild poliovirus (type 1, type 2, and type 3), wild poliovirus type 2 was eradicated in 1999 and no case of wild poliovirus type 3 has been found since the last reported case in Nigeria in November 2012.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-initiates-probe-into-type-2-polio-virus-contamination'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (04th October 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Champions of the Earth Award</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently Prime Minister of India received the Champions of the Earth Award. It is the UN&rsquo;s highest environmental honor.</li>
<li>Prime Minister has been selected in the leadership category for his pioneering work in championing the International Solar Alliance and for his unprecedented pledge to eliminate all single-use plastic in India by 2022.</li>
<li>Launched in 2005, it recognizes outstanding figures from the public and private sectors and from the civil society whose actions have had a transformative positive impact on the environment.</li>
<li>Through their extraordinary achievements &ndash; whether through political leadership, grassroots action, scientific innovation, or entrepreneurial vision &ndash; each of these Champions has inspired critical action on behalf of the global environment.</li>
<li>Champions of the Earth recognizes laureates in the following categories:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lifetime Achievement</li>
<li>Policy Leadership</li>
<li>Action and Inspiration</li>
<li>Entrepreneurial Vision</li>
<li>Science and Innovation</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Dwarf planet: &lsquo;Goblin&rsquo;</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A new dwarf planet was discovered by scientist which is named as &lsquo;The Goblin&rsquo;.</li>
<li>It was named Goblin as it was spotted by astronomers in 2015 around Halloween.</li>
<li>Its provisional name, 2015 TG387.</li>
<li>At the time of discovery, the Goblin was 80 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun (1 AU is equal to the distance between the Earth and the Sun).</li>
<li>At its closest, the Goblin is 65 AU from the Sun.</li>
<li>It orbits the Sun once in 40,000 years.</li>
<li>According to the International Astronomical Union "dwarf planet" is a celestial body that
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>is in orbit around the Sun,</li>
<li>has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape.</li>
<li>has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and(meaning it has not become gravitationally dominant in its orbit)</li>
<li>is not a satellite.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Five recognized Dwarf Planets are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ceres: It is only dwarf planet located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.</li>
<li>Pluto: &nbsp;Pluto was formerly a planet and was reclassified to a Dwarf Planet status.</li>
<li>Eris: It is located in Kuiper Belt. It is the second largest dwarf planet after Pluto.</li>
<li>Makemake: &nbsp;It is located in Kuiper belt.</li>
<li>Haumea: It is located in Kuiper Belt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Asian Development Bank(ADB)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government of India and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) signed $240 million loans for providing safe and sustainable drinking water to about 1.65 million people in three districts of the state of West Bengal affected by arsenic, fluoride, and salinity.</li>
<li>Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Government of India signed a $150 million Loan Agreement to establish a Global Skills Park (GSP), which is under Department of Technical Education, Skill Development and Employment. Govt. of Madhya Pradesh.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the First Multi-Skills Park in India.</li>
<li>The purpose is to enhance the quality of Technical and Vocational Education And Training (TVET) System in the State and create a more skilled workforce.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Government of India signed a $100 Million Loan Agreement to provide sewage treatment and strengthen the capacity of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) for resilient urban services.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Asian Development Bank (ADB)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966.</li>
<li>ADB is headquartered in Manila, Philippines. It aims to promote social and economic development in Asia.</li>
<li>ADB now has 67 members, of which 48 are from within Asia and the Pacific and 19 outside.</li>
<li>Japan holds the largest proportion of shares in ADB followed by the USA.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre has extended the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act in three districts of Arunachal Pradesh bordering Assam by another six months,in view of continuing activities of banned insurgent groups of the Northeast.</li>
<li>The groups like National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K), United Liberation Front Of Assam (ULFA) and National Democratic Front of Boroland (NDFB) are active in these areas of Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Act was enacted in 1958 to bring under control what the government considered &lsquo;disturbed areas&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Jammu &amp; Kashmir has a similar but separate act Armed Forces (Jammu &amp; Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990.</li>
<li>Section 3 of the Act empowers the Governor/Administrator of state/UT to declare an area as &lsquo;disturbed&rsquo;. Once declared, the region has to maintain status quo for minimum three months (according to Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act, 1976.</li>
<li>As per the Act, it can be invoked in places &ldquo;where the use of armed forces in aid of the civil power is necessary.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The AFSPA gives power to the Army and Central forces deployed in &ldquo;disturbed areas&rdquo; to search premises and arrest without warrant, to use force even to the extent of causing death.</li>
<li>It also gives immunity to security forces in carrying out various operations and provides cover to forces from prosecution and legal suits without the Centre&rsquo;s sanction.</li>
<li>To check arbitrariness there should be a periodic review of &lsquo;disturbed area&rsquo; every six months.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Udyam Abhilasha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the occasion of 149th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), has launched a National Level Entrepreneurship Awareness Campaign, Udyam Abhilasha in 115 Aspirational Districts identified by NITI Aayog in 28 States.</li>
<li>The campaign would create and strengthen cadre of more than 800 trainers to provide entrepreneurship training to the aspiring youths across these districts.</li>
<li>SIDBI has partnered with Common Services Centre (CSC) e-Governance Services India Limited, a Special Purpose Vehicle, (CSC SPV) set up by the Ministry of Electronics &amp; IT, Govt. of India for implementing the campaign through their CSCs.</li>
<li>The objectives of the missionary campaign includes :-
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>inspiring rural youth in aspirational districts to be entrepreneurs by assisting them to set up their own enterprise,</li>
<li>imparting trainings through digital medium across the country,</li>
<li>creating business opportunities for CSC Village Level entrepreneurs (VLEs),</li>
<li>focussing on women aspirants in these aspirational districts to encourage women entrepreneurship and</li>
<li>assisting participants to get connected to banking facilities and avail credit facility from banks to set up their own enterprise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is part of the programmatic approach to induce entrepreneurship as dream choice by turning job seekers as job creators.</li>
<li>Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), is the Principal Financial Institution for the Promotion, Financing, Development, and Coordination of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector.</li>
<li>SIDBI, under its revamped strategy SIDBI 2.0, has adopted the theme of ease of access to MSEs and being Impact Multiplier &amp; Digital Aggregator.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Purana Qila</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the rejuvenated lake and illumination of Purana Qila (Delhi) was inaugurated and opened for public.</li>
<li>Earlier National Green Tribunal had rejected the the claim that the project was being undertaken in a manner that would damage the environment by permitting the revival of the iconic Purana Qila lake.</li>
<li>Purana Qila is one of the oldest forts belonging to Mughal era.</li>
<li>The massive gateway and walls of Purana Qila were built by Humayun and the foundation was laid for the new capital, Dinpanah.</li>
<li>The work was carried forward by Sher Shah Suri,who displaced Humayun.</li>
<li>The walls of the Purana Quila are made of enormous red stones having minimal ornamentation and decoration.</li>
<li>The major attractions inside the fort are the Qila-i-Kuhna mosque of Sher Shah Suri, Sher Mandal (a tower, which is traditionally associated with the death of Humayun), a stepwell and the remains of the extensive rampart, which has three gates.</li>
<li>The Qila-I-kunha Mosque is an example of Indo Islamic architecture.</li>
<li>The unique features of Indo-Islamic architecture like horseshoe-shaped arches, bracketed openings, marble inlay, carving etc are very prominent in the structure.</li>
<li>The mehrabs (prayer niches) inside the Qila-i-Kunha mosque are richly ornamented with concentric arches.</li>
<li>The mosque has an inscription which says 'As long as there are people on this earth, may this edifice be frequented, and people be happy in it.'</li>
<li>Excavations have revealed that the Purana Quila stands at the site of Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandavas.</li>
<li>Excavations near one of the walls of the fort show that the site had been occupied since 1000 B.C.</li>
<li>The PGW (Painted Gray Ware Pottery) recovered from the site date back to around 1000 B.C.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-04th-october-2018'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (03rd October 2018)	',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>IBSAMAR-VI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a joint Multinational Maritime Exercise between the Indian, Brazilian and South African Navies. Currently being held at Simons Town, South Africa from 01 &ndash; 13 Oct 18.</li>
<li>The last edition of IBSAMAR (IBSAMAR V) was conducted in Goa.</li>
<li>The aim of the exercise is to undertake collective training for participating navies, building interoperability and mutual understanding and sharing of best practices.</li>
<li>The exercise includes both harbor and sea phases with various navigation and seamanship evolutions, surface weapons firing, force protection exercises, antipiracy exercise, anti-air, and anti-submarine exercise and flying operations. Sports and social engagements activities are also planned.</li>
<li>The Indian Navy is represented in IBSAMAR VI by Guided Missile Frigate Tarkash (Talwar-class frigate), Guided Missile Destroyer Kolkata, Long Range Maritime Patrol Aircraft P8I, Sea-king, and Chetak helicopters and a MARCOS (Marine Commandos) contingent.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>IBSA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IBSA is a tripartite group consisting of India, Brazil, and South Africa.</li>
<li>IBSA was formed after the signing of the <strong>Brasilia</strong> Declaration in the year 2003.</li>
<li>The objective of IBSA includes international co-operation among three members, strengthen south-south cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Exercise Avia-Indra-18</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The second edition of Exercise Avia Indra, a<strong> Biennial Air Force level exercise between Indian and the Russian Federation</strong>, the first session of which was conducted from 17 Sep to 28 Sep 2018 at Lipetsk, Russia.</li>
<li>The second session will be conducted in Jodhpur, India from 10 Dec to 22 Dec 2018.</li>
<li>The aim of the exercise was to formulate and validate the use of airpower in an anti-terrorist operation in a bilateral scenario and sharing best practices.</li>
<li>The exercise included the briefing on Aerospace safety and anti-terrorist air operations.</li>
<li>First Avia Indra was conducted in 2014 and has been planned as a bi-annual exercise</li>
<li>The aircraft that would participate in the exercise include Su-30 SM, Mig-29, Su-25, Mi-8, and An-26.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Safai Karamcharis Finance &amp; Development Corporation (NSKFDC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>wholly owned Govt. of India</strong> Undertaking <strong>under the Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment and was set up in 1997 as a Company &ldquo;Not for Profit&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from operating various loan and non-loan based schemes for the upliftment of the target group, NSKFDC is playing a vital role in the elimination of manual scavenging - the worst surviving symbol of untouchability.</li>
<li>NSKFDC has been designated as the <strong>Nodal Agency for implementation of the SRMS (Central Sector Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers)</strong> under the aegis of the Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment.</li>
<li>As a part of the yearlong commemoration of the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi from 2nd October 2018 to 2nd October 2019, a pan-India Workshop on Prevention of Hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks was organized under NSKFDC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>UNESCO Global Geopark Status</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lonar Lake, St.Mary&rsquo;s Island, and Malpe Beach</strong> are poised to become <strong>Global Geoparks</strong>.</li>
<li>Global Geo parks are single, unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of international geological significance are managed with a holistic concept of protection, education, and sustainable development.</li>
<li>UNESCO Global Geoparks are established through a bottom-up process involving all relevant local and regional stakeholders and authorities in the area i.e. landowners, community groups, tourism providers, indigenous people etc.</li>
<li>An aspiring Global Geopark must have a dedicated website, a corporate identity, a comprehensive management plan.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The significance of Geoparks Tag</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The creation of innovative local enterprises, new jobs, and high-quality training courses is stimulated as new sources of revenue are generated through geo-tourism, while the geological resources of the area are protected.</li>
<li>A UNESCO Global Geopark uses its geological heritage, in connection with all other aspects of the area&rsquo;s natural and cultural heritage, to enhance awareness and understanding of key issues facing society, such as using the earth&rsquo;s resources sustainably, mitigating the effects of climate change and reducing natural disaster-related risks.</li>
<li>The Geopark tag is akin to that of a 'World Heritage Site' for a historical monument.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Lonar Lake</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Lonar Crater Lake is a notified National Geo-heritage Monument by Geological Survey of India. It is located in Buldana district, Maharashtra.</li>
<li>It possesses rich biological diversity such as non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microbes like Slackia sp. Actinopolyspora sp. and migratory birds such as shelducks, grebes, Ruddy shelduck<br />and black-winged stilts.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>St. Mary Island</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>St. Mary's Islands, also known as Coconut Island are a set of four small islands in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Malpe in Udupi Karnataka.</li>
<li>They are known for their distinctive geological formation of columnar basaltic lava.</li>
<li>The island is considered an important site for "Geo Tourism" declared by the Geological Survey of India in 2001.</li>
<li>The western coasts of the islands are a seashell haven with seashells of various shapes and sizes littered along the coast.<strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Malpe Beach</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Malpe is a natural port to the west of Udupi, Karnataka.</li>
<li>It is an important port and a major fishing harbor on the Karnataka coast.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Unnat Bharat Abhiyan 2.0</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a flagship programme of Ministry of Human Resource Development with a focus upon enriching rural India.</li>
<li>Under Unnat Bharat Abhiyan 2.0 institutions are selected in &lsquo;challenge mode&rsquo;(in a time frame)and the scheme has been extended to 840 reputed higher educational institutes, both public and private of the country.</li>
<li>It engages the faculty and students of the higher educational institution in understanding rural realities.</li>
<li>It covers two domains for holistic development of villages &ndash; Human Development and economic development in an integrated way.</li>
<li>It identifies and selects existing innovative technologies to find innovative solutions as per local needs.</li>
<li>Each selected institute would adopt a cluster of villages will carry out studies of living conditions in adopted villages, assess the local problems using technological intervention, and work in close coordination with the District administration.</li>
<li>In this process faculty and students of such institutes would be connected to rural realities so that their learning and research become more oriented to society.</li>
<li>IIT Delhi is designated as National Coordinating institute.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GDPD)-Sabki Yojana, Sabka Vikas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The People&rsquo;s Plan Campaign (People's Plan Campaign, held in 1996 in Kerala State, was an experiment in the decentralization of powers to local governments with a focus on local planning) will be rolled out as &lsquo;Sabki Yojna Sabka Vikas&rsquo; from the 2nd October till 31st December 2018.</li>
<li>The GDPD will be an intensive and structured exercise for planning at Gram Sabha level through convergence between Panchayati Raj institutions and concerned departments of the State.</li>
<li><strong>During the campaign, structured Gram Sabha meetings will be held for preparing the Gram Panchayat Development Plan for the next financial year 2019-2020.</strong></li>
<li>Monitoring of People&rsquo;s Plan Campaign would involve geotagged visuals of GS meetings, visit Gram Sabhas for every District official of concerned departments and NLM (National Level Monitors) visits random Gram Sabhas.</li>
<li>The Gram Panchayat Development Plan aims to strengthen the role of 31 lakh elected Panchayat leaders and 2.5 crores SHG Women under DAY-NRLM ineffective Gram Sabha.</li>
<li>There will be a Public Information Campaign of all programmes in Gram Panchayat office and on Gram Samvad App.</li>
<li>The structured Gram Sabha meetings with physical presence and presentation by frontline workers will cover the following &ndash; Agriculture, Land improvement, Minor irrigation, Animal husbandry, Fisheries, Family Welfare, Women and Child Development, Public distribution system and Maintenance of community assets.</li>
<li>As part of this Campaign, it is also proposed to complete the exercise of Mission Antyodaya data collection in respect of all Gram Panchayats.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-03rd-october-2018'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (01st October 2018)	',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Mahatma Gandhi International Sanitation Convention.</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Mahatma Gandhi International Sanitation Convention (MGISC) is a 4-day event that brings together Sanitation Ministers and sector specialists from around the world.</li>
<li>In 2018, delegates from 68 countries participated in the convention.</li>
<li>It is being organized by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India.</li>
<li>The convention aims to share sanitation success stories and lessons from the participating countries and will culminate on October&nbsp;2nd, 2018, with the launch of the <strong>Mahatma's 150th birth year celebrations in India</strong>, as SBM enters its final year of implementation mark the beginning of the 150th birth anniversary celebrations of Mahatma Gandhi, also coinciding with the fourth anniversary of the launch of Swachh Bharat Mission.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Surinsar-Mansar Lakes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one of the 26 Ramsar Sites designated as Wetlands of International importance located in Jammu &amp; Kashmir.</li>
<li>Surinsar Lake and Mansar Lake are considered to be twin lakes.</li>
<li>The Surinsar Mansar Wildlife Sanctuary is nestled in the midst of both the lakes.</li>
<li>The site is socially and culturally very important with many temples around owing to its mythical origin from the Mahabharata period.</li>
<li>Surinsar is rain-fed without permanent discharge, and Mansar is primarily fed by surface runoff and partially by mineralized water through paddy fields, with inflow increasing in the rainy season.</li>
<li>Currently, it is facing an existential threat due to human intervention and climate change.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mughal-era Bridge Oont Kadal</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The iconic 17th-century bridge, Oont Kadal, will be restored through a conservation project by INTACH with the help of Germany.</li>
<li>The hump-backed bridge, locally known as Oont (Camel) Kadal lies in the middle of the Dal Lake mostly visible from Nishat Garden.</li>
<li>Oont Kadal forms an important part of the locality along with the Dal Lake, the Zabarwan Mountain range (sub-mountain range between Pir Panjal and Great Himalayan Range) and the potential World Heritage Site of Nishat Bagh.</li>
<li>The Zabarwan mountain range possesses great Himalayan features with rich wildlife. The Dachigam National Park is the main feature of the range which holds the last viable population of Kashmir stag (Hangul).</li>
<li>The restoration of Oont Kadal will bring back the focus on the global, cultural and natural heritage of the Dal Lake.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p></p>
<div class="border-bg"><strong>Indian National Trust For Art And Cultural Heritage (INTACH)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INTACH is a non-profit charitable organisation registered under the Societies' Registration Act, 1860 founded in 1984 in New Delhi with the vision to spearhead heritage awareness and conservation in India.</li>
<li>It has pioneered the conservation and preservation of not just our natural and built heritage but intangible heritage as well.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-01st-october-2018'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Reservation in Promotions',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court has upheld&nbsp;<strong>the application of "creamy layer" principle</strong> relating to reservations for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in promotions.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The creamy layer is a concept that puts an income ceiling on people availing of caste-wise reservations in government jobs and education. Till now, this was only applicable for reservations under the Other Backward Classes quota. SCs and STs were excluded since it was argued that their backwardness was based purely on untouchability for which economic improvement was not a remedy.</li>
<li>Further Supreme Court ruled that the <strong>judgment in the case of M. Nagraj v. Union of India</strong> , relating to reservations for SCs&nbsp; and STs in promotions, <strong>need not to be referred to a larger bench for consideration</strong>.</li>
<li>Center had claimed that there was a need to review the M Nagaraj verdict of 2006 stating that the judgement had virtually stopped promotions by putting criteria like backwardness, inadequate representation and overall administrative efficiency.</li>
<li>Various States had challenged the Nagaraj verdict stating that the criteria for reservation in promotion for SC/ST employees laid down in it was proving to be a hurdle to filling up lakhs of vacancies in different government departments spread across various States.</li>
<li>So, the correctness of interpretation given by Nagaraj decision was referred to Constitution Bench for reconsideration during November 2017.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central and the State Government since the 1950s have been following a policy of reserving seats in promotions in favours of SC and ST communities on the ground that they are not adequately represented at <strong>the decision making level of public services</strong>.</li>
<li>This policy was held to be unconstitutional and void by the Supreme Court in <strong>Indra Sawhney v. Union Of India 1992 case</strong> on the ground that under Article 16(4) the State is provided with the power to make reservations in favour of backward classes of citizens only at the entry level that is at the time of recruitment into public services but not subsequently.</li>
<li>The Parliament responded by enacting 77 th Constitutional Amendment Act which introduced Article 16(4A). It confers power on the state to reserve seats in favour of SC and ST in promotions in Public Services if the communities are not adequately represented in public employment. This law was given retrospective effect from 1992.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court in M. Nagraj v. Union Of India 2006 case while upholding the constitutional validity of Art 16(4A) held that any such reservation policy in order to be constitutionally valid shall satisfy the following three constitutional requirements:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC and ST community should be socially and educationally backward.</li>
<li>The SC and ST communities are not adequately represented in Public employment.</li>
<li>Such a reservation policy shall not affect the overall efficiency in the administration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Supreme Court's Judgement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Application of the &ldquo;Creamy layer&rdquo; principle</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Supreme Court ruled that the <strong>"creamy layer exclusion"&nbsp;principle, till date applied only to OBCs, can be extended to SCs and STs</strong> to deny reservation&nbsp; to the elite among the two communities.&nbsp;</li>
<li>It upheld the constitutional amendments leading to Article 16(4A).</li>
<li>Therefore, the Constitution Bench held that there was no necessity to revisit Nagaraj judgment in so far as it applied the creamy layer test.</li>
<li>Giving a stamp of approval to application of creamy layer principle to SC/STs, the court asserted that the objective of reservation would not be fulfilled if only the creamy layer within that class bag all the coveted jobs in the public sector, leaving the rest of the class as backward as they always were.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Proof Of Backwardness Of SC/STs</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court held the conclusion in Nagaraj case that the State has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the SCs and the STs <strong>as invalid</strong>. It opined that this was contrary to the finding arrived at by the nine-judge bench in Indra Sawhney v. Union of India.</li>
<li>It noted that the nine-Judge Bench in Indra Sawhney case had categorically ruled that test or requirement of social and educational backwardness cannot be applied to SCs and STs, who undoubtedly fall within the expression &ldquo;backward class of citizens&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reservation In Promotion Need Not Be In Proportion To Population</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It noted that while the test of proportionality to the population is mandated by the Constitution in Article 330 (Reservation of seats for SCs &amp; STs in the House of People), it does not do so in the provision of reservations in promotions (Article 16(4A).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-in-promotions'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'AIIB Approves $455-million Loan for Andhra Pradesh',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has approved a $455-million loan to improve road transport connectivity by providing all-weather rural roads in 13 districts of the state of Andhra Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will not only improve transport links to facilitate the delivery of agricultural and farm goods to markets but is also expected to result in better health and education outcomes.</li>
<li>School attendance rates, especially among girls, are expected to improve.</li>
<li>This will take AIIB&rsquo;s total commitment to India to over $1.76 billion spread across seven infrastructure projects and a $200 million equity investment commitment to India&rsquo;s National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a multilateral development bank with a mission to improve social and economic outcomes in Asia and beyond.</li>
<li>Officially launched in January 2016, the AIIB is headquartered in Beijing, China.</li>
<li>It is a <g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="38" data-gr-id="38">multi-lateral</g> development bank initiated by China and supported by a wide range of countries and regions, which provides financing for infrastructure improvement.</li>
<li>The international infrastructure bank owns about USD 100 billion of subscribed capital, including approx USD 20 billion in paid-in capital.</li>
<li>India is the second largest shareholder with 7.5 percent followed by Russia with 5.93 percent and Germany with 4.5 percent.</li>
<li>India is also the largest recipient of loans from the bank so far.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Investment and Infrastructure Fund</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)&nbsp;is a fund created by the Government of India for enhancing infrastructure financing in the country.&nbsp;Its creation was announced in the Union Budget 2015-16.</li>
<li>It is registered with SEBI as Category II Alternative Investment Fund (AIF). Category II funds are allowed to invest anywhere in any combination, but cannot take debts, except for day-to-day operation purposes. These include private equity funds and debt funds.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, alternative investment funds (AIFs) are defined by Securities and Exchange Board of India(SEBI) as any privately pooled investment fund, (whether from Indian or foreign sources), which are otherwise not coming under the jurisdiction of any regulatory agency in India.</li>
<li>
<p>The Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) have been categorized into three classes by the SEBI, viz. Category I, Category II, and Category III.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The objective of NIIF would be to maximize economic impact mainly through infrastructure development in commercially viable projects, both greenfield, and brownfield, including stalled projects. It could also consider other nationally important projects, for example, in manufacturing, if commercially viable.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aiib-approves-455-million-dollar-loan-for-andhra-pradesh'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'UPSC Study Material',
			'catname' => 'Distance Learning Programme (DLP)',
			'desc' => '<div class="material">
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<li>Indian Polity - I<a target="_blank" href="/images/dlp-demo/upsc/prelims/gs-pack-1/Indian-Polity-I.pdf" rel="noopener" class="download-list">Download Demo</a></li>
<li>Indian Polity - II<a target="_blank" href="/images/dlp-demo/upsc/prelims/gs-pack-1/Indian-Polity-II.pdf" rel="noopener" class="download-list">Download Demo</a></li>
<li>Modern India &amp; Freedom Struggle<a target="_blank" href="/images/dlp-demo/upsc/prelims/gs-pack-1/Modern-India-&amp;-Freedom-Struggle.pdf" rel="noopener" class="download-list">Download Demo</a><a target="_blank" href="/images/dlp-demo/upsc/prelims/gs-pack-1/General-Science.pdf" rel="noopener" class="download-list"></a></li>
<li>World Geography<a target="_blank" href="/images/dlp-demo/upsc/prelims/gs-pack-2/World-Geography.pdf" rel="noopener" class="download-list">Download Demo</a></li>
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(<span>Available Now</span>)</div>
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<li>Indian Economy - II<a target="_blank" href="/images/dlp-demo/upsc/prelims/gs-pack-2/Indian-Economy-II.pdf" rel="noopener" class="download-list">Download Demo</a></li>
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<li>General Science<a target="_blank" href="/images/dlp-demo/upsc/prelims/gs-pack-1/General-Science.pdf" rel="noopener" class="download-list">Download Demo</a></li>
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*Subject to the Date of Release by the Government of India</ul>
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<li>World History &amp; Post Independence India<a target="_blank" href="/images/dlp-demo/upsc/mains/gs-pack-4/World-History-&amp;-Post-Independence-India.pdf" rel="noopener" class="download-list">Download Demo</a></li>
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<li>Gist of Economic Survey &amp; Budget</li>
<li>Gist of India Year Book</li>
</ul>
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<h2>Fee Structure</h2>
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<div class="box icon01 bg-yellow"><label class="bg-red">Prelims</label>
<h2>General Studies</h2>
<p>17 GS + 3 CSAT Booklets</p>
<div class="price">₹ 10,000/-</div>
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<h2>General Studies</h2>
<p>18 GS Booklets</p>
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<div class="box icon03 bg-red"><label class="bg-darkred">Prelims</label> <label class="bg-yellow">Mains</label>
<h2>General Studies</h2>
<p>33 GS Booklets + 3 CSAT Booklets</p>
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<p>You can deposit cash at our office</p>
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<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, 1st Floor, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />(+91)<a href="tel:8448485520">8448485520</a></li>
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<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at our office address</p>
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</ul>
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</div>
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Government Notifies E-flow for Ganga ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Central Government has notified the minimum environmental flows for River Ganga with an aim to maintain the natural pattern of the river flow <em>(Aviral Dhara).</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A river's e-flow is the quantity and timing of water that is essential for the river to perform its ecological functions and also important from the social and cultural standpoint.</li>
<li>As part of the Centre's Namami Gange river cleaning project, <em>Aviral Dhara</em> (uninterrupted flow) is one of two important components, along with<em> Nirmal Dhara</em> (Unpolluted flow).</li>
<li>The notification issued by the Government will ensure that the river has at least the minimum required an environmental flow of water even after the river flow gets diverted by projects and structures for purposes like irrigation, hydropower, domestic and industrial use etc.</li>
<li>The <strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga has laid down the minimum e-flow norms</strong> will apply to the <strong>upper Ganga River Basin</strong> - starting from originating glaciers and through respective confluences of its head tributaries which meet at Devaprayag<strong> up to Haridwa</strong>r - and the<strong> main stem of the river Ganga up to Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>compliance of minimum environmental flow</strong> is applicable to all <strong>existing, under-construction and future projects</strong>.</li>
<li>The existing projects which currently do not meet the norms will have to ensure that the desired environmental flow norms are complied with <strong>within a period of three years.</strong></li>
<li>The mini and micro-projects which do not alter the flow characteristics of the river or stream significantly are exempted from these environmental flows.</li>
<li>The<strong> flow conditions</strong> in these river reach will be<strong> monitored at hourly intervals</strong> from time to time.</li>
<li><strong>The Central Water Commission is the designated authority and the custodian of the data and will be responsible for supervision, monitoring, regulation of flows and reporting of necessary information to the appropriate authority and also take emergent decisions about the water storage norms in case of an emergency.</strong></li>
<li>The project developers or authorities will have to install automatic data acquisition and data transmission facilities at appropriate locations at project sites.</li>
<li>The Central Government through National Mission for Clean Ganga may direct release of additional water in the River Ganga to meet special demand as and when required.</li>
<li>The notification also stipulated that the concerned Central and State authorities will implement demand-side management plans to reduce water withdrawal from River Ganga by adopting good and scientific practices such as the efficient method of irrigation, reuse and recycle of water including monitoring and regulation of groundwater withdrawals for various purposes.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Mission for Clean Ganga(NMCG)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NMCG is the implementation wing of National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection, and Management of River Ganga.</li>
<li>It was established in the year 2011 as a registered society.</li>
<li>The aims and objectives of NMCG are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To ensure effective control of pollution and rejuvenation of the river Ganga by adopting a river basin approach to promote inter-sectoral co-ordination for comprehensive planning and management</li>
<li>To maintain minimum ecological flows in the river Ganga with the aim of ensuring water quality and environmentally sustainable development</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Central Water Commission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Water Commission is a premier technical organization of India in the field of Water Resources.</li>
<li>It is presently functioning as an attached office of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India.</li>
<li>The Commission is entrusted with the general responsibilities of initiating, coordinating and furthering in consultation of the State Governments concerned, schemes for control, conservation, and utilization of water resources throughout the country, for purpose of flood control, irrigation, navigation, drinking water supply and water power development.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (11th October 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>IWAI to Launch New Ro-Ro Service to Majuli Island</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) will &nbsp;start a new Roll on-Roll off (Ro-Ro) facility in collaboration with the Government of Assam for Majuli Island which currently faces serious challenges of connectivity.</li>
<li>The Ro-Ro ferry services are vessels made to carry wheeled cargo that are driven on and off the ferry on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle.</li>
<li>The wheeled cargo includes, cars, trucks, semi trailer trucks, trailers, and railroad cars.</li>
<li>This Ro-Ro facility will cut down the circuitous road route of 423 kms that trucks take from Neamati to Majuli Island via Tezpur Road Bridge, by limiting the distance to only 12.7 kms with the use of river route.</li>
<li>The commencement of Ro-Ro services to Majuli island will augment connectivity not only in Assam but the entire North Eastern Region.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Majuli Island</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Majuli is the biggest inhabited riverine islands in the world located in the river Brahmaputra.</li>
<li>It is India's First island district. It has 144 villages with a population of over 1,50,000.</li>
<li>Majuli was once 1200 square kilometres but due to excessive erosion has shrunk to under 500 square kilometres.</li>
<li>It is the nerve centre of neo-Vaishnavite culture. It has many 'Sattras' (religious and cultural institutions).</li>
<li>It has been included in the tentative list of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Goa Maritime Symposium &ndash; 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To strengthen friendly relations with maritime neighbours, the Indian Navy is hosting the &lsquo;Goa Maritime Symposium &ndash; 2018&rsquo; on 16th October 2018.</li>
<li>The theme for the one day symposium is &ldquo;Building Stronger Maritime Partnerships in IOR&rdquo; The focus of the symposium is on capacity building among IOR Navies to tackle emerging maritime threats, as well as discussing cooperative strategies for enhancing interoperability among partner maritime agencies.</li>
<li>The 16 Indian Ocean littoral countries participating in the Symposium include Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand from South East Asia; Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka from India&rsquo;s immediate neighbourhood; the island nations of Seychelles, Mauritius and Maldives; Oman in West Asia; and South Africa, Madagascar, Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique from Africa.</li>
<li>The symposium will facilitate interaction in the Indian Ocean Region for sharing ideas on common issues of maritime interest.</li>
<li>With the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) becoming the locus of the 21st century strategic landscape, the symposium will play a constructive role in bringing together stakeholders that have a role in evolving strategies, policies and implementation mechanisms in the maritime domain.</li>
<li>Further it is aligned with the objective of &nbsp;&lsquo;SAGAR&rsquo; (Security and Growth for All in the Region) initiative of India which envisions enhanced engagement with countries beyond shores with the aim of building greater trust and promoting respect for maritime rules, norms and peaceful resolution of disputes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Fleet Review (IFR)- 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Guided missile destroyer INS Rana has reached Jeju in South Korea to participate in the International Fleet Review (IFR) which is being held from October 8 to 15.</li>
<li>However, Japan is not participating in international fleet review hosted by South Korea.</li>
<li>It has refused Seoul&rsquo;s request to remove the Japanese navy&rsquo;s &ldquo;rising sun&rdquo; flag.</li>
<li>The flag portrays a red sun with 16 rays extending outward and is mandatory for Japan's naval ships under domestic laws. Many countries in Korean peninsula see the red-and-white flag as a symbol of Japan&rsquo;s past military aggression and its colonisation.</li>
<li>A Naval Fleet Review is a long-standing tradition followed by navies all over the world. The idea of a Review was conceived as a show of naval might or an inspection of readiness for battle at sea.</li>
<li>In India, the President, as the Supreme Commander of the armed forces, reviews the Fleet once during his tenure. Ten Reviews have taken place in India since Independence in 1947. The first was held in 1953 and the last in 2016.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'NITI Aayog Organises Workshop on Arbitration',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently <strong>NITI Aayog</strong> and <strong>International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)- International Court of Arbitration</strong> have <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="89" data-gr-id="89">organised</g> the Training-cum-Brainstorming Workshop on Best Practices in International Arbitration in New Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Moving towards a New India in 2022, ensuring legal reform is a key and critical priority. Complementing &lsquo;Make in India&rsquo; vision with &lsquo;Resolve in India&rsquo;, strong <g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="86" data-gr-id="86">alternate</g> dispute resolution mechanisms are significant in encouraging the Ease of Doing Business and Ease of Living in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arbitration</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Arbitration is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to one or more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the dispute. In choosing arbitration, the parties opt for a private dispute resolution procedure instead of going to court. Arbitration ensures timely and effective enforcement of contracts.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Types of Arbitration</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are two main types of arbitration procedures. These are:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ad-Hoc Arbitration</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ad-Hoc Arbitration can be defined as a procedure of arbitration where a tribunal will conduct arbitration between the parties, following the rules which have been agreed by the parties beforehand or by following the rules which have been laid down by the tribunal, in case the parties do not have any agreement between them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Institutional Arbitration</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the case of Institutional Arbitration, the disputing parties submit their issue to an institution that has been designated to administer the arbitrational process. The institution then arbitrates the dispute according to the rules laid by them in front of the parties. The institute selects a panel which administers the whole process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arbitration Practices in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">Currently</g> India has ad-hoc arbitration.</li>
<li>Arbitration proceedings in India before 2015 are governed under Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and according to the proposed Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2018 the proceedings after Oct 23, <g class="gr_ gr_95 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="95" data-gr-id="95">2015</g> will be dealt under Arbitration and Conciliation Act, <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="96" data-gr-id="96">2015 .</g> The Act is based on the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) model law.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2018</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2018 seeks to amend the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The Act contains provisions to deal with domestic and international <g class="gr_ gr_114 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="114" data-gr-id="114">arbitration,</g> and defines the law for conducting conciliation proceedings. Key features of the Bill are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Arbitration Council of India</strong>: The Bill seeks to establish an independent body called the Arbitration Council of India (ACI) for the promotion of arbitration, mediation, conciliation <g class="gr_ gr_115 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="115" data-gr-id="115">and</g> other alternative dispute redressal mechanisms.</li>
<li><strong>Appointment of arbitrators</strong>: Under the 1996 Act, parties were free to appoint arbitrators. In case of disagreement on an appointment, the parties could request the Supreme Court, or the concerned High Court, or any person or institution designated by such Court, to appoint an arbitrator.</li>
<li>Under the Bill, the Supreme Court and High Courts may now designate arbitral institutions, which parties can approach for the appointment of arbitrators.</li>
<li>For international commercial arbitration, appointments will be made by the institution designated by the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>For domestic arbitration, appointments will be made by the institution designated by the concerned High Court.</li>
<li>In case there are no arbitral institutions available, the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court may maintain a panel of arbitrators to perform the functions of the arbitral institutions.</li>
<li><strong>Relaxation of time limits</strong>: Under the 1996 Act, arbitral tribunals are required to make their award within a period of 12 months for all arbitration proceedings. The Bill proposed to remove this time restriction for international commercial arbitrations.</li>
<li><strong>Completion of written submissions</strong>: Currently, there is no time limit to file written submissions before an arbitral tribunal. The Bill requires that the written claim and the <g class="gr_ gr_106 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="106" data-gr-id="106">defence</g> to the claim in an arbitration <g class="gr_ gr_105 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="105" data-gr-id="105">proceeding,</g> should be completed within six months of the appointment of the arbitrators.</li>
<li><strong>Confidentiality of proceedings</strong>: The Bill provides that all details of arbitration proceedings will be kept confidential except for the details of the arbitral award in certain circumstances. Disclosure of the arbitral award will only be made where it is necessary for implementing or enforcing the award.</li>
<li><strong>Applicability of Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 2015</strong>: The Bill clarifies that the 2015 Act shall only apply to arbitral proceedings which started on or after October 23, 2015.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of Workshop on Arbitration</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The workshop is part of ongoing efforts to institutionalize and streamline dispute resolution to make India a hub for doing business.</li>
<li>There is an emerging need for understanding and implementing arbitration across the spectrum of commercial contracts.</li>
<li>The workshop covered basic concepts of international arbitration and included best practices on drafting of arbitration agreements, factors to consider when deciding on the seat, venue, institution and governing law.</li>
<li>It also covered topics related to the selection of arbitrators; enforcement of arbitral awards and the role of courts before, during and after the arbitration.</li>
</ul>
<h3>NITI Aayog Encouraging Arbitration in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NITI Aayog highlighted the importance of Arbitration by organizing a successful conference on international arbitration in 2016 which was presided over by the President of India and Prime Minister of India with participation from the Chief Justices of all SAARC countries.</li>
<li>The conference explored the vitality of commercial arbitration, both domestic and international, as the preferred method of resolving disputes between parties.</li>
<li>NITI Aayog also organized the two-day National Law Day Conference in 2017, with the Law Commission of India, in which debate and discussion were taken up on a multitude of legal aspects, including dispute resolution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With <g class="gr_ gr_100 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="100" data-gr-id="100">government&rsquo;s</g> thrust on &lsquo;Make in India&rsquo;, it is important for investors, both domestic and international, to have faith in the dispute resolution mechanism in India.</li>
<li>Use of arbitration for dispute resolution will greatly reduce pendency of cases and boost investor confidence in India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>ICC-International Court of Arbitration</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Court of Arbitration is an institution for the resolution of international commercial disputes.</li>
<li>It is part of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) which is <g class="gr_ gr_94 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="94" data-gr-id="94">world&rsquo;s</g> largest business organization working to promote international trade and responsible business conduct.</li>
<li>It has been helping to resolve difficulties in international commercial and business disputes to support trade and investment since 1923.</li>
<li>It performs an essential role by providing individuals, businesses and governments alike with a variety of <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="90" data-gr-id="90">customisable</g> services for every stage of their dispute.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/niti-aayog-organises-workshop-on-arbitration'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Twin Cyclones, Luban and Titli Keep Indian Seas Active',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The cyclonic storms &lsquo;TITLI&rsquo; over the Bay of Bengal and another cyclonic storm &lsquo;LUBAN&rsquo; over the Arabian sea have developed in the Indian Ocean Region.<a href="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/512Cyclon.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The severe cyclone Luban is active in the Arabian Sea and will not affect any coast of India, while severe cyclone &lsquo;Titli&rsquo; is forecast to hit the coasts in Odisha and adjoining North Andhra Pradesh coasts.</li>
<li>It is very rare that the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal host cyclonic storms of this strength.</li>
<li>Cyclone Titli has been named by Pakistan, while Luban has been named by Oman.</li>
<li>The active Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) has started shifting southwards towards the coast. This is the main generator behind the disturbances in the open waters. Both cyclones have been offshoot of this ITCZ only.</li>
<li>Besides this, MJO (Madden-Julian Oscillation) is also presiding in the close proximity of Indian Ocean and is likely to visit the Indian waters soon. This has also been providing favourable weather conditions.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Inter Tropical Convergence Zone</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Intertropical Convergence Zone, or ITCZ, is the region that circles the Earth, near the equator, where the trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, i.e. the northeast trade winds and southeast trade winds come together.</li>
<li>The intense sun and warm water of the equator heat the air in the ITCZ, raising its humidity and making it buoyant. Aided by the convergence of the trade winds, the buoyant air rises.</li>
<li>As the air rises it expands and cools, releasing the accumulated moisture in an almost perpetual series of thunderstorms and heavy rainfall.</li>
<li>The ITCZ shifts north and south seasonally with the Sun. Over the Indian Ocean, it undergoes especially large seasonal shifts of 40&deg;&ndash;45&deg; of latitude.</li>
<li>Seasonal shifts in the location of the ITCZ drastically affects rainfall in many equatorial nations, resulting in the wet and dry seasons of the tropics rather than the cold and warm seasons of higher latitudes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Madden-Julian Oscillation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Madden-Julian Oscillation is a major fluctuation in tropical circulation and rainfall that moves eastward along the equator, and circles the entire globe in a span of 30&ndash;60 days on an average.</li>
<li>The MJO, therefore is not static and is a moving system of wind, cloud and pressure that brings rain as it circles around the equator.</li>
<li>The phenomenon takes its name from the two scientists who identified it in 1971 &mdash; Roland Madden and Paul Julian.</li>
<li>In the active phase, MJO results in more than average rainfall for that time of the year, while in the suppressed phase, the area receives less than average rainfall.</li>
<li>The effect of the MJO is witnessed mainly in the tropical region, in the band between 30 degrees North and 30 degrees South of the equator, even though the mid-latitude regions in both hemispheres also feel its impact.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cyclone-daye" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read more about Cyclone...</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/twin-cyclones-luban-and-titli-keep-indian-seas-active'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Another Warning On Warming ',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;Another Warning On Warming&rdquo; which appeared in The Hindu on 10th October 2018. It provides the analysis on the IPCC Report on global warming.)</p>
</div>
<p>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released a special report- &ldquo;Global Warming of 1.5&deg;C&rdquo; over pre-industrial (late 18th century-early 19th century) temperature. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report has come out after a clear scientific consensus that calls for a reversal of man-made greenhouse gas emissions, to prevent severe harm to humanity in the decades ahead.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The IPCC&rsquo;s special report on global warming of 1.5&deg;C, prepared as a follow-up to the UN Paris Agreement on Climate Change, provides the scientific basis for governments to act.</li>
<li>The IPCC report makes it clear that the human and economic costs of a 2&deg;C rise are far greater than for 1.5&deg;C, and the need for action is urgent.</li>
<li>The report identifies two main strategies.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The first stabilises global temperature around the 1.5&deg;C mark with limited overshoot.</li>
<li>The second permits temperatures to exceed 1.5&deg;C temporarily before coming back down.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul></ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2015, at the Paris climate conference, the global community made a pact to pursue efforts to limit warming to within 1.5&deg;C &mdash; half a degree below the previous target of 2&deg;C.</li>
<li>The Paris Agreement asked all Parties to put forward their best efforts through intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) and to strengthen these efforts in the years ahead, including requirements that all Parties report regularly on their emissions and on their implementation efforts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Human activity has warmed the world by 1&deg;C over the pre-industrial level and with another half-degree rise, many regions will have warmer extreme temperatures, raising the frequency, intensity and amount of rain or severity of drought.</li>
<li>Global temperature, which have already crossed 1&deg;C, is likely to cross the 1.5&deg;C mark around 2040. The window of opportunity to take action is very small and closing fast.</li>
<li>Half a degree of warming makes a world of difference to many species whose chance of survival is significantly reduced at the higher temperature.</li>
<li>Studies conservatively estimate sea levels to rise on average by about 50 cm by 2100 in a 2&deg;C warmer world, 10 cm more than for 1.5&deg;C warming.</li>
<li>The risks to food security, health, fresh water, human security, livelihoods and economic growth are already on the rise and will be worse in a 2&deg;C world. Risks to food security and water, heat exposure, drought and coastal submergence all increase significantly even for a 1.5&deg;C rise.</li>
<li>The number of people exposed to the complex and compound risks from warming will also increase and the poorest &mdash; mostly in Asia and Africa &mdash; will suffer the worst impacts.</li>
<li>India, Pakistan and China are already suffering moderate effects of warming in areas such as water availability, food production and land degradation, and these will worsen.</li>
<li>Closer to a 2&deg;C increase, these impacts are expected to spread to sub-Saharan Africa, and West and East Asia.</li>
<li>Melting of Greenland ice, collapse of Antarctic glaciers (which would lead to several metres of sea level rise), destruction of Amazon forests, melting of all the permafrost is also a cause of concern.</li>
</ul>
<p>With sound policies, the world can still pull back, although major progress must be achieved by 2030.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governments should achieve net zero CO2 addition to the atmosphere, balancing man-made emissions through removal of CO2. And also there should be public support for this and governments must go even beyond what they have committed to.</li>
<li>To stay below 1.5&deg;C, the transitions required by energy systems and human societies, in land use, transport, and infrastructure, would have to be rapid and on an unprecedented scale with deep emission reductions.</li>
<li>Contributions from the U.S. and other rich countries to the Green Climate Fund and other funding mechanisms for the purpose of mitigation and adaptation are vital even to reach the goals of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) &mdash; commitments that each country made prior to the Paris conference.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The commitment to generate solar energy by 2022 should lead to a quick scale-up, and cutting down of fossil fuel use.</li>
<li>Agriculture needs to be strengthened with policies that improve water conservation, and afforestation should help create a large carbon sink. There is a crucial role for all the States, since their decisions will have a lock-in effect.</li>
<li>Each country will have to decide whether to play politics on a global scale for one&rsquo;s own interests or to collaborate to protect the world and its ecosystems and global commons as a whole.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Global Commons</strong> is a term used to describe international and global resources such as the high oceans, the atmosphere and outer space and the Antarctic in particular.</p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/daily-updates-news-editorials-another-warning-on-warming'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (09th October 2018)	',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Zika Virus Disease Cases in Rajasthan</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, few cases of Zika virus disease have been reported in Jaipur, Rajasthan.</li>
<li>The mosquito borne flavivirus was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in monkeys through a network that monitored yellow fever. It was later identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania.</li>
<li>Zika Virus is also transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, through sexual contact, transfusion of blood and organ transplantation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ghagra River as National Waterway</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Development work of Ghagra river as National Waterway (NW)-40 is to start from Basti in Uttar Pradesh, under the Sagarmala Programme of Ministry of Shipping.</li>
<li>The waterway from Manjhighat at Ganga-Ghaghra river confluence to Faizabad/Ayodhya along Ghagra River for a length of 354 km was declared as NW-40 during the year 2016.</li>
<li>This waterway is being classified as class-III waterway which envisages movement of up to 1000 ton capacity vessels. Besides cargo and passenger movement, NW-40 will provide a connectivity to tourist and pilgrimage places along river Ghaghra and Ganga.</li>
<li>Ghaghra is the largest tributary of the Ganges by volume and the second longest tributary of the Ganges by length after Yamuna.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sagarmala Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sagarmala project aims at holistic port infrastructure development along the 7,500-km long coastline through modernisation, mechanisation and computerisation. Under this port led development framework government hopes to increase its cargo traffic three-fold.</li>
<li>It also includes establishment of rail / road linkages with the port terminals, thus providing last mile connectivity to ports; development of linkages with new regions, enhanced multi-modal connectivity including rail, inland water, coastal and road services.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Andaman and Nicobar Command</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently the Andaman and Nicobar Command has celebrated its 18th Raising Day recently.</li>
<li>It is the only joint tri-services operational Command of the country.</li>
<li>The joint tri-services operational Command was created in 2001 to safeguard India's strategic interests in the Andaman and Nicobar region.</li>
<li>The Command has been doing regular exercises with the neighbouring countries as part of India's Act East Policy.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-09th-october-2018'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Sovereign Gold Bonds',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><g class="gr_ gr_63 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="63" data-gr-id="63">Government</g> of India, in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India, has decided to issue Sovereign Gold Bonds-2018-19. The Sovereign Gold Bonds will be issued every month from October 2018 to February 2019</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sovereign Gold Bonds are government securities denominated in grams of gold. They are substitutes for holding physical gold.</li>
<li>The sovereign gold bond scheme was launched in November 2015 to reduce the demand for physical gold and shift a part of the domestic savings, used for the purchase of gold, into financial savings.</li>
<li>Gold and crude oil have <g class="gr_ gr_61 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="61" data-gr-id="61">significant</g> role in India&rsquo;s widening current account deficit. The government, however, chose not to increase import duty on gold when it raised duty on non-essential imports to narrow the current account deficit, fearing a surge in gold smuggling.</li>
<li>The main objective of the scheme is to develop a financial asset as an alternative to purchasing metal gold.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 82.9408%; height: 483px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 19px; background-color: #4eede0;">Sl. No.</td>
<td style="width: 16.3716%; height: 19px; background-color: #4eede0;">Item</td>
<td style="width: 58.7911%; height: 19px; background-color: #4eede0;">Details</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 33px;">1</td>
<td>Issuance</td>
<td>By Reserve Bank India on behalf of the Government of India.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 52px;">2</td>
<td>Eligibility</td>
<td>Restricted for sale to resident entities including individuals, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), Trusts, Universities, and Charitable Institutions.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 43px;">3</td>
<td>Denomination</td>
<td>The Bonds will be denominated in the multiples of <g id="65" data-gr-id="65">gram</g>(s) of gold with a basic unit of 1 gram.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 43px;">4</td>
<td>Tenor (time to maturity of a bond)</td>
<td>The tenor of the Bond will be for a period of 8 years with <g id="66" data-gr-id="66">exit</g> option in 5th, 6th year and 7th year.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 38px;">5</td>
<td>Minimum size</td>
<td>The minimum permissible investment will be 1 gram of gold.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 42px;">6</td>
<td>Maximum limit</td>
<td>The maximum limit of subscribed shall be 4 KG for the individual, 4 Kg for HUF and 20 Kg for trusts and similar entities per fiscal (April-March).</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 56px;">7</td>
<td>Sales channel</td>
<td>Bonds will be sold through banks, Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL), designated post offices and National Stock Exchange of India Limited and Bombay Stock Exchange, either directly or through agents.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 51px;">8</td>
<td>Interest rate</td>
<td>The investors will be compensated at a fixed rate of 2.50 percent per annum payable semi-annually on the nominal value.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 43px;">9</td>
<td>Collateral</td>
<td>
<p>Bonds can be used as collateral for loans</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 68px;">10</td>
<td>Payment</td>
<td>
<p>Payment can be made through demand draft, cheque, and electronic banking.</p>
<p>Cash payment is allowed up to a maximum of Rs 20,000.</p>
<p>The issue price of the Gold Bonds will be Rs 50 per gram less for those who subscribe online and pay through digital mode.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 26px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 55px;">11</td>
<td>Tax treatment</td>
<td>
<p>The interest on Gold Bonds shall be taxable as per the provision of Income Tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961). The capital gains tax arising on redemption of SGB to an individual has been exempted.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 57px;">
<td style="width: 5.63219%; height: 80px;">12</td>
<td>Tradability</td>
<td>
<p>Bonds will be tradable on stock exchanges within a fortnight of the issuance on a date, as notified by the RBI.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sovereign-gold-bonds'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Global Warming of 1.5°C -IPCC Report',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Recently, a special report, which was commissioned to specifically explore the scientific feasibility of the 1.5&deg;C goal set in the Paris Agreement, on global warming has been released by IPCC. </span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It suggests that it has become extremely improbable to achieve the 1.5&deg;C goal purely by reducing emission.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">As per the IPCC Report, at current rate of emissions, the world is set to breach the global warming limit of 1.5&deg;C between 2030 and 2052. At present, the world is 1.2&deg;C warmer compared to pre-industrial levels.</span></li>
<li>The latest report &nbsp;was requested by various countries in 2015 to explore the possibilities of keeping the temperature rise within 1.5&deg;C. This was the key demand made by a number of smaller and poorer countries, especially the small island states, which face the maximum risks from the impact of climate change.</li>
<li>One of the key messages from this report is that we are already seeing the consequences of 1&deg;C of global warming through more extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, among other changes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">As of now, the world is striving to prevent the temperature rise beyond 2&deg;C, in accordance with the stated objective of the Paris Agreement of 2015. To meet that target, the aim is to reduce greenhouse gases by only 20 percent, from 2010 levels, by the year 2030 and achieve a net-zero emission level by the year 2075.</span></li>
<li>Net-zero emission is achieved when the total emissions is balanced by the amount of absorption of carbon dioxide through natural sinks like forests, or removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through technological interventions.</li>
<li>In its earlier reports, which have formed the basis of global action, the IPCC has said that climate change could have &ldquo;irreversible&rdquo; and &ldquo;catastrophic&rdquo; impacts if the global average temperatures were allowed to rise beyond 2&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It projects &nbsp;that a 1.5&deg;C world would witness greater sea level rise, increased precipitation and increased frequency of droughts and floods, more hotter days and heatwaves, more intense tropical cyclones, increased ocean acidification and salinity.</span></li>
<li>While 1.5&deg;C rise in global temperature will be precarious, a 2&deg;C rise would be catastrophic. The report points out that the risk transition from 1.5&deg;C to 2&deg;C is very high and the impact of a 2&deg;C rise will be more devastating than what IPCC&rsquo;s earlier Report had indicated.</li>
<li>Coastal nations and agricultural economies of Asia and Africa would be the worst affected. Decline in crop yields, unprecedented climate extremes and increased susceptibility could push poverty by up to several hundred million by 2050.</li>
<li>When global warming is limited to 1.5&deg;C instead of 2&deg;C:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By 2100, global sea level rise would be 10 cm lower with global warming of 1.5&deg;C compared with 2&deg;C.</li>
<li>Climate related-risks in terms of food productivity, crop yields, water stress, health hazards and economic growth will be lower than at 2&deg;C.</li>
<li>Limiting global warming to 1.5&deg;C rather than 2&deg;C is projected to prevent the thawing of a permafrost area in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 million sq km.</li>
<li>The land area at risk is projected to be approximately 50 percent lower at 1.5&deg;C compared to 2&deg;C.</li>
<li>Limiting global warming to 1.5&deg;C reduces risk of rising ocean temperatures and salinity, thereby making marine ecosystems less vulnerable.</li>
<li>The likelihood of an Arctic Ocean free of sea ice in summer would be once per century with global warming of 1.5&deg;C, compared with at least once per decade with 2&deg;C.</li>
<li>Coral reefs would decline by 70-90 percent with global warming of 1.5&deg;C, whereas virtually all (over 99 percent) would be lost with 2&deg;C.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Considering the scale and intensity of devastation that 1.5&deg;C temperature rise can cause, the focus of the upcoming discussions must only be on this target instead of 2&deg;C as only the rich would survive in a world that is warmer by 2&deg;C and the poor would be drowned.</span></li>
<li>Adaptation needs will also be lower for global warming of 1.5&deg;C. It implies that limiting global warming to 1.5&deg;C compared to 2&deg;C is projected to lower the impacts on terrestrial, freshwater, and coastal ecosystems and retain more of their services to humans.</li>
<li>To limit global warming to 1.5&deg;C, net-zero emissions would have to be achieved by 2050 and emissions would need to be drastically cut by at least 45 percent by 2030. The corresponding rates of reduction to limit warming to 2&deg;C would require a 20 percent reduction by 2030 and net-zero emissions by 2075.</li>
<li>The science shows that current climate efforts would not limit global warming to 1.5&deg;C, even if they are supplemented by an increase in the scale and ambition of emissions reduction after 2030.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Technologies for Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) are still undeveloped and untested. Varying amounts between 100 to 1000 gigatons (billion tonnes) of carbon dioxide would need to be removed from the atmosphere. The world currently emits about 47 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide every year.</span></li>
<li>There is a &nbsp;requirement of &nbsp;rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure (including transport and buildings), and industrial systems to curb carbon emissions.</li>
<li>Global net anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions must decline by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030 and net-zero emission should be achieved by 2050. &nbsp;This is difficult, and would require rapid and unprecedented economy-wide transformation in each country.</li>
<li>Countries need to undertake massive de-carbonisation while the developed countries must also address consumption in their countries.</li>
<li>It would involve upscaling of low-carbon technologies in all carbon-intensive sectors of the economy, energy efficiency and enhancement of carbon sinks for sequestering carbon globally.</li>
<li>There must be renewed emphasis on adaptation, which requires transformation and incremental shifts with more finance directed towards adaptation.</li>
<li>The focus must now be on how developed world can lead and support this transformation. Therefore, even though urgent action is a necessity, it should be equitable and the onus of addressing climate change cannot fall on the developing world.</li>
<li>Science has delivered its verdict. It has also provided hope for action and results. It is up to the policymakers to carry out necessary action for survival at 1.5&deg;C. For that to happen, IPCC&rsquo;s findings must guide the discussions on the Talanoa Dialogue and COP 24 at Katowice (Poland) in December, 2018.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>About IPCC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the international body for assessing the science related to climate change.</li>
<li>It was set up in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to provide policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation.</li>
<li>IPCC assessments provide a scientific basis for governments at all levels to develop climate related policies, and they underlie negotiations at the UN Climate Conference &ndash; the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</li>
<li>IPCC assessments are written by hundreds of leading scientists who volunteer their time and expertise as Coordinating Lead Authors and Lead Authors of the reports.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-warming-of-1-5-c-ipcc-report'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'RBI Keeps Policy Rates Unchanged',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>RBI has decided to keep the benchmark policy rate unchanged at 6.5% and has shifted its instances from neutral to calibrated tightening i.e. rates will either go up or stay steady in the future.</p>
<h3>Monetary Policy Committee:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The monetary policy committee is a<strong> statutory and institutionalized framework</strong> under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, for maintaining price stability, while keeping in mind the objective of growth.</li>
<li><strong>MPC consists of 6 members</strong>. Out of 6, 3 members are from RBI and 3 are appointed by the government.</li>
<li><strong>Governor of RBI is ex-officio Chairman of the committee.</strong></li>
<li>The MPC determines the policy interest rate (repo rate) required to achieve the inflation target.</li>
<li>An RBI-appointed committee led by the then deputy governor<strong> Urjit Patel in 2014 recommended</strong> the establishment of the monetary policy committee.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Instruments of Monetary Policy</strong></p>
<p><strong>Repo Rate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank lends money to banks against the collateral of government and other approved securities under Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF).</li>
<li>It is also the benchmark policy rate.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reverse Repo Rate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank borrows money from banks against the collateral of eligible government securities under LAF</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LAF is a tool by which Reserve Bank adjust money supply in the economy.</li>
<li>It is a monetary policy tool which allows the bank to borrow money through repurchase agreements (repo and reverse repos).<strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a special window for banks to borrow from RBI against approved government securities in an emergency situation like an acute cash shortage.</li>
<li>MSF rate is higher than the Repo rate.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bank Rate</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the long-term rate(Repo rate is for short term) at which central bank (RBI) lends money to other banks or financial institutions. Bank rate is not used by RBI for monetary management.</li>
<li>This rate has been aligned to the MSF rate and, therefore, changes automatically when the MSF rate changes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Banks are required to hold a certain proportion of their deposits in the form of cash. This minimum ratio (that is the part of the total deposits to be held as cash) is stipulated by the RBI and is known as the CRR.</li>
<li>It means that banks do not have access to that much amount for any economic activity or commercial activity.</li>
<li>Banks can&rsquo;t lend the money to corporates or individual borrowers, banks can&rsquo;t use that money for investment purposes. CRR remains in the current account and banks don&rsquo;t earn anything on that.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The share of Net Demand and Time Liabilities that a bank is required to maintain safe and liquid assets, such as government securities, cash, and gold.</li>
<li>SLR is the amount of money that is invested in certain specified securities predominantly central government and state government securities.</li>
<li>The banks earn some amount of interest on SLR investment as against CRR where it earns zero.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Open Market Operations (OMOs)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These include both, purchase and sale of government securities, for injection and absorption of liquidity, respectively by Reserve Bank of India.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS):</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This instrument for monetary management was introduced in 2004.</li>
<li>Surplus liquidity arising from large capital inflows is absorbed through the sale of short-dated government securities and treasury bills.</li>
<li>The cash so collected is held in a separate government account with the Reserve Bank.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-keeps-policy-rates-unchanged'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'ICMR Recommends Vaccine for Lions',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) has confirmed that the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) was responsible for lion deaths in the Gir forest of Gujarat and recommended that the remaining lions be vaccinated to prevent further outbreaks.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This goes against recommendations by wildlife biologists that wild animals shouldn&rsquo;t be vaccinated as it may compromise their immunity against future infections.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Laboratory tests have confirmed that four of the 23 lions had been infected by the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) while 10 others had been infected Babesia protozoa, an infection spread by tick parasite.</li>
<li>Apart from vaccination, ICMR has also recommended that the animals should be placed in 2-3 different sanctuaries.</li>
<li>The devastating link between the CDV and potential epidemics has been known since 1994, when within the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem of East Africa (Tanzania) nearly a third of the lion population died or disappeared.</li>
<li>The same pattern is being repeated in Gujarat today, with the forest department confirming the spread of the CDV from dogs to the lions.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issue of Relocation of Lions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 2015 lion census by the Gujarat government showed that it was home to 523 lions, a 27% increase compared with the 2010 Census.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The population of lions has started spilling outside the protected areas and&nbsp;one-third of the 523 lions in the region are living outside the core, making them susceptible to viruses.</li>
<li>Experts say the paucity of big animals inside the park&rsquo;s wildlife area , their increasing dependence on domestic cattle and congestion are some reasons for the spread of CDV.</li>
<li>Also because of rapid urbanisation in the area, large influx of human population has increased man-animal conflicts. Therefore, the government also needs to give more support to the local community for better conservation of lions.</li>
<li>Moreover, it is also a question of genetic diversity. A species which is bottle-necked, becomes more susceptible to disease. The risks to population also include catastrophes like a forest fire or an extreme weather event.</li>
<li>Earlier in September 2011, the Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), Bangalore, and Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Uttarakhand, analysed tissues from a 2007 Gir lion carcass. They found the presence of highly contagious peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) which is also highly contagious and carries an 80-100% chance of mortality.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Legal Tussle</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1990, the&nbsp; Wildlife Institute of India (WII) proposed the creation of a second wild population of Asiatic lions to safeguard the species against potential calamities in Gujarat&rsquo;s Gir National Park. It favoured shifting of about 40 lions from Gujarat to Madhya Pradesh&rsquo;s Palpur Kuno sanctuary.</li>
<li>Gujarat, however, refused to part with 19 animals for an initial relocation plan.</li>
<li>In 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that Gujarat needed to relocate some of its lions to neighbouring Madhya Pradesh to avoid the possibility of disease or some other disaster wiping out the entire population.</li>
<li>The Gujarat government refused to translocate the lions to Kuno in Madhya Pradesh over concerns of its co-existence with the tiger,&nbsp;&nbsp;insufficient prey density and the difference in the climatic condition of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Canine Distemper Virus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Canine distemper virus is known mainly to cause a severe infection in dogs&nbsp;respiratory, gastrointestinal, respiratory and central nervous systems, as well as the conjunctival membranes of the eye.</li>
<li>CDV may also affect wild carnivores such as wolves, foxes, raccoons, red pandas, ferrets, hyenas, tigers, and lions.</li>
<li>The prevalence of this virus and its diversity in wildlife of India is not adequately studied.</li>
<li>A lion does not eat the entire prey at one go. In between, the dogs consume the kill and infect it with the CDV. Once the lion returns to finish it off, its gets the deadly disease.</li>
<li>The CDV is more dangerous for lions than tigers. This is because lions move together in large numbers, making them more vulnerable to the virus as compared to tigers that are more isolated and territorial animals.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-21st-september-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read more...</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/icmr-recommends-vaccine-for-lions'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (06th October 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>GI Tag for Alphonso Mangoes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Alphonso from Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Palghar, Thane and Raigad districts of Maharashtra, have been given Geographical Indication tag (GI).</li>
<li>Alphonso, better known as &lsquo;Hapus&rsquo; in Maharashtra, is in demand in domestic and international markets not only for its taste but also for pleasant fragrance and vibrant colour.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>GI Tags</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GI is an indication used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.</li>
<li>Such a name conveys an assurance of quality and distinctiveness which is essentially attributable to its origin in that defined geographical locality.</li>
<li>For a product to get GI tag, the goods need to be produced or processed or prepared in that region.</li>
<li>As a form of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), GI are distinct from other forms like patents, trademarks and copyrights because the ownership of rights in this case is with a "community" or a "group of people" rather than an individual or a corporate or non-corporate firm as might be the case with other IPRs.</li>
<li>As a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), India enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration &amp; Protection) Act, 1999, which has come into effect from 2003.</li>
<li>The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 aims to provide registration and protection of GI goods in India.</li>
<li>This Act is administered by the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks, who is also the Registrar of Geographical Indications.</li>
<li>The geographical indications registry for India is located at Chennai.</li>
<li>Darjeeling Tea, Mahabaleshwar Strawberry, Blue Pottery of Jaipur, Banarasi Sarees and TirupatiLaddus, Banaganapalle mangoes are some of the GIs.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Methanol Cooking Fuel Program</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The state-owned company- Northeast and Assam Petro-chemicals, launched <strong>Asia's first canisters based</strong> and <strong>India's first "Methanol Cooking Fuel Program".</strong></li>
<li>The pilot project will include 500 households inside the Assam Petro Complex, which will be later scaled up to 40,000 households in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana, Goa and Karnataka.</li>
<li>The safe handling canister based cooking stoves are from <strong>Swedish Technology</strong> and through a technology transfer a large-scale cooking stove manufacturing plant will come up in India in the next 18 months producing 10 lakh Cookstoves and 1 Crore Cannisters per year.</li>
<li>This technology is very unique, it handles methanol extremely safely, does not need regulator or any piping system.</li>
<li>The gaseous form, Methanol - Dimethyl Ether (DME), can be blended in 20% ratio with LPG. LPG-DME blending program is expected to kickstart in the country by 2019.</li>
<li>The cooking medium can directly substitute LPG, Kerosene, Wood, Charcoal and any other fuel for cooking.</li>
<li>1.2 litres canisters can last for full five hours on twin burners and 8 such canisters as rack can last for one month for a family of three. The cost of energy equivalent of one cylinder of LPG for Methanol is Rs. 650, compared to Rs. 850 per cylinder resulting in a minimum of 20% Savings.</li>
<li>For instance, in Manipur the cost of transportation of LPG is Rs. 200, whereas same cost for Methanol will be Rs. 12. This provides for an excellent alternative as household fuel and commercial, institutional and fuel for restaurants.</li>
<li>This step is in direction of reducing import of crude and an effort to provide clean, import substitute, cost effective and pollution free cooking medium.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-06th-october-2018'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Challenges to Electric Vehicle Adoption in India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p>Electric Vehicles (EVs) as an element of transportation policy is being considered by most of the countries in the world. However, these countries&rsquo; responses are affected by their stage of economic development, availability of energy resources, technological capabilities and political will to address climate change issues on a priority basis (higher the development, more the likelihood of adopting EVs).</p>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/788Mahindra-REVAi1.jpg" caption="false" width="620" height="497" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>The rapid growth in India&rsquo;s urbanization, population and wealth over the last few decades has had changed the mobility of its citizens. <strong>India&rsquo;s transport demand has grown by almost 8 times since 1980 &ndash; more than any other Asian economy</strong> (World Bank data, cited by NITI Aayog). While on the one hand, this has led to widespread development of the auto industry in the country, on the other hand, it has revealed the potential for irreversible damage on the environment.</p>
<h3>Need for EVs in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rapid urbanization</strong> has increased the demand for energy and transport infrastructure.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s <strong>commitment to address the issue of climate change</strong> (Intended Nationally Determined Contribution goal to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% by 2030 from 2005 level and to achieve about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030) necessitates the adoption of alternative fuels for environmental sustainability.</li>
<li>The <strong>shift towards renewable energy sources</strong> has led to cost reduction from better electricity generating technologies. This has introduced the possibility of clean, low-carbon and inexpensive grids.</li>
<li><strong>Advances in battery technology</strong> have led to higher energy densities, faster charging and reduced battery degradation from charging. Combined with the development of motors with higher rating and reliability, these improvements in <strong>battery chemistry</strong> have reduced costs and improved the performance and efficiency of electric vehicles.</li>
<li>High expenses on oil import in the changing geopolitical conditions require India <strong>to ensure its energy security</strong> by moving towards alternative energy sources.</li>
<li>The existing mode of transport for last mile connectivity like autorickshaw and feeder buses suffer from capacity constraint. These vehicles need better management and should be considered as the first area of transformation to e-vehicles.</li>
</ul>
<p>The demand for EVs has emerged from the contention of addressing the rising demand for automobiles while keeping a check on the environmental pollution. Despite the Government&rsquo;s willingness to transform the mobility services in the country, the growth of <g class="gr_ gr_113 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="113" data-gr-id="113">EV</g> industry has not been <g class="gr_ gr_75 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="75" data-gr-id="75">upto</g> the mark. The Indian EV industry has the lowest level of penetration rates in the world. There are several reasons behind this.</p>
<h3>Factors that can facilitate Electric Vehicle production in India</h3>
<ol>
<li>A relative abundance of exploitable renewable energy resources like wind and solar.</li>
<li>High availability of skilled manpower and technology in manufacturing and IT sector to handle the technical issues related to this industry.</li>
<li>The consumer base in the country is changing and is becoming more receptive to the new technological changes in the automobile industry.</li>
<li>A universal culture that accepts and promotes the sharing of assets and resources for the overall common good.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Factors that hinder the development of <g class="gr_ gr_108 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="108" data-gr-id="108">EV</g> industry in India</h3>
<ol>
<li><strong>Lack of a stable policy for EV production:</strong> Profit determination becomes uncertain considering the high capital costs and the uncertainty in policies related to EV production. This discourages investment in the industry.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For eg, the launch of Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles (FAME) framework has been extended repeatedly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of associated infrastructural support:</strong> Policy uncertainty is affecting the development of associated infrastructural support for the industry, for example, the charging infrastructure. The lack of clarity over AC versus DC charging stations, grid stability and range anxiety (fear that battery will soon run out of power) are other factors that hinder the growth of <g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="104" data-gr-id="104">EV</g> industry. This comes in the backdrop of already debilitated existing infrastructure like roads, bridges etc.</li>
<li><strong>Domestic factors affecting EV production:</strong> India does not have any known reserve of lithium and cobalt, it is dependent on countries like Japan and China for the import of lithium-ion batteries. Rupee depreciation has also negatively affected such imports.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of skilled workers:</strong> EVs have higher servicing costs and higher levels of skills <g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="88" data-gr-id="88">is</g> needed for servicing. India lacks the dedicated training courses for such skill development.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Two-wheelers account for 76% of the vehicles in the country. Customizing India&rsquo;s EV Policy to suit the current demands of its auto-industry i.e. focussing more on the production of electric-two wheelers can be beneficial.</li>
<li>The promotion of Electric Vehicle as one of the solutions to environmental pollution should consider all other factors like the source used for electricity generation.<br />Electricity is majorly produced from the thermal sources (bituminous coal which has low calorific value and high ash content) in India which negatively impact the environment. Hence, an integrated approach should be followed by combining the renewable industry and the EV industry.</li>
<li>India needs to encourage private investment in battery manufacturing plants along with an emphasis on the development of low-cost production technology.</li>
<li>The education system in the country has to be synchronized with the industrial transformation. Skill development plans should be upgraded to handle the servicing related concerns.</li>
<li>Stabilizing policy environment by working on tax incentives, non-fiscal incentives can address the uncertainty of demand which can, in turn, help the industry to achieve economies of scale (maximum utilization of resources on the conditions of maximum efficiency which will reduce the per unit cost).</li>
<li><strong>India currently ranks as one of the top energy consumers in the world. It is the world's third largest producer and third largest consumer of electricity.</strong> With India&rsquo;s population and GDP expected to grow in the future, energy demand will see a significant rise and with that associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well. In keeping with these developments, policy measures need to focus on increasing access to clean energy while keeping the emissions in check.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/challenges-to-electric-vehicle-adoption-in-india'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (05th October 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Integrated Criminal Justice System (ICJS)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ICJS is an OTP-enabled web platform that integrates police, prison, and court records for government and police use.</li>
<li>The ICJS covers suspect profiles combining data from prisons, FIR data from Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS), and courts.</li>
<li>In its present form, it enters details such as a photo, state, religion, gender, nationality, age, type of case, marital status, whether or not the suspect is a drug addict, and biometric data.</li>
<li>ICJS now proposes to include social media profiles, and details of immigration, prosecution, and National Investigative Agency records, allowing a &ldquo;360 profile view&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It is proposed to introduce a &ldquo;risk score&rdquo;(a score ranking threat-level of a criminal) for the profiles. The Ministry of Home Affairs, state governments, district authorities, and police stations will be able to view the statistics relevant to their geographies.</li>
<li>This project is in alignment with the government&rsquo;s vision of the Smart policing and Digital India of the Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Crime and Criminals Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) Project interconnects about 15000 Police Stations and additional 5000 offices of supervisory police officers across the country and digitize data related to FIR registration, investigation and charge sheets in all Police Stations.</li>
<li>It will lead to the development of a national database of crimes and criminals.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India International Science Festival</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>4th India International Science Festival-2018 (IISF-2018)</strong> will be held in Lucknow from 5th to 8th October.</li>
<li>As part of the event, a<strong> &ldquo;science village&rdquo;</strong> will be set up at National Botanical Garden in Lucknow where common people will get to know about the progress of science.</li>
<li>The theme of this edition of Science Festival is <strong>&ldquo;Science for Transformation&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>In IISF 2018, a World Record attempt will be made to <strong>&ldquo;isolate DNA&rdquo;</strong> by 500 students from 8th to 10th standard.</li>
<li>The <strong>1st IISF</strong> was held at <strong>Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) New Delhi</strong> in December, 2015.</li>
<li>IISF 2018 is being organized by <strong>Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences</strong> in association with Vijnana Bharati at Indira Gandhi Pratishthan, Lucknow.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border"></div>
<h3>National Swachh Survekshan Grameen 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prime Minister gave awards to top ranked state and districts as well as districts and states with maximum citizen participation based on the National Swachh Survekshan Grameen 2018.</li>
<li>The <strong>Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation</strong> had commissioned &ldquo;Swachh Survekshan Grameen-2018&rdquo; (SSG 2018) through an independent survey agency to develop ranking of all districts of India on the basis of quantitative and qualitative sanitation (Swachhata) parameters.</li>
<li>This ranking was done based on a comprehensive set of parameters including surveys of public places like schools, Anganwadis, Primary Health Centres (PHCs), Haat/ Bazaars, Panchayats.</li>
<li>Citizens were mobilised to provide feedback on sanitation relation related issues online using an application developed for the purpose.</li>
<li>Top 3 States
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Haryana</li>
<li>Gujarat</li>
<li>Maharashtra</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Top 3 Districts
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Satara, Maharashtra</li>
<li>Rewari, Haryana</li>
<li>Pedapalli, Telangana</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>States with maximum citizen participation
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Uttar Pradesh</li>
<li>Gujarat</li>
<li>Maharashtra</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Districts with maximum citizens&rsquo; participation
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Nashik, Maharashtra</li>
<li>Solapur, Maharashtra</li>
<li>Chittorgarh, Rajasthan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pictorial Warning on Tobacco Products</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India has been ranked fifth</strong>, jointly with Hong Kong and Thailand in the listing of countries that have pictorial health warning on tobacco products.</li>
<li>Recently the Canadian Cancer Society released a report titled <strong>&ldquo;The Cigarette Package Health Warnings: International Status Report&rdquo;</strong> which documents global progress on plain packaging.</li>
<li>It has ranked 206 countries and territories on the size of their health warnings on cigarette packages, and lists countries and territories that require graphic picture warnings.</li>
<li><strong>East Timor is ranked first</strong> with 85% of the front and 100% of the back of the packaging being used for pictorial warnings.</li>
<li><strong>Nepal and Vanuatu</strong> follows with 90% coverage on both sides and New Zealand at fourth with 87.5 percent. Indian packaging has the warning on 85% of both sides.</li>
<li>The report found that 118 countries and territories have now made picture health warnings on cigarette packages mandatory, up from 100 in 2016.</li>
<li><strong>Canada</strong> was the first to insist on picture health warnings in 2001.</li>
<li>India is the only SAARC country to have a <strong>Quit-Line number</strong> on tobacco products and the fourth in Asia after Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Loo Review Campaign</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, under the aegis of Swachh Bharat Mission &ndash; Urban (SBM &ndash; U), has <strong>partnered with Google</strong> to launch the Loo Review campaign to encourage all local guides in India to rate and review public toilets on Google Maps.</li>
<li>The campaign will involve and engage Local Guides in India to rate and review public toilets on Google Maps, and use the hashtag <strong>(#LooReview)</strong> for the chance to be featured on Google Local Guides&rsquo; social channels.</li>
<li>Local Guides are people who share reviews, photos, and knowledge on Google Maps to help people explore the world.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Important Facts for Prelims (05th October 2018)'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Government Initiates Probe into Type-2 Polio Virus Contamination',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: 400;">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare </span> has ordered an inquiry into the type-2 polio virus contamination detected in the vials used for immunisation in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Telangana.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The&nbsp;World Health Organization (WHO) found the virus in some sewage and stool samples during their routine surveillance and ensured that the cases have not developed into <span style="font-weight: 400;">Poliomyelitis (Polio)</span>. N<span>evertheless</span>, the government has ordered additional immunisation in these three States.</li>
<li>This detection indicated the use of a type 2 poliovirus containing vaccine, despite the fact that&nbsp;trivalent vaccine (tOPV) that contained type 2 poliovirus vaccine had been phased out globally, and in India, in April 2016, as a part of the Polio End Game strategy.</li>
<li>The traces found are attenuated (weakened) poliovirus and does not cause paralysis. The recipients of such vaccine usually shed the vaccine virus through fecal route for about 4-6 weeks after which it will die down.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The last case due to type-2 wild poliovirus globally was reported from Aligarh in India in 1999.</li>
<li>India was declared polio free in 2014 and the last case was reported in January 2011.</li>
<li>India switched to biovalent vaccine (bOPV) from trivalent vaccine (tOPV) following certification of global eradication of type 2 wild polio virus. Removing type 2 component from polio vaccine was done with the aim of minimizing the risk of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 outbreak.</li>
<li>Oral Polio Vaccines (OPV)contains weakened but live polio virus which can cause paralytic polio. Also, the vaccine virus is excreted by immunized children which can move from one person to another. This allows the virus to stick around and mutate to a more virulent form, raising the threat of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). VDPV, like imported wild polio, can cause outbreaks in under-immunized population.</li>
<li>Therefore replacing OPV with the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) is a prerequisite for Polio eradication. Even the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan of WHO calls for the phased removal of oral polio vaccines (OPV) by 2019.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Why not use IPV at first instance itself?&nbsp;
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>IPV induces very low levels of immunity in the intestine. As a result, when a person immunized with IPV is infected with wild poliovirus, the virus can still multiply inside the intestines and be shed in the faeces, risking continued circulation.</li>
<li>IPV is over five times more expensive than OPV.</li>
<li>Administering IPV requires trained health workers, as well as sterile injection equipment and procedures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently India had also launched Pulse Polio programme for 2018 to&nbsp;administer Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) to more than 17 crores children who are less than 5 years of age on National Immunisation Day, which is observed on January 28.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Polio</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The virus is transmitted by person-to person spread mainly through the faecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated water or food) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis.</li>
<li>Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs. In a small proportion of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which is often permanent. There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented by immunization.</li>
<li>Of the 3 strains of wild poliovirus (type 1, type 2, and type 3), wild poliovirus type 2 was eradicated in 1999 and no case of wild poliovirus type 3 has been found since the last reported case in Nigeria in November 2012.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-initiates-probe-into-type-2-polio-virus-contamination'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (04th October 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Champions of the Earth Award</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently Prime Minister of India received the Champions of the Earth Award. It is the UN&rsquo;s highest environmental honor.</li>
<li>Prime Minister has been selected in the leadership category for his pioneering work in championing the International Solar Alliance and for his unprecedented pledge to eliminate all single-use plastic in India by 2022.</li>
<li>Launched in 2005, it recognizes outstanding figures from the public and private sectors and from the civil society whose actions have had a transformative positive impact on the environment.</li>
<li>Through their extraordinary achievements &ndash; whether through political leadership, grassroots action, scientific innovation, or entrepreneurial vision &ndash; each of these Champions has inspired critical action on behalf of the global environment.</li>
<li>Champions of the Earth recognizes laureates in the following categories:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lifetime Achievement</li>
<li>Policy Leadership</li>
<li>Action and Inspiration</li>
<li>Entrepreneurial Vision</li>
<li>Science and Innovation</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Dwarf planet: &lsquo;Goblin&rsquo;</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A new dwarf planet was discovered by scientist which is named as &lsquo;The Goblin&rsquo;.</li>
<li>It was named Goblin as it was spotted by astronomers in 2015 around Halloween.</li>
<li>Its provisional name, 2015 TG387.</li>
<li>At the time of discovery, the Goblin was 80 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun (1 AU is equal to the distance between the Earth and the Sun).</li>
<li>At its closest, the Goblin is 65 AU from the Sun.</li>
<li>It orbits the Sun once in 40,000 years.</li>
<li>According to the International Astronomical Union "dwarf planet" is a celestial body that
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>is in orbit around the Sun,</li>
<li>has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape.</li>
<li>has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and(meaning it has not become gravitationally dominant in its orbit)</li>
<li>is not a satellite.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Five recognized Dwarf Planets are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ceres: It is only dwarf planet located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.</li>
<li>Pluto: &nbsp;Pluto was formerly a planet and was reclassified to a Dwarf Planet status.</li>
<li>Eris: It is located in Kuiper Belt. It is the second largest dwarf planet after Pluto.</li>
<li>Makemake: &nbsp;It is located in Kuiper belt.</li>
<li>Haumea: It is located in Kuiper Belt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Asian Development Bank(ADB)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government of India and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) signed $240 million loans for providing safe and sustainable drinking water to about 1.65 million people in three districts of the state of West Bengal affected by arsenic, fluoride, and salinity.</li>
<li>Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Government of India signed a $150 million Loan Agreement to establish a Global Skills Park (GSP), which is under Department of Technical Education, Skill Development and Employment. Govt. of Madhya Pradesh.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the First Multi-Skills Park in India.</li>
<li>The purpose is to enhance the quality of Technical and Vocational Education And Training (TVET) System in the State and create a more skilled workforce.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Government of India signed a $100 Million Loan Agreement to provide sewage treatment and strengthen the capacity of Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) for resilient urban services.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Asian Development Bank (ADB)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966.</li>
<li>ADB is headquartered in Manila, Philippines. It aims to promote social and economic development in Asia.</li>
<li>ADB now has 67 members, of which 48 are from within Asia and the Pacific and 19 outside.</li>
<li>Japan holds the largest proportion of shares in ADB followed by the USA.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre has extended the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act in three districts of Arunachal Pradesh bordering Assam by another six months,in view of continuing activities of banned insurgent groups of the Northeast.</li>
<li>The groups like National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K), United Liberation Front Of Assam (ULFA) and National Democratic Front of Boroland (NDFB) are active in these areas of Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Act was enacted in 1958 to bring under control what the government considered &lsquo;disturbed areas&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Jammu &amp; Kashmir has a similar but separate act Armed Forces (Jammu &amp; Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990.</li>
<li>Section 3 of the Act empowers the Governor/Administrator of state/UT to declare an area as &lsquo;disturbed&rsquo;. Once declared, the region has to maintain status quo for minimum three months (according to Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act, 1976.</li>
<li>As per the Act, it can be invoked in places &ldquo;where the use of armed forces in aid of the civil power is necessary.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The AFSPA gives power to the Army and Central forces deployed in &ldquo;disturbed areas&rdquo; to search premises and arrest without warrant, to use force even to the extent of causing death.</li>
<li>It also gives immunity to security forces in carrying out various operations and provides cover to forces from prosecution and legal suits without the Centre&rsquo;s sanction.</li>
<li>To check arbitrariness there should be a periodic review of &lsquo;disturbed area&rsquo; every six months.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Udyam Abhilasha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the occasion of 149th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), has launched a National Level Entrepreneurship Awareness Campaign, Udyam Abhilasha in 115 Aspirational Districts identified by NITI Aayog in 28 States.</li>
<li>The campaign would create and strengthen cadre of more than 800 trainers to provide entrepreneurship training to the aspiring youths across these districts.</li>
<li>SIDBI has partnered with Common Services Centre (CSC) e-Governance Services India Limited, a Special Purpose Vehicle, (CSC SPV) set up by the Ministry of Electronics &amp; IT, Govt. of India for implementing the campaign through their CSCs.</li>
<li>The objectives of the missionary campaign includes :-
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>inspiring rural youth in aspirational districts to be entrepreneurs by assisting them to set up their own enterprise,</li>
<li>imparting trainings through digital medium across the country,</li>
<li>creating business opportunities for CSC Village Level entrepreneurs (VLEs),</li>
<li>focussing on women aspirants in these aspirational districts to encourage women entrepreneurship and</li>
<li>assisting participants to get connected to banking facilities and avail credit facility from banks to set up their own enterprise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This is part of the programmatic approach to induce entrepreneurship as dream choice by turning job seekers as job creators.</li>
<li>Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), is the Principal Financial Institution for the Promotion, Financing, Development, and Coordination of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector.</li>
<li>SIDBI, under its revamped strategy SIDBI 2.0, has adopted the theme of ease of access to MSEs and being Impact Multiplier &amp; Digital Aggregator.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Purana Qila</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the rejuvenated lake and illumination of Purana Qila (Delhi) was inaugurated and opened for public.</li>
<li>Earlier National Green Tribunal had rejected the the claim that the project was being undertaken in a manner that would damage the environment by permitting the revival of the iconic Purana Qila lake.</li>
<li>Purana Qila is one of the oldest forts belonging to Mughal era.</li>
<li>The massive gateway and walls of Purana Qila were built by Humayun and the foundation was laid for the new capital, Dinpanah.</li>
<li>The work was carried forward by Sher Shah Suri,who displaced Humayun.</li>
<li>The walls of the Purana Quila are made of enormous red stones having minimal ornamentation and decoration.</li>
<li>The major attractions inside the fort are the Qila-i-Kuhna mosque of Sher Shah Suri, Sher Mandal (a tower, which is traditionally associated with the death of Humayun), a stepwell and the remains of the extensive rampart, which has three gates.</li>
<li>The Qila-I-kunha Mosque is an example of Indo Islamic architecture.</li>
<li>The unique features of Indo-Islamic architecture like horseshoe-shaped arches, bracketed openings, marble inlay, carving etc are very prominent in the structure.</li>
<li>The mehrabs (prayer niches) inside the Qila-i-Kunha mosque are richly ornamented with concentric arches.</li>
<li>The mosque has an inscription which says 'As long as there are people on this earth, may this edifice be frequented, and people be happy in it.'</li>
<li>Excavations have revealed that the Purana Quila stands at the site of Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandavas.</li>
<li>Excavations near one of the walls of the fort show that the site had been occupied since 1000 B.C.</li>
<li>The PGW (Painted Gray Ware Pottery) recovered from the site date back to around 1000 B.C.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-04th-october-2018'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (03rd October 2018)	',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>IBSAMAR-VI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a joint Multinational Maritime Exercise between the Indian, Brazilian and South African Navies. Currently being held at Simons Town, South Africa from 01 &ndash; 13 Oct 18.</li>
<li>The last edition of IBSAMAR (IBSAMAR V) was conducted in Goa.</li>
<li>The aim of the exercise is to undertake collective training for participating navies, building interoperability and mutual understanding and sharing of best practices.</li>
<li>The exercise includes both harbor and sea phases with various navigation and seamanship evolutions, surface weapons firing, force protection exercises, antipiracy exercise, anti-air, and anti-submarine exercise and flying operations. Sports and social engagements activities are also planned.</li>
<li>The Indian Navy is represented in IBSAMAR VI by Guided Missile Frigate Tarkash (Talwar-class frigate), Guided Missile Destroyer Kolkata, Long Range Maritime Patrol Aircraft P8I, Sea-king, and Chetak helicopters and a MARCOS (Marine Commandos) contingent.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>IBSA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IBSA is a tripartite group consisting of India, Brazil, and South Africa.</li>
<li>IBSA was formed after the signing of the <strong>Brasilia</strong> Declaration in the year 2003.</li>
<li>The objective of IBSA includes international co-operation among three members, strengthen south-south cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Exercise Avia-Indra-18</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The second edition of Exercise Avia Indra, a<strong> Biennial Air Force level exercise between Indian and the Russian Federation</strong>, the first session of which was conducted from 17 Sep to 28 Sep 2018 at Lipetsk, Russia.</li>
<li>The second session will be conducted in Jodhpur, India from 10 Dec to 22 Dec 2018.</li>
<li>The aim of the exercise was to formulate and validate the use of airpower in an anti-terrorist operation in a bilateral scenario and sharing best practices.</li>
<li>The exercise included the briefing on Aerospace safety and anti-terrorist air operations.</li>
<li>First Avia Indra was conducted in 2014 and has been planned as a bi-annual exercise</li>
<li>The aircraft that would participate in the exercise include Su-30 SM, Mig-29, Su-25, Mi-8, and An-26.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Safai Karamcharis Finance &amp; Development Corporation (NSKFDC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>wholly owned Govt. of India</strong> Undertaking <strong>under the Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment and was set up in 1997 as a Company &ldquo;Not for Profit&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Apart from operating various loan and non-loan based schemes for the upliftment of the target group, NSKFDC is playing a vital role in the elimination of manual scavenging - the worst surviving symbol of untouchability.</li>
<li>NSKFDC has been designated as the <strong>Nodal Agency for implementation of the SRMS (Central Sector Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers)</strong> under the aegis of the Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment.</li>
<li>As a part of the yearlong commemoration of the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi from 2nd October 2018 to 2nd October 2019, a pan-India Workshop on Prevention of Hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks was organized under NSKFDC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>UNESCO Global Geopark Status</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lonar Lake, St.Mary&rsquo;s Island, and Malpe Beach</strong> are poised to become <strong>Global Geoparks</strong>.</li>
<li>Global Geo parks are single, unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of international geological significance are managed with a holistic concept of protection, education, and sustainable development.</li>
<li>UNESCO Global Geoparks are established through a bottom-up process involving all relevant local and regional stakeholders and authorities in the area i.e. landowners, community groups, tourism providers, indigenous people etc.</li>
<li>An aspiring Global Geopark must have a dedicated website, a corporate identity, a comprehensive management plan.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The significance of Geoparks Tag</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The creation of innovative local enterprises, new jobs, and high-quality training courses is stimulated as new sources of revenue are generated through geo-tourism, while the geological resources of the area are protected.</li>
<li>A UNESCO Global Geopark uses its geological heritage, in connection with all other aspects of the area&rsquo;s natural and cultural heritage, to enhance awareness and understanding of key issues facing society, such as using the earth&rsquo;s resources sustainably, mitigating the effects of climate change and reducing natural disaster-related risks.</li>
<li>The Geopark tag is akin to that of a 'World Heritage Site' for a historical monument.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Lonar Lake</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Lonar Crater Lake is a notified National Geo-heritage Monument by Geological Survey of India. It is located in Buldana district, Maharashtra.</li>
<li>It possesses rich biological diversity such as non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microbes like Slackia sp. Actinopolyspora sp. and migratory birds such as shelducks, grebes, Ruddy shelduck<br />and black-winged stilts.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>St. Mary Island</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>St. Mary's Islands, also known as Coconut Island are a set of four small islands in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Malpe in Udupi Karnataka.</li>
<li>They are known for their distinctive geological formation of columnar basaltic lava.</li>
<li>The island is considered an important site for "Geo Tourism" declared by the Geological Survey of India in 2001.</li>
<li>The western coasts of the islands are a seashell haven with seashells of various shapes and sizes littered along the coast.<strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Malpe Beach</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Malpe is a natural port to the west of Udupi, Karnataka.</li>
<li>It is an important port and a major fishing harbor on the Karnataka coast.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Unnat Bharat Abhiyan 2.0</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a flagship programme of Ministry of Human Resource Development with a focus upon enriching rural India.</li>
<li>Under Unnat Bharat Abhiyan 2.0 institutions are selected in &lsquo;challenge mode&rsquo;(in a time frame)and the scheme has been extended to 840 reputed higher educational institutes, both public and private of the country.</li>
<li>It engages the faculty and students of the higher educational institution in understanding rural realities.</li>
<li>It covers two domains for holistic development of villages &ndash; Human Development and economic development in an integrated way.</li>
<li>It identifies and selects existing innovative technologies to find innovative solutions as per local needs.</li>
<li>Each selected institute would adopt a cluster of villages will carry out studies of living conditions in adopted villages, assess the local problems using technological intervention, and work in close coordination with the District administration.</li>
<li>In this process faculty and students of such institutes would be connected to rural realities so that their learning and research become more oriented to society.</li>
<li>IIT Delhi is designated as National Coordinating institute.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GDPD)-Sabki Yojana, Sabka Vikas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The People&rsquo;s Plan Campaign (People's Plan Campaign, held in 1996 in Kerala State, was an experiment in the decentralization of powers to local governments with a focus on local planning) will be rolled out as &lsquo;Sabki Yojna Sabka Vikas&rsquo; from the 2nd October till 31st December 2018.</li>
<li>The GDPD will be an intensive and structured exercise for planning at Gram Sabha level through convergence between Panchayati Raj institutions and concerned departments of the State.</li>
<li><strong>During the campaign, structured Gram Sabha meetings will be held for preparing the Gram Panchayat Development Plan for the next financial year 2019-2020.</strong></li>
<li>Monitoring of People&rsquo;s Plan Campaign would involve geotagged visuals of GS meetings, visit Gram Sabhas for every District official of concerned departments and NLM (National Level Monitors) visits random Gram Sabhas.</li>
<li>The Gram Panchayat Development Plan aims to strengthen the role of 31 lakh elected Panchayat leaders and 2.5 crores SHG Women under DAY-NRLM ineffective Gram Sabha.</li>
<li>There will be a Public Information Campaign of all programmes in Gram Panchayat office and on Gram Samvad App.</li>
<li>The structured Gram Sabha meetings with physical presence and presentation by frontline workers will cover the following &ndash; Agriculture, Land improvement, Minor irrigation, Animal husbandry, Fisheries, Family Welfare, Women and Child Development, Public distribution system and Maintenance of community assets.</li>
<li>As part of this Campaign, it is also proposed to complete the exercise of Mission Antyodaya data collection in respect of all Gram Panchayats.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-03rd-october-2018'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (01st October 2018)	',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Mahatma Gandhi International Sanitation Convention.</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Mahatma Gandhi International Sanitation Convention (MGISC) is a 4-day event that brings together Sanitation Ministers and sector specialists from around the world.</li>
<li>In 2018, delegates from 68 countries participated in the convention.</li>
<li>It is being organized by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India.</li>
<li>The convention aims to share sanitation success stories and lessons from the participating countries and will culminate on October&nbsp;2nd, 2018, with the launch of the <strong>Mahatma's 150th birth year celebrations in India</strong>, as SBM enters its final year of implementation mark the beginning of the 150th birth anniversary celebrations of Mahatma Gandhi, also coinciding with the fourth anniversary of the launch of Swachh Bharat Mission.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Surinsar-Mansar Lakes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one of the 26 Ramsar Sites designated as Wetlands of International importance located in Jammu &amp; Kashmir.</li>
<li>Surinsar Lake and Mansar Lake are considered to be twin lakes.</li>
<li>The Surinsar Mansar Wildlife Sanctuary is nestled in the midst of both the lakes.</li>
<li>The site is socially and culturally very important with many temples around owing to its mythical origin from the Mahabharata period.</li>
<li>Surinsar is rain-fed without permanent discharge, and Mansar is primarily fed by surface runoff and partially by mineralized water through paddy fields, with inflow increasing in the rainy season.</li>
<li>Currently, it is facing an existential threat due to human intervention and climate change.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mughal-era Bridge Oont Kadal</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The iconic 17th-century bridge, Oont Kadal, will be restored through a conservation project by INTACH with the help of Germany.</li>
<li>The hump-backed bridge, locally known as Oont (Camel) Kadal lies in the middle of the Dal Lake mostly visible from Nishat Garden.</li>
<li>Oont Kadal forms an important part of the locality along with the Dal Lake, the Zabarwan Mountain range (sub-mountain range between Pir Panjal and Great Himalayan Range) and the potential World Heritage Site of Nishat Bagh.</li>
<li>The Zabarwan mountain range possesses great Himalayan features with rich wildlife. The Dachigam National Park is the main feature of the range which holds the last viable population of Kashmir stag (Hangul).</li>
<li>The restoration of Oont Kadal will bring back the focus on the global, cultural and natural heritage of the Dal Lake.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p></p>
<div class="border-bg"><strong>Indian National Trust For Art And Cultural Heritage (INTACH)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INTACH is a non-profit charitable organisation registered under the Societies' Registration Act, 1860 founded in 1984 in New Delhi with the vision to spearhead heritage awareness and conservation in India.</li>
<li>It has pioneered the conservation and preservation of not just our natural and built heritage but intangible heritage as well.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-01st-october-2018'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Reservation in Promotions',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court has upheld&nbsp;<strong>the application of "creamy layer" principle</strong> relating to reservations for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in promotions.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The creamy layer is a concept that puts an income ceiling on people availing of caste-wise reservations in government jobs and education. Till now, this was only applicable for reservations under the Other Backward Classes quota. SCs and STs were excluded since it was argued that their backwardness was based purely on untouchability for which economic improvement was not a remedy.</li>
<li>Further Supreme Court ruled that the <strong>judgment in the case of M. Nagraj v. Union of India</strong> , relating to reservations for SCs&nbsp; and STs in promotions, <strong>need not to be referred to a larger bench for consideration</strong>.</li>
<li>Center had claimed that there was a need to review the M Nagaraj verdict of 2006 stating that the judgement had virtually stopped promotions by putting criteria like backwardness, inadequate representation and overall administrative efficiency.</li>
<li>Various States had challenged the Nagaraj verdict stating that the criteria for reservation in promotion for SC/ST employees laid down in it was proving to be a hurdle to filling up lakhs of vacancies in different government departments spread across various States.</li>
<li>So, the correctness of interpretation given by Nagaraj decision was referred to Constitution Bench for reconsideration during November 2017.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Central and the State Government since the 1950s have been following a policy of reserving seats in promotions in favours of SC and ST communities on the ground that they are not adequately represented at <strong>the decision making level of public services</strong>.</li>
<li>This policy was held to be unconstitutional and void by the Supreme Court in <strong>Indra Sawhney v. Union Of India 1992 case</strong> on the ground that under Article 16(4) the State is provided with the power to make reservations in favour of backward classes of citizens only at the entry level that is at the time of recruitment into public services but not subsequently.</li>
<li>The Parliament responded by enacting 77 th Constitutional Amendment Act which introduced Article 16(4A). It confers power on the state to reserve seats in favour of SC and ST in promotions in Public Services if the communities are not adequately represented in public employment. This law was given retrospective effect from 1992.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court in M. Nagraj v. Union Of India 2006 case while upholding the constitutional validity of Art 16(4A) held that any such reservation policy in order to be constitutionally valid shall satisfy the following three constitutional requirements:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC and ST community should be socially and educationally backward.</li>
<li>The SC and ST communities are not adequately represented in Public employment.</li>
<li>Such a reservation policy shall not affect the overall efficiency in the administration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Supreme Court's Judgement</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Application of the &ldquo;Creamy layer&rdquo; principle</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Supreme Court ruled that the <strong>"creamy layer exclusion"&nbsp;principle, till date applied only to OBCs, can be extended to SCs and STs</strong> to deny reservation&nbsp; to the elite among the two communities.&nbsp;</li>
<li>It upheld the constitutional amendments leading to Article 16(4A).</li>
<li>Therefore, the Constitution Bench held that there was no necessity to revisit Nagaraj judgment in so far as it applied the creamy layer test.</li>
<li>Giving a stamp of approval to application of creamy layer principle to SC/STs, the court asserted that the objective of reservation would not be fulfilled if only the creamy layer within that class bag all the coveted jobs in the public sector, leaving the rest of the class as backward as they always were.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Proof Of Backwardness Of SC/STs</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court held the conclusion in Nagaraj case that the State has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the SCs and the STs <strong>as invalid</strong>. It opined that this was contrary to the finding arrived at by the nine-judge bench in Indra Sawhney v. Union of India.</li>
<li>It noted that the nine-Judge Bench in Indra Sawhney case had categorically ruled that test or requirement of social and educational backwardness cannot be applied to SCs and STs, who undoubtedly fall within the expression &ldquo;backward class of citizens&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reservation In Promotion Need Not Be In Proportion To Population</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It noted that while the test of proportionality to the population is mandated by the Constitution in Article 330 (Reservation of seats for SCs &amp; STs in the House of People), it does not do so in the provision of reservations in promotions (Article 16(4A).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-in-promotions'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'AIIB Approves $455-million Loan for Andhra Pradesh',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has approved a $455-million loan to improve road transport connectivity by providing all-weather rural roads in 13 districts of the state of Andhra Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will not only improve transport links to facilitate the delivery of agricultural and farm goods to markets but is also expected to result in better health and education outcomes.</li>
<li>School attendance rates, especially among girls, are expected to improve.</li>
<li>This will take AIIB&rsquo;s total commitment to India to over $1.76 billion spread across seven infrastructure projects and a $200 million equity investment commitment to India&rsquo;s National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a multilateral development bank with a mission to improve social and economic outcomes in Asia and beyond.</li>
<li>Officially launched in January 2016, the AIIB is headquartered in Beijing, China.</li>
<li>It is a <g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="38" data-gr-id="38">multi-lateral</g> development bank initiated by China and supported by a wide range of countries and regions, which provides financing for infrastructure improvement.</li>
<li>The international infrastructure bank owns about USD 100 billion of subscribed capital, including approx USD 20 billion in paid-in capital.</li>
<li>India is the second largest shareholder with 7.5 percent followed by Russia with 5.93 percent and Germany with 4.5 percent.</li>
<li>India is also the largest recipient of loans from the bank so far.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Investment and Infrastructure Fund</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)&nbsp;is a fund created by the Government of India for enhancing infrastructure financing in the country.&nbsp;Its creation was announced in the Union Budget 2015-16.</li>
<li>It is registered with SEBI as Category II Alternative Investment Fund (AIF). Category II funds are allowed to invest anywhere in any combination, but cannot take debts, except for day-to-day operation purposes. These include private equity funds and debt funds.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In India, alternative investment funds (AIFs) are defined by Securities and Exchange Board of India(SEBI) as any privately pooled investment fund, (whether from Indian or foreign sources), which are otherwise not coming under the jurisdiction of any regulatory agency in India.</li>
<li>
<p>The Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) have been categorized into three classes by the SEBI, viz. Category I, Category II, and Category III.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The objective of NIIF would be to maximize economic impact mainly through infrastructure development in commercially viable projects, both greenfield, and brownfield, including stalled projects. It could also consider other nationally important projects, for example, in manufacturing, if commercially viable.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aiib-approves-455-million-dollar-loan-for-andhra-pradesh'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'UPSC Study Material',
		'catname' => 'Distance Learning Programme (DLP)',
		'desc' => '<div class="material">
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<li>These booklets have been prepared in simple and crisp language that is easy to comprehend and retain.</li>
<li>One stop solution to crack the exam and obliterate the need to consult any other material.</li>
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<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, 1st Floor, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />(+91)<a href="tel:8448485520">8448485520</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>You can transfer fee amount directly to our bank account. For more detail please contact:</p>
<ul>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:8448485520">8448485520</a></li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/hindi/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at our office address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, 1st Floor, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a><a href="mailto:[email protected]"></a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end --></div>
<!-- end row --></div>
</div>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/postal-course/upsc-study-material-english'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
	'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
	'params' => [
		':c0' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'defaultTypes' => [
		'articles__article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 277
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 309
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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