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Declining Harriers Birds in India

Harrier birds, a migratory raptor species that regularly visits India, are declining in the country. Disappearing grasslands are one of the major...

16 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Telemedicine Facility for Pilgrims

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has joined hands with Jammu and Kashmir’s Directorate of Health Services-Kashmir (DHS-K) to set...

16 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Bengaluru to Host 3rd Edition of IoT India Congress

The third edition of IoT (Internet of Things) India Congress, 2018 will be held in Bengaluru. What is the Internet of Things (IoT)? The IoT is a...

16 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Rural Growth & Farm Loan Waivers

According to a recent report by Nielsen, demand growth visible in some rural pockets of India is driven by farm loan waivers and not likely due to...

16 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Committee to Review the Offences Under the Companies Act

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has constituted a 10-member committee to review the penal provisions under the Companies Act, 2013 and examine...

16 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (July 16th, 2018)

Golden Jackal faces threat in its habitat Destruction of mangrove cover in the Bandar Reserve Forest is forcing the golden jackal (Canis aureus) out...

16 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Govt Wants More Powers for NIA

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is set to introduce amendments in the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 and National Investigation Agency...

16 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Coming Home To Jail: On The Repatriation of Prisoners Act, 2003

Today’s editorial on repatriation of international criminals makes for an interesting read. The following are the most important points from...

14 Jul 2018 News Editorials
India-China Maritime Affairs Dialogue

The second India-China Maritime affairs dialogue was held in Beijing, wherein both sides exchanged views on mutual interest, including perspectives...

14 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Government Gives Nod to Iran bank

The Government of India has approved a proposal from Iranian private lender Bank Pasargad to open a branch in India. Key Highlights The clearance...

14 Jul 2018 News Analysis
India Going Ahead With Purchase of S-400 Air Defense Systems

India has now reached the ‘conclusive stage’ in the procurement of the S-400 Air Defence Missile Systems. Key Highlights India will...

14 Jul 2018 News Analysis
India Is Not A Surveillance State: SC

The Supreme Court has stated that government monitoring of every social media message can make the country a surveillance state. The statement was...

14 Jul 2018 News Analysis
High-Energy Neutrinos Detected

Recently, researchers have located a deep-space source for omnipresent subatomic particles called high-energy neutrinos. These observations have made...

14 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Ministry of Mines Organizes 4th National Conclave on Mines & Minerals

The Ministry of Mines organized the 4th National Conclave on Mines & Minerals –attended by state Mining ministers, officials of central...

14 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Scientists Perform First Color X-ray on a Human

Scientists from New Zealand performed the first ever 3D color X-Ray on a human being using a technique that could improve the field...

14 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Industrial Growth Dips & Retail Inflation Rises

India’s industrial growth slowed to a seven-month low in May while consumer inflation breached the central bank’s forecast for the first...

13 Jul 2018 News Analysis
RBI Flags States’ Fiscal Stress

RBI, in its annual report titled “State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2017-18 and 2018-19”, warned that many States may face fiscal...

13 Jul 2018 News Analysis
MoEF to Launch Dust Mitigation Measures

The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has lined up a slew of measures to tackle dust pollution in the capital. It will include the launch of...

13 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Financial Resolution and Deposit Insurance Bill

The Financial Resolution and Deposit Insurance Bill, 2017 proposes a comprehensive resolution framework for specified financial sector entities and...

13 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Sub-Group of Chief Ministers on Coordination Between MGNREGA and Agriculture

The First Meeting of Sub-Group of Chief Ministers on coordination between MGNREGA and Agriculture was recently held at NITI Aayog. The regional...

13 Jul 2018 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Declining Harriers Birds in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Harrier birds, a migratory raptor species that regularly visits India, are declining in the country. Disappearing grasslands are one of the major reasons behind the declining population of the migratory species.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are <strong>16 species of harriers</strong> distributed worldwide throughout tropical and temperate regions, and six of these species migrate to India from central Asia and <g class="gr_ gr_26 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="26" data-gr-id="26">neighbouring</g> areas during the winter.</li>
<li>India has one of the largest roosting sites in the world for <strong>Pallid Harriers</strong> and <strong>Montagu&rsquo;s Harriers.</strong><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></li>
<li>Major changes in the number of harrier birds have been observed at the <strong>Rollapadu Bustard S</strong></li>
<li><strong><g class="gr_ gr_21 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="21" data-gr-id="21">anctuary</g></strong> in Andhra Pradesh's Kurnool district.</li>
<li>In Hessarghatta on the outskirts of Bengaluru, Western Marsh Harriers declined significantly, leaving the area nearly deserted.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Decline</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A combination of factors including <strong>changes in breeding areas, changes in their wintering areas and migratory routes</strong> could all affect the migratory birds&rsquo; numbers.</li>
<li><strong>Loss of grasslands,</strong> either to <g class="gr_ gr_24 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="24" data-gr-id="24">urbanisation</g> or to agriculture has been one of the major reasons for the decline of the migratory species in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Excessive use of pesticides in farms</strong> in and around the roosting sites could also be a reason for the lowered population counts. In crops such as cotton, the use of pesticides kills grasshoppers, the harriers&rsquo; primary prey, and could lead to mortality of the birds themselves as they are on the top of the food chain.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/754Swamp-harrier.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="326" height="217" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2908655707" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/declining-harriers-birds-in-india'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Telemedicine Facility for Pilgrims',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has joined hands with Jammu and Kashmir&rsquo;s Directorate of Health Services-Kashmir (DHS-K) to set up a telemedicine <g class="gr_ gr_12 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="12" data-gr-id="12">centre</g> at an altitude of 12,700 feet, to cater to pilgrims en route to the Amarnath shrine.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will provide <strong>real-time treatment for high-altitude</strong> and other ailments that pilgrims frequently face in the region. An Intensive Care Unit will handle critically ill patients.</li>
<li>The telemedicine facility will enable the doctors posted at the hospital to connect in real time to the tertiary care institutions of the country. Expert opinion on <g class="gr_ gr_13 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="13" data-gr-id="13">super-specialities</g> like cardiology, neurology and respiratory medicine can be sought for timely intervention.</li>
<li>The Post Graduate Institute of <g class="gr_ gr_11 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del gr-progress" id="11" data-gr-id="11">Medial</g> Education and Research, (PGIMER), Chandigarh; the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi; the Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, etc. will be among the country&rsquo;s top hospitals available through the telemedicine facility.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/483telemedicine.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1382570144" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/telemedicine-facility-for-pilgrims'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Bengaluru to Host 3rd Edition of IoT India Congress',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The third edition of IoT (Internet of Things) India Congress, 2018 will be held in Bengaluru.</span></p>
<h3>What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The IoT is a seamlessly connected network system of embedded objects/ devices, in which communication without any human intervention is possible using standard and interoperable communication protocols.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">IoT will enable collaboration and communication between people and things, and between things themselves hitherto unknown and unimagined, via the Internet anywhere, anytime, as a result of the convergence of many technologies.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">These include ubiquitous computing, technologies related to advanced machine-to-machine communication, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It can also be defined as interplay for software, telecom, and electronic hardware industry.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>Examples of Applications:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">An IoT-enabled air conditioning system can report whether its air filter is clean and be functioning properly.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Companies would be able to track their assets with the help of GPS-enabled devices which could communicate their current location and movement.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the transportation industry, an enterprise can deliver real-time tracking of parcels by using sensors to track the location of a container.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/282IoT.jpg" width="624" height="416" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1170104807" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></span></p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Policy on the Internet of Things</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">For India to leverage its strength as a leader in the global service industry, the draft IoT policy has been formulated to create IoT ecosystem in the country.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Indian Government's plan of developing 100 smart cities in the country could lead to a massive and quick expansion of IoT in the country.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also, the launch of the Digital India Program of the Government, which aims at &lsquo;transferring India into digital empowered society and knowledge economy will provide the required impetus for the development of the IoT industry in the country.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Draft IoT policy document released by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology, (Deity) focuses on the following objectives:</span>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">To create an IOT industry in India of USD 15 Billion by 2020 with a share of 5-6% of the global IoT industry.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">To undertake Research &amp; Development for all the assisting technologies.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">To develop IoT products specific to Indian needs in all possible domains.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /><br /></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bengaluru-to-host-3rd-edition-of-iot-india-congress'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Rural Growth & Farm Loan Waivers',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to a recent report by Nielsen, demand growth visible in some rural pockets of India is driven by farm loan waivers and not likely due to real increases in rural incomes and wages. This indicates that the economy is still away from revival.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The rural growth outpaced urban demand, primarily because of farm loan waivers announced by <g class="gr_ gr_17 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="17" data-gr-id="17">number</g> of states.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">This upward trend rural in demand is notable from the sale of items like tractors and the latest corporate earnings of consumer goods companies. A similar phenomenon was witnessed in 2009 when the then government had waived farm loans and tractor sales grew by 30%.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Moreover, this increase in rural demand is based on a weak base- coming over two years of weak growth as demonetization took a hit on consumption. Therefore, this could be just a bounce back from the 2016 lows and not necessarily translate into the required higher momentum in rural demand.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rural demand might have risen on the back of affluent farmers which could have outweighed the decline in demand from <g class="gr_ gr_16 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="16" data-gr-id="16">majority</g>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, <g class="gr_ gr_18 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="18" data-gr-id="18">sustainability</g> of this pick in rural demand depends on other factors like- a good monsoon along with adequate procurement and the effectiveness of MSPs to act as a floor for crop prices.</span></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rural-growth-&-farm-loan-waivers'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Committee to Review the Offences Under the Companies Act',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has constituted a 10-member committee to review the penal provisions under the Companies Act, 2013 and examine <g class="gr_ gr_50 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="50" data-gr-id="50">de-criminalisation</g> of certain <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="51" data-gr-id="51">offences</g>.</p>
<p>Recently, the government also raised the monetary threshold for filing appeals in various courts on tax disputes aimed at lowering tax litigation.</p>
<h3>Terms of reference of the Committee</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To examine the nature of all &lsquo;acts&rsquo; <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="57" data-gr-id="57">categorised</g> as compoundable <g class="gr_ gr_58 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="58" data-gr-id="58">offences</g> under the Companies Act, 2013 (CA-13) and recommend if any of such &lsquo;acts&rsquo; may be <g class="gr_ gr_59 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="59" data-gr-id="59">re-categorised</g> as &lsquo;acts&rsquo; which attract civil liabilities wherein the company and its &lsquo;officers in default&rsquo; are liable for <g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="56" data-gr-id="56">penalty</g>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>NOTE:&nbsp;</strong>Compoundable <g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="38" data-gr-id="38">offences</g> are those that are punishable with just a fine or with a fine or imprisonment or both.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To review the provisions relating to non-compoundable <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="47" data-gr-id="47">offences</g> and recommend whether any such provisions need to be <g class="gr_ gr_48 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="48" data-gr-id="48">re-categorised</g> as <g class="gr_ gr_45 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="45" data-gr-id="45">compoundable</g> <g class="gr_ gr_49 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="49" data-gr-id="49">offence</g>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:&nbsp;</strong>Non-compoundable <g class="gr_ gr_42 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="42" data-gr-id="42">offences</g> are those <g class="gr_ gr_43 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="43" data-gr-id="43">offences</g> which are punishable with imprisonment only, or punishable with imprisonment and also with fine under the Act.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To examine the existing mechanism of levy of penalty under the CA-13 and suggest any improvements thereon.</li>
<li>To lay down the broad contours of an in-house adjudicatory mechanism where <g class="gr_ gr_53 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="53" data-gr-id="53">penalty</g> may be levied in <g class="gr_ gr_52 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="52" data-gr-id="52">a MCA21</g> system driven manner so that discretion is <g class="gr_ gr_54 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="54" data-gr-id="54">minimised</g>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> MCA21 is the portal for stakeholders to submit statutory filings under the Companies Act.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To take necessary steps in <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="39" data-gr-id="39">formulation</g> of draft changes in the law.</li>
<li>Any other matter which may be relevant in this regard.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Simple violations will not attract disproportionate punishment.</li>
<li>This would allow the trial courts to pay more attention to <g class="gr_ gr_40 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="40" data-gr-id="40">offences</g> of serious nature because it will reduce the number of cases in the courts.</li>
<li>It will improve the ease of doing business in India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE<g class="gr_ gr_46 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="46" data-gr-id="46">:</g></strong><g class="gr_ gr_46 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style replaceWithoutSep" id="46" data-gr-id="46">The</g> Companies Act 2013 is an Act of the Parliament of India on Indian company law which regulates incorporation of a company, responsibilities of a company, directors, dissolution of a company. Company means a company incorporated under this Act or under any previous Company Law.</p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/committee-to-review-the-offences-under-the-companies-act'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (July 16th, 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Golden Jackal faces threat in its habitat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Destruction of mangrove cover in the </span><b>Bandar Reserve Forest</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is forcing the golden jackal (Canis aureus) out of its habitat, triggering a conflict with the local communities. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Several golden jackals have been spotted out of their habitats. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The conservation status of the animal as classified by IUCN is the &lsquo;</span><b>least concern&rsquo;</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and it preys on wild crab and fish.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ministry of Civil Aviation</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> launched the Regional Connectivity Scheme &ldquo;</span><b>Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">&rdquo; in 2016.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is an innovative scheme to develop the regional aviation market.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The scheme will create affordable yet economically viable and profitable flights on regional routes so that flying becomes affordable to the common man even in small towns. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The scheme envisages providing connectivity to un-served and underserved airports of the country through the revival of existing air-strips and airports. The scheme would be in operation for a period of 10 years. </span></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-july-16th-2018'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Govt Wants More Powers for NIA',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is set to introduce amendments in the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 and National Investigation Agency Act, 2008 seeking to give more power to NIA.</p>
<h3>Proposed Amendments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NIA will be empowered to probe cases related to human trafficking, weapons dealer, hacking of important websites and violations of the explosives law.</li>
<li>The NIA director-general will be empowered to carry out &ldquo;seizure and attachment of a property representing proceeds of terrorism&rdquo;. At present, the NIA needs the state DGP&rsquo;s approval for the same.</li>
<li>NIA will be allowed to launch a parallel probe into terror attacks on Indians and their properties abroad.</li>
<li>Under the <span style="font-weight: 400;">Unlawful Activities (Prevention) A</span>ct (UAPA), the government will be allowed to designate an individual suspected to have terror links as a terrorist who are not associated with any terror organization but indulge in terror acts independently.</li>
<li>NIA inspectors will be allowed to investigate offences under the UAPA. At present, an officer of Deputy SP- rank or above is empowered in UAPA cases.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:&nbsp;</strong>The NIA was set up in 2009 in the wake of the 2008 Mumbai attacks. NIA Act empowers the agency to investigate offences under eight special laws, including the UAPA.</p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/govt-wants-more-powers-for-nia'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Coming Home To Jail: On The Repatriation of Prisoners Act, 2003',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p>Today&rsquo;s editorial on repatriation of international criminals makes for an interesting read. The following are the most important points from this editorial.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Repatriation:</strong> The act of returning to the country&nbsp;of&nbsp;origin;</p>
</div>
<p>There have been multiple cases where criminals from one country have been found serving time in another. For instance, Indians serving time in countries like the UK, Pakistan or Saudi Arabia. Conversely, criminals from countries like Bangladesh, Nepal or Sri Lanka are serving their time in Indian prisons. Internationally, it is not considered &lsquo;humane&rsquo; to let criminals serve time away from their country of belonging, especially when sentenced for minor crimes.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, under Article 12(4) states the right to return to one&rsquo;s home country. Serving time in foreign land is perceived to be more onerous (burdensome) than serving time at home.</li>
<li>The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963 provides for consular protection upon arrest, detention and trial in a foreign country.</li>
<li>The UN Model Agreement on the Transfer of Foreign Prisoners and Recommendations of the Treatment of Foreign Prisoners of 1985 emphasizes on the &lsquo;social rehabilitation of foreign prisoners through early repatriation to their home countries&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The legacy of transfer of sentenced prisoners lie in the &lsquo;post-war humanitarian exchange of POWs (prisoners of war)&rsquo; and also in the two UN Conventions of 2004 which are against transnational organized crime and corruption.</li>
<li>States are free to enter into bilateral or multilateral agreements to exchange prisoners. The principle involved here is that &lsquo;an offence committed abroad is also an offence in the home country&rsquo; provided that the sentence shall not be aggravated (increased drastically) upon transfer.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conditions in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Repatriation of Prisoners Act, 2003 is a two part act where the first part deals with the transfer of foreign prisoners held in Indian prisons to their countries of respective origins, while the second part deals with bringing home sentenced Indian nationals from any foreign country.</li>
<li>Almost all types of prisoners are eligible for repatriation provided they fulfill these conditions:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>they are willing to be repatriated;</li>
<li>they have no pending appeals in any court;</li>
<li>the offence do not fall under jurisdiction of military law;</li>
<li>the sentence is not a death sentence;</li>
<li>they have at least 6 months of their sentence left to serve;</li>
<li>the repatriation has the consent of both the countries involved;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Repatriation of Prisoners Act is very important for India as the following data will demonstrate:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Ministry of External Affairs, as of March 2018, there were at least 7,850 Indian nationals in prisons scattered across 78 countries.</li>
<li>According to National Crime Records Bureau, in 2015, there were 6,185 foreign nationals serving time in Indian prisons; 66% of them were from Bangladesh alone.</li>
<li>The following countries account for most Indians being sentenced abroad: Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Kuwait, the UK, the US, Canada, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, China, France, Germany, Indonesia, Myanmar and Thailand.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has signed 30 bilateral agreements on repatriation and has entered into transfer agreements with the Inter-American Convention on Serving Criminal Sentences Abroad, and the Council of Europe&rsquo;s Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons. Taken together, the latter two bring at least another 50 countries into a co-operative legal framework with India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite the various efforts and agreements for repatriation the reality is not very convincing. There were only 9 foreign prisoners repatriated from India in 2015 (6 from UK, 1 each from France, Germany and the UAE); and between 2003 and March 2018, only 63 of 171 applications to transfer Indian nationals home has been honored.</li>
<li>The Repatriation of Prisoners Act, is a &lsquo;win-win situation&rsquo; for India for the following two reasons:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India need not spend unduly on housing foreign prisoners.</li>
<li>India can save considerably on consular services abroad by bringing back Indian prisoners home.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>&ldquo;Repatriation of Prisoners Act, 2003 can simultaneously satisfy the public expectation of bringing nationals home and the meeting of international humanitarian commitments.&rdquo;</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coming-home-to-jail-on-the-repatriation-of-prisoners-act-2003'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'India-China Maritime Affairs Dialogue',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The second India-China Maritime affairs dialogue was held in Beijing, wherein both sides exchanged views on mutual interest, including perspectives on maritime security, blue economy and on ways to further boost practical cooperation.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">India-China Maritime Affairs Dialogue is an annual mechanism held between the countries for consultations on maritime issues.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Both the sides emphasized the need to further strengthen maritime cooperation as an important area of India-China bilateral relations.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Strengthen political and strategic mutual trust between the two countries.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">India also elaborated on her vision for the Indo-pacific region as articulated by the Indian PM at the Shangri-La Dialogue at Singapore, &nbsp;this may raise the question on the future of the &ldquo;quad&rdquo; group.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The &ldquo;quad&rdquo; or the &ldquo;quadrilateral security dialogue&rdquo; is an informal mechanism between India, the US, Australia and Japan, almost always interpreted as a joint effort to counter China&rsquo;s influence in the Indo-Pacific region.</span><b></b><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Highlights of PM Modi's address at Shangri-La</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">By projecting an equivalence in ties with the US, Russia, and China &ndash; India reaffirmed its principle of strategic autonomy and cautioned against the return of the &lsquo;great power rivalries&rsquo;.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">India&rsquo;s Indo-Pacific strategy is not aimed at China&rsquo;s containment.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">India sees the Indo-Pacific as primarily a geographic domain &mdash; a &ldquo;natural region&rdquo;.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Indo-pacific region is ultimately multi-polar, hence rejecting or contesting the idea that either China or the United States could be the one regional hegemonic power.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">India is indispensable to the security of the Indian Ocean.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Signified the interconnectedness of the Indian and Pacific Oceans and the importance of the oceans to security and commerce.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>What is the Shangri-La Dialogue?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Shangri-La Dialogue (SLD) is an intergovernmental security forum held annually by an independent think tank, the International Institute for Strategic Studies in Singapore.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Shangri-La Dialogue has evolved into a key strategic gathering of the Asia-Pacific region.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is attended by defense ministers, permanent heads of ministries and military chiefs of Asia-Pacific states.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-maritime-affairs-dialogue'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Government Gives Nod to Iran bank',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Government of India has approved a proposal from Iranian private lender Bank Pasargad to open a branch in India.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The clearance to the Iranian bank comes amidst the US announcing sanctions and asking other countries to minimize oil purchases from Iran.</li>
<li>Apart from the Iranian Bank, branch license proposals of two South Korean banks, KEB Hana Bank and Kookmin Bank, have also been approved by the Indian government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why the Need for an Iranian Bank?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India imports a large quantity of oil from Iran and has committed an investment of $500 million for the development of the crucial Chabahar port.</li>
<li>The rupee-rial arrangement was used to buy oil from Iran before US sanctions were lifted against it three years ago.</li>
<li>In the wake of US sanctions, India is exploring the possibility of reviving the rupee-rial arrangement to import oil from Iran that it has used in the past.</li>
<li>The presence of an Iranian bank in India will open up a significant financial channel that will ensure the smooth flow of funds between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: After the RBI gives its first internal clearance to a foreign bank branch proposal, it is vetted by a committee comprising senior officials of the ministries of Finance, Commerce, External Affairs and Home Affairs. Clearance from each ministry is required before the RBI issues a license to a foreign bank.</p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-gives-nod-to-iran-bank'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'India Going Ahead With Purchase of S-400 Air Defense Systems ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India has now reached the &lsquo;conclusive stage&rsquo; in the procurement of the S-400 Air Defence Missile Systems.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India will go ahead with the Rs 39,000 crore acquisitions of five advanced S-400 Triumf air defense missile systems from Russia.</li>
<li>Recent US law called CAATSA deters countries from buying Russian weapon systems.</li>
<li>CAATSA will also be discussed in the inaugural &lsquo;two-plus-two&rsquo; dialogue mechanism between India and US. The dialogue will be held between the external and defense ministers and their American counterparts.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/748Master (New).jpg" width="576" height="512" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2062531868" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<p></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Countering America&rsquo;s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Countering America&rsquo;s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) is a United States federal law that imposed sanctions on Iran, North Korea, and Russia.</li>
<li>It includes sanctions against countries that engage in significant transactions with Russia's defense and intelligence sectors.</li>
<li>India could face US sanctions for purchasing high-value military defense items, in particular, state-of-the-art S-400 Triumf missile defense system, from Russia under the act.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-going-ahead-with-purchase-of-S-400-air-defence-systems'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'India Is Not A Surveillance State: SC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Supreme Court has stated that government monitoring of every social media message can make the country a surveillance state. The statement was made with reference to the Central government&rsquo;s proposal to create a hub- <strong>Social Media Communication Hub</strong> (SMCH), under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to track social media trends.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The government had claimed that the hub was to track views on various programmes and understand popular perception on schemes.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Concerns were raised that the proposed SMCH would become a tool in the hands of a private agency to help the government launch surveillance on citizens&rsquo; activities on social media platforms in violation of the right to privacy which is part of <g class="gr_ gr_11 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="11" data-gr-id="11">right</g> to life, guaranteed under <strong>Article 21 of the constitution</strong>. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The project envisages employment of media persons on contractual basis in each district to be the &ldquo;eyes and ears&rdquo; of the government and provide real-time updates from the ground which in turn can be misused by the government. This will be in contravention of <strong>Article 19 (1)(a)</strong> which guarantees freedom of speech and expression.</span></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-is-not-a-surveillance-state-sc'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'High-Energy Neutrinos Detected',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, researchers have located a deep-space source for omnipresent subatomic particles called high-energy neutrinos. These observations have made at the <strong>Ice Cube Neutrino Observatory</strong> at a U.S. scientific research station at the <strong>South Pole in Antarctica.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Detection of neutrinos will provide the scientists a new way to expand the understanding of the Universe.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>High-energy neutrinos are produced by the same sources as cosmic rays, the highest-energy particles.</li>
<li>Cosmic rays cannot be traced straight back to their source because strong magnetic fields in space alter their trajectory.</li>
<li>Neutrinos are electrically neutral, undisturbed by even the strongest magnetic field, and rarely interact with matter. The direction from which they arrive points directly back to their original source.</li>
<li>Neutrinos are produced during natural radioactive decays and all sorts of nuclear reactions in nuclear power reactors, particle accelerators or nuclear bombs.</li>
<li>However, the most common sources of neutrinos are celestial phenomena i.e. the birth and death of stars, collisions, and explosions happening in space.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Application of High Energy Neutrinos</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The high-energy neutrinos in astronomy enable a more robust examination because astronomers have relied upon electromagnetic observations (studying light) but this approach has limitations because too many aspects of the universe are indecipherable using light alone.</li>
<li>Neutrinos are nature&rsquo;s ideal astronomical messenger because it can essentially escape their site of production and bring that information directly across the cosmos to their point of detection.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note: </strong>The India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is located at the Bodi West Hills region in Theni District of Tamil Nadu.&nbsp;</p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/high-energy-neutrinos-detected'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Ministry of Mines Organizes 4th National Conclave on Mines & Minerals',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Mines organized the 4th National Conclave on Mines &amp; Minerals &ndash;attended by state Mining ministers, officials of central ministries as well as industry and academic experts. &nbsp;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conclave, first of its kind, will go a long way in strengthening the efforts of the Ministry in enabling the mining sector to contribute its fullest to foster the rapid growth of national economy and employment generation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mining Sector in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="78" data-gr-id="78">Mining</g> sector is one of the core sectors of <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="79" data-gr-id="79">economy</g> - providing basic raw materials to many important industries.</li>
<li>Mining sector (including fuel, atomic, major and minor minerals) contributed about 2.4% of GDP in 2014-15 as per the data released by Central Statistical Organization.</li>
<li>Exploration activities in India are mostly carried out by Geological Survey of India (GSI), Mining Exploration Corporation Limited (MECL), various State Directorates of Geological Mining (DGMs), public sector undertakings (PSU) and private sector entities both domestic and subsidiaries of many global companies.</li>
<li>The Mines &amp; Minerals (Development &amp; Regulation) Act, which governs the mineral sector, has been amended recently for bringing in greater transparency.</li>
<li>Further, India has a liberalized FDI up to 100% in mining under <g class="gr_ gr_61 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="61" data-gr-id="61">automatic</g> route.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Recent Amendments to Mines &amp; Minerals (Development &amp; Regulation) Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mineral Concessions Grant Through Auctions to bring transparency and remove discretion.</li>
<li>DMF: District Mineral Foundation (DMF) to address the <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="57" data-gr-id="57">long time</g> grievance of the people affected by mining and in turn improve the image of the mining sector.</li>
<li>NMET: National Mineral Exploration Trust (<g class="gr_ gr_58 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="58" data-gr-id="58">NMET</g>) for incentivizing regional and detailed exploration to fill the gaps in exploration in the country.</li>
<li>Mining Leases for 50 years and even the existing leases deemed extended eliminating any renewals for <g class="gr_ gr_62 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="62" data-gr-id="62">security</g> of tenure.</li>
<li>To promote <g class="gr_ gr_65 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="65" data-gr-id="65">conducive</g> environment for trade, stronger penal provisions for checking illegal mining with higher penalties up to USD 7692.30 per hectare of the area and jail term up to 5 years.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Mineral Exploration Policy, 2016</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>About 100 blocks have been identified by GSI for auctioning on revenue sharing mechanism for regional exploration to encourage private participation in exploration.</li>
<li>If the explorer agencies do not discover any auctionable resources, their exploration expenditure will be reimbursed on <g class="gr_ gr_63 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="63" data-gr-id="63">normative</g> cost basis.</li>
<li>The mechanism is being formulated in consultation with the stakeholders.</li>
<li>Creation of baseline geoscientific data as a public good for open dissemination free of charge.</li>
<li>A National Geoscientific Data Repository is proposed to be set up to collate all baseline and mineral exploration information generated by various central &amp; state government agencies and also mineral concession holders and to maintain these on <g class="gr_ gr_60 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="60" data-gr-id="60">geospatial</g> database.</li>
<li>Provisions for inviting private investment in exploration through attractive revenue sharing models.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges Affecting Growth of Indian Mining Sector &nbsp;</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s mining sector contribution to GDP is low compared to major mining countries such as China, the United States, Australia, Brazil <g class="gr_ gr_73 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="73" data-gr-id="73">and</g> Chile.</li>
<li>Further, in recent years India&rsquo;s mining sector has grown at a much slower rate as compared to other mining economies.</li>
<li>Some of the Reasons for this are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">India lags in baseline geophysical and geochemical data generation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Public and private mining companies face delays to the tune of several years to start mining on the identified land due to challenges in land acquisition and executing resettlement and rehabilitation. &nbsp;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Long clearance time for different licenses and limitations like captive use also hamper mining output.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"><g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="56" data-gr-id="56">Deep seated</g> resources (e.g., coal) or minerals located in eco-sensitive areas have not been considered for mining due to <g class="gr_ gr_67 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="67" data-gr-id="67">lack</g> advanced and eco-sensitive technology. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Often different interpretation of laws by states and central government, and inadequate communication results in confusion.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ministry-of-mines-organizes-4th-national-conclave-on-mines-&-minerals'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Scientists Perform First Color X-ray on a Human',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Scientists from New Zealand performed the first ever 3D color&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">X-Ray on a human being using a technique that could improve the field of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">medical diagnostics.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span>The new device, named Medipix, is based on the traditional black-and-white&nbsp;</span><span>X-Ray but has incorporated a particle-tracking technology developed by </span><span>the European Organization for Nuclear Research (</span><span>CERN) for&nbsp;</span><span>its Large Hadron Collider.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Comparison with Other Techniques</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">X-rays suffer from the deficit that they can sharply <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="39" data-gr-id="39">visualise</g>&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">only hard tissues. The shadows of soft tissues are less precise. Blood vessels&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">and other conduits are imaged with invasive dyes.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a slightly different&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">picture, based on the difference in water and fat content in tissues.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">All but MRIs use radiation and dyes and chemical markers.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Medipix is superior to its predecessors - it uses algorithms&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">to model very accurate spectroscopic data in three dimensions and shows all&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">tissues with equal clarity, in color.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Significance</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The color X-ray imaging technique could by providing clearer and more accurate pictures <g class="gr_ gr_37 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar replaceWithoutSep" id="37" data-gr-id="37">can</g> help doctors give their patients more accurate diagnoses.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the case of a fracture, for instance, not only would it show physical damage to a bone &mdash; which is what an X-ray depicts &mdash; but it would also reveal trauma to surrounding tissue and reveal if blood and nerve supply is compromised.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to the CERN, it will not only clearly show the difference between bone, muscle <g class="gr_ gr_31 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="31" data-gr-id="31">and</g> cartilage, but also the position and size of cancerous <g class="gr_ gr_32 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="32" data-gr-id="32">tumours</g>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also, it would depict structures exactly as they are since not all humans are built exactly the same.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the near future, when medical care will be <g class="gr_ gr_33 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="33" data-gr-id="33">customised</g> to the individual, this would make a difference to the efficacy of care.</span></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scientists-perform-first-color-x-ray-on-a-human'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Industrial Growth Dips & Retail Inflation Rises',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">India&rsquo;s industrial growth slowed to a seven-month low in May while consumer inflation breached the central bank&rsquo;s forecast for the first half of the fiscal year, marking twin setbacks for an economy.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Both the slowdown in industrial output growth and jump in price pressure add to the worries of policymakers who are already concerned about sticky global oil prices.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Retail inflation, based on Consumer Price Index (CPI), rose to 5 percent in June, a five-month high, despite easing food prices. </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Consumer Price Index (CPI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">CPI (Rural/Urban/Combined) is compiled by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">CPI for Industrial Workers (IW) and CPI for Agricultural Labourers (AL) / Rural Labourers (RL) are compiled and released by the Labour Bureau in the Ministry of Labour and Employment.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is based on the retail prices of products and measures inflation from the consumer side. RBI uses CPI (combined) to monitor inflation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It covers only the consumer goods and consumer services.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Base Year: 2012</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) slipped to 3.2% in May 2018 mainly due to sluggish performance of manufacturing and power sectors coupled with poor off-take of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG).</span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Index of Industrial Production (IIP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">IIP is an index which details out the growth of various sectors.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">All India IIP is a composite indicator that measures the short-term changes in the volume of production of a basket of industrial products during a given period with respect to that in a chosen base period.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is compiled and published monthly by the Central Statistical Organization (CSO) six weeks after the reference month ends.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Base Year: 2011-12</span></li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/industrial-growth-dips-&-retail-inflation-rises'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'RBI Flags States’ Fiscal Stress',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>RBI, in its annual report titled &ldquo;State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2017-18 and 2018-19&rdquo;, warned that many States may face <g class="gr_ gr_59 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="59" data-gr-id="59">fiscal</g> risks due to farm-loan waivers, Pay Commission awards and elections.</p>
<h3>Highlights of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>States&rsquo; consolidated gross fiscal deficit (GFD) overshot the budget estimates in 2017-18 due to shortfalls in own tax revenues and higher revenue expenditure and therefore states revised their gross fiscal deficit (GFD) to <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="87" data-gr-id="87">gross</g> domestic product (GDP).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The GFD-GDP ratio crossed the revised Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) target for the state-level debt to GDP threshold for <g class="gr_ gr_94 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="94" data-gr-id="94">third</g> consecutive year. There is a risk that private investment gets crowded out of the finite pool of financial resources.</li>
<li>Capital expenditure may have to bear the brunt of the fiscal correction <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="81" data-gr-id="81">like</g> the past two years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The FRBM Act was enacted by the Parliament in 2003 to institutionalize fiscal discipline, reduce fiscal deficit, and improve macroeconomic management.</li>
<li>The government was supposed to wipe out revenue deficit and cut fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP by 2008-09, thus bringing much needed fiscal discipline.</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="88" data-gr-id="88">Fiscal</g> deficit is the total expenditure excluding revenue receipts, loan recoveries <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="90" data-gr-id="90">and</g> receipts from disinvestment etc. It is a measure of the government borrowing in a year.</li>
<li>The Act applies only to the central government and the States have to enact suitable <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="57" data-gr-id="57">legislations</g> to adopt the rules under the FRBM Act.</li>
<li>The implementation of the Act was put on hold in 2007-08 due to <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="68" data-gr-id="68">global</g> financial crisis and the need for fiscal stimulus.</li>
<li>In 2012, the FRBM Act was amended and it was decided that the FRBM Act would target effective revenue deficit in place of revenue deficit.</li>
<li>Effective revenue deficit excludes capital expenditure from revenue deficit and thus provides space to the government to spend on <g class="gr_ gr_72 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="72" data-gr-id="72">formation</g> of capital assets.</li>
<li>In 2017, The FRBM Review Committee headed by former Revenue Secretary, NK Singh submitted its report to the Central Government. Few important recommendations being- A debt to GDP ratio of 60% should be targeted with a 40% limit for the centre and 20% limit for the states; creation of an autonomous Fiscal Council; an &ldquo;escape clause&rdquo;, i.e. the government can deviate from the targets in case of a national calamity, national security.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Referring to the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis, when States borrowed big from markets, mainly due to the additional fiscal space <g class="gr_ gr_63 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="63" data-gr-id="63">given</g> to them as part of stimulus measures, the RBI said several 10-year vanilla bonds had reached maturity from 2017-18, increasing redemption pressures on the States that issued them.</li>
<li>This would imply that the borrowings of States are expected to soar.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vanilla Bonds</strong>: They are the most basic or standard version of bonds. It is the opposite of an exotic instrument, which alters the components of a traditional financial instrument, and is more complex.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The issuance of UDAY (Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana) bonds in 2015-16 and 2016-17, farm-loan waivers and the implementation of Pay Commission awards which were not fully provisioned for in their respective budgets led to a higher debt-GDP ratio at 24 <g class="gr_ gr_60 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="60" data-gr-id="60">per cent</g> in 2017-18, which is expected to rise to 24.3 <g class="gr_ gr_61 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="61" data-gr-id="61">per cent</g> in 2018-19.</li>
<li>Farm loan waivers create a more <g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="56" data-gr-id="56">long term</g> issue i.e. of impacting credit discipline by disincentivizing borrowers from repaying and giving rise to a problem of moral hazard. The bigger issue is that such a step actually incentives debtors, capable of repaying loans, to also default.</li>
<li>Debt relief helps in reducing household debt but there are no <g class="gr_ gr_75 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="75" data-gr-id="75">evidences</g> of <g class="gr_ gr_76 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="76" data-gr-id="76">increase</g> in investment and productivity of beneficiary households.</li>
<li>However, RBI has highlighted few positives as well as <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">suggestion</g> for the future:</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018-19, states&rsquo; revenue capacity is likely to be augmented with the stabilization of GST and the consequent expansion of tax base and efficacy.</li>
<li>With the implementation of the E-way bill for inter-state movement of goods from April 2018, states could also strive for generating more revenues by locking inefficiency in tax administration.</li>
<li>According to the RBI study, there are visible signs of fiscal pressures emerging in several states, particularly due to certain expenditure schemes.</li>
<li>These schemes could be made more productive by closing &lsquo;efficiency gaps&rsquo;, better targeting/ reducing leakages and careful planning as well as better forecasting.</li>
<li>Enhanced efficiency must be coupled with improved public financial management practices may be necessary to rebuild fiscal space.</li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'MoEF to Launch Dust Mitigation Measures',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has lined up a slew of measures to tackle dust pollution in the capital. It will include the launch of <strong>three pilot projects</strong>:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Installation of filters on top of buses,</li>
<li>Use of dust separation chemical sprays and</li>
<li>Installing equipment that will suck in particulate matter. The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) will install these <g class="gr_ gr_48 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="48" data-gr-id="48">equipments</g>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other measures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Use of more mechanical sweepers.</li>
<li>The pillars of the Delhi Metro network to have the hanging garden.</li>
<li>Use of water sprinklers to settle the dust.</li>
<li>Finalizing the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), so that it can be adopted by other states as well.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a medium-term national-level strategy to tackle the increasing air pollution problem across the country in a comprehensive manner.</li>
<li>The overall objective is to augment and evolve effective ambient air quality monitoring network across the country besides ensuring a comprehensive management plan for prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.</li>
<li>A separate component on &lsquo;Technology Assessment Cell&rsquo; has been envisaged under NCAP to evaluate the technologies for prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.</li>
<li>However, it does not mention any specific target and time frame.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Financial Resolution and Deposit Insurance Bill',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Financial Resolution and Deposit Insurance Bill, 2017 proposes a comprehensive resolution framework for specified financial sector entities and service providers to deal with bankruptcy in banks, insurance companies <g class="gr_ gr_21 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="21" data-gr-id="21">and</g> financial sector entities</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<p></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill proposes the setting up of a Resolution Corporation (RC) by the Central government.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The functions of the Resolution Corporation will be protecting the stability and resilience of the financial system, public funds, and consumers of covered obligations up to a &ldquo;reasonable limit&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The Corporation will be empowered to bail-in the company. While a bail-out is the use of public funds to inject capital into an ailing company, a bail-in involves the use of depositors&rsquo; funds to achieve those ends.</li>
<li>This has caused a lot of concern among depositors who are worried they may lose their hard-earned money deposited with banks.</li>
<li>Even the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation provide deposit insurance of up to Rs. 1 lakh. The rest is forfeited in the event of a bank failure.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The recently enacted Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 to deal with the insolvency resolution issues of non-financial entities will be complemented by the FRDI.</li>
</ul>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Sub-Group of Chief Ministers on Coordination Between MGNREGA and Agriculture ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The First Meeting of Sub-Group of Chief Ministers on coordination between MGNREGA and Agriculture was recently held at NITI Aayog.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The regional meetings will be finalized by NITI Aayog, in consultation with <g class="gr_ gr_63 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep gr-progress" id="63" data-gr-id="63">Ministry</g> of Rural Development and Ministry of Agriculture and State Governments.<br />Ensuring the rights of the <g class="gr_ gr_64 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace gr-progress" id="64" data-gr-id="64">labourers</g> and maintaining the &ldquo;asset creation&rsquo;&rsquo; spirit of MGNREGA was also stressed upon at in the meeting. &nbsp;</li>
<li>Use of MGNREGA funds in supplementing <g class="gr_ gr_65 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="65" data-gr-id="65">labour</g> costs in agriculture and fencing of <g class="gr_ gr_55 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="55" data-gr-id="55">farm land</g> to protect it from wild animals was suggested at the meeting.</li>
<li>5 regional meetings/workshops would be organized one each at Patna, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Guwahati and New Delhi to discuss these issues with experts, farmers and farmer&rsquo;s representatives and other stakeholders along with State Governments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Five Critical Areas</h3>
<h3></h3>
<p>Five critical areas in which MGNREGA could positively help include those related to-</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>reducing the cost of cultivation</li>
<li>enhancing the production through <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="79" data-gr-id="79">efficient</g> use of water or other inputs</li>
<li>providing remunerative price to farmers by <g class="gr_ gr_80 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="80" data-gr-id="80">incentivising</g> aggregation and market infrastructure</li>
<li>rehabilitation of agricultural land and assets after natural hazards or re-plantation using MGNREGA fund</li>
<li>bringing diversification in agriculture to help occupational diversification and maximizing profit.</li>
</ul>
<h3>MGNREGA and the Low Wage Issue</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Finance has refused to bring the central MGNREGA wages on par with the minimum agricultural wages paid by states. As a result, the MGNREGA wages of as many as 28 of the 36 states and Union Territories fell below minimum wages.</li>
<li>Moreover, the annual wage increase in 2018 was a low 2.9% owing to the Ministry of Finance&rsquo;s rejection of the Ministry of Rural Development (<g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="56" data-gr-id="56">MoRD</g>) recommendation to index the annual MGNREGA wage revision to Consumer Price Index (Rural) instead of CPI (Agricultural Labourers).</li>
<li>The CPI (Rural) reflects the current consumption pattern of rural households, whereas the CPI for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL), is based on a 35-year-old consumption basket.</li>
<li>The MoRD raised the issue of wage indexation in the recent meeting.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The possibility of using MGNREGA to employ agricultural <g class="gr_ gr_74 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="74" data-gr-id="74">labour</g> on private farms has been another area of concern. It has the possibility to benefit employers more than workers.</li>
<li>The proposal of using MGNREGA fund to solve the agrarian crisis might amount to a cash transfer to farmers, which can distort the purpose of the <g class="gr_ gr_60 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="60" data-gr-id="60">labour-oriented</g> scheme.</li>
<li>Several farmers&rsquo; groups have expressed that the proposal may be difficult to implement. It would be difficult to measure or monitor the work done and could also reintroduce feudalism in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sub-Group has been constituted by the PM for suggesting ways and means about <g class="gr_ gr_70 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="70" data-gr-id="70">use</g> of employment under MGNREGS for improving agriculture and reducing cost.</li>
<li>The Sub Group consists of Chief Ministers of 7 States viz. &nbsp;Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, West Bengal, and Sikkim and Member, NITI Aayog with the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh as the convener of the Sub-Group.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Act aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage employment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members (at least 18 years of age) volunteer to do unskilled work.</li>
<li>The central government bears the full cost of unskilled <g class="gr_ gr_59 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="59" data-gr-id="59">labour</g>, and 75% of the cost of material (the rest is borne by the states).</li>
<li>It is a demand-driven, social security and <g class="gr_ gr_69 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="69" data-gr-id="69">labour</g> law that aims to enforce the &lsquo;right to work&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), Government of India in association with state governments, monitors the implementation of the scheme.</li>
<li>Agriculture and allied activities constitute more than 65% of the works taken up under the programme.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		'title' => 'Declining Harriers Birds in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Harrier birds, a migratory raptor species that regularly visits India, are declining in the country. Disappearing grasslands are one of the major reasons behind the declining population of the migratory species.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are <strong>16 species of harriers</strong> distributed worldwide throughout tropical and temperate regions, and six of these species migrate to India from central Asia and <g class="gr_ gr_26 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="26" data-gr-id="26">neighbouring</g> areas during the winter.</li>
<li>India has one of the largest roosting sites in the world for <strong>Pallid Harriers</strong> and <strong>Montagu&rsquo;s Harriers.</strong><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></li>
<li>Major changes in the number of harrier birds have been observed at the <strong>Rollapadu Bustard S</strong></li>
<li><strong><g class="gr_ gr_21 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="21" data-gr-id="21">anctuary</g></strong> in Andhra Pradesh's Kurnool district.</li>
<li>In Hessarghatta on the outskirts of Bengaluru, Western Marsh Harriers declined significantly, leaving the area nearly deserted.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Decline</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A combination of factors including <strong>changes in breeding areas, changes in their wintering areas and migratory routes</strong> could all affect the migratory birds&rsquo; numbers.</li>
<li><strong>Loss of grasslands,</strong> either to <g class="gr_ gr_24 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="24" data-gr-id="24">urbanisation</g> or to agriculture has been one of the major reasons for the decline of the migratory species in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Excessive use of pesticides in farms</strong> in and around the roosting sites could also be a reason for the lowered population counts. In crops such as cotton, the use of pesticides kills grasshoppers, the harriers&rsquo; primary prey, and could lead to mortality of the birds themselves as they are on the top of the food chain.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/754Swamp-harrier.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="326" height="217" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2908655707" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
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		'title' => 'Telemedicine Facility for Pilgrims',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has joined hands with Jammu and Kashmir&rsquo;s Directorate of Health Services-Kashmir (DHS-K) to set up a telemedicine <g class="gr_ gr_12 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="12" data-gr-id="12">centre</g> at an altitude of 12,700 feet, to cater to pilgrims en route to the Amarnath shrine.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will provide <strong>real-time treatment for high-altitude</strong> and other ailments that pilgrims frequently face in the region. An Intensive Care Unit will handle critically ill patients.</li>
<li>The telemedicine facility will enable the doctors posted at the hospital to connect in real time to the tertiary care institutions of the country. Expert opinion on <g class="gr_ gr_13 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="13" data-gr-id="13">super-specialities</g> like cardiology, neurology and respiratory medicine can be sought for timely intervention.</li>
<li>The Post Graduate Institute of <g class="gr_ gr_11 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del gr-progress" id="11" data-gr-id="11">Medial</g> Education and Research, (PGIMER), Chandigarh; the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi; the Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, etc. will be among the country&rsquo;s top hospitals available through the telemedicine facility.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/483telemedicine.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1382570144" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/telemedicine-facility-for-pilgrims'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Bengaluru to Host 3rd Edition of IoT India Congress',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The third edition of IoT (Internet of Things) India Congress, 2018 will be held in Bengaluru.</span></p>
<h3>What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The IoT is a seamlessly connected network system of embedded objects/ devices, in which communication without any human intervention is possible using standard and interoperable communication protocols.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">IoT will enable collaboration and communication between people and things, and between things themselves hitherto unknown and unimagined, via the Internet anywhere, anytime, as a result of the convergence of many technologies.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">These include ubiquitous computing, technologies related to advanced machine-to-machine communication, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It can also be defined as interplay for software, telecom, and electronic hardware industry.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>Examples of Applications:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">An IoT-enabled air conditioning system can report whether its air filter is clean and be functioning properly.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Companies would be able to track their assets with the help of GPS-enabled devices which could communicate their current location and movement.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the transportation industry, an enterprise can deliver real-time tracking of parcels by using sensors to track the location of a container.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/282IoT.jpg" width="624" height="416" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1170104807" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></span></p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Policy on the Internet of Things</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">For India to leverage its strength as a leader in the global service industry, the draft IoT policy has been formulated to create IoT ecosystem in the country.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Indian Government's plan of developing 100 smart cities in the country could lead to a massive and quick expansion of IoT in the country.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also, the launch of the Digital India Program of the Government, which aims at &lsquo;transferring India into digital empowered society and knowledge economy will provide the required impetus for the development of the IoT industry in the country.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Draft IoT policy document released by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology, (Deity) focuses on the following objectives:</span>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">To create an IOT industry in India of USD 15 Billion by 2020 with a share of 5-6% of the global IoT industry.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">To undertake Research &amp; Development for all the assisting technologies.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">To develop IoT products specific to Indian needs in all possible domains.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /><br /></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bengaluru-to-host-3rd-edition-of-iot-india-congress'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Rural Growth & Farm Loan Waivers',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to a recent report by Nielsen, demand growth visible in some rural pockets of India is driven by farm loan waivers and not likely due to real increases in rural incomes and wages. This indicates that the economy is still away from revival.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The rural growth outpaced urban demand, primarily because of farm loan waivers announced by <g class="gr_ gr_17 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="17" data-gr-id="17">number</g> of states.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">This upward trend rural in demand is notable from the sale of items like tractors and the latest corporate earnings of consumer goods companies. A similar phenomenon was witnessed in 2009 when the then government had waived farm loans and tractor sales grew by 30%.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Moreover, this increase in rural demand is based on a weak base- coming over two years of weak growth as demonetization took a hit on consumption. Therefore, this could be just a bounce back from the 2016 lows and not necessarily translate into the required higher momentum in rural demand.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rural demand might have risen on the back of affluent farmers which could have outweighed the decline in demand from <g class="gr_ gr_16 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="16" data-gr-id="16">majority</g>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, <g class="gr_ gr_18 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="18" data-gr-id="18">sustainability</g> of this pick in rural demand depends on other factors like- a good monsoon along with adequate procurement and the effectiveness of MSPs to act as a floor for crop prices.</span></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rural-growth-&-farm-loan-waivers'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Committee to Review the Offences Under the Companies Act',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has constituted a 10-member committee to review the penal provisions under the Companies Act, 2013 and examine <g class="gr_ gr_50 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="50" data-gr-id="50">de-criminalisation</g> of certain <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="51" data-gr-id="51">offences</g>.</p>
<p>Recently, the government also raised the monetary threshold for filing appeals in various courts on tax disputes aimed at lowering tax litigation.</p>
<h3>Terms of reference of the Committee</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To examine the nature of all &lsquo;acts&rsquo; <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="57" data-gr-id="57">categorised</g> as compoundable <g class="gr_ gr_58 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="58" data-gr-id="58">offences</g> under the Companies Act, 2013 (CA-13) and recommend if any of such &lsquo;acts&rsquo; may be <g class="gr_ gr_59 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="59" data-gr-id="59">re-categorised</g> as &lsquo;acts&rsquo; which attract civil liabilities wherein the company and its &lsquo;officers in default&rsquo; are liable for <g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="56" data-gr-id="56">penalty</g>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>NOTE:&nbsp;</strong>Compoundable <g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="38" data-gr-id="38">offences</g> are those that are punishable with just a fine or with a fine or imprisonment or both.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To review the provisions relating to non-compoundable <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="47" data-gr-id="47">offences</g> and recommend whether any such provisions need to be <g class="gr_ gr_48 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="48" data-gr-id="48">re-categorised</g> as <g class="gr_ gr_45 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="45" data-gr-id="45">compoundable</g> <g class="gr_ gr_49 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="49" data-gr-id="49">offence</g>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:&nbsp;</strong>Non-compoundable <g class="gr_ gr_42 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="42" data-gr-id="42">offences</g> are those <g class="gr_ gr_43 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="43" data-gr-id="43">offences</g> which are punishable with imprisonment only, or punishable with imprisonment and also with fine under the Act.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To examine the existing mechanism of levy of penalty under the CA-13 and suggest any improvements thereon.</li>
<li>To lay down the broad contours of an in-house adjudicatory mechanism where <g class="gr_ gr_53 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="53" data-gr-id="53">penalty</g> may be levied in <g class="gr_ gr_52 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="52" data-gr-id="52">a MCA21</g> system driven manner so that discretion is <g class="gr_ gr_54 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="54" data-gr-id="54">minimised</g>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> MCA21 is the portal for stakeholders to submit statutory filings under the Companies Act.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To take necessary steps in <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="39" data-gr-id="39">formulation</g> of draft changes in the law.</li>
<li>Any other matter which may be relevant in this regard.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Simple violations will not attract disproportionate punishment.</li>
<li>This would allow the trial courts to pay more attention to <g class="gr_ gr_40 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="40" data-gr-id="40">offences</g> of serious nature because it will reduce the number of cases in the courts.</li>
<li>It will improve the ease of doing business in India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE<g class="gr_ gr_46 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="46" data-gr-id="46">:</g></strong><g class="gr_ gr_46 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style replaceWithoutSep" id="46" data-gr-id="46">The</g> Companies Act 2013 is an Act of the Parliament of India on Indian company law which regulates incorporation of a company, responsibilities of a company, directors, dissolution of a company. Company means a company incorporated under this Act or under any previous Company Law.</p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/committee-to-review-the-offences-under-the-companies-act'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (July 16th, 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Golden Jackal faces threat in its habitat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Destruction of mangrove cover in the </span><b>Bandar Reserve Forest</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is forcing the golden jackal (Canis aureus) out of its habitat, triggering a conflict with the local communities. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Several golden jackals have been spotted out of their habitats. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The conservation status of the animal as classified by IUCN is the &lsquo;</span><b>least concern&rsquo;</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and it preys on wild crab and fish.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ministry of Civil Aviation</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> launched the Regional Connectivity Scheme &ldquo;</span><b>Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">&rdquo; in 2016.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is an innovative scheme to develop the regional aviation market.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The scheme will create affordable yet economically viable and profitable flights on regional routes so that flying becomes affordable to the common man even in small towns. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The scheme envisages providing connectivity to un-served and underserved airports of the country through the revival of existing air-strips and airports. The scheme would be in operation for a period of 10 years. </span></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-july-16th-2018'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Govt Wants More Powers for NIA',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is set to introduce amendments in the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 and National Investigation Agency Act, 2008 seeking to give more power to NIA.</p>
<h3>Proposed Amendments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NIA will be empowered to probe cases related to human trafficking, weapons dealer, hacking of important websites and violations of the explosives law.</li>
<li>The NIA director-general will be empowered to carry out &ldquo;seizure and attachment of a property representing proceeds of terrorism&rdquo;. At present, the NIA needs the state DGP&rsquo;s approval for the same.</li>
<li>NIA will be allowed to launch a parallel probe into terror attacks on Indians and their properties abroad.</li>
<li>Under the <span style="font-weight: 400;">Unlawful Activities (Prevention) A</span>ct (UAPA), the government will be allowed to designate an individual suspected to have terror links as a terrorist who are not associated with any terror organization but indulge in terror acts independently.</li>
<li>NIA inspectors will be allowed to investigate offences under the UAPA. At present, an officer of Deputy SP- rank or above is empowered in UAPA cases.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:&nbsp;</strong>The NIA was set up in 2009 in the wake of the 2008 Mumbai attacks. NIA Act empowers the agency to investigate offences under eight special laws, including the UAPA.</p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/govt-wants-more-powers-for-nia'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Coming Home To Jail: On The Repatriation of Prisoners Act, 2003',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p>Today&rsquo;s editorial on repatriation of international criminals makes for an interesting read. The following are the most important points from this editorial.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Repatriation:</strong> The act of returning to the country&nbsp;of&nbsp;origin;</p>
</div>
<p>There have been multiple cases where criminals from one country have been found serving time in another. For instance, Indians serving time in countries like the UK, Pakistan or Saudi Arabia. Conversely, criminals from countries like Bangladesh, Nepal or Sri Lanka are serving their time in Indian prisons. Internationally, it is not considered &lsquo;humane&rsquo; to let criminals serve time away from their country of belonging, especially when sentenced for minor crimes.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, under Article 12(4) states the right to return to one&rsquo;s home country. Serving time in foreign land is perceived to be more onerous (burdensome) than serving time at home.</li>
<li>The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963 provides for consular protection upon arrest, detention and trial in a foreign country.</li>
<li>The UN Model Agreement on the Transfer of Foreign Prisoners and Recommendations of the Treatment of Foreign Prisoners of 1985 emphasizes on the &lsquo;social rehabilitation of foreign prisoners through early repatriation to their home countries&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The legacy of transfer of sentenced prisoners lie in the &lsquo;post-war humanitarian exchange of POWs (prisoners of war)&rsquo; and also in the two UN Conventions of 2004 which are against transnational organized crime and corruption.</li>
<li>States are free to enter into bilateral or multilateral agreements to exchange prisoners. The principle involved here is that &lsquo;an offence committed abroad is also an offence in the home country&rsquo; provided that the sentence shall not be aggravated (increased drastically) upon transfer.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conditions in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Repatriation of Prisoners Act, 2003 is a two part act where the first part deals with the transfer of foreign prisoners held in Indian prisons to their countries of respective origins, while the second part deals with bringing home sentenced Indian nationals from any foreign country.</li>
<li>Almost all types of prisoners are eligible for repatriation provided they fulfill these conditions:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>they are willing to be repatriated;</li>
<li>they have no pending appeals in any court;</li>
<li>the offence do not fall under jurisdiction of military law;</li>
<li>the sentence is not a death sentence;</li>
<li>they have at least 6 months of their sentence left to serve;</li>
<li>the repatriation has the consent of both the countries involved;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Repatriation of Prisoners Act is very important for India as the following data will demonstrate:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Ministry of External Affairs, as of March 2018, there were at least 7,850 Indian nationals in prisons scattered across 78 countries.</li>
<li>According to National Crime Records Bureau, in 2015, there were 6,185 foreign nationals serving time in Indian prisons; 66% of them were from Bangladesh alone.</li>
<li>The following countries account for most Indians being sentenced abroad: Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Kuwait, the UK, the US, Canada, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, China, France, Germany, Indonesia, Myanmar and Thailand.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has signed 30 bilateral agreements on repatriation and has entered into transfer agreements with the Inter-American Convention on Serving Criminal Sentences Abroad, and the Council of Europe&rsquo;s Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons. Taken together, the latter two bring at least another 50 countries into a co-operative legal framework with India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Despite the various efforts and agreements for repatriation the reality is not very convincing. There were only 9 foreign prisoners repatriated from India in 2015 (6 from UK, 1 each from France, Germany and the UAE); and between 2003 and March 2018, only 63 of 171 applications to transfer Indian nationals home has been honored.</li>
<li>The Repatriation of Prisoners Act, is a &lsquo;win-win situation&rsquo; for India for the following two reasons:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India need not spend unduly on housing foreign prisoners.</li>
<li>India can save considerably on consular services abroad by bringing back Indian prisoners home.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>&ldquo;Repatriation of Prisoners Act, 2003 can simultaneously satisfy the public expectation of bringing nationals home and the meeting of international humanitarian commitments.&rdquo;</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coming-home-to-jail-on-the-repatriation-of-prisoners-act-2003'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'India-China Maritime Affairs Dialogue',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The second India-China Maritime affairs dialogue was held in Beijing, wherein both sides exchanged views on mutual interest, including perspectives on maritime security, blue economy and on ways to further boost practical cooperation.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">India-China Maritime Affairs Dialogue is an annual mechanism held between the countries for consultations on maritime issues.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Both the sides emphasized the need to further strengthen maritime cooperation as an important area of India-China bilateral relations.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Strengthen political and strategic mutual trust between the two countries.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">India also elaborated on her vision for the Indo-pacific region as articulated by the Indian PM at the Shangri-La Dialogue at Singapore, &nbsp;this may raise the question on the future of the &ldquo;quad&rdquo; group.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The &ldquo;quad&rdquo; or the &ldquo;quadrilateral security dialogue&rdquo; is an informal mechanism between India, the US, Australia and Japan, almost always interpreted as a joint effort to counter China&rsquo;s influence in the Indo-Pacific region.</span><b></b><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Highlights of PM Modi's address at Shangri-La</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">By projecting an equivalence in ties with the US, Russia, and China &ndash; India reaffirmed its principle of strategic autonomy and cautioned against the return of the &lsquo;great power rivalries&rsquo;.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">India&rsquo;s Indo-Pacific strategy is not aimed at China&rsquo;s containment.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">India sees the Indo-Pacific as primarily a geographic domain &mdash; a &ldquo;natural region&rdquo;.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Indo-pacific region is ultimately multi-polar, hence rejecting or contesting the idea that either China or the United States could be the one regional hegemonic power.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">India is indispensable to the security of the Indian Ocean.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Signified the interconnectedness of the Indian and Pacific Oceans and the importance of the oceans to security and commerce.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>What is the Shangri-La Dialogue?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Shangri-La Dialogue (SLD) is an intergovernmental security forum held annually by an independent think tank, the International Institute for Strategic Studies in Singapore.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Shangri-La Dialogue has evolved into a key strategic gathering of the Asia-Pacific region.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is attended by defense ministers, permanent heads of ministries and military chiefs of Asia-Pacific states.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-maritime-affairs-dialogue'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Government Gives Nod to Iran bank',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Government of India has approved a proposal from Iranian private lender Bank Pasargad to open a branch in India.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The clearance to the Iranian bank comes amidst the US announcing sanctions and asking other countries to minimize oil purchases from Iran.</li>
<li>Apart from the Iranian Bank, branch license proposals of two South Korean banks, KEB Hana Bank and Kookmin Bank, have also been approved by the Indian government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why the Need for an Iranian Bank?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India imports a large quantity of oil from Iran and has committed an investment of $500 million for the development of the crucial Chabahar port.</li>
<li>The rupee-rial arrangement was used to buy oil from Iran before US sanctions were lifted against it three years ago.</li>
<li>In the wake of US sanctions, India is exploring the possibility of reviving the rupee-rial arrangement to import oil from Iran that it has used in the past.</li>
<li>The presence of an Iranian bank in India will open up a significant financial channel that will ensure the smooth flow of funds between the two countries.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: After the RBI gives its first internal clearance to a foreign bank branch proposal, it is vetted by a committee comprising senior officials of the ministries of Finance, Commerce, External Affairs and Home Affairs. Clearance from each ministry is required before the RBI issues a license to a foreign bank.</p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-gives-nod-to-iran-bank'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'India Going Ahead With Purchase of S-400 Air Defense Systems ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India has now reached the &lsquo;conclusive stage&rsquo; in the procurement of the S-400 Air Defence Missile Systems.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India will go ahead with the Rs 39,000 crore acquisitions of five advanced S-400 Triumf air defense missile systems from Russia.</li>
<li>Recent US law called CAATSA deters countries from buying Russian weapon systems.</li>
<li>CAATSA will also be discussed in the inaugural &lsquo;two-plus-two&rsquo; dialogue mechanism between India and US. The dialogue will be held between the external and defense ministers and their American counterparts.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/748Master (New).jpg" width="576" height="512" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2062531868" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<p></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Countering America&rsquo;s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Countering America&rsquo;s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) is a United States federal law that imposed sanctions on Iran, North Korea, and Russia.</li>
<li>It includes sanctions against countries that engage in significant transactions with Russia's defense and intelligence sectors.</li>
<li>India could face US sanctions for purchasing high-value military defense items, in particular, state-of-the-art S-400 Triumf missile defense system, from Russia under the act.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-going-ahead-with-purchase-of-S-400-air-defence-systems'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'India Is Not A Surveillance State: SC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Supreme Court has stated that government monitoring of every social media message can make the country a surveillance state. The statement was made with reference to the Central government&rsquo;s proposal to create a hub- <strong>Social Media Communication Hub</strong> (SMCH), under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to track social media trends.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The government had claimed that the hub was to track views on various programmes and understand popular perception on schemes.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Concerns were raised that the proposed SMCH would become a tool in the hands of a private agency to help the government launch surveillance on citizens&rsquo; activities on social media platforms in violation of the right to privacy which is part of <g class="gr_ gr_11 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="11" data-gr-id="11">right</g> to life, guaranteed under <strong>Article 21 of the constitution</strong>. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The project envisages employment of media persons on contractual basis in each district to be the &ldquo;eyes and ears&rdquo; of the government and provide real-time updates from the ground which in turn can be misused by the government. This will be in contravention of <strong>Article 19 (1)(a)</strong> which guarantees freedom of speech and expression.</span></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-is-not-a-surveillance-state-sc'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'High-Energy Neutrinos Detected',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, researchers have located a deep-space source for omnipresent subatomic particles called high-energy neutrinos. These observations have made at the <strong>Ice Cube Neutrino Observatory</strong> at a U.S. scientific research station at the <strong>South Pole in Antarctica.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Detection of neutrinos will provide the scientists a new way to expand the understanding of the Universe.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>High-energy neutrinos are produced by the same sources as cosmic rays, the highest-energy particles.</li>
<li>Cosmic rays cannot be traced straight back to their source because strong magnetic fields in space alter their trajectory.</li>
<li>Neutrinos are electrically neutral, undisturbed by even the strongest magnetic field, and rarely interact with matter. The direction from which they arrive points directly back to their original source.</li>
<li>Neutrinos are produced during natural radioactive decays and all sorts of nuclear reactions in nuclear power reactors, particle accelerators or nuclear bombs.</li>
<li>However, the most common sources of neutrinos are celestial phenomena i.e. the birth and death of stars, collisions, and explosions happening in space.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Application of High Energy Neutrinos</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The high-energy neutrinos in astronomy enable a more robust examination because astronomers have relied upon electromagnetic observations (studying light) but this approach has limitations because too many aspects of the universe are indecipherable using light alone.</li>
<li>Neutrinos are nature&rsquo;s ideal astronomical messenger because it can essentially escape their site of production and bring that information directly across the cosmos to their point of detection.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note: </strong>The India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is located at the Bodi West Hills region in Theni District of Tamil Nadu.&nbsp;</p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/high-energy-neutrinos-detected'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Ministry of Mines Organizes 4th National Conclave on Mines & Minerals',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Mines organized the 4th National Conclave on Mines &amp; Minerals &ndash;attended by state Mining ministers, officials of central ministries as well as industry and academic experts. &nbsp;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conclave, first of its kind, will go a long way in strengthening the efforts of the Ministry in enabling the mining sector to contribute its fullest to foster the rapid growth of national economy and employment generation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mining Sector in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="78" data-gr-id="78">Mining</g> sector is one of the core sectors of <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="79" data-gr-id="79">economy</g> - providing basic raw materials to many important industries.</li>
<li>Mining sector (including fuel, atomic, major and minor minerals) contributed about 2.4% of GDP in 2014-15 as per the data released by Central Statistical Organization.</li>
<li>Exploration activities in India are mostly carried out by Geological Survey of India (GSI), Mining Exploration Corporation Limited (MECL), various State Directorates of Geological Mining (DGMs), public sector undertakings (PSU) and private sector entities both domestic and subsidiaries of many global companies.</li>
<li>The Mines &amp; Minerals (Development &amp; Regulation) Act, which governs the mineral sector, has been amended recently for bringing in greater transparency.</li>
<li>Further, India has a liberalized FDI up to 100% in mining under <g class="gr_ gr_61 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="61" data-gr-id="61">automatic</g> route.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Recent Amendments to Mines &amp; Minerals (Development &amp; Regulation) Act</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mineral Concessions Grant Through Auctions to bring transparency and remove discretion.</li>
<li>DMF: District Mineral Foundation (DMF) to address the <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="57" data-gr-id="57">long time</g> grievance of the people affected by mining and in turn improve the image of the mining sector.</li>
<li>NMET: National Mineral Exploration Trust (<g class="gr_ gr_58 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="58" data-gr-id="58">NMET</g>) for incentivizing regional and detailed exploration to fill the gaps in exploration in the country.</li>
<li>Mining Leases for 50 years and even the existing leases deemed extended eliminating any renewals for <g class="gr_ gr_62 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="62" data-gr-id="62">security</g> of tenure.</li>
<li>To promote <g class="gr_ gr_65 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="65" data-gr-id="65">conducive</g> environment for trade, stronger penal provisions for checking illegal mining with higher penalties up to USD 7692.30 per hectare of the area and jail term up to 5 years.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Mineral Exploration Policy, 2016</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>About 100 blocks have been identified by GSI for auctioning on revenue sharing mechanism for regional exploration to encourage private participation in exploration.</li>
<li>If the explorer agencies do not discover any auctionable resources, their exploration expenditure will be reimbursed on <g class="gr_ gr_63 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="63" data-gr-id="63">normative</g> cost basis.</li>
<li>The mechanism is being formulated in consultation with the stakeholders.</li>
<li>Creation of baseline geoscientific data as a public good for open dissemination free of charge.</li>
<li>A National Geoscientific Data Repository is proposed to be set up to collate all baseline and mineral exploration information generated by various central &amp; state government agencies and also mineral concession holders and to maintain these on <g class="gr_ gr_60 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="60" data-gr-id="60">geospatial</g> database.</li>
<li>Provisions for inviting private investment in exploration through attractive revenue sharing models.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges Affecting Growth of Indian Mining Sector &nbsp;</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s mining sector contribution to GDP is low compared to major mining countries such as China, the United States, Australia, Brazil <g class="gr_ gr_73 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="73" data-gr-id="73">and</g> Chile.</li>
<li>Further, in recent years India&rsquo;s mining sector has grown at a much slower rate as compared to other mining economies.</li>
<li>Some of the Reasons for this are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">India lags in baseline geophysical and geochemical data generation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Public and private mining companies face delays to the tune of several years to start mining on the identified land due to challenges in land acquisition and executing resettlement and rehabilitation. &nbsp;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Long clearance time for different licenses and limitations like captive use also hamper mining output.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"><g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="56" data-gr-id="56">Deep seated</g> resources (e.g., coal) or minerals located in eco-sensitive areas have not been considered for mining due to <g class="gr_ gr_67 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="67" data-gr-id="67">lack</g> advanced and eco-sensitive technology. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Often different interpretation of laws by states and central government, and inadequate communication results in confusion.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ministry-of-mines-organizes-4th-national-conclave-on-mines-&-minerals'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Scientists Perform First Color X-ray on a Human',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Scientists from New Zealand performed the first ever 3D color&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">X-Ray on a human being using a technique that could improve the field of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">medical diagnostics.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span>The new device, named Medipix, is based on the traditional black-and-white&nbsp;</span><span>X-Ray but has incorporated a particle-tracking technology developed by </span><span>the European Organization for Nuclear Research (</span><span>CERN) for&nbsp;</span><span>its Large Hadron Collider.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Comparison with Other Techniques</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">X-rays suffer from the deficit that they can sharply <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="39" data-gr-id="39">visualise</g>&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">only hard tissues. The shadows of soft tissues are less precise. Blood vessels&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">and other conduits are imaged with invasive dyes.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a slightly different&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">picture, based on the difference in water and fat content in tissues.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">All but MRIs use radiation and dyes and chemical markers.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Medipix is superior to its predecessors - it uses algorithms&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">to model very accurate spectroscopic data in three dimensions and shows all&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">tissues with equal clarity, in color.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Significance</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The color X-ray imaging technique could by providing clearer and more accurate pictures <g class="gr_ gr_37 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar replaceWithoutSep" id="37" data-gr-id="37">can</g> help doctors give their patients more accurate diagnoses.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the case of a fracture, for instance, not only would it show physical damage to a bone &mdash; which is what an X-ray depicts &mdash; but it would also reveal trauma to surrounding tissue and reveal if blood and nerve supply is compromised.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to the CERN, it will not only clearly show the difference between bone, muscle <g class="gr_ gr_31 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="31" data-gr-id="31">and</g> cartilage, but also the position and size of cancerous <g class="gr_ gr_32 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="32" data-gr-id="32">tumours</g>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also, it would depict structures exactly as they are since not all humans are built exactly the same.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the near future, when medical care will be <g class="gr_ gr_33 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="33" data-gr-id="33">customised</g> to the individual, this would make a difference to the efficacy of care.</span></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scientists-perform-first-color-x-ray-on-a-human'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Industrial Growth Dips & Retail Inflation Rises',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">India&rsquo;s industrial growth slowed to a seven-month low in May while consumer inflation breached the central bank&rsquo;s forecast for the first half of the fiscal year, marking twin setbacks for an economy.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Both the slowdown in industrial output growth and jump in price pressure add to the worries of policymakers who are already concerned about sticky global oil prices.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Retail inflation, based on Consumer Price Index (CPI), rose to 5 percent in June, a five-month high, despite easing food prices. </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Consumer Price Index (CPI)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">CPI (Rural/Urban/Combined) is compiled by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">CPI for Industrial Workers (IW) and CPI for Agricultural Labourers (AL) / Rural Labourers (RL) are compiled and released by the Labour Bureau in the Ministry of Labour and Employment.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is based on the retail prices of products and measures inflation from the consumer side. RBI uses CPI (combined) to monitor inflation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It covers only the consumer goods and consumer services.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Base Year: 2012</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) slipped to 3.2% in May 2018 mainly due to sluggish performance of manufacturing and power sectors coupled with poor off-take of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG).</span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Index of Industrial Production (IIP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">IIP is an index which details out the growth of various sectors.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">All India IIP is a composite indicator that measures the short-term changes in the volume of production of a basket of industrial products during a given period with respect to that in a chosen base period.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is compiled and published monthly by the Central Statistical Organization (CSO) six weeks after the reference month ends.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Base Year: 2011-12</span></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/industrial-growth-dips-&-retail-inflation-rises'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'RBI Flags States’ Fiscal Stress',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>RBI, in its annual report titled &ldquo;State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2017-18 and 2018-19&rdquo;, warned that many States may face <g class="gr_ gr_59 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="59" data-gr-id="59">fiscal</g> risks due to farm-loan waivers, Pay Commission awards and elections.</p>
<h3>Highlights of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>States&rsquo; consolidated gross fiscal deficit (GFD) overshot the budget estimates in 2017-18 due to shortfalls in own tax revenues and higher revenue expenditure and therefore states revised their gross fiscal deficit (GFD) to <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="87" data-gr-id="87">gross</g> domestic product (GDP).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The GFD-GDP ratio crossed the revised Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) target for the state-level debt to GDP threshold for <g class="gr_ gr_94 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="94" data-gr-id="94">third</g> consecutive year. There is a risk that private investment gets crowded out of the finite pool of financial resources.</li>
<li>Capital expenditure may have to bear the brunt of the fiscal correction <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="81" data-gr-id="81">like</g> the past two years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The FRBM Act was enacted by the Parliament in 2003 to institutionalize fiscal discipline, reduce fiscal deficit, and improve macroeconomic management.</li>
<li>The government was supposed to wipe out revenue deficit and cut fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP by 2008-09, thus bringing much needed fiscal discipline.</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="88" data-gr-id="88">Fiscal</g> deficit is the total expenditure excluding revenue receipts, loan recoveries <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="90" data-gr-id="90">and</g> receipts from disinvestment etc. It is a measure of the government borrowing in a year.</li>
<li>The Act applies only to the central government and the States have to enact suitable <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="57" data-gr-id="57">legislations</g> to adopt the rules under the FRBM Act.</li>
<li>The implementation of the Act was put on hold in 2007-08 due to <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="68" data-gr-id="68">global</g> financial crisis and the need for fiscal stimulus.</li>
<li>In 2012, the FRBM Act was amended and it was decided that the FRBM Act would target effective revenue deficit in place of revenue deficit.</li>
<li>Effective revenue deficit excludes capital expenditure from revenue deficit and thus provides space to the government to spend on <g class="gr_ gr_72 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="72" data-gr-id="72">formation</g> of capital assets.</li>
<li>In 2017, The FRBM Review Committee headed by former Revenue Secretary, NK Singh submitted its report to the Central Government. Few important recommendations being- A debt to GDP ratio of 60% should be targeted with a 40% limit for the centre and 20% limit for the states; creation of an autonomous Fiscal Council; an &ldquo;escape clause&rdquo;, i.e. the government can deviate from the targets in case of a national calamity, national security.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Referring to the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis, when States borrowed big from markets, mainly due to the additional fiscal space <g class="gr_ gr_63 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="63" data-gr-id="63">given</g> to them as part of stimulus measures, the RBI said several 10-year vanilla bonds had reached maturity from 2017-18, increasing redemption pressures on the States that issued them.</li>
<li>This would imply that the borrowings of States are expected to soar.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Vanilla Bonds</strong>: They are the most basic or standard version of bonds. It is the opposite of an exotic instrument, which alters the components of a traditional financial instrument, and is more complex.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The issuance of UDAY (Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana) bonds in 2015-16 and 2016-17, farm-loan waivers and the implementation of Pay Commission awards which were not fully provisioned for in their respective budgets led to a higher debt-GDP ratio at 24 <g class="gr_ gr_60 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="60" data-gr-id="60">per cent</g> in 2017-18, which is expected to rise to 24.3 <g class="gr_ gr_61 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="61" data-gr-id="61">per cent</g> in 2018-19.</li>
<li>Farm loan waivers create a more <g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="56" data-gr-id="56">long term</g> issue i.e. of impacting credit discipline by disincentivizing borrowers from repaying and giving rise to a problem of moral hazard. The bigger issue is that such a step actually incentives debtors, capable of repaying loans, to also default.</li>
<li>Debt relief helps in reducing household debt but there are no <g class="gr_ gr_75 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="75" data-gr-id="75">evidences</g> of <g class="gr_ gr_76 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="76" data-gr-id="76">increase</g> in investment and productivity of beneficiary households.</li>
<li>However, RBI has highlighted few positives as well as <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">suggestion</g> for the future:</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2018-19, states&rsquo; revenue capacity is likely to be augmented with the stabilization of GST and the consequent expansion of tax base and efficacy.</li>
<li>With the implementation of the E-way bill for inter-state movement of goods from April 2018, states could also strive for generating more revenues by locking inefficiency in tax administration.</li>
<li>According to the RBI study, there are visible signs of fiscal pressures emerging in several states, particularly due to certain expenditure schemes.</li>
<li>These schemes could be made more productive by closing &lsquo;efficiency gaps&rsquo;, better targeting/ reducing leakages and careful planning as well as better forecasting.</li>
<li>Enhanced efficiency must be coupled with improved public financial management practices may be necessary to rebuild fiscal space.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-flags-states- fiscal-stress'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'MoEF to Launch Dust Mitigation Measures',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has lined up a slew of measures to tackle dust pollution in the capital. It will include the launch of <strong>three pilot projects</strong>:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Installation of filters on top of buses,</li>
<li>Use of dust separation chemical sprays and</li>
<li>Installing equipment that will suck in particulate matter. The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) will install these <g class="gr_ gr_48 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="48" data-gr-id="48">equipments</g>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Other measures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Use of more mechanical sweepers.</li>
<li>The pillars of the Delhi Metro network to have the hanging garden.</li>
<li>Use of water sprinklers to settle the dust.</li>
<li>Finalizing the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), so that it can be adopted by other states as well.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a medium-term national-level strategy to tackle the increasing air pollution problem across the country in a comprehensive manner.</li>
<li>The overall objective is to augment and evolve effective ambient air quality monitoring network across the country besides ensuring a comprehensive management plan for prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.</li>
<li>A separate component on &lsquo;Technology Assessment Cell&rsquo; has been envisaged under NCAP to evaluate the technologies for prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.</li>
<li>However, it does not mention any specific target and time frame.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/moef-to-launch-dust-mitigation-measures'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Financial Resolution and Deposit Insurance Bill',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Financial Resolution and Deposit Insurance Bill, 2017 proposes a comprehensive resolution framework for specified financial sector entities and service providers to deal with bankruptcy in banks, insurance companies <g class="gr_ gr_21 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="21" data-gr-id="21">and</g> financial sector entities</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<p></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill proposes the setting up of a Resolution Corporation (RC) by the Central government.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The functions of the Resolution Corporation will be protecting the stability and resilience of the financial system, public funds, and consumers of covered obligations up to a &ldquo;reasonable limit&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The Corporation will be empowered to bail-in the company. While a bail-out is the use of public funds to inject capital into an ailing company, a bail-in involves the use of depositors&rsquo; funds to achieve those ends.</li>
<li>This has caused a lot of concern among depositors who are worried they may lose their hard-earned money deposited with banks.</li>
<li>Even the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation provide deposit insurance of up to Rs. 1 lakh. The rest is forfeited in the event of a bank failure.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The recently enacted Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 to deal with the insolvency resolution issues of non-financial entities will be complemented by the FRDI.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/financial-resolution'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Sub-Group of Chief Ministers on Coordination Between MGNREGA and Agriculture ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The First Meeting of Sub-Group of Chief Ministers on coordination between MGNREGA and Agriculture was recently held at NITI Aayog.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The regional meetings will be finalized by NITI Aayog, in consultation with <g class="gr_ gr_63 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep gr-progress" id="63" data-gr-id="63">Ministry</g> of Rural Development and Ministry of Agriculture and State Governments.<br />Ensuring the rights of the <g class="gr_ gr_64 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace gr-progress" id="64" data-gr-id="64">labourers</g> and maintaining the &ldquo;asset creation&rsquo;&rsquo; spirit of MGNREGA was also stressed upon at in the meeting. &nbsp;</li>
<li>Use of MGNREGA funds in supplementing <g class="gr_ gr_65 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="65" data-gr-id="65">labour</g> costs in agriculture and fencing of <g class="gr_ gr_55 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="55" data-gr-id="55">farm land</g> to protect it from wild animals was suggested at the meeting.</li>
<li>5 regional meetings/workshops would be organized one each at Patna, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Guwahati and New Delhi to discuss these issues with experts, farmers and farmer&rsquo;s representatives and other stakeholders along with State Governments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Five Critical Areas</h3>
<h3></h3>
<p>Five critical areas in which MGNREGA could positively help include those related to-</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>reducing the cost of cultivation</li>
<li>enhancing the production through <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="79" data-gr-id="79">efficient</g> use of water or other inputs</li>
<li>providing remunerative price to farmers by <g class="gr_ gr_80 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="80" data-gr-id="80">incentivising</g> aggregation and market infrastructure</li>
<li>rehabilitation of agricultural land and assets after natural hazards or re-plantation using MGNREGA fund</li>
<li>bringing diversification in agriculture to help occupational diversification and maximizing profit.</li>
</ul>
<h3>MGNREGA and the Low Wage Issue</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Finance has refused to bring the central MGNREGA wages on par with the minimum agricultural wages paid by states. As a result, the MGNREGA wages of as many as 28 of the 36 states and Union Territories fell below minimum wages.</li>
<li>Moreover, the annual wage increase in 2018 was a low 2.9% owing to the Ministry of Finance&rsquo;s rejection of the Ministry of Rural Development (<g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="56" data-gr-id="56">MoRD</g>) recommendation to index the annual MGNREGA wage revision to Consumer Price Index (Rural) instead of CPI (Agricultural Labourers).</li>
<li>The CPI (Rural) reflects the current consumption pattern of rural households, whereas the CPI for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL), is based on a 35-year-old consumption basket.</li>
<li>The MoRD raised the issue of wage indexation in the recent meeting.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The possibility of using MGNREGA to employ agricultural <g class="gr_ gr_74 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="74" data-gr-id="74">labour</g> on private farms has been another area of concern. It has the possibility to benefit employers more than workers.</li>
<li>The proposal of using MGNREGA fund to solve the agrarian crisis might amount to a cash transfer to farmers, which can distort the purpose of the <g class="gr_ gr_60 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="60" data-gr-id="60">labour-oriented</g> scheme.</li>
<li>Several farmers&rsquo; groups have expressed that the proposal may be difficult to implement. It would be difficult to measure or monitor the work done and could also reintroduce feudalism in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sub-Group has been constituted by the PM for suggesting ways and means about <g class="gr_ gr_70 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="70" data-gr-id="70">use</g> of employment under MGNREGS for improving agriculture and reducing cost.</li>
<li>The Sub Group consists of Chief Ministers of 7 States viz. &nbsp;Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, West Bengal, and Sikkim and Member, NITI Aayog with the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh as the convener of the Sub-Group.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Act aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage employment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members (at least 18 years of age) volunteer to do unskilled work.</li>
<li>The central government bears the full cost of unskilled <g class="gr_ gr_59 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="59" data-gr-id="59">labour</g>, and 75% of the cost of material (the rest is borne by the states).</li>
<li>It is a demand-driven, social security and <g class="gr_ gr_69 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="69" data-gr-id="69">labour</g> law that aims to enforce the &lsquo;right to work&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), Government of India in association with state governments, monitors the implementation of the scheme.</li>
<li>Agriculture and allied activities constitute more than 65% of the works taken up under the programme.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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