Search

Search list matched with tags “class”

Transit Oriented Development

Why in News The redevelopment of New Delhi Railway Station (NDLS) has become the first project to be undertaken on the Transit-Oriented Development...

27 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Padma Awards 2021

Why in News Recently, the Padma Awards for the year 2021 were announced on the occasion of 72nd Republic Day. Key Points Awardees (2021): A...

27 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Shadow Entrepreneurship

This article is based on “Rise of shadow entrepreneurship” which was published in The Hindu on 18/01/2021. It talks about the benefits...

25 Jan 2021 News Editorials
The Inequality Virus Report: Oxfam International

Why in News Recently, the Inequality Virus Report, released by Oxfam International, has found that the Covid pandemic deeply increased the existing...

25 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Risa: Tripura's Signature Garment

Why in News The State government of Tripura aims to promote risa nationally as Tripura’s signature garment. For this, various initiatives...

25 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Decriminalisation of Offences Under LLP Act

Why in News Recently, the Company Law Committee (CLC) has recommended that 12 offences under the Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act 2008 be...

25 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Anglo-Mysore Wars

The Anglo-Mysore Wars was a series of four military confrontations in India between the British and the rulers of Mysore. First Anglo-Mysore War...

25 Jan 2021 Paper 1
Bringing a Law into Force

Why in News The farmers have rejected the government’s offer of keeping the three contentious farm laws on hold for one to one-and-a-half...

25 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Socio-Economic and Caste Census

This article is based on “A new framework around caste and the census” which was published in The Hindu on 23/01/2021. It talks about...

23 Jan 2021 News Editorials
4-Tier Structure for Regulation of NBFCs

Why in News Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has proposed a tighter regulatory framework for Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) by...

23 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Sree Narayana Guru

Why in News The Vice President of India has virtually launched “Not Many, But One”, an English translation of poems of Sree Narayana...

23 Jan 2021 News Analysis
India’s Draft Arctic Policy

Why in News Recently, India drafted a new Arctic policy that aims at expanding scientific research, sustainable tourism and exploration of mineral...

23 Jan 2021 News Analysis
China’s New Villages in Arunachal Pradesh

Why in News Recently, there have been reports of Chinese construction of three villages in Arunachal Pradesh 5 kilometres from the Bum La...

23 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Parakram Diwas: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Jayanti

Why in News The central government has decided to observe Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti as 'Parakram Diwas' to be celebrated on 23rd January. A...

23 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Smart Anti Airfield Weapon

Why in News The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted a successful trial of the indigenously developed Smart...

23 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Digital Education: Learning amid the Pandemic

This article is based upon “Digital Education cannot Substitute for Real Learning” which was published in The Times of India on...

22 Jan 2021 News Editorials
Governor’s Delay on Mercy Petition

Why in News Recently, the Solicitor General told the Supreme Court (SC) that Tamil Nadu Governor will take a decision in the next three or four days...

22 Jan 2021 News Analysis
UV-Bright Stars Spotted in Globular Structure NGC 2808

Why in News Recently, astronomers have spotted rare hot Ultra Violet (UV)-bright stars in the massive intriguing globular cluster in the Milky Way...

22 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Egypt Resumes Severed Relations With Qatar

Why in News Recently, Egypt resumed the severed diplomatic and economic ties with Qatar. Egypt was part of an Arab quartet (other members were...

22 Jan 2021 News Analysis
Alternative Anti-Cancer Therapy

Why in News An Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) faculty from the Department of Science & Technology (DST) is...

22 Jan 2021 News Analysis

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'searchlist' => [
		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Transit Oriented Development',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The redevelopment of <strong>New Delhi Railway Station (NDLS)</strong> has become the first project to be undertaken on the <strong>Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) concept in the NCR</strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Approving Authority:</strong> The project has been approved by the <strong>Rail Land Development Authority (RLDA)</strong> which is a <strong>statutory body</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Railways</strong> responsible for the development of vacant railway land.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the Indian Railways has approximately 43,000 hectares of vacant land across the country.</li>
<li>The Government, in recent times, has been promoting <strong>&lsquo;transit-oriented development&rsquo;</strong> where public transport is the backbone of cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737136_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737136_image1.png" style="float: right; margin: 5px;" width="428" height="407" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)</strong> integrates land use and transport planning and aims to develop planned sustainable urban growth centers, having walkable and livable communes with high density mixed land-use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plan of TOD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A TOD typically includes a <strong>central transit stop</strong> (such as a train station, or light rail or bus stop) surrounded by a <strong>high-density mixed-use area,</strong> with <strong>lower-density areas spreading out from this center</strong>.</li>
<li>A TOD is also typically designed to be <strong>more walkable</strong> than other built-up areas, through using smaller block sizes and reducing the land area dedicated to automobiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need of TOD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Factors such as <strong>rapidly growing population,<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-transforming-indian-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Urbanization</a>, migration to cities, and traffic congestion etc</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Higher quality of life with better places to live, work, and play, greater mobility with ease of moving around, reduced traffic congestion, car accidents and injuries, reduced household spending on transportation, resulting in more affordable housing etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TOD &amp; Policy Initiatives in India: It is based on three pillars:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enable Transformation (From Private to Public Transportation):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To assist in transformation of cities from private vehicle dependent city to public transport oriented development</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accessible Public Transport (Promote Green Mobility):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To promote the usage of public transport by making it accessible, encourage green mobility by encouraging people to walk and cycle and at the same time curb pollution and other negative impacts of motorization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Compact Walkable Communities:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To create livable and affordable communities, which are compact and walkable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of TOD Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Public Transport:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To promote the use of public transport and reduction in private owned vehicles by developing high density zones in the influence area, which would increase the share of transit and walk trips and also result in <strong>reduction in pollution and congestion</strong> in the influence area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduction in Travel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To provide all the basic needs of work/ job, shopping, public amenities, entertainment in the influence zone with mixed land-use development which would reduce the need for travel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Road Network:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To establish a dense road network within the development area for safe and easy movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inclusivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>develop inclusive habitat</strong> in the influence area so that the people dependent on public transport can live in the livable communities within the walkable distance of transit stations.</li>
<li>To integrate the <strong>Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and affordable housing</strong> in the influence zone by allocating a prescribed proportion of built-up area for them in the total housing supply.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Safety to Vulnerable Section:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To ensure development of a safe society with special attention to safety of women, children, senior citizens and differently abled by making necessary amendments to the building bye laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planned Urbanization:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To prevent urban sprawl by accommodating the growing population in a compact area with access to the transit corridor, which would also consolidate investments and bring down the infrastructure cost for development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Friendly:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To reduce carbon footprints by shifting towards environmentally friendly travel options for the line haul as well as for access and egress trips.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/rlda-e-roadshows-showcase-ndls-redevelopment-work/article33639515.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/transit-oriented-development'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Padma Awards 2021',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Padma Awards for the year 2021</strong> were announced on the occasion of <strong>72<sup>nd</sup> <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/republic-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Republic Day</a></strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Awardees (2021):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A total of <strong>119 Padma awards</strong> will be conferred, including <strong>7 padma vibhushan, 10 padma bhushan</strong> and <strong>102 padma shri</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Vibhushan Awardees (out of 7)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shri Shinzo Abe</strong> (Japan), <strong>Shri S P Balasubramaniam</strong> (Posthumous), <strong>Dr. Belle Monappa Hegde</strong> (Medicine), <strong>Shri Sudarshan Sahoo</strong> (Art), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Bhushan Awardees (out of 10)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ms. Krishnan Nair Shantakumari Chithra, Shri Tarun Gogoi, Ms. Sumitra Mahajan, Shri Ram Vilas Paswan,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Shri Awardees (out of 102)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shri Gulfam Ahmed</strong> (Art), <strong>Ms. P. Anitha</strong> (Sports), <strong>Shri Rama Swamy Annavarapu</strong> (Art), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Padma Awards are announced annually on the <strong>Republic Day</strong> (26<sup>th</sup> January).</li>
<li>Instituted in <strong>1954</strong>, it is <strong>one of the highest civilian honours</strong> of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Award seeks to recognize achievements in all fields of activities or disciplines where an <strong>element of public service is involved</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Awards are given in three categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Padma Vibhushan</strong> (for exceptional and distinguished service),</li>
<li><strong>Padma Bhushan</strong> (distinguished service of higher-order) and</li>
<li><strong>Padma Shri</strong> (distinguished service).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Padma Vibhushan is highest in the hierarchy of Padma Awards</strong> followed by Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disciplines:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- <strong>art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, civil service</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Selection Process:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Padma Awards Committee:</strong> The Awards are conferred on the recommendations made by the Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted by the Prime Minister every year.</li>
<li><strong>Awarded by President:</strong> The awards are presented by the President of India usually in the month of March/April every year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bharat Ratna</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the country.</strong></li>
<li>It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the <strong>highest order in any field of human endeavour</strong>.</li>
<li>It is treated on a different footing from Padma Award. The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are <strong>made by the Prime Minister to the President of India</strong>.</li>
<li>The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a <strong>maximum of three</strong> in a particular year.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/padma-vibhushan-for-abe-gogoi-keshubhai-paswan-in-honours-list-7161613/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/padma-awards-2021'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Shadow Entrepreneurship',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/rise-of-shadow-entrepreneurship/article33594643.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Rise of shadow entrepreneurship&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 18/01/2021. It talks about the benefits and issues associated with the Shadow Entrepreneurship.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, a business school professor allegedly misused his faculty position to provide fake certificates to students. This is one of the many cases whereby people across the globe get cheated, owing to the unregulated nature of online activities.</p>
<p>The abovesaid case highlights the ill-effects of the global rise of shadow entrepreneurship. Shadow entrepreneurs manage a business that sells legitimate goods and services but they do not register their businesses. Shadow entrepreneurship is a key factor affecting economic development, both in a positive and negative sense.</p>
<p>Moreover, India has one of the highest numbers of shadow entrepreneurs in the world and with a rising gig economy, understanding shadow entrepreneurship becomes incredibly important.</p>
<h3>Positives of Shadow Entrepreneurship</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Providing Employment:</strong> Presently, India&rsquo;s manufacturing sector is unable to provide adequate formal employment opportunities to the youth. Moreover, there is a mismatch between education and job skills in the market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the phenomenon of shadow entrepreneurship is seen as a potential driver of job growth and economic development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bridging Market Gap:</strong> Shadow entrepreneurs can help release the associated distortions and frictions in the market. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They can offer complementary services that traditional service providers may be constrained to offer or consumers might not be able to access.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Augmenting Social Services:</strong> Shadow entrepreneurialism may extend welfare support of government schemes, as they can address the accessibility, availability, or affordability issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Concerns With Shadow Entrepreneurship</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extension of Informal Labour:</strong> As Shadow Entrepreneurship is largely unregulated, it provides little job security and few benefits to its workers like social security, insurance, etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, it is an extension of India&rsquo;s informal labor, which has been prevalent for a long time and has remained unregulated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hampering Economic Growth:</strong> Shadow Entrepreneurship results in loss of tax revenue, the unfair competition to registered businesses, and also poor productivity - factors that hinder economic development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, as the Shadow Entrepreneurship businesses are not registered, it takes them beyond the reach of the law and makes shadow economy entrepreneurs vulnerable to corrupt government officials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Security Implications:</strong> Shadow Entrepreneurship may also have cross-border and national security implications. For instance, the recently reported suspicious loans being provided by Chinese instant loan providers online.</li>
<li><strong>Increase in Scams:</strong> It will also mean that unscrupulous individuals who are not entrepreneurs per se but are complementary service providers will potentially take more advantage of these post-pandemic market constraints, extracting money from consumers by means such as document forgery.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formalization:</strong> Informal sector entrepreneurship, poverty, and inequality are conditioned by a country's economic and political institutions. Therefore, Government policies could play a big role in helping shadow economy entrepreneurs transition to the formal economy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, with proper economic and political frameworks in place, individuals are more likely to become 'formal' entrepreneurs and register their businesses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Harmonization:</strong> There is a need for associated harmonization of activities between competition authorities of governments (in India&rsquo;s case the Ministry of Corporate Affairs in regulating shadow entrepreneurship and government departments in healthcare, education, or finance).</li>
<li><strong>Legislation:</strong> Given the magnitude of shadow entrepreneurship in India, it is not possible to formalize it in a short span of time. Therefore, the need of the hour is enabling legislation that regulates and provides social security benefits also.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the recent <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Code on Social Security Bill, 2020</a></strong>, is a step in the right direction. For the first time, it acknowledges platform workers and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gig-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>gig workers</strong></a> as new occupational categories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Shadow entrepreneurship may temporarily tackle issues like the unemployment crisis or market gap but given monitoring needs of public goods distribution for the developing world, without regulation, the situation could spiral out of control.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Shadow entrepreneurship is a key factor affecting economic development, both in a positive and negative sense. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/shadow-entrepreneurship'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'The Inequality Virus Report: Oxfam International',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Inequality Virus Report,</strong> released by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-inequality-crisis-report-oxfam-international#:~:text=The%20report%20focuses%20on%20the,hands%20of%20a%20rich%20few." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Oxfam International</strong></a>, has found that the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid pandemic</strong></a> deeply<strong> increased the existing inequalities</strong> in India and around the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report states that<strong> Covid has the potential to increase economic inequality</strong> in almost every country at once - the first time this has happened since records began over a century ago.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impact of the Pandemic on Rich vis-a-vis Poor: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India introduced one of the earliest and most stringent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lockdowns</a></strong> in the face of the pandemic and its enforcement <strong>brought the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-economic-impact-of-covid-19-dsge-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">economy to a standstill</a>, triggering <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/unemployment-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">unemployment</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-the-hunger-fight" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hunger</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">distress migration</a> and untold hardship</strong> in its wake.</li>
<li>The <strong>rich were able to escape</strong> the pandemic&rsquo;s worst impact; and while the<strong> white-collar workers isolated themselves and worked from home, a majority of the not-so-fortunate Indians lost their livelihood.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>wealth of Indian billionaires increased by 35%</strong> during the lockdown and by 90% since 2009 to USD 422.9 billion, <strong>ranking India sixth in the world after the USA, China, Germany, Russia and France.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Informal Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s large informal workforce <strong>was the worst hit</strong> as it made up 75% of the<strong> 122 million jobs lost.</strong></li>
<li>Informal workers had relatively<strong> fewer opportunities to work from home and suffered more job loss</strong> compared to the formal sector.</li>
<li>The 40-50 million <strong>seasonal migrant workers,</strong> typically engaged working in construction sites, factories etc. were <strong>particularly distressed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the past year as <strong>education shifted online,</strong> India saw the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-internet-access-and-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">digital divide</a> worsening inequalities.</strong></li>
<li>On the one hand, <strong>private providers experienced exponential growth</strong> yet, on the other, just <strong>3% of the poorest 20% of Indian households had access to a computer and just 9% had access to the internet.</strong></li>
<li>It noted that<strong> the long disruption of schooling risked doubling the rate of out of school,</strong> especially among the poor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health Inequalities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Oxfam found that since India does not report case data desegregated by socio-economic or social categories, it is <strong>difficult to gauge the distribution of the disease amongst various communities.</strong></li>
<li>India currently has the <strong>world&rsquo;s second-largest cumulative number of Covid-19 positive cases</strong> and globally, the poor, marginalised and vulnerable communities have higher rates of Covid-19 prevalence.</li>
<li>The<strong> spread of disease was swift among poor communities,</strong> often living in cramped areas with poor sanitation and using shared common facilities such as toilets and water points.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sanitation Facility: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Only 6% of the poorest 20% households had access to non-shared sources of improved sanitation,</strong> compared to 93% of the top 20% households in India.</li>
<li>In terms of caste,<strong> just 37.2% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Castes</a> (SCs) households and 25.9% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Tribes</a> (STs) households had access to non-shared sanitation facilities, </strong>compared to 65.7% for the general population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Disparities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Employment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> unemployment rate among women</strong> rose from already high<strong> 15% before Covid to 18%.</strong></li>
<li>This increase in unemployment of women<strong> can result in a loss to India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</a></strong> of about 8% or USD 218 billion.</li>
<li>Of the women who retained their jobs, as many <strong>83% were subjected to a cut in income according to a survey by the Institute of Social Studies Trust.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Beyond income and job losses, <strong>poorer women also suffered healthwise because of the disruption in regular health services</strong> and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anganwadi-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Anganwadi centres.</strong> </a></li>
<li>It is predicted that the<strong> closure of family planning services</strong> will result in 2.95 million unintended pregnancies, 1.80 million abortions (including 1.04 million unsafe abortions) and 2,165 maternal deaths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domestic Violence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/domestic-violence-during-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic also fueled domestic violence against women</strong></a>. As of November 2020, cases of domestic violence rose by almost 60% over the past 12 months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is an urgent need for policymakers to <strong>tax the wealthy individuals and rich corporates and use that money to invest in free quality public services and social protection</strong> to support everyone, from cradle to grave.</li>
<li>Reducing inequalities is very important but it should be a medium-term target. Between growth and distribution, India must get the sequencing right.</li>
<li>India <strong>needs to grow first before it can distribute.</strong> Otherwise, it can get stuck in a low-income equilibrium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Oxfam International</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oxfam International is a <strong>group of independent non-governmental organisations</strong> formed in <strong>1995.</strong></li>
<li>The name &ldquo;Oxfam&rdquo; comes from the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, founded in Britain in 1942.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The group campaigned for food supplies to starving women and children in enemy-occupied Greece during the Second World War.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>aims to maximize efficiency and achieve greater impact to reduce global poverty and injustice.</strong></li>
<li>The Oxfam International Secretariat is based in <strong>Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/covid-deepened-inequalities-wealth-education-gender-7160341/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-inequality-virus-report-oxfam-international'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Risa: Tripura's Signature Garment',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>State government of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statehood-day-of-manipur-meghalaya-and-tripura#:~:text=Merger%20of%20Tripura%20with%20India,on%2015th%20November%2C%201949.&amp;text=So%20his%20widow%20queen%20Kanchan,Tripura%20kingdom%20in%20Indian%20Union." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tripura</a> aims to promote risa nationally</strong> as Tripura&rsquo;s signature garment.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For this, various initiatives have been taken like<strong> providing risa uniforms to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anganwadi-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anganwadi</a></strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-institute-of-health-family-welfare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASHA workers</strong> </a>and facilitating<strong> training for making risa</strong> at Tripura Handloom and Handicrafts Development Corporation.</li>
<li>The risa is <strong>being branded under the India Handloom Brand.</strong> This supports the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/09-06-2020#:~:text=Promoting%20Local%3A%20Being%20vocal%20for,Glocal%E2%80%9D%20India%20will%20be%20possible." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Vocal for Local&rsquo; initiative</strong> </a>of the central government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611563257_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611563257_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Risa:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Risa is a <strong>handwoven cloth</strong> used as a female upper garment.</li>
<li>Risa is<strong> a part of traditional Tripuri attire</strong> that comprises three parts -<strong> risa, rignai and rikutu.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Rignai:</strong> It is primarily worn as the<strong> lower garment</strong> and literally translates into &lsquo;to wear&rsquo;. It can be understood as an indigenous variety of the <em><strong>sari</strong> </em>of mainland India.</li>
<li><strong>Rituku:</strong> It is mainly used as a wrap, or like a <em><strong>&lsquo;chunri&rsquo; </strong></em><strong>or a</strong><em><strong> &lsquo;pallu&rsquo;</strong></em>of the Indian saree.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sometimes, Risa is also used as <strong>headgear, a stole, or a present</strong> to express respect.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Importance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adolescent Tripuri girls are first given a risa to wear in an event called<strong> Risa Sormani,</strong> at age 12 to 14.</li>
<li>Risa is also used as a <strong>turban by men</strong> during weddings and festivals.</li>
<li>Risa is <strong>common in almost all 19 indigenous tribal communities</strong> of Tripura. However,<strong> each community has its own designs.</strong></li>
<li>It is used in religious festivals such as<strong> Garia Puja</strong> by tribal communities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Garia Puja Festival:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a major <strong>festival in Tripura,</strong> held on the <strong>last day of the month of Chaitra.</strong></li>
<li>Celebrated as a<strong> harvest festival</strong> by the ethnic tribes - <strong>Tripuris and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bru-refugee-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reangs</a>.</strong></li>
<li>In this festival, the<strong> Garia dance</strong> is also performed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tripura-culture-risa-trend-explained-7155359/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/risa-tripura-s-signature-garment'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Decriminalisation of Offences Under LLP Act',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/committee-to-review-the-offences-under-the-companies-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Company Law Committee (CLC)</strong></a> has recommended that 12 offences under the <strong>Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act 2008</strong> be decriminalised and that LLPs be allowed to issue <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-30th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Convertible Debentures (NCDs)</strong></a> to raise funds with the aim of improving ease of doing business for LLP firms.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Company Law Committee (CLC)</strong> was<strong> set up by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs</strong> in September, 2019 to promote Ease of Living in the country by providing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steps-to-boost-ease-of-doing-business" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong></a> to law-abiding corporates and fostering improved corporate compliance for stakeholders at large.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Company Law Committees (CLC&rsquo;s) Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Decriminalisation of Offences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Several offences related to<strong> timely filings,</strong> including <strong>annual reports and filings on changes in partnership status of the LLP,</strong> not related to fraud have been recommended for decriminalisation.</li>
<li>While <strong>none of these provisions</strong> recommended for decriminalisation currently <strong>have prison terms</strong> as a possible punishment, the committee has <strong>recommended that companies be required to pay penalties for non-compliance, instead of fines which are imposed after a partner or the LLP is found guilty of misconduct by a court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risk Involved in Imposing Fines:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Committee has noted that there is a <strong>risk of a convicted person being disqualified or becoming ineligible for various posts</strong> in the case of fines imposed by courts, which would not be the case for penalties imposed by an appropriate authority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Authority to Levy Penalties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Registrar of Companies (ROC)</strong> would have the authority to levy penalties for any contravention of provisions of the LLP Act.</li>
<li>ROC <strong>appointed under Section 609 of the Companies Act</strong> covering the various States and Union Territories are <strong>vested with the primary duty of registering companies and LLPs</strong> floated in the respective states and the Union Territories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Permission to Issue NCDs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>LLPs which are currently not allowed to issue debt securities should be permitted to issue NCDs <strong>to facilitate raising of capital and financing operations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The move is likely to benefit<strong> startups and small firms</strong> in sectors which require heavy capital investment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Limited Liability Partnership</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) <strong>have limited liabilities.</strong></li>
<li>In an LLP, <strong>each partner is not responsible or liable for another partner's misconduct or negligence.</strong></li>
<li>The LLP can<strong> continue its existence irrespective of changes in partners.</strong> It is capable of entering into contracts and holding property in its own name.</li>
<li>The LLP is a <strong>separate legal entity,</strong> is liable to the full extent of its assets but liability of the partners is limited to their agreed contribution in the LLP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>LLP vs Traditional Partnership Firm:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under &ldquo;traditional partnership firm&rdquo;, every partner is liable, jointly with all the other partners and also severally for all acts of the firm done while he is a partner.</li>
<li>Under LLP structure, liability of the partner is limited to his agreed contribution. Thus, individual partners are shielded from joint liability created by another partner&rsquo;s wrongful acts or misconduct.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>LLP vs a Company:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The internal governance structure of a company is regulated by statute (i.e. <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-the-companies-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Companies Act</strong></a>, 2013) whereas for an LLP it would be by a contractual agreement between partners.</li>
<li>The <strong>management-ownership divide</strong> inherent in a company is not there in a limited liability partnership.</li>
<li>LLP will have more<strong> flexibility</strong> as compared to a company.</li>
<li>LLP will have lesser <strong>compliance</strong> requirements as compared to a company.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Non-Convertible Debentures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Debentures are<strong> long-term financial instruments</strong> that are issued by companies to borrow money.</li>
<li>Some debentures have a<strong> feature of convertibility into shares</strong> after a certain point of time at the discretion of the debenture holder.</li>
<li>The <strong>debentures which cannot be converted into shares</strong> are called non-convertible debentures (or NCDs).</li>
<li>There are two types of NCDs-secured and unsecured.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Secured:</strong> A secured NCD is backed by the assets of the company. If the company fails to pay the obligation, the investor holding the debenture can claim that through liquidation of those assets.</li>
<li><strong>Unsecured:</strong> Contrary to secured NCD, there is no backing in unsecured NCDs if the company defaults.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-decriminalisation-of-offences-under-llp-act-could-help-unclog-judicial-system-7160354/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decriminalisation-of-offences-under-llp-act'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Anglo-Mysore Wars',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<p>The Anglo-Mysore Wars was a series of <strong>four military confrontations</strong> in India between the <strong>British and the rulers of Mysore.</strong></p>
<h3>First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>In 1612,</strong> a Hindu kingdom under the <strong>Wodeyars</strong> emerged in the region of Mysore. <strong>Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar</strong> <strong>II</strong> ruled from <strong>1734 to 1766. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Haider Ali</strong> who was appointed as a soldier in the army of Wodeyars became the<strong> de-facto ruler of Mysore</strong> with his great administrative skills and military tactics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the second half of the 18<sup>th</sup> century, Mysore emerged as a formidable power under his leadership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mysore&rsquo;s proximity with the French</strong> and<strong> Haidar Ali&rsquo;s control</strong> over the rich trade of the<strong> Malabar coast</strong> threatened the political and commercial interests of the English and their control over Madras.</li>
<li>The British, after their success in the<strong> Battle of Buxar</strong> with the nawab of Bengal, signed a treaty with the <strong>Nizam of Hyderabad</strong> persuading him to give them the <strong>Northern Circars for protecting the Nizam from Haidar Ali</strong> who already had disputes with the <strong>Marathas.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nizam of Hyderabad, the Marathas, and the English allied together against Haidar Ali.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Haider diplomatically turned the Marathas neutral and Nizam into his ally against Nawab of Arcot.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Haider Ali</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Haider Ali (1721-1782),</strong> born in an obscure family, started his career as a <strong>horseman in the Mysore army</strong> under the ministers of king<strong> Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was uneducated but <strong>intellectual </strong>and <strong>diplomatically &amp; militarily skilled.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He became the <strong><em>de facto</em> ruler of Mysore in 1761</strong> and <strong>introduced western methods</strong> of training into his army with the <strong>help of the French army.</strong></li>
<li>With his excellent military skills,<strong> he took over the Nizami army and the Marathas</strong> and captured<strong> Dod Ballapur, Sera, Bednur and Hoskote</strong> in 1761- 63 and brought to submission the troublesome<strong> Poligars of South India</strong> (Tamil Nadu).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poligars or Palaiyakkarars were appointed as <strong>military chiefs and administrative governors</strong> from the time of the <strong>Vijayanagara Empire</strong> in parts of Southern India. They also collected taxes from the cultivators.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recovering from their defeat, the Marathas under <strong>Madhavrao attacked Mysore,</strong> and<strong> defeated Haidar Ali in 1764, 1766, and 1771.</strong></li>
<li>To buy peace, Haidar Ali had to give them large sums of money, but after Madhavrao&rsquo;s death in 1772, <strong>Haidar Ali raided the Marathas</strong> a number of times <strong>during 1774-76,</strong> and <strong>recovered all the territories</strong> he had previously lost, besides <strong>capturing new areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The war continued for<strong> a year-and-a-half</strong> without any conclusion.</li>
<li>Haidar changed his strategy and suddenly appeared before the gates of Madras causing complete chaos and panic at Madras.</li>
<li>This forced the English to conclude a<strong> treaty with Haidar on April 4, 1769</strong> known as the <strong>Treaty of Madras.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The treaty provided for the<strong> exchange of prisoners</strong> and the <strong>conquered areas.</strong></li>
<li>Haidar Ali was <strong>promised the help of the English</strong> in case he was attacked by any other power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The British<strong> failed to adhere to the treaty of Madras</strong> when Mysore was attacked by the <strong>Maratha army in 1771.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Haider Ali accused them for breach of faith.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover,<strong> Haider Ali found the French more resourceful</strong> in terms of fulfilling the army requirements of guns, saltpetre and lead.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently, he started <strong>importing French war materials</strong> to Mysore <strong>through Mahe,</strong> a French possession on the Malabar Coast.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The increasing friendship between the two raised concern for the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently the British tried to capture Mahe which was under Haider Ali&rsquo;s protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Haidar Ali forged an <strong>alliance with the Marathas and the Nizam</strong> against the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He<strong> attacked the Carnatic and captured Arcot</strong> and <strong>defeated the English</strong> army under<strong> Colonel Baillie in 1781.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the meantime, the English (<strong>under Sir Eyre Coote) detached both the Marathas and the Nizam from Haidar&rsquo;s side,</strong> but the undeterred Haidar faced the English boldly only to suffer a<strong> defeat at Porto Novo</strong> (present day Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu) <strong>in November 1781.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, he regrouped his forces and defeated the English and captured their commander, Braithwaite.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Haidar Ali <strong>died of cancer</strong> on<strong> December 7, 1782.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His son Tipu Sultan carried on the war for one year without any positive outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fed up with an inconclusive war, both sides opted for peace, negotiating the<strong> Treaty of Mangalore (March, 1784)</strong> under which both the parties gave back the territories they had taken from each other.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tipu Sultan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Born in <strong>November 1750,</strong> Tipu Sultan was Haidar Ali&rsquo;s son and a <strong>great warrior</strong> also known as the<strong> Tiger of Mysore.</strong></li>
<li>He was a<strong> well educated man</strong> fluent in<strong> Arabic, Persian, Kanarese and Urdu.</strong></li>
<li>Tipu, like his father Haider Ali, gave maximum care to the raising and maintenance of <strong>an efficient military force.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He organised his <strong>army on the European model with Persian words of command.</strong></li>
<li>Though he took the help of the French officers to train his soldiers, he never allowed them (French) to develop into a pressure group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was well aware of the importance of a naval force. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In 1796,</strong> he set up a Board of Admiralty and planned for<strong> a fleet of 22 battleships and 20 large frigates.</strong></li>
<li>He established<strong> three dockyards at Mangalore, Wajedabad and Molidabad.</strong> However, his plans did not fructify.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He was also a <strong>patron of science and technology</strong> and is credited as the<strong> &lsquo;pioneer of rocket technology&rsquo;</strong> in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He wrote a military manual explaining the operation of rockets.</li>
<li>He was also a pioneer in <strong>introducing sericulture to the Mysore State.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was a <strong>great lover of democracy and a great diplomat</strong> who gave his support to the French soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up a<strong> Jacobin Club in 1797.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tipu himself became a member of the Jacobin Club and allowed himself to be called <strong>Citizen Tipu.</strong></li>
<li>He planted the <strong>Tree of Liberty at Seringapatam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Treaty of Mangalore was not enough to resolve the conflicts between Tipu Sultan and the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both were aiming to establish their own political supremacy over the Deccan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Third Anglo-Mysore War</strong> began when<strong> Tipu attacked Travancore,</strong> an ally of the English and the <strong>only source of pepper for the East India Company.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Travancore had purchased Jalkottal and Cannanore from the Dutch in the Cochin state which was a feudatory of Tipu, he considered the act of Travancore as a violation of his sovereign rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The British sided with Travancore and attacked Mysore. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nizam and the Marathas who were jealous of Tipu&rsquo;s growing power joined the British.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1790, Tipu Sultan defeated the British army under <strong>General Meadows.</strong></li>
<li>In 1791,<strong> Lord Cornwallis</strong> took the leadership and at the head of a large army marched through <strong>Ambur and Vellore to Bangalore</strong> (captured in March 1791) and from there to<strong> Seringapatam.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Coimbatore fell to them, but they lost it again, and at last with the support of the Marathas and the Nizam, the British attacked Seringapatam for the second time.</li>
<li>Tipu offered serious opposition, but the odds were against him.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The war was concluded with the <strong>Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this treaty, nearly <strong>half of the Mysorean territory was taken over</strong> by the alliance of the British, Nizam and the Marathas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Baramahal, Dindigul and Malabar went to the British,</strong> while the <strong>Marathas</strong> got the regions surrounding the <strong>Tungabhadra and its tributaries</strong> and the <strong>Nizam acquired the areas from Krishna</strong> to beyond the <strong>Pennar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides, a<strong> war damage of three crore rupees</strong> was also taken from Tipu.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Half of the war indemnity was to be paid immediately while the rest was to be given in installments, for which Tipu&rsquo;s two sons were taken as hostages by the English.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Third Anglo-Mysore War destroyed Tipu&rsquo;s dominant position in the south and firmly established British supremacy there.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The period of 1792-99 was used by both the British and Tipu Sultan to recoup their losses. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tipu fulfilled all the terms of the Treaty of Seringapatam and got his sons released.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1796, when the Hindu ruler of the Wodeyar dynasty died, Tipu declared himself as the Sultan and decided to avenge his humiliating defeat in the previous war.</li>
<li><strong>In 1798, Lord Wellesley,</strong> an imperialist to the core,<strong> succeeded Sir John Shore</strong> as the new Governor General.</li>
<li>Tipu&rsquo;s growing friendship with the French raised concerns for Wellesley. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aimed at annihilating Tipu&rsquo;s independent existence, he forced him into submission through the system of <strong>Subsidiary Alliance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was accused of plotting against the British by sending emissaries to Arabia, Afghanistan and to the Isle of France (Mauritius) and Versailles, with treasonable intent. Tipu&rsquo;s explanation did not satisfy Wellesley thus the fourth Anglo-Mysore war began.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Subsidiary Alliance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1798, <strong>Lord Wellesley introduced the Subsidiary Alliance</strong> system in India, under which the ruler of the allying Indian state was <strong>compelled to pay a subsidy</strong> for the<strong> maintenance of British army</strong> in return for <strong>getting protection from the British</strong> against their enemies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provided for the posting of a<strong> British Resident at the ruler&rsquo;s court</strong> restricting the ruler from employing any European in his service without the approval of the British.</li>
<li>Sometimes the ruler ceded part of his territory instead of paying annual subsidy.</li>
<li>The first Indian ruler to sign the <strong>Subsidiary Alliance was the Nizam of Hydera&shy;bad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Those native princes or rulers who would enter into Subsidiary Alliance were not free to declare war against any other power or enter into negotiations without the con&shy;sent of the British.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The princes who were comparatively strong and powerful were permitted to retain their armies, but their armies were placed under British generals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Subsidiary Alliance was a policy of<strong> non-interference in the internal affairs of the allied state,</strong> but this was a promise seldom kept by the British.</li>
<li>The payment of the arbitrarily-fixed and artificially-bloated subsidy invariably disrupted the economy of the state and impoverished its people.</li>
<li>On the other hand, the British could now maintain a large army at the cost of the Indian states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They controlled the defence and foreign relations of the protected ally, and had a powerful force stationed at the very heart of his lands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The war began on <strong>April 17, 1799</strong> and ended on <strong>May 4, 1799</strong> with the fall of Seringapatam. Tipu was defeated first by British General Stuart and then by General Harris.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Arthur Wellesley, the brother of Lord Wellesley, also participated in the war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Marathas and the Nizam again helped the British as the<strong> Marathas had been promised half of the territory of Tipu</strong> and the<strong> Nizam had already signed the Subsidiary Alliance.</strong></li>
<li>Tipu Sultan died in the war and all his treasures were confiscated by the British.</li>
<li>The British chose a boy from the earlier Hindu royal family of Mysore as the maharaja and also imposed the subsidiary alliance system on him.</li>
<li>It had taken the English 32 years to subjugate Mysore. The threat of French revival in the Deccan was permanently eliminated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Post War Scenario</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lord Wellesley offered <strong>Soonda and Harponelly districts of Mysore Kingdom</strong> to the <strong>Marathas,</strong> which the latter <strong>refused.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Nizam</strong> was given the districts of <strong>Gooty and Gurramkonda.</strong></li>
<li>The British took possession of Kanara, <strong>Wayanad, Coimbatore, Dwaraporam and Seringapatam.</strong></li>
<li>The new state of Mysore was handed over to the old Hindu dynasty (Wodeyars) under a minor ruler Krishnaraja III, who accepted the subsidiary alliance.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/anglo-mysore-wars'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Bringing a Law into Force',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The farmers have<strong> rejected the government&rsquo;s offer of keeping the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-agriculture-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">three contentious farm laws</a> on hold</strong> for one to one-and-a-half years. Farmers insist that the laws be repealed.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the years,<strong> Parliament has repealed several laws</strong> and there have also been precedents of the <strong>government not bringing a law into force for several years</strong> after it has been passed.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bringing/Repealing a Law:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Parliament has the power to make a law and to remove</strong> it from the statute books (a law can be struck down by the judiciary if it is unconstitutional).</li>
<li>A<strong> Bill is a draft proposal,</strong> which needs to be <strong>passed in the Lower and Upper House,</strong> and only after the <strong>President gives his assent, it becomes an Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Repeal</strong> means to<strong> revoke, abrogate or cancel particularly a statute.</strong> Any statute may repeal any Act in whole or in part, either expressly or impliedly by enacting matters contrary to and inconsistent with the prior legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>President&rsquo;s Assent:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 111 of the Constitution</strong> specifies that the <strong>President can either sign off on the Bill or withhold his consent.</strong></li>
<li><strong>A Bill is sent to Parliament for reconsideration</strong> if the President withholds his assent on it. And if Parliament sends it back to the President, he has no choice but to approve it. Thus, the <strong>President enjoys only a 'suspensive veto'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Making Law Operational:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rules &amp; Regulation: Parliament gives the government the responsibility</strong> of making rules and regulations for efficient functioning of the Act.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government not only has the power to make rules but <strong>can also suppress rules</strong> made by it earlier.</li>
<li>If the government does not make rules and regulations, <strong>a law or parts of it will not get implemented.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Benami Transactions Act of 1988</strong> is an <strong>example</strong> of a <strong>complete law remaining unimplemented</strong> in the absence of regulations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Time Period:</strong> Parliament has recommended that the government make rules <strong>within six months of passing a law.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/role-of-parliamentary-committees" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> parliamentary committee</strong> </a>has observed that this recommendation is <strong>&ldquo;being followed in breach by various ministries&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Veto Power of the President</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Three Types of Veto Power:</strong> Absolute veto, Suspensive veto and Pocket veto.</li>
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> The President has <strong>no veto power</strong> when it comes to the <strong>constitutional amendment bills.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Absolute Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> It refers to the power of the President to <strong>withhold his assent to a bill</strong> passed by the Parliament. The<strong> bill then ends and does not become an act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Generally Used in Following Two Cases:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When the bill passed by the Parliament is a<strong> Private Member Bill.</strong></li>
<li><strong>When the cabinet resigns</strong> before the President could give his assent to the bill. The new cabinet may advise the President to not give his assent to the bill passed by the old cabinet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suspensive Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President uses a suspensive veto when he <strong>returns the bill to the Indian Parliament for its reconsideration.</strong></li>
<li>If the Parliament <strong>resends the bill with or without amendment</strong> to the President, he <strong>has to approve the bill without using any of his veto powers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> The President <strong>cannot exercise his suspensive veto</strong> in relation to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-dismissed-aadhaar-review-petitions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Money Bill</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pocket Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> The<strong> bill is kept pending by the President for an indefinite period</strong> when he exercises his pocket veto.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He<strong> neither rejects the bill nor returns the bill for reconsideration.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Unlike the American President</strong> who has to<strong> resend the bill within 10 days, the Indian President has no such time-rule.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Veto over State Bills:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>governor is empowered to reserve certain types of bills passed by the state&nbsp;</strong><strong>legislature for the consideration of the President.</strong></li>
<li>The President <strong>can withhold his assent to such bills not only in the first instance but also in the second instance.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, the President <strong>enjoys absolute veto (and not suspensive veto) over state bills.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the President<strong> can exercise pocket veto</strong> in respect of state legislation also.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/when-parliament-passed-bills-but-govt-did-not-give-effect-to-those-laws-7157986/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bringing-a-law-into-force'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Socio-Economic and Caste Census',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-new-framework-around-caste-and-the-census/article33638335.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A new framework around caste and the census&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 23/01/2021. It talks about the comparison between Census and Socio-Economic and Caste Census and their associated concerns.</p>
</div>
<p>Enumerating, describing, and understanding the population of society and what people have access to, and what they are excluded from is important not only for social scientists but also for policy practitioners and the government.</p>
<p>In this regard, the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-census-challenges-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Census of India</strong></a>, one of the largest exercises of its kind, enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population.</p>
<p>However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society.</p>
<p>In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011, but it has its own issues.</p>
<h3>Census, SECC &amp; Difference</h3>
<p><strong>Census</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The origin of the Census in India goes back to the colonial exercise of 1881.</li>
<li>Census has evolved and been used by the government, policymakers, academics, and others to capture the Indian population, access resources, map social change, delimitation exercise, etc.</li>
<li>However, as early as the 1940s, W.W.M. Yeatts, Census Commissioner for India for the 1941 Census, had pointed out that &ldquo;the census is a large, immensely powerful, but blunt instrument unsuited for specialized inquiry.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>SECC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SECC was conducted for the first time since 1931.</li>
<li>SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Economic status, so as to allow Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person.</li>
<li>It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>SECC has the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Difference Between Census &amp; SECC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Census provides a portrait of the Indian population, while the SECC is a tool to identify beneficiaries of state support.</li>
<li>Since the Census falls under the Census Act of 1948, all data are considered confidential, whereas according to the SECC website, &ldquo;all the personal information given in the SECC is open for use by Government departments to grant and/or restrict benefits to households.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Concerns With SECC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an</strong> emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities.</li>
<li>Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Caste Is Context-specific:</strong> Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate.</li>
<li>They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure.</li>
<li>Marriage to a well- educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Utilizing Existing Data:</strong> As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Alternatives:</strong> Statisticians such as Atanu Biswas point out that Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9fff7;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) is a better exercise than Census to capture the population&rsquo;s data. However, it has its own issues. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/A1f9fNHCbgU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/farmers-besotted-by-protestations/?source=app&amp;frmapp=yes&amp;comments=show" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Farmers Besotted By Protestations&rdquo;</strong> </a>published in The Economic Times on January 22<sup>nd</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/socio-economic-and-caste-census'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => '4-Tier Structure for Regulation of NBFCs',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Reserve Bank of India</a> (RBI)</strong> has proposed a tighter regulatory framework for <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non-Banking Financial Companies</a> (NBFCs)</strong> by creating a<strong> four-tier structure</strong> with a progressive<strong> increase in intensity of regulation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has also proposed classification of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/lessons-from-npa-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Non-Performing Assets</strong></a> <strong>(NPAs)</strong> of base layer NBFCs from 180 days to 90 days overdue.</li>
<li>Earlier in 2020 the RBI announced a host of measures to provide <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/liquidity-boost-to-nbfcs#:~:text=NBFC%20is%20a%20company%20registered,%2C%20insurance%20business%2C%20chit%20business." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>liquidity support to NBFCs.</strong> </a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Department of Non-Banking Supervision (DNBS) of RBI is entrusted with the responsibility of regulation and supervision of NBFCs</strong> under the regulatory - provisions contained under Chapter III B and C and Chapter V of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Regulatory and Supervisory Framework of the Reserve Bank provides for, among other things, <strong>registration of NBFCs, prudential regulation of various categories of NBFC, issue of directions on acceptance of deposits by NBFCs and surveillance of the sector through off-site and on-site supervision.</strong></li>
<li>Deposit taking NBFCs and Systemically Important Non-Deposit Accepting Companies are <strong>subjected to a greater degree of regulation and supervision.</strong></li>
<li>The focus of regulation and supervision is three fold, viz., <strong>a) depositor protection, b) consumer protection and c) financial stability.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>RBI has also been empowered under the RBI Act 1934 to take punitive action</strong> which includes cancellation of Certificate of Registration, issue of prohibitory orders from accepting deposits, filing criminal cases or winding up petitions under provisions of Companies Act in extreme cases.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proposed framework is aimed at <strong>protecting financial stability</strong> while ensuring that smaller NBFCs continue to enjoy light regulations and grow with ease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Proposed Classification of NBFC (The Four-Tier Structure):</strong> The regulatory and supervisory framework of NBFCs should be based on a four-layered structure:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Base Layer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NBFCs in the lower layer will be known as NBFC-Base Layer (NBFC-BL).</li>
<li>For NBFCs in this layer<strong> least regulatory intervention is warranted.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Middle Layer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NBFCs in the middle layer will be known as NBFC-Middle Layer (NBFC-ML)</li>
<li>The regulatory regime for this layer will be <strong>stricter compared to the base layer.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Adverse regulatory arbitrage vis-&agrave;-vis banks</strong> can be addressed for NBFCs falling in this layer in order to <strong>reduce systemic risk spill-overs, where required.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Upper Layer:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NBFC in the Upper Layer will be known as NBFC-Upper Layer <strong>(NBFC-UL)</strong> and will invite a <strong>new regulatory superstructure.</strong></li>
<li>This layer will be populated by <strong>NBFCs which have large potential of systemic spill-over of risks and have the ability to impact financial stability.</strong></li>
<li>There is no parallel for this layer at present, as this will be a <strong>new layer for regulation.</strong> The regulatory framework for NBFCs falling in this layer will be<strong> bank-like,</strong> albeit with suitable and appropriate modifications.</li>
<li>If an identified NBFC-UL does not meet the criteria for classification for four consecutive years, it will move out of the enhanced regulatory framework.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Top Layer:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ideally this layer is supposed to be empty.</li>
<li>It is possible that supervisory judgment might push some NBFCs out of the upper layer of the systemically significant NBFCs for higher regulation/supervision.</li>
<li>These NBFCs will occupy the top of the upper layer as a distinct set. Ideally, this top layer of the pyramid will remain empty unless supervisors take a view on specific NBFCs.</li>
<li>If certain NBFCs lying in the upper layer are seen to pose extreme risks as per supervisory judgement, they can be put to higher and bespoke regulatory/supervisory requirements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) is a company <strong>registered under the Companies Act, 1956</strong> engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of shares/stocks/bonds/debentures/securities issued by Government or local authority or other marketable securities of a like nature, leasing, hire-purchase, insurance business, chit business but does not include any institution whose principal business is that of agriculture activity, industrial activity, purchase or sale of any goods (other than securities) or providing any services and sale/purchase/construction of immovable property.</li>
<li>A non-banking institution which is a company and has <strong>principal business of receiving deposits under any scheme or arrangement</strong> in one lump sum or in installments by way of contributions or in any other manner, is also a non-banking financial company (Residuary non-banking company).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of NBFCs</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NBFC <strong>cannot accept demand deposits.</strong></li>
<li>NBFCs <strong>do not form part of the payment and settlement system and cannot issue cheques drawn on itself.</strong></li>
<li>Deposit insurance facility of Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation is not available to depositors of NBFCs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/rbi-proposes-4-tier-structure-for-tighter-regulation-of-nbfcs-7157880/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/4-tier-structure-for-regulation-of-nbfcs'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Sree Narayana Guru',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Vice President of India</strong> has virtually launched<strong> &ldquo;Not Many, But One&rdquo;,</strong> an <strong>English translation</strong> of poems of<strong> Sree Narayana Gurudev.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611396476_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611396476_image4.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="187" height="270" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sree Narayana Guru was born on <strong>22<sup>nd</sup> August, 1856</strong> to Madan Asan and his wife Kuttiyamma in Chempazhanthy, a village near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Early Days and Education:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His family belonged to the<strong> Ezhava caste</strong> and was considered <strong>&lsquo;avarna&rsquo;</strong> according to the social mores of the time.</li>
<li>Right from his childhood he loved<strong> solitude and always indulged himself in deep contemplation.</strong> He was intensely drawn to worship at the local temples and composed hymns and several devotional songs.</li>
<li>From an early age, he was <strong>drawn towards asceticism.</strong> He lived as a hermit in a forest <strong>for eight years.</strong></li>
<li>He learned Vedas, Upanishads, literature, logical rhetoric of Sanskrit, Hatha <strong>Yoga and other philosophies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Works:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Against Caste Injustice:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He gave the famous slogan <strong>&ldquo;One Caste, One Religion, One God for All&rdquo;</strong> (Oru Jathi, Oru Matham, Oru Daivam, Manushyanu).</li>
<li>In 1888, he built a temple dedicated to<strong> Lord Shiva at Aruvippuram</strong> which was against the <strong>caste-based restrictions</strong> of the time.</li>
<li>In one temple he consecrated at Kalavancode, <strong>he kept mirrors instead of idols.</strong> This symbolised his message that the divine was within each individual.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Against Conversions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He taught equality but felt the inequalities should not be exploited to carry out conversions and therefore generate strife in society.</li>
<li>Narayana Guru organized an All-Region Conference in 1923 at Alwaye Advaita Ashram, which was reported to be the first such event in India. This was an effort to counter the religious conversions Ezhava community was susceptible to.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Philosophy of Sree Narayana Guru:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sree Narayana Guru became one of the greatest proponents and re-evaluators of <strong>Advaita Vedanta,</strong> the principle of non-duality put forward by <strong>Adi Shankara.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Literary Works:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He wrote various books in different languages. Few of them are: Advaitha Deepika, Asrama, Thevarappathinkangal, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to National Movement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A remarkable social reformer, he was in the forefront of the movement for<strong> universal temple entry</strong> and against the <strong>societal ills like the social discrimination of untouchables.</strong></li>
<li>Narayana Gurudev provided the impetus for <strong>Vaikom agitation</strong> which was aimed at <strong>temple entry in Travancore</strong> for the<strong> lower castes.</strong> It drew nationwide attention and appreciation from<strong> Mahatma Gandhi.</strong></li>
<li>He captured the <strong>essence of Indianness</strong> in his poems which highlighted the unity that lies beneath the world&rsquo;s apparent diversity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to Science:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emphasized the practice of ideals of cleanliness, promotion of education, agriculture, trade, handicrafts and technical training.</li>
<li>Sree Narayana Gurudev&rsquo;s <strong>Adyaropa darsanam</strong> (Darsanamala) explains the <strong>creation of the universe.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Daivadasakam</strong> and <strong>Atmopadesa satakam</strong> are a few examples of how the mystic reflections and insights closely resemble <strong>recent advances in physics.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Relevance of Philosophy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gurudev&rsquo;s philosophy of Universal Oneness has special relevance in the contemporary global context where in the social fabric of many countries and communities are being eroded by <strong>hatred, violence, bigotry, sectarianism and other divisive tendencies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>20<sup>th</sup> September, 1928. This day is observed as Sree Narayana Guru Samadhi in Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1691265" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sree-narayana-guru'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'India’s Draft Arctic Policy',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India drafted a<strong> new Arctic policy</strong> that aims at expanding scientific research, sustainable tourism and<strong> exploration of mineral oil and gas</strong> in the Arctic region.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Nodal Body:</strong> India has designated Goa-based <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-polar-and-ocean-research-ncpor-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research</strong> </a>to lead scientific research and act as a nodal body to coordinate among various scientific bodies to promote domestic scientific research capacities in the Arctic.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Promoting Scientific Study of Arctic:</strong> Orient the curriculum on earth sciences, biological sciences, geosciences, climate change and space related programmes with Arctic imperatives in Indian Universities.</li>
<li><strong>Planning Explorations:</strong> Formulating effective plans for Arctic related programmes for mineral/oil and gas exploration in petroleum research institutes</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Arctic Tourism:</strong> Encouraging tourism and hospitality sectors by building specialised capacities and awareness by engaging with Arctic enterprises.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Arctic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Arctic is a <strong>polar region</strong> located at the northernmost part of Earth.</li>
<li>The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden.</li>
<li>Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611393660_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611393660_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="459" height="462" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ecological Impact of Warming on Arctic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rising Sea Levels:</strong> The loss of ice and the warming waters affects sea levels, salinity levels, and current and precipitation patterns.</li>
<li><strong>Deterioration of Tundra:</strong> The Tundra is returning to swamp, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oil-spill-in-siberia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>permafrost</strong> </a>is thawing, sudden storms are ravaging coastlines and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wildfires-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>wildfires</strong></a> are devastating interior Canada and Russia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tundra:</strong> Found in regions north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle. These are <strong>treeless regions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threat to Biodiversity:</strong> The phenomenally rich biodiversity of the Arctic region is under serious threat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The absence of year-long ice and higher temperatures are making the survival of Arctic marine life, plants and birds difficult while encouraging species from lower latitudes to move north.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extinction of Indegenous Cultures:</strong> The Arctic is also home to about 40 different indigenous groups, whose culture, economy and way of life is in danger of being swept away.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing human encroachment with its attendant stresses will only aggravate this impact and upset a fragile balance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Commercial Importance of Arctic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Abundant Resources:</strong> The opening of the Arctic presents huge commercial and economic opportunities, particularly in shipping, energy, fisheries and mineral resources.</li>
<li><strong>Commercial Navigation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Northern Sea Route (NSR):</strong> It is a shipping lane connecting the North Atlantic to the North Pacific through a short polar arc which could revolutionise the prospects of trade in Russia and Scandinavian countries.</li>
<li>It is approx 40% shorter than via the Suez Canal or 60% shorter via the Cape of Good Hope.</li>
<li>It would cause substantial reductions in transportation time, fuel consumption, limit environmental emission and eliminate piracy risk.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oil and Natural Gas Deposits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Estimated to be 22% of the world&rsquo;s unexplored resources, mostly in the Arctic ocean, will be open to access along with mineral deposits including 25% of the global reserves of rare earths, buried in Greenland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Navigation conditions are dangerous and restricted to the summer.</li>
<li>Lack of deep-water ports, a need for ice-breakers, shortage of workers trained for polar conditions, and high insurance costs add to the difficulties.</li>
<li>Mining and deep-sea drilling carry massive costs and environmental risks.</li>
<li>Unlike <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-in-antarctica" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Antarctica</strong></a>, the Arctic is not a global common and there is no overarching treaty that governs it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conflict over Arctic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Russia, Canada, Norway and Denmark have put in <strong>overlapping claims for extended continental shelves,</strong> and the right to sea-bed resources.</li>
<li>Russia is the dominant power, with the longest Arctic coastline, half the Arctic population, and a full-fledged strategic policy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Claiming that the NSR falls within its territorial waters, Russia anticipates huge dividends from commercial traffic including through the use of its ports, pilots and ice-breakers.</li>
<li>Russia has also activated its northern military bases, refurbished its nuclear armed submarine fleet and demonstrated its capabilities, including through an exercise with China in the eastern Arctic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China, playing for economic advantage, has moved in fast, projecting the<strong> Polar Silk Road</strong> as an extension of the <a href="/printpdf/italy-joins-belt-road-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiatives</strong></a>, and has invested heavily in ports, energy, undersea infrastructure and mining projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Interests in Arctic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Environmental Interest:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s extensive coastline makes it vulnerable to the impact of Arctic warming on ocean currents, weather patterns, fisheries and most importantly, the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monsoon</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Arctic research will help India&rsquo;s scientific community to study melting rates of the Himalayan glaciers, which are endowed with the largest freshwater reserves in the world outside the geographic poles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scientific Interest:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Research Stations:</strong> India launched its first scientific expedition to the Arctic in 2007 and set up a research station<strong> &lsquo;Himadri&rsquo;</strong> in the international Arctic research base at Ny-&Aring;lesund in Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has two other observatories in <strong>Kongsforden and Gruvebadet</strong> in Norway.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Studying Himalayan Glaciers:</strong> Scientific research in Arctic developments, in which India has a good record, will contribute to its understanding of climatic changes in the third Pole, the Himalayas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Interest:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Countering Chinese Influence:</strong> The strategic implications of an active China in the Arctic and its growing economic and strategic relationship with Russia are self-evident and need close monitoring.</li>
<li><strong>Arctic Council Membership:</strong> Since 2013, India has had observer status in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/arctic-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Arctic Council</strong></a>, which is the predominant inter-governmental forum for cooperation on the environmental and development aspects of the Arctic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is high time that India&rsquo;s presence in the Arctic expands from the dimension of scientific exploration to strategic, economic, environmental and political aspects. Thus, drafting of New Arctic policy suits the need of the hour.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-draft-arctic-policy'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'China’s New Villages in Arunachal Pradesh',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, there have been<strong> reports of Chinese construction of three villages in Arunachal Pradesh</strong> 5 kilometres from the<strong> Bum La pass.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bum La Pass</strong> is <strong>one of the four officially agreed BPM</strong> (Border Personnel Meeting) points between the Indian Army and the People&rsquo;s Liberation Army of China.</li>
<li>Earlier in 2020, China had<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chinas-railway-near-arunachal-border" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> begun work on a strategically significant railway line</strong> </a>that will link Sichuan province with Nyingchi in Tibet, which lies close to Arunachal Pradesh border.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611390168_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611390168_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="512" height="414" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the New Village built Last Year:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The satellite images, dated November 2020, show that a full-fledged village has been <strong>built on the banks of the River Tsari Chu</strong> in the Upper Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The village is located a couple of kilometres across the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict#:~:text=Demarcation%20Line%3A%20The%20Line%20of,UN)%20after%20the%20Kashmir%20War." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Line of Actual Control (LAC).</strong></a></li>
<li>China had earlier built a <strong>permanent construction of military barracks in this area.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The area has been <strong>under Chinese control since 1959.</strong></li>
<li>It is at least 2 km south (in Indian territory) of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/disputed-territories-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>McMahon Line</strong></a>, which China doesn&rsquo;t recognise. After the <strong>1962 war,</strong> India stopped patrolling the area.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China considers the <strong>McMahon Line illegal and unacceptable</strong> claiming that Tibetan representatives who had signed the 1914 Convention held in Shimla which delineated the McMahon line on the map were not having rights to do so.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Spots of Disagreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are close to <strong>two dozen spots along the entire length of the Line of Actual Control (LAC)</strong> in all sectors where India and China do not agree on its alignment.</li>
<li><strong>Line of Actual Control:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is divided into <strong>three sectors:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> eastern sector</strong> which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim (1346 km).</li>
<li>The <strong>middle sector</strong> in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh (545 km).</li>
<li>The <strong>western sector</strong> in Ladakh (1597 km).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The alignment of the LAC in the eastern sector is <strong>along the 1914 McMahon Line.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Case of Arunachal Pradesh:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's claim line is different from that of the LAC. It is the line seen in the official boundary marked on the maps as released by the Survey of India, including Aksai Chin (occupied by China). The <strong>state of Arunachal Pradesh is an &lsquo;integral and inalienable&rsquo; part of India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>In China&rsquo;s case,</strong> LAC corresponds mostly to its claim line, but in the eastern sector, <strong>it claims the entire Arunachal Pradesh as South Tibet.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Intention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The construction of the village has been seen by analysts as a move <strong>to bolster China&rsquo;s claim to the area,</strong> and part of a <strong>broader recent push by China</strong> to build civilian settlements in disputed frontier areas, which <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-chinese-village-in-bhutan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>it has also done with Bhutan</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implications on India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Security Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A village near the border will largely improve the efficiency and convenience of military personnel and material transportation and logistical supplies in the border area.</li>
<li>In situations of direct standoff near Arunachal Pradesh border, as was seen during Doklam or recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/face-off-between-india-and-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ladakh standoff</strong></a>, <strong>China might be at an advantageous position.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Doklam Issue:</strong> Indian troops intervened to block the path of Chinese soldiers engaged in building road-works on the Doklam plateau of Bhutan&rsquo;s territory that Beijing laid claim.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Steps Taken by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will spend 10% funds of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/boosting-infrastructure-along-china-border" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Border Area Development Programme (BADP)</strong> </a>only to improve the infrastructure along the China border.</li>
<li>The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) constructed the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/daporijo-bridge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Daporijo bridge</strong> </a>over Subansiri river in Arunachal Pradesh in a record span of just 27 days.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It links roads leading upto the LAC between India and China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently the Defence Minister virtually laid the foundation of a <strong>tunnel at Nechiphu in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will <strong>shorten travel time for troops</strong> till the LAC through Tawang, which China claims to be its territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The BRO is already<strong> constructing an all-weather tunnel under the Se La pass in Arunachal Pradesh</strong> which connects Tawang to the rest of Arunachal and Guwahati.</li>
<li>The state government of Arunachal Pradesh has advocated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/depopulation-in-border-areas-of-arunachal-pradesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>selection of 10 census towns along the India-China border</strong> </a>as pilot projects for infrastructure development in order to stop people living along its international borders, specifically with China, from migrating to faraway urban centres in the State.</li>
<li>Recently, the Defence Minister inaugurated the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sisseri-river-bridge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sisseri River Bridge</strong></a> located at <strong>lower Dibang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh</strong> connecting Dibang Valley and Siang.</li>
<li>In 2019, the Indian Air Force inaugurated resurfaced runway at India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-eastern-most-village" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>easternmost Village-Vijaynagar (Changlang district)</strong> </a>in Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li>In 2019, the Indian Army conducted <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-himvijay" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>exercise &lsquo;HimVijay&rsquo;</strong> </a>in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam with its newly <strong>created Integrated Battle Groups (IBG).</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bogibeel-bridge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bogibeel bridge</strong></a>, which is India&rsquo;s longest road-rail bridge connecting Dibrugarh in Assam to Pasighat in Arunachal Pradesh was inaugurated in 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will<strong> facilitate quicker movement of troops and equipment to areas near the India-China border.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to be vigilant enough for any new development in China near its border to protect its interests efficiently. Further, it needs to build robust Infrastructure in difficult border areas in its territory to ensure movement of personnel and other logistical supplies in an efficient manner.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-defends-new-village-in-arunachal-amid-border-construction-push/article33627391.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-new-villages-in-arunachal-pradesh'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Parakram Diwas: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Jayanti',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The central government has decided to observe <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/subhash-chandra-bose-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Subhas Chandra Bose</strong></a> <strong>Jayanti as 'Parakram Diwas'</strong> to be celebrated on 23<sup>rd</sup> January.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A high-level committee headed by the Prime Minister has also been formed to plan year-round programmes to mark the anniversary of Bose.</li>
<li>Recently the Government of India has also instituted <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/subhash-chandra-bose-aapda-prabandhan-puraskar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskaar</strong></a> to recognise the excellent work done by the individuals and institutions in the field of disaster management.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611390734_IMG_7962.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611390734_IMG_7962.jpg" width="462" height="650" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Subhas Chandra Bose was born on <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> January 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province,</strong> to Prabhavati Dutt Bose and Janakinath Bose.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1919, he had cleared Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination. Bose, however, resigned later.</li>
<li>He was highly<strong> influenced by <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/to-the-point-paper-4-indian-thinker-swami-vivekanand-1863-1902" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vivekananda's teachings</a></strong> and considered him as his spiritual Guru.</li>
<li>His <strong>political mentor</strong> was <strong>Chittaranjan Das.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Association with Congress:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He stood for<strong> unqualified swaraj (independence),</strong> and opposed Motilal Nehru Report which spoke for dominion status for India.</li>
<li>He actively participated in the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-dedicates-salt-satyagraha-memorial-to-nation#:~:text=On%20March%2012%2C%201930%2C%20Gandhiji,Dandi%20on%20the%20Arabian%20Sea.&amp;text=In%20August%201931%2C%20Gandhiji%20traveled,the%20nationalist%20Indian%20National%20Congress." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Salt Satyagraha</a> of 1930</strong> and vehemently opposed the suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement and signing of the <strong>Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931.</strong></li>
<li>In the 1930s, he was closely associated with left politics in Congress along with <strong>Jawaharlal Nehru and M.N. Roy.</strong></li>
<li>Bose won the <strong>congress presidential</strong> elections at Haripura in<strong> 1938.</strong></li>
<li>Again in <strong>1939 at Tripuri,</strong> he won the presidential elections against Gandhi's candidate Pattabhi Sitarammayya. Due to ideological differences with Gandhi, Bose resigned and left congress. Rajendra Prasad was appointed in his place.</li>
<li>He found a new party, <strong>'the Forward Bloc'.</strong> The purpose was to consolidate the political left and major support base in his home state Bengal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian National Army:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He reached Japanese-controlled Singapore from Germany in July 1943, issued from there his famous call, <strong>&lsquo;Delhi Chalo&rsquo;,</strong> and announced the formation of the <strong>Azad Hind Government</strong> and the <strong>Indian National Army</strong> on 21<sup>st</sup> October 1943.</li>
<li>The INA was first formed under <strong>Mohan Singh</strong> and Japanese Major Iwaichi Fujiwara and comprised Indian prisoners of war of the British-Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan (present-day Malaysia) campaign and at Singapore.</li>
<li>The INA included both, the Indian prisoners of war from Singapore and Indian civilians in South-East Asia. It's strength grew to 50,000.</li>
<li>The INA fought allied forces in 1944 inside the borders of India in Imphal and in Burma.</li>
<li>In November 1945, a British move to put the INA men on trial immediately sparked massive demonstration all over the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-visit-kolkata-to-celebrate-netaji-s-125th-birth-anniversary-101611379498256-amp.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/parakram-diwas-netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-jayanti'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Smart Anti Airfield Weapon',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has conducted a successful trial of the<strong> indigenously developed Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW)</strong> off the Odisha coast from the Hawk-I jet of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This was the<strong> ninth successful test</strong> of the system<strong> conducted over the last five years.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> The system <strong>belongs to the glide bomb category</strong> and its <strong>development began around 2012-13,</strong> with crucial inputs from the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Air Force (IAF)</strong></a> and the <strong>first test</strong> was carried out in<strong> 2016. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Manufactured by:</strong> DRDO&rsquo;s Research Centre Imarat (RCI) Hyderabad.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The weapon is designed to strike ground targets, especially adversary airfield infrastructure or similar strategically important installations.</li>
<li>This is a <strong>125-kilogram</strong> class smart weapon, capable of engaging ground enemy airfield assets such as radars, bunkers, taxi tracks, and runways, up to a <strong>range of 100 kilometres.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> high precision guided bomb is lightweight</strong> compared to weapon systems of the same class.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Development:</strong> The test of SAAW comes months after<strong> another weapon system designed to target enemy radar and communication assets, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-radiation-missile-rudram-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rudram</a>,</strong> was tested in October 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rudram,</strong> an air-to-surface missile, has been developed <strong>to primarily to enhance the Suppression of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD) capability of the IAF</strong> and can detect, track and neutralise the radar, communication assets and other radio frequency sources belonging to the adversary, which are generally their air defence systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1691176" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-anti-airfield-weapon'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Digital Education: Learning amid the Pandemic',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based upon <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-interviews-blog/digital-education-cannot-substitute-for-real-learning-staring-at-a-screen-learners-only-act-as-remote-receptors-of-whats-beamed/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Digital Education cannot Substitute for Real Learning&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Times of India on 21/01/2021. It talks about how the pandemic has completely shifted the present education system into a digital mode of learning and if it is actually substituting real learning or not.</p>
</div>
<p>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19</strong></a> outbreak has disrupted children&rsquo;s lives, pushed out many, and stalled classes and examinations across the country. To ensure students do not miss out on studies, schools shifted the classes to online mode.</p>
<p>With the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a> forcing the teaching and learning process to migrate to the online mode, the education system has faced an upheaval like never before. Many of the students have been left clinging to their phones and computer screens.</p>
<p>However, the 2017-18 <strong>National Sample Survey</strong> suggested that less than 15% of rural Indian households have Internet as opposed to 42% of their urban counterparts.</p>
<p>Therefore, this shift to the e-learning system has sparked a debate on whether it helped the students to learn or has impeded their progress, social and emotional well-being, and more importantly if this is indeed education.</p>
<h3>Digital Education</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Digital education is the innovative use of digital tools and technologies during teaching and learning and is often referred to as Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) or e-Learning. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Exploring the use of digital technologies gives educators the opportunity to design engaging learning opportunities in the courses they teach, and these can take the form of blended or fully online courses and programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611319201_image10.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611319201_image10.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Initiatives for Smooth Conduct of E-Learning</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Several initiatives have been taken to enable online education in India, such as: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>E-PG Pathshala:</strong> An initiative of the Ministry of Human Resource Development to provide e-content for studies.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swayam-and-swayam-prabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SWAYAM</strong></a>: it provides for an integrated platform for online courses.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-educational-alliance-for-technology-neat-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NEAT</strong></a>: It aims to use <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> to make learning more personalized and customized as per the requirements of the learner</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other initiatives include: <strong>National Project on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)</strong>, <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-210" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Knowledge Network, (NKN)</strong></a>, and National Academic Depository (NAD), among others.</li>
<li><strong>PRAGYATA:</strong> The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) released guidelines on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/education-in-post-covid-era" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital education</strong> </a>titled <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PRAGYATA.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the PRAGYATA guidelines, only 30 minutes of screen time per day for interacting with parents is recommended for kindergarten, nursery and pre-school.</li>
<li>Schools can hold live online classes for a maximum of 1.5 hours per day for Classes 1-8, and 3 hours per day for Classes 9-12.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NPTEL is a project of MHRD initiated by seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), along with the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore.</li>
<li>It was created in 2003 to provide online education.</li>
<li>The aim was to have web and video courses in engineering, sciences, and management.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Technology as a Saviour</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Flexibility:</strong> Online education enables both the teacher as well as the students to set their own learning pace plus provides the flexibility of setting a schedule that fits everyone&rsquo;s agenda. Consequently, providing a better work-study balance.</li>
<li><strong>A Wide Range of Courses:</strong> In a space as vast and wide as the internet, infinite skills and subjects are there to teach and learn. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A growing number of universities and higher education schools are coming forward to offer online versions of their programs for various levels and disciplines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>More Cost-Effective than Conventional Learning:</strong> Lesser monetary investment is there with better results. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the online mode of learning, the money spent on study materials along with commute charges is considerably less.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A Comfortable Learning Environment:</strong> Online learning allows students to work in the environment that best suits them.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Other Side of the Coin</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of a Healthy Learning Environment:</strong> Education is not just about classes but interactions, broadening of ideas, and free-flowing open discussions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Students learn more from each other while engaging in challenging collective tasks and thinking together.</li>
<li>There is substantial learning that is lost when education goes online. Staring at a screen prevents them from using their mind and acting as remote receptors of what is beamed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Technology Access:</strong> Not everyone who can afford to go to school can afford to have phones, computers, or even a quality internet connection for attending classes online.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to this, the mental stress that students have to undergo is very high.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In Contradictory with Right to Education:</strong> Technology is not affordable to all, shifting towards online education completely is like taking away the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Right to Education</strong></a> of those who cannot access the technology. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy</strong></a> that talks about the digitization of education is also in contradiction with the right to education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health - Eye issues:</strong> Younger students, especially in classes 1 to 3 were most likely to suffer from eye-health issues due to staring at the computer or mobile screen for extended periods. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Other health issues like neck and back pain etc. due to bad posture and lack of movement have been noticed in older students.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>A Multi-Pronged Approach:</strong> Flexible rescheduling the academic timetable and exploring options in collaboration with schools, teachers, and parents for providing access to education to a larger section of students. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Staggering teacher-student interactions in physical mode with not more than 50% of the total strength attending schools on alternate days.</li>
<li>Giving priority to the less advantaged students who do not have access to e-learning.</li>
<li>Genuine efforts must be invested to ensure every child gets good quality equitable education as a fundamental right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Making Online Education More Effective:</strong> Shorter but quality discussions rather than long hours of monotonous sitting and one-way communication, should be preferred. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The teacher&rsquo;s role has to go beyond just being in control of the class to being a facilitator for the transfer of knowledge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focussing more on Knowledge Aspect:</strong> Education is not about competence but more about motivation. The students are meant to discover not just cover the syllabus.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The system should not just heartlessly push the students and teachers in only finishing the course regardless of any gain of knowledge, stress should be upon quality learning and not quantity cramming.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>&lsquo;Equality of Opportunity&rsquo; is one of the basic principles of the Indian Constitution. Shifting to a system that benefits only a section of people and leaves behind the neediest ruins the very notion of this statement.</p>
<p>Moreover, digital education is something where India is not successful yet. There is still a lot to do in terms of checking if students&rsquo; entitlements are not being compromised or in providing meaningful academic curriculum alternatives.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fbfff0;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Shifting to the e-learning system has sparked a debate about whether it has made education more inclusive or widened the digital divide. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JfmRv-Nj3cM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/president-biden-hope-and-responsibility/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;President Biden: Hope And Responsibility&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Economic Times on January 21<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-education-learning-amid-the-pandemic'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Governor’s Delay on Mercy Petition',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Solicitor General</strong> told the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> that Tamil Nadu <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/governor" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Governor</strong></a> will take a decision in the next three or four days on<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mercy-petition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> mercy petition</strong> </a>of a convict in the 1991 Rajiv Gandhi assassination case.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>concept of Mercy Petition is followed in many nations</strong> like the USA, UK, Canada etc. including India.</li>
<li>In India, the power to grant pardon is entrusted to the President and the Governors of various states under Article 72 and Article 161 of the Constitution. It adds a human touch to the country&rsquo;s judicial process by conferring powers to grant pardon or show Mercy to criminals sentenced to death.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A<strong> pardon request moved by the convict in 2015</strong> was not considered by the Governor, however, a SC order on a related petition in September 2018 <strong>clarified that the Governor was &ldquo;deemed fit&rdquo; to decide on the pardon.</strong></li>
<li>Thereafter a recommendation to remit his life sentence was advised by the Cabinet under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mercy-petition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 161</strong></a>.</li>
<li>However, the Governor's decision is still pending.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Centre&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The pleas for pardon and release should go to the <strong>President</strong> instead of the Governor as the case is being investigated by a central agency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Petitioner's Argument:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A convict was<strong> free to choose between the President and the Governor for pardon.</strong></li>
<li>Referred to the Constitution Bench&rsquo;s judgment in the <em><strong>Union of India versus Sriharan 2015</strong></em>, which said the<strong> &ldquo;exercise of executive clemency&rdquo; was &ldquo;vested in the President or the Governor&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Centre&rsquo;s rejection in 2018 of the Tamil Nadu government proposal to remit the sentence of the convicts under <strong>Section 432</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/re-imagining-cognizable-offences" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code of Criminal Procedure</strong> </a>(CrPC) did not stop the convicts from separately moving the Governor for pardon under <strong>Article 161.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 432 of the CrPC:</strong> It lays down that <strong>the appropriate government,</strong> at any time, without conditions or upon any conditions which the person sentenced accepts, <strong>can suspend the execution of his sentence or remit the whole or any part of the punishment to which he has been sentenced.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SC&rsquo;s Observation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC termed the Governor&rsquo;s delay<strong> &ldquo;extraordinary&rdquo;.</strong> It also noted how a decision was <strong>not forthcoming despite the State government&rsquo;s recommendation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It needs to be noted that<strong> the Governor cannot reject the state&rsquo;s recommendation but there is no time prescribed to take a decision.</strong></li>
<li>The Governor <strong>had already returned the file to reconsider the government&rsquo;s decision but the government stood by its decision.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pardoning Power</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pardoning Power of the President in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/commutation-of-death-sentence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Article 72 of the Constitution</strong></a>, the President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence where the sentence is a sentence of death.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President<strong> cannot exercise his power of pardon independent of the government.</strong></li>
<li>In several cases, the SC has ruled that the <strong>President has to act on the advice of the Council of Ministers</strong> while deciding mercy pleas. These include <em><strong>Maru Ram vs Union of India in 1980</strong></em>, and <em><strong>Dhananjoy Chatterjee vs State of West Bengal in 1994.</strong></em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reconsideration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Although the President is bound by the Cabinet&rsquo;s advice, <strong>Article74 (1) empowers him to return it for reconsideration once.</strong> If the Council of Ministers decides against any change, the <strong>President has no option but to accept it.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governor&rsquo;s Pardoning Power:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 161:</strong> The Governor of a State shall have the<strong> power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence</strong> of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Difference Between Pardoning Powers of President and Governor:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scope of the <strong>pardoning power of the President under Article 72 is wider than the pardoning power of the Governor under Article 161</strong> which differs in the following two ways:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Court Martial:</strong> The <strong>power of the President</strong> to grant pardon <strong>extends in cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court Martial</strong> but Article 161 <strong>does not provide any such power to the Governor.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Death sentence:</strong> The <strong>President can grant pardon in all cases</strong> where the sentence given is the sentence of death but the<strong> pardoning power of the Governor does not extend to death sentence cases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-tamil-nadu-governor-will-decide-on-perarivalan-plea-in-3-4-days/article33625615.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governor-s-delay-on-mercy-petition'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'UV-Bright Stars Spotted in Globular Structure NGC 2808',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, astronomers have spotted rare hot <strong>Ultra Violet (UV)-bright stars</strong> in the <strong>massive intriguing globular cluster</strong> in the<strong> Milky Way Galaxy</strong> called <strong>NGC 2808.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India's first multi-wavelength space satellite AstroSat</strong> helped astronomers in this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists combined data of <strong>Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (on board AstroSat)</strong> with observations made using other space missions such as the <strong>Hubble Space Telescope</strong> and the<strong> Gaia telescope</strong> along with<strong> ground-based optical observations.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Hubble Space Telescope:</strong> The HST or Hubble <strong>(NASA)</strong> is a space telescope that was launched into <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/types-of-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Low Earth orbit</strong> </a>in 1990 and remains in operation. It is one of the <strong>largest and most versatile space telescopes</strong> till date.</li>
<li><strong>Gaia</strong> is a space observatory of the<strong> European Space Agency,</strong> launched in <strong>2013 and expected to operate until 2022.</strong> The spacecraft is designed for astrometry: measuring the positions, distances and motions of stars with unprecedented precision.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About <strong>34 UV-bright stars</strong> were found to be members of the globular cluster (NGC 2808). One of the UV-bright stars was found to be about<strong> 3000 times brighter</strong> than the Sun with a surface temperature of about <strong>1,00,000 K.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hot UV-bright stars</strong> have been distinguished from the<strong> relatively cooler red giant and main-sequence stars.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the stars were found to have evolved from a solar stage called the <strong>horizontal branch stars</strong> with hardly any outer envelope. Thus, they were bound to skip the last major phase of life called the <strong>asymptotic giant phase (it is one of the last major phases in the life of stars)</strong> and directly become dead remnants or white dwarfs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> horizontal branch</strong> (HB) is a stage of stellar evolution that immediately follows the<strong> red giant branch</strong> in stars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Properties of Stars:</strong> The findings will help in determining properties of these stars such as their surface temperatures, luminosities and radii.</li>
<li><strong>Evolution of Stars:</strong> These present <strong>excellent laboratories</strong> where astronomers can understand<strong> how stars evolve through various phases</strong> between their birth and death.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Death of star:</strong> It is not clear how these stars end their lives as not many of them are detected in these fast-evolving phases, making their study crucial.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UV radiations:</strong> UV-bright stars are speculated to be the reason for the ultraviolet radiation coming from old stellar systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About NGC 2808:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NGC 2808 is a <strong>globular cluster in the constellation Carina.</strong> The cluster belongs to the <strong>Milky Way,</strong> and is one of our home galaxy's <strong>most massive clusters,</strong> millions of stars. It is estimated to be 12.5-billion years old.</li>
<li>It is said to have at least <strong>five generations of stars.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Stellar Evolution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nebula:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A nebula is a cloud of gas (mostly hydrogen and helium) and dust in space.</li>
<li>Nebulae are the birthplaces of stars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Main Sequence Stars:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Main sequence stars are stars that are fusing hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores.</li>
<li>Most of the stars in the universe i.e. about 90% of them are main sequence stars. The<strong> sun</strong> is a main sequence star.</li>
<li>Towards the end of its life, a star like the Sun <strong>swells up into a red giant,</strong> before losing its <strong>outer layers</strong> as a<strong> planetary nebula and finally shrinking to become a white dwarf.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Red Dwarf:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>faintest (less than 1/1000th the brightness of the Sun) main sequence stars</strong> are called the red dwarfs.</li>
<li><strong>Proxima Centauri,</strong> the nearest star to the Sun, is a red dwarf.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Red Giant:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Red giants have diameters between 10 and 100 times that of the Sun.</li>
<li>They are very bright, although their surface temperature is lower than that of the Sun.</li>
<li>A red giant is formed during the<strong> later stages of the evolution as it runs out of hydrogen fuel at its centre.</strong></li>
<li>A very large red giant is often called <strong>Red Supergiant.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planetary Nebula:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Planetary nebula is an outer layer of gas and dust that are lost <strong>when the star changes from a red giant to a white dwarf.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>White Dwarf:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A white dwarf is a <strong>very small, hot star, the last stage in the life cycle of a star.</strong></li>
<li>White dwarfs are the remains of normal stars, whose nuclear energy supplies <strong>have been used up.</strong></li>
<li>White dwarf consists of degenerate matter with a <strong>very high density</strong> due to gravitational effects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nova:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Novae occur on the surface of a <strong>white dwarf</strong> in a binary system.</li>
<li>If the two stars of the system are sufficiently near to one another, material (hydrogen) can be pulled from the companion star&rsquo;s surface onto the white dwarf.</li>
<li>When enough material builds up on the surface of the white dwarf, it triggers a nuclear fusion on a white dwarf which causes a sudden brightening of the star.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Supernova:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A supernova is the<strong> explosive death of a star</strong> and often results in the star obtaining the brightness of <strong>100 million suns for a short time.</strong></li>
<li>The extremely luminous burst of radiation expels much or all of a<strong> star&rsquo;s material at a great velocity,</strong> driving a shock wave into the surrounding interstellar medium.</li>
<li>These shock waves trigger condensation which is a nebula paving the way for the birth of a new star.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>neutron star</strong> is the <strong>collapsed core of a massive supergiant star.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611312148_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611312148_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>AstroSat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>multi-wavelength astronomy mission</strong> on an IRS-class (Indian Remote Sensing-Class) satellite in a<strong> 650-km, near-equatorial orbit.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> It was launched by the Indian launch vehicle <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-pslv-launch" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PSLV</strong></a> from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota in 2015 by ISRO.</li>
<li>It is the<strong> first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands</strong> simultaneously with its five unique X-ray and ultraviolet telescopes working in tandem.</li>
<li>One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the <strong>simultaneous multi-wavelength observations</strong> of various astronomical objects with a single satellite.</li>
<li>The Ground Command and Control Centre for ASTROSAT is located at <strong>ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</strong> (ISTRAC), <strong>Bangalore, India.</strong></li>
<li>This has put India in an exclusive club of countries which have multi wavelength space observatories.</li>
<li>The minimum life of the AstroSat mission was expected to be <strong>5 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1690854#:~:text=With%20spectacular%20ultraviolet%20images%20of,appear%20dim%20in%20these%20images." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uv-bright-stars-spotted-in-globular-structure-ngc-2808'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Egypt Resumes Severed Relations With Qatar',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<strong> Egypt resumed the severed diplomatic and economic ties with Qatar.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Egypt was part of an <strong>Arab quartet</strong> (other members were Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Bahrain) which had accused Qatar of supporting terrorism and being too close to Iran due to which they had imposed a land, air and naval blockade on Qatar in <strong>2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611311004_image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611311004_image8.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for the Reassumption of Ties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Solidarity and Stability Deal:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, Gulf states signed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solidarity-and-stability-deal-gulf-countries" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;solidarity and stability&rsquo;</strong> </a>deal at the 41<sup>st</sup> <strong>Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)</strong> summit. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and UAE</strong> are the members of GCC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In this summit, members of the GCC removed all the sanctions over Qatar and <strong>reopened their land, sea and air borders</strong> to Qatar.</li>
<li>In solidarity with the Arab quartet (whose three members are in GCC), Egypt too resumed its ties with Qatar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Unite Against Iran:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Egypt conciliated with Qatar to strengthen the Gulf region against the threats posed by the <strong>Iranian regime&rsquo;s nuclear and ballistic missile programme</strong> which has always been opposed by the USA and GCC members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Growing Power of Qatar:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Qatar is one of the<strong> world&rsquo;s largest natural gas producers</strong> and among the countries with <strong>the highest per-capita income,</strong> and is also <strong>host of the 2022 Football World Cup.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Government of Mohamad Morsi (2012-13), Qatar was the highest investor in Egypt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Support from USA:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The United States and Qatar have extensive economic ties. The USA is the largest foreign direct investor and its single largest destination of exports.</li>
<li>Due to good mutual relations between Qatar and USA, the USA <strong>mediated the solidarity and stability deal</strong> to unite all the gulf countries against Iran which also triggered Egypt's reconciliation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons For Earlier Discord:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ties with Muslim Brotherhood:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Post <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-syria-crisis-us-backs-out" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Arab spring</strong> </a>and the downfall of Mohamad Morsi (former president of Egypt whom Qatar favoured) regime, Qatar supported Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt to secure its influence within that country as well as domestic support from other Islamist groups.</li>
<li>However, the <strong>Muslim brotherhood were outpowered</strong> by the current regime under<strong> Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</strong> which has allegiance with the Arab quartet. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Gulf states monarchs and dictators are against the Islamist movements under Muslim Brotherhood because it aims for <strong>political reforms</strong> that might <strong>threaten their regime.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Independent Foreign Policy Approach:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the past, Qatar has long been dominated by Saudi Arabia. Since 1995, Qatar initiated an independent foreign policy approach and established friendly relations not only with other countries such as the USA, Europe, Israel and Iran but also with the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Palestinian</strong></a>, Hamas and the Islamist parties as well.</li>
<li>Assumption of such<strong> high-profile roles in regional mediation and cooperation</strong> did not go well with the GCC members and Egypt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Good Relationship with Iran:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Qatar shares a <strong>huge gas field with Iran,</strong> which is an incentive for it to retain good relations with the Iraninan regime.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance for India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has good relationships with Egypt as well as all the GCC states including Qatar. Such reconciliation and rapprochement between countries in the region could expand the opportunities for India.</li>
<li>The Gulf region is one of the <strong>biggest markets for Indian goods</strong> and is the most important supplier of hydrocarbons to its economy. Peaceful relationships between these gas and oil reserve rich states are favourable to <strong>catering to the energy needs of India.</strong></li>
<li>The Gulf countries host more than millions of Indian migrants. They are mostly the workers who carry out development activities and they are the prime sources of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-remained-the-highest-recipient-of-remittances" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>remittances</strong></a> to India.</li>
<li>Improved mutual relationships with gulf countries and Egypt could provide employment and investments opportunities for India in areas such as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-processing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>food processing</strong></a>, healthcare, education, culture, defence and security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/egypt-resumes-severed-relations-with-qatar'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Alternative Anti-Cancer Therapy',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>An <strong>Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE)</strong> faculty from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-foundation-day-of-dst" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Science &amp; Technology</strong></a> (DST) is working on an <strong>Alternative Anti-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-cancer-awareness-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cancer</a> Therapy (Anti-Angiogenic)</strong> using <strong>transgenic zebrafish.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>INSPIRE</strong> is an<strong> innovative programme</strong> sponsored and managed by the DST for <strong>attraction of talent to Science</strong> and was launched in 2008.</li>
<li><strong>Objective</strong> of INSPIRE is<strong> to communicate to the youth of the country the excitements of creative pursuit of science, attract talent to the study of science</strong> at an early age and thus<strong> build the required critical human resource pool</strong> for strengthening and expanding the Science &amp; Technology system and R&amp;D base.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Angiogenesis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>physiological process</strong> through which <strong>new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>critical in the growth of cancer</strong> because tumors need blood supply to grow. Tumors trigger the growth of blood cells by giving off chemical signals that stimulate angiogenesis.</li>
<li><strong>Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis</strong> has become a popular <strong>anti-cancer strategy</strong> after chemotherapy.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Angiogenesis inhibitors</strong> are unique cancer-fighting agents because they <strong>block the growth of blood vessels that support tumor growth</strong> rather than blocking the growth of tumor cells themselves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitation of Anti-Angiogenic Drugs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The clinically approved <strong>anti-angiogenic drugs</strong> are ineffective due to <strong>parallel activation of various compensatory mechanisms</strong> involving a cascade of molecules, which <strong>aids tumor angiogenesis</strong> and investigation of these mechanisms are essential for developing anti-angiogenic therapies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alternative Anti-Cancer Therapy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists are exploring an alternative anti-cancer therapy that involves <strong>targeting tumor generated formation of new blood vessels</strong> which <strong>allows the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues.</strong></li>
<li>An INSPIRE faculty is exploring the role of<strong> compensatory mechanisms</strong> signaling cues as key targets for cancer therapy.</li>
<li>He has also found that<strong> nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in switching off angiogenesis</strong> under tumor microenvironment and that the <strong>melatonin hormone</strong> suppresses tumor angiogenesis.</li>
<li>The research has shown that<strong> compensatory mechanisms could be a potential therapeutic target</strong> for developing effective anti-cancer treatment regimes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transgenic Zebrafish Platform (TZP):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611307173_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611307173_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The INSPIRE faculty is further working to develop <strong>transgenic zebrafish</strong> (which have exogenous genes added to their genome) model by use of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crispr-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing tool</strong></a> to study the compensatory angiogenesis mechanism in tumor microenvironment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Using Zebrafish Model:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been selected for the study because of its <strong>rapid development, optically transparent, high yield in offspring, and easy techniques for forward and reverse gene manipulation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cancer</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>large group of diseases</strong> that can start in almost any organ or tissue of the body when<strong> abnormal cells grow uncontrollably,</strong> go beyond their usual boundaries to invade adjoining parts of the body and/or spread to other organs. The latter process is called <strong>metastasizing</strong> and is a major cause of death from cancer.</li>
<li>A <strong>neoplasm</strong> and <strong>malignant</strong> tumor are other common names for cancer.</li>
<li>Lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach and liver cancer are the <strong>most common types of cancer in men,</strong> while breast, colorectal, lung, cervical and thyroid cancer are the<strong> most common among women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cancer Burden:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cancer remains as one of the<strong> leading causes of adult illness and death</strong> due to chronic and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india#:~:text=National%20Programme%20for%20Prevention%20and,National%20Health%20Mission%20(NHM).&amp;text=The%20initiative%20will%20help%20in,on%20risk%20factors%20of%20NCDs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD)</strong></a> world-over including in India.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a>, cancer is the second <strong>leading cause of death globally and in 2018</strong>, there were approximately 18 million cases globally, of which 1.5 million were in India alone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Between 30% and 50% of cancer deaths could be prevented <strong>by modifying or avoiding the key risk factors.</strong> Key risk factors include <strong>tobacco use, alcohol use, diet, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, pollution, chronic infections, etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Options include<strong> surgery, cancer medicines and/or radiotherapy,</strong> administered alone or in combination.</li>
<li><strong>Palliative care,</strong> which focuses on improving the quality of life of patients and their families, is an essential component of cancer care.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1690326" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/alternative-anti-cancer-therapy'
		]
	],
	'updates' => object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

		'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
		'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
		'params' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'defaultTypes' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'decorators' => (int) 0,
		'executed' => false,
		'hydrate' => true,
		'buffered' => true,
		'formatters' => (int) 0,
		'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
		'contain' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'matching' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'extraOptions' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}
	
	},
	'page' => (int) 27,
	'search' => 'class',
	'totalPages' => (float) 303,
	'title' => 'Search'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/images/pdf/UPSC_Press%20Release_19042021%20Drishti%20IAS.pdf',
		'title' => 'UPSC Press Release April 2021',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/estore/english-books/all-english-books/Indian-and-World-Geography',
		'title' => 'New book release: Indian and World Geography - Prelims Practice Series (PPS)',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$searchlist = [
	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Transit Oriented Development',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The redevelopment of <strong>New Delhi Railway Station (NDLS)</strong> has become the first project to be undertaken on the <strong>Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) concept in the NCR</strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Approving Authority:</strong> The project has been approved by the <strong>Rail Land Development Authority (RLDA)</strong> which is a <strong>statutory body</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Railways</strong> responsible for the development of vacant railway land.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Currently, the Indian Railways has approximately 43,000 hectares of vacant land across the country.</li>
<li>The Government, in recent times, has been promoting <strong>&lsquo;transit-oriented development&rsquo;</strong> where public transport is the backbone of cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737136_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611737136_image1.png" style="float: right; margin: 5px;" width="428" height="407" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)</strong> integrates land use and transport planning and aims to develop planned sustainable urban growth centers, having walkable and livable communes with high density mixed land-use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Plan of TOD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A TOD typically includes a <strong>central transit stop</strong> (such as a train station, or light rail or bus stop) surrounded by a <strong>high-density mixed-use area,</strong> with <strong>lower-density areas spreading out from this center</strong>.</li>
<li>A TOD is also typically designed to be <strong>more walkable</strong> than other built-up areas, through using smaller block sizes and reducing the land area dedicated to automobiles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Need of TOD:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Factors such as <strong>rapidly growing population,<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-transforming-indian-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Urbanization</a>, migration to cities, and traffic congestion etc</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Benefits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Higher quality of life with better places to live, work, and play, greater mobility with ease of moving around, reduced traffic congestion, car accidents and injuries, reduced household spending on transportation, resulting in more affordable housing etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TOD &amp; Policy Initiatives in India: It is based on three pillars:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Enable Transformation (From Private to Public Transportation):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To assist in transformation of cities from private vehicle dependent city to public transport oriented development</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Accessible Public Transport (Promote Green Mobility):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To promote the usage of public transport by making it accessible, encourage green mobility by encouraging people to walk and cycle and at the same time curb pollution and other negative impacts of motorization.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Compact Walkable Communities:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To create livable and affordable communities, which are compact and walkable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives of TOD Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Public Transport:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To promote the use of public transport and reduction in private owned vehicles by developing high density zones in the influence area, which would increase the share of transit and walk trips and also result in <strong>reduction in pollution and congestion</strong> in the influence area.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reduction in Travel:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To provide all the basic needs of work/ job, shopping, public amenities, entertainment in the influence zone with mixed land-use development which would reduce the need for travel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Road Network:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To establish a dense road network within the development area for safe and easy movement.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inclusivity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To <strong>develop inclusive habitat</strong> in the influence area so that the people dependent on public transport can live in the livable communities within the walkable distance of transit stations.</li>
<li>To integrate the <strong>Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and affordable housing</strong> in the influence zone by allocating a prescribed proportion of built-up area for them in the total housing supply.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Safety to Vulnerable Section:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To ensure development of a safe society with special attention to safety of women, children, senior citizens and differently abled by making necessary amendments to the building bye laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planned Urbanization:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To prevent urban sprawl by accommodating the growing population in a compact area with access to the transit corridor, which would also consolidate investments and bring down the infrastructure cost for development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Friendly:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To reduce carbon footprints by shifting towards environmentally friendly travel options for the line haul as well as for access and egress trips.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/rlda-e-roadshows-showcase-ndls-redevelopment-work/article33639515.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/transit-oriented-development'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Padma Awards 2021',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Padma Awards for the year 2021</strong> were announced on the occasion of <strong>72<sup>nd</sup> <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/republic-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Republic Day</a></strong>.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Awardees (2021):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A total of <strong>119 Padma awards</strong> will be conferred, including <strong>7 padma vibhushan, 10 padma bhushan</strong> and <strong>102 padma shri</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Vibhushan Awardees (out of 7)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shri Shinzo Abe</strong> (Japan), <strong>Shri S P Balasubramaniam</strong> (Posthumous), <strong>Dr. Belle Monappa Hegde</strong> (Medicine), <strong>Shri Sudarshan Sahoo</strong> (Art), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Bhushan Awardees (out of 10)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ms. Krishnan Nair Shantakumari Chithra, Shri Tarun Gogoi, Ms. Sumitra Mahajan, Shri Ram Vilas Paswan,</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Few Padma Shri Awardees (out of 102)</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Shri Gulfam Ahmed</strong> (Art), <strong>Ms. P. Anitha</strong> (Sports), <strong>Shri Rama Swamy Annavarapu</strong> (Art), etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Background:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Padma Awards are announced annually on the <strong>Republic Day</strong> (26<sup>th</sup> January).</li>
<li>Instituted in <strong>1954</strong>, it is <strong>one of the highest civilian honours</strong> of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Award seeks to recognize achievements in all fields of activities or disciplines where an <strong>element of public service is involved</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Awards are given in three categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Padma Vibhushan</strong> (for exceptional and distinguished service),</li>
<li><strong>Padma Bhushan</strong> (distinguished service of higher-order) and</li>
<li><strong>Padma Shri</strong> (distinguished service).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Padma Vibhushan is highest in the hierarchy of Padma Awards</strong> followed by Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disciplines:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- <strong>art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, civil service</strong> etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Selection Process:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Padma Awards Committee:</strong> The Awards are conferred on the recommendations made by the Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted by the Prime Minister every year.</li>
<li><strong>Awarded by President:</strong> The awards are presented by the President of India usually in the month of March/April every year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bharat Ratna</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the country.</strong></li>
<li>It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the <strong>highest order in any field of human endeavour</strong>.</li>
<li>It is treated on a different footing from Padma Award. The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are <strong>made by the Prime Minister to the President of India</strong>.</li>
<li>The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a <strong>maximum of three</strong> in a particular year.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/padma-vibhushan-for-abe-gogoi-keshubhai-paswan-in-honours-list-7161613/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/padma-awards-2021'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Shadow Entrepreneurship',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/rise-of-shadow-entrepreneurship/article33594643.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Rise of shadow entrepreneurship&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindu on 18/01/2021. It talks about the benefits and issues associated with the Shadow Entrepreneurship.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, a business school professor allegedly misused his faculty position to provide fake certificates to students. This is one of the many cases whereby people across the globe get cheated, owing to the unregulated nature of online activities.</p>
<p>The abovesaid case highlights the ill-effects of the global rise of shadow entrepreneurship. Shadow entrepreneurs manage a business that sells legitimate goods and services but they do not register their businesses. Shadow entrepreneurship is a key factor affecting economic development, both in a positive and negative sense.</p>
<p>Moreover, India has one of the highest numbers of shadow entrepreneurs in the world and with a rising gig economy, understanding shadow entrepreneurship becomes incredibly important.</p>
<h3>Positives of Shadow Entrepreneurship</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Providing Employment:</strong> Presently, India&rsquo;s manufacturing sector is unable to provide adequate formal employment opportunities to the youth. Moreover, there is a mismatch between education and job skills in the market.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the phenomenon of shadow entrepreneurship is seen as a potential driver of job growth and economic development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bridging Market Gap:</strong> Shadow entrepreneurs can help release the associated distortions and frictions in the market. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They can offer complementary services that traditional service providers may be constrained to offer or consumers might not be able to access.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Augmenting Social Services:</strong> Shadow entrepreneurialism may extend welfare support of government schemes, as they can address the accessibility, availability, or affordability issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Concerns With Shadow Entrepreneurship</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extension of Informal Labour:</strong> As Shadow Entrepreneurship is largely unregulated, it provides little job security and few benefits to its workers like social security, insurance, etc. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Therefore, it is an extension of India&rsquo;s informal labor, which has been prevalent for a long time and has remained unregulated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hampering Economic Growth:</strong> Shadow Entrepreneurship results in loss of tax revenue, the unfair competition to registered businesses, and also poor productivity - factors that hinder economic development.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Further, as the Shadow Entrepreneurship businesses are not registered, it takes them beyond the reach of the law and makes shadow economy entrepreneurs vulnerable to corrupt government officials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Security Implications:</strong> Shadow Entrepreneurship may also have cross-border and national security implications. For instance, the recently reported suspicious loans being provided by Chinese instant loan providers online.</li>
<li><strong>Increase in Scams:</strong> It will also mean that unscrupulous individuals who are not entrepreneurs per se but are complementary service providers will potentially take more advantage of these post-pandemic market constraints, extracting money from consumers by means such as document forgery.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Formalization:</strong> Informal sector entrepreneurship, poverty, and inequality are conditioned by a country's economic and political institutions. Therefore, Government policies could play a big role in helping shadow economy entrepreneurs transition to the formal economy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, with proper economic and political frameworks in place, individuals are more likely to become 'formal' entrepreneurs and register their businesses.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Harmonization:</strong> There is a need for associated harmonization of activities between competition authorities of governments (in India&rsquo;s case the Ministry of Corporate Affairs in regulating shadow entrepreneurship and government departments in healthcare, education, or finance).</li>
<li><strong>Legislation:</strong> Given the magnitude of shadow entrepreneurship in India, it is not possible to formalize it in a short span of time. Therefore, the need of the hour is enabling legislation that regulates and provides social security benefits also.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In this context, the recent <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-the-labour-code-bills" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Code on Social Security Bill, 2020</a></strong>, is a step in the right direction. For the first time, it acknowledges platform workers and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gig-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>gig workers</strong></a> as new occupational categories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Shadow entrepreneurship may temporarily tackle issues like the unemployment crisis or market gap but given monitoring needs of public goods distribution for the developing world, without regulation, the situation could spiral out of control.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fefff2;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Shadow entrepreneurship is a key factor affecting economic development, both in a positive and negative sense. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/shadow-entrepreneurship'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'The Inequality Virus Report: Oxfam International',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Inequality Virus Report,</strong> released by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-inequality-crisis-report-oxfam-international#:~:text=The%20report%20focuses%20on%20the,hands%20of%20a%20rich%20few." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Oxfam International</strong></a>, has found that the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid pandemic</strong></a> deeply<strong> increased the existing inequalities</strong> in India and around the world.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report states that<strong> Covid has the potential to increase economic inequality</strong> in almost every country at once - the first time this has happened since records began over a century ago.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Impact of the Pandemic on Rich vis-a-vis Poor: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>India introduced one of the earliest and most stringent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/covid-19-and-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener">lockdowns</a></strong> in the face of the pandemic and its enforcement <strong>brought the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/assessment-of-economic-impact-of-covid-19-dsge-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">economy to a standstill</a>, triggering <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/unemployment-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">unemployment</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-and-the-hunger-fight" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hunger</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-migrants-and-challenges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">distress migration</a> and untold hardship</strong> in its wake.</li>
<li>The <strong>rich were able to escape</strong> the pandemic&rsquo;s worst impact; and while the<strong> white-collar workers isolated themselves and worked from home, a majority of the not-so-fortunate Indians lost their livelihood.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>wealth of Indian billionaires increased by 35%</strong> during the lockdown and by 90% since 2009 to USD 422.9 billion, <strong>ranking India sixth in the world after the USA, China, Germany, Russia and France.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Informal Sector:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s large informal workforce <strong>was the worst hit</strong> as it made up 75% of the<strong> 122 million jobs lost.</strong></li>
<li>Informal workers had relatively<strong> fewer opportunities to work from home and suffered more job loss</strong> compared to the formal sector.</li>
<li>The 40-50 million <strong>seasonal migrant workers,</strong> typically engaged working in construction sites, factories etc. were <strong>particularly distressed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Education:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the past year as <strong>education shifted online,</strong> India saw the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/right-to-internet-access-and-digital-literacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">digital divide</a> worsening inequalities.</strong></li>
<li>On the one hand, <strong>private providers experienced exponential growth</strong> yet, on the other, just <strong>3% of the poorest 20% of Indian households had access to a computer and just 9% had access to the internet.</strong></li>
<li>It noted that<strong> the long disruption of schooling risked doubling the rate of out of school,</strong> especially among the poor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health Inequalities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Oxfam found that since India does not report case data desegregated by socio-economic or social categories, it is <strong>difficult to gauge the distribution of the disease amongst various communities.</strong></li>
<li>India currently has the <strong>world&rsquo;s second-largest cumulative number of Covid-19 positive cases</strong> and globally, the poor, marginalised and vulnerable communities have higher rates of Covid-19 prevalence.</li>
<li>The<strong> spread of disease was swift among poor communities,</strong> often living in cramped areas with poor sanitation and using shared common facilities such as toilets and water points.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sanitation Facility: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Only 6% of the poorest 20% households had access to non-shared sources of improved sanitation,</strong> compared to 93% of the top 20% households in India.</li>
<li>In terms of caste,<strong> just 37.2% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reimagining-the-national-commission-for-scheduled-castes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Castes</a> (SCs) households and 25.9% of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheduled Tribes</a> (STs) households had access to non-shared sanitation facilities, </strong>compared to 65.7% for the general population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender Disparities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Employment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> unemployment rate among women</strong> rose from already high<strong> 15% before Covid to 18%.</strong></li>
<li>This increase in unemployment of women<strong> can result in a loss to India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gdp-decreases-to-11-year-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</a></strong> of about 8% or USD 218 billion.</li>
<li>Of the women who retained their jobs, as many <strong>83% were subjected to a cut in income according to a survey by the Institute of Social Studies Trust.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Beyond income and job losses, <strong>poorer women also suffered healthwise because of the disruption in regular health services</strong> and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anganwadi-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Anganwadi centres.</strong> </a></li>
<li>It is predicted that the<strong> closure of family planning services</strong> will result in 2.95 million unintended pregnancies, 1.80 million abortions (including 1.04 million unsafe abortions) and 2,165 maternal deaths.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Domestic Violence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/domestic-violence-during-lockdown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic also fueled domestic violence against women</strong></a>. As of November 2020, cases of domestic violence rose by almost 60% over the past 12 months.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suggestions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is an urgent need for policymakers to <strong>tax the wealthy individuals and rich corporates and use that money to invest in free quality public services and social protection</strong> to support everyone, from cradle to grave.</li>
<li>Reducing inequalities is very important but it should be a medium-term target. Between growth and distribution, India must get the sequencing right.</li>
<li>India <strong>needs to grow first before it can distribute.</strong> Otherwise, it can get stuck in a low-income equilibrium.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Oxfam International</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oxfam International is a <strong>group of independent non-governmental organisations</strong> formed in <strong>1995.</strong></li>
<li>The name &ldquo;Oxfam&rdquo; comes from the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, founded in Britain in 1942.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The group campaigned for food supplies to starving women and children in enemy-occupied Greece during the Second World War.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It <strong>aims to maximize efficiency and achieve greater impact to reduce global poverty and injustice.</strong></li>
<li>The Oxfam International Secretariat is based in <strong>Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/covid-deepened-inequalities-wealth-education-gender-7160341/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-inequality-virus-report-oxfam-international'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Risa: Tripura's Signature Garment',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>State government of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/statehood-day-of-manipur-meghalaya-and-tripura#:~:text=Merger%20of%20Tripura%20with%20India,on%2015th%20November%2C%201949.&amp;text=So%20his%20widow%20queen%20Kanchan,Tripura%20kingdom%20in%20Indian%20Union." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tripura</a> aims to promote risa nationally</strong> as Tripura&rsquo;s signature garment.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For this, various initiatives have been taken like<strong> providing risa uniforms to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anganwadi-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anganwadi</a></strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-institute-of-health-family-welfare" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ASHA workers</strong> </a>and facilitating<strong> training for making risa</strong> at Tripura Handloom and Handicrafts Development Corporation.</li>
<li>The risa is <strong>being branded under the India Handloom Brand.</strong> This supports the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/09-06-2020#:~:text=Promoting%20Local%3A%20Being%20vocal%20for,Glocal%E2%80%9D%20India%20will%20be%20possible." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;Vocal for Local&rsquo; initiative</strong> </a>of the central government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611563257_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611563257_image1.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Risa:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Risa is a <strong>handwoven cloth</strong> used as a female upper garment.</li>
<li>Risa is<strong> a part of traditional Tripuri attire</strong> that comprises three parts -<strong> risa, rignai and rikutu.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Rignai:</strong> It is primarily worn as the<strong> lower garment</strong> and literally translates into &lsquo;to wear&rsquo;. It can be understood as an indigenous variety of the <em><strong>sari</strong> </em>of mainland India.</li>
<li><strong>Rituku:</strong> It is mainly used as a wrap, or like a <em><strong>&lsquo;chunri&rsquo; </strong></em><strong>or a</strong><em><strong> &lsquo;pallu&rsquo;</strong></em>of the Indian saree.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sometimes, Risa is also used as <strong>headgear, a stole, or a present</strong> to express respect.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cultural Importance:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Adolescent Tripuri girls are first given a risa to wear in an event called<strong> Risa Sormani,</strong> at age 12 to 14.</li>
<li>Risa is also used as a <strong>turban by men</strong> during weddings and festivals.</li>
<li>Risa is <strong>common in almost all 19 indigenous tribal communities</strong> of Tripura. However,<strong> each community has its own designs.</strong></li>
<li>It is used in religious festivals such as<strong> Garia Puja</strong> by tribal communities.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Garia Puja Festival:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is a major <strong>festival in Tripura,</strong> held on the <strong>last day of the month of Chaitra.</strong></li>
<li>Celebrated as a<strong> harvest festival</strong> by the ethnic tribes - <strong>Tripuris and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bru-refugee-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reangs</a>.</strong></li>
<li>In this festival, the<strong> Garia dance</strong> is also performed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tripura-culture-risa-trend-explained-7155359/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/risa-tripura-s-signature-garment'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Decriminalisation of Offences Under LLP Act',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/committee-to-review-the-offences-under-the-companies-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Company Law Committee (CLC)</strong></a> has recommended that 12 offences under the <strong>Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act 2008</strong> be decriminalised and that LLPs be allowed to issue <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-30th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Convertible Debentures (NCDs)</strong></a> to raise funds with the aim of improving ease of doing business for LLP firms.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Company Law Committee (CLC)</strong> was<strong> set up by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs</strong> in September, 2019 to promote Ease of Living in the country by providing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/steps-to-boost-ease-of-doing-business" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ease of Doing Business</strong></a> to law-abiding corporates and fostering improved corporate compliance for stakeholders at large.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Company Law Committees (CLC&rsquo;s) Recommendations:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Decriminalisation of Offences:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Several offences related to<strong> timely filings,</strong> including <strong>annual reports and filings on changes in partnership status of the LLP,</strong> not related to fraud have been recommended for decriminalisation.</li>
<li>While <strong>none of these provisions</strong> recommended for decriminalisation currently <strong>have prison terms</strong> as a possible punishment, the committee has <strong>recommended that companies be required to pay penalties for non-compliance, instead of fines which are imposed after a partner or the LLP is found guilty of misconduct by a court.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Risk Involved in Imposing Fines:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Committee has noted that there is a <strong>risk of a convicted person being disqualified or becoming ineligible for various posts</strong> in the case of fines imposed by courts, which would not be the case for penalties imposed by an appropriate authority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Authority to Levy Penalties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Registrar of Companies (ROC)</strong> would have the authority to levy penalties for any contravention of provisions of the LLP Act.</li>
<li>ROC <strong>appointed under Section 609 of the Companies Act</strong> covering the various States and Union Territories are <strong>vested with the primary duty of registering companies and LLPs</strong> floated in the respective states and the Union Territories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Permission to Issue NCDs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>LLPs which are currently not allowed to issue debt securities should be permitted to issue NCDs <strong>to facilitate raising of capital and financing operations.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficiaries:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The move is likely to benefit<strong> startups and small firms</strong> in sectors which require heavy capital investment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Limited Liability Partnership</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) <strong>have limited liabilities.</strong></li>
<li>In an LLP, <strong>each partner is not responsible or liable for another partner's misconduct or negligence.</strong></li>
<li>The LLP can<strong> continue its existence irrespective of changes in partners.</strong> It is capable of entering into contracts and holding property in its own name.</li>
<li>The LLP is a <strong>separate legal entity,</strong> is liable to the full extent of its assets but liability of the partners is limited to their agreed contribution in the LLP.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>LLP vs Traditional Partnership Firm:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under &ldquo;traditional partnership firm&rdquo;, every partner is liable, jointly with all the other partners and also severally for all acts of the firm done while he is a partner.</li>
<li>Under LLP structure, liability of the partner is limited to his agreed contribution. Thus, individual partners are shielded from joint liability created by another partner&rsquo;s wrongful acts or misconduct.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>LLP vs a Company:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The internal governance structure of a company is regulated by statute (i.e. <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-the-companies-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Companies Act</strong></a>, 2013) whereas for an LLP it would be by a contractual agreement between partners.</li>
<li>The <strong>management-ownership divide</strong> inherent in a company is not there in a limited liability partnership.</li>
<li>LLP will have more<strong> flexibility</strong> as compared to a company.</li>
<li>LLP will have lesser <strong>compliance</strong> requirements as compared to a company.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Non-Convertible Debentures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Debentures are<strong> long-term financial instruments</strong> that are issued by companies to borrow money.</li>
<li>Some debentures have a<strong> feature of convertibility into shares</strong> after a certain point of time at the discretion of the debenture holder.</li>
<li>The <strong>debentures which cannot be converted into shares</strong> are called non-convertible debentures (or NCDs).</li>
<li>There are two types of NCDs-secured and unsecured.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Secured:</strong> A secured NCD is backed by the assets of the company. If the company fails to pay the obligation, the investor holding the debenture can claim that through liquidation of those assets.</li>
<li><strong>Unsecured:</strong> Contrary to secured NCD, there is no backing in unsecured NCDs if the company defaults.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-decriminalisation-of-offences-under-llp-act-could-help-unclog-judicial-system-7160354/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/decriminalisation-of-offences-under-llp-act'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Anglo-Mysore Wars',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<p>The Anglo-Mysore Wars was a series of <strong>four military confrontations</strong> in India between the <strong>British and the rulers of Mysore.</strong></p>
<h3>First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>In 1612,</strong> a Hindu kingdom under the <strong>Wodeyars</strong> emerged in the region of Mysore. <strong>Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar</strong> <strong>II</strong> ruled from <strong>1734 to 1766. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Haider Ali</strong> who was appointed as a soldier in the army of Wodeyars became the<strong> de-facto ruler of Mysore</strong> with his great administrative skills and military tactics.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>During the second half of the 18<sup>th</sup> century, Mysore emerged as a formidable power under his leadership.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Mysore&rsquo;s proximity with the French</strong> and<strong> Haidar Ali&rsquo;s control</strong> over the rich trade of the<strong> Malabar coast</strong> threatened the political and commercial interests of the English and their control over Madras.</li>
<li>The British, after their success in the<strong> Battle of Buxar</strong> with the nawab of Bengal, signed a treaty with the <strong>Nizam of Hyderabad</strong> persuading him to give them the <strong>Northern Circars for protecting the Nizam from Haidar Ali</strong> who already had disputes with the <strong>Marathas.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nizam of Hyderabad, the Marathas, and the English allied together against Haidar Ali.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Haider diplomatically turned the Marathas neutral and Nizam into his ally against Nawab of Arcot.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Haider Ali</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Haider Ali (1721-1782),</strong> born in an obscure family, started his career as a <strong>horseman in the Mysore army</strong> under the ministers of king<strong> Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was uneducated but <strong>intellectual </strong>and <strong>diplomatically &amp; militarily skilled.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He became the <strong><em>de facto</em> ruler of Mysore in 1761</strong> and <strong>introduced western methods</strong> of training into his army with the <strong>help of the French army.</strong></li>
<li>With his excellent military skills,<strong> he took over the Nizami army and the Marathas</strong> and captured<strong> Dod Ballapur, Sera, Bednur and Hoskote</strong> in 1761- 63 and brought to submission the troublesome<strong> Poligars of South India</strong> (Tamil Nadu).
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poligars or Palaiyakkarars were appointed as <strong>military chiefs and administrative governors</strong> from the time of the <strong>Vijayanagara Empire</strong> in parts of Southern India. They also collected taxes from the cultivators.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recovering from their defeat, the Marathas under <strong>Madhavrao attacked Mysore,</strong> and<strong> defeated Haidar Ali in 1764, 1766, and 1771.</strong></li>
<li>To buy peace, Haidar Ali had to give them large sums of money, but after Madhavrao&rsquo;s death in 1772, <strong>Haidar Ali raided the Marathas</strong> a number of times <strong>during 1774-76,</strong> and <strong>recovered all the territories</strong> he had previously lost, besides <strong>capturing new areas.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The war continued for<strong> a year-and-a-half</strong> without any conclusion.</li>
<li>Haidar changed his strategy and suddenly appeared before the gates of Madras causing complete chaos and panic at Madras.</li>
<li>This forced the English to conclude a<strong> treaty with Haidar on April 4, 1769</strong> known as the <strong>Treaty of Madras.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The treaty provided for the<strong> exchange of prisoners</strong> and the <strong>conquered areas.</strong></li>
<li>Haidar Ali was <strong>promised the help of the English</strong> in case he was attacked by any other power.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The British<strong> failed to adhere to the treaty of Madras</strong> when Mysore was attacked by the <strong>Maratha army in 1771.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Haider Ali accused them for breach of faith.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover,<strong> Haider Ali found the French more resourceful</strong> in terms of fulfilling the army requirements of guns, saltpetre and lead.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently, he started <strong>importing French war materials</strong> to Mysore <strong>through Mahe,</strong> a French possession on the Malabar Coast.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The increasing friendship between the two raised concern for the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Consequently the British tried to capture Mahe which was under Haider Ali&rsquo;s protection.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Haidar Ali forged an <strong>alliance with the Marathas and the Nizam</strong> against the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He<strong> attacked the Carnatic and captured Arcot</strong> and <strong>defeated the English</strong> army under<strong> Colonel Baillie in 1781.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the meantime, the English (<strong>under Sir Eyre Coote) detached both the Marathas and the Nizam from Haidar&rsquo;s side,</strong> but the undeterred Haidar faced the English boldly only to suffer a<strong> defeat at Porto Novo</strong> (present day Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu) <strong>in November 1781.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, he regrouped his forces and defeated the English and captured their commander, Braithwaite.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Haidar Ali <strong>died of cancer</strong> on<strong> December 7, 1782.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His son Tipu Sultan carried on the war for one year without any positive outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fed up with an inconclusive war, both sides opted for peace, negotiating the<strong> Treaty of Mangalore (March, 1784)</strong> under which both the parties gave back the territories they had taken from each other.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tipu Sultan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Born in <strong>November 1750,</strong> Tipu Sultan was Haidar Ali&rsquo;s son and a <strong>great warrior</strong> also known as the<strong> Tiger of Mysore.</strong></li>
<li>He was a<strong> well educated man</strong> fluent in<strong> Arabic, Persian, Kanarese and Urdu.</strong></li>
<li>Tipu, like his father Haider Ali, gave maximum care to the raising and maintenance of <strong>an efficient military force.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He organised his <strong>army on the European model with Persian words of command.</strong></li>
<li>Though he took the help of the French officers to train his soldiers, he never allowed them (French) to develop into a pressure group.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was well aware of the importance of a naval force. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>In 1796,</strong> he set up a Board of Admiralty and planned for<strong> a fleet of 22 battleships and 20 large frigates.</strong></li>
<li>He established<strong> three dockyards at Mangalore, Wajedabad and Molidabad.</strong> However, his plans did not fructify.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>He was also a <strong>patron of science and technology</strong> and is credited as the<strong> &lsquo;pioneer of rocket technology&rsquo;</strong> in India. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He wrote a military manual explaining the operation of rockets.</li>
<li>He was also a pioneer in <strong>introducing sericulture to the Mysore State.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was a <strong>great lover of democracy and a great diplomat</strong> who gave his support to the French soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up a<strong> Jacobin Club in 1797.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tipu himself became a member of the Jacobin Club and allowed himself to be called <strong>Citizen Tipu.</strong></li>
<li>He planted the <strong>Tree of Liberty at Seringapatam.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Treaty of Mangalore was not enough to resolve the conflicts between Tipu Sultan and the British. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Both were aiming to establish their own political supremacy over the Deccan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Third Anglo-Mysore War</strong> began when<strong> Tipu attacked Travancore,</strong> an ally of the English and the <strong>only source of pepper for the East India Company.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Travancore had purchased Jalkottal and Cannanore from the Dutch in the Cochin state which was a feudatory of Tipu, he considered the act of Travancore as a violation of his sovereign rights.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The British sided with Travancore and attacked Mysore. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Nizam and the Marathas who were jealous of Tipu&rsquo;s growing power joined the British.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1790, Tipu Sultan defeated the British army under <strong>General Meadows.</strong></li>
<li>In 1791,<strong> Lord Cornwallis</strong> took the leadership and at the head of a large army marched through <strong>Ambur and Vellore to Bangalore</strong> (captured in March 1791) and from there to<strong> Seringapatam.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Coimbatore fell to them, but they lost it again, and at last with the support of the Marathas and the Nizam, the British attacked Seringapatam for the second time.</li>
<li>Tipu offered serious opposition, but the odds were against him.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The war was concluded with the <strong>Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under this treaty, nearly <strong>half of the Mysorean territory was taken over</strong> by the alliance of the British, Nizam and the Marathas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Baramahal, Dindigul and Malabar went to the British,</strong> while the <strong>Marathas</strong> got the regions surrounding the <strong>Tungabhadra and its tributaries</strong> and the <strong>Nizam acquired the areas from Krishna</strong> to beyond the <strong>Pennar.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Besides, a<strong> war damage of three crore rupees</strong> was also taken from Tipu.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Half of the war indemnity was to be paid immediately while the rest was to be given in installments, for which Tipu&rsquo;s two sons were taken as hostages by the English.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Third Anglo-Mysore War destroyed Tipu&rsquo;s dominant position in the south and firmly established British supremacy there.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)</h3>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The period of 1792-99 was used by both the British and Tipu Sultan to recoup their losses. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tipu fulfilled all the terms of the Treaty of Seringapatam and got his sons released.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1796, when the Hindu ruler of the Wodeyar dynasty died, Tipu declared himself as the Sultan and decided to avenge his humiliating defeat in the previous war.</li>
<li><strong>In 1798, Lord Wellesley,</strong> an imperialist to the core,<strong> succeeded Sir John Shore</strong> as the new Governor General.</li>
<li>Tipu&rsquo;s growing friendship with the French raised concerns for Wellesley. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Aimed at annihilating Tipu&rsquo;s independent existence, he forced him into submission through the system of <strong>Subsidiary Alliance.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tipu was accused of plotting against the British by sending emissaries to Arabia, Afghanistan and to the Isle of France (Mauritius) and Versailles, with treasonable intent. Tipu&rsquo;s explanation did not satisfy Wellesley thus the fourth Anglo-Mysore war began.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Subsidiary Alliance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1798, <strong>Lord Wellesley introduced the Subsidiary Alliance</strong> system in India, under which the ruler of the allying Indian state was <strong>compelled to pay a subsidy</strong> for the<strong> maintenance of British army</strong> in return for <strong>getting protection from the British</strong> against their enemies. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provided for the posting of a<strong> British Resident at the ruler&rsquo;s court</strong> restricting the ruler from employing any European in his service without the approval of the British.</li>
<li>Sometimes the ruler ceded part of his territory instead of paying annual subsidy.</li>
<li>The first Indian ruler to sign the <strong>Subsidiary Alliance was the Nizam of Hydera&shy;bad.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Those native princes or rulers who would enter into Subsidiary Alliance were not free to declare war against any other power or enter into negotiations without the con&shy;sent of the British.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The princes who were comparatively strong and powerful were permitted to retain their armies, but their armies were placed under British generals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Subsidiary Alliance was a policy of<strong> non-interference in the internal affairs of the allied state,</strong> but this was a promise seldom kept by the British.</li>
<li>The payment of the arbitrarily-fixed and artificially-bloated subsidy invariably disrupted the economy of the state and impoverished its people.</li>
<li>On the other hand, the British could now maintain a large army at the cost of the Indian states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They controlled the defence and foreign relations of the protected ally, and had a powerful force stationed at the very heart of his lands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>Course of War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The war began on <strong>April 17, 1799</strong> and ended on <strong>May 4, 1799</strong> with the fall of Seringapatam. Tipu was defeated first by British General Stuart and then by General Harris.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Arthur Wellesley, the brother of Lord Wellesley, also participated in the war.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Marathas and the Nizam again helped the British as the<strong> Marathas had been promised half of the territory of Tipu</strong> and the<strong> Nizam had already signed the Subsidiary Alliance.</strong></li>
<li>Tipu Sultan died in the war and all his treasures were confiscated by the British.</li>
<li>The British chose a boy from the earlier Hindu royal family of Mysore as the maharaja and also imposed the subsidiary alliance system on him.</li>
<li>It had taken the English 32 years to subjugate Mysore. The threat of French revival in the Deccan was permanently eliminated.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Post War Scenario</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lord Wellesley offered <strong>Soonda and Harponelly districts of Mysore Kingdom</strong> to the <strong>Marathas,</strong> which the latter <strong>refused.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Nizam</strong> was given the districts of <strong>Gooty and Gurramkonda.</strong></li>
<li>The British took possession of Kanara, <strong>Wayanad, Coimbatore, Dwaraporam and Seringapatam.</strong></li>
<li>The new state of Mysore was handed over to the old Hindu dynasty (Wodeyars) under a minor ruler Krishnaraja III, who accepted the subsidiary alliance.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/anglo-mysore-wars'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Bringing a Law into Force',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The farmers have<strong> rejected the government&rsquo;s offer of keeping the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-agriculture-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">three contentious farm laws</a> on hold</strong> for one to one-and-a-half years. Farmers insist that the laws be repealed.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the years,<strong> Parliament has repealed several laws</strong> and there have also been precedents of the <strong>government not bringing a law into force for several years</strong> after it has been passed.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bringing/Repealing a Law:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Parliament has the power to make a law and to remove</strong> it from the statute books (a law can be struck down by the judiciary if it is unconstitutional).</li>
<li>A<strong> Bill is a draft proposal,</strong> which needs to be <strong>passed in the Lower and Upper House,</strong> and only after the <strong>President gives his assent, it becomes an Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Repeal</strong> means to<strong> revoke, abrogate or cancel particularly a statute.</strong> Any statute may repeal any Act in whole or in part, either expressly or impliedly by enacting matters contrary to and inconsistent with the prior legislation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>President&rsquo;s Assent:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 111 of the Constitution</strong> specifies that the <strong>President can either sign off on the Bill or withhold his consent.</strong></li>
<li><strong>A Bill is sent to Parliament for reconsideration</strong> if the President withholds his assent on it. And if Parliament sends it back to the President, he has no choice but to approve it. Thus, the <strong>President enjoys only a 'suspensive veto'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Making Law Operational:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rules &amp; Regulation: Parliament gives the government the responsibility</strong> of making rules and regulations for efficient functioning of the Act.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government not only has the power to make rules but <strong>can also suppress rules</strong> made by it earlier.</li>
<li>If the government does not make rules and regulations, <strong>a law or parts of it will not get implemented.</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Benami Transactions Act of 1988</strong> is an <strong>example</strong> of a <strong>complete law remaining unimplemented</strong> in the absence of regulations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Time Period:</strong> Parliament has recommended that the government make rules <strong>within six months of passing a law.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/role-of-parliamentary-committees" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> parliamentary committee</strong> </a>has observed that this recommendation is <strong>&ldquo;being followed in breach by various ministries&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Veto Power of the President</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Three Types of Veto Power:</strong> Absolute veto, Suspensive veto and Pocket veto.</li>
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> The President has <strong>no veto power</strong> when it comes to the <strong>constitutional amendment bills.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Absolute Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> It refers to the power of the President to <strong>withhold his assent to a bill</strong> passed by the Parliament. The<strong> bill then ends and does not become an act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Generally Used in Following Two Cases:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>When the bill passed by the Parliament is a<strong> Private Member Bill.</strong></li>
<li><strong>When the cabinet resigns</strong> before the President could give his assent to the bill. The new cabinet may advise the President to not give his assent to the bill passed by the old cabinet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Suspensive Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President uses a suspensive veto when he <strong>returns the bill to the Indian Parliament for its reconsideration.</strong></li>
<li>If the Parliament <strong>resends the bill with or without amendment</strong> to the President, he <strong>has to approve the bill without using any of his veto powers.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exception:</strong> The President <strong>cannot exercise his suspensive veto</strong> in relation to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/supreme-court-dismissed-aadhaar-review-petitions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Money Bill</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pocket Veto:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Meaning:</strong> The<strong> bill is kept pending by the President for an indefinite period</strong> when he exercises his pocket veto.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He<strong> neither rejects the bill nor returns the bill for reconsideration.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Unlike the American President</strong> who has to<strong> resend the bill within 10 days, the Indian President has no such time-rule.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Veto over State Bills:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>governor is empowered to reserve certain types of bills passed by the state&nbsp;</strong><strong>legislature for the consideration of the President.</strong></li>
<li>The President <strong>can withhold his assent to such bills not only in the first instance but also in the second instance.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, the President <strong>enjoys absolute veto (and not suspensive veto) over state bills.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the President<strong> can exercise pocket veto</strong> in respect of state legislation also.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/when-parliament-passed-bills-but-govt-did-not-give-effect-to-those-laws-7157986/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bringing-a-law-into-force'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Socio-Economic and Caste Census',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-new-framework-around-caste-and-the-census/article33638335.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;A new framework around caste and the census&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 23/01/2021. It talks about the comparison between Census and Socio-Economic and Caste Census and their associated concerns.</p>
</div>
<p>Enumerating, describing, and understanding the population of society and what people have access to, and what they are excluded from is important not only for social scientists but also for policy practitioners and the government.</p>
<p>In this regard, the<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-census-challenges-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Census of India</strong></a>, one of the largest exercises of its kind, enumerates and collects demographic and socio-economic information on the Indian population.</p>
<p>However, the critiques of the exercise of the census consider it as both a data collection effort and a technique of governance, but not quite useful enough for a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a complex society.</p>
<p>In this context, the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 2011, but it has its own issues.</p>
<h3>Census, SECC &amp; Difference</h3>
<p><strong>Census</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The origin of the Census in India goes back to the colonial exercise of 1881.</li>
<li>Census has evolved and been used by the government, policymakers, academics, and others to capture the Indian population, access resources, map social change, delimitation exercise, etc.</li>
<li>However, as early as the 1940s, W.W.M. Yeatts, Census Commissioner for India for the 1941 Census, had pointed out that &ldquo;the census is a large, immensely powerful, but blunt instrument unsuited for specialized inquiry.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>SECC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SECC was conducted for the first time since 1931.</li>
<li>SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family, both in rural and urban India, and ask about their:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Economic status, so as to allow Central and State authorities to come up with a range of indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each authority to define a poor or deprived person.</li>
<li>It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>SECC has the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Difference Between Census &amp; SECC</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Census provides a portrait of the Indian population, while the SECC is a tool to identify beneficiaries of state support.</li>
<li>Since the Census falls under the Census Act of 1948, all data are considered confidential, whereas according to the SECC website, &ldquo;all the personal information given in the SECC is open for use by Government departments to grant and/or restrict benefits to households.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Associated Concerns With SECC</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Repercussions of a Caste Census: Caste has an</strong> emotive element and thus there exist the political and social repercussions of a caste census.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There have been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities.</li>
<li>Due to these repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizeable amount of its data remains unreleased or released only in parts.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Caste Is Context-specific:</strong> Caste has never been a proxy for class or deprivation in India; it constitutes a distinct kind of embedded discrimination that often transcends class. For example:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>People with Dalit last names are less likely to be called for job interviews even when their qualifications are better than that of an upper-caste candidate.</li>
<li>They are also less likely to be accepted as tenants by landlords. Thus difficult to measure.</li>
<li>Marriage to a well- educated, well-off Dalit man still sparks violent reprisals among the families of upper-caste women every day across the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Utilizing Existing Data:</strong> As SECC has its own concerns, linking and syncing aggregated Census data to other large datasets such as the National Sample Surveys may help the governments realize the intended benefits of SECC.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Sample Surveys cover issues that the Census exercises do not, such as maternal health, information of land and asset ownership, consumption expenditure, nature of employment, which would be significant for a more comprehensive analysis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Alternatives:</strong> Statisticians such as Atanu Biswas point out that Census operations across the world are going through significant changes, employing digital methods that are precise, faster, and cost-effective.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, care must be taken to ensure that digital alternatives and linking of data sources involving Census operations are inclusive and non-discriminatory, especially given the sensitive nature of the data being collected.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>While the Census authorities present documents on methodology as part of a policy of transparency, there needs to be a closer and continuous engagement between functionaries of the Census and SECC, along with academics and other stakeholders concerned, since the Census and the SECC are projects of governance as well as of academic interest.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9fff7;">
<p><span style="color: #333399;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) is a better exercise than Census to capture the population&rsquo;s data. However, it has its own issues. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/A1f9fNHCbgU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/farmers-besotted-by-protestations/?source=app&amp;frmapp=yes&amp;comments=show" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> &ldquo;Farmers Besotted By Protestations&rdquo;</strong> </a>published in The Economic Times on January 22<sup>nd</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/socio-economic-and-caste-census'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => '4-Tier Structure for Regulation of NBFCs',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the<strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Reserve Bank of India</a> (RBI)</strong> has proposed a tighter regulatory framework for <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non-Banking Financial Companies</a> (NBFCs)</strong> by creating a<strong> four-tier structure</strong> with a progressive<strong> increase in intensity of regulation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has also proposed classification of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/lessons-from-npa-crisis" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Non-Performing Assets</strong></a> <strong>(NPAs)</strong> of base layer NBFCs from 180 days to 90 days overdue.</li>
<li>Earlier in 2020 the RBI announced a host of measures to provide <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/liquidity-boost-to-nbfcs#:~:text=NBFC%20is%20a%20company%20registered,%2C%20insurance%20business%2C%20chit%20business." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>liquidity support to NBFCs.</strong> </a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Department of Non-Banking Supervision (DNBS) of RBI is entrusted with the responsibility of regulation and supervision of NBFCs</strong> under the regulatory - provisions contained under Chapter III B and C and Chapter V of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Regulatory and Supervisory Framework of the Reserve Bank provides for, among other things, <strong>registration of NBFCs, prudential regulation of various categories of NBFC, issue of directions on acceptance of deposits by NBFCs and surveillance of the sector through off-site and on-site supervision.</strong></li>
<li>Deposit taking NBFCs and Systemically Important Non-Deposit Accepting Companies are <strong>subjected to a greater degree of regulation and supervision.</strong></li>
<li>The focus of regulation and supervision is three fold, viz., <strong>a) depositor protection, b) consumer protection and c) financial stability.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>RBI has also been empowered under the RBI Act 1934 to take punitive action</strong> which includes cancellation of Certificate of Registration, issue of prohibitory orders from accepting deposits, filing criminal cases or winding up petitions under provisions of Companies Act in extreme cases.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Aim:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proposed framework is aimed at <strong>protecting financial stability</strong> while ensuring that smaller NBFCs continue to enjoy light regulations and grow with ease.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Proposed Classification of NBFC (The Four-Tier Structure):</strong> The regulatory and supervisory framework of NBFCs should be based on a four-layered structure:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Base Layer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NBFCs in the lower layer will be known as NBFC-Base Layer (NBFC-BL).</li>
<li>For NBFCs in this layer<strong> least regulatory intervention is warranted.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Middle Layer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NBFCs in the middle layer will be known as NBFC-Middle Layer (NBFC-ML)</li>
<li>The regulatory regime for this layer will be <strong>stricter compared to the base layer.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Adverse regulatory arbitrage vis-&agrave;-vis banks</strong> can be addressed for NBFCs falling in this layer in order to <strong>reduce systemic risk spill-overs, where required.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Upper Layer:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>NBFC in the Upper Layer will be known as NBFC-Upper Layer <strong>(NBFC-UL)</strong> and will invite a <strong>new regulatory superstructure.</strong></li>
<li>This layer will be populated by <strong>NBFCs which have large potential of systemic spill-over of risks and have the ability to impact financial stability.</strong></li>
<li>There is no parallel for this layer at present, as this will be a <strong>new layer for regulation.</strong> The regulatory framework for NBFCs falling in this layer will be<strong> bank-like,</strong> albeit with suitable and appropriate modifications.</li>
<li>If an identified NBFC-UL does not meet the criteria for classification for four consecutive years, it will move out of the enhanced regulatory framework.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Top Layer:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Ideally this layer is supposed to be empty.</li>
<li>It is possible that supervisory judgment might push some NBFCs out of the upper layer of the systemically significant NBFCs for higher regulation/supervision.</li>
<li>These NBFCs will occupy the top of the upper layer as a distinct set. Ideally, this top layer of the pyramid will remain empty unless supervisors take a view on specific NBFCs.</li>
<li>If certain NBFCs lying in the upper layer are seen to pose extreme risks as per supervisory judgement, they can be put to higher and bespoke regulatory/supervisory requirements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) is a company <strong>registered under the Companies Act, 1956</strong> engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of shares/stocks/bonds/debentures/securities issued by Government or local authority or other marketable securities of a like nature, leasing, hire-purchase, insurance business, chit business but does not include any institution whose principal business is that of agriculture activity, industrial activity, purchase or sale of any goods (other than securities) or providing any services and sale/purchase/construction of immovable property.</li>
<li>A non-banking institution which is a company and has <strong>principal business of receiving deposits under any scheme or arrangement</strong> in one lump sum or in installments by way of contributions or in any other manner, is also a non-banking financial company (Residuary non-banking company).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Features of NBFCs</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NBFC <strong>cannot accept demand deposits.</strong></li>
<li>NBFCs <strong>do not form part of the payment and settlement system and cannot issue cheques drawn on itself.</strong></li>
<li>Deposit insurance facility of Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation is not available to depositors of NBFCs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/rbi-proposes-4-tier-structure-for-tighter-regulation-of-nbfcs-7157880/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/4-tier-structure-for-regulation-of-nbfcs'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Sree Narayana Guru',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Vice President of India</strong> has virtually launched<strong> &ldquo;Not Many, But One&rdquo;,</strong> an <strong>English translation</strong> of poems of<strong> Sree Narayana Gurudev.</strong></p>
<h3>Key Points<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611396476_image4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611396476_image4.png" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="187" height="270" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sree Narayana Guru was born on <strong>22<sup>nd</sup> August, 1856</strong> to Madan Asan and his wife Kuttiyamma in Chempazhanthy, a village near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Early Days and Education:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>His family belonged to the<strong> Ezhava caste</strong> and was considered <strong>&lsquo;avarna&rsquo;</strong> according to the social mores of the time.</li>
<li>Right from his childhood he loved<strong> solitude and always indulged himself in deep contemplation.</strong> He was intensely drawn to worship at the local temples and composed hymns and several devotional songs.</li>
<li>From an early age, he was <strong>drawn towards asceticism.</strong> He lived as a hermit in a forest <strong>for eight years.</strong></li>
<li>He learned Vedas, Upanishads, literature, logical rhetoric of Sanskrit, Hatha <strong>Yoga and other philosophies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Important Works:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Against Caste Injustice:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He gave the famous slogan <strong>&ldquo;One Caste, One Religion, One God for All&rdquo;</strong> (Oru Jathi, Oru Matham, Oru Daivam, Manushyanu).</li>
<li>In 1888, he built a temple dedicated to<strong> Lord Shiva at Aruvippuram</strong> which was against the <strong>caste-based restrictions</strong> of the time.</li>
<li>In one temple he consecrated at Kalavancode, <strong>he kept mirrors instead of idols.</strong> This symbolised his message that the divine was within each individual.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Against Conversions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>He taught equality but felt the inequalities should not be exploited to carry out conversions and therefore generate strife in society.</li>
<li>Narayana Guru organized an All-Region Conference in 1923 at Alwaye Advaita Ashram, which was reported to be the first such event in India. This was an effort to counter the religious conversions Ezhava community was susceptible to.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Philosophy of Sree Narayana Guru:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sree Narayana Guru became one of the greatest proponents and re-evaluators of <strong>Advaita Vedanta,</strong> the principle of non-duality put forward by <strong>Adi Shankara.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Literary Works:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He wrote various books in different languages. Few of them are: Advaitha Deepika, Asrama, Thevarappathinkangal, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to National Movement:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A remarkable social reformer, he was in the forefront of the movement for<strong> universal temple entry</strong> and against the <strong>societal ills like the social discrimination of untouchables.</strong></li>
<li>Narayana Gurudev provided the impetus for <strong>Vaikom agitation</strong> which was aimed at <strong>temple entry in Travancore</strong> for the<strong> lower castes.</strong> It drew nationwide attention and appreciation from<strong> Mahatma Gandhi.</strong></li>
<li>He captured the <strong>essence of Indianness</strong> in his poems which highlighted the unity that lies beneath the world&rsquo;s apparent diversity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Contribution to Science:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emphasized the practice of ideals of cleanliness, promotion of education, agriculture, trade, handicrafts and technical training.</li>
<li>Sree Narayana Gurudev&rsquo;s <strong>Adyaropa darsanam</strong> (Darsanamala) explains the <strong>creation of the universe.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Daivadasakam</strong> and <strong>Atmopadesa satakam</strong> are a few examples of how the mystic reflections and insights closely resemble <strong>recent advances in physics.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Current Relevance of Philosophy:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Gurudev&rsquo;s philosophy of Universal Oneness has special relevance in the contemporary global context where in the social fabric of many countries and communities are being eroded by <strong>hatred, violence, bigotry, sectarianism and other divisive tendencies.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Death:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>20<sup>th</sup> September, 1928. This day is observed as Sree Narayana Guru Samadhi in Kerala.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1691265" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sree-narayana-guru'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'India’s Draft Arctic Policy',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, India drafted a<strong> new Arctic policy</strong> that aims at expanding scientific research, sustainable tourism and<strong> exploration of mineral oil and gas</strong> in the Arctic region.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Policy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Nodal Body:</strong> India has designated Goa-based <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-centre-for-polar-and-ocean-research-ncpor-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research</strong> </a>to lead scientific research and act as a nodal body to coordinate among various scientific bodies to promote domestic scientific research capacities in the Arctic.</li>
<li><strong>Objectives: </strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Promoting Scientific Study of Arctic:</strong> Orient the curriculum on earth sciences, biological sciences, geosciences, climate change and space related programmes with Arctic imperatives in Indian Universities.</li>
<li><strong>Planning Explorations:</strong> Formulating effective plans for Arctic related programmes for mineral/oil and gas exploration in petroleum research institutes</li>
<li><strong>Promoting Arctic Tourism:</strong> Encouraging tourism and hospitality sectors by building specialised capacities and awareness by engaging with Arctic enterprises.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Arctic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Arctic is a <strong>polar region</strong> located at the northernmost part of Earth.</li>
<li>The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden.</li>
<li>Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611393660_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611393660_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="459" height="462" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ecological Impact of Warming on Arctic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rising Sea Levels:</strong> The loss of ice and the warming waters affects sea levels, salinity levels, and current and precipitation patterns.</li>
<li><strong>Deterioration of Tundra:</strong> The Tundra is returning to swamp, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oil-spill-in-siberia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>permafrost</strong> </a>is thawing, sudden storms are ravaging coastlines and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wildfires-in-uttarakhand" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>wildfires</strong></a> are devastating interior Canada and Russia.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Tundra:</strong> Found in regions north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle. These are <strong>treeless regions.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Threat to Biodiversity:</strong> The phenomenally rich biodiversity of the Arctic region is under serious threat.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The absence of year-long ice and higher temperatures are making the survival of Arctic marine life, plants and birds difficult while encouraging species from lower latitudes to move north.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Extinction of Indegenous Cultures:</strong> The Arctic is also home to about 40 different indigenous groups, whose culture, economy and way of life is in danger of being swept away.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing human encroachment with its attendant stresses will only aggravate this impact and upset a fragile balance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Commercial Importance of Arctic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Abundant Resources:</strong> The opening of the Arctic presents huge commercial and economic opportunities, particularly in shipping, energy, fisheries and mineral resources.</li>
<li><strong>Commercial Navigation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>The Northern Sea Route (NSR):</strong> It is a shipping lane connecting the North Atlantic to the North Pacific through a short polar arc which could revolutionise the prospects of trade in Russia and Scandinavian countries.</li>
<li>It is approx 40% shorter than via the Suez Canal or 60% shorter via the Cape of Good Hope.</li>
<li>It would cause substantial reductions in transportation time, fuel consumption, limit environmental emission and eliminate piracy risk.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Oil and Natural Gas Deposits:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Estimated to be 22% of the world&rsquo;s unexplored resources, mostly in the Arctic ocean, will be open to access along with mineral deposits including 25% of the global reserves of rare earths, buried in Greenland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Issues Involved:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Navigation conditions are dangerous and restricted to the summer.</li>
<li>Lack of deep-water ports, a need for ice-breakers, shortage of workers trained for polar conditions, and high insurance costs add to the difficulties.</li>
<li>Mining and deep-sea drilling carry massive costs and environmental risks.</li>
<li>Unlike <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-in-antarctica" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Antarctica</strong></a>, the Arctic is not a global common and there is no overarching treaty that governs it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Conflict over Arctic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Russia, Canada, Norway and Denmark have put in <strong>overlapping claims for extended continental shelves,</strong> and the right to sea-bed resources.</li>
<li>Russia is the dominant power, with the longest Arctic coastline, half the Arctic population, and a full-fledged strategic policy.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Claiming that the NSR falls within its territorial waters, Russia anticipates huge dividends from commercial traffic including through the use of its ports, pilots and ice-breakers.</li>
<li>Russia has also activated its northern military bases, refurbished its nuclear armed submarine fleet and demonstrated its capabilities, including through an exercise with China in the eastern Arctic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>China, playing for economic advantage, has moved in fast, projecting the<strong> Polar Silk Road</strong> as an extension of the <a href="/printpdf/italy-joins-belt-road-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiatives</strong></a>, and has invested heavily in ports, energy, undersea infrastructure and mining projects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Interests in Arctic:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Environmental Interest:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India&rsquo;s extensive coastline makes it vulnerable to the impact of Arctic warming on ocean currents, weather patterns, fisheries and most importantly, the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monsoon</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Arctic research will help India&rsquo;s scientific community to study melting rates of the Himalayan glaciers, which are endowed with the largest freshwater reserves in the world outside the geographic poles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scientific Interest:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Research Stations:</strong> India launched its first scientific expedition to the Arctic in 2007 and set up a research station<strong> &lsquo;Himadri&rsquo;</strong> in the international Arctic research base at Ny-&Aring;lesund in Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>India has two other observatories in <strong>Kongsforden and Gruvebadet</strong> in Norway.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Studying Himalayan Glaciers:</strong> Scientific research in Arctic developments, in which India has a good record, will contribute to its understanding of climatic changes in the third Pole, the Himalayas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strategic Interest:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Countering Chinese Influence:</strong> The strategic implications of an active China in the Arctic and its growing economic and strategic relationship with Russia are self-evident and need close monitoring.</li>
<li><strong>Arctic Council Membership:</strong> Since 2013, India has had observer status in the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/arctic-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Arctic Council</strong></a>, which is the predominant inter-governmental forum for cooperation on the environmental and development aspects of the Arctic.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is high time that India&rsquo;s presence in the Arctic expands from the dimension of scientific exploration to strategic, economic, environmental and political aspects. Thus, drafting of New Arctic policy suits the need of the hour.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-draft-arctic-policy'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'China’s New Villages in Arunachal Pradesh',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, there have been<strong> reports of Chinese construction of three villages in Arunachal Pradesh</strong> 5 kilometres from the<strong> Bum La pass.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bum La Pass</strong> is <strong>one of the four officially agreed BPM</strong> (Border Personnel Meeting) points between the Indian Army and the People&rsquo;s Liberation Army of China.</li>
<li>Earlier in 2020, China had<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chinas-railway-near-arunachal-border" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> begun work on a strategically significant railway line</strong> </a>that will link Sichuan province with Nyingchi in Tibet, which lies close to Arunachal Pradesh border.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611390168_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611390168_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="512" height="414" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the New Village built Last Year:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The satellite images, dated November 2020, show that a full-fledged village has been <strong>built on the banks of the River Tsari Chu</strong> in the Upper Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The village is located a couple of kilometres across the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-china-conflict#:~:text=Demarcation%20Line%3A%20The%20Line%20of,UN)%20after%20the%20Kashmir%20War." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Line of Actual Control (LAC).</strong></a></li>
<li>China had earlier built a <strong>permanent construction of military barracks in this area.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The area has been <strong>under Chinese control since 1959.</strong></li>
<li>It is at least 2 km south (in Indian territory) of the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/disputed-territories-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>McMahon Line</strong></a>, which China doesn&rsquo;t recognise. After the <strong>1962 war,</strong> India stopped patrolling the area.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>China considers the <strong>McMahon Line illegal and unacceptable</strong> claiming that Tibetan representatives who had signed the 1914 Convention held in Shimla which delineated the McMahon line on the map were not having rights to do so.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Spots of Disagreement:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are close to <strong>two dozen spots along the entire length of the Line of Actual Control (LAC)</strong> in all sectors where India and China do not agree on its alignment.</li>
<li><strong>Line of Actual Control:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is divided into <strong>three sectors:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> eastern sector</strong> which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim (1346 km).</li>
<li>The <strong>middle sector</strong> in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh (545 km).</li>
<li>The <strong>western sector</strong> in Ladakh (1597 km).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The alignment of the LAC in the eastern sector is <strong>along the 1914 McMahon Line.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Case of Arunachal Pradesh:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India's claim line is different from that of the LAC. It is the line seen in the official boundary marked on the maps as released by the Survey of India, including Aksai Chin (occupied by China). The <strong>state of Arunachal Pradesh is an &lsquo;integral and inalienable&rsquo; part of India.</strong></li>
<li><strong>In China&rsquo;s case,</strong> LAC corresponds mostly to its claim line, but in the eastern sector, <strong>it claims the entire Arunachal Pradesh as South Tibet.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>China&rsquo;s Intention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The construction of the village has been seen by analysts as a move <strong>to bolster China&rsquo;s claim to the area,</strong> and part of a <strong>broader recent push by China</strong> to build civilian settlements in disputed frontier areas, which <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-chinese-village-in-bhutan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>it has also done with Bhutan</strong></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Implications on India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Security Concerns:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>A village near the border will largely improve the efficiency and convenience of military personnel and material transportation and logistical supplies in the border area.</li>
<li>In situations of direct standoff near Arunachal Pradesh border, as was seen during Doklam or recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/face-off-between-india-and-china" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ladakh standoff</strong></a>, <strong>China might be at an advantageous position.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Doklam Issue:</strong> Indian troops intervened to block the path of Chinese soldiers engaged in building road-works on the Doklam plateau of Bhutan&rsquo;s territory that Beijing laid claim.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recent Steps Taken by India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India will spend 10% funds of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/boosting-infrastructure-along-china-border" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Border Area Development Programme (BADP)</strong> </a>only to improve the infrastructure along the China border.</li>
<li>The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) constructed the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/daporijo-bridge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Daporijo bridge</strong> </a>over Subansiri river in Arunachal Pradesh in a record span of just 27 days.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It links roads leading upto the LAC between India and China.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Recently the Defence Minister virtually laid the foundation of a <strong>tunnel at Nechiphu in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will <strong>shorten travel time for troops</strong> till the LAC through Tawang, which China claims to be its territory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The BRO is already<strong> constructing an all-weather tunnel under the Se La pass in Arunachal Pradesh</strong> which connects Tawang to the rest of Arunachal and Guwahati.</li>
<li>The state government of Arunachal Pradesh has advocated <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/depopulation-in-border-areas-of-arunachal-pradesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>selection of 10 census towns along the India-China border</strong> </a>as pilot projects for infrastructure development in order to stop people living along its international borders, specifically with China, from migrating to faraway urban centres in the State.</li>
<li>Recently, the Defence Minister inaugurated the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sisseri-river-bridge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Sisseri River Bridge</strong></a> located at <strong>lower Dibang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh</strong> connecting Dibang Valley and Siang.</li>
<li>In 2019, the Indian Air Force inaugurated resurfaced runway at India&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-eastern-most-village" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>easternmost Village-Vijaynagar (Changlang district)</strong> </a>in Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
<li>In 2019, the Indian Army conducted <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-himvijay" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>exercise &lsquo;HimVijay&rsquo;</strong> </a>in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam with its newly <strong>created Integrated Battle Groups (IBG).</strong></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bogibeel-bridge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bogibeel bridge</strong></a>, which is India&rsquo;s longest road-rail bridge connecting Dibrugarh in Assam to Pasighat in Arunachal Pradesh was inaugurated in 2018.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will<strong> facilitate quicker movement of troops and equipment to areas near the India-China border.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to be vigilant enough for any new development in China near its border to protect its interests efficiently. Further, it needs to build robust Infrastructure in difficult border areas in its territory to ensure movement of personnel and other logistical supplies in an efficient manner.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-defends-new-village-in-arunachal-amid-border-construction-push/article33627391.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/china-s-new-villages-in-arunachal-pradesh'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Parakram Diwas: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Jayanti',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The central government has decided to observe <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/subhash-chandra-bose-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Subhas Chandra Bose</strong></a> <strong>Jayanti as 'Parakram Diwas'</strong> to be celebrated on 23<sup>rd</sup> January.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A high-level committee headed by the Prime Minister has also been formed to plan year-round programmes to mark the anniversary of Bose.</li>
<li>Recently the Government of India has also instituted <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/subhash-chandra-bose-aapda-prabandhan-puraskar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskaar</strong></a> to recognise the excellent work done by the individuals and institutions in the field of disaster management.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Birth:</strong> <a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611390734_IMG_7962.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611390734_IMG_7962.jpg" width="462" height="650" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Subhas Chandra Bose was born on <strong>23<sup>rd</sup> January 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province,</strong> to Prabhavati Dutt Bose and Janakinath Bose.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 1919, he had cleared Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination. Bose, however, resigned later.</li>
<li>He was highly<strong> influenced by <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/to-the-point-paper-4-indian-thinker-swami-vivekanand-1863-1902" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vivekananda's teachings</a></strong> and considered him as his spiritual Guru.</li>
<li>His <strong>political mentor</strong> was <strong>Chittaranjan Das.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Association with Congress:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He stood for<strong> unqualified swaraj (independence),</strong> and opposed Motilal Nehru Report which spoke for dominion status for India.</li>
<li>He actively participated in the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-dedicates-salt-satyagraha-memorial-to-nation#:~:text=On%20March%2012%2C%201930%2C%20Gandhiji,Dandi%20on%20the%20Arabian%20Sea.&amp;text=In%20August%201931%2C%20Gandhiji%20traveled,the%20nationalist%20Indian%20National%20Congress." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Salt Satyagraha</a> of 1930</strong> and vehemently opposed the suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement and signing of the <strong>Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931.</strong></li>
<li>In the 1930s, he was closely associated with left politics in Congress along with <strong>Jawaharlal Nehru and M.N. Roy.</strong></li>
<li>Bose won the <strong>congress presidential</strong> elections at Haripura in<strong> 1938.</strong></li>
<li>Again in <strong>1939 at Tripuri,</strong> he won the presidential elections against Gandhi's candidate Pattabhi Sitarammayya. Due to ideological differences with Gandhi, Bose resigned and left congress. Rajendra Prasad was appointed in his place.</li>
<li>He found a new party, <strong>'the Forward Bloc'.</strong> The purpose was to consolidate the political left and major support base in his home state Bengal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian National Army:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He reached Japanese-controlled Singapore from Germany in July 1943, issued from there his famous call, <strong>&lsquo;Delhi Chalo&rsquo;,</strong> and announced the formation of the <strong>Azad Hind Government</strong> and the <strong>Indian National Army</strong> on 21<sup>st</sup> October 1943.</li>
<li>The INA was first formed under <strong>Mohan Singh</strong> and Japanese Major Iwaichi Fujiwara and comprised Indian prisoners of war of the British-Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan (present-day Malaysia) campaign and at Singapore.</li>
<li>The INA included both, the Indian prisoners of war from Singapore and Indian civilians in South-East Asia. It's strength grew to 50,000.</li>
<li>The INA fought allied forces in 1944 inside the borders of India in Imphal and in Burma.</li>
<li>In November 1945, a British move to put the INA men on trial immediately sparked massive demonstration all over the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-visit-kolkata-to-celebrate-netaji-s-125th-birth-anniversary-101611379498256-amp.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/parakram-diwas-netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-jayanti'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Smart Anti Airfield Weapon',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a> has conducted a successful trial of the<strong> indigenously developed Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW)</strong> off the Odisha coast from the Hawk-I jet of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-need-to-modernise-indian-air-force" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)</strong></a>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This was the<strong> ninth successful test</strong> of the system<strong> conducted over the last five years.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong> The system <strong>belongs to the glide bomb category</strong> and its <strong>development began around 2012-13,</strong> with crucial inputs from the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-air-force-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Air Force (IAF)</strong></a> and the <strong>first test</strong> was carried out in<strong> 2016. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Manufactured by:</strong> DRDO&rsquo;s Research Centre Imarat (RCI) Hyderabad.</li>
<li><strong>Features:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The weapon is designed to strike ground targets, especially adversary airfield infrastructure or similar strategically important installations.</li>
<li>This is a <strong>125-kilogram</strong> class smart weapon, capable of engaging ground enemy airfield assets such as radars, bunkers, taxi tracks, and runways, up to a <strong>range of 100 kilometres.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> high precision guided bomb is lightweight</strong> compared to weapon systems of the same class.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Related Development:</strong> The test of SAAW comes months after<strong> another weapon system designed to target enemy radar and communication assets, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anti-radiation-missile-rudram-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rudram</a>,</strong> was tested in October 2020.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Rudram,</strong> an air-to-surface missile, has been developed <strong>to primarily to enhance the Suppression of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD) capability of the IAF</strong> and can detect, track and neutralise the radar, communication assets and other radio frequency sources belonging to the adversary, which are generally their air defence systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1691176" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/smart-anti-airfield-weapon'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Digital Education: Learning amid the Pandemic',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based upon <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-interviews-blog/digital-education-cannot-substitute-for-real-learning-staring-at-a-screen-learners-only-act-as-remote-receptors-of-whats-beamed/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Digital Education cannot Substitute for Real Learning&rdquo;</strong> </a>which was published in The Times of India on 21/01/2021. It talks about how the pandemic has completely shifted the present education system into a digital mode of learning and if it is actually substituting real learning or not.</p>
</div>
<p>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Covid-19</strong></a> outbreak has disrupted children&rsquo;s lives, pushed out many, and stalled classes and examinations across the country. To ensure students do not miss out on studies, schools shifted the classes to online mode.</p>
<p>With the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/covid-19-now-pandemic-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic</strong></a> forcing the teaching and learning process to migrate to the online mode, the education system has faced an upheaval like never before. Many of the students have been left clinging to their phones and computer screens.</p>
<p>However, the 2017-18 <strong>National Sample Survey</strong> suggested that less than 15% of rural Indian households have Internet as opposed to 42% of their urban counterparts.</p>
<p>Therefore, this shift to the e-learning system has sparked a debate on whether it helped the students to learn or has impeded their progress, social and emotional well-being, and more importantly if this is indeed education.</p>
<h3>Digital Education</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Digital education is the innovative use of digital tools and technologies during teaching and learning and is often referred to as Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) or e-Learning. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Exploring the use of digital technologies gives educators the opportunity to design engaging learning opportunities in the courses they teach, and these can take the form of blended or fully online courses and programs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611319201_image10.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611319201_image10.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Initiatives for Smooth Conduct of E-Learning</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Several initiatives have been taken to enable online education in India, such as: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>E-PG Pathshala:</strong> An initiative of the Ministry of Human Resource Development to provide e-content for studies.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swayam-and-swayam-prabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SWAYAM</strong></a>: it provides for an integrated platform for online courses.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-educational-alliance-for-technology-neat-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NEAT</strong></a>: It aims to use <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Artificial Intelligence</strong></a> to make learning more personalized and customized as per the requirements of the learner</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other initiatives include: <strong>National Project on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)</strong>, <a href="/mains-practice-question/question-210" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Knowledge Network, (NKN)</strong></a>, and National Academic Depository (NAD), among others.</li>
<li><strong>PRAGYATA:</strong> The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) released guidelines on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/education-in-post-covid-era" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>digital education</strong> </a>titled <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PRAGYATA.</strong></a> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the PRAGYATA guidelines, only 30 minutes of screen time per day for interacting with parents is recommended for kindergarten, nursery and pre-school.</li>
<li>Schools can hold live online classes for a maximum of 1.5 hours per day for Classes 1-8, and 3 hours per day for Classes 9-12.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NPTEL is a project of MHRD initiated by seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), along with the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore.</li>
<li>It was created in 2003 to provide online education.</li>
<li>The aim was to have web and video courses in engineering, sciences, and management.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Technology as a Saviour</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Flexibility:</strong> Online education enables both the teacher as well as the students to set their own learning pace plus provides the flexibility of setting a schedule that fits everyone&rsquo;s agenda. Consequently, providing a better work-study balance.</li>
<li><strong>A Wide Range of Courses:</strong> In a space as vast and wide as the internet, infinite skills and subjects are there to teach and learn. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A growing number of universities and higher education schools are coming forward to offer online versions of their programs for various levels and disciplines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>More Cost-Effective than Conventional Learning:</strong> Lesser monetary investment is there with better results. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the online mode of learning, the money spent on study materials along with commute charges is considerably less.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>A Comfortable Learning Environment:</strong> Online learning allows students to work in the environment that best suits them.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Other Side of the Coin</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of a Healthy Learning Environment:</strong> Education is not just about classes but interactions, broadening of ideas, and free-flowing open discussions. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Students learn more from each other while engaging in challenging collective tasks and thinking together.</li>
<li>There is substantial learning that is lost when education goes online. Staring at a screen prevents them from using their mind and acting as remote receptors of what is beamed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lack of Technology Access:</strong> Not everyone who can afford to go to school can afford to have phones, computers, or even a quality internet connection for attending classes online.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Due to this, the mental stress that students have to undergo is very high.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In Contradictory with Right to Education:</strong> Technology is not affordable to all, shifting towards online education completely is like taking away the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/right-to-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Right to Education</strong></a> of those who cannot access the technology. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Moreover, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy</strong></a> that talks about the digitization of education is also in contradiction with the right to education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health - Eye issues:</strong> Younger students, especially in classes 1 to 3 were most likely to suffer from eye-health issues due to staring at the computer or mobile screen for extended periods. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Other health issues like neck and back pain etc. due to bad posture and lack of movement have been noticed in older students.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>A Multi-Pronged Approach:</strong> Flexible rescheduling the academic timetable and exploring options in collaboration with schools, teachers, and parents for providing access to education to a larger section of students. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Staggering teacher-student interactions in physical mode with not more than 50% of the total strength attending schools on alternate days.</li>
<li>Giving priority to the less advantaged students who do not have access to e-learning.</li>
<li>Genuine efforts must be invested to ensure every child gets good quality equitable education as a fundamental right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Making Online Education More Effective:</strong> Shorter but quality discussions rather than long hours of monotonous sitting and one-way communication, should be preferred. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The teacher&rsquo;s role has to go beyond just being in control of the class to being a facilitator for the transfer of knowledge.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Focussing more on Knowledge Aspect:</strong> Education is not about competence but more about motivation. The students are meant to discover not just cover the syllabus.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The system should not just heartlessly push the students and teachers in only finishing the course regardless of any gain of knowledge, stress should be upon quality learning and not quantity cramming.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>&lsquo;Equality of Opportunity&rsquo; is one of the basic principles of the Indian Constitution. Shifting to a system that benefits only a section of people and leaves behind the neediest ruins the very notion of this statement.</p>
<p>Moreover, digital education is something where India is not successful yet. There is still a lot to do in terms of checking if students&rsquo; entitlements are not being compromised or in providing meaningful academic curriculum alternatives.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fbfff0;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Shifting to the e-learning system has sparked a debate about whether it has made education more inclusive or widened the digital divide. Discuss.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JfmRv-Nj3cM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>This editorial is based on <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/president-biden-hope-and-responsibility/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;President Biden: Hope And Responsibility&rdquo;</strong></a> published in The Economic Times on January 21<sup>th</sup>, 2020. Now watch this on our Youtube channel.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-education-learning-amid-the-pandemic'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Governor’s Delay on Mercy Petition',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the <strong>Solicitor General</strong> told the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court (SC)</strong></a> that Tamil Nadu <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/governor" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Governor</strong></a> will take a decision in the next three or four days on<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mercy-petition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> mercy petition</strong> </a>of a convict in the 1991 Rajiv Gandhi assassination case.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>concept of Mercy Petition is followed in many nations</strong> like the USA, UK, Canada etc. including India.</li>
<li>In India, the power to grant pardon is entrusted to the President and the Governors of various states under Article 72 and Article 161 of the Constitution. It adds a human touch to the country&rsquo;s judicial process by conferring powers to grant pardon or show Mercy to criminals sentenced to death.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A<strong> pardon request moved by the convict in 2015</strong> was not considered by the Governor, however, a SC order on a related petition in September 2018 <strong>clarified that the Governor was &ldquo;deemed fit&rdquo; to decide on the pardon.</strong></li>
<li>Thereafter a recommendation to remit his life sentence was advised by the Cabinet under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mercy-petition" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 161</strong></a>.</li>
<li>However, the Governor's decision is still pending.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Centre&rsquo;s Stand:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The pleas for pardon and release should go to the <strong>President</strong> instead of the Governor as the case is being investigated by a central agency.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Petitioner's Argument:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A convict was<strong> free to choose between the President and the Governor for pardon.</strong></li>
<li>Referred to the Constitution Bench&rsquo;s judgment in the <em><strong>Union of India versus Sriharan 2015</strong></em>, which said the<strong> &ldquo;exercise of executive clemency&rdquo; was &ldquo;vested in the President or the Governor&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Centre&rsquo;s rejection in 2018 of the Tamil Nadu government proposal to remit the sentence of the convicts under <strong>Section 432</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/re-imagining-cognizable-offences" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Code of Criminal Procedure</strong> </a>(CrPC) did not stop the convicts from separately moving the Governor for pardon under <strong>Article 161.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Section 432 of the CrPC:</strong> It lays down that <strong>the appropriate government,</strong> at any time, without conditions or upon any conditions which the person sentenced accepts, <strong>can suspend the execution of his sentence or remit the whole or any part of the punishment to which he has been sentenced.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SC&rsquo;s Observation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The SC termed the Governor&rsquo;s delay<strong> &ldquo;extraordinary&rdquo;.</strong> It also noted how a decision was <strong>not forthcoming despite the State government&rsquo;s recommendation.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It needs to be noted that<strong> the Governor cannot reject the state&rsquo;s recommendation but there is no time prescribed to take a decision.</strong></li>
<li>The Governor <strong>had already returned the file to reconsider the government&rsquo;s decision but the government stood by its decision.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pardoning Power</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pardoning Power of the President in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Under<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/commutation-of-death-sentence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Article 72 of the Constitution</strong></a>, the President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence where the sentence is a sentence of death.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The President<strong> cannot exercise his power of pardon independent of the government.</strong></li>
<li>In several cases, the SC has ruled that the <strong>President has to act on the advice of the Council of Ministers</strong> while deciding mercy pleas. These include <em><strong>Maru Ram vs Union of India in 1980</strong></em>, and <em><strong>Dhananjoy Chatterjee vs State of West Bengal in 1994.</strong></em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reconsideration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Although the President is bound by the Cabinet&rsquo;s advice, <strong>Article74 (1) empowers him to return it for reconsideration once.</strong> If the Council of Ministers decides against any change, the <strong>President has no option but to accept it.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governor&rsquo;s Pardoning Power:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 161:</strong> The Governor of a State shall have the<strong> power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence</strong> of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Difference Between Pardoning Powers of President and Governor:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The scope of the <strong>pardoning power of the President under Article 72 is wider than the pardoning power of the Governor under Article 161</strong> which differs in the following two ways:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Court Martial:</strong> The <strong>power of the President</strong> to grant pardon <strong>extends in cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court Martial</strong> but Article 161 <strong>does not provide any such power to the Governor.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Death sentence:</strong> The <strong>President can grant pardon in all cases</strong> where the sentence given is the sentence of death but the<strong> pardoning power of the Governor does not extend to death sentence cases.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-tamil-nadu-governor-will-decide-on-perarivalan-plea-in-3-4-days/article33625615.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governor-s-delay-on-mercy-petition'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'UV-Bright Stars Spotted in Globular Structure NGC 2808',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, astronomers have spotted rare hot <strong>Ultra Violet (UV)-bright stars</strong> in the <strong>massive intriguing globular cluster</strong> in the<strong> Milky Way Galaxy</strong> called <strong>NGC 2808.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India's first multi-wavelength space satellite AstroSat</strong> helped astronomers in this.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Data:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists combined data of <strong>Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (on board AstroSat)</strong> with observations made using other space missions such as the <strong>Hubble Space Telescope</strong> and the<strong> Gaia telescope</strong> along with<strong> ground-based optical observations.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Hubble Space Telescope:</strong> The HST or Hubble <strong>(NASA)</strong> is a space telescope that was launched into <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/types-of-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Low Earth orbit</strong> </a>in 1990 and remains in operation. It is one of the <strong>largest and most versatile space telescopes</strong> till date.</li>
<li><strong>Gaia</strong> is a space observatory of the<strong> European Space Agency,</strong> launched in <strong>2013 and expected to operate until 2022.</strong> The spacecraft is designed for astrometry: measuring the positions, distances and motions of stars with unprecedented precision.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Findings:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>About <strong>34 UV-bright stars</strong> were found to be members of the globular cluster (NGC 2808). One of the UV-bright stars was found to be about<strong> 3000 times brighter</strong> than the Sun with a surface temperature of about <strong>1,00,000 K.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hot UV-bright stars</strong> have been distinguished from the<strong> relatively cooler red giant and main-sequence stars.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the stars were found to have evolved from a solar stage called the <strong>horizontal branch stars</strong> with hardly any outer envelope. Thus, they were bound to skip the last major phase of life called the <strong>asymptotic giant phase (it is one of the last major phases in the life of stars)</strong> and directly become dead remnants or white dwarfs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> horizontal branch</strong> (HB) is a stage of stellar evolution that immediately follows the<strong> red giant branch</strong> in stars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Properties of Stars:</strong> The findings will help in determining properties of these stars such as their surface temperatures, luminosities and radii.</li>
<li><strong>Evolution of Stars:</strong> These present <strong>excellent laboratories</strong> where astronomers can understand<strong> how stars evolve through various phases</strong> between their birth and death.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Death of star:</strong> It is not clear how these stars end their lives as not many of them are detected in these fast-evolving phases, making their study crucial.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UV radiations:</strong> UV-bright stars are speculated to be the reason for the ultraviolet radiation coming from old stellar systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About NGC 2808:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NGC 2808 is a <strong>globular cluster in the constellation Carina.</strong> The cluster belongs to the <strong>Milky Way,</strong> and is one of our home galaxy's <strong>most massive clusters,</strong> millions of stars. It is estimated to be 12.5-billion years old.</li>
<li>It is said to have at least <strong>five generations of stars.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Stellar Evolution</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Nebula:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A nebula is a cloud of gas (mostly hydrogen and helium) and dust in space.</li>
<li>Nebulae are the birthplaces of stars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Main Sequence Stars:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Main sequence stars are stars that are fusing hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores.</li>
<li>Most of the stars in the universe i.e. about 90% of them are main sequence stars. The<strong> sun</strong> is a main sequence star.</li>
<li>Towards the end of its life, a star like the Sun <strong>swells up into a red giant,</strong> before losing its <strong>outer layers</strong> as a<strong> planetary nebula and finally shrinking to become a white dwarf.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Red Dwarf:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>faintest (less than 1/1000th the brightness of the Sun) main sequence stars</strong> are called the red dwarfs.</li>
<li><strong>Proxima Centauri,</strong> the nearest star to the Sun, is a red dwarf.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Red Giant:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Red giants have diameters between 10 and 100 times that of the Sun.</li>
<li>They are very bright, although their surface temperature is lower than that of the Sun.</li>
<li>A red giant is formed during the<strong> later stages of the evolution as it runs out of hydrogen fuel at its centre.</strong></li>
<li>A very large red giant is often called <strong>Red Supergiant.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Planetary Nebula:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Planetary nebula is an outer layer of gas and dust that are lost <strong>when the star changes from a red giant to a white dwarf.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>White Dwarf:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A white dwarf is a <strong>very small, hot star, the last stage in the life cycle of a star.</strong></li>
<li>White dwarfs are the remains of normal stars, whose nuclear energy supplies <strong>have been used up.</strong></li>
<li>White dwarf consists of degenerate matter with a <strong>very high density</strong> due to gravitational effects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Nova:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Novae occur on the surface of a <strong>white dwarf</strong> in a binary system.</li>
<li>If the two stars of the system are sufficiently near to one another, material (hydrogen) can be pulled from the companion star&rsquo;s surface onto the white dwarf.</li>
<li>When enough material builds up on the surface of the white dwarf, it triggers a nuclear fusion on a white dwarf which causes a sudden brightening of the star.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Supernova:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A supernova is the<strong> explosive death of a star</strong> and often results in the star obtaining the brightness of <strong>100 million suns for a short time.</strong></li>
<li>The extremely luminous burst of radiation expels much or all of a<strong> star&rsquo;s material at a great velocity,</strong> driving a shock wave into the surrounding interstellar medium.</li>
<li>These shock waves trigger condensation which is a nebula paving the way for the birth of a new star.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A <strong>neutron star</strong> is the <strong>collapsed core of a massive supergiant star.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611312148_image7.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611312148_image7.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>AstroSat</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>multi-wavelength astronomy mission</strong> on an IRS-class (Indian Remote Sensing-Class) satellite in a<strong> 650-km, near-equatorial orbit.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Launch:</strong> It was launched by the Indian launch vehicle <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-pslv-launch" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PSLV</strong></a> from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota in 2015 by ISRO.</li>
<li>It is the<strong> first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands</strong> simultaneously with its five unique X-ray and ultraviolet telescopes working in tandem.</li>
<li>One of the unique features of AstroSat mission is that it enables the <strong>simultaneous multi-wavelength observations</strong> of various astronomical objects with a single satellite.</li>
<li>The Ground Command and Control Centre for ASTROSAT is located at <strong>ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</strong> (ISTRAC), <strong>Bangalore, India.</strong></li>
<li>This has put India in an exclusive club of countries which have multi wavelength space observatories.</li>
<li>The minimum life of the AstroSat mission was expected to be <strong>5 years.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1690854#:~:text=With%20spectacular%20ultraviolet%20images%20of,appear%20dim%20in%20these%20images." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uv-bright-stars-spotted-in-globular-structure-ngc-2808'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Egypt Resumes Severed Relations With Qatar',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently,<strong> Egypt resumed the severed diplomatic and economic ties with Qatar.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Egypt was part of an <strong>Arab quartet</strong> (other members were Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Bahrain) which had accused Qatar of supporting terrorism and being too close to Iran due to which they had imposed a land, air and naval blockade on Qatar in <strong>2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611311004_image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611311004_image8.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Reasons for the Reassumption of Ties:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Solidarity and Stability Deal:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Recently, Gulf states signed a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/solidarity-and-stability-deal-gulf-countries" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&lsquo;solidarity and stability&rsquo;</strong> </a>deal at the 41<sup>st</sup> <strong>Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)</strong> summit. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and UAE</strong> are the members of GCC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In this summit, members of the GCC removed all the sanctions over Qatar and <strong>reopened their land, sea and air borders</strong> to Qatar.</li>
<li>In solidarity with the Arab quartet (whose three members are in GCC), Egypt too resumed its ties with Qatar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>To Unite Against Iran:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Egypt conciliated with Qatar to strengthen the Gulf region against the threats posed by the <strong>Iranian regime&rsquo;s nuclear and ballistic missile programme</strong> which has always been opposed by the USA and GCC members.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Growing Power of Qatar:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Qatar is one of the<strong> world&rsquo;s largest natural gas producers</strong> and among the countries with <strong>the highest per-capita income,</strong> and is also <strong>host of the 2022 Football World Cup.</strong></li>
<li>Under the Government of Mohamad Morsi (2012-13), Qatar was the highest investor in Egypt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Support from USA:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The United States and Qatar have extensive economic ties. The USA is the largest foreign direct investor and its single largest destination of exports.</li>
<li>Due to good mutual relations between Qatar and USA, the USA <strong>mediated the solidarity and stability deal</strong> to unite all the gulf countries against Iran which also triggered Egypt's reconciliation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons For Earlier Discord:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ties with Muslim Brotherhood:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Post <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-syria-crisis-us-backs-out" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Arab spring</strong> </a>and the downfall of Mohamad Morsi (former president of Egypt whom Qatar favoured) regime, Qatar supported Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt to secure its influence within that country as well as domestic support from other Islamist groups.</li>
<li>However, the <strong>Muslim brotherhood were outpowered</strong> by the current regime under<strong> Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</strong> which has allegiance with the Arab quartet. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Gulf states monarchs and dictators are against the Islamist movements under Muslim Brotherhood because it aims for <strong>political reforms</strong> that might <strong>threaten their regime.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Independent Foreign Policy Approach:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In the past, Qatar has long been dominated by Saudi Arabia. Since 1995, Qatar initiated an independent foreign policy approach and established friendly relations not only with other countries such as the USA, Europe, Israel and Iran but also with the<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/israel-palestine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Palestinian</strong></a>, Hamas and the Islamist parties as well.</li>
<li>Assumption of such<strong> high-profile roles in regional mediation and cooperation</strong> did not go well with the GCC members and Egypt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Good Relationship with Iran:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Qatar shares a <strong>huge gas field with Iran,</strong> which is an incentive for it to retain good relations with the Iraninan regime.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance for India:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has good relationships with Egypt as well as all the GCC states including Qatar. Such reconciliation and rapprochement between countries in the region could expand the opportunities for India.</li>
<li>The Gulf region is one of the <strong>biggest markets for Indian goods</strong> and is the most important supplier of hydrocarbons to its economy. Peaceful relationships between these gas and oil reserve rich states are favourable to <strong>catering to the energy needs of India.</strong></li>
<li>The Gulf countries host more than millions of Indian migrants. They are mostly the workers who carry out development activities and they are the prime sources of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-remained-the-highest-recipient-of-remittances" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>remittances</strong></a> to India.</li>
<li>Improved mutual relationships with gulf countries and Egypt could provide employment and investments opportunities for India in areas such as <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/food-processing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>food processing</strong></a>, healthcare, education, culture, defence and security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/egypt-resumes-severed-relations-with-qatar'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Alternative Anti-Cancer Therapy',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>An <strong>Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE)</strong> faculty from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/50th-foundation-day-of-dst" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Science &amp; Technology</strong></a> (DST) is working on an <strong>Alternative Anti-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-cancer-awareness-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cancer</a> Therapy (Anti-Angiogenic)</strong> using <strong>transgenic zebrafish.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>INSPIRE</strong> is an<strong> innovative programme</strong> sponsored and managed by the DST for <strong>attraction of talent to Science</strong> and was launched in 2008.</li>
<li><strong>Objective</strong> of INSPIRE is<strong> to communicate to the youth of the country the excitements of creative pursuit of science, attract talent to the study of science</strong> at an early age and thus<strong> build the required critical human resource pool</strong> for strengthening and expanding the Science &amp; Technology system and R&amp;D base.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Angiogenesis:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>physiological process</strong> through which <strong>new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>critical in the growth of cancer</strong> because tumors need blood supply to grow. Tumors trigger the growth of blood cells by giving off chemical signals that stimulate angiogenesis.</li>
<li><strong>Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis</strong> has become a popular <strong>anti-cancer strategy</strong> after chemotherapy.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Angiogenesis inhibitors</strong> are unique cancer-fighting agents because they <strong>block the growth of blood vessels that support tumor growth</strong> rather than blocking the growth of tumor cells themselves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Limitation of Anti-Angiogenic Drugs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The clinically approved <strong>anti-angiogenic drugs</strong> are ineffective due to <strong>parallel activation of various compensatory mechanisms</strong> involving a cascade of molecules, which <strong>aids tumor angiogenesis</strong> and investigation of these mechanisms are essential for developing anti-angiogenic therapies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Alternative Anti-Cancer Therapy:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists are exploring an alternative anti-cancer therapy that involves <strong>targeting tumor generated formation of new blood vessels</strong> which <strong>allows the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues.</strong></li>
<li>An INSPIRE faculty is exploring the role of<strong> compensatory mechanisms</strong> signaling cues as key targets for cancer therapy.</li>
<li>He has also found that<strong> nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in switching off angiogenesis</strong> under tumor microenvironment and that the <strong>melatonin hormone</strong> suppresses tumor angiogenesis.</li>
<li>The research has shown that<strong> compensatory mechanisms could be a potential therapeutic target</strong> for developing effective anti-cancer treatment regimes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transgenic Zebrafish Platform (TZP):<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611307173_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1611307173_image2.jpg" style="float: right;" width="300" caption="false" /></a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The INSPIRE faculty is further working to develop <strong>transgenic zebrafish</strong> (which have exogenous genes added to their genome) model by use of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crispr-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing tool</strong></a> to study the compensatory angiogenesis mechanism in tumor microenvironment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Using Zebrafish Model:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been selected for the study because of its <strong>rapid development, optically transparent, high yield in offspring, and easy techniques for forward and reverse gene manipulation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cancer</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a <strong>large group of diseases</strong> that can start in almost any organ or tissue of the body when<strong> abnormal cells grow uncontrollably,</strong> go beyond their usual boundaries to invade adjoining parts of the body and/or spread to other organs. The latter process is called <strong>metastasizing</strong> and is a major cause of death from cancer.</li>
<li>A <strong>neoplasm</strong> and <strong>malignant</strong> tumor are other common names for cancer.</li>
<li>Lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach and liver cancer are the <strong>most common types of cancer in men,</strong> while breast, colorectal, lung, cervical and thyroid cancer are the<strong> most common among women.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cancer Burden:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Cancer remains as one of the<strong> leading causes of adult illness and death</strong> due to chronic and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india#:~:text=National%20Programme%20for%20Prevention%20and,National%20Health%20Mission%20(NHM).&amp;text=The%20initiative%20will%20help%20in,on%20risk%20factors%20of%20NCDs." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD)</strong></a> world-over including in India.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a>, cancer is the second <strong>leading cause of death globally and in 2018</strong>, there were approximately 18 million cases globally, of which 1.5 million were in India alone.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Between 30% and 50% of cancer deaths could be prevented <strong>by modifying or avoiding the key risk factors.</strong> Key risk factors include <strong>tobacco use, alcohol use, diet, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, pollution, chronic infections, etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Options include<strong> surgery, cancer medicines and/or radiotherapy,</strong> administered alone or in combination.</li>
<li><strong>Palliative care,</strong> which focuses on improving the quality of life of patients and their families, is an essential component of cancer care.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1690326" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/alternative-anti-cancer-therapy'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
	'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
	'params' => [
		':c0' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'defaultTypes' => [
		'articles__article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 27
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 303
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Free Downloads

Test Series

Videos

Search

Search list matched with tags “class”