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35% of Cyber Attacks on Indian Sites from China

The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has submitted its report to the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) and other security...

23 Aug 2018 News Analysis
State can Stop Voluntary Retirement of Doctors

The Supreme Court (SC) has ruled that the State can stop government doctors from taking voluntary retirement in light of public...

23 Aug 2018 News Analysis
India-Pakistan Trade: Status, Outlook

Recently, Pakistan’s Prime Minister Imran Khan had stated that the best way to alleviate poverty and uplift the people of the subcontinent is...

23 Aug 2018 News Analysis
India says ‘No’ to Aid Offer From UAE for Kerala

The Government of India has said no to Rs. 700 Cr. aid offer from UAE for Kerala flood relief and rehabilitation. India has also refused similar help...

23 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban to Include Elimination of Public Urination

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has issued new norms for declaring town and cities wanting to be declared ODF+ (Open Defecation Free Plus)...

23 Aug 2018 News Analysis
NGT asks for Action Plan on E-waste in Three Months

National Green Tribunal (NGT) has asked Ministry of Environment forest (MoEF) to submit an action plan for enforcement of rules and taking actions...

23 Aug 2018 News Analysis
SC Scraps NOTA for Rajya Sabha

The Supreme Court has scrapped the use of ‘None Of The Above’ (NOTA) option in the coming Rajya Sabha elections. Key Observations The...

22 Aug 2018 News Analysis
NCRB to Track Complaints on Sexual Violence

The Ministry of Home Affairs has designated National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) as the nodal agency for monitoring the complaints received on a...

22 Aug 2018 News Analysis
International Buddhist Conclave 2018

The President of India will inaugurate the “International Buddhist Conclave (IBC), 2018” in New Delhi on 23rd August, 2018. The...

22 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Centre Rules out Total Ban on Firecrackers

The Government of India has ruled out a national ban on firecrackers. This was in response to pleas being heard by the Supreme Court on a complete...

22 Aug 2018 News Analysis
UDAN International

The Ministry of Civil Aviation has prepared a draft scheme document for “UDAN International” which will enable the State governments to...

22 Aug 2018 News Analysis
ILO’s India Wage Report

According to the recently released report by International Labour Organisation, India needs to improve its wage policies to promote inclusive growth...

21 Aug 2018 News Analysis
WHO Highlights Ways to Reduce Cancer Risk

With cancer emerging as the second leading cause of death globally, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has listed ways to reduce cancer risk. The...

21 Aug 2018 News Analysis
FIBAC productivity report on Indian Banking Industry 2018

According to the annual FIBAC productivity report on Indian Banking Industry 2018 released by the Boston Consulting Group, FICCI and Indian...

21 Aug 2018 News Analysis
CAD to Widen to 2.5% of GDP

According to Moody's and other experts, India’s current account deficit is likely to widen to 2.5% in Financial Year 2018-19, up from 1.5%...

20 Aug 2018 News Analysis
WTO Rules Against Safeguard Measure of Indonesia

In a ruling by the World Trade Organization’s highest court for trade disputes, the Appellate Body has ruled that claims against Indonesia,...

20 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Boeing HorizonX India Innovation Challenge (BHIIC)

The Hyderabad based startups, Merxius and ZestIOT , after winning the Boeing HorizonX India Innovation Challenge (BHIIC) have started exploring ways...

20 Aug 2018 News Analysis
What is a ‘National Disaster’

Kerala has been reeling under the worst floods it has experienced in a century. While the Union government is already helping out in terms of...

20 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft

India is expected to launch its indigenous fighter Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) by 2032. The AMCA will feature geometric stealth and will...

20 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Centre plans to bring out city level GDP data

With urban India responsible for an increasingly large share of the national GDP, the Centre now hopes to bring out city-level GDP data. According...

18 Aug 2018 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => '35% of Cyber Attacks on Indian Sites from China',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has submitted its report to the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) and other security agencies on the basis of its analysis of cyber attacks from April-June 2018.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cyber attacks from China</strong>: The maximum number of cyber attacks on official Indian websites are from China followed by the US and Russia. The cyber attacks from China made up 35% of the total number of cyber attacks on official Indian websites, followed by US (17%), Russia (15%), Pakistan (9%), Canada (7%) and Germany (5%).</li>
<li><strong>Attacks from Pakistan</strong>: It has been observed that intruding activities are coming from Canadian and German cyberspace &mdash; most possibly suspected to have originated from Pakistan to target Indian websites.</li>
<li>Many of the <strong>institutions impacted by the malicious activities have been identified</strong> and advised to take appropriate preventive action. These include Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), National Informatics Centre (NIC), Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC), Railways, Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS) and some banks like Punjab National Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce, State Bank of India and state data centres, particularly in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.</li>
<li>The cyber <strong>attacks are usually in the form of a trusted source</strong> where they ask for personal details such as bank details, personal details, passwords. They are targeted by sending phishing emails with malware attachments.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Computer Emergency Response Team - India (CERT-IN)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an organisation of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India, with the objective of securing Indian cyberspace.</li>
<li>It is the nodal agency which deals with cybersecurity threats like hacking and phishing.</li>
<li>It collects, analyses and disseminates information on cyber incidents, and also issues alert on cybersecurity incidents.</li>
<li>CERT-IN provides Incident Prevention and Response Services as well as Security Quality Management Services.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Some important government initiatives for cyberspace security</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Cyber Security Policy, 2013: The Policy is aimed at building a secure and resilient cyberspace for citizens, businesses and the Government. Its mission is to protect cyberspace information and infrastructure, build capabilities to prevent and respond to cyber attacks, and minimise damages through coordinated efforts of institutional structures, people, processes, and technology.</li>
<li>Cyber Swachhta Kendra&rsquo; (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre): To combat cyber security violations and prevent their increase,Government of India&rsquo;s Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-in) in 2017 launched &lsquo;Cyber Swachhta Kendra&rsquo; (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre) a new desktop and mobile security solution for cyber security in India.</li>
<li>Creating mechanisms for security threats and responses to the same through national systems and processes. National Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-in) functions as the nodal agency for the coordination of all cybersecurity efforts, emergency responses, and crisis management.</li>
<li>In 2014, the Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office created the position of the National Cyber Security Coordinator.<br />National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) is an organisation of the Government of India created under Section 70A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (amended in 2008).</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/35-percent-of-cyber-attacks-on-indian-sites-from-china'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'State can Stop Voluntary Retirement of Doctors',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court (SC) has ruled that the State can stop government doctors from taking voluntary retirement in light of public interest.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the SC,the fundamental right to retire is not above the right to save lives in a country.<br />If the voluntary retirement sought by a government doctor will be against public interest,concept of public interest can be cited by the Government to stop his/her voluntary retirement.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ruling is based on an appeal by the Uttar Pradesh government against the Allahabad High Court&rsquo;s decision in a (State of UP vs. Achal Singh) case to allow a doctor to voluntarily retire with effect from March 31, 2017.</li>
<li>Though the High Court allowed the doctor to retire, it rued the way government doctors were seeking voluntary retirement almost every day in the State.</li>
<li>The High Court also observed that government healthcare sector is in need of senior doctors as they are &ldquo;absolutely necessary to run the medical services which are part and parcel of the right to life itself.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Observations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court observed that public health is suffering from scarcity of doctors.</li>
<li>Qualified doctors did not join the public service, and even if they did so, they chose voluntary retirement and chose to go back into lucrative private practice.</li>
<li>The SC asserted that, the poor could not be put in peril by a paucity of specialists in government hospitals. The State governments had an obligation &ldquo;to make an endeavour under Article 47 to look after the provisions for health and nutrition.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The court also held that the doctors, as citizens, has certain fundamental duties under Article 51(A) towards their fellow citizens.</li>
<li>The right to practise a profession under Article 19(1)(g) is subject to the interest of the general public, i.e it is not absolute.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 47</strong> - The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.</p>
<p><strong>Article 51(A)</strong> - Provides 11 fundamental duties for the citizens.</p>
<p><strong>Article 19(1)(g)</strong> - All Citizen shall have the right,to practise and profession, or to carry on any occupation,trade or business.</p>
</div>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/State can Stop Voluntary Retirement of Doctors'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'India-Pakistan Trade: Status, Outlook',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, Pakistan&rsquo;s Prime Minister Imran Khan had stated that the best way to alleviate poverty and uplift the people of the subcontinent is to resolve differences through dialogue and trade.</p>
<h3>Where does India-Pak trade ties currently stand?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Trade between India and Pakistan jumped nearly three-and-a-half times between 2000-01 and 2005-06 (from $251 million to $869 million per annum), however, the following decade witnessed a slower progress.</li>
<li>In FY17, India-Pakistan trade was a mere $2.29 billion, or about 0.35% of India&rsquo;s overall trade.</li>
<li>Also, informal trade, estimated to be around USD 4.71 billion, continues to thrive between India and Pakistan despite measures undertaken by the two countries to normalize trade.</li>
<li>Informal trade is easier because of harassment by customs officials, political tensions between the two countries and ease of routing goods through third countries like West Asia and border countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why has trade not grown?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Obstacles in the way of normalising India-Pakistan trade relations include<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>weak logistics and customs processing</li>
<li>technical barriers to trade such as sanitary or phytosanitary (SPS) restrictions</li>
<li>enhanced visa restrictions due to the recent political and military tensions between the two countries</li>
<li>Lack of financial support and telecommunication connectivity.</li>
<li>persisting infrastructure and connectivity deficit along with poor awareness amongst traders with regard to non-tariff barriers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While India and Pakistan have facilitated a degree of industry outreach in recent years, progress on the ground has been very less.</li>
<li>A study by ICIER has identified an export potential of $2.2 billion from Pakistan to India, and $9.5 billion from India to Pakistan per annum. However, of the top 50 potential export items from Pakistan, India was importing 45 from countries other than Pakistan and this situation remains largely unchanged even now.</li>
<li>Article 1 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 1994, requires every WTO member country to accord Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status to all other member countries. India accorded Pakistan MFN status in 1996; however, Pakistan hasn't reciprocated.</li>
<li>In 2012, India announced a 30% reduction in its SAFTA Sensitive list for Non-Least Developed Countries (NLDCs), including Pakistan, allowing for the tariff on 264 items to be cut to 5% within three years. Further, a roadmap was established between the two countries to move towards full normalisation of bilateral trade. However, it hasn't been implemented yet as Pakistan has failed to take the first step of permitting all importable <br />items through the Wagah-Attari land route.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) was agreed to among the seven South Asia countries that form the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka</li>
<li>SAFTA replaces the earlier South Asia Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA) and aims to reduce tariffs in order to promote intraregional trade among the SAARC members</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-pakistan-trade-status-outlook'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'India says ‘No’ to Aid Offer From UAE for Kerala',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Government of India has said no to Rs. 700 Cr. aid offer from UAE for Kerala flood relief and rehabilitation. India has also refused similar help from Qatar, Thailand and Maldives.</p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s reason for refusal</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The policy of not accepting foreign aid was put in place by the central government after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. India had also denied foreign aid during Kashmir Earthquake in 2005, Uttarakhand floods in 2013 and Kashmir floods in 2014.</li>
<li>Following the policy in place, the government will meet the relief and reconstruction needs of Kerala through domestic efforts only.</li>
<li>India is looking at itself as an emerging power and at a role as net security and assistance provider in the region. Thus, being an emerging economy India is capable of dealing with natural calamities.</li>
<li>Allowing foreign aid from one country will start outpour of foreign aids from other countries and it will be diplomatically difficult to deny the offer.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Can India Accept?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Disaster Management Plan, 2016 clearly states that the Government of India does not issue any appeal for foreign assistance. However, Central Government can accept the offer considering the goodwill gesture of a foreign state in solidarity with disaster victim.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Disaster Management Plan-2016</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) provides a framework and direction to the government agencies for all phases of the disaster management cycle.</li>
<li>NDMP is designed to deal with all phases of disaster management:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mitigation (prevention and risk reduction)</li>
<li>Preparedness</li>
<li>Response</li>
<li>Recovery (immediate restoration to build-back better)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NDMP-2016 is in alignment with the goals and priorities set out in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-says-no-to-aid-offer-from-uae-for-kerala'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban to Include Elimination of Public Urination',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has issued new norms for declaring town and cities wanting to be declared ODF+ (Open Defecation Free Plus) and ODF++ (Open Defecation Free Plus Plus) under Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) ODF+ and ODF++ protocol. Now, for the first time, SBM (Urban) will include the elimination of public urination in its agenda.</p>
<p><strong>Norms under ODF</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>No visible <g class="gr_ gr_66 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="66" data-gr-id="66">faeces</g> found in the environment<br />Every household as well as public/community institutions using safe technology option for disposal of <g class="gr_ gr_67 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="67" data-gr-id="67">faeces</g>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Norms under ODF+</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At any point in a day, not a single person should be defecating and/or urinating in open.</li>
<li>All community and public toilets should be properly maintained and cleaned.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Norms under ODF++</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It includes proper treatment and management of <g class="gr_ gr_59 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="59" data-gr-id="59">faecal</g> sludge/septage and sewage is safely managed and treated.</li>
<li>There should be no discharge or dumping of untreated <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="57" data-gr-id="57">faecal</g> sludge/septage and sewage in drains, water bodies or open areas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why only in Urban Areas?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the case of urban areas, the problem is not one of usage, but of availability. People are forced to do it because of the lack of clean toilets. There is a need for cleanliness, accessibility <g class="gr_ gr_69 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="69" data-gr-id="69">and</g> visibility.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Public urination, especially by men, is almost entirely a <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="68" data-gr-id="68">behaviour</g> change issue. Even men who have access to toilets use the roads as a public urinal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other initiatives</h3>
<p><strong>Swachh Manch web portal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Swachh Manch is a web-based platform, which aims to bring together every stakeholder contributing to the Swachh Bharat Mission under a common platform.</li>
<li>The platform will allow stakeholders to create/invite/participate in volunteering opportunities around <g class="gr_ gr_71 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="71" data-gr-id="71">neighbourhoods</g>.</li>
<li>The Swachh Manch will also be integrated with the existing Swachhata App to act as a citizens&rsquo; grievance redressal platform.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Swachh Survekshan 2019</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swachh Survekshan is a ranking exercise taken up by the Government of India to assess rural and urban areas for their levels of cleanliness and active implementation of Swachhata mission initiatives in a timely and innovative manner.</li>
<li>Swachh Survekshan-Urban is conducted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.</li>
<li>Swachh Survekshan &ndash;Rural is conducted by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.</li>
<li>The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) had conducted &lsquo;Swachh Survekshan-2016&rsquo; survey for the rating of 73 cities in January 2016.</li>
<li>&lsquo;Swachh Survekshan-2017&rsquo; conducted in January-February 2017 ranking 434 cities. The recently concluded Swachh Survekshan 2018 ranked 4,203 Cities</li>
<li>Some of the interesting insights gleaned from Swachh Survekshan 2018 included the following:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>79% of residents find their area cleaner than last year.</li>
<li>73,875 waste-pickers provided a formal livelihood.</li>
<li>In 137 cities, &gt; 60% of the bulk garbage generators are doing on-site composting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swacch-bharat-mission-urban-to-include-elimination-of-public-urination'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'NGT asks for Action Plan on E-waste in Three Months',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>National Green Tribunal (NGT) has asked Ministry of Environment forest (MoEF) to submit an action plan for enforcement of rules and taking actions against violators E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016, and Environment (Protection) Act, 1986</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NGT was disposing of a plea against unauthorised &ldquo;recycling, collection, dismantling, burning, selling&rdquo; of e-waste and other solid waste on roadsides and riverbanks in violation of E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016, and Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-waste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>'E-waste' means electrical and electronic equipment, completely or in part discarded as waste by the consumer or bulk consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing, refurbishment and repair processes.</li>
<li>E-Waste is short for Electronic-Waste. It is the term used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded electronic appliance. It includes computers, mobiles, consumer electronics etc.</li>
<li>India is the fifth largest producer of e-waste in the world with annual e-waste generation of more than 18 million tonnes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why should E-waste be managed properly?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>E-waste consist of toxic elements such as Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium, Polybrominated biphenyls and Polybrominated diphenyl.</li>
<li>Non-Disposal and burning of e-waste can have serious implication on human health and can cause air, soil pollution and groundwater contamination.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>E-waste management rules 2016</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change notified the E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 in supersession of the e-waste (Management &amp; Handling) Rules, 2011.</li>
<li>Making the norms stringent, the new E-waste rules included Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other mercury-containing lamps, as well as other such equipment.</li>
<li>For the first time, the rules brought the producers under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), along with targets. Producers have been made responsible for the collection of E-waste and for its exchange.</li>
<li>Various producers can have a separate Producer Responsibility Organisation (PRO) and ensure collection of E-waste, as well as its disposal in an environmentally sound manner.</li>
<li>The role of State Governments has been also introduced to ensure safety, health and skill development of the workers involved in dismantling and recycling operations. A provision of penalty for violation of rules has also been introduced.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ngt-asks-for-action-plan-on-e-waste-in-three-months'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'SC Scraps NOTA for Rajya Sabha ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court has scrapped the use of &lsquo;None Of The Above&rsquo; (NOTA) option in the coming Rajya Sabha elections.</p>
<h3>Key Observations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court has held that the NOTA option is meant only for universal adult suffrage and direct elections and not for polls held by the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote as done in the Rajya Sabha.</li>
<li>The court held that making NOTA applicable in Rajya Sabha elections is contrary to Article 80(4) of the constitution and the Supreme Court&rsquo;s judgment in <strong>PUCL v Union of India (2013).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 80(4)</strong> states that the representatives of each state in the council of states shall be elected by the elected members of the legislative assembly of the state in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NOTA defeats the fairness in indirect elections, it ignores the role of an elector in such an election and destroys democratic values and encourages malpractices like defection and corruption.</li>
<li>In the Rajya Sabha, the nature of the representative is different as the candidate is the representative of the state. In contrast, a candidate who is elected by voters in a direct election represents a constituency.</li>
<li>NOTA can destroy the concept of the value of a vote and representation and encourage defection that shall open the doors for corruption which is a malignant disorder.</li>
<li>The maintenance of secrecy of voting through the system of the open ballot will be violated by the introduction of NOTA in Rajya Sabha polls.</li>
<li>It will not only affect the discipline that has been prescribed under the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution but will also infringe upon the disqualification of a member on the ground of defection.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Anti-Defection Law</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>52nd Amendment to the Constitution</strong> added the Tenth Schedule which laid down the process by which legislators may be disqualified on grounds of defection.</li>
<li>The <strong>anti-defection law was passed by parliament in 1985</strong> to enhance the credibility of the country&rsquo;s polity by addressing rampant party-hopping by elected representatives for personal and political considerations.</li>
<li>A member of parliament or state legislature was deemed to have defected if he either voluntarily resigned from his party or disobeyed the directives of the party leadership on a vote.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Independent members</strong> would be disqualified if they joined a political party.</li>
<li><strong>Nominated members</strong> who were not members of a party could choose to join a party within six months; after that period, they were treated as a party member or independent member.</li>
<li><strong>Exceptions:</strong> Any person elected as speaker or chairman could resign from his party, and rejoin the party if he has resigned from that post.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A party could be merged into another if <strong>at least two-thirds of its party legislators</strong> voted for the merger. The law initially permitted splitting of parties, but that has now been outlawed.</li>
<li>The law states that the decision of the Presiding officer is final and not subject to judicial review. The Supreme Court struck down part of this condition. It held that there may not be any judicial intervention until the presiding officer gives his order. However, the final decision is subject to appeal in the High Courts and Supreme Court.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>NOTA in Rajya Sabha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court, in the PUCL case, directed the EC to introduce NOTA <g class="gr_ gr_61 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="61" data-gr-id="61">in direct</g> elections in order to provide an opportunity to the elector to express his or her dissent or disapproval against the contesting candidates and to reduce bogus voting.</li>
<li>A candidate has to get a required number of votes calculated through a formula to get elected to Rajya Sabha.</li>
<li>The total number of votes (MLAs) are divided by the number of seats going to the polls from the State, adding one vote to the number.</li>
<li>In Rajya Sabha polls, the MLAs have to show their ballot paper to an <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="79" data-gr-id="79">authorised</g> party agent before putting it in the ballot box.</li>
<li>If a member from a party exercises the NOTA option, then the total number of votes cast will go down.</li>
<li>The impact of the decision of MLAs to exercise the NOTA option in elections to the Rajya Sabha can be the same as that of an abstention.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The petition challenging the introduction of NOTA in Rajya Sabha elections had argued that the Election Commission cannot sanction the use of NOTA in Rajya Sabha elections by way of mere circulars, which have the effect of overriding the provisions of Article 80(4) &mdash; proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote, the provisions of Representation of People Act 1951 and the Conduct of Election Rules 1961.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-for-removal-of-nOTA-from-rajya-sabha-poll" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Centre for Removal of NOTA from Rajya Sabha Poll</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-scraps-nota-for-rajya-sabha '
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'NCRB to Track Complaints on Sexual Violence',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Home Affairs has designated National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) as the nodal agency for monitoring the complaints received on a government portal related to child pornography and sexual violence videos.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NCRB would coordinate with service providers such as Facebook, YouTube and WhatsApp and ask them to block malicious videos and contents.</li>
<li>It can act on such content either on recieving complaints or suo moto.</li>
<li>It was also decided to share list of 500 keywords used in searching such content with Internet Service Providersc(ISPs) like Facebook, WhatsApp, Google, etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Crime Record Bureau</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p>NCRB, headquartered in <strong>New Delhi, was set-up in 1986 </strong>under the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong>&nbsp;to function as a <strong>repository of information on crime and criminals</strong> so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It was set up based on the recommendations of the <strong>National Police Commission (1977-1981)</strong> and the MHA&rsquo;s Taskforce (1985).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It was constituted by merging the <strong>Directorate of Coordination and Police Computer (DCPC)</strong>, <strong>Inter State Criminals Data Branch of CBI, Central Finger Print Bureau of CBI, and Statistical Branch of BPR&amp;D.</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong></strong>It developed <strong>Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS)</strong> in 2009 which connects approximately 15000 police stations and 6000 higher offices in the country.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Section 67(b) of the Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008</strong> clarifies who all are punishable for publishing or transmitting material that depicts children in sexually explicit acts.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Not just the ones who create and share content of child pornography but<strong> also the ones who view, browse or download</strong> such content are also punishable under the act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite a law in place, India is one of the biggest contributors and also consumers of child pornography.</li>
<li>Taking cognizance of this, the Supreme Court in 2017 asked the Centre to implement the proposals given by the high-powered committee on videos of child pornography, rape and gang rape.</li>
<li>
<p>Some of the <strong>notable recommendations</strong> of the committee were:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>
<p>The search engines expand the list of keywords which may possibly be used by a user to search for Child Porn (CP) content.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>These keywords should also be in <strong>Indian languages and vernacular search</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Government of India to form regulations for reporting of identified CP/rape, gang rape (RGR) imagery online.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>There must be a <strong>user authentication system</strong>, a system in which the users who try to upload an image/video, falling within the subject content, using the pre-defined keywords, are put to a more rigorous verification process which would <strong>have them believe that they would be traced</strong>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ministry of Home Affairs is also implementing the &lsquo;<strong>Cyber Crime Prevention against Women and Children (CCPWC)</strong>&rsquo; scheme from <strong>NIRBHAYA funds</strong> during the period 2017-2020.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The home ministry will train 27,500 police personnel across the country to tackle cyber crimes against women and children under the scheme.</li>
<li>It also aims at setting up an online cyber-crime reporting platform to allow the public to report complaints of cybercrime including child pornography.</li>
<li>Twitter handle &ldquo;CyberDost&rdquo; launched for tweets on cybercrime Awareness.</li>
<li>Facilitate the removal of child pornographic content in coordination with concerned ministries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Ministry of Home Affairs earlier in 2018, launched a centralised online portal, <strong>www.cyberpolice.gov.in</strong>, and helpline number<strong> &lsquo;155260&rsquo;</strong> to receive complaints pertaining to child pornography and rape/gangrape (CP/RGR) content.</li>
<li>SC has also asked the ISPs to develop a mechanism to prevent the circulation of sexual assault videos and child pornography through their platform in a stipulated time.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to experts, Google or any other prominent search engine for that matter cannot stop videos of child porn or sexual violence from being circulated.</li>
<li>These are mere search engines and not the internet. They can almost take down an objectionable video from their search engine but cannot take it down from the internet.</li>
<li>The blocking of keywords that are used while searching these content is also not sure to be helpful that much. If one keyword is blocked the culprits will come up with another new word.</li>
<li>Peer-to-peer networks are used to circulate such content because after being connected to these networks, one can upload and download files without disclosing much personal information.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ncrb-to-track-complaints-on-sexual-violence'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'International Buddhist Conclave 2018',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The President of India will inaugurate the &ldquo;International Buddhist Conclave (IBC), 2018&rdquo; in New Delhi on 23rd August, 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Conclave is being organized by the <strong>Ministry of Tourism</strong> in collaboration with the State Governments of <strong>Maharashtra, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh</strong> from 23rd &ndash; 26th August, 2018 at New Delhi and Ajanta (Maharashtra), followed by site visits to Rajgir, Nalanda and Bodhgaya (Bihar) and Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh).</li>
<li>Apart from the Ministerial level delegation from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar and Sri Lanka, delegates from other 29 countries will also participate in the International Buddhist Conclave.</li>
<li>IBC-2018 will have a<strong> religious / spiritual dimension</strong>, an <strong>academic theme</strong> and a <strong>diplomatic and business</strong> component.</li>
<li>The Ministry will also organize an <strong>"Investors&rsquo; Summit"</strong>&nbsp;during the Conclave to attract investments in developing world class infrastructure at Buddhist sites.</li>
<li>The aim of the Conclave is to showcase and project the Buddhist Heritage in India and boost tourism to the Buddhist sites in the country and cultivate friendly ties with countries and communities interested in Buddhism.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, has been organizing the International Buddhist Conclave biennially since 2004.</li>
<li>The earlier International Buddhist Conclaves were organized in New Delhi and Bodhgaya (February 2004), Nalanda and Bodhgaya (February 2010), Varanasi and Bodhgaya (2012 and 2014) and in Sarnath/Varanasi and Bodhgaya (October 2016).</li>
<li>The &ldquo;ASEAN&rdquo; was the Guest of Honor during IBC, 2016 and <strong>Japan would be the &lsquo;Partner Country for IBC-2018</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Buddhism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gautama Buddha (born in 563 BC at Lumbini, Nepal)</strong> founded the Buddhist School of Philosophy.</li>
<li>He attained Nirvana while meditating under a pipal tree in Bodhgaya on the banks of the river Niranjana.</li>
<li>Buddhist philosophy questioned the authority of the Vedic rituals in helping the attainment of salvation. Instead, the Buddhist philosophy maintains that in order to attain salvation four noble truths must be followed.</li>
<li>The <strong>four noble truths</strong> are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Truth of <strong>Suffering (Kutai)</strong>- Human life is full of <strong>suffering</strong> in the form of pain, sickness and death.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The Truth of the <strong>Cause of Suffering (Jutai)</strong>- The root cause of human suffering is <strong>desire</strong>.</li>
<li>The Truth of the <strong>Cessation of Suffering (Mettai)</strong>- In order to attain a state of peace and nirvana a person <strong>must let go of all his desires and passions.</strong></li>
<li>The Truth of the <strong>Path to the Cessation of Suffering (Dotai)</strong>- To ease human suffering it is important to move towards the attainment of nirvana using the <strong>Eight-Fold Path</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Eight-fold Path, in Pali language, <strong>Aṭṭhangiko Maggo</strong> are:
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>Right Views - to keep ourselves free from prejudice, superstition and delusion and to see aright the true nature of life.</li>
<li>Right Thoughts - to turn away from the evils of this world and to direct our minds towards righteousness.</li>
<li>Right Speech - to refrain from pointless and harmful talk to speak kindly and courteously to all.</li>
<li>Right Conduct - to see that our deeds are peaceful, benevolent, compassionate and pure; to live the Teaching of the Buddha daily.</li>
<li>Right Livelihood - to earn our living in such a way as to entail no evil consequences.</li>
<li>Right Effort - to direct our efforts incessantly to the overcoming of ignorance and selfish desires.</li>
<li>Right Mindfulness - to cherish good and pure thoughts for all that we say and do arise from our thoughts.</li>
<li>Right Meditation - to concentrate our will on the Buddha, His Life and His Teaching.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>On the other hand, the &lsquo;Buddha Path&rsquo; also refers to the Eight Great Places of Buddhist Heritage, (<strong>referred in Pali as</strong> <strong>Aṭṭhamahāṭhānāni</strong>). They are:
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>Lumbini (Nepal)- Buddha was born.</li>
<li>Bodh Gaya (Bihar)- Attained enlightenment.</li>
<li>Sarnath (Varanasi, U.P.)- First sermon.</li>
<li>Kushinagar (Gorakhpur, U.P.)- Buddha died.</li>
<li>Rajgir (Bihar)- Where the Lord tamed a mad elephant.</li>
<li>Vaishali (Bihar)- Where a monkey offered honey to him.</li>
<li>Sravasti (U.P)- The Lord took his seat on a thousand petaled lotus and created multiple representations of himself.</li>
<li>Sankasya ( Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh)- He descended from heaven.&nbsp;</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presently, it is estimated that there are nearly 500 million Buddhists all over the World and majority of them live in East Asia, South East Asia and Far East countries.</li>
<li>However, a very small percentage of them visit the Buddhist sites in India each year.</li>
<li>Therefore, the potential of encouraging more tourists to visit the Buddhist destinations where Lord Buddha lived and preached is immense.</li>
<li>Earlier in 2014-15, the Ministry of Tourism has also launched the <strong>Swadesh Darshan scheme</strong>&nbsp;with a vision to develop theme-based tourist circuits on the principles of high tourist value. The Ministry has identified <strong>Buddhist Circuit as one of the thirteen thematic circuits</strong> for development under the Swadesh Darshan scheme.</li>
<li>Moreover, this Buddha Path is <strong>the Living Heritage</strong> that still continues to inspire millions of people to walk and find out Peace, Happiness, Harmony and Solace.</li>
<li>To work for the promotion of both the<strong> intangible and the tangible Buddhist Heritage</strong>, the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has decided to organize 6th International Buddhist Conclave on the theme, <strong>&ldquo;Buddha Path &ndash; The Living Heritage&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-buddhist-conclave-2018'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Centre Rules out Total Ban on Firecrackers',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Government of India has ruled out a national ban on firecrackers. This was in response to pleas being heard by the Supreme Court on a complete nationwide ban on the use, manufacture, licensing, sale, resale or distribution of firecrackers and sparklers of any kind in a bid to combat pollution on an emergency basis.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government has suggested alternative measures to curb pollution during Diwali that include the production of &ldquo;green crackers&rdquo;; community cracker bursting in major cities and a freeze on the production of series crackers or laris.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In July 2017, the Supreme Court prohibited the use of five chemicals, labelled as toxic by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), in the manufacture of firecrackers. they include antimony, lithium, mercury, arsenic and lead.</li>
<li>In October 2017, the Supreme Court suspended the sale of firecrackers in Delhi and NCR till November 1, 2017, in a bid to test whether a Diwali without firecrackers this year will have a &ldquo;positive effect&rdquo; on the health of citizens and a steadily deteriorating air quality.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Union Ministry of Environment submitted a five-page affidavit to the Supreme Court suggesting ways to deal with the pollution problem and chalking out short-term measures to combat pollution during Diwali.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Proposals Include</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Working together with institutions like the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, National Environment Engineering Research Institute, Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to deal with Diwali pollution.</li>
<li>PESO could be approached to ensure that fireworks with permitted chemicals and decibel levels are used. PESO could run tests for banned ones like lithium, arsenic, antimony, lead, mercury.</li>
<li>CPCB and respective state pollution control boards shall carry out short-term monitoring in their cities for 14 days.</li>
<li>Setting up of Raw Material Characterisation Facilities to check the presence of high contents of unburned material, partially combusted material or poor quality of raw material in gunpowder in firecrackers.</li>
<li>Use of reduced emission firecrackers or improved firecrackers - these are low emission sound and light emitting functional crackers with PM reduction by 30-35% and a significant reduction in nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide due to in-situ water generation as a dust suppressant and low cost due to the usage of low-cost oxidants.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-rules-out-total-ban-on-firecrackers'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'UDAN International',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Civil Aviation has prepared a draft scheme document for &ldquo;UDAN International&rdquo; which will enable the State governments to encourage tourism on preferred international air routes by offering the subsidy to domestic airlines <strong>for a period of three years</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme is designed for State governments that are keen to promote air connectivity on international routes identified by them and for which they are willing to provide the subsidy to airlines.</li>
<li>The <strong>Airport Authority of India</strong> will be the implementing agency of the scheme.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the draft, a <strong>State will identify international routes</strong> for which the Airports Authority of India (AAI) will determine a subsidy amount.</li>
<li>This will be followed by airlines submitting their proposals, which will include the routes they wish to connect as well as the subsidy needed by them.</li>
<li>The financial assistance to an airline will be offered from the <strong>International Air Connectivity Fund (IACF)</strong>, which will be created through the contributions made by the State government.</li>
<li>The scheme is meant for domestic airlines. Only fixed-wing aircraft with more than 70 seats can be operated under the scheme and airlines will have to conduct a minimum of three and a maximum of seven departures on a given route on three days in a week.</li>
<li>The Centre has allowed airlines to enter into a code-sharing arrangement with international and domestic airlines for UDAN international.</li>
<li>An airline that is awarded a particular route will have exclusive rights to a subsidy on that route <strong>for a period of three years.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>No Capping of Fares</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>No capping of fares is the key difference between this scheme and the regional connectivity scheme (RCS) also known as Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik (UDAN), for domestic routes. The international connectivity targets people with disposable incomes who are looking to undertake air travel for the purpose of tourism.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under RCS, fares are capped at ₹2,500 for one hour of flight on a fixed-wing aircraft in order to make air travel affordable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagarik (UDAN)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UDAN was launched in 2016 to make air travel affordable for people through <g class="gr_ gr_49 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="49" data-gr-id="49">subsidised</g> ticket rates. The aim is to connect smaller places through air network by using under-served and unserved airports.</li>
<li>Under UDAN, fares for a specified number of seats is capped and the government provides a viability gap funding (VGF) to the carriers to make up for the below-market pricing.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/udan-international'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'ILO’s India Wage Report',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the recently released report by International Labour Organisation, India needs to improve its wage policies to promote inclusive growth even as low pay, gender wage gap <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="44" data-gr-id="44">and</g> informality remain pervasive.</p>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<p><strong>Positives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Based on the Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS) of the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), the report estimates that <strong>real average daily wages have almost doubled</strong> between 1993&ndash;94 and 2011&ndash;12, increasing more rapidly in rural than in urban areas and increasing more rapidly for casual than for regular workers.</li>
<li><strong>Average wages have increased faster for women</strong> than for men and rose faster in the unorganized sector than in the organized sector.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Negatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Only a limited number of regular/salaried workers, mostly in urban areas, and highly skilled professionals earn substantially higher average wages.</li>
<li>Although overall wage inequality in India seems to have stabilized or even declined somewhat since 2004&ndash;05, <strong>wage inequality remains very high</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>gender wage gap also remains very high</strong> by international standards, although it has marginally declined from 1993&ndash;94 to 2011&ndash;12.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This gender wage gap can be observed among all types of workers: regular and casual, urban and rural.</li>
<li>Of all worker groups, the average daily wages of casual rural female workers is the lowest (INR 104 per day).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Because average <g class="gr_ gr_37 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="37" data-gr-id="37">labour</g> productivity (as measured by GDP per worker) increased more rapidly than real average wages, <strong>India&rsquo;s </strong><g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="38" data-gr-id="38">labour</g><strong> share has declined.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Labour share refers to the proportion of national income which goes into <g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="36" data-gr-id="36">labour</g> compensation, as opposed to capital or landowners.</li>
<li>Wage levels and distribution of wages are, to a large extent, influenced not only by skills and productivity levels but also by the role of <g class="gr_ gr_43 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="43" data-gr-id="43">labour</g> market institutions, particularly minimum wages and collective bargaining.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In its <g class="gr_ gr_45 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="45" data-gr-id="45">report</g> ILO also recommends other complementary actions to comprehensively address how to achieve decent work and inclusive growth.</li>
<li>These include fostering accumulation of skills to boost <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace gr-progress" id="41" data-gr-id="41">labour</g> productivity and growth for sustainable enterprises, promoting equal pay for work of equal value, formalizing the informal economy and strengthening social protection for workers.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ilos-india-wage-report'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'WHO Highlights Ways to Reduce Cancer Risk',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With cancer emerging as the second leading cause of death globally, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has listed ways to reduce cancer risk. The WHO said:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Consumption of tobacco and alcohol, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity are major factors that increases cancer risk worldwide and are also the four shared risk factors for other non-communicable diseases. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some chronic infections are risk factors for cancer and have major relevance in low and middle-income countries. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Infection with HIV substantially increases the risk of cancers such as cervical cancer.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>WHO Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It advised not to consume any form of tobacco, to make one&rsquo;s home smoke-free, to enjoy a healthy diet, to vaccinate children against Hepatitis B and HPV, to use sun protections, to be physically active, to limit alcohol intake and take part in organised screening programmes, adding that breastfeeding reduces a mother&rsquo;s cancer risk.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Concern</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The prevalence of cancer cases is on the rise in India. The Indian Council of Medical Research stated that approximately 12 to 13 lakh new cases of cancer are being diagnosed every year along with an existing 25 to 30 lakh cancer cases at any given time in India.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">A vast majority of them are being diagnosed in advanced stages. On the contrary, majority of cancer cases are diagnosed in the early stages in developed countries, including Europe and the U.S.A., because of their effective screening programmes.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3><strong>Cancer </strong></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cancer is the uncontrolled multiplication of cells. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cancer can spread from where it started to another part of the body.</span></li>
<li>The original cancer is called the primary tumour.The cancer in another part of the body is called metastatic or secondary cancer.</li>
<li>Metastatic cancer has the same type of cancer cells as the primary cancer.</li>
<li>The term metastatic cancer is usually used to describe solid tumours that have spread to another part of the body.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-highlights-ways-to-reduce-cancer-risk'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'FIBAC productivity report on Indian Banking Industry 2018',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the annual FIBAC productivity report on Indian Banking Industry 2018 released by the Boston Consulting Group, FICCI and Indian Banks&rsquo; Association, southern states are performing better than the rest of India in mobile banking adoption in savings accounts.</p>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<p><strong>Mobile Banking</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>States such as Manipur and Telangana lead the way in internet banking, although mobile banking now seems to be the preferred mode among digitally-active users.</li>
<li>Mizoram, Andhra Pradesh, and Puducherry make up the other top three States that are high on using internet banking services.</li>
<li>The rising smartphone and internet penetration, combined with the rising &lsquo;e-literacy&rsquo;, has set the tone for India to move from branch banking to electronic banking channels, such as mobile banking and internet banking.</li>
<li>Transactions through these digital channels have almost doubled up in 2016-17, while both branch-based and ATM transactions have witnessed a slight decline.</li>
<li>There now seems to be a shift in preference from internet banking to mobile banking for digital customers across bank categories.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>MSME</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The MSME segment has a huge untapped potential for credit and digital lending to the <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="90" data-gr-id="90">sector,</g> and could become <g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="88" data-gr-id="88">a Rs</g> 15-lakh crore opportunity for lenders over the next five years. Currently, digital lending accounts for only 4% of total MSME lending. However, it is expected to rise to 21% over the next five years.</li>
<li>This significant jump will close the gap with digital retail lending, which is expected to reach around 48% of total retail lending in five years,</li>
<li>Currently, in India, out of the total formal credit of around ₹100 lakh crores, only 25% is extended to MSMEs. Spurred by the introduction of the Goods and Services <g class="gr_ gr_60 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="60" data-gr-id="60">tax</g> (GST), small businesses are increasingly getting formalized as well as <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="92" data-gr-id="92">digitised</g>. The percentage of MSMEs using digital channels has increased from 41% before the introduction of GST to 47% after GST.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Money Lending and Credit Facilities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>9% growth has been observed in terms of credit in 2018 as compared to 2017. With financial institutions providing easy credit facilities, consumers are encouraged to further discover money lending and credit facilities.</li>
<li>Metro cities are driving growth in current account balances and rural areas have grown with respect to savings account balances.</li>
<li>There has been a steady shift in investments preferences from term deposits to mutual funds, and banks are earning from these <g class="gr_ gr_59 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="59" data-gr-id="59">third party</g> products like mutual funds.</li>
<li>With 80% of the adult population bearing bank accounts, India is on the cusp of achieving financial inclusion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Financial Inclusion in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Financial Inclusion refers to universal access to a wide range of financial services at a reasonable cost. These include not only banking products but also other financial services such as insurance and equity products.</li>
<li>Financial education, financial inclusion, and financial stability are three elements of an <g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="86" data-gr-id="86">integral</g> strategy to ensure the sustainable economic growth of society. While financial inclusion works from the supply side of providing access to various financial services, financial education feeds the demand side by promoting awareness among the people regarding the needs and benefits of financial services offered by banks and other institutions. These two strategies promote greater financial stability.</li>
<li>F<strong>inancial Stability Development Council</strong> (FSDC) has <g class="gr_ gr_63 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="63" data-gr-id="63">explicit</g> mandate to focus on financial inclusion and financial literacy simultaneously.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FSDC was constituted by the government in 2010. It is chaired by the Union Finance Minister.</li>
<li>The Council deals with issues relating to financial stability, financial sector development, inter-regulatory coordination, financial literacy, financial inclusion and macro-prudential supervision of the economy including the functioning of large financial conglomerates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="78" data-gr-id="78">taken</g> by the government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government opened over 30 crore bank accounts with almost 60% being in rural areas under its <strong>Jan Dhan Yojana</strong>. The zero balance accounts amongst these have significantly declined <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="77" data-gr-id="77">implying</g> the government&rsquo;s success in getting unbanked people to actively use it.</li>
<li>Part of this has been driven through the <strong>linking of Aadhaar and doing Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to these Jan Dhan accounts.</strong></li>
<li>A multitude of solutions, like UPI, BHIM, NeSL, and BBPS amongst others have been developed as the infrastructure that could handle all aspects of servicing such a large segment of the population.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fibac-productivity-report-on-indian-banking-industry-2018'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'CAD to Widen to 2.5% of GDP',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to Moody's and other experts,&nbsp;India&rsquo;s current account deficit is likely to widen to 2.5% in Financial Year 2018-19, up from 1.5% in fiscal 2017 due to higher oil prices and strong non-oil import demand as domestic demand accelerates.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The situation has been intensified further by the rupee depreciation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>
<p>A key driver for depreciation is the gradual U.S. Fed's <strong>monetary policy tightening</strong>, economic crises in large emerging markets which have made global investors more cautious about emerging markets&rsquo; currencies and equities.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The rupee&rsquo;s depreciation will have both the positive and negative impact on the economy.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>On the negative side, it will increase the oil import bill leading to higher Cureent Account Deficit (CAD). Also, costly oil import would seep into the economy via higher inflation, make infra and other projects, which have a large import content, expensive and will make critical imported defence items more expensive.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>On the positive side it will improve the export competitiveness of Indian goods and services.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rupee-sinks-to-record-closing-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read more about Rupee Depreciation...</a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Current Account Deficit (CAD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p>CAD, is the difference between the inflow and outflow of foreign exchange. It reflects that the imports of goods, services and investment incomes into the economy outstripped the value of its exports.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong> Current Account Deficit</strong> and <strong>Fiscal Deficit </strong>( also known as "budget deficit", it is a situation when a nation's expenditure exceeds its revenues) are together are knows as <strong>twin deficits</strong> and often both reinforce each other i.e. High fiscal deficit leads to higher CAD and vice versa.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The trade position may worsen in the short term because of the oil/other items import bill rising immediately, while the benefit of export competitiveness would largely be in the medium to long term.</li>
<li>
<p>Since, the rupee depreciation is not occurring in isolation, as many other emerging markets currencies have also shown significant depreciation against the USD, therefore, India's relative competitiveness against many emerging markets competitors has not improved despite the rupee depreciation against the USD.</p>
</li>
<li>Moody&rsquo;s expects the recovery in growth to continue driven by the underlying growth momentum in the economy, pre-election spending and a pickup in rural demand. This will largely offset the impacts of a weaker rupee and rising oil prices.</li>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cad-to-widen-to-2.5-of-gdp'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'WTO Rules Against Safeguard Measure of Indonesia',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>In a ruling by the World Trade Organization&rsquo;s highest court for trade disputes, the Appellate Body has ruled that claims against Indonesia, under the WTO agreement on safeguards, should be dismissed on grounds that the duty was not a safeguard measure.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The three parties involved in the dispute&mdash;the complainants, Taipei and Vietnam, and the defendant Indonesia&mdash;had argued that the duty imposed by Indonesia on iron and steel was a safeguard measure.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Appellate Body</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Appellate Body was established in 1995 under Article 17 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU).</li>
<li>It is a standing body of seven persons that hears disputes brought by WTO Members.</li>
<li>The Appellate Body can uphold, modify or reverse the legal findings and conclusions of a panel, and Appellate Body Reports, once adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), must be accepted by the parties to the dispute.</li>
<li>The Appellate Body has its seat in Geneva, Switzerland.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2014, Indonesia imposed a specific duty on galvalume, a type of flat-rolled iron or steel. The three-year duty was imposed following an investigation under Indonesia's safeguards legislation.</li>
<li>The complaining parties in this dispute, Chinese Taipei and Viet Nam, argued that the specific duty was a safeguard measure within the meaning of the WTO Agreement on Safeguards, and violated Indonesia's Most Favored Nation obligation under WTO rules.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> What is the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) principle?</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the MFN principle of the WTO&rsquo;s General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) &mdash; to which India is a signatory/contracting party &mdash; each of the WTO member countries should &ldquo;treat all the other members equally as &lsquo;most-favoured&rsquo; trading partners.&rdquo;</li>
<li>For instance, if a country improves the benefits that it gives to one trading partner, it has to give the same &ldquo;best&rdquo; treatment to all the other WTO members so that they all remain &ldquo;most-favoured&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Hence, though MFN sounds like special treatment, in effect it means non-discrimination.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indonesia agreed that its measure was a safeguard within the meaning of the Safeguards Agreement, but argued that the duty was consistent within the MFN agreement.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is a Safeguard Measure?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WTO members are entitled to impose safeguard measures to curb sudden and unforeseen surges in imports that cause &ldquo;serious injury to a member&rsquo;s domestic industry&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Members subjected to safeguard duties can challenge them if the safeguard-imposing country fails to follow the conditions set out in the WTO&rsquo;s agreement on safeguards.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How have other countries reacted?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India along with China, the EU, Japan, Korea, Australia, Russia, the US, and Ukraine had participated as third parties. India, China, the EU, Korea, and Japan said the measures imposed by Indonesia must be treated as safeguard measures.</li>
<li>The countries other than the United States have argued that the appellate body&rsquo;s reasoning is flawed and was aimed at helping the US to argue that Section 232 duties on steel and aluminium were acceptable.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the United States Section 232 duties?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United States imposed a 25% duty on steel and 10% on aluminium imports for an unspecified period under Section 232, which deals with national security provisions under Article 21 of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1994.</li>
<li>In justifying the measure, the US administration invoked a national security law &ndash; wherein countries are allowed this kind of recourse in times of war and other emergencies.</li>
<li>However, other countries have maintained that they were justified to impose retaliatory measures on the US as the punitive duties imposed by the US constituted a &ldquo;disguised safeguard&rdquo; measure.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wto-rules-against-safeguard-measure-of-indonesia'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Boeing HorizonX India Innovation Challenge (BHIIC)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Hyderabad based startups, Merxius and ZestIOT , after winning the <strong>Boeing HorizonX India Innovation Challenge (BHIIC)</strong> have started exploring ways on their collaboration with the aviation giant.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While Merxius is engaged in harnessing the potential of extended reality (XR) which encapsulates virtual, augmented and mixed realities, ZestIOT is using Internet of Things (IoT), a network which comprises devices connected to one another by means of the Internet, to bring about an increase in airline efficiency.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong>:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extended reality</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extended Reality (XR) is an umbrella term encapsulating <strong>Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), mixed reality (MR)</strong>, and everything in between.</li>
<li>Although drawing the line between AR and VR experiences can be challenging, it is clear that many of the same underlying technologies will power revolutionary XR experiences.</li>
<li>XR will transform everyday consumer experiences and many market verticals from industrial manufacturing and healthcare to education and retail.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Augmented Reality (AR)</strong>- An enhanced version of reality where live direct or indirect views of physical real-world environments are augmented with superimposed computer-generated images over a user&rsquo;s view of the real-world, thus enhancing one&rsquo;s current perception of reality.</li>
<li><strong>Virtual Reality (VR)</strong>- It can be referred to as immersive multimedia or computer-simulated reality which replicates an environment that simulates a physical presence in places in the real world or an imagined world, allowing the user to interact in that world.</li>
<li><strong>Mixed reality (MR)</strong>-It can be referred to as hybrid reality that is the merging of real and virtual worlds to produce new environments and visualisations where physical and digital objects co-exist and interact in real time.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Internet of Things</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3></h3>
<h3>Boeing HorizonX India Innovation Challenge (BHIIC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Launched in November 2017, the Boeing HorizonX India Innovation Challenge 1.0 will energize aerospace innovation in India.</li>
<li>The challenge, in collaboration with India's fastest growing startup T-Hub, invited the best Indian startups to propose solutions for complex challenges in the areas of Autonomous and Unmanned systems, Advanced manufacturing, Industrial IOT, Analytics &amp; Artificial Intelligence and machine learning.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/boeing-horizonX-india-innovation-challenge-bhiic'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'What is a ‘National Disaster’',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Kerala has been reeling under the worst floods it has experienced in a century. While the Union government is already helping out in terms of personnel as well as funds, there have also been demands to declare&nbsp;the Kerala floods a national disaster.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the <strong>Disaster Management Act, 2005,</strong> &ldquo;disaster&rdquo; means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be<strong> beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A natural disaster includes earthquake, flood, landslide, cyclone, tsunami, urban flood.</li>
<li>A man-made disaster can be nuclear, biological and chemical.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can be noted that there is <strong>no provision</strong> to declare a natural calamity as a national calamity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 10th Finance Commission (1995-2000) examined a proposal that a disaster be termed &ldquo;a national calamity of rarest severity&rdquo; if it affects one-third of the population of a state.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The panel did not define a &ldquo;calamity of rare severity&rdquo; but stated that a calamity of rare severity would necessarily have to be adjudged on a case-to-case basis taking into account, inter-alia, the intensity and magnitude of the calamity, level of assistance needed, the capacity of the state to tackle the problem, the alternatives and flexibility available within the plans to provide succour and relief, etc.</li>
<li>The flash floods in Uttarakhand and Cyclone Hudhud were later classified as calamities of &ldquo;severe nature&rdquo;.</li>
<li>When a calamity is declared to be of &ldquo;rare severity&rdquo;/&rdquo;severe nature&rdquo;, support to the state government is provided at the national level. The Centre also considers additional assistance from the NDRF.</li>
<li>A Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) is set up, with the corpus shared 3:1 between Centre and state. When resources in the CRF are inadequate, additional assistance is considered from the National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF), funded 100% by the Centre.</li>
<li>Relief in repayment of loans or for grant of fresh loans to the persons affected on concessional terms, too, are considered once a calamity is declared &ldquo;severe&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Disaster Management in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The primary responsibility for management of disaster rests with the <strong>State Government</strong> concerned.</li>
<li>However, the National Policy on Disaster Management puts in place an enabling environment for all i.e. the Centre, State and District.</li>
<li>The&nbsp;<strong>National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009</strong> has been prepared in tune with and in pursuance of the <strong>Disaster Management Act, 2005</strong>. It provides the framework/roadmap for handling disasters in a <strong>holistic manner.</strong></li>
<li>Under the provisions of the Act, the Disaster Management Authority has been established at 3 levels viz. National, State and District.</li>
<li>The&nbsp;<strong>National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA</strong>) has been established under the <strong>Chairmanship of the Prime Minister</strong> and National Executive Committee (NEC) of Secretaries has been created to assist the NDMA in the performance of its functions.</li>
<li>At the State level, a <strong>State Disaster Management Authority</strong> has been created under the <strong>Chairmanship of Chief Minster</strong> of the State, which has been assisted by a State Executive Committee.</li>
<li>At the District level, <strong>District Disaster Management Authorities</strong> have been created.</li>
<li>It lays down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management for ensuring timely and effective response to disaster and long-term disaster risk reduction.</li>
<li>India is also a signatory to the <strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)</strong> that sets targets for disaster management.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)</strong>&nbsp;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>SFDRR 2015-2030</strong> outlines seven clear targets and <strong>four priorities</strong> for action to prevent new and reduce existing disaster risks:<br />(i) Understanding disaster risk;<br />(ii) Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage<br />disaster risk;<br />(iii) Investing in disaster reduction for resilience and;<br />(iv) Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to <strong>"Build Back Better"</strong> in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.</li>
<li>It aims to achieve the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries over the next 15 years.</li>
<li>The Framework was adopted at the third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amid the demands of declaring the Kerala floods as a 'national disaster', experts are of the opinion that declaring Kerala floods as a ''national disaster' on paper is not going to help the distressed people any more than what is already being extended to the state in terms of financial aid and deployment of relief and rescue forces on the ground.</li>
<li>Apart from absence of any provision for such declaration, the Central resources have already been put at the disposal of the state government.</li>
<li>In countries like the United States it is essential to declare a disaster as a ''national disaster'' by way of a Presidential notification to allow the Federal Emergency Management Agency to move in.</li>
<li>However, in India, there is no need for a government notification to move central forces like the Army or the NDRF to assist states for disaster relief and rescue works. As soon as the state sends a requisition to the central government, the central forces are dispatched.</li>
<li>The need now is to assess the damages to life and property after the situation is under control in Kerala and bring the state on back to normal.&nbsp;Administratively and legally, this responsibility lies with the central government irrespective of whether it labels it a national disaster or not.</li>
<li>Moreover, the best way to prepare for disasters is to build better individual-based programs, a culture of preparedness, and resilient and self-reliant communities. Disaster planning that includes input from the community produces not only higher quality plans, but also far higher levels of community approval and confidence in the plans</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/what-is-a-national-disaster'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India is expected to launch its indigenous fighter Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) by 2032. The AMCA will feature geometric stealth and will initially fly with two GE-414 engines. The engines will be replaced by the indigenous engines.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are two major ways of making a military platform stealthier.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Geometric stealth:</strong> the shape of the aircraft is designed at such angles so as to deflect away maximum radar waves thereby <g class="gr_ gr_82 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="82" data-gr-id="82">minimising</g> its radar cross-section.</li>
<li><strong>Material stealth:</strong> radar-absorbing materials are used in making the aircraft which will absorb the radio waves thus reducing the radar footprint.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The AMCA will initially be based on geometric stealth, the material stealth shall be focussed upon at a later stage.</li>
<li>The plan is to build on the capabilities and expertise developed during the development of the light combat aircraft (LCA) and produce a medium fifth generation fighter aircraft. AMCA is being conceived as a progression from the LCA Tejas.</li>
<li>Apart from the technologies developed from the LCA project, the new fighter programme is important as technologies coming in through that will flow into the AMCA project.</li>
<li>India had expressed its unwillingness to go ahead with the joint development of a fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA) with Russia primarily due to the high cost involved in the project. This is India&rsquo;s only fifth-generation aircraft programme after the decision.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Specifications of AMCA</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The aircraft will incorporate advanced technologies like super maneuverability, supercruise, stealth, state of the art sensor suite with fusion.</li>
<li>It is being developed by an aerospace industry team which consist of Aeronautical Development Agency as a design firm and to be manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).</li>
<li>The AMCA is being designed as a stealth, medium weight, twin-engine, fifth generation multi-mission aircraft with the capability to swing roles.</li>
<li>The stealth mission features the Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD), precision strike and maritime operations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LCA is an advanced technology, single seat, single engine, supersonic, light-weight, all-weather, multi-role, air superiority fighter designed for air-to-air, air-to-ground and air-to-sea combat roles.</li>
<li>The LCA programme was conceived in 1983. The project definition phase was completed in 1989 and the <g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="93" data-gr-id="93">full scale</g> engineering development (FSED) phase-I was sanctioned in 1993.</li>
<li>Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) was established by the government in 1984 to manage the LCA programme. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, (HAL) is the principal partner with the participation of various DRDO &amp; CSIR Laboratories.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Different Generations of Jet Fighters</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Subsonic fighter planes built during the mid-1940s to mid-1950s are classified as <strong>first generation fighters.</strong> These planes had a basic avionic system (electronic systems used on aircraft) with no radar or self-protection system.</li>
<li><strong>Radar-connected second generation planes</strong> were made between the mid1950s and early 1960s. These jets could reach supersonic speed and <g class="gr_ gr_105 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="105" data-gr-id="105">were</g> equipped with semi-guided missiles, unlike the earlier generation that used cannons, machine guns and unguided bombs and rockets for the attack. MiG-21 is perhaps the best known second-generation fighter.</li>
<li><strong>Third generation planes</strong> manufactured between the early 1960s and 1970 had advanced maneuverability and weapons systems. These planes, that included the MiG-23 and Mirage III, were capable of shooting at targets beyond the pilot's visible range.</li>
<li><strong>Fourth generation fighters</strong> were conceived in the 1970s and became operational in the early 1980s. These planes were also equipped with <g class="gr_ gr_72 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="72" data-gr-id="72">flyby-wire</g> systems, which meant replacement of manual fight control with electronic devices. Notable fighters of this generation are the American F15, F16, French Mirage 2000 and the Soviet MiG29.</li>
<li><strong>Fifth-generation multi-role fighters</strong> have features that are generally taken to include all-aspect stealth even when armed, Low Probability of Intercept Radar (LPIR), high-performance airframe, a high-performance engine capable of supercruise (supersonic cruise without afterburner), advanced avionics with long-range sensors and networked data fusion providing full battle-space situational awareness. In 2005, the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor entered service with the United States Air Force (USAF), becoming the world&rsquo;s first combat-ready fifth-generation fighter.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tejas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India&rsquo;s first domestically designed and produced light fighter aircraft. It is a supersonic, single-seat, single-engine multirole light fighter aircraft.</li>
<li>Tejas is a light combat aircraft (LCA) that uses fourth-generation technology. It has a configuration <g class="gr_ gr_85 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="85" data-gr-id="85">optimised</g> primarily for maneuverability and agility.</li>
<li>The plane is equipped with a digital fly-by-wire flight control system to ease handling. This helps the pilot do more head down activities (especially mission-critical activities) without worrying about the aircraft deviating from its flight path.</li>
</ul>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Centre plans to bring out city level GDP data',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>With urban India responsible for an increasingly large share of the national GDP, the Centre now hopes to bring out city-level GDP data.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry, this could help cities in generating investments and help municipal bodies to raise funds for their infrastructural needs.</li>
<li>The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) carried out a feasibility study of various models to calculate city-level GDP and submitted its report to the Ministry.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The EIU has recommended a top-down approach based on sectoral income data for the calculation of city-level GDP as it would balance detail and resource-effectiveness in the long term.</li>
<li>However, it acknowledges that the data requirements may be too challenging and a top-down approach using household expenditure data may be more feasible in the short term.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong>:</p>
<p>The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), created in 1946, is the research and analysis division of The Economist Group and the world leader in global business intelligence.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the government data, The urban sector is likely to account for 75% of India&rsquo;s GDP by 2020 which is an increase from 2011 when urban sector accounted for 60% of the national GDP.</li>
<li>A recent study by Brookings Institution found that several Indian cities rank in the 300 global cities with the fastest GDP growth rate with Hyderabad (8.7%) and Surat (7.9%) growing at par with the fastest growing Chinese cities that dominate the list.</li>
<li>The project if approved would likely to begin by the end of this year.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is GDP?</h3>
<p></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the broadest quantitative measure of a nation's total economic activity.</li>
<li>More specifically, GDP represents the monetary value of all goods and services produced within a nation's geographic borders over a specified period of time.</li>
</ul>
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => '35% of Cyber Attacks on Indian Sites from China',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has submitted its report to the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) and other security agencies on the basis of its analysis of cyber attacks from April-June 2018.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Cyber attacks from China</strong>: The maximum number of cyber attacks on official Indian websites are from China followed by the US and Russia. The cyber attacks from China made up 35% of the total number of cyber attacks on official Indian websites, followed by US (17%), Russia (15%), Pakistan (9%), Canada (7%) and Germany (5%).</li>
<li><strong>Attacks from Pakistan</strong>: It has been observed that intruding activities are coming from Canadian and German cyberspace &mdash; most possibly suspected to have originated from Pakistan to target Indian websites.</li>
<li>Many of the <strong>institutions impacted by the malicious activities have been identified</strong> and advised to take appropriate preventive action. These include Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), National Informatics Centre (NIC), Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC), Railways, Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS) and some banks like Punjab National Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce, State Bank of India and state data centres, particularly in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.</li>
<li>The cyber <strong>attacks are usually in the form of a trusted source</strong> where they ask for personal details such as bank details, personal details, passwords. They are targeted by sending phishing emails with malware attachments.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Computer Emergency Response Team - India (CERT-IN)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an organisation of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India, with the objective of securing Indian cyberspace.</li>
<li>It is the nodal agency which deals with cybersecurity threats like hacking and phishing.</li>
<li>It collects, analyses and disseminates information on cyber incidents, and also issues alert on cybersecurity incidents.</li>
<li>CERT-IN provides Incident Prevention and Response Services as well as Security Quality Management Services.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Some important government initiatives for cyberspace security</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Cyber Security Policy, 2013: The Policy is aimed at building a secure and resilient cyberspace for citizens, businesses and the Government. Its mission is to protect cyberspace information and infrastructure, build capabilities to prevent and respond to cyber attacks, and minimise damages through coordinated efforts of institutional structures, people, processes, and technology.</li>
<li>Cyber Swachhta Kendra&rsquo; (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre): To combat cyber security violations and prevent their increase,Government of India&rsquo;s Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-in) in 2017 launched &lsquo;Cyber Swachhta Kendra&rsquo; (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre) a new desktop and mobile security solution for cyber security in India.</li>
<li>Creating mechanisms for security threats and responses to the same through national systems and processes. National Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-in) functions as the nodal agency for the coordination of all cybersecurity efforts, emergency responses, and crisis management.</li>
<li>In 2014, the Prime Minister&rsquo;s Office created the position of the National Cyber Security Coordinator.<br />National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) is an organisation of the Government of India created under Section 70A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (amended in 2008).</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'State can Stop Voluntary Retirement of Doctors',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court (SC) has ruled that the State can stop government doctors from taking voluntary retirement in light of public interest.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the SC,the fundamental right to retire is not above the right to save lives in a country.<br />If the voluntary retirement sought by a government doctor will be against public interest,concept of public interest can be cited by the Government to stop his/her voluntary retirement.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ruling is based on an appeal by the Uttar Pradesh government against the Allahabad High Court&rsquo;s decision in a (State of UP vs. Achal Singh) case to allow a doctor to voluntarily retire with effect from March 31, 2017.</li>
<li>Though the High Court allowed the doctor to retire, it rued the way government doctors were seeking voluntary retirement almost every day in the State.</li>
<li>The High Court also observed that government healthcare sector is in need of senior doctors as they are &ldquo;absolutely necessary to run the medical services which are part and parcel of the right to life itself.&rdquo;</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Observations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court observed that public health is suffering from scarcity of doctors.</li>
<li>Qualified doctors did not join the public service, and even if they did so, they chose voluntary retirement and chose to go back into lucrative private practice.</li>
<li>The SC asserted that, the poor could not be put in peril by a paucity of specialists in government hospitals. The State governments had an obligation &ldquo;to make an endeavour under Article 47 to look after the provisions for health and nutrition.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The court also held that the doctors, as citizens, has certain fundamental duties under Article 51(A) towards their fellow citizens.</li>
<li>The right to practise a profession under Article 19(1)(g) is subject to the interest of the general public, i.e it is not absolute.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 47</strong> - The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.</p>
<p><strong>Article 51(A)</strong> - Provides 11 fundamental duties for the citizens.</p>
<p><strong>Article 19(1)(g)</strong> - All Citizen shall have the right,to practise and profession, or to carry on any occupation,trade or business.</p>
</div>',
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'India-Pakistan Trade: Status, Outlook',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, Pakistan&rsquo;s Prime Minister Imran Khan had stated that the best way to alleviate poverty and uplift the people of the subcontinent is to resolve differences through dialogue and trade.</p>
<h3>Where does India-Pak trade ties currently stand?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Trade between India and Pakistan jumped nearly three-and-a-half times between 2000-01 and 2005-06 (from $251 million to $869 million per annum), however, the following decade witnessed a slower progress.</li>
<li>In FY17, India-Pakistan trade was a mere $2.29 billion, or about 0.35% of India&rsquo;s overall trade.</li>
<li>Also, informal trade, estimated to be around USD 4.71 billion, continues to thrive between India and Pakistan despite measures undertaken by the two countries to normalize trade.</li>
<li>Informal trade is easier because of harassment by customs officials, political tensions between the two countries and ease of routing goods through third countries like West Asia and border countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why has trade not grown?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Obstacles in the way of normalising India-Pakistan trade relations include<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>weak logistics and customs processing</li>
<li>technical barriers to trade such as sanitary or phytosanitary (SPS) restrictions</li>
<li>enhanced visa restrictions due to the recent political and military tensions between the two countries</li>
<li>Lack of financial support and telecommunication connectivity.</li>
<li>persisting infrastructure and connectivity deficit along with poor awareness amongst traders with regard to non-tariff barriers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>While India and Pakistan have facilitated a degree of industry outreach in recent years, progress on the ground has been very less.</li>
<li>A study by ICIER has identified an export potential of $2.2 billion from Pakistan to India, and $9.5 billion from India to Pakistan per annum. However, of the top 50 potential export items from Pakistan, India was importing 45 from countries other than Pakistan and this situation remains largely unchanged even now.</li>
<li>Article 1 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 1994, requires every WTO member country to accord Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status to all other member countries. India accorded Pakistan MFN status in 1996; however, Pakistan hasn't reciprocated.</li>
<li>In 2012, India announced a 30% reduction in its SAFTA Sensitive list for Non-Least Developed Countries (NLDCs), including Pakistan, allowing for the tariff on 264 items to be cut to 5% within three years. Further, a roadmap was established between the two countries to move towards full normalisation of bilateral trade. However, it hasn't been implemented yet as Pakistan has failed to take the first step of permitting all importable <br />items through the Wagah-Attari land route.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) was agreed to among the seven South Asia countries that form the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka</li>
<li>SAFTA replaces the earlier South Asia Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA) and aims to reduce tariffs in order to promote intraregional trade among the SAARC members</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'India says ‘No’ to Aid Offer From UAE for Kerala',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Government of India has said no to Rs. 700 Cr. aid offer from UAE for Kerala flood relief and rehabilitation. India has also refused similar help from Qatar, Thailand and Maldives.</p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s reason for refusal</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The policy of not accepting foreign aid was put in place by the central government after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. India had also denied foreign aid during Kashmir Earthquake in 2005, Uttarakhand floods in 2013 and Kashmir floods in 2014.</li>
<li>Following the policy in place, the government will meet the relief and reconstruction needs of Kerala through domestic efforts only.</li>
<li>India is looking at itself as an emerging power and at a role as net security and assistance provider in the region. Thus, being an emerging economy India is capable of dealing with natural calamities.</li>
<li>Allowing foreign aid from one country will start outpour of foreign aids from other countries and it will be diplomatically difficult to deny the offer.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Can India Accept?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Disaster Management Plan, 2016 clearly states that the Government of India does not issue any appeal for foreign assistance. However, Central Government can accept the offer considering the goodwill gesture of a foreign state in solidarity with disaster victim.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Disaster Management Plan-2016</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) provides a framework and direction to the government agencies for all phases of the disaster management cycle.</li>
<li>NDMP is designed to deal with all phases of disaster management:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mitigation (prevention and risk reduction)</li>
<li>Preparedness</li>
<li>Response</li>
<li>Recovery (immediate restoration to build-back better)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NDMP-2016 is in alignment with the goals and priorities set out in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban to Include Elimination of Public Urination',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has issued new norms for declaring town and cities wanting to be declared ODF+ (Open Defecation Free Plus) and ODF++ (Open Defecation Free Plus Plus) under Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) ODF+ and ODF++ protocol. Now, for the first time, SBM (Urban) will include the elimination of public urination in its agenda.</p>
<p><strong>Norms under ODF</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>No visible <g class="gr_ gr_66 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="66" data-gr-id="66">faeces</g> found in the environment<br />Every household as well as public/community institutions using safe technology option for disposal of <g class="gr_ gr_67 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="67" data-gr-id="67">faeces</g>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Norms under ODF+</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At any point in a day, not a single person should be defecating and/or urinating in open.</li>
<li>All community and public toilets should be properly maintained and cleaned.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Norms under ODF++</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It includes proper treatment and management of <g class="gr_ gr_59 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="59" data-gr-id="59">faecal</g> sludge/septage and sewage is safely managed and treated.</li>
<li>There should be no discharge or dumping of untreated <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="57" data-gr-id="57">faecal</g> sludge/septage and sewage in drains, water bodies or open areas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why only in Urban Areas?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the case of urban areas, the problem is not one of usage, but of availability. People are forced to do it because of the lack of clean toilets. There is a need for cleanliness, accessibility <g class="gr_ gr_69 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="69" data-gr-id="69">and</g> visibility.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Public urination, especially by men, is almost entirely a <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="68" data-gr-id="68">behaviour</g> change issue. Even men who have access to toilets use the roads as a public urinal.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other initiatives</h3>
<p><strong>Swachh Manch web portal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Swachh Manch is a web-based platform, which aims to bring together every stakeholder contributing to the Swachh Bharat Mission under a common platform.</li>
<li>The platform will allow stakeholders to create/invite/participate in volunteering opportunities around <g class="gr_ gr_71 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="71" data-gr-id="71">neighbourhoods</g>.</li>
<li>The Swachh Manch will also be integrated with the existing Swachhata App to act as a citizens&rsquo; grievance redressal platform.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Swachh Survekshan 2019</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swachh Survekshan is a ranking exercise taken up by the Government of India to assess rural and urban areas for their levels of cleanliness and active implementation of Swachhata mission initiatives in a timely and innovative manner.</li>
<li>Swachh Survekshan-Urban is conducted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.</li>
<li>Swachh Survekshan &ndash;Rural is conducted by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.</li>
<li>The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) had conducted &lsquo;Swachh Survekshan-2016&rsquo; survey for the rating of 73 cities in January 2016.</li>
<li>&lsquo;Swachh Survekshan-2017&rsquo; conducted in January-February 2017 ranking 434 cities. The recently concluded Swachh Survekshan 2018 ranked 4,203 Cities</li>
<li>Some of the interesting insights gleaned from Swachh Survekshan 2018 included the following:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>79% of residents find their area cleaner than last year.</li>
<li>73,875 waste-pickers provided a formal livelihood.</li>
<li>In 137 cities, &gt; 60% of the bulk garbage generators are doing on-site composting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'NGT asks for Action Plan on E-waste in Three Months',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>National Green Tribunal (NGT) has asked Ministry of Environment forest (MoEF) to submit an action plan for enforcement of rules and taking actions against violators E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016, and Environment (Protection) Act, 1986</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NGT was disposing of a plea against unauthorised &ldquo;recycling, collection, dismantling, burning, selling&rdquo; of e-waste and other solid waste on roadsides and riverbanks in violation of E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016, and Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>E-waste</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>'E-waste' means electrical and electronic equipment, completely or in part discarded as waste by the consumer or bulk consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing, refurbishment and repair processes.</li>
<li>E-Waste is short for Electronic-Waste. It is the term used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded electronic appliance. It includes computers, mobiles, consumer electronics etc.</li>
<li>India is the fifth largest producer of e-waste in the world with annual e-waste generation of more than 18 million tonnes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why should E-waste be managed properly?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>E-waste consist of toxic elements such as Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium, Polybrominated biphenyls and Polybrominated diphenyl.</li>
<li>Non-Disposal and burning of e-waste can have serious implication on human health and can cause air, soil pollution and groundwater contamination.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>E-waste management rules 2016</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change notified the E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 in supersession of the e-waste (Management &amp; Handling) Rules, 2011.</li>
<li>Making the norms stringent, the new E-waste rules included Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other mercury-containing lamps, as well as other such equipment.</li>
<li>For the first time, the rules brought the producers under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), along with targets. Producers have been made responsible for the collection of E-waste and for its exchange.</li>
<li>Various producers can have a separate Producer Responsibility Organisation (PRO) and ensure collection of E-waste, as well as its disposal in an environmentally sound manner.</li>
<li>The role of State Governments has been also introduced to ensure safety, health and skill development of the workers involved in dismantling and recycling operations. A provision of penalty for violation of rules has also been introduced.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ngt-asks-for-action-plan-on-e-waste-in-three-months'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'SC Scraps NOTA for Rajya Sabha ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court has scrapped the use of &lsquo;None Of The Above&rsquo; (NOTA) option in the coming Rajya Sabha elections.</p>
<h3>Key Observations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court has held that the NOTA option is meant only for universal adult suffrage and direct elections and not for polls held by the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote as done in the Rajya Sabha.</li>
<li>The court held that making NOTA applicable in Rajya Sabha elections is contrary to Article 80(4) of the constitution and the Supreme Court&rsquo;s judgment in <strong>PUCL v Union of India (2013).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Article 80(4)</strong> states that the representatives of each state in the council of states shall be elected by the elected members of the legislative assembly of the state in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NOTA defeats the fairness in indirect elections, it ignores the role of an elector in such an election and destroys democratic values and encourages malpractices like defection and corruption.</li>
<li>In the Rajya Sabha, the nature of the representative is different as the candidate is the representative of the state. In contrast, a candidate who is elected by voters in a direct election represents a constituency.</li>
<li>NOTA can destroy the concept of the value of a vote and representation and encourage defection that shall open the doors for corruption which is a malignant disorder.</li>
<li>The maintenance of secrecy of voting through the system of the open ballot will be violated by the introduction of NOTA in Rajya Sabha polls.</li>
<li>It will not only affect the discipline that has been prescribed under the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution but will also infringe upon the disqualification of a member on the ground of defection.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Anti-Defection Law</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>52nd Amendment to the Constitution</strong> added the Tenth Schedule which laid down the process by which legislators may be disqualified on grounds of defection.</li>
<li>The <strong>anti-defection law was passed by parliament in 1985</strong> to enhance the credibility of the country&rsquo;s polity by addressing rampant party-hopping by elected representatives for personal and political considerations.</li>
<li>A member of parliament or state legislature was deemed to have defected if he either voluntarily resigned from his party or disobeyed the directives of the party leadership on a vote.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Independent members</strong> would be disqualified if they joined a political party.</li>
<li><strong>Nominated members</strong> who were not members of a party could choose to join a party within six months; after that period, they were treated as a party member or independent member.</li>
<li><strong>Exceptions:</strong> Any person elected as speaker or chairman could resign from his party, and rejoin the party if he has resigned from that post.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A party could be merged into another if <strong>at least two-thirds of its party legislators</strong> voted for the merger. The law initially permitted splitting of parties, but that has now been outlawed.</li>
<li>The law states that the decision of the Presiding officer is final and not subject to judicial review. The Supreme Court struck down part of this condition. It held that there may not be any judicial intervention until the presiding officer gives his order. However, the final decision is subject to appeal in the High Courts and Supreme Court.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>NOTA in Rajya Sabha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court, in the PUCL case, directed the EC to introduce NOTA <g class="gr_ gr_61 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="61" data-gr-id="61">in direct</g> elections in order to provide an opportunity to the elector to express his or her dissent or disapproval against the contesting candidates and to reduce bogus voting.</li>
<li>A candidate has to get a required number of votes calculated through a formula to get elected to Rajya Sabha.</li>
<li>The total number of votes (MLAs) are divided by the number of seats going to the polls from the State, adding one vote to the number.</li>
<li>In Rajya Sabha polls, the MLAs have to show their ballot paper to an <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="79" data-gr-id="79">authorised</g> party agent before putting it in the ballot box.</li>
<li>If a member from a party exercises the NOTA option, then the total number of votes cast will go down.</li>
<li>The impact of the decision of MLAs to exercise the NOTA option in elections to the Rajya Sabha can be the same as that of an abstention.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The petition challenging the introduction of NOTA in Rajya Sabha elections had argued that the Election Commission cannot sanction the use of NOTA in Rajya Sabha elections by way of mere circulars, which have the effect of overriding the provisions of Article 80(4) &mdash; proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote, the provisions of Representation of People Act 1951 and the Conduct of Election Rules 1961.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-for-removal-of-nOTA-from-rajya-sabha-poll" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Centre for Removal of NOTA from Rajya Sabha Poll</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-scraps-nota-for-rajya-sabha '
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'NCRB to Track Complaints on Sexual Violence',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Home Affairs has designated National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) as the nodal agency for monitoring the complaints received on a government portal related to child pornography and sexual violence videos.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NCRB would coordinate with service providers such as Facebook, YouTube and WhatsApp and ask them to block malicious videos and contents.</li>
<li>It can act on such content either on recieving complaints or suo moto.</li>
<li>It was also decided to share list of 500 keywords used in searching such content with Internet Service Providersc(ISPs) like Facebook, WhatsApp, Google, etc.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Crime Record Bureau</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p>NCRB, headquartered in <strong>New Delhi, was set-up in 1986 </strong>under the <strong>Ministry of Home Affairs</strong>&nbsp;to function as a <strong>repository of information on crime and criminals</strong> so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It was set up based on the recommendations of the <strong>National Police Commission (1977-1981)</strong> and the MHA&rsquo;s Taskforce (1985).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It was constituted by merging the <strong>Directorate of Coordination and Police Computer (DCPC)</strong>, <strong>Inter State Criminals Data Branch of CBI, Central Finger Print Bureau of CBI, and Statistical Branch of BPR&amp;D.</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong></strong>It developed <strong>Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS)</strong> in 2009 which connects approximately 15000 police stations and 6000 higher offices in the country.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Section 67(b) of the Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008</strong> clarifies who all are punishable for publishing or transmitting material that depicts children in sexually explicit acts.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Not just the ones who create and share content of child pornography but<strong> also the ones who view, browse or download</strong> such content are also punishable under the act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Despite a law in place, India is one of the biggest contributors and also consumers of child pornography.</li>
<li>Taking cognizance of this, the Supreme Court in 2017 asked the Centre to implement the proposals given by the high-powered committee on videos of child pornography, rape and gang rape.</li>
<li>
<p>Some of the <strong>notable recommendations</strong> of the committee were:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>
<p>The search engines expand the list of keywords which may possibly be used by a user to search for Child Porn (CP) content.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>These keywords should also be in <strong>Indian languages and vernacular search</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Government of India to form regulations for reporting of identified CP/rape, gang rape (RGR) imagery online.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>There must be a <strong>user authentication system</strong>, a system in which the users who try to upload an image/video, falling within the subject content, using the pre-defined keywords, are put to a more rigorous verification process which would <strong>have them believe that they would be traced</strong>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ministry of Home Affairs is also implementing the &lsquo;<strong>Cyber Crime Prevention against Women and Children (CCPWC)</strong>&rsquo; scheme from <strong>NIRBHAYA funds</strong> during the period 2017-2020.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The home ministry will train 27,500 police personnel across the country to tackle cyber crimes against women and children under the scheme.</li>
<li>It also aims at setting up an online cyber-crime reporting platform to allow the public to report complaints of cybercrime including child pornography.</li>
<li>Twitter handle &ldquo;CyberDost&rdquo; launched for tweets on cybercrime Awareness.</li>
<li>Facilitate the removal of child pornographic content in coordination with concerned ministries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Ministry of Home Affairs earlier in 2018, launched a centralised online portal, <strong>www.cyberpolice.gov.in</strong>, and helpline number<strong> &lsquo;155260&rsquo;</strong> to receive complaints pertaining to child pornography and rape/gangrape (CP/RGR) content.</li>
<li>SC has also asked the ISPs to develop a mechanism to prevent the circulation of sexual assault videos and child pornography through their platform in a stipulated time.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to experts, Google or any other prominent search engine for that matter cannot stop videos of child porn or sexual violence from being circulated.</li>
<li>These are mere search engines and not the internet. They can almost take down an objectionable video from their search engine but cannot take it down from the internet.</li>
<li>The blocking of keywords that are used while searching these content is also not sure to be helpful that much. If one keyword is blocked the culprits will come up with another new word.</li>
<li>Peer-to-peer networks are used to circulate such content because after being connected to these networks, one can upload and download files without disclosing much personal information.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ncrb-to-track-complaints-on-sexual-violence'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'International Buddhist Conclave 2018',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The President of India will inaugurate the &ldquo;International Buddhist Conclave (IBC), 2018&rdquo; in New Delhi on 23rd August, 2018.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Conclave is being organized by the <strong>Ministry of Tourism</strong> in collaboration with the State Governments of <strong>Maharashtra, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh</strong> from 23rd &ndash; 26th August, 2018 at New Delhi and Ajanta (Maharashtra), followed by site visits to Rajgir, Nalanda and Bodhgaya (Bihar) and Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh).</li>
<li>Apart from the Ministerial level delegation from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar and Sri Lanka, delegates from other 29 countries will also participate in the International Buddhist Conclave.</li>
<li>IBC-2018 will have a<strong> religious / spiritual dimension</strong>, an <strong>academic theme</strong> and a <strong>diplomatic and business</strong> component.</li>
<li>The Ministry will also organize an <strong>"Investors&rsquo; Summit"</strong>&nbsp;during the Conclave to attract investments in developing world class infrastructure at Buddhist sites.</li>
<li>The aim of the Conclave is to showcase and project the Buddhist Heritage in India and boost tourism to the Buddhist sites in the country and cultivate friendly ties with countries and communities interested in Buddhism.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, has been organizing the International Buddhist Conclave biennially since 2004.</li>
<li>The earlier International Buddhist Conclaves were organized in New Delhi and Bodhgaya (February 2004), Nalanda and Bodhgaya (February 2010), Varanasi and Bodhgaya (2012 and 2014) and in Sarnath/Varanasi and Bodhgaya (October 2016).</li>
<li>The &ldquo;ASEAN&rdquo; was the Guest of Honor during IBC, 2016 and <strong>Japan would be the &lsquo;Partner Country for IBC-2018</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Buddhism</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gautama Buddha (born in 563 BC at Lumbini, Nepal)</strong> founded the Buddhist School of Philosophy.</li>
<li>He attained Nirvana while meditating under a pipal tree in Bodhgaya on the banks of the river Niranjana.</li>
<li>Buddhist philosophy questioned the authority of the Vedic rituals in helping the attainment of salvation. Instead, the Buddhist philosophy maintains that in order to attain salvation four noble truths must be followed.</li>
<li>The <strong>four noble truths</strong> are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Truth of <strong>Suffering (Kutai)</strong>- Human life is full of <strong>suffering</strong> in the form of pain, sickness and death.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The Truth of the <strong>Cause of Suffering (Jutai)</strong>- The root cause of human suffering is <strong>desire</strong>.</li>
<li>The Truth of the <strong>Cessation of Suffering (Mettai)</strong>- In order to attain a state of peace and nirvana a person <strong>must let go of all his desires and passions.</strong></li>
<li>The Truth of the <strong>Path to the Cessation of Suffering (Dotai)</strong>- To ease human suffering it is important to move towards the attainment of nirvana using the <strong>Eight-Fold Path</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Eight-fold Path, in Pali language, <strong>Aṭṭhangiko Maggo</strong> are:
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>Right Views - to keep ourselves free from prejudice, superstition and delusion and to see aright the true nature of life.</li>
<li>Right Thoughts - to turn away from the evils of this world and to direct our minds towards righteousness.</li>
<li>Right Speech - to refrain from pointless and harmful talk to speak kindly and courteously to all.</li>
<li>Right Conduct - to see that our deeds are peaceful, benevolent, compassionate and pure; to live the Teaching of the Buddha daily.</li>
<li>Right Livelihood - to earn our living in such a way as to entail no evil consequences.</li>
<li>Right Effort - to direct our efforts incessantly to the overcoming of ignorance and selfish desires.</li>
<li>Right Mindfulness - to cherish good and pure thoughts for all that we say and do arise from our thoughts.</li>
<li>Right Meditation - to concentrate our will on the Buddha, His Life and His Teaching.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>On the other hand, the &lsquo;Buddha Path&rsquo; also refers to the Eight Great Places of Buddhist Heritage, (<strong>referred in Pali as</strong> <strong>Aṭṭhamahāṭhānāni</strong>). They are:
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>Lumbini (Nepal)- Buddha was born.</li>
<li>Bodh Gaya (Bihar)- Attained enlightenment.</li>
<li>Sarnath (Varanasi, U.P.)- First sermon.</li>
<li>Kushinagar (Gorakhpur, U.P.)- Buddha died.</li>
<li>Rajgir (Bihar)- Where the Lord tamed a mad elephant.</li>
<li>Vaishali (Bihar)- Where a monkey offered honey to him.</li>
<li>Sravasti (U.P)- The Lord took his seat on a thousand petaled lotus and created multiple representations of himself.</li>
<li>Sankasya ( Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh)- He descended from heaven.&nbsp;</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Presently, it is estimated that there are nearly 500 million Buddhists all over the World and majority of them live in East Asia, South East Asia and Far East countries.</li>
<li>However, a very small percentage of them visit the Buddhist sites in India each year.</li>
<li>Therefore, the potential of encouraging more tourists to visit the Buddhist destinations where Lord Buddha lived and preached is immense.</li>
<li>Earlier in 2014-15, the Ministry of Tourism has also launched the <strong>Swadesh Darshan scheme</strong>&nbsp;with a vision to develop theme-based tourist circuits on the principles of high tourist value. The Ministry has identified <strong>Buddhist Circuit as one of the thirteen thematic circuits</strong> for development under the Swadesh Darshan scheme.</li>
<li>Moreover, this Buddha Path is <strong>the Living Heritage</strong> that still continues to inspire millions of people to walk and find out Peace, Happiness, Harmony and Solace.</li>
<li>To work for the promotion of both the<strong> intangible and the tangible Buddhist Heritage</strong>, the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has decided to organize 6th International Buddhist Conclave on the theme, <strong>&ldquo;Buddha Path &ndash; The Living Heritage&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-buddhist-conclave-2018'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Centre Rules out Total Ban on Firecrackers',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Government of India has ruled out a national ban on firecrackers. This was in response to pleas being heard by the Supreme Court on a complete nationwide ban on the use, manufacture, licensing, sale, resale or distribution of firecrackers and sparklers of any kind in a bid to combat pollution on an emergency basis.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government has suggested alternative measures to curb pollution during Diwali that include the production of &ldquo;green crackers&rdquo;; community cracker bursting in major cities and a freeze on the production of series crackers or laris.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In July 2017, the Supreme Court prohibited the use of five chemicals, labelled as toxic by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), in the manufacture of firecrackers. they include antimony, lithium, mercury, arsenic and lead.</li>
<li>In October 2017, the Supreme Court suspended the sale of firecrackers in Delhi and NCR till November 1, 2017, in a bid to test whether a Diwali without firecrackers this year will have a &ldquo;positive effect&rdquo; on the health of citizens and a steadily deteriorating air quality.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Union Ministry of Environment submitted a five-page affidavit to the Supreme Court suggesting ways to deal with the pollution problem and chalking out short-term measures to combat pollution during Diwali.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Proposals Include</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Working together with institutions like the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, National Environment Engineering Research Institute, Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to deal with Diwali pollution.</li>
<li>PESO could be approached to ensure that fireworks with permitted chemicals and decibel levels are used. PESO could run tests for banned ones like lithium, arsenic, antimony, lead, mercury.</li>
<li>CPCB and respective state pollution control boards shall carry out short-term monitoring in their cities for 14 days.</li>
<li>Setting up of Raw Material Characterisation Facilities to check the presence of high contents of unburned material, partially combusted material or poor quality of raw material in gunpowder in firecrackers.</li>
<li>Use of reduced emission firecrackers or improved firecrackers - these are low emission sound and light emitting functional crackers with PM reduction by 30-35% and a significant reduction in nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide due to in-situ water generation as a dust suppressant and low cost due to the usage of low-cost oxidants.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/centre-rules-out-total-ban-on-firecrackers'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'UDAN International',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Civil Aviation has prepared a draft scheme document for &ldquo;UDAN International&rdquo; which will enable the State governments to encourage tourism on preferred international air routes by offering the subsidy to domestic airlines <strong>for a period of three years</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme is designed for State governments that are keen to promote air connectivity on international routes identified by them and for which they are willing to provide the subsidy to airlines.</li>
<li>The <strong>Airport Authority of India</strong> will be the implementing agency of the scheme.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the draft, a <strong>State will identify international routes</strong> for which the Airports Authority of India (AAI) will determine a subsidy amount.</li>
<li>This will be followed by airlines submitting their proposals, which will include the routes they wish to connect as well as the subsidy needed by them.</li>
<li>The financial assistance to an airline will be offered from the <strong>International Air Connectivity Fund (IACF)</strong>, which will be created through the contributions made by the State government.</li>
<li>The scheme is meant for domestic airlines. Only fixed-wing aircraft with more than 70 seats can be operated under the scheme and airlines will have to conduct a minimum of three and a maximum of seven departures on a given route on three days in a week.</li>
<li>The Centre has allowed airlines to enter into a code-sharing arrangement with international and domestic airlines for UDAN international.</li>
<li>An airline that is awarded a particular route will have exclusive rights to a subsidy on that route <strong>for a period of three years.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>No Capping of Fares</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>No capping of fares is the key difference between this scheme and the regional connectivity scheme (RCS) also known as Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik (UDAN), for domestic routes. The international connectivity targets people with disposable incomes who are looking to undertake air travel for the purpose of tourism.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under RCS, fares are capped at ₹2,500 for one hour of flight on a fixed-wing aircraft in order to make air travel affordable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagarik (UDAN)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UDAN was launched in 2016 to make air travel affordable for people through <g class="gr_ gr_49 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="49" data-gr-id="49">subsidised</g> ticket rates. The aim is to connect smaller places through air network by using under-served and unserved airports.</li>
<li>Under UDAN, fares for a specified number of seats is capped and the government provides a viability gap funding (VGF) to the carriers to make up for the below-market pricing.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/udan-international'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'ILO’s India Wage Report',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the recently released report by International Labour Organisation, India needs to improve its wage policies to promote inclusive growth even as low pay, gender wage gap <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="44" data-gr-id="44">and</g> informality remain pervasive.</p>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<p><strong>Positives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Based on the Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS) of the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), the report estimates that <strong>real average daily wages have almost doubled</strong> between 1993&ndash;94 and 2011&ndash;12, increasing more rapidly in rural than in urban areas and increasing more rapidly for casual than for regular workers.</li>
<li><strong>Average wages have increased faster for women</strong> than for men and rose faster in the unorganized sector than in the organized sector.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Negatives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Only a limited number of regular/salaried workers, mostly in urban areas, and highly skilled professionals earn substantially higher average wages.</li>
<li>Although overall wage inequality in India seems to have stabilized or even declined somewhat since 2004&ndash;05, <strong>wage inequality remains very high</strong>.</li>
<li>The <strong>gender wage gap also remains very high</strong> by international standards, although it has marginally declined from 1993&ndash;94 to 2011&ndash;12.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This gender wage gap can be observed among all types of workers: regular and casual, urban and rural.</li>
<li>Of all worker groups, the average daily wages of casual rural female workers is the lowest (INR 104 per day).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Because average <g class="gr_ gr_37 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="37" data-gr-id="37">labour</g> productivity (as measured by GDP per worker) increased more rapidly than real average wages, <strong>India&rsquo;s </strong><g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="38" data-gr-id="38">labour</g><strong> share has declined.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Labour share refers to the proportion of national income which goes into <g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="36" data-gr-id="36">labour</g> compensation, as opposed to capital or landowners.</li>
<li>Wage levels and distribution of wages are, to a large extent, influenced not only by skills and productivity levels but also by the role of <g class="gr_ gr_43 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="43" data-gr-id="43">labour</g> market institutions, particularly minimum wages and collective bargaining.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In its <g class="gr_ gr_45 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="45" data-gr-id="45">report</g> ILO also recommends other complementary actions to comprehensively address how to achieve decent work and inclusive growth.</li>
<li>These include fostering accumulation of skills to boost <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace gr-progress" id="41" data-gr-id="41">labour</g> productivity and growth for sustainable enterprises, promoting equal pay for work of equal value, formalizing the informal economy and strengthening social protection for workers.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ilos-india-wage-report'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'WHO Highlights Ways to Reduce Cancer Risk',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With cancer emerging as the second leading cause of death globally, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has listed ways to reduce cancer risk. The WHO said:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Consumption of tobacco and alcohol, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity are major factors that increases cancer risk worldwide and are also the four shared risk factors for other non-communicable diseases. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some chronic infections are risk factors for cancer and have major relevance in low and middle-income countries. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Infection with HIV substantially increases the risk of cancers such as cervical cancer.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>WHO Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It advised not to consume any form of tobacco, to make one&rsquo;s home smoke-free, to enjoy a healthy diet, to vaccinate children against Hepatitis B and HPV, to use sun protections, to be physically active, to limit alcohol intake and take part in organised screening programmes, adding that breastfeeding reduces a mother&rsquo;s cancer risk.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Concern</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The prevalence of cancer cases is on the rise in India. The Indian Council of Medical Research stated that approximately 12 to 13 lakh new cases of cancer are being diagnosed every year along with an existing 25 to 30 lakh cancer cases at any given time in India.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">A vast majority of them are being diagnosed in advanced stages. On the contrary, majority of cancer cases are diagnosed in the early stages in developed countries, including Europe and the U.S.A., because of their effective screening programmes.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3><strong>Cancer </strong></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cancer is the uncontrolled multiplication of cells. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cancer can spread from where it started to another part of the body.</span></li>
<li>The original cancer is called the primary tumour.The cancer in another part of the body is called metastatic or secondary cancer.</li>
<li>Metastatic cancer has the same type of cancer cells as the primary cancer.</li>
<li>The term metastatic cancer is usually used to describe solid tumours that have spread to another part of the body.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-highlights-ways-to-reduce-cancer-risk'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'FIBAC productivity report on Indian Banking Industry 2018',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the annual FIBAC productivity report on Indian Banking Industry 2018 released by the Boston Consulting Group, FICCI and Indian Banks&rsquo; Association, southern states are performing better than the rest of India in mobile banking adoption in savings accounts.</p>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<p><strong>Mobile Banking</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>States such as Manipur and Telangana lead the way in internet banking, although mobile banking now seems to be the preferred mode among digitally-active users.</li>
<li>Mizoram, Andhra Pradesh, and Puducherry make up the other top three States that are high on using internet banking services.</li>
<li>The rising smartphone and internet penetration, combined with the rising &lsquo;e-literacy&rsquo;, has set the tone for India to move from branch banking to electronic banking channels, such as mobile banking and internet banking.</li>
<li>Transactions through these digital channels have almost doubled up in 2016-17, while both branch-based and ATM transactions have witnessed a slight decline.</li>
<li>There now seems to be a shift in preference from internet banking to mobile banking for digital customers across bank categories.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>MSME</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The MSME segment has a huge untapped potential for credit and digital lending to the <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="90" data-gr-id="90">sector,</g> and could become <g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="88" data-gr-id="88">a Rs</g> 15-lakh crore opportunity for lenders over the next five years. Currently, digital lending accounts for only 4% of total MSME lending. However, it is expected to rise to 21% over the next five years.</li>
<li>This significant jump will close the gap with digital retail lending, which is expected to reach around 48% of total retail lending in five years,</li>
<li>Currently, in India, out of the total formal credit of around ₹100 lakh crores, only 25% is extended to MSMEs. Spurred by the introduction of the Goods and Services <g class="gr_ gr_60 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="60" data-gr-id="60">tax</g> (GST), small businesses are increasingly getting formalized as well as <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="92" data-gr-id="92">digitised</g>. The percentage of MSMEs using digital channels has increased from 41% before the introduction of GST to 47% after GST.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Money Lending and Credit Facilities</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>9% growth has been observed in terms of credit in 2018 as compared to 2017. With financial institutions providing easy credit facilities, consumers are encouraged to further discover money lending and credit facilities.</li>
<li>Metro cities are driving growth in current account balances and rural areas have grown with respect to savings account balances.</li>
<li>There has been a steady shift in investments preferences from term deposits to mutual funds, and banks are earning from these <g class="gr_ gr_59 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="59" data-gr-id="59">third party</g> products like mutual funds.</li>
<li>With 80% of the adult population bearing bank accounts, India is on the cusp of achieving financial inclusion.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Financial Inclusion in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Financial Inclusion refers to universal access to a wide range of financial services at a reasonable cost. These include not only banking products but also other financial services such as insurance and equity products.</li>
<li>Financial education, financial inclusion, and financial stability are three elements of an <g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="86" data-gr-id="86">integral</g> strategy to ensure the sustainable economic growth of society. While financial inclusion works from the supply side of providing access to various financial services, financial education feeds the demand side by promoting awareness among the people regarding the needs and benefits of financial services offered by banks and other institutions. These two strategies promote greater financial stability.</li>
<li>F<strong>inancial Stability Development Council</strong> (FSDC) has <g class="gr_ gr_63 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="63" data-gr-id="63">explicit</g> mandate to focus on financial inclusion and financial literacy simultaneously.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FSDC was constituted by the government in 2010. It is chaired by the Union Finance Minister.</li>
<li>The Council deals with issues relating to financial stability, financial sector development, inter-regulatory coordination, financial literacy, financial inclusion and macro-prudential supervision of the economy including the functioning of large financial conglomerates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="78" data-gr-id="78">taken</g> by the government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government opened over 30 crore bank accounts with almost 60% being in rural areas under its <strong>Jan Dhan Yojana</strong>. The zero balance accounts amongst these have significantly declined <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="77" data-gr-id="77">implying</g> the government&rsquo;s success in getting unbanked people to actively use it.</li>
<li>Part of this has been driven through the <strong>linking of Aadhaar and doing Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to these Jan Dhan accounts.</strong></li>
<li>A multitude of solutions, like UPI, BHIM, NeSL, and BBPS amongst others have been developed as the infrastructure that could handle all aspects of servicing such a large segment of the population.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fibac-productivity-report-on-indian-banking-industry-2018'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'CAD to Widen to 2.5% of GDP',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to Moody's and other experts,&nbsp;India&rsquo;s current account deficit is likely to widen to 2.5% in Financial Year 2018-19, up from 1.5% in fiscal 2017 due to higher oil prices and strong non-oil import demand as domestic demand accelerates.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The situation has been intensified further by the rupee depreciation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>
<p>A key driver for depreciation is the gradual U.S. Fed's <strong>monetary policy tightening</strong>, economic crises in large emerging markets which have made global investors more cautious about emerging markets&rsquo; currencies and equities.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The rupee&rsquo;s depreciation will have both the positive and negative impact on the economy.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>On the negative side, it will increase the oil import bill leading to higher Cureent Account Deficit (CAD). Also, costly oil import would seep into the economy via higher inflation, make infra and other projects, which have a large import content, expensive and will make critical imported defence items more expensive.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>On the positive side it will improve the export competitiveness of Indian goods and services.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rupee-sinks-to-record-closing-low" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read more about Rupee Depreciation...</a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Current Account Deficit (CAD)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p>CAD, is the difference between the inflow and outflow of foreign exchange. It reflects that the imports of goods, services and investment incomes into the economy outstripped the value of its exports.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong> Current Account Deficit</strong> and <strong>Fiscal Deficit </strong>( also known as "budget deficit", it is a situation when a nation's expenditure exceeds its revenues) are together are knows as <strong>twin deficits</strong> and often both reinforce each other i.e. High fiscal deficit leads to higher CAD and vice versa.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The trade position may worsen in the short term because of the oil/other items import bill rising immediately, while the benefit of export competitiveness would largely be in the medium to long term.</li>
<li>
<p>Since, the rupee depreciation is not occurring in isolation, as many other emerging markets currencies have also shown significant depreciation against the USD, therefore, India's relative competitiveness against many emerging markets competitors has not improved despite the rupee depreciation against the USD.</p>
</li>
<li>Moody&rsquo;s expects the recovery in growth to continue driven by the underlying growth momentum in the economy, pre-election spending and a pickup in rural demand. This will largely offset the impacts of a weaker rupee and rising oil prices.</li>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cad-to-widen-to-2.5-of-gdp'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'WTO Rules Against Safeguard Measure of Indonesia',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>In a ruling by the World Trade Organization&rsquo;s highest court for trade disputes, the Appellate Body has ruled that claims against Indonesia, under the WTO agreement on safeguards, should be dismissed on grounds that the duty was not a safeguard measure.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The three parties involved in the dispute&mdash;the complainants, Taipei and Vietnam, and the defendant Indonesia&mdash;had argued that the duty imposed by Indonesia on iron and steel was a safeguard measure.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Appellate Body</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Appellate Body was established in 1995 under Article 17 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU).</li>
<li>It is a standing body of seven persons that hears disputes brought by WTO Members.</li>
<li>The Appellate Body can uphold, modify or reverse the legal findings and conclusions of a panel, and Appellate Body Reports, once adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), must be accepted by the parties to the dispute.</li>
<li>The Appellate Body has its seat in Geneva, Switzerland.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2014, Indonesia imposed a specific duty on galvalume, a type of flat-rolled iron or steel. The three-year duty was imposed following an investigation under Indonesia's safeguards legislation.</li>
<li>The complaining parties in this dispute, Chinese Taipei and Viet Nam, argued that the specific duty was a safeguard measure within the meaning of the WTO Agreement on Safeguards, and violated Indonesia's Most Favored Nation obligation under WTO rules.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> What is the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) principle?</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the MFN principle of the WTO&rsquo;s General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) &mdash; to which India is a signatory/contracting party &mdash; each of the WTO member countries should &ldquo;treat all the other members equally as &lsquo;most-favoured&rsquo; trading partners.&rdquo;</li>
<li>For instance, if a country improves the benefits that it gives to one trading partner, it has to give the same &ldquo;best&rdquo; treatment to all the other WTO members so that they all remain &ldquo;most-favoured&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Hence, though MFN sounds like special treatment, in effect it means non-discrimination.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indonesia agreed that its measure was a safeguard within the meaning of the Safeguards Agreement, but argued that the duty was consistent within the MFN agreement.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is a Safeguard Measure?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WTO members are entitled to impose safeguard measures to curb sudden and unforeseen surges in imports that cause &ldquo;serious injury to a member&rsquo;s domestic industry&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Members subjected to safeguard duties can challenge them if the safeguard-imposing country fails to follow the conditions set out in the WTO&rsquo;s agreement on safeguards.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How have other countries reacted?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India along with China, the EU, Japan, Korea, Australia, Russia, the US, and Ukraine had participated as third parties. India, China, the EU, Korea, and Japan said the measures imposed by Indonesia must be treated as safeguard measures.</li>
<li>The countries other than the United States have argued that the appellate body&rsquo;s reasoning is flawed and was aimed at helping the US to argue that Section 232 duties on steel and aluminium were acceptable.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the United States Section 232 duties?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United States imposed a 25% duty on steel and 10% on aluminium imports for an unspecified period under Section 232, which deals with national security provisions under Article 21 of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1994.</li>
<li>In justifying the measure, the US administration invoked a national security law &ndash; wherein countries are allowed this kind of recourse in times of war and other emergencies.</li>
<li>However, other countries have maintained that they were justified to impose retaliatory measures on the US as the punitive duties imposed by the US constituted a &ldquo;disguised safeguard&rdquo; measure.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wto-rules-against-safeguard-measure-of-indonesia'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Boeing HorizonX India Innovation Challenge (BHIIC)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Hyderabad based startups, Merxius and ZestIOT , after winning the <strong>Boeing HorizonX India Innovation Challenge (BHIIC)</strong> have started exploring ways on their collaboration with the aviation giant.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While Merxius is engaged in harnessing the potential of extended reality (XR) which encapsulates virtual, augmented and mixed realities, ZestIOT is using Internet of Things (IoT), a network which comprises devices connected to one another by means of the Internet, to bring about an increase in airline efficiency.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong>:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extended reality</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Extended Reality (XR) is an umbrella term encapsulating <strong>Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), mixed reality (MR)</strong>, and everything in between.</li>
<li>Although drawing the line between AR and VR experiences can be challenging, it is clear that many of the same underlying technologies will power revolutionary XR experiences.</li>
<li>XR will transform everyday consumer experiences and many market verticals from industrial manufacturing and healthcare to education and retail.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Augmented Reality (AR)</strong>- An enhanced version of reality where live direct or indirect views of physical real-world environments are augmented with superimposed computer-generated images over a user&rsquo;s view of the real-world, thus enhancing one&rsquo;s current perception of reality.</li>
<li><strong>Virtual Reality (VR)</strong>- It can be referred to as immersive multimedia or computer-simulated reality which replicates an environment that simulates a physical presence in places in the real world or an imagined world, allowing the user to interact in that world.</li>
<li><strong>Mixed reality (MR)</strong>-It can be referred to as hybrid reality that is the merging of real and virtual worlds to produce new environments and visualisations where physical and digital objects co-exist and interact in real time.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Internet of Things</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3></h3>
<h3>Boeing HorizonX India Innovation Challenge (BHIIC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Launched in November 2017, the Boeing HorizonX India Innovation Challenge 1.0 will energize aerospace innovation in India.</li>
<li>The challenge, in collaboration with India's fastest growing startup T-Hub, invited the best Indian startups to propose solutions for complex challenges in the areas of Autonomous and Unmanned systems, Advanced manufacturing, Industrial IOT, Analytics &amp; Artificial Intelligence and machine learning.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/boeing-horizonX-india-innovation-challenge-bhiic'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'What is a ‘National Disaster’',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Kerala has been reeling under the worst floods it has experienced in a century. While the Union government is already helping out in terms of personnel as well as funds, there have also been demands to declare&nbsp;the Kerala floods a national disaster.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the <strong>Disaster Management Act, 2005,</strong> &ldquo;disaster&rdquo; means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be<strong> beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A natural disaster includes earthquake, flood, landslide, cyclone, tsunami, urban flood.</li>
<li>A man-made disaster can be nuclear, biological and chemical.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It can be noted that there is <strong>no provision</strong> to declare a natural calamity as a national calamity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 10th Finance Commission (1995-2000) examined a proposal that a disaster be termed &ldquo;a national calamity of rarest severity&rdquo; if it affects one-third of the population of a state.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The panel did not define a &ldquo;calamity of rare severity&rdquo; but stated that a calamity of rare severity would necessarily have to be adjudged on a case-to-case basis taking into account, inter-alia, the intensity and magnitude of the calamity, level of assistance needed, the capacity of the state to tackle the problem, the alternatives and flexibility available within the plans to provide succour and relief, etc.</li>
<li>The flash floods in Uttarakhand and Cyclone Hudhud were later classified as calamities of &ldquo;severe nature&rdquo;.</li>
<li>When a calamity is declared to be of &ldquo;rare severity&rdquo;/&rdquo;severe nature&rdquo;, support to the state government is provided at the national level. The Centre also considers additional assistance from the NDRF.</li>
<li>A Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) is set up, with the corpus shared 3:1 between Centre and state. When resources in the CRF are inadequate, additional assistance is considered from the National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF), funded 100% by the Centre.</li>
<li>Relief in repayment of loans or for grant of fresh loans to the persons affected on concessional terms, too, are considered once a calamity is declared &ldquo;severe&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Disaster Management in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The primary responsibility for management of disaster rests with the <strong>State Government</strong> concerned.</li>
<li>However, the National Policy on Disaster Management puts in place an enabling environment for all i.e. the Centre, State and District.</li>
<li>The&nbsp;<strong>National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009</strong> has been prepared in tune with and in pursuance of the <strong>Disaster Management Act, 2005</strong>. It provides the framework/roadmap for handling disasters in a <strong>holistic manner.</strong></li>
<li>Under the provisions of the Act, the Disaster Management Authority has been established at 3 levels viz. National, State and District.</li>
<li>The&nbsp;<strong>National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA</strong>) has been established under the <strong>Chairmanship of the Prime Minister</strong> and National Executive Committee (NEC) of Secretaries has been created to assist the NDMA in the performance of its functions.</li>
<li>At the State level, a <strong>State Disaster Management Authority</strong> has been created under the <strong>Chairmanship of Chief Minster</strong> of the State, which has been assisted by a State Executive Committee.</li>
<li>At the District level, <strong>District Disaster Management Authorities</strong> have been created.</li>
<li>It lays down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management for ensuring timely and effective response to disaster and long-term disaster risk reduction.</li>
<li>India is also a signatory to the <strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)</strong> that sets targets for disaster management.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)</strong>&nbsp;</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>SFDRR 2015-2030</strong> outlines seven clear targets and <strong>four priorities</strong> for action to prevent new and reduce existing disaster risks:<br />(i) Understanding disaster risk;<br />(ii) Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage<br />disaster risk;<br />(iii) Investing in disaster reduction for resilience and;<br />(iv) Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to <strong>"Build Back Better"</strong> in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.</li>
<li>It aims to achieve the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries over the next 15 years.</li>
<li>The Framework was adopted at the third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amid the demands of declaring the Kerala floods as a 'national disaster', experts are of the opinion that declaring Kerala floods as a ''national disaster' on paper is not going to help the distressed people any more than what is already being extended to the state in terms of financial aid and deployment of relief and rescue forces on the ground.</li>
<li>Apart from absence of any provision for such declaration, the Central resources have already been put at the disposal of the state government.</li>
<li>In countries like the United States it is essential to declare a disaster as a ''national disaster'' by way of a Presidential notification to allow the Federal Emergency Management Agency to move in.</li>
<li>However, in India, there is no need for a government notification to move central forces like the Army or the NDRF to assist states for disaster relief and rescue works. As soon as the state sends a requisition to the central government, the central forces are dispatched.</li>
<li>The need now is to assess the damages to life and property after the situation is under control in Kerala and bring the state on back to normal.&nbsp;Administratively and legally, this responsibility lies with the central government irrespective of whether it labels it a national disaster or not.</li>
<li>Moreover, the best way to prepare for disasters is to build better individual-based programs, a culture of preparedness, and resilient and self-reliant communities. Disaster planning that includes input from the community produces not only higher quality plans, but also far higher levels of community approval and confidence in the plans</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/what-is-a-national-disaster'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India is expected to launch its indigenous fighter Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) by 2032. The AMCA will feature geometric stealth and will initially fly with two GE-414 engines. The engines will be replaced by the indigenous engines.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are two major ways of making a military platform stealthier.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Geometric stealth:</strong> the shape of the aircraft is designed at such angles so as to deflect away maximum radar waves thereby <g class="gr_ gr_82 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="82" data-gr-id="82">minimising</g> its radar cross-section.</li>
<li><strong>Material stealth:</strong> radar-absorbing materials are used in making the aircraft which will absorb the radio waves thus reducing the radar footprint.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The AMCA will initially be based on geometric stealth, the material stealth shall be focussed upon at a later stage.</li>
<li>The plan is to build on the capabilities and expertise developed during the development of the light combat aircraft (LCA) and produce a medium fifth generation fighter aircraft. AMCA is being conceived as a progression from the LCA Tejas.</li>
<li>Apart from the technologies developed from the LCA project, the new fighter programme is important as technologies coming in through that will flow into the AMCA project.</li>
<li>India had expressed its unwillingness to go ahead with the joint development of a fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA) with Russia primarily due to the high cost involved in the project. This is India&rsquo;s only fifth-generation aircraft programme after the decision.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Specifications of AMCA</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The aircraft will incorporate advanced technologies like super maneuverability, supercruise, stealth, state of the art sensor suite with fusion.</li>
<li>It is being developed by an aerospace industry team which consist of Aeronautical Development Agency as a design firm and to be manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).</li>
<li>The AMCA is being designed as a stealth, medium weight, twin-engine, fifth generation multi-mission aircraft with the capability to swing roles.</li>
<li>The stealth mission features the Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD), precision strike and maritime operations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LCA is an advanced technology, single seat, single engine, supersonic, light-weight, all-weather, multi-role, air superiority fighter designed for air-to-air, air-to-ground and air-to-sea combat roles.</li>
<li>The LCA programme was conceived in 1983. The project definition phase was completed in 1989 and the <g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="93" data-gr-id="93">full scale</g> engineering development (FSED) phase-I was sanctioned in 1993.</li>
<li>Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) was established by the government in 1984 to manage the LCA programme. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, (HAL) is the principal partner with the participation of various DRDO &amp; CSIR Laboratories.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Different Generations of Jet Fighters</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Subsonic fighter planes built during the mid-1940s to mid-1950s are classified as <strong>first generation fighters.</strong> These planes had a basic avionic system (electronic systems used on aircraft) with no radar or self-protection system.</li>
<li><strong>Radar-connected second generation planes</strong> were made between the mid1950s and early 1960s. These jets could reach supersonic speed and <g class="gr_ gr_105 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="105" data-gr-id="105">were</g> equipped with semi-guided missiles, unlike the earlier generation that used cannons, machine guns and unguided bombs and rockets for the attack. MiG-21 is perhaps the best known second-generation fighter.</li>
<li><strong>Third generation planes</strong> manufactured between the early 1960s and 1970 had advanced maneuverability and weapons systems. These planes, that included the MiG-23 and Mirage III, were capable of shooting at targets beyond the pilot's visible range.</li>
<li><strong>Fourth generation fighters</strong> were conceived in the 1970s and became operational in the early 1980s. These planes were also equipped with <g class="gr_ gr_72 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="72" data-gr-id="72">flyby-wire</g> systems, which meant replacement of manual fight control with electronic devices. Notable fighters of this generation are the American F15, F16, French Mirage 2000 and the Soviet MiG29.</li>
<li><strong>Fifth-generation multi-role fighters</strong> have features that are generally taken to include all-aspect stealth even when armed, Low Probability of Intercept Radar (LPIR), high-performance airframe, a high-performance engine capable of supercruise (supersonic cruise without afterburner), advanced avionics with long-range sensors and networked data fusion providing full battle-space situational awareness. In 2005, the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor entered service with the United States Air Force (USAF), becoming the world&rsquo;s first combat-ready fifth-generation fighter.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tejas</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is India&rsquo;s first domestically designed and produced light fighter aircraft. It is a supersonic, single-seat, single-engine multirole light fighter aircraft.</li>
<li>Tejas is a light combat aircraft (LCA) that uses fourth-generation technology. It has a configuration <g class="gr_ gr_85 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="85" data-gr-id="85">optimised</g> primarily for maneuverability and agility.</li>
<li>The plane is equipped with a digital fly-by-wire flight control system to ease handling. This helps the pilot do more head down activities (especially mission-critical activities) without worrying about the aircraft deviating from its flight path.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/advanced-medium-combat-aircraft'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Centre plans to bring out city level GDP data',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>With urban India responsible for an increasingly large share of the national GDP, the Centre now hopes to bring out city-level GDP data.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry, this could help cities in generating investments and help municipal bodies to raise funds for their infrastructural needs.</li>
<li>The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) carried out a feasibility study of various models to calculate city-level GDP and submitted its report to the Ministry.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The EIU has recommended a top-down approach based on sectoral income data for the calculation of city-level GDP as it would balance detail and resource-effectiveness in the long term.</li>
<li>However, it acknowledges that the data requirements may be too challenging and a top-down approach using household expenditure data may be more feasible in the short term.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong>:</p>
<p>The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), created in 1946, is the research and analysis division of The Economist Group and the world leader in global business intelligence.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the government data, The urban sector is likely to account for 75% of India&rsquo;s GDP by 2020 which is an increase from 2011 when urban sector accounted for 60% of the national GDP.</li>
<li>A recent study by Brookings Institution found that several Indian cities rank in the 300 global cities with the fastest GDP growth rate with Hyderabad (8.7%) and Surat (7.9%) growing at par with the fastest growing Chinese cities that dominate the list.</li>
<li>The project if approved would likely to begin by the end of this year.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is GDP?</h3>
<p></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the broadest quantitative measure of a nation's total economic activity.</li>
<li>More specifically, GDP represents the monetary value of all goods and services produced within a nation's geographic borders over a specified period of time.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>',
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