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Cabinet Approves O-SMART Scheme

Recently the cabinet approved Umbrella scheme “Ocean Services, Technology, Observations, Resources Modelling and Science (O-SMART)”...

30 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Pieces of the Asian Dream

The article appears in The Hindu, of 29th August 2018. It engages with India’s relation with the South-East Asian countries and analyses its...

29 Aug 2018 News Editorials
Punjab Assembly Passes Bills to Curb Sacrilege

The Punjab Assembly unanimously passed a Bill which proposes life imprisonment for the desecration of Guru Granth Sahib, Gita, Quran and Bible in...

29 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Important Fact for Prelims (29 August 2018)

Navalekha Project Google announced Navalekha Project at the fourth edition of the Google For India event which will help vernacular newspaper and...

29 Aug 2018 News Analysis
CPCB Lists Cities With No Clean Up Plan

Of the 102 cities singled out by the Central Government for their alarming pollution levels, under National Clean Air Program, only 73 have submitted...

29 Aug 2018 News Analysis
India's First Biofuel Flight

Budget carrier SpiceJet operated India’s first “technology demonstrator” flight on biofuel. With the test flight, India has...

28 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Final Report on Penal Provisions of Company Act 2013

The Committee to review the existing framework dealing with offences under the Companies Act, 2013 and related matters has submitted its...

28 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Refer Krishna Dispute to Tribunal

Telangana Chief Minister has requested Union Governemnt to refer the water disputes pertaining to sharing of Krishna water to the tribunal under the...

28 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (28 August 2018)

International Court of Justice Iran demanded the UN’s top court, The International Court of Justice (ICJ) to suspend U.S nuclear linked...

28 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Catastrophe Bonds

The recent floods in Kerala have set off a debate about the need for timely aid required to kickstart the relief process. The damage from natural...

27 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (27 August 2018)

World Hindi Conference The 11th World Hindi Conference was recently organized in Mauritius in 2018, whose theme was ““Hindi World and...

27 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Our Understanding of the Dynamics of Risks of Disasters is Still Far from Comprehensive

(This editorial appears in the Hindustan Times, for 25-08-2018, and it explains how the problem of floods in India is taking a turn for the worse,...

25 Aug 2018 News Editorials
OECD’S Forecast for Global Economy in 2060

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) recently released a research analysis- The Long View: Scenarios for the World...

25 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Should Article 35A be scrapped?

The ‘Yes, No, It’s complicated’ column of The Hindu for 24th August, 2018, looks upon the Article 35 A, its constitutionality and...

24 Aug 2018 News Editorials
Important Facts for Prelims (24 August 2018)

National Statistical Commission Recently, the National Statistical Commission (NSC) has sought public comments on a report which showed that the...

24 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Aeolus Wind Satellite

Recently the European Space Agency’s (ESA) launched its Aeolus satellite into the polar orbit. It is named after Aeolus, who...

24 Aug 2018 News Analysis
New Industrial Policy, 2018

The Government of India will be introducing a New Industrial Policy that will replace the 27-year-old existing policy and pave the way for the...

24 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Panel for Roll Out of 5G Services by 2020

The nine-member Steering Committee, headed by Stanford University Professor AJ Paulraj, submitted the report, Making India 5G Ready, to the telecom...

24 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Time and Stress Management for Civil Services Aspirants

Time and stress are interrelated and interconnected. Mismanagement of time usually leads to stress while stress may cause in turn even more time...

23 Aug 2018 Mains Strategy
Medical Device Margins to be Capped

The NITI Aayog has recommended to cap trade margin at 65% for medical devices, abandoning the current price control mechanism. This will seek...

23 Aug 2018 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Cabinet Approves O-SMART Scheme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently the cabinet approved Umbrella scheme &ldquo;Ocean Services, Technology, Observations, Resources Modelling and Science (O-SMART)&rdquo; .</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme encompasses a total of 16 sub-projects addressing ocean development activities such as Services, Technology, Resources, Observations and Science.</li>
<li>Implementation period is from 2017-18 to 2019-20.</li>
<li>The project will be implemented by Ministry of Earth Sciences.</li>
<li>The ocean advisory services and technologies being rendered and developed under the scheme will play a pivotal role in the development activities over</li>
<li>many sectors, working in the marine environment including the coastal states of India, contributing significantly to the GDP.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ministry is proposing to continue the existing schemes in a focused way as a part of umbrella scheme of O-SMART.</li>
<li>Ocean Policy Statement enacted in November 1982,implements multi-disciplinary projects in the field of ocean development primarily to
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>provide a suite of Ocean Information services,</li>
<li>develop technology for sustainable harnessing the ocean resources,</li>
<li>promote front-ranking research and</li>
<li>conduct ocean scientific ocean surveys.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s ocean related activities extended from the Arctic to the Antarctic region covering large ocean spaces which have been monitored through a wide spectrum of in situ and satellite-based observations.</li>
<li>India also signed the Antarctic Treaty System and joined Commission of Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) for harnessing the resources.</li>
<li>The ministry has been monitoring the health of coastal waters of India including shoreline changes and marine ecosystem.</li>
<li>Some of the technologies for harnessing the ocean resources that have been developed are low temperature thermal desalination for islands,Remotely Operated Submersible and soil tester, shallow bed mining systems, etc.</li>
<li>Deep-sea mining of Poly-Metallic Nodules [PMN] in the Central Indian Ocean was allotted by International Sea Bed Authority [ISBA] for exploration of PMN,and also in the Indian Ocean for exploration of hydrothermal sulphides.</li>
<li>India has also established a state-of-the art early warning systems for ocean disasters, viz, tsunami, cyclones, storm surges etc.,for providing round the clock services for India and countries of the Indian Ocean, which have been recognized by UNESCO.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Vision</h3>
<p>The important deliverables during the next years envisage under the scheme include:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Strengthening of Ocean Observations and Modelling</li>
<li>Strengthening of Ocean Services for Fishermen</li>
<li>Setting up Marine Coastal Observatories for monitoring marine pollution in 2018</li>
<li>Setting up Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant (OTEC) in Kavaratti</li>
<li>Acquisition of 2 Coastal Research Vessels for Coastal research</li>
<li>Continuation of Ocean Survey and Exploration of Minerals and Living Resources</li>
<li>Technology Development for Deep Ocean Mining- Deep Mining System and Manned Submersibles</li>
<li>Setting up Six Desalination Plants in Lakshadweep</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The services rendered under the O-SMART will provide economic benefits to a number of user communities in the coastal and ocean sectors, namely, fisheries, offshore industry, coastal states, defence, shipping, ports etc.</li>
<li>Fishermen community receiving information like fish potential and local weather conditions in the coastal waters daily through mobile will help them to reduce the search time, resulting savings in the fuel cost.</li>
<li>Implementation of O-SMART will help in addressing issues relating to Sustainable Development Goal-14, which aims to conserve use of oceans, marine resources for sustainable development.</li>
<li>This scheme (O-SMART) also provide necessary scientific and technological background required for implementation of various aspects of Blue Economy.</li>
<li>The State of Art Early Warning Systems established under the O-SMART Scheme will help in effectively dealing with ocean disasters like Tsunami, storm surges.</li>
<li>The technologies being developed under this Scheme will help in harnessing the vast ocean resources of both living and non-living resources from the seas around India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><em><strong>Commission of Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established by international convention in 1982, with the objective of conserving Antarctic marine life.</li>
<li>Secretariat is based in Hobart, Tasmania.</li>
<li>Currently, CCAMLR has 25 Members and 11 Acceding States.</li>
<li>India is one of the members of CCAMLR.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>International Seabed Authority [ISBA]</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ,to organize, regulate and control all mineral-related activities in the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction</li>
<li>It is based in Kingston, Jamaica.</li>
<li>It has 168 members.</li>
<li>India is one of the member countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Blue Economy</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The &ldquo;blue economy&rdquo; concept seeks to promote economic growth, social inclusion, and the preservation or improvement of livelihoods while at the same time ensuring environmental sustainability of the oceans and coastal areas.</li>
<li>The blue economy aims for integration of development of ocean economy, along with social inclusion, environmental sustainability, combined with innovative business models.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Poly-Metallic Nodules (PMN)</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. The core may be microscopically small and is sometimes completely transformed into manganese minerals by crystallization.</li>
<li>Polymetallic nodules contain multiple metals like copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron, lead, zinc, aluminium, silver, gold and platinum etc. in variable constitutions and are precipitate of hot fluids from upwelling hot magma from the deep interior of the oceanic crust.<br />Mining for Polymetallic nodules is of strategic importance for India as there are no terrestrial sources of these metals in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Pieces of the Asian Dream',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p><em>The article appears in The Hindu, of 29th August 2018. It engages with India&rsquo;s relation with the South-East Asian countries and analyses its implications on the geopolitics of the region. It gives a perspective on how Indian ambitions are being tested against Chinese assertiveness and resourcefulness.</em></p>
<p>The ongoing geopolitical rivalry of U.S and China has changed the relationship between the countries of South-East Asia. India is slowly emerging as a significant strategic space in the new power struggle being witnessed in the Indo-Pacific region.</p>
<h3>Influence of Indo-China relations on the South-East Asian region</h3>
<p>Both India and China have been seen struggling for the center-stage in the Indo-Pacific region and the relation between the two countries with each other influences sea lanes and chokepoints.</p>
<p>India maintains its relations with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries through comprehensive diplomatic, bilateral and military dialogues. China, on the other hand, provides these countries with much-needed investment support for the infrastructure development. The immense influence of China&rsquo;s investment policy is reflected in ASEAN&rsquo;s decision as a regional block to dismiss the international ruling against the South China Sea activities of China and instead agreed to cooperate with it on a &lsquo;Code of Conduct&rsquo;.</p>
<h3>China&rsquo;s investment in the region</h3>
<p>China is one of the largest providers of foreign aid in the region and contributes to the investment in dams, oilfields, highways, textile operation and mines. It provided rifles and guns to the Philippines police after the same demand was struck down by the U.S.</p>
<p>ASEAN&rsquo;s trade with China surpasses that with India and Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is nine times higher in these countries than India&rsquo;s. China&rsquo;s growing military presence also gives it an upper hand as a decision maker in the region and offers a threat to India&rsquo;s diplomatic hobnobbing in the region. Apart from this, declining relations with Nepal over the 2015 fuel blockade and failed strategic interventions in Sri Lanka add to the woes of the country. Both the countries have been observed to shift towards China over the significant infrastructural investment flows.</p>
<p>However, the assertiveness and intervention in the internal matters of the countries that come with the Chinese investment have driven few countries like Indonesia and Singapore to find refuge in their relationship with India. <br /><a href="/news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/06-08-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read more...The Many Problems with China's Belt and Road Initiative</a></p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s strategic bargain for China</h3>
<p>India and ASEAN share a unique cultural history and a sizeable Indian diaspora resides and contributes to the economies of countries like Singapore and Malaysia. The global soft power that India enjoys through its art, literature, music, dance, and cinema contributes to its image as a friendly nation which furthers its long-term engagement with the countries in the East Asian region.</p>
<p>Increased engagement with Japan, &lsquo;2+2&rsquo; dialogue for better maritime partnership with Australia (India is going to have a separate 2+2 dialogue with the US), along with its dominant soft power can be utilized by India to counter China&rsquo;s influence in the region. However, striking a balanced strategic relation with China can open up new possibilities for India to gain influence in the Indo-Pacific region especially among groupings like Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) and Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal (BBIN).</p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China&rsquo;s agreement with India on data sharing over <strong>cross-border flow of waters from the Brahmaputra during a flood season</strong> was renewed at the SCO summit. This can be an opening to a more meaningful engagement between the two Asian giants.</li>
<li>Also, a protocol has been signed by the two countries for the <strong>exports of all varieties of rice from India to China</strong> which can partly resolve India&rsquo;s adverse balance of payments against China.</li>
<li>A <strong>potential trade target of $100 billion by 2020</strong> has been suggested by China. This can provide a positive direction <g class="gr_ gr_49 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="49" data-gr-id="49">to</g> the relationship between the two countries.</li>
<li>Following the above-mentioned steps, an improved Indo-China relation can give way to <strong>a more defined geopolitical role for India</strong> in the Indo-Pacific region.</li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Punjab Assembly Passes Bills to Curb Sacrilege',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Punjab Assembly unanimously passed a Bill which proposes life imprisonment for the desecration of Guru Granth Sahib, Gita, Quran and Bible in Punjab.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Penal Code (Punjab Amendment) Bill, 2018, seeks to amend&nbsp;Indian Penal Code (IPC) by inserting Section 295AA.</li>
<li>Under the existing Section 295A, punishment is for a maximum of three years imprisonment with or without fine.</li>
<li>It also enhances the punishment under section 295 IPC (Injuring or defiling place of worship with intent to insult the religion of any class) from two to ten years of imprisonment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p>In March, 2016, the then government had passed The Indian Penal Code (Punjab Amendment) Bill, 2016, and The Code of Criminal Procedure (Punjab Amendment) Bill, 2016, recommending life sentence for <strong>desecration of Guru Granth Sahib only.</strong></p>
</li>
<li>The Centre had returned the Bill saying all religions needed to be <strong>treated equally</strong> as per the secular nature of the Constitution and that it could not single out religion to propose life imprisonment for defiling Guru Granth Sahib.</li>
<li>The Centre had asked the Punjab government to <strong>either withdraw the Bill or include all religions</strong> in the proposed amendment if it wanted the Bill to be looked at afresh.</li>
<li>
<p>As a result, the Punjab Assembly withdrew the 2016 Bill, and passed the new Bill proposing life imprisonment for desecration of <strong>religious scriptures of all the four religions</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The new Bill <strong>retains all the earlier amendment</strong> proposed in 2016 Bill.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Section 295(A) of Indian Penal Code</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It says that whoever, with deliberate and malicious intention of outraging the religious feelings of any class of [citizens of India], [by words, either spoken or written, or by signs or by visible representations or otherwise], insults or attempts to insult the religion or the religious beliefs of that class, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to [three years], or with fine, or with both.</li>
<li>It seeks to preserve harmony in a multi-religious society by sanctioning penal action against those attempting to disturb the peace.</li>
<li>In 1957, even a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Concerns</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, IPC already has several other provisions to deal with those attempting to breach communal harmony, it may be wise to consider watering down or doing away with Section 295A altogether.</li>
<li>Section 295, which has been the Indian version of anti-blasphemy law since its introduction during the colonial rule, continues even after blasphemy being abolished in the UK.</li>
<li>It has chilling effect on freedom of speech and expression.</li>
<li>Section 295A deters even honest attempts to fight against superstition and prejudices, the broad ambit of the offence had sometimes even put the government and courts in difficult situations.</li>
<li>The wide ambit of Section 295A has not spared even pure artistic and literary expressions and has often startled even the votaries of the provision with unintended consequences. The biggest example of which is imposition of this section on MF Hussein&rsquo;s Paintings.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These sections of the IPC are a big impediment to reasoned debate in India. Free speech, when exercised by individuals, challenges the orthodoxies of minds and empowers the progress of societies.</li>
<li>Free speech is the engine of democracies. Article 19-1(a) of the Constitution guarantees a fundamental right that "all citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression." Moreover, the framers of the Constitution chose not to make blasphemy a restriction on free speech.</li>
<li>Recently, India has witnessed a wave of violence in the name of religion. A challenging task, therefore, for opinion makers, legislators, social workers and writers is to curtail the role of religion in society.</li>
<li>The proposed law seeks to do two things. One, it arms religious forces that seek to curb free speech in Indian society, enabling them to threaten and harass individuals in the name of so-called hurt religious sentiments.</li>
<li>Two, it gives more muscle to the police and politicians to harass critics for political purposes, thereby undermining the secular morality of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Holy scriptures of various religions need to be examined, critiqued and challenged so that the followers of those religions can move on a path of enlightenment, away from religion into the embrace of science and rational thinking.</li>
<li>The recent announcement by the PM on Independence Day to send an Indian into space by 2022 is a bold step to inject among Indian minds an attitude to look forward.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/punjab-assembly-passes-bills-to-curb-sacrilege'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Important Fact for Prelims (29 August 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Navalekha Project</h3>
<p>Google announced Navalekha Project at the fourth edition of the Google For India event which will help vernacular newspaper and magazine digitalize and go online really fast and with minimum resources.</p>
<p><strong>Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will be a new feature of Google Go( a tailor-made app for Google Search for India) which was launched last year. It will read web pages while highlighting the text word-by-word in real-time.</li>
<li>This new feature is accessible in 28 languages including English, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Malayalam, and Tamil, and will be available in all countries where Google Go has been launched.</li>
<li>It uses artificial intelligence to detect and read the most important information on a webpage in a natural-sounding voice.</li>
<li>AI also helps determine which parts of a page to read and which to leave out. It even works on 2G connections and does not consume much data.</li>
<li>The other major announcement was the rebranding of Google&rsquo;s Tez payment app as Google Pay with deeper integration with online and offline retailers as well as access for instant loans via the Bhim UPI.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Russia Biggest War Games: Vostok 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Russia in September will hold its largest war exercise since the fall of the Soviet Union.</li>
<li>More than 300,000 troops will participate in war games.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The Vostok-2018 exercise will take place across Far East Russia and Siberia.</li>
<li>China and Mongolia will also participate in this exercise.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Lakhwar Multipurpose Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Union Minister for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation has signed MoU with Chief Ministers of 6 states for construction of <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="96" data-gr-id="96">Lakhwar</g> Multipurpose project in Upper Yamuna Basin.</li>
<li>Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="90" data-gr-id="90">and</g> Delhi are the six Upper Yamuna Basin states.</li>
<li>The Lakhwar project was initially approved in 1976 but work on the project was suspended in 1992.</li>
<li>The Lakhwar project envisages construction of a 204 m high concrete dam across river Yamuna near Lohari village in Dehradun district of Uttarakhand.</li>
<li>The problem of water shortage in all six States will be resolved once the project is complete as water flow in River Yamuna will improve in the dry season from December to May/June every year.</li>
<li>The project is to be executed by Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited (UJVL).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Hastsal Minar</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) has prepared a detailed project report of Hastsal Minar for its restoration. Hastsal Minar is situated in village Hastsal in New Delhi.</li>
<li>It resembles the Qutub Minar in design and is also built with red sandstone and bricks.</li>
<li>It is also known as &lsquo;Mini Qutub Minar&rsquo; and it is believed to be built by Mughal emperor Shahjahan.</li>
<li>It stands tall at 17 meters on a raised platform having three <g class="gr_ gr_85 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="85" data-gr-id="85">storeys</g>, each with a reducing diameter.</li>
<li>Each <g class="gr_ gr_84 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="84" data-gr-id="84">storey</g> is surrounded by an octagonal ring with red sandstone <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="81" data-gr-id="81">chajjas</g>, like the Qutub Minar.<br /><strong></strong><strong></strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a non-profit charitable <g class="gr_ gr_82 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="82" data-gr-id="82">organisation</g> registered under the Societies' Registration Act, 1860.</li>
<li>It was founded in 1984 in New Delhi with the vision to spearhead heritage awareness and conservation in India.</li>
<li>It has pioneered the conservation and preservation of not just our natural and built heritage but intangible heritage as well.</li>
<li>In 2007, the United Nations awarded INTACH a special consultative status with United Nations Economic and Social Council.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Budhamal Festival</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a harvesting festival celebrated once in five years in the state of Assam.</li>
<li>People from different communities take part in the festival for the well being of the society and also for a good harvest.</li>
</ul>
<h3>African Swine Fever Outbreak</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UN&rsquo;s Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) is warning an outbreak of African Swine Fever from China to Southeast Asia or the Korean Peninsula.</li>
<li>China has reported four outbreaks of the highly contagious disease in four provinces in less than a month.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>African Swine Fever</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>African Swine fever is a highly contagious acute hemorrhagic (means bleeding) disease of domestic pigs.</li>
<li>This disease is transmitted by ticks.</li>
<li>There is no antidote or vaccine, and the only known method to prevent the disease from spreading is a mass cull of the infected livestock.</li>
<li>African swine fever poses no direct threat to humans.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-29-august-2018'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'CPCB Lists Cities With No Clean Up Plan',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Of the 102 cities singled out by the Central Government for their alarming pollution levels, under National Clean Air Program, only 73 have submitted a plan of remedial action to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Clean Air Campaign was launched in Delhi on February 10-23, 2018. Later, this Campaign was replicated in about 100 &lsquo;non-attainment cities.&rsquo;</li>
<li>&lsquo;Non-attainment cities&rsquo;: The non-attainment cities are those that have fallen short of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for over five years. These &lsquo;non-attainment cities&rsquo; were marked by CPCB and was asked to implement 42 measures aimed at mitigating air pollution as part of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</h3>
<p>In order to deal with the issue of air pollution in a comprehensive manner at national level, the government came up with National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) with the goal to meet average ambient air quality standards at all location in the country.</p>
<h3>NCAP objectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To have effective and efficient ambient air quality monitoring network.</li>
<li>Public participation in both planning and implementation of the programmes and policies of government on air pollution.</li>
<li>To have a management plan for prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Initiatives under NCAP</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Augmenting Air quality monitoring network
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Manual monitoring Stations: 1000 manual monitoring stations will be set up in 303 cities from current 691 stations.</li>
<li>Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations: Recognizing the need to monitor real time and peak concentration levels of critical pollutants avoiding the time lag,</li>
<li>Rural Monitoring Network: Since rural areas have not been covered under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) 50 such stations are proposed to be set up in rural areas under NCAP.</li>
<li>Setting up of 10 city Super Network: This network may capture overall air quality dynamics of the nation impact of interventions, trends, investigative measurements, etc. It should generate high quality controlled data and will represent national air quality dynamics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Air Quality Forecasting System: AQFS is a state of the art modelling system which will forecasts the following day's air quality.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Setting up Air Information Centre- An Air Information Center will be responsible for data analysis, interpretation, dissemination including through GIS platform.</li>
<li>Three tier mechanism for review of monitoring, assessment and&nbsp;inspection for implementation: A three-tier system will include real time physical data collection and archiving and data analytics infrastructure, and action trigger system.&nbsp;</li>
<li>National Emission Inventory: An emission inventory is an accounting of the amount of pollutants discharged into the atmosphere. An emission inventory will contains the total emissions for one or more specific air pollutants, originating from all source categories in a certain geographical area and within a specified time span.</li>
<li>Technology Assessment Cell- TAC will evaluate the technologies having significance in reference to prevention, control and abatement of pollution.</li>
<li>Other Initiatives
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Review of ambient air quality standards and emission standards.</li>
<li>International Cooperation including sharing of International Best Practices on Air Pollution.</li>
<li>Intensive Awareness, Training and Capacity Building Drive.</li>
<li>Technology Support.</li>
<li>Issuance of Notification on Dust Management (Road dust and C&amp;D).</li>
<li>Indoor Air Pollution Monitoring &amp; Management.</li>
<li>Air Pollution Health Impact Studies.</li>
<li>Extensive Plantation Drive.</li>
<li>A network of Technical Institutions- Knowledge Partners.</li>
<li>Certification system for monitoring instruments.</li>
<li>Technology Assessment Cell.</li>
<li>Institutional Framework.</li>
<li>Air Quality Management Plan for 100 Non-Attainment Cities.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Ambient Air Quality Standards</h3>
<p>National Ambient Air Quality Standards are the standards for ambient air quality with reference to various identified pollutant notified by the Central Pollution Control Board under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.</p>
<p>List of pollutants under NAAQS: PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, NH3, Ozone, Lead, Benzene, Benzo-Pyrene, Arsenic and Nickel.</p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-lists-cities-with-no-clean-up-plan'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'India's First Biofuel Flight',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Budget carrier SpiceJet operated India&rsquo;s first &ldquo;technology demonstrator&rdquo; flight on biofuel.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">With the test flight, India has become one of the few countries like USA, Australia <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="89" data-gr-id="89">and</g> Canada who have conducted the test to use biofuel for flying commercial planes. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) manufactured 330 kg of biofuel for 45 minutes Dehradun-Delhi flight. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The flight burnt a mix of </span><b>75% traditional Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) and 25% oil extracted from the Jatropha plant.</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> International standards permit a <g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="93" data-gr-id="93">blend</g> rate of <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="91" data-gr-id="91">upto</g> 50% biofuel with ATF.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance<span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Currently, Aviation Sector contributes to 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Commercial biofuel flights will help Indian Airlines in achieving the International Air Transport Association (IATA) target for fuel efficiency and carbon emission:</span>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">average annual improvement of 1.5% in fuel efficiency from 2009 to 2020, </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">a cap on net aviation carbon emissions from 2020 (carbon-neutral growth)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">reduction in net aviation carbon emissions of 50% by 2050, relative to 2005 levels. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"><g class="gr_ gr_94 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="94" data-gr-id="94">target</g> of 1 billion passengers flying on aircraft using a mix of clean energy and fossil fuels by 2025.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Using Aviation Biofuel <b>reduces carbon emissions </b><span>and </span><b>enhances fuel efficiency<g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="92" data-gr-id="92">.</g></b><span><g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style replaceWithoutSep" id="92" data-gr-id="92">An</g> international research programme led by NASA reported that the use of biofuels can reduce particle emissions in the jet exhaust by as much as 50%-70%.</span></li>
<li>Indian Aviation Sector is<b> suffering due to rising prices</b><span> of ATF. Therefore, blending ATF with biofuel will help airlines to tackle rising prices and bring down fares.</span></li>
<li>Use of Aviation Biofuel will reduce India&rsquo;s dependence on oil imports, thus saving forex reserve.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concern</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Commercial use of Aviation Biofuel is still far away. The infrastructure to mass-produce biofuel, and to deliver it at airports, is awaited.</span></li>
<li>Production of the first generation of biofuels had shown that the displacement of other agricultural activity. Thus may lead to food security issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Future Prospects</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Given the scope of biofuel in aviation, a special policy on Aviation Biofuel is needed.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">There is a need for research in biofuel production to produce them at the commercial level and to meet the requirements of Aviation Sector.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Biofuels</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Biofuels are fuels manufactured from biomass. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Biomass resources are the biodegradable fraction of products, wastes and residues from agriculture, forestry and related industries as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal wastes.</span></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 544px; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 1036px; height: 19px; background-color: #f0e80e; text-align: center;" colspan="3">BIOFUELS</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 129px; height: 19px;">GENERATION</td>
<td style="width: 458px; height: 19px;">CHARACTERISTICS</td>
<td style="width: 449px; height: 19px;">REMARKS</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 129px; height: 92px; vertical-align: top;"><g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="86" data-gr-id="86">FIRST</g></td>
<td style="width: 458px; height: 92px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Produced </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">from&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">food crops like maize,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">corn, sugar cane, rapeseed,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">palm, and soybean into&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">ethanol and biodiesel,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">using a similar process to&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">that used in beer and&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">wine-making.</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 449px; height: 92px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Impose significant costs on </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">food security by demanding&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">a share of staple crops, traditionally&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">used solely for food and feed. R</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">esulting in a conflict between fuel&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">and food security. At the same&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">time, lift the price of staple crops</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 129px; height: 67px; vertical-align: top;"><g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="88" data-gr-id="88">SECOND</g></td>
<td style="width: 458px; height: 67px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Produced from non-food&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">crops and organic&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">agricultural waste, which&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">contain cellulose.</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 449px; height: 67px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Grasses like switchgrass, non-edible&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">oil seeds like Jatropha,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">castor seed can be transformed into&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">biofuels.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 71px;">
<td style="width: 129px; height: 51px; vertical-align: top;"><g class="gr_ gr_82 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="82" data-gr-id="82">THIRD</g></td>
<td style="width: 458px; height: 51px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Derived from algae.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also known as green&nbsp;</span>hydrocarbons</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 449px; height: 51px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The list of fuels that can be derived from algae includes: Bio-diesel, Ethanol, and Jet-fuel.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 129px; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;"><g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="78" data-gr-id="78">FOURTH</g></td>
<td style="width: 458px; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Produce sustainable&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">energy as well as capture&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">and store CO<sub>2</sub> by&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">converting biomass&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">materials, which have&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">absorbed CO<sub>2</sub> while&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">growing, into fuel.</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 449px; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">At all stages of production, the CO2&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">is captured using various processes.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rather than simply being carbon&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">neutral, the fourth generation&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">biofuel production is carbon&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">negative, since it &lsquo;locks&rsquo; away more&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">carbon than it produces and also&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">lowers CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">substituting fossil fuels.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></h3>
<strong>Key Advantages of Biofuel</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Renewable Energy source.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Non-toxic &amp; Biodegradable.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Contains no <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="77" data-gr-id="77">sulphur</g> that causes acid rain.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Environment friendly-less emissions.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Has rural employment potential.</span></li>
</ul>
<strong>International Air Transport Association (IATA)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The IATA is the trade association for the world&rsquo;s airlines, representing some 290 airlines or 82% of total air traffic. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">IATA support many areas of aviation activity and help formulate industry policy on critical aviation issues.</span></li>
<li>Headquarter: Montreal, Canada<span>.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span><a href="/monthly-ca-consolidation/daily-news-analysis/world-biofuel-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read More About Biofuels</a></span></p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indias-first-biofuel-flight'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Final Report on Penal Provisions of Company Act 2013',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Committee to review the existing framework dealing with offences under the Companies Act, 2013 and related matters has submitted its report.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was a 10 member committee headed by&nbsp;<strong>Injeti Srinivas, Secretary, Ministry of Corporate Affairs</strong>.</li>
<li>The Committee broke down&nbsp;all penal provisions into <strong>eight categories</strong> based on the <strong>nature of offences.</strong></li>
<li>The Committee recommended that the existing law should <strong>continue for serious offences, covering six categories</strong>, whereas for lapses that are essentially <strong>technical or procedural in nature</strong>, mainly falling <strong>under two categories</strong> may be shifted to in-house adjudication process.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It observed that this would serve the <strong>twin purposes</strong> promoting of <strong>ease of doing business</strong> and <strong>better corporate compliance. </strong></li>
<li>It would also <strong>reduce the number of prosecutions filed</strong> in the Special Courts, which would, in turn, facilitate <strong>speedier disposal</strong> of serious offences and bring serious offenders to book.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Restructuring of Corporate Offences to <strong>relieve Special Courts</strong> from adjudicating routine offences.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Compoundable offences</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Re-categorization of 16 out of the 81 compoundable offences by shifting them from the jurisdiction of special courts to an in-house E-adjudication framework.</li>
<li>The remaining 65 compoundable offences to continue under the jurisdiction of Special Courts due to their potential misuse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non-compoundable offences</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Status quo recommended in respect of all&nbsp;serious corporate offences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Instituting a transparent online platform for <strong>E-adjudication and E-publication</strong> of orders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>De-clogging the&nbsp;National Company Law Tribunal</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Enlarging the <strong>jurisdiction of the Regional Director</strong> with enhanced pecuniary limits.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Vesting in the <strong>Central Government the power</strong> to approve the <strong>alteration in the financial year</strong> of a company and also<strong> conversion of public companies into private companies</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Company Law Tribunal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) is a quasi-judicial body that adjudicates issues relating to Indian companies.</li>
<li>The NCLT was established under the Companies Act 2013 and was constituted on 1 June 2016 by the Government of India and is based on the recommendation of the justice Eradi committee on law relating to insolvency and winding up of companies.</li>
<li>The NCLT has eleven benches, two at New Delhi (one being the principal bench) and one each at Ahmedabad, Allahabad, Bengaluru, Chandigarh, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai.</li>
<li>The NCLT has the power under the Companies Act to adjudicate proceedings:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Initiated before the Company Law Board under the previous act (the Companies Act 1956).</li>
<li>Pending before the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR), including those pending under the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985.</li>
<li>Pending before the Appellate Authority for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction.</li>
<li>Pertaining to claims of oppression and mismanagement of a company, winding up of companies and all other powers prescribed under the Companies Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Corporate compliance and corporate governance</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Re-introduction of<strong> declaration of commencement of business</strong> provision to better tackle the menace of shell companies.</li>
<li><strong>Greater disclosures with respect to public deposits</strong>, particularly in respect of transactions exempted from the definition of public deposits to prevent abuse and harming of public interest.</li>
<li>Reduction in <strong>time-limit for filing documents</strong> related to creation, modification and satisfaction of charges.</li>
<li>Stringent penal provisions for non-reporting.</li>
<li>With respect to shares whose ownership remains undetermined, such shares should be transferred to the Investor Education and Protection Fund if rightful owner does not claim ownership within a year of such restrictions.</li>
<li><strong>Non-maintenance</strong> of registered office to trigger <strong>de-registration process</strong>.</li>
<li>Holding of directorships beyond permissible limits to trigger disqualification of such directors.</li>
<li>Imposition of a cap on independent director&rsquo;s remuneration in terms of percentage of income in order to prevent any material pecuniary relationship, which could impair his independence on the board of the company.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/committee-to-review-the-offences-under-the-companies-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read more...</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/final-report-on-penal-provisions-of-company-act-2013'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Refer Krishna Dispute to Tribunal',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Telangana Chief Minister has requested Union Governemnt to refer the water disputes pertaining to sharing of Krishna water to the tribunal under the Inter-State River Water Disputes (IRWD) Act of 1956.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the Union Government had referred the matter under <strong>Section 89 of the Andhra Pradesh Re-organisation Act</strong>, which according to the CM were limited in scope and would not be able to do justice to the rightful claims of Telangana.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal (KWDT) set up by the Central Government under <strong>R.S. Bachawat as its Chairman</strong> in <strong>1969 was the first-ever tribunal</strong> for a river dispute under the Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956.</li>
<li>It was set up to resolve the disputes between the states of<strong> Karnataka, Maharashtra and then undivided Andhra Pradesh over sharing of Krishna river water.</strong></li>
<li>The tribunal gave its award in 1973. The total quantum of water available for distribution was 2060TMC. This was divided between the three states in the following manner:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Maharashtra 560 TMC.</li>
<li>Karnataka 700 TMC.</li>
<li>Andhra Pradesh 800 TMC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Terms related to River Water Disputes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Riparian, Lower Riparian, Upper Riparian: Relating to or situated on the banks of a river; Maharashtra is upper riparian state and Andhra Pradesh is lower riparian state with respect to Krishna basin.</li>
<li>Tmcft, (Tmc ft), (TMC), (tmc), is the abbreviation for one thousand million cubic feet commonly used in reference to volume of water in a reservoir or river flow.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tribunal in its first award provided for a review of its award after 31 May 2000. However no such review was taken up for more than 3 years after that.</li>
<li>In April 2004, the second KWDT under <strong>Brajesh Kumar,</strong> was constituted by the Government of India following requests by all three states.</li>
<li>According to KWDT II, Andhra Pradesh got 1001 TMC of water, Karnataka 907 TMC and Maharashtra 666 TMC.</li>
<li>The Brajesh Kumar tribunal also&nbsp;suggested the setting up of the <strong>Krishna Basin Authority</strong> to protect the basin, especially after large-scale exploitation of groundwater was detected.</li>
<li>Next review of water allocations will be after the year 2050.</li>
<li>However, after r<strong>eorganisation of Andhra Pradesh,</strong> a case was filed by AP and Telangana to <strong>redistribute water among all 4 states. </strong></li>
<li>The tribunal opined that <strong>Section 89</strong> the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 was not applicable to all four riparian states but is <strong>meant only for Telangana and Andhra Pradesh</strong>.</li>
<li>Thus, there was <strong>no need to re-allocate of Krishna River water</strong> among all four riparian states. The river water should be re-allocated between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, from the share of undivided Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ebcbc0;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; text-align: center;">
<td style="width: 889px; height: 19px; background-color: #cf4c15; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Other Major Inter-State River Disputes</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px; background-color: #eba683;"><strong>River</strong></td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px; background-color: #eba683;"><strong>State Concerned</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Ravi and Beas</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Narmada</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Krishna</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Vamsadhara</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Andhra Pradesh &amp; Odisha</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Cauvery</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Godavari</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Mahanadi&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Chhattisgarh, Odisha</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Mahadayi&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Periyar&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Tamil Nadu, Kerala</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water is included in the state list of the Constitution. It can be subject to the Centre&rsquo;s arbitration if, and only if, it involves a clear case of conflict or dispute.</li>
<li>Article 262 of the Constitution allows for providing an adjudicatory mechanism for any inter-state water dispute by the Parliament.</li>
<li>Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may, by law provide that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or complaint.</li>
<li>Inter-state River Water Disputes Act, 1956 passed by Parliament under Article 262 provides for the adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers and river valleys.</li>
<li>However, tribunals have also been criticized for the delay in their constitution and the delay after their constitution.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Krishna River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Krishna River is the second biggest river in peninsular India after Godavari River.</li>
<li>It originates near Mahabaleshwar (Satara) in Maharashtra.</li>
<li>It runs from<strong> four states</strong> Maharashtra (303 km), North Karnataka (480 km) and the rest of its 1300 km journey in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh before it empties into the Bay of Bengal.</li>
<li>Tributaries:&nbsp;Tungabhadra, Mallaprabha, Koyna, Bhima, Ghataprabha, Yerla, Warna, Dindi, Musi and Dudhganga.</li>
<li>Pattiseema Lift Irrigation project is the first river linking project in India, connecting Godavari with Krishna&nbsp;through the Polvaram right canal. It will divert surplus Godavari water to the Krishna river.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/refer-krishna-dispute-to-tribunal'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (28 August 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>International Court of Justice</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Iran demanded the UN&rsquo;s top court, The International Court of Justice (ICJ) to suspend U.S nuclear linked sanctions against Tehran, accusing US of plotting its &ldquo;economic strangulation&rdquo;.</li>
<li>ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.</li>
<li>It was established in 1945 by the UN Charter.</li>
<li>It is seated in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands.</li>
<li>Only UN member states are eligible to appear before the Court in contentious cases.</li>
<li>The Court has no jurisdiction to deal with applications from individuals, NGOs, corporations or any other private entity.</li>
<li>It settles legal disputes between member states and gives advisory opinions to authorized UN organs and specialized agencies.</li>
<li>It comprises a panel of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and Security Council for nine-year terms.</li>
<li>The judgments are final and without appeal. If a state fails to agree then the other party can take the case to the Security Council.</li>
<li>The ICJ is not a criminal court and hence it has no jurisdiction to try individuals accused of war crimes or crimes against humanity.</li>
<li>ICJ asked Pakistan not to execute Kulbhushan Jadhav till the final verdict in the case is not pronounced by it.</li>
<li>Justice Dalveer Bhandari is an Indian member of the International Court of Justice.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Criminal Court</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Criminal Court (ICC) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague in the Netherlands.</li>
<li>The ICC has the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.</li>
<li>The ICC began functioning on 1 July 2002, the date that the Rome Statute entered into force.</li>
<li>The Rome Statute is a multilateral treaty which serves as the ICC's foundational and governing document.</li>
<li>States which become party to the Rome Statute, for example by ratifying it, become member states of the ICC.</li>
<li>India is not a party to ICC.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Permanent Court of Arbitration</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is an intergovernmental organization located at The Hague in the Netherlands.</li>
<li>The PCA is not a court "in the traditional sense" but provides services of arbitral tribunal to resolve disputes that arise out of international agreements between member states, international organizations or private parties.</li>
<li>The cases span a range of legal issues involving territorial and maritime boundaries, sovereignty, human rights, international investment, and international and regional trade.</li>
<li>The organization is not a United Nations agency, but is an official United Nations Observer.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
</div>
<h3>Indian Ocean Conference</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s External Affairs Minister attended the third edition of Indian Ocean Conference on August 27 at Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam.</li>
<li>The theme of this year&rsquo;s conference is &lsquo;Building Regional Architectures&rsquo; and it saw participation from 43 countries.</li>
<li>Earlier, the conference was held in Singapore and Sri Lanka in 2016 and 2017 respectively.</li>
<li>Indian Ocean Conference is organized by India Foundation along with the partners from Singapore, Bangladesh and</li>
<li>Sri Lanka this is an initiative to bring the state leaders, diplomats and bureaucrats from across the region under one roof to strengthen the understanding among each other.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>India Foundation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India Foundation is an independent think tank based in Delhi, focused on the issues, challenges and opportunities of the Indian polity and foreign affairs.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-28-august-2018'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Catastrophe Bonds',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The recent floods in Kerala have set off a debate about the need for timely aid required to kickstart the relief process.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The damage from natural disasters can impose severe financial burden on governments.</li>
<li>Specially in developing countries, governments may have to<strong> divert state funds</strong>, including those earmarked for development projects, to disaster relief and rebuilding efforts. One way to <strong>bridge this financial gap</strong> is through the issuance of catastrophe bonds.</li>
<li>The idea that catastrophe risk could be securitised and that it could be dispersed among a wide number of investors was first mooted in <strong>1992 after hurricane &lsquo;Andrew&rsquo;</strong> caused massive damages in the United States.</li>
<li>The <strong>World Bank</strong> has also set up the<strong> Multicat Program in 2009</strong> to facilitate access of member countries and public entities to the catastrophe bond market. It also assists the country on its natural disaster risk management policy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What Is It?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Catastrophe bonds, also known as <strong>Cat bonds</strong>, allows the transfer of risks to bond investors.</li>
<li>For <strong>the issuer&mdash;typically governments, insurers, and reinsurers</strong>&mdash;cat bonds signify financial protection in case of a major natural catastrophe, such as a hurricane or an earthquake.</li>
<li>For <strong>the investor</strong>, buying the bonds means they may <strong>get high returns</strong> for their investment, which is not subject to financial market fluctuations.</li>
<li>In case a qualifying catastrophe or event occur the investors will lose the principal they invested and the issuer (often insurance or reinsurance companies) will receive that money to cover their losses.</li>
<li>Generally, insurance and reinsurance companies currently dominate the cat bonds market, but more and more sovereign cat bonds have been issued as governments seek ways to transfer risks amid increasing frequency of natural disasters.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How It Works</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cat bonds are also a type of <strong>insurance-linked securities</strong>.</li>
<li>A<strong> Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)</strong> is set up to facilitate the transaction.</li>
<li>The SPV invests the money from investors and pay interests to them.</li>
<li>At the end of the term, the SPV will return the investors&rsquo; money if a disaster does not happen.</li>
<li>However, a payout is made to the issuer upon the occurrence of a specified climate event.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It addresses the risk of loss and damage from climate change because it allows vulnerable countries to raise capital that can be disbursed quickly in the event of a catastrophe.</li>
<li>Cat bonds can also provide multi-year coverage to the issuing governments.</li>
<li>Reduces the stress on the balance sheets of governments at Centre and State.</li>
<li>
<p>They are a class of bonds that is not tied to economic performance parameters and therefore diversify the risks.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The investors are compensated by a rate of return which is higher than that of normal government or corporate bonds.</p>
</li>
<li>Since investors will always have an eagle eye on the preparedness of dealing with catastrophes, it encourages more investments into technology and also raises awareness among people for such events.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Disadvantages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They have <strong>high transaction costs,</strong> <strong>long structuring period, and strict terms</strong> and conditions compared with traditional risk financing, such as insurance.</li>
<li>In addition, they do not always meet countries&rsquo; needs, as governments may prefer longer term protection, while investors tend to prefer shorter term bonds.</li>
<li>Another obstacle is that cat bonds are usually available only to institutional investors, <strong>limiting their market reach.</strong></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/catastrophe-bonds'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (27 August 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>World Hindi Conference</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The</span><b> 11th World Hindi Conference </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">was recently organized in </span><b>Mauritius in 2018</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">, whose theme was</span><b><i> <g class="gr_ gr_214 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="214" data-gr-id="214">&ldquo;&ldquo;</g>Hindi World and Indian Culture&rdquo;.</i></b></li>
<li>The World Hindi Conference is organized with the purpose of expanding the reach of the Hindi language at a global level.</li>
<li>World Hindi Conference was started to make the Hindi language a medium of service and knowledge and enable it to move forward with the time.</li>
<li>Since then, Hindi has made remarkable progress and it has become one of the prominent languages of the world.</li>
<li>World Hindi conference is organized by <g class="gr_ gr_203 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="203" data-gr-id="203">Ministry</g> of External Affairs.</li>
<li>The concept of World Hindi Conference was mooted by the <b>Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti, Wardha in 1973.</b></li>
<li><b>First World Hindi Conference</b><span> held in </span><b>Nagpur, India 1975</b><span>.</span></li>
<li>The<b> 10th World Hindi Conference </b><span>was organized in </span><b>Bhopal, India in 2015</b><span>.</span></li>
<li>Apart from India and Mauritius, <g class="gr_ gr_167 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="167" data-gr-id="167">World</g> Hindi Conference has been organized in countries like Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, Suriname, South Africa and <g class="gr_ gr_169 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="169" data-gr-id="169">United</g> States of America.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Share Buyback</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Prominent companies such as Infosys, TCS <g class="gr_ gr_174 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="174" data-gr-id="174">and</g> L&amp;T having gone for a share buyback mechanism.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A share buyback is a mechanism through which a listed company buys back shares from the market. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A buyback can be done through:</span>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Open market purchases - the company buys back the shares from the secondary market.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tender offer route - shareholders can tender their shares during the buyback offer.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Historically, most companies had preferred the open market route.</li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">When a company has a significant cash reserve and feels that the shares are not fairly valued at the current market price, it goes for share buyback mechanism.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">For this mechanism, a special resolution needs to be passed at a general meeting and a company can use a maximum of 25% of the aggregate of its free reserves and paid-up capital for a buyback.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has recently revised the <g class="gr_ gr_154 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="154" data-gr-id="154">buy back</g> regulations that stipulate 15% reservation for retail shareholders in a buyback offer which gives retail investors a fair share in the offer.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Benefits </strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Since the bought back shares are extinguished, the earnings per share (EPS) rise by default. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Shareholders get an attractive exit option, especially when the shares are thinly traded as the buyback is usually done at a higher price than the prevailing market price.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is also more tax-efficient than dividends as a way to reward shareholders.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Shortcomings</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are time-bound limitations on further share issuances like preferential allotment or bonus issue post a buyback.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A company cannot do a second buyback offer within one year from the date of the closure of the last buyback.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3><g class="gr_ gr_219 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="219" data-gr-id="219">Revival</g> of Cheetah Reintroduction Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Madhya Pradesh forest department has written to the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) to revive the plan to reintroduce cheetahs in the State&rsquo;s Nauradehi sanctuary. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The proposal was to put the felines in the enclosure with huge boundary walls before being released in the wild.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also, around 20 cheetahs were to be translocated to Nauradehi from Namibia in Africa.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The project, conceived in 2009, had hit a roadblock because of lack of funds.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><b>Cheetah (<em>Acinonyx jubatus</em>)</b><b></b></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cheetah is found only in the arid regions of eastern Iran in Asia, and in Africa.</span></b><b><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is found in isolated populations in grasslands, shrublands and open forests across the continent, especially in the countries of Botswana, Namibia and South Africa.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is listed as &nbsp;Vulnerable in IUCN Red <g class="gr_ gr_153 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="153" data-gr-id="153">list</g>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is under Schedule I of Wildlife Protection <g class="gr_ gr_195 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="195" data-gr-id="195">Act ,</g>1972.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The country&rsquo;s last spotted feline died in Chhattisgarh in 1947. Later, the <g class="gr_ gr_217 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="217" data-gr-id="217">cheetah,</g> was declared extinct in India in 1952.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><em><b>Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary </b></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nauradehi sanctuary is located in Madhya Pradesh&rsquo;s Sagar district.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nauradehi was found to be the most suitable area for the cheetahs as its forests are not very dense to restrict the fast movement of the fastest land animal. <g class="gr_ gr_220 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="220" data-gr-id="220">And &nbsp;the</g> prey base for cheetahs is also in abundance at the sanctuary.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">This is the largest wildlife sanctuary of Madhya Pradesh in terms of area covered.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> It is located in the <g class="gr_ gr_190 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="190" data-gr-id="190">centre</g> of the state covering parts of Sagar, Damoh, Narsinghpur, and Raisin Districts. &nbsp;</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The protected area sits astride two major river basins of India, namely the Narmada and Ganges.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Three-fourths of the wildlife sanctuary falls in the basin of Ganges tributary, the Yamuna River, and <g class="gr_ gr_158 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="158" data-gr-id="158">one fourth</g> of the sanctuary falls in the Narmada basin.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><em><b>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</b></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">NTCA, a statutory body under the Union Environment &nbsp;Forests and Climate Change <g class="gr_ gr_210 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="210" data-gr-id="210">Ministry .</g></span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It was established in <g class="gr_ gr_178 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="178" data-gr-id="178">December,</g> 2005 following the recommendations of Tiger Task Force.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It was constituted under enabling provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, <g class="gr_ gr_172 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="172" data-gr-id="172">and &nbsp;amended</g> in 2006, for strengthening tiger conservation, as per powers and functions assigned to <g class="gr_ gr_173 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="173" data-gr-id="173">it .</g></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Bombay Natural History Society Opens its First Regional Centre</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><b>BNHS </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">will open its first regional <g class="gr_ gr_188 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="188" data-gr-id="188">centre</g> at </span><b>Wetland Research and Training Centre of Chilka Development Authority (CDA) near Chilka Lake, Odisha.</b></li>
<li>The <g class="gr_ gr_181 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="181" data-gr-id="181">centre</g> will help document species-wise population of birds at major congregation sites in the lake.</li>
<li>The regional unit of BNHS will impart training to CDA and wildlife staff along with volunteers on bird migration and <g class="gr_ gr_152 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="152" data-gr-id="152">water bird</g> counting techniques.</li>
<li>The <g class="gr_ gr_176 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="176" data-gr-id="176">centre</g> will carry out research on <g class="gr_ gr_175 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="175" data-gr-id="175">avian</g> disease by collecting samples and will monitor the Nalabana Bird Sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><b>Bombay Natural History Society</b></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Established in 1883.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Based in Mumbai.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">BNHS is a pioneer non-government <g class="gr_ gr_168 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="168" data-gr-id="168">organisation</g> working on conservation based on scientific research throughout the country.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Chilika Lake</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chilika is Asia's largest and world's second largest lagoon </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It lies on the east coast of India in the state of Odisha, separated from the mighty Bay of Bengal by a small strip of sand.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It spreads over Puri, Khurda <g class="gr_ gr_155 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="155" data-gr-id="155">and</g> Ganjam districts of Odisha on the east coast of India, at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an area of over 1,100 square <g class="gr_ gr_150 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="150" data-gr-id="150">kilometeres</g>.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian sub-continent and is home to a number of threatened species of plants and animals.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In 1981, Chilika Lake <g class="gr_ gr_196 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="196" data-gr-id="196">was designated</g> the first Indian wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><g class="gr_ gr_222 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="222" data-gr-id="222">Major</g> attraction at Chilika is <g class="gr_ gr_151 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="151" data-gr-id="151">Irrawady</g> dolphins which are often spotted off Satpada Island. Satpada, bounded by the lagoon on three sides, </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The large Nalabana Island (Forest of Reeds) covering about 16 sq km in the lagoon area was declared a bird sanctuary in 1987. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Kalijai Temple - Located on an island in the Chilika Lake.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Shanghai Cooperation Organization Peace Mission 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Indian Army recently participated in Exercise Shanghai Cooperation Organization Peace Mission 2018 in Chebarkul, Russia.</span></li>
<li>The SCO Peace Mission Exercise is one of the major defense cooperation initiatives amongst SCO nations.</li>
<li>The focus of <g class="gr_ gr_159 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="159" data-gr-id="159">exercise</g> was to provide <g class="gr_ gr_160 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="160" data-gr-id="160">opportunity</g> to the armed forces of SCO nations to train in <b><g class="gr_ gr_149 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="149" data-gr-id="149">counter terrorism</g> operations in <g class="gr_ gr_161 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="161" data-gr-id="161">urban</g> scenario</b><span> in a multinational and joint environment.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>The scope of the exercise includes professional interaction, mutual understanding of drills &amp; procedures, <g class="gr_ gr_201 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="201" data-gr-id="201">establishment</g> of joint command and control structures and <g class="gr_ gr_204 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="204" data-gr-id="204">elimination</g> of terrorist threat in <g class="gr_ gr_202 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="202" data-gr-id="202">urban</g> <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="148" data-gr-id="148">counter terrorist</g> scenario.</li>
<li>For the first time, India and Pakistan armies participated in a joint anti-terror exercise.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><b>Shanghai Cooperation Organization</b></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">SCO is an intergovernmental organization founded in 2001. Currently, it has 8 members.</span></li>
<li>Headquarters of SCO: Beijing, China.</li>
<li>SCO has its origin in <b>Shanghai Five Grouping</b><span> founded on 26 April 1996 consisting of China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.</span></li>
<li>In 2001, Uzbekistan joined Shanghai Five and it was rechristened as Shanghai Cooperation Organization. In 2017, India and Pakistan joined SCO as <g class="gr_ gr_208 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="208" data-gr-id="208">full time</g> members.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-27-august-2018'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Our Understanding of the Dynamics of Risks of Disasters is Still Far from Comprehensive',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p>(<em>This editorial appears in the Hindustan Times, for 25-08-2018, and it explains how the problem of floods in India is taking a turn for the worse, and also the reasons why we are unable to tackle the same.)</em></p>
<p>The floods in Kerala has brought out the threat of non-recurring and sudden flooding into the open. The devastation to human life and property, to environment and infrastructure, has been massive. Besides the usual, there are certain other perspectives and issues surrounding the problem of flooding that needs to be known and addressed.</p>
<p>The first part of the editorial identifies three changing trends with regards to flood in India:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Though floods are the &lsquo;most common and recurrent natural disaster&rsquo; in India, its frequency and intensity of occurrence have increased in the recent years. Floods are now occurring regularly in states where it used to occur once every ten years or more.</li>
<li>Earlier, floods in India were restricted to areas like the Brahmaputra-Barak Valley, the Indo-Gangetic plains and the deltaic regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala - which are riverine areas. Now, floods are occurring in small river valleys and even in hills, plateaus, and deserts.</li>
<li>The phenomenon of urban floods is also increasing. Earlier, flooding was restricted to urban areas found on coasts or river banks, whereas now, even inland cities such as Bangalore and Jaipur get flooded.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Factors Responsible for this State-of-Affairs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Change in rainfall pattern</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The distribution pattern of rainfall is changing even though the average seasonal rainfall has not changed much. (This Wikimedia map gives a fair idea of rainfall distribution in India)<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/476680px-India_annual_rainfall_map_en.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></li>
<li>This change in rainfall distribution is causing local climates to alter unpredictably between dry and rainy days, and in creating &lsquo;intense downpours&rsquo; within short periods of time (even in areas that traditionally do not receive intense rainfall).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Failure of flood protection networks, and of dams and drainage systems</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the dams and other such water-controlling infrastructure in India had been designed and constructed keeping in view the older climate patterns, including the older rainfall and flooding patterns. This climate data is obviously outdated.</li>
<li>Moreover, the resilience of such infrastructure has been compromised due to poor maintenance. Even the newly built infrastructure more than often do not meet global standards of resilience. The profit-driven, short-sighted infrastructure development policy has also led to <g class="gr_ gr_66 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="66" data-gr-id="66">decline</g> in disaster (especially of the flood) preventing ecosystems found in nature like forests, small tributaries, marshlands, lakes etc. This phenomenon also affects groundwater recharge and degrades the general environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The disaster management system in India is not working</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even though the Disaster Management Act 2005 and the National Policy on Disaster Management 2009 prescribe &lsquo;integrating disaster risk reduction (i.e. mitigation) in the process of development across all sectors and at all levels&rsquo;, such a thing is yet to happen. The understanding of the dynamics of risks of disasters is far from comprehensive.</li>
<li>For example, the multi-hazard early warning systems (EWS) does not work for floods. Even though rainfall can be predicted very accurately, there is no early warning system yet, for evacuating people from areas that are about to be flooded. This warning system works for cyclones only.</li>
<li>The focus of disaster management in India is still about these three things: response, relief, and rehabilitation. It avoids the globally accepted additional parameters of disaster management like risk assessment, risk prevention and mitigation, and disaster preparedness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>We need to shift our focus from disaster response to disaster prevention. Mitigation is always preferable to relief and with proper mitigation, there is a lesser need for relief.</li>
<li>We must also set up the national, state and district level mitigation funds as mandated by law, instead of spending most of the money (more than 90% of the disaster management funds with States) on relief.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/our-understanding-of-the-dynamics-of-risks-of-disasters-is-still-far-from-comprehensive'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'OECD’S Forecast for Global Economy in 2060',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) recently released a research analysis-&nbsp;<strong>The Long View: Scenarios for the World Economy to 2060.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>World real GDP growth will decline from 3.5% in 2018 to 2% in 2060.</li>
<li>By 2060, India, China, and Indonesia combined will represent almost half of the world&rsquo;s economic output.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Findings of Research</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>World growth slows and weight of emerging economies rises
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By 2060, the global real GDP growth rate will decrease. The share of Emerging market in Global GDP will increase.</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s share of world output will be at its peak during the 2030s at about 27% and will decline thereafter, while India&rsquo;s share in Global GDP will keep increasing.</li>
<li>By the mid-2030s, India&rsquo;s contribution to global GDP will be the largest and will surpass that of China.</li>
<li>Causes for the decline in global GDP: Decline in working age population due to population <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="89" data-gr-id="89">ageing</g> will decrease employment rate as older people are less likely to be employed than middle-aged people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prospects for Emerging Market Economies&nbsp;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The world&rsquo;s economic center of gravity continues to shift towards Asia
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The center of gravity of world economic activity will move from North America and Europe towards Asia.</li>
<li>Therefore, countries that are geographically closer to large markets like India and China will become less economically remote and will benefit from easier access to their markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Living standards continue to improve
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Living standards in all countries will continue to improve with rising GDP and will gradually move towards that of developed countries.</li>
<li>But living standard in BRICS and low-income countries will remain below and almost half to that of the USA in 2060.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Institutional reforms would speed the convergence of emerging market economies
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The BRICS countries have scope for improvement in the quality of governance and level of educational attainment.</li>
<li>If BRICS improve quality of institutions and raise educational attainment, then living standard in BRICS will be 30% to 50% higher in 2060 than now.</li>
<li>Institutions are important because they can create positive incentives for business investment, technology adoption, and human capital accumulation.</li>
<li>Institutions may encourage people to work towards the growth-enhancing environment, or they may lead to corruption and personal gain at the expense of the rest of society.</li>
<li>Education will enhance the knowledge and skills in individuals and also will encourage:
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>participation in groups.</li>
<li>opens doors to job opportunities.</li>
<li>makes individuals better aware of their rights.</li>
<li>improves health.</li>
<li>reduces poverty.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The OECD is an intergovernmental economic <g class="gr_ gr_102 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="102" data-gr-id="102">organisation</g>, founded to stimulate economic progress and world trade.<br />Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.</li>
<li>Founded: 1961.</li>
<li>Headquarters: Paris, France.</li>
<li>Total Members: 36.</li>
<li>India is not a member, but a key economic partner.</li>
<li>Reports and Indices by OECD
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Government at a Glance 2017 report.</li>
<li>International Migration Outlook.</li>
<li>OECD Better Life Index.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Emerging Market Economy: An emerging market economy is a nation's economy that is progressing toward becoming an advanced economy.</li>
<li>BRICS is an international grouping consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China <g class="gr_ gr_74 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="74" data-gr-id="74">and</g> South Africa.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Should Article 35A be scrapped?',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p><em>The &lsquo;Yes, No, It&rsquo;s complicated&rsquo; column of The Hindu for 24th August, 2018, looks upon the Article 35 A, its constitutionality and analyzes its impact on the State of Jammu and Kashmir.</em></p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Article was introduced through a <strong>Presidential Order, of 1954,</strong> which gives the Jammu and Kashmir State Legislature a complete autonomy to decide who the &lsquo;permanent residents&rsquo; of the State are. It (despite its power, this article) is reflected only in an Appendix of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Under the Article, the J&amp;K State Legislature can enact any legislation on the issues of permanent residence, or special privileges and rights, or imposition of restrictions, or employment, acquisition of immovable property and settlement in the State, or aid from the State government. One of the preconditions of the enactment of the law was that it would not be considered to violate the fundamental rights of the citizens of the Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>The Presidential Order was issued under <strong>Article 370(1)(d),</strong> which allows the President to make certain exceptions and modifications to the Constitution of India for the sole benefit of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications of the Presidential Order</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Instrument of Accession</strong> signed by Maharaja Hari Singh in 1947 which brought the State into the Union of India gave India control only over the State&rsquo;s <strong>defence, foreign policy and communications.</strong> On all other matters, the State government retained powers.</li>
<li>However, through the Presidential order, of 1954, India&rsquo;s control over the state was expanded by integrating the State&rsquo;s finances with India and the fundamental rights and directive principles were also extended to the citizens of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>The Order also extended the Supreme Court&rsquo;s jurisdiction over certain aspects of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues around the Article</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Article&rsquo;s addition to the Constitution under <strong>Article 370 (</strong>which allows the President to make certain exceptions and modifications to the Constitution for the benefit of Jammu and Kashmir) is in contradiction to the <strong>Article 368</strong> (procedure for constitutional amendments), which empowers only the Parliament to amend the Constitution. Also, its introduction through the Presidential order shows the lack of a comprehensive Parliamentary contemplation.</li>
<li>The &lsquo;classification&rsquo; of citizens created by the Article has been considered to be violative of the Fundamental Rights conferred on the citizens especially the Right to equality (Article 14). It has been considered to be discriminatory against the women with regards to property rights.</li>
<li>The Article does not consider the non-permanent residents of the state eligible for State government employment and also debars them from contesting elections.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion: Article 35A is a recognition of the conditional accession of J&amp;K into India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Article is a small part of a larger process of the State&rsquo;s integration into India. The State&rsquo;s limited accession to India makes its legislations regulating land, rights over land and settlement in State different from the similar legislations in the other parts of the country like Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand (where buying and selling of land to outsiders is not permitted by law). When the two fundamental rights - the freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory and the freedom to practice any profession, trade and business gets violated in other states, they cannot be challenged in the case of Jammu and Kashmir, which in a way is a &lsquo;quasi-sovereign&rsquo; state.</li>
<li>All the issues revolving around the unconstitutionality of the legislation has to be decided according to laws and the Constitution of the State.</li>
<li>Even the decision to scrape it off should take into account the expression of the will of the people, through a political process which includes the people of Jammu and Kashmir in the discussion.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/should-article-35a-be-scrapped'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (24 August 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>National Statistical Commission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the National Statistical Commission (NSC) has sought public comments on a report which showed that the economy grew at fastest pace in 2006-07. The back series data on GDP report was prepared by the Committee on Real Sector Statistics.</li>
<li>The NSC was set up by the Government of India through a resolution with effect from 12th July 2006 on the recommendations of the Rangarajan Commission, which reviewed the Indian Statistical System in 2001.</li>
<li>Its mandate is to evolve policies, priorities <g class="gr_ gr_46 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="46" data-gr-id="46">and</g> standards in statistical matters. It is also mandated to constitute professional committees to assist it on various technical issues.</li>
<li>Therefore, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) constituted the following five professional Committees on the recommendation of NSC in 2016:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Committee on Real Sector Statistics</li>
<li>Committee on Financial Sector Statistics</li>
<li>Committee on Fiscal Statistics</li>
<li>Committee on Online Reporting System</li>
<li>Committee on Analytics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The NSC has four Members besides a Chairperson, each having specialization and experience in specified statistical fields.</li>
<li>The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the NITI Aayog is an ex-officio member of the NSC.</li>
<li>The Chief Statistician of India (CSI) is the Secretary to the Commission. He has a dual role, as he also discharges the functions of the Secretary to the Government of India in the</li>
<li>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bondi Bond</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Blockchain Operated New Debt Instrument (Bondi) Bond is the world&rsquo;s first public bond created and managed using only blockchains by the World Bank. It is named with reference to Australia&rsquo;s most famous beach (Bondi beach).</li>
<li>The prototype deal is being viewed as an initial step in moving bond sales away from manual processes towards faster and cheaper automation.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Blockchain Technology?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The blockchain is the backbone technology on which bitcoins run.</li>
<li>It acts like a digital public ledger that records every transaction. Once a transaction is entered in the blockchain, it cannot be erased or modified.</li>
<li>Blockchain removes the need for using a trusted third party such as a bank to make a transaction by directly connecting the customers and suppliers.</li>
<li>While the origin of the technology is not clear, it is widely believed that a person or group of people by the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, who invented bitcoins, released the technology to support cryptocurrency.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-24-august-2018'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Aeolus Wind Satellite',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently the European Space Agency&rsquo;s (ESA) launched its&nbsp;<strong>Aeolus satellite</strong>&nbsp;into the&nbsp;<strong>polar orbit</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is named after Aeolus, who in Greek mythology was appointed <strong>&lsquo;keeper of the winds&rsquo;</strong> by the Gods.</li>
<li>This mission is the<strong> fifth</strong> in the family of ESA&rsquo;s Earth Explorers. It will also improve weather forecasting.</li>
<li>Aeolus will use laser technology to measure winds around the globe and play a key role to better understand the workings of our atmosphere.<strong></strong></li>
<li>Aeolus carries one of the most sophisticated instrument, named&nbsp;<strong>Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (Aladin)</strong> which will blast the surface with a 10-megawatt ultraviolet laser 50 times per second, tracking the minute changes evident in the reflected beam caused by air molecules and other matter in the atmosphere&nbsp;&ndash; a completely new approach to measuring the wind from space.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Applications</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although weather forecasts have advanced considerably in recent years, Aeolus will provide global wind profiles to <strong>improve the accuracy</strong> even further.</li>
<li>The lack of direct global wind measurements was one of the major deficits in the Global Observing System. By filling this gap, Aeolus will give scientists the information they need to understand how <strong>wind, pressure, temperature and humidity are interlinked.</strong></li>
<li>In addition, its data will be used in <strong>air-quality models</strong> to improve<strong> forecasts of dust</strong> and other airborne particles that affect <strong>public health.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Types of Orbits</strong></p>
<p>In general, there are two types of orbits:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Polar Synchronous</li>
<li>Geosynchronous<strong><br /></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Polar Orbit</strong><strong></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A polar orbit travels <strong>north-south over the poles</strong> and takes approximately <strong>90 minutes</strong> for a full rotation.</li>
<li>These orbits have an <strong>inclination near 90 degrees</strong>. This allows the satellite to see virtually every part of the Earth as the Earth rotates underneath it.</li>
<li>These satellites have many uses such as&nbsp; <strong>monitoring crops, global security, measuring ozone concentrations in the stratosphere or measuring temperatures in the atmosphere.</strong></li>
<li>Almost all the satellites that are in a polar orbit are at <strong>lower altitudes</strong>.</li>
<li>An orbit is called sun-synchronous when the <strong>angle</strong> between the <strong>line joining the centre of the Earth</strong> and the <strong>satellite</strong> and <strong>the Sun</strong> is <strong>constant throughout the orbit.</strong></li>
<li>These orbits are also referred to as<strong> &ldquo;Low Earth Orbit (LEO)&rdquo;</strong> which enables the on-board camera to take images of the earth under the <strong>same sun-illumination conditions</strong> during each of the repeated visits, thus making the satellite useful for <strong>earth resources monitoring</strong>.</li>
<li>It passes over any given point on Earth&rsquo;s surface at the <strong>same local solar time</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Geosynchronous Orbit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Geosynchronous satellites are&nbsp;launched into orbit in the same direction the Earth is spinning and can have any inclination.</li>
<li>When the satellite is in orbit at a specific altitude (approximately <strong>36,000km above</strong> the Earth's surface), it will exactly match the rotation of the Earth.</li>
<li>While, <strong>Geostationary orbits</strong> fall in the same category as geosynchronous orbits, but with that <strong>one special quality of being parked over the equator.</strong></li>
<li>In the case of geostationary satellites, the Earth&rsquo;s force of gravity is exactly enough to provide acceleration required for circular motion.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aeolus-wind-satellite'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'New Industrial Policy, 2018',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Government of India will be introducing a New Industrial Policy that<span style="font-weight: 400;"></span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> will replace the 27-year-old existing policy</span> <span style="font-weight: 400;">and pave the way for the promotion of new technology and reduced regulations.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The policy aims to create jobs over the next two decades, promote foreign technology transfer and attract $100 billion FDI annually.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>Why the need for a new industrial policy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is time to shift from a policy of continuity to radical and accelerated reforms for greater strategic engagement with the world, i.e., it is time to Reform, Perform and Transform. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">A comprehensive, actionable, outcome-oriented industrial policy will enable Industry to deliver a larger role in the economy; to fulfil its role as the engine of growth and to shoulder the responsibility of adding more value and jobs.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>Constraints to Industrial Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><b>Inadequate infrastructure:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Rapid growth of the economy has put further stress on infrastructure. Lack of quality industrial infrastructure has resulted in high logistics cost and has in turn affected cost competitiveness of Indian goods in global markets.</span></li>
<li><b>Restrictive labour laws:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> The labour laws have been overly protective of the labour force in the formal sector. Though labour protection and security are required, the flipside is that it discourages employers from hiring workers on a regular basis. It has probably also led to entrepreneurs choosing to stay away from labour-intensive sectors.</span></li>
<li><b>Complicated business environment:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Complex and time taking business processes and clearances have been a disincentive for businesses. </span></li>
<li><b>Slow technology adoption:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Indian industry has been a slow adopter of new and advanced technologies. Inefficient technologies led to low productivity and higher costs adding to the disadvantage of Indian products in international markets.</span></li>
<li><b>Low productivity:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Workers in India are overwhelmingly employed in low productivity and low wage activities. Productivity as measured by value added per worker and average wages in manufacturing in India are only one-third of that in China. </span></li>
<li><b>Challenges for trade:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Manufacturing sector especially exporters are facing challenges of stagnant/shrinking global demand and rising protectionist tendencies around the world. Indian MSME sector is particularly facing tough competition from cheap imports from China and FTA countries.</span></li>
<li><b>Inadequate expenditure on R&amp;D and Innovation:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Investments in these areas is essential to ensure growth in the industry. Public investments have been constrained and private investment is not forthcoming as these involve long gestation periods and uncertain returns.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Earlier Industrial Policies of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><b>Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> set the stage for state-owned and government-run enterprises, as well as establishing a private sector that was regulated by a &ldquo;system of licences.' It did so by dividing India&rsquo;s industries into three categories: </span>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Industries in which the government was going to be the primary actor and the exclusive actor, thereby setting a state monopoly in defence production, iron and steel production, electricity production and distribution, and mining.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Industries where the state would be the primary actor in creating enterprises, but there was no state monopoly, and private actors could &ldquo;supplement the effort of the state.&rdquo; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Industries that would be open to private enterprise, but had to obtain a license from the government for standard business practices such as opening a new firm, or expanding production.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1991, when India faced a severe economic crisis, the government passed a new Industrial Policy resolution. The <b>Industrial policy of 1991</b><span> set out directions for industrialisation in an economy that began its journey in liberalisation. It dealt with liberalising licensing and measures to encourage foreign investments. A policy for public sector enterprises and the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act were introduced.</span></li>
<li>The Government decided to take a series of initiatives in key areas: (a) Industrial Licensing (b) Foreign Investment (c) Foreign Technology Agreements (d) Public Sector Policy (e) MRTP Act</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-industrial-policy-2018'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Panel for Roll Out of 5G Services by 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The nine-member Steering Committee, headed by Stanford University Professor AJ Paulraj, submitted the report,<strong> Making India 5G Ready</strong>, to the telecom secretary.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Committee suggested that Government should announce its 5G policy by December 31, 2018 and 5G services should be made operational in country by 2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Recommendations of Committee</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Spectrum Policy
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s spectrum allocation should be enhanced significantly on various frontiers to realize digital infrastructure as a core utility under Digital India.</li>
<li>The cost of spectrum relative to per-capita GDP is high and it is important that India builds a more favourable spectrum policy in the 5G era.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Regulatory policy
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Regulatory policy support for deployment of mobile networks is critical for its success due to its close linkages with the physical, financial and security infrastructure of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Education and Awareness Promotion Program
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given the economic potential of 5G. It is important to promote awareness of 5G and advance the related skills development within the country.</li>
<li>The Committee recommended three initiatives - Attract global 5G conference events to India, set up national 5G events and create a comprehensive skills development program.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Applications and Use Case Labs
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Deeper and faster deployment of 5g in India can greatly benefit from the setting up of Applications and Use Case Labs.</li>
<li>These labs will provide multiple functions &ndash; interoperability testing for new applications, fostering innovation in 5G use cases, and promote entrepreneurship to develop locally tailored solutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Development of Information Technology Standards
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the advent of 5G and its rich applications potential, many fresh requirements will arise.</li>
<li>India is in its initial years of engagement in the global standards ecosystem. 5G offers a new opportunity to engage in the standards process. The Committee recommends both short term and longer term initiatives to develop a ten year strategy for Information Technology Standards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Participation in International Standards
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Committee recommended short term initiatives like setting up &lsquo;Standards Project Teams&rsquo; with funding enabling consistent participation to participate in standards activities.</li>
<li>For the longer term, the Committee recommended that an expert committee be constituted to recommend a ten year strategy for Information Technology Standards in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Technology Demonstration and Major Trials
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Committee recommended that the major global Original Equipment Manufacturers should be invited to conduct major 5G trials in India in collaboration with local partners.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Positive Impact of 5G on Indian Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>5G services would have a cumulative economic impact of over $1 trillion by 2035.</li>
<li>By early deployment of 5G services, India can accelerate the dividends and can also become an innovator.</li>
<li>As per the OECD Committee on Digital Economic Policy, 5G technologies will help in:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increasing GDP</li>
<li>Creating Employment</li>
<li>Digitizing the economy</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is 5G?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 5G standards envisage various types of wireless services -
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>High speed links with peak rates of 2 to 20 Gbps,</li>
<li>Low speed links but with high connection density (one million per Sq. Km.) for sensing and actuating devices (IoT),</li>
<li>Low latency (the response time after tapping the screen or pressing a key)</li>
<li>High connection reliability (link outage of 0.99999).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Time and Stress Management for Civil Services Aspirants',
			'catname' => 'Mains Strategy',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Time and stress are interrelated and interconnected.</strong> Mismanagement of time usually leads to stress while stress may cause in turn even more time mismanagement. It becomes a vicious cycle where one begets the other. It is not easy to break this cycle without first getting clear about one&rsquo;s goals. Moreover, time and stress management is a long term process and so care must be taken to identify the root causes and not just address the outward symptoms.</p>
<p>The Civil Services Examination (CSE) is known to induce considerable stress on aspirants and this stress may even hamper their chances of getting through all the stages of the examination. The focus of this strategy is specifically on time and stress issues that come up during CSE preparation, even though some of the tips and tricks can be used generally as well.</p>
<p><em>To manage stress and for a proper management of time, first we need to identify the various sources of stress and the various reasons for time mismanagement.</em></p>
<h3>Sources of Stress</h3>
<p>The first and primary source of stress is in deciphering the CSE syllabus. Most aspirants find themselves lost in the vastness of the syllabus. They are simply confused whether or not they will be able to cover the entire syllabus within the available time. In this confusion even starting the preparation becomes a hard task. Thus, lack of clarity regarding the syllabus, its open ended nature on some topics, are the primary sources of stress when preparing for the CSE. Also, aspirants often find it difficult to evaluate whether or not they are covering the important topics from the right sources. Therefore, having to make choices with respect to <strong>reading materials</strong> is another source of stress. There are multiple books on the same topic, a great number of websites and many different magazines catering to the same themes which causes confusion and information overload for the aspirant. Knowing what to prepare and from where is very important and we have already given you a strategy on what sources to consult for the CSE Prelims and Mains.</p>
<p>Other sources of stress in the CSE are the <strong>long cycle of the examination &ndash;</strong> <em>you have to start afresh if you fail to clear any of the stages</em> <em>&ndash;</em> and the pressures of <strong>competition</strong>. The CSE is a long drawn process and even if a candidate clears all the stages at one go, it takes close to a year for the process to complete. God forbid if one falters at any of the stages of the exam, one should utilize the time available for making the next attempt the best one. <em>You have to take it positively and keep working on your preparation.</em> For overcoming the pressures of competition you have to keep in mind that CSE is after all a competitive examination and as such competition is natural. It is not the competition that should matter but only the preparation that you do for it. If you prepare well there is no reason why you would not be able to clear the CSE with a good rank.</p>
<h3>Reasons for Time Mismanagement</h3>
<p>Wanting to cover the syllabus fully is the primary reason for most time mismanagement. Many aspirants set out for a <strong>complete coverage of the syllabus </strong>only to realise later that many topics are simply too vast or that very few questions, if any, are being asked from some topics. In this effort a lot of time is simply wasted because those topics needed to be covered differently and the time saved on its coverage should have been used profitably in covering other areas of the syllabus. Not knowing how to divide time according to the priority and relevance of the syllabus is the reason for time mismanagement and since the syllabus is vast and sometimes open ended it requires a smart coverage with a <strong>selective minimum number of sources</strong>.</p>
<h3>Starting with Time and Stress Management</h3>
<p>Since both time and stress are correlated we must address these simultaneously. It will be easy to remove these from your CSE preparation once you understand and accept a few truths regarding the CSE syllabus.</p>
<p>First, the <strong>dynamic nature of the syllabus</strong> must be acknowledged. Topics in the syllabus cannot be studied in isolation, there has to be a connection with real world developments. Strictly speaking, this means that almost every topic in the syllabus is connected to current affairs. Thus, there can be only two types of questions in general - one that checks conceptual clarity or memory for important concepts, dates, events etc and one that checks the aspirant&rsquo;s awareness of the world around him. In CSE terminology we can say that Current Affairs should be your guide when covering various topics of the syllabus.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Guide to Studying Smart</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Identify core areas for the CSE &ndash;</strong> the core areas of the CSE syllabus can be segregated in an order of importance as follows - Current Affairs, Polity, Economy <em>(focus more on current developments)</em>, Modern Indian History, Geography <em>(especially map based; places and locations)</em> and Science and Technology <em>(focus on current developments)</em>. Once the core areas are covered, you can move on to peripheral areas like Ancient Indian History.</li>
<li><strong>Segregate the syllabus &ndash;</strong> the entire syllabus can be segregated into three parts. Parts that you already know well, parts that you have some idea about and lastly parts that you have very less or almost no idea about. Once that is done, we suggest that you only revise or brush up those parts of the syllabus that you already know very well. For parts that you have some idea about, try to get more clarity from reliable sources and for the parts that you have no idea about devote the maximum time and effort, provided that they are relevant topics and belong to the core areas of the CSE syllabus.</li>
<li><strong>Prepare a simple plan for covering the core areas of the syllabus first.</strong> After that, keep clearing new concepts, especially the basic concepts, as soon as you encounter them while preparing Current Affairs or any other subject. Also, while preparing CA keep revisiting concepts you have already come across by drawing backward and cross linkages. For example, if you find a new term &lsquo;bad bank&rsquo; in the newspaper, look it up immediately. Later on, when you are preparing economy revisit the concept of a bad bank while connecting the concept with the problem of NPAs in the banking sector.</li>
<li><strong>Make flexible routines &ndash;</strong>&nbsp;the routine that you devise should be flexible and should be realistic enough for you to be able to follow it with heart. Keep in mind that it is better to study 5-7 hours with concentration, regularly, than to study 10-12 hours for a few days and then burning out. Remember that it is a marathon and not a sprint. You have to keep running and as such self-pacing is very important.</li>
<li><strong>Devise and make use of acronyms and mnemonics.</strong> For example, remembering Vijayanagar Empire&rsquo;s dynasties becomes easier with the acronym SSTA - Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Aravidu.</li>
<li><strong>Keep evaluating yourself from time to time so that you stay on course.</strong> Join a test series, solve CSE previous year&rsquo;s question papers or go for a peer evaluation with your friends.</li>
<li><strong>Get involved in the preparation process.</strong> Studying for the CSE is not a one-day affair, rather it is a long drawn process of at least 1 year from Prelims to Personality Test. It is advised that you treat the preparation as a process and not as an year end examination and get involved with it full time.</li>
<li><strong>Remember to take breaks while studying.</strong> You should drive out monotony by taking breaks and by studying different subjects in one session. Sitting with one subject for 5-7 hours is not advisable, instead study 2-3 subjects within that time to keep the study session interesting and challenging.</li>
<li><strong>Selected minimum number of books, multiple readings of the same book,</strong> is the mantra for success in CSE. Reading the same thing from multiple sources would only lead to confusion and a mismanagement of time, causing stress. Best advice here is to read from the same book, provided it is a standard text book, as many times as required to understand concepts properly.</li>
<li><strong>Revise, revise and revise &ndash;</strong> <em>revision is key</em> <em>to the CSE preparation</em>. Moreover, if you don&rsquo;t revise you may find it hard to recall topics that you have already studied earlier which could hamper your efforts at covering newer topics with ease.</li>
<li><em>Lastly </em>and most importantly, <strong>improvise and customize your preparation plan as per your own strengths and weaknesses.</strong> For example, if you are a science graduate you should ideally focus more on the humanities subjects, or if you like to study in the morning (or late in the night), you should plan accordingly; it is advisable that since all the CSE exam timings are during the daytime you should get accustomed to studying and performing during the daytime as well.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><em>Second,</em> a <strong>smart method of study </strong>must be devised to cover the syllabus. The traditional &lsquo;brute force&rsquo; method for covering the entire syllabus should be replaced with a smarter method that takes into account the dynamic and evolving nature of the CSE question paper. This translates into two very important points - one, the CSE can be cleared with minimum selective books or reading materials and two, knowing and narrowing down what to study is more important than a wholesale coverage of the syllabus. A smart method of study also optimizes time among other things. Please refer to the box titled <strong>Guide to Studying Smart </strong>for more information.</p>
<h3>Reasonable methods for managing time</h3>
<p>The good thing with time is that it can be managed. In CSE preparation, time management requires three steps &ndash; <em>the setting of goals, the devising of plans to reach these goals and the scheduling of day-to-day activities</em>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong> Goal Setting &ndash;</strong> For your CSE preparation you have to set timebound goals. These have to be specific goals, as in your goals for the day, for the month and even for the entire CSE year. It is important that when you set your goals you do so carefully and realistically. Unrealistic goals like trying to cover the entire Polity syllabus in a month will do more harm than good. Also keep in mind that once a goal is set you should not back out of it until you have reached the goal. If the goal, for instance, is to complete a mock test then do complete it at any cost even if it takes 2-3 sittings to complete. Habit formation, after all, takes time and effort.</li>
<li><strong>Planning &ndash;</strong> The famous quote by Antoine de Saint &lsquo;a goal without a plan is just a wish&rsquo; best describes the essentiality of planning in achieving goals. To plan correctly an aspirant should take into account the entire CSE year into perspective. For instance, assuming that the ultimate goal of any aspirant is to clear the CSE, it would be difficult for him to plan for it at one go. Instead, he would have to plan it in stages - <em>planning for each stage differently </em>- Prelims, Mains and the Personality Test each requiring a different strategy. Unless an aspirant is clearly focussed on what each stage demands or requires he would not be confident of his chances at clearing that particular stage.</li>
<li><strong>Daily Scheduling &ndash;</strong> <em>&lsquo;Either you run the day or the day runs you&rsquo; (Jim Rohn)</em> should be the guiding mantra when practising daily scheduling. Daily scheduling is the art of dividing a day&rsquo;s worth of time into segments prioritised according to needs. It is highly recommended that an aspirant practices the habit of daily scheduling at least for a few weeks if not always. Doing so will help decipher the mystery that we all are familiar with - <em>where did the 24 hours go</em>? A lot of time per day is lost to trivial things and these add up to significant amounts of time in a month. Not necessarily this is time wasted but if we are to achieve our goals then we must sacrifice some of the trivial things that we like to do. In the next section <strong>Tips and Tricks for Saving Time and Fighting Stress </strong>there is a further discussion on this subject.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tips and Tricks for Time and Stress Management</h3>
<p>To practice time management and to reduce stress during CSE preparation we can follow some simple yet effective tips. In the list below we have put together some of the most simple, obvious and necessary tips that can help in both saving time and managing stress.</p>
<p><span style="color: #993366;"><strong>Step 1:</strong></span> <em>24 hours is available to us all, equally &ndash; make good use of it</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>You should make best use of the 24 hours you get in a day; often the difference between clearing and not clearing the CSE is determined by how one utilizes the time made available to him.<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/796Strategy infograph 23-8-18.png" style="float: right;" width="312" height="450" /></li>
<li>A regular, disciplined and smart study of 5-7 hours everyday <em>(for a year if it is your first attempt)</em> is guaranteed to make a huge difference in your CSE performance.</li>
<li>There will always be interruptions &ndash; sometimes it will be forced upon you, sometimes you will interrupt yourself - what matters is how soon you can get back on track. It is ideal if you can isolate yourself from any interruptions (like a relative&rsquo;s visit) but if you can&rsquo;t you should try and make up for the lost hours as best as you can. This is the simplest way to avoid stress.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #993366;"><strong>Step 2:</strong></span> <em>Learn about how other people are managing time and stress</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of us are fighting stress and managing time - some are doing it effectively, some are not. We all have devised plans, taken action and have got results from our struggles with time and stress and some of these plans and actions may even work for you. You should try and learn from others, how they are managing time and stress in their preparation.</li>
<li>One of the common actions that people take for managing time is the deliberate casting aside of entertainment sources like TV, mobile phones or even the computer. It may work with some aspirants but if you are dependent on the internet for preparation it may not work for you. What you must do here instead is use your will-power so as to not abuse or waste time on the computer while using it diligently for study purposes only.</li>
<li>Some of us are confused, some of us fear failing, some are distracted with jobs or academic courses and some of us are simply lacking self-confidence. The only way to ameliorate these difficulties is to start the preparation process immediately once you are clear in your mind that CSE is your goal. As we progress with our preparation these difficulties should generally lessen to a great extent, while at the same time also remove our confusion and give us ample self-confidence.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #993366;"><strong>Step 3:</strong></span> <em>Take care of your health</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For many people stress may induce severe physiological and psychological symptoms like insomnia, migraine, high blood pressure and for some it may even trigger episodes of depression. Therefore when preparing for the CSE take good care of your health, after all a healthy mind resides only in a healthy body. Eat good, healthy food, sleep well and exercise - take a walk, practice yoga or play your favourite sport. Also make going to bed and waking up in the morning at a particular time a habit. Healthy people are less prone to stress and are also more productive with their time. Consider good health a prerequisite to good performance in the CSE.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>We must realize that we cannot create time nor can we kill stress permanently. What we can do instead is manage these efficiently. So, you should begin the process of time and stress management earnestly &ndash; starting slowly with smaller and easily manageable goals. Gradually you should be able to make good progress and also learn how to prioritize the various parts of the syllabus as per your personal requirements. Set deadlines but do not worry too much when short-term deadlines are not met. You will get your opportunity to make up for lost time if you keep following a routine. Also, since this is a marathon you must learn to pace yourself. A disciplined and regular study is the secret to clearing the CSE.</p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Medical Device Margins to be Capped',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>NITI Aayog</strong> has recommended to cap trade margin&nbsp;at 65% for medical devices, abandoning the current price control mechanism.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will seek to curb profiteering as well as allay concerns of device makers, particularly importers of stents and knee implants, who have complained that price restrictions hurt innovation.</li>
<li>According to Niti Aayog&rsquo;s formula, the maximum retail price (MRP) of a device will be decided by <strong>adding the trade margin</strong> to the price at the first point of sale (stockist).</li>
<li>The trade margin is the<strong> difference</strong> between the price at which the <strong>manufacturers/importers</strong> sell to stockists and the <strong>price charged to consumers.</strong></li>
<li>In India the trade margins are huge hovering around 62% to 405%.</li>
<li>Since, many expenditures are incurred by the importing companies, including clinical education on deployment, and therefore trade margins should start from the first point of sale, that is the stockist.</li>
<li>Once the new mechanism of calculation of trade margins is approved, it will be applicable on devices such as cardiac stents, prices of which were slashed by as much as 85% by <strong>National Pharmaceuticals Pricing Authority</strong><strong>(NPPA)&nbsp;</strong>in 2017.</li>
<li>
<p>However, experts have termed the government&rsquo;s plan to as a regressive move that will hurt consumers and domestic industry. This will make stents not only more expensive for consumers but will also negatively effect domestic industry.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currently, 23 medical devices have been notified as drugs and are regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.</li>
<li>Of these, only four&mdash;cardiac stents, drug-eluting stents, condoms and intra-uterine devices&mdash;are included in the <strong>National List of Essential Medicines</strong> and are, therefore, subject to notified price caps.</li>
<li>Stents were brought under price control after they were included in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) in 2015 on the recommendation of a <strong>sub-committee headed by Prof. Y. K. Gupta</strong>.</li>
<li>Coronary stents are among the categories of medical devices that have been <strong>notified as &ldquo;drugs&rdquo; and not</strong> as medical devices under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Pharmaceuticals Pricing Authority</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NPPA is an organization under Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers which was set up in 1997 to revise the prices of controlled bulk drugs and formulations and to enforce prices and availability of the medicines in the country, under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO), 1995.</li>
<li>The prices are now fixed/revised under Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO), 2013.</li>
<li>It also monitors the prices of decontrolled drugs in order to keep them at reasonable levels.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. These are selected with due regard to disease prevalence, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness.</li>
<li>The list is prepared by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Cabinet Approves O-SMART Scheme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently the cabinet approved Umbrella scheme &ldquo;Ocean Services, Technology, Observations, Resources Modelling and Science (O-SMART)&rdquo; .</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme encompasses a total of 16 sub-projects addressing ocean development activities such as Services, Technology, Resources, Observations and Science.</li>
<li>Implementation period is from 2017-18 to 2019-20.</li>
<li>The project will be implemented by Ministry of Earth Sciences.</li>
<li>The ocean advisory services and technologies being rendered and developed under the scheme will play a pivotal role in the development activities over</li>
<li>many sectors, working in the marine environment including the coastal states of India, contributing significantly to the GDP.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ministry is proposing to continue the existing schemes in a focused way as a part of umbrella scheme of O-SMART.</li>
<li>Ocean Policy Statement enacted in November 1982,implements multi-disciplinary projects in the field of ocean development primarily to
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>provide a suite of Ocean Information services,</li>
<li>develop technology for sustainable harnessing the ocean resources,</li>
<li>promote front-ranking research and</li>
<li>conduct ocean scientific ocean surveys.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s ocean related activities extended from the Arctic to the Antarctic region covering large ocean spaces which have been monitored through a wide spectrum of in situ and satellite-based observations.</li>
<li>India also signed the Antarctic Treaty System and joined Commission of Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) for harnessing the resources.</li>
<li>The ministry has been monitoring the health of coastal waters of India including shoreline changes and marine ecosystem.</li>
<li>Some of the technologies for harnessing the ocean resources that have been developed are low temperature thermal desalination for islands,Remotely Operated Submersible and soil tester, shallow bed mining systems, etc.</li>
<li>Deep-sea mining of Poly-Metallic Nodules [PMN] in the Central Indian Ocean was allotted by International Sea Bed Authority [ISBA] for exploration of PMN,and also in the Indian Ocean for exploration of hydrothermal sulphides.</li>
<li>India has also established a state-of-the art early warning systems for ocean disasters, viz, tsunami, cyclones, storm surges etc.,for providing round the clock services for India and countries of the Indian Ocean, which have been recognized by UNESCO.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Vision</h3>
<p>The important deliverables during the next years envisage under the scheme include:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Strengthening of Ocean Observations and Modelling</li>
<li>Strengthening of Ocean Services for Fishermen</li>
<li>Setting up Marine Coastal Observatories for monitoring marine pollution in 2018</li>
<li>Setting up Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant (OTEC) in Kavaratti</li>
<li>Acquisition of 2 Coastal Research Vessels for Coastal research</li>
<li>Continuation of Ocean Survey and Exploration of Minerals and Living Resources</li>
<li>Technology Development for Deep Ocean Mining- Deep Mining System and Manned Submersibles</li>
<li>Setting up Six Desalination Plants in Lakshadweep</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The services rendered under the O-SMART will provide economic benefits to a number of user communities in the coastal and ocean sectors, namely, fisheries, offshore industry, coastal states, defence, shipping, ports etc.</li>
<li>Fishermen community receiving information like fish potential and local weather conditions in the coastal waters daily through mobile will help them to reduce the search time, resulting savings in the fuel cost.</li>
<li>Implementation of O-SMART will help in addressing issues relating to Sustainable Development Goal-14, which aims to conserve use of oceans, marine resources for sustainable development.</li>
<li>This scheme (O-SMART) also provide necessary scientific and technological background required for implementation of various aspects of Blue Economy.</li>
<li>The State of Art Early Warning Systems established under the O-SMART Scheme will help in effectively dealing with ocean disasters like Tsunami, storm surges.</li>
<li>The technologies being developed under this Scheme will help in harnessing the vast ocean resources of both living and non-living resources from the seas around India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><em><strong>Commission of Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established by international convention in 1982, with the objective of conserving Antarctic marine life.</li>
<li>Secretariat is based in Hobart, Tasmania.</li>
<li>Currently, CCAMLR has 25 Members and 11 Acceding States.</li>
<li>India is one of the members of CCAMLR.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>International Seabed Authority [ISBA]</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was established under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ,to organize, regulate and control all mineral-related activities in the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction</li>
<li>It is based in Kingston, Jamaica.</li>
<li>It has 168 members.</li>
<li>India is one of the member countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Blue Economy</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The &ldquo;blue economy&rdquo; concept seeks to promote economic growth, social inclusion, and the preservation or improvement of livelihoods while at the same time ensuring environmental sustainability of the oceans and coastal areas.</li>
<li>The blue economy aims for integration of development of ocean economy, along with social inclusion, environmental sustainability, combined with innovative business models.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Poly-Metallic Nodules (PMN)</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. The core may be microscopically small and is sometimes completely transformed into manganese minerals by crystallization.</li>
<li>Polymetallic nodules contain multiple metals like copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron, lead, zinc, aluminium, silver, gold and platinum etc. in variable constitutions and are precipitate of hot fluids from upwelling hot magma from the deep interior of the oceanic crust.<br />Mining for Polymetallic nodules is of strategic importance for India as there are no terrestrial sources of these metals in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-o-smart-scheme'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Pieces of the Asian Dream',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p><em>The article appears in The Hindu, of 29th August 2018. It engages with India&rsquo;s relation with the South-East Asian countries and analyses its implications on the geopolitics of the region. It gives a perspective on how Indian ambitions are being tested against Chinese assertiveness and resourcefulness.</em></p>
<p>The ongoing geopolitical rivalry of U.S and China has changed the relationship between the countries of South-East Asia. India is slowly emerging as a significant strategic space in the new power struggle being witnessed in the Indo-Pacific region.</p>
<h3>Influence of Indo-China relations on the South-East Asian region</h3>
<p>Both India and China have been seen struggling for the center-stage in the Indo-Pacific region and the relation between the two countries with each other influences sea lanes and chokepoints.</p>
<p>India maintains its relations with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries through comprehensive diplomatic, bilateral and military dialogues. China, on the other hand, provides these countries with much-needed investment support for the infrastructure development. The immense influence of China&rsquo;s investment policy is reflected in ASEAN&rsquo;s decision as a regional block to dismiss the international ruling against the South China Sea activities of China and instead agreed to cooperate with it on a &lsquo;Code of Conduct&rsquo;.</p>
<h3>China&rsquo;s investment in the region</h3>
<p>China is one of the largest providers of foreign aid in the region and contributes to the investment in dams, oilfields, highways, textile operation and mines. It provided rifles and guns to the Philippines police after the same demand was struck down by the U.S.</p>
<p>ASEAN&rsquo;s trade with China surpasses that with India and Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is nine times higher in these countries than India&rsquo;s. China&rsquo;s growing military presence also gives it an upper hand as a decision maker in the region and offers a threat to India&rsquo;s diplomatic hobnobbing in the region. Apart from this, declining relations with Nepal over the 2015 fuel blockade and failed strategic interventions in Sri Lanka add to the woes of the country. Both the countries have been observed to shift towards China over the significant infrastructural investment flows.</p>
<p>However, the assertiveness and intervention in the internal matters of the countries that come with the Chinese investment have driven few countries like Indonesia and Singapore to find refuge in their relationship with India. <br /><a href="/news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/06-08-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read more...The Many Problems with China's Belt and Road Initiative</a></p>
<h3>India&rsquo;s strategic bargain for China</h3>
<p>India and ASEAN share a unique cultural history and a sizeable Indian diaspora resides and contributes to the economies of countries like Singapore and Malaysia. The global soft power that India enjoys through its art, literature, music, dance, and cinema contributes to its image as a friendly nation which furthers its long-term engagement with the countries in the East Asian region.</p>
<p>Increased engagement with Japan, &lsquo;2+2&rsquo; dialogue for better maritime partnership with Australia (India is going to have a separate 2+2 dialogue with the US), along with its dominant soft power can be utilized by India to counter China&rsquo;s influence in the region. However, striking a balanced strategic relation with China can open up new possibilities for India to gain influence in the Indo-Pacific region especially among groupings like Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) and Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal (BBIN).</p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China&rsquo;s agreement with India on data sharing over <strong>cross-border flow of waters from the Brahmaputra during a flood season</strong> was renewed at the SCO summit. This can be an opening to a more meaningful engagement between the two Asian giants.</li>
<li>Also, a protocol has been signed by the two countries for the <strong>exports of all varieties of rice from India to China</strong> which can partly resolve India&rsquo;s adverse balance of payments against China.</li>
<li>A <strong>potential trade target of $100 billion by 2020</strong> has been suggested by China. This can provide a positive direction <g class="gr_ gr_49 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="49" data-gr-id="49">to</g> the relationship between the two countries.</li>
<li>Following the above-mentioned steps, an improved Indo-China relation can give way to <strong>a more defined geopolitical role for India</strong> in the Indo-Pacific region.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/pieces-of-the-asian-dream'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Punjab Assembly Passes Bills to Curb Sacrilege',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Punjab Assembly unanimously passed a Bill which proposes life imprisonment for the desecration of Guru Granth Sahib, Gita, Quran and Bible in Punjab.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Penal Code (Punjab Amendment) Bill, 2018, seeks to amend&nbsp;Indian Penal Code (IPC) by inserting Section 295AA.</li>
<li>Under the existing Section 295A, punishment is for a maximum of three years imprisonment with or without fine.</li>
<li>It also enhances the punishment under section 295 IPC (Injuring or defiling place of worship with intent to insult the religion of any class) from two to ten years of imprisonment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p>In March, 2016, the then government had passed The Indian Penal Code (Punjab Amendment) Bill, 2016, and The Code of Criminal Procedure (Punjab Amendment) Bill, 2016, recommending life sentence for <strong>desecration of Guru Granth Sahib only.</strong></p>
</li>
<li>The Centre had returned the Bill saying all religions needed to be <strong>treated equally</strong> as per the secular nature of the Constitution and that it could not single out religion to propose life imprisonment for defiling Guru Granth Sahib.</li>
<li>The Centre had asked the Punjab government to <strong>either withdraw the Bill or include all religions</strong> in the proposed amendment if it wanted the Bill to be looked at afresh.</li>
<li>
<p>As a result, the Punjab Assembly withdrew the 2016 Bill, and passed the new Bill proposing life imprisonment for desecration of <strong>religious scriptures of all the four religions</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The new Bill <strong>retains all the earlier amendment</strong> proposed in 2016 Bill.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Section 295(A) of Indian Penal Code</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It says that whoever, with deliberate and malicious intention of outraging the religious feelings of any class of [citizens of India], [by words, either spoken or written, or by signs or by visible representations or otherwise], insults or attempts to insult the religion or the religious beliefs of that class, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to [three years], or with fine, or with both.</li>
<li>It seeks to preserve harmony in a multi-religious society by sanctioning penal action against those attempting to disturb the peace.</li>
<li>In 1957, even a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Concerns</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, IPC already has several other provisions to deal with those attempting to breach communal harmony, it may be wise to consider watering down or doing away with Section 295A altogether.</li>
<li>Section 295, which has been the Indian version of anti-blasphemy law since its introduction during the colonial rule, continues even after blasphemy being abolished in the UK.</li>
<li>It has chilling effect on freedom of speech and expression.</li>
<li>Section 295A deters even honest attempts to fight against superstition and prejudices, the broad ambit of the offence had sometimes even put the government and courts in difficult situations.</li>
<li>The wide ambit of Section 295A has not spared even pure artistic and literary expressions and has often startled even the votaries of the provision with unintended consequences. The biggest example of which is imposition of this section on MF Hussein&rsquo;s Paintings.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These sections of the IPC are a big impediment to reasoned debate in India. Free speech, when exercised by individuals, challenges the orthodoxies of minds and empowers the progress of societies.</li>
<li>Free speech is the engine of democracies. Article 19-1(a) of the Constitution guarantees a fundamental right that "all citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression." Moreover, the framers of the Constitution chose not to make blasphemy a restriction on free speech.</li>
<li>Recently, India has witnessed a wave of violence in the name of religion. A challenging task, therefore, for opinion makers, legislators, social workers and writers is to curtail the role of religion in society.</li>
<li>The proposed law seeks to do two things. One, it arms religious forces that seek to curb free speech in Indian society, enabling them to threaten and harass individuals in the name of so-called hurt religious sentiments.</li>
<li>Two, it gives more muscle to the police and politicians to harass critics for political purposes, thereby undermining the secular morality of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Holy scriptures of various religions need to be examined, critiqued and challenged so that the followers of those religions can move on a path of enlightenment, away from religion into the embrace of science and rational thinking.</li>
<li>The recent announcement by the PM on Independence Day to send an Indian into space by 2022 is a bold step to inject among Indian minds an attitude to look forward.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/punjab-assembly-passes-bills-to-curb-sacrilege'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Important Fact for Prelims (29 August 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Navalekha Project</h3>
<p>Google announced Navalekha Project at the fourth edition of the Google For India event which will help vernacular newspaper and magazine digitalize and go online really fast and with minimum resources.</p>
<p><strong>Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will be a new feature of Google Go( a tailor-made app for Google Search for India) which was launched last year. It will read web pages while highlighting the text word-by-word in real-time.</li>
<li>This new feature is accessible in 28 languages including English, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Malayalam, and Tamil, and will be available in all countries where Google Go has been launched.</li>
<li>It uses artificial intelligence to detect and read the most important information on a webpage in a natural-sounding voice.</li>
<li>AI also helps determine which parts of a page to read and which to leave out. It even works on 2G connections and does not consume much data.</li>
<li>The other major announcement was the rebranding of Google&rsquo;s Tez payment app as Google Pay with deeper integration with online and offline retailers as well as access for instant loans via the Bhim UPI.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Russia Biggest War Games: Vostok 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Russia in September will hold its largest war exercise since the fall of the Soviet Union.</li>
<li>More than 300,000 troops will participate in war games.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The Vostok-2018 exercise will take place across Far East Russia and Siberia.</li>
<li>China and Mongolia will also participate in this exercise.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Lakhwar Multipurpose Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Union Minister for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation has signed MoU with Chief Ministers of 6 states for construction of <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="96" data-gr-id="96">Lakhwar</g> Multipurpose project in Upper Yamuna Basin.</li>
<li>Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="90" data-gr-id="90">and</g> Delhi are the six Upper Yamuna Basin states.</li>
<li>The Lakhwar project was initially approved in 1976 but work on the project was suspended in 1992.</li>
<li>The Lakhwar project envisages construction of a 204 m high concrete dam across river Yamuna near Lohari village in Dehradun district of Uttarakhand.</li>
<li>The problem of water shortage in all six States will be resolved once the project is complete as water flow in River Yamuna will improve in the dry season from December to May/June every year.</li>
<li>The project is to be executed by Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited (UJVL).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Hastsal Minar</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) has prepared a detailed project report of Hastsal Minar for its restoration. Hastsal Minar is situated in village Hastsal in New Delhi.</li>
<li>It resembles the Qutub Minar in design and is also built with red sandstone and bricks.</li>
<li>It is also known as &lsquo;Mini Qutub Minar&rsquo; and it is believed to be built by Mughal emperor Shahjahan.</li>
<li>It stands tall at 17 meters on a raised platform having three <g class="gr_ gr_85 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="85" data-gr-id="85">storeys</g>, each with a reducing diameter.</li>
<li>Each <g class="gr_ gr_84 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="84" data-gr-id="84">storey</g> is surrounded by an octagonal ring with red sandstone <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="81" data-gr-id="81">chajjas</g>, like the Qutub Minar.<br /><strong></strong><strong></strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a non-profit charitable <g class="gr_ gr_82 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="82" data-gr-id="82">organisation</g> registered under the Societies' Registration Act, 1860.</li>
<li>It was founded in 1984 in New Delhi with the vision to spearhead heritage awareness and conservation in India.</li>
<li>It has pioneered the conservation and preservation of not just our natural and built heritage but intangible heritage as well.</li>
<li>In 2007, the United Nations awarded INTACH a special consultative status with United Nations Economic and Social Council.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Budhamal Festival</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a harvesting festival celebrated once in five years in the state of Assam.</li>
<li>People from different communities take part in the festival for the well being of the society and also for a good harvest.</li>
</ul>
<h3>African Swine Fever Outbreak</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UN&rsquo;s Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) is warning an outbreak of African Swine Fever from China to Southeast Asia or the Korean Peninsula.</li>
<li>China has reported four outbreaks of the highly contagious disease in four provinces in less than a month.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>African Swine Fever</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>African Swine fever is a highly contagious acute hemorrhagic (means bleeding) disease of domestic pigs.</li>
<li>This disease is transmitted by ticks.</li>
<li>There is no antidote or vaccine, and the only known method to prevent the disease from spreading is a mass cull of the infected livestock.</li>
<li>African swine fever poses no direct threat to humans.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-29-august-2018'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'CPCB Lists Cities With No Clean Up Plan',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Of the 102 cities singled out by the Central Government for their alarming pollution levels, under National Clean Air Program, only 73 have submitted a plan of remedial action to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Clean Air Campaign was launched in Delhi on February 10-23, 2018. Later, this Campaign was replicated in about 100 &lsquo;non-attainment cities.&rsquo;</li>
<li>&lsquo;Non-attainment cities&rsquo;: The non-attainment cities are those that have fallen short of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for over five years. These &lsquo;non-attainment cities&rsquo; were marked by CPCB and was asked to implement 42 measures aimed at mitigating air pollution as part of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</h3>
<p>In order to deal with the issue of air pollution in a comprehensive manner at national level, the government came up with National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) with the goal to meet average ambient air quality standards at all location in the country.</p>
<h3>NCAP objectives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To have effective and efficient ambient air quality monitoring network.</li>
<li>Public participation in both planning and implementation of the programmes and policies of government on air pollution.</li>
<li>To have a management plan for prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Initiatives under NCAP</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Augmenting Air quality monitoring network
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Manual monitoring Stations: 1000 manual monitoring stations will be set up in 303 cities from current 691 stations.</li>
<li>Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations: Recognizing the need to monitor real time and peak concentration levels of critical pollutants avoiding the time lag,</li>
<li>Rural Monitoring Network: Since rural areas have not been covered under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) 50 such stations are proposed to be set up in rural areas under NCAP.</li>
<li>Setting up of 10 city Super Network: This network may capture overall air quality dynamics of the nation impact of interventions, trends, investigative measurements, etc. It should generate high quality controlled data and will represent national air quality dynamics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Air Quality Forecasting System: AQFS is a state of the art modelling system which will forecasts the following day's air quality.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Setting up Air Information Centre- An Air Information Center will be responsible for data analysis, interpretation, dissemination including through GIS platform.</li>
<li>Three tier mechanism for review of monitoring, assessment and&nbsp;inspection for implementation: A three-tier system will include real time physical data collection and archiving and data analytics infrastructure, and action trigger system.&nbsp;</li>
<li>National Emission Inventory: An emission inventory is an accounting of the amount of pollutants discharged into the atmosphere. An emission inventory will contains the total emissions for one or more specific air pollutants, originating from all source categories in a certain geographical area and within a specified time span.</li>
<li>Technology Assessment Cell- TAC will evaluate the technologies having significance in reference to prevention, control and abatement of pollution.</li>
<li>Other Initiatives
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Review of ambient air quality standards and emission standards.</li>
<li>International Cooperation including sharing of International Best Practices on Air Pollution.</li>
<li>Intensive Awareness, Training and Capacity Building Drive.</li>
<li>Technology Support.</li>
<li>Issuance of Notification on Dust Management (Road dust and C&amp;D).</li>
<li>Indoor Air Pollution Monitoring &amp; Management.</li>
<li>Air Pollution Health Impact Studies.</li>
<li>Extensive Plantation Drive.</li>
<li>A network of Technical Institutions- Knowledge Partners.</li>
<li>Certification system for monitoring instruments.</li>
<li>Technology Assessment Cell.</li>
<li>Institutional Framework.</li>
<li>Air Quality Management Plan for 100 Non-Attainment Cities.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Ambient Air Quality Standards</h3>
<p>National Ambient Air Quality Standards are the standards for ambient air quality with reference to various identified pollutant notified by the Central Pollution Control Board under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.</p>
<p>List of pollutants under NAAQS: PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, NH3, Ozone, Lead, Benzene, Benzo-Pyrene, Arsenic and Nickel.</p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cpcb-lists-cities-with-no-clean-up-plan'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'India's First Biofuel Flight',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Budget carrier SpiceJet operated India&rsquo;s first &ldquo;technology demonstrator&rdquo; flight on biofuel.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">With the test flight, India has become one of the few countries like USA, Australia <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="89" data-gr-id="89">and</g> Canada who have conducted the test to use biofuel for flying commercial planes. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) manufactured 330 kg of biofuel for 45 minutes Dehradun-Delhi flight. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The flight burnt a mix of </span><b>75% traditional Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) and 25% oil extracted from the Jatropha plant.</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> International standards permit a <g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="93" data-gr-id="93">blend</g> rate of <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="91" data-gr-id="91">upto</g> 50% biofuel with ATF.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance<span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Currently, Aviation Sector contributes to 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Commercial biofuel flights will help Indian Airlines in achieving the International Air Transport Association (IATA) target for fuel efficiency and carbon emission:</span>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">average annual improvement of 1.5% in fuel efficiency from 2009 to 2020, </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">a cap on net aviation carbon emissions from 2020 (carbon-neutral growth)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">reduction in net aviation carbon emissions of 50% by 2050, relative to 2005 levels. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"><g class="gr_ gr_94 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="94" data-gr-id="94">target</g> of 1 billion passengers flying on aircraft using a mix of clean energy and fossil fuels by 2025.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Using Aviation Biofuel <b>reduces carbon emissions </b><span>and </span><b>enhances fuel efficiency<g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="92" data-gr-id="92">.</g></b><span><g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style replaceWithoutSep" id="92" data-gr-id="92">An</g> international research programme led by NASA reported that the use of biofuels can reduce particle emissions in the jet exhaust by as much as 50%-70%.</span></li>
<li>Indian Aviation Sector is<b> suffering due to rising prices</b><span> of ATF. Therefore, blending ATF with biofuel will help airlines to tackle rising prices and bring down fares.</span></li>
<li>Use of Aviation Biofuel will reduce India&rsquo;s dependence on oil imports, thus saving forex reserve.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concern</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Commercial use of Aviation Biofuel is still far away. The infrastructure to mass-produce biofuel, and to deliver it at airports, is awaited.</span></li>
<li>Production of the first generation of biofuels had shown that the displacement of other agricultural activity. Thus may lead to food security issues.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Future Prospects</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Given the scope of biofuel in aviation, a special policy on Aviation Biofuel is needed.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">There is a need for research in biofuel production to produce them at the commercial level and to meet the requirements of Aviation Sector.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Biofuels</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Biofuels are fuels manufactured from biomass. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Biomass resources are the biodegradable fraction of products, wastes and residues from agriculture, forestry and related industries as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal wastes.</span></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 544px; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 1036px; height: 19px; background-color: #f0e80e; text-align: center;" colspan="3">BIOFUELS</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 129px; height: 19px;">GENERATION</td>
<td style="width: 458px; height: 19px;">CHARACTERISTICS</td>
<td style="width: 449px; height: 19px;">REMARKS</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 129px; height: 92px; vertical-align: top;"><g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="86" data-gr-id="86">FIRST</g></td>
<td style="width: 458px; height: 92px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Produced </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">from&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">food crops like maize,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">corn, sugar cane, rapeseed,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">palm, and soybean into&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">ethanol and biodiesel,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">using a similar process to&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">that used in beer and&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">wine-making.</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 449px; height: 92px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Impose significant costs on </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">food security by demanding&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">a share of staple crops, traditionally&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">used solely for food and feed. R</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">esulting in a conflict between fuel&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">and food security. At the same&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">time, lift the price of staple crops</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 129px; height: 67px; vertical-align: top;"><g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="88" data-gr-id="88">SECOND</g></td>
<td style="width: 458px; height: 67px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Produced from non-food&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">crops and organic&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">agricultural waste, which&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">contain cellulose.</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 449px; height: 67px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Grasses like switchgrass, non-edible&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">oil seeds like Jatropha,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">castor seed can be transformed into&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">biofuels.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 71px;">
<td style="width: 129px; height: 51px; vertical-align: top;"><g class="gr_ gr_82 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="82" data-gr-id="82">THIRD</g></td>
<td style="width: 458px; height: 51px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Derived from algae.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also known as green&nbsp;</span>hydrocarbons</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 449px; height: 51px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The list of fuels that can be derived from algae includes: Bio-diesel, Ethanol, and Jet-fuel.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 129px; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;"><g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="78" data-gr-id="78">FOURTH</g></td>
<td style="width: 458px; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Produce sustainable&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">energy as well as capture&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">and store CO<sub>2</sub> by&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">converting biomass&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">materials, which have&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">absorbed CO<sub>2</sub> while&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">growing, into fuel.</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 449px; height: 19px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">At all stages of production, the CO2&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">is captured using various processes.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rather than simply being carbon&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">neutral, the fourth generation&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">biofuel production is carbon&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">negative, since it &lsquo;locks&rsquo; away more&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">carbon than it produces and also&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">lowers CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">substituting fossil fuels.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></h3>
<strong>Key Advantages of Biofuel</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Renewable Energy source.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Non-toxic &amp; Biodegradable.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Contains no <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="77" data-gr-id="77">sulphur</g> that causes acid rain.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Environment friendly-less emissions.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Has rural employment potential.</span></li>
</ul>
<strong>International Air Transport Association (IATA)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The IATA is the trade association for the world&rsquo;s airlines, representing some 290 airlines or 82% of total air traffic. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">IATA support many areas of aviation activity and help formulate industry policy on critical aviation issues.</span></li>
<li>Headquarter: Montreal, Canada<span>.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span><a href="/monthly-ca-consolidation/daily-news-analysis/world-biofuel-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read More About Biofuels</a></span></p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indias-first-biofuel-flight'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Final Report on Penal Provisions of Company Act 2013',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Committee to review the existing framework dealing with offences under the Companies Act, 2013 and related matters has submitted its report.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was a 10 member committee headed by&nbsp;<strong>Injeti Srinivas, Secretary, Ministry of Corporate Affairs</strong>.</li>
<li>The Committee broke down&nbsp;all penal provisions into <strong>eight categories</strong> based on the <strong>nature of offences.</strong></li>
<li>The Committee recommended that the existing law should <strong>continue for serious offences, covering six categories</strong>, whereas for lapses that are essentially <strong>technical or procedural in nature</strong>, mainly falling <strong>under two categories</strong> may be shifted to in-house adjudication process.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It observed that this would serve the <strong>twin purposes</strong> promoting of <strong>ease of doing business</strong> and <strong>better corporate compliance. </strong></li>
<li>It would also <strong>reduce the number of prosecutions filed</strong> in the Special Courts, which would, in turn, facilitate <strong>speedier disposal</strong> of serious offences and bring serious offenders to book.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Restructuring of Corporate Offences to <strong>relieve Special Courts</strong> from adjudicating routine offences.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Compoundable offences</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Re-categorization of 16 out of the 81 compoundable offences by shifting them from the jurisdiction of special courts to an in-house E-adjudication framework.</li>
<li>The remaining 65 compoundable offences to continue under the jurisdiction of Special Courts due to their potential misuse.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Non-compoundable offences</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Status quo recommended in respect of all&nbsp;serious corporate offences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Instituting a transparent online platform for <strong>E-adjudication and E-publication</strong> of orders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>De-clogging the&nbsp;National Company Law Tribunal</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Enlarging the <strong>jurisdiction of the Regional Director</strong> with enhanced pecuniary limits.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Vesting in the <strong>Central Government the power</strong> to approve the <strong>alteration in the financial year</strong> of a company and also<strong> conversion of public companies into private companies</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Company Law Tribunal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) is a quasi-judicial body that adjudicates issues relating to Indian companies.</li>
<li>The NCLT was established under the Companies Act 2013 and was constituted on 1 June 2016 by the Government of India and is based on the recommendation of the justice Eradi committee on law relating to insolvency and winding up of companies.</li>
<li>The NCLT has eleven benches, two at New Delhi (one being the principal bench) and one each at Ahmedabad, Allahabad, Bengaluru, Chandigarh, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai.</li>
<li>The NCLT has the power under the Companies Act to adjudicate proceedings:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Initiated before the Company Law Board under the previous act (the Companies Act 1956).</li>
<li>Pending before the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR), including those pending under the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985.</li>
<li>Pending before the Appellate Authority for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction.</li>
<li>Pertaining to claims of oppression and mismanagement of a company, winding up of companies and all other powers prescribed under the Companies Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Corporate compliance and corporate governance</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Re-introduction of<strong> declaration of commencement of business</strong> provision to better tackle the menace of shell companies.</li>
<li><strong>Greater disclosures with respect to public deposits</strong>, particularly in respect of transactions exempted from the definition of public deposits to prevent abuse and harming of public interest.</li>
<li>Reduction in <strong>time-limit for filing documents</strong> related to creation, modification and satisfaction of charges.</li>
<li>Stringent penal provisions for non-reporting.</li>
<li>With respect to shares whose ownership remains undetermined, such shares should be transferred to the Investor Education and Protection Fund if rightful owner does not claim ownership within a year of such restrictions.</li>
<li><strong>Non-maintenance</strong> of registered office to trigger <strong>de-registration process</strong>.</li>
<li>Holding of directorships beyond permissible limits to trigger disqualification of such directors.</li>
<li>Imposition of a cap on independent director&rsquo;s remuneration in terms of percentage of income in order to prevent any material pecuniary relationship, which could impair his independence on the board of the company.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/committee-to-review-the-offences-under-the-companies-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read more...</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/final-report-on-penal-provisions-of-company-act-2013'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Refer Krishna Dispute to Tribunal',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Telangana Chief Minister has requested Union Governemnt to refer the water disputes pertaining to sharing of Krishna water to the tribunal under the Inter-State River Water Disputes (IRWD) Act of 1956.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier, the Union Government had referred the matter under <strong>Section 89 of the Andhra Pradesh Re-organisation Act</strong>, which according to the CM were limited in scope and would not be able to do justice to the rightful claims of Telangana.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal (KWDT) set up by the Central Government under <strong>R.S. Bachawat as its Chairman</strong> in <strong>1969 was the first-ever tribunal</strong> for a river dispute under the Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956.</li>
<li>It was set up to resolve the disputes between the states of<strong> Karnataka, Maharashtra and then undivided Andhra Pradesh over sharing of Krishna river water.</strong></li>
<li>The tribunal gave its award in 1973. The total quantum of water available for distribution was 2060TMC. This was divided between the three states in the following manner:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Maharashtra 560 TMC.</li>
<li>Karnataka 700 TMC.</li>
<li>Andhra Pradesh 800 TMC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Terms related to River Water Disputes</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Riparian, Lower Riparian, Upper Riparian: Relating to or situated on the banks of a river; Maharashtra is upper riparian state and Andhra Pradesh is lower riparian state with respect to Krishna basin.</li>
<li>Tmcft, (Tmc ft), (TMC), (tmc), is the abbreviation for one thousand million cubic feet commonly used in reference to volume of water in a reservoir or river flow.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tribunal in its first award provided for a review of its award after 31 May 2000. However no such review was taken up for more than 3 years after that.</li>
<li>In April 2004, the second KWDT under <strong>Brajesh Kumar,</strong> was constituted by the Government of India following requests by all three states.</li>
<li>According to KWDT II, Andhra Pradesh got 1001 TMC of water, Karnataka 907 TMC and Maharashtra 666 TMC.</li>
<li>The Brajesh Kumar tribunal also&nbsp;suggested the setting up of the <strong>Krishna Basin Authority</strong> to protect the basin, especially after large-scale exploitation of groundwater was detected.</li>
<li>Next review of water allocations will be after the year 2050.</li>
<li>However, after r<strong>eorganisation of Andhra Pradesh,</strong> a case was filed by AP and Telangana to <strong>redistribute water among all 4 states. </strong></li>
<li>The tribunal opined that <strong>Section 89</strong> the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 was not applicable to all four riparian states but is <strong>meant only for Telangana and Andhra Pradesh</strong>.</li>
<li>Thus, there was <strong>no need to re-allocate of Krishna River water</strong> among all four riparian states. The river water should be re-allocated between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, from the share of undivided Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ebcbc0;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; text-align: center;">
<td style="width: 889px; height: 19px; background-color: #cf4c15; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Other Major Inter-State River Disputes</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px; background-color: #eba683;"><strong>River</strong></td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px; background-color: #eba683;"><strong>State Concerned</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Ravi and Beas</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Narmada</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Krishna</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Vamsadhara</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Andhra Pradesh &amp; Odisha</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Cauvery</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Godavari</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Mahanadi&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Chhattisgarh, Odisha</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Mahadayi&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 146px; height: 19px;">Periyar&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 743px; height: 19px;">Tamil Nadu, Kerala</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water is included in the state list of the Constitution. It can be subject to the Centre&rsquo;s arbitration if, and only if, it involves a clear case of conflict or dispute.</li>
<li>Article 262 of the Constitution allows for providing an adjudicatory mechanism for any inter-state water dispute by the Parliament.</li>
<li>Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may, by law provide that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or complaint.</li>
<li>Inter-state River Water Disputes Act, 1956 passed by Parliament under Article 262 provides for the adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers and river valleys.</li>
<li>However, tribunals have also been criticized for the delay in their constitution and the delay after their constitution.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Krishna River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Krishna River is the second biggest river in peninsular India after Godavari River.</li>
<li>It originates near Mahabaleshwar (Satara) in Maharashtra.</li>
<li>It runs from<strong> four states</strong> Maharashtra (303 km), North Karnataka (480 km) and the rest of its 1300 km journey in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh before it empties into the Bay of Bengal.</li>
<li>Tributaries:&nbsp;Tungabhadra, Mallaprabha, Koyna, Bhima, Ghataprabha, Yerla, Warna, Dindi, Musi and Dudhganga.</li>
<li>Pattiseema Lift Irrigation project is the first river linking project in India, connecting Godavari with Krishna&nbsp;through the Polvaram right canal. It will divert surplus Godavari water to the Krishna river.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/refer-krishna-dispute-to-tribunal'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (28 August 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>International Court of Justice</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Iran demanded the UN&rsquo;s top court, The International Court of Justice (ICJ) to suspend U.S nuclear linked sanctions against Tehran, accusing US of plotting its &ldquo;economic strangulation&rdquo;.</li>
<li>ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.</li>
<li>It was established in 1945 by the UN Charter.</li>
<li>It is seated in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands.</li>
<li>Only UN member states are eligible to appear before the Court in contentious cases.</li>
<li>The Court has no jurisdiction to deal with applications from individuals, NGOs, corporations or any other private entity.</li>
<li>It settles legal disputes between member states and gives advisory opinions to authorized UN organs and specialized agencies.</li>
<li>It comprises a panel of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and Security Council for nine-year terms.</li>
<li>The judgments are final and without appeal. If a state fails to agree then the other party can take the case to the Security Council.</li>
<li>The ICJ is not a criminal court and hence it has no jurisdiction to try individuals accused of war crimes or crimes against humanity.</li>
<li>ICJ asked Pakistan not to execute Kulbhushan Jadhav till the final verdict in the case is not pronounced by it.</li>
<li>Justice Dalveer Bhandari is an Indian member of the International Court of Justice.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Criminal Court</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Criminal Court (ICC) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague in the Netherlands.</li>
<li>The ICC has the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.</li>
<li>The ICC began functioning on 1 July 2002, the date that the Rome Statute entered into force.</li>
<li>The Rome Statute is a multilateral treaty which serves as the ICC's foundational and governing document.</li>
<li>States which become party to the Rome Statute, for example by ratifying it, become member states of the ICC.</li>
<li>India is not a party to ICC.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Permanent Court of Arbitration</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is an intergovernmental organization located at The Hague in the Netherlands.</li>
<li>The PCA is not a court "in the traditional sense" but provides services of arbitral tribunal to resolve disputes that arise out of international agreements between member states, international organizations or private parties.</li>
<li>The cases span a range of legal issues involving territorial and maritime boundaries, sovereignty, human rights, international investment, and international and regional trade.</li>
<li>The organization is not a United Nations agency, but is an official United Nations Observer.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
</div>
<h3>Indian Ocean Conference</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s External Affairs Minister attended the third edition of Indian Ocean Conference on August 27 at Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam.</li>
<li>The theme of this year&rsquo;s conference is &lsquo;Building Regional Architectures&rsquo; and it saw participation from 43 countries.</li>
<li>Earlier, the conference was held in Singapore and Sri Lanka in 2016 and 2017 respectively.</li>
<li>Indian Ocean Conference is organized by India Foundation along with the partners from Singapore, Bangladesh and</li>
<li>Sri Lanka this is an initiative to bring the state leaders, diplomats and bureaucrats from across the region under one roof to strengthen the understanding among each other.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>India Foundation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India Foundation is an independent think tank based in Delhi, focused on the issues, challenges and opportunities of the Indian polity and foreign affairs.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-28-august-2018'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Catastrophe Bonds',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The recent floods in Kerala have set off a debate about the need for timely aid required to kickstart the relief process.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The damage from natural disasters can impose severe financial burden on governments.</li>
<li>Specially in developing countries, governments may have to<strong> divert state funds</strong>, including those earmarked for development projects, to disaster relief and rebuilding efforts. One way to <strong>bridge this financial gap</strong> is through the issuance of catastrophe bonds.</li>
<li>The idea that catastrophe risk could be securitised and that it could be dispersed among a wide number of investors was first mooted in <strong>1992 after hurricane &lsquo;Andrew&rsquo;</strong> caused massive damages in the United States.</li>
<li>The <strong>World Bank</strong> has also set up the<strong> Multicat Program in 2009</strong> to facilitate access of member countries and public entities to the catastrophe bond market. It also assists the country on its natural disaster risk management policy.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What Is It?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Catastrophe bonds, also known as <strong>Cat bonds</strong>, allows the transfer of risks to bond investors.</li>
<li>For <strong>the issuer&mdash;typically governments, insurers, and reinsurers</strong>&mdash;cat bonds signify financial protection in case of a major natural catastrophe, such as a hurricane or an earthquake.</li>
<li>For <strong>the investor</strong>, buying the bonds means they may <strong>get high returns</strong> for their investment, which is not subject to financial market fluctuations.</li>
<li>In case a qualifying catastrophe or event occur the investors will lose the principal they invested and the issuer (often insurance or reinsurance companies) will receive that money to cover their losses.</li>
<li>Generally, insurance and reinsurance companies currently dominate the cat bonds market, but more and more sovereign cat bonds have been issued as governments seek ways to transfer risks amid increasing frequency of natural disasters.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How It Works</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cat bonds are also a type of <strong>insurance-linked securities</strong>.</li>
<li>A<strong> Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)</strong> is set up to facilitate the transaction.</li>
<li>The SPV invests the money from investors and pay interests to them.</li>
<li>At the end of the term, the SPV will return the investors&rsquo; money if a disaster does not happen.</li>
<li>However, a payout is made to the issuer upon the occurrence of a specified climate event.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It addresses the risk of loss and damage from climate change because it allows vulnerable countries to raise capital that can be disbursed quickly in the event of a catastrophe.</li>
<li>Cat bonds can also provide multi-year coverage to the issuing governments.</li>
<li>Reduces the stress on the balance sheets of governments at Centre and State.</li>
<li>
<p>They are a class of bonds that is not tied to economic performance parameters and therefore diversify the risks.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The investors are compensated by a rate of return which is higher than that of normal government or corporate bonds.</p>
</li>
<li>Since investors will always have an eagle eye on the preparedness of dealing with catastrophes, it encourages more investments into technology and also raises awareness among people for such events.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Disadvantages</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They have <strong>high transaction costs,</strong> <strong>long structuring period, and strict terms</strong> and conditions compared with traditional risk financing, such as insurance.</li>
<li>In addition, they do not always meet countries&rsquo; needs, as governments may prefer longer term protection, while investors tend to prefer shorter term bonds.</li>
<li>Another obstacle is that cat bonds are usually available only to institutional investors, <strong>limiting their market reach.</strong></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/catastrophe-bonds'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (27 August 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>World Hindi Conference</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The</span><b> 11th World Hindi Conference </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">was recently organized in </span><b>Mauritius in 2018</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">, whose theme was</span><b><i> <g class="gr_ gr_214 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="214" data-gr-id="214">&ldquo;&ldquo;</g>Hindi World and Indian Culture&rdquo;.</i></b></li>
<li>The World Hindi Conference is organized with the purpose of expanding the reach of the Hindi language at a global level.</li>
<li>World Hindi Conference was started to make the Hindi language a medium of service and knowledge and enable it to move forward with the time.</li>
<li>Since then, Hindi has made remarkable progress and it has become one of the prominent languages of the world.</li>
<li>World Hindi conference is organized by <g class="gr_ gr_203 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="203" data-gr-id="203">Ministry</g> of External Affairs.</li>
<li>The concept of World Hindi Conference was mooted by the <b>Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti, Wardha in 1973.</b></li>
<li><b>First World Hindi Conference</b><span> held in </span><b>Nagpur, India 1975</b><span>.</span></li>
<li>The<b> 10th World Hindi Conference </b><span>was organized in </span><b>Bhopal, India in 2015</b><span>.</span></li>
<li>Apart from India and Mauritius, <g class="gr_ gr_167 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="167" data-gr-id="167">World</g> Hindi Conference has been organized in countries like Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, Suriname, South Africa and <g class="gr_ gr_169 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="169" data-gr-id="169">United</g> States of America.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Share Buyback</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Prominent companies such as Infosys, TCS <g class="gr_ gr_174 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="174" data-gr-id="174">and</g> L&amp;T having gone for a share buyback mechanism.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A share buyback is a mechanism through which a listed company buys back shares from the market. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A buyback can be done through:</span>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Open market purchases - the company buys back the shares from the secondary market.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tender offer route - shareholders can tender their shares during the buyback offer.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Historically, most companies had preferred the open market route.</li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">When a company has a significant cash reserve and feels that the shares are not fairly valued at the current market price, it goes for share buyback mechanism.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">For this mechanism, a special resolution needs to be passed at a general meeting and a company can use a maximum of 25% of the aggregate of its free reserves and paid-up capital for a buyback.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has recently revised the <g class="gr_ gr_154 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="154" data-gr-id="154">buy back</g> regulations that stipulate 15% reservation for retail shareholders in a buyback offer which gives retail investors a fair share in the offer.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Benefits </strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Since the bought back shares are extinguished, the earnings per share (EPS) rise by default. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Shareholders get an attractive exit option, especially when the shares are thinly traded as the buyback is usually done at a higher price than the prevailing market price.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is also more tax-efficient than dividends as a way to reward shareholders.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Shortcomings</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are time-bound limitations on further share issuances like preferential allotment or bonus issue post a buyback.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A company cannot do a second buyback offer within one year from the date of the closure of the last buyback.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3><g class="gr_ gr_219 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="219" data-gr-id="219">Revival</g> of Cheetah Reintroduction Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Madhya Pradesh forest department has written to the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) to revive the plan to reintroduce cheetahs in the State&rsquo;s Nauradehi sanctuary. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The proposal was to put the felines in the enclosure with huge boundary walls before being released in the wild.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also, around 20 cheetahs were to be translocated to Nauradehi from Namibia in Africa.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The project, conceived in 2009, had hit a roadblock because of lack of funds.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><b>Cheetah (<em>Acinonyx jubatus</em>)</b><b></b></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cheetah is found only in the arid regions of eastern Iran in Asia, and in Africa.</span></b><b><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is found in isolated populations in grasslands, shrublands and open forests across the continent, especially in the countries of Botswana, Namibia and South Africa.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is listed as &nbsp;Vulnerable in IUCN Red <g class="gr_ gr_153 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="153" data-gr-id="153">list</g>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is under Schedule I of Wildlife Protection <g class="gr_ gr_195 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="195" data-gr-id="195">Act ,</g>1972.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The country&rsquo;s last spotted feline died in Chhattisgarh in 1947. Later, the <g class="gr_ gr_217 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="217" data-gr-id="217">cheetah,</g> was declared extinct in India in 1952.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><em><b>Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary </b></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nauradehi sanctuary is located in Madhya Pradesh&rsquo;s Sagar district.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nauradehi was found to be the most suitable area for the cheetahs as its forests are not very dense to restrict the fast movement of the fastest land animal. <g class="gr_ gr_220 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="220" data-gr-id="220">And &nbsp;the</g> prey base for cheetahs is also in abundance at the sanctuary.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">This is the largest wildlife sanctuary of Madhya Pradesh in terms of area covered.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> It is located in the <g class="gr_ gr_190 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="190" data-gr-id="190">centre</g> of the state covering parts of Sagar, Damoh, Narsinghpur, and Raisin Districts. &nbsp;</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The protected area sits astride two major river basins of India, namely the Narmada and Ganges.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Three-fourths of the wildlife sanctuary falls in the basin of Ganges tributary, the Yamuna River, and <g class="gr_ gr_158 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="158" data-gr-id="158">one fourth</g> of the sanctuary falls in the Narmada basin.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><em><b>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</b></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">NTCA, a statutory body under the Union Environment &nbsp;Forests and Climate Change <g class="gr_ gr_210 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="210" data-gr-id="210">Ministry .</g></span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It was established in <g class="gr_ gr_178 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="178" data-gr-id="178">December,</g> 2005 following the recommendations of Tiger Task Force.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It was constituted under enabling provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, <g class="gr_ gr_172 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="172" data-gr-id="172">and &nbsp;amended</g> in 2006, for strengthening tiger conservation, as per powers and functions assigned to <g class="gr_ gr_173 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="173" data-gr-id="173">it .</g></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Bombay Natural History Society Opens its First Regional Centre</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><b>BNHS </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">will open its first regional <g class="gr_ gr_188 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="188" data-gr-id="188">centre</g> at </span><b>Wetland Research and Training Centre of Chilka Development Authority (CDA) near Chilka Lake, Odisha.</b></li>
<li>The <g class="gr_ gr_181 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="181" data-gr-id="181">centre</g> will help document species-wise population of birds at major congregation sites in the lake.</li>
<li>The regional unit of BNHS will impart training to CDA and wildlife staff along with volunteers on bird migration and <g class="gr_ gr_152 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="152" data-gr-id="152">water bird</g> counting techniques.</li>
<li>The <g class="gr_ gr_176 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="176" data-gr-id="176">centre</g> will carry out research on <g class="gr_ gr_175 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="175" data-gr-id="175">avian</g> disease by collecting samples and will monitor the Nalabana Bird Sanctuary.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><b>Bombay Natural History Society</b></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Established in 1883.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Based in Mumbai.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">BNHS is a pioneer non-government <g class="gr_ gr_168 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="168" data-gr-id="168">organisation</g> working on conservation based on scientific research throughout the country.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Chilika Lake</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chilika is Asia's largest and world's second largest lagoon </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It lies on the east coast of India in the state of Odisha, separated from the mighty Bay of Bengal by a small strip of sand.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It spreads over Puri, Khurda <g class="gr_ gr_155 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="155" data-gr-id="155">and</g> Ganjam districts of Odisha on the east coast of India, at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an area of over 1,100 square <g class="gr_ gr_150 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="150" data-gr-id="150">kilometeres</g>.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian sub-continent and is home to a number of threatened species of plants and animals.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">In 1981, Chilika Lake <g class="gr_ gr_196 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="196" data-gr-id="196">was designated</g> the first Indian wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><g class="gr_ gr_222 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="222" data-gr-id="222">Major</g> attraction at Chilika is <g class="gr_ gr_151 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="151" data-gr-id="151">Irrawady</g> dolphins which are often spotted off Satpada Island. Satpada, bounded by the lagoon on three sides, </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The large Nalabana Island (Forest of Reeds) covering about 16 sq km in the lagoon area was declared a bird sanctuary in 1987. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Kalijai Temple - Located on an island in the Chilika Lake.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Shanghai Cooperation Organization Peace Mission 2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Indian Army recently participated in Exercise Shanghai Cooperation Organization Peace Mission 2018 in Chebarkul, Russia.</span></li>
<li>The SCO Peace Mission Exercise is one of the major defense cooperation initiatives amongst SCO nations.</li>
<li>The focus of <g class="gr_ gr_159 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="159" data-gr-id="159">exercise</g> was to provide <g class="gr_ gr_160 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="160" data-gr-id="160">opportunity</g> to the armed forces of SCO nations to train in <b><g class="gr_ gr_149 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="149" data-gr-id="149">counter terrorism</g> operations in <g class="gr_ gr_161 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="161" data-gr-id="161">urban</g> scenario</b><span> in a multinational and joint environment.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>The scope of the exercise includes professional interaction, mutual understanding of drills &amp; procedures, <g class="gr_ gr_201 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="201" data-gr-id="201">establishment</g> of joint command and control structures and <g class="gr_ gr_204 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="204" data-gr-id="204">elimination</g> of terrorist threat in <g class="gr_ gr_202 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="202" data-gr-id="202">urban</g> <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="148" data-gr-id="148">counter terrorist</g> scenario.</li>
<li>For the first time, India and Pakistan armies participated in a joint anti-terror exercise.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><b>Shanghai Cooperation Organization</b></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">SCO is an intergovernmental organization founded in 2001. Currently, it has 8 members.</span></li>
<li>Headquarters of SCO: Beijing, China.</li>
<li>SCO has its origin in <b>Shanghai Five Grouping</b><span> founded on 26 April 1996 consisting of China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.</span></li>
<li>In 2001, Uzbekistan joined Shanghai Five and it was rechristened as Shanghai Cooperation Organization. In 2017, India and Pakistan joined SCO as <g class="gr_ gr_208 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="208" data-gr-id="208">full time</g> members.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-27-august-2018'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Our Understanding of the Dynamics of Risks of Disasters is Still Far from Comprehensive',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p>(<em>This editorial appears in the Hindustan Times, for 25-08-2018, and it explains how the problem of floods in India is taking a turn for the worse, and also the reasons why we are unable to tackle the same.)</em></p>
<p>The floods in Kerala has brought out the threat of non-recurring and sudden flooding into the open. The devastation to human life and property, to environment and infrastructure, has been massive. Besides the usual, there are certain other perspectives and issues surrounding the problem of flooding that needs to be known and addressed.</p>
<p>The first part of the editorial identifies three changing trends with regards to flood in India:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Though floods are the &lsquo;most common and recurrent natural disaster&rsquo; in India, its frequency and intensity of occurrence have increased in the recent years. Floods are now occurring regularly in states where it used to occur once every ten years or more.</li>
<li>Earlier, floods in India were restricted to areas like the Brahmaputra-Barak Valley, the Indo-Gangetic plains and the deltaic regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala - which are riverine areas. Now, floods are occurring in small river valleys and even in hills, plateaus, and deserts.</li>
<li>The phenomenon of urban floods is also increasing. Earlier, flooding was restricted to urban areas found on coasts or river banks, whereas now, even inland cities such as Bangalore and Jaipur get flooded.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Factors Responsible for this State-of-Affairs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Change in rainfall pattern</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The distribution pattern of rainfall is changing even though the average seasonal rainfall has not changed much. (This Wikimedia map gives a fair idea of rainfall distribution in India)<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/476680px-India_annual_rainfall_map_en.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></li>
<li>This change in rainfall distribution is causing local climates to alter unpredictably between dry and rainy days, and in creating &lsquo;intense downpours&rsquo; within short periods of time (even in areas that traditionally do not receive intense rainfall).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Failure of flood protection networks, and of dams and drainage systems</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Most of the dams and other such water-controlling infrastructure in India had been designed and constructed keeping in view the older climate patterns, including the older rainfall and flooding patterns. This climate data is obviously outdated.</li>
<li>Moreover, the resilience of such infrastructure has been compromised due to poor maintenance. Even the newly built infrastructure more than often do not meet global standards of resilience. The profit-driven, short-sighted infrastructure development policy has also led to <g class="gr_ gr_66 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="66" data-gr-id="66">decline</g> in disaster (especially of the flood) preventing ecosystems found in nature like forests, small tributaries, marshlands, lakes etc. This phenomenon also affects groundwater recharge and degrades the general environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The disaster management system in India is not working</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even though the Disaster Management Act 2005 and the National Policy on Disaster Management 2009 prescribe &lsquo;integrating disaster risk reduction (i.e. mitigation) in the process of development across all sectors and at all levels&rsquo;, such a thing is yet to happen. The understanding of the dynamics of risks of disasters is far from comprehensive.</li>
<li>For example, the multi-hazard early warning systems (EWS) does not work for floods. Even though rainfall can be predicted very accurately, there is no early warning system yet, for evacuating people from areas that are about to be flooded. This warning system works for cyclones only.</li>
<li>The focus of disaster management in India is still about these three things: response, relief, and rehabilitation. It avoids the globally accepted additional parameters of disaster management like risk assessment, risk prevention and mitigation, and disaster preparedness.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>We need to shift our focus from disaster response to disaster prevention. Mitigation is always preferable to relief and with proper mitigation, there is a lesser need for relief.</li>
<li>We must also set up the national, state and district level mitigation funds as mandated by law, instead of spending most of the money (more than 90% of the disaster management funds with States) on relief.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/our-understanding-of-the-dynamics-of-risks-of-disasters-is-still-far-from-comprehensive'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'OECD’S Forecast for Global Economy in 2060',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) recently released a research analysis-&nbsp;<strong>The Long View: Scenarios for the World Economy to 2060.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>World real GDP growth will decline from 3.5% in 2018 to 2% in 2060.</li>
<li>By 2060, India, China, and Indonesia combined will represent almost half of the world&rsquo;s economic output.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Findings of Research</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>World growth slows and weight of emerging economies rises
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>By 2060, the global real GDP growth rate will decrease. The share of Emerging market in Global GDP will increase.</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s share of world output will be at its peak during the 2030s at about 27% and will decline thereafter, while India&rsquo;s share in Global GDP will keep increasing.</li>
<li>By the mid-2030s, India&rsquo;s contribution to global GDP will be the largest and will surpass that of China.</li>
<li>Causes for the decline in global GDP: Decline in working age population due to population <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="89" data-gr-id="89">ageing</g> will decrease employment rate as older people are less likely to be employed than middle-aged people.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prospects for Emerging Market Economies&nbsp;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The world&rsquo;s economic center of gravity continues to shift towards Asia
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The center of gravity of world economic activity will move from North America and Europe towards Asia.</li>
<li>Therefore, countries that are geographically closer to large markets like India and China will become less economically remote and will benefit from easier access to their markets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Living standards continue to improve
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Living standards in all countries will continue to improve with rising GDP and will gradually move towards that of developed countries.</li>
<li>But living standard in BRICS and low-income countries will remain below and almost half to that of the USA in 2060.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Institutional reforms would speed the convergence of emerging market economies
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The BRICS countries have scope for improvement in the quality of governance and level of educational attainment.</li>
<li>If BRICS improve quality of institutions and raise educational attainment, then living standard in BRICS will be 30% to 50% higher in 2060 than now.</li>
<li>Institutions are important because they can create positive incentives for business investment, technology adoption, and human capital accumulation.</li>
<li>Institutions may encourage people to work towards the growth-enhancing environment, or they may lead to corruption and personal gain at the expense of the rest of society.</li>
<li>Education will enhance the knowledge and skills in individuals and also will encourage:
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>participation in groups.</li>
<li>opens doors to job opportunities.</li>
<li>makes individuals better aware of their rights.</li>
<li>improves health.</li>
<li>reduces poverty.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The OECD is an intergovernmental economic <g class="gr_ gr_102 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="102" data-gr-id="102">organisation</g>, founded to stimulate economic progress and world trade.<br />Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.</li>
<li>Founded: 1961.</li>
<li>Headquarters: Paris, France.</li>
<li>Total Members: 36.</li>
<li>India is not a member, but a key economic partner.</li>
<li>Reports and Indices by OECD
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Government at a Glance 2017 report.</li>
<li>International Migration Outlook.</li>
<li>OECD Better Life Index.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Emerging Market Economy: An emerging market economy is a nation's economy that is progressing toward becoming an advanced economy.</li>
<li>BRICS is an international grouping consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China <g class="gr_ gr_74 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="74" data-gr-id="74">and</g> South Africa.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Should Article 35A be scrapped?',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p><em>The &lsquo;Yes, No, It&rsquo;s complicated&rsquo; column of The Hindu for 24th August, 2018, looks upon the Article 35 A, its constitutionality and analyzes its impact on the State of Jammu and Kashmir.</em></p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Article was introduced through a <strong>Presidential Order, of 1954,</strong> which gives the Jammu and Kashmir State Legislature a complete autonomy to decide who the &lsquo;permanent residents&rsquo; of the State are. It (despite its power, this article) is reflected only in an Appendix of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Under the Article, the J&amp;K State Legislature can enact any legislation on the issues of permanent residence, or special privileges and rights, or imposition of restrictions, or employment, acquisition of immovable property and settlement in the State, or aid from the State government. One of the preconditions of the enactment of the law was that it would not be considered to violate the fundamental rights of the citizens of the Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>The Presidential Order was issued under <strong>Article 370(1)(d),</strong> which allows the President to make certain exceptions and modifications to the Constitution of India for the sole benefit of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications of the Presidential Order</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Instrument of Accession</strong> signed by Maharaja Hari Singh in 1947 which brought the State into the Union of India gave India control only over the State&rsquo;s <strong>defence, foreign policy and communications.</strong> On all other matters, the State government retained powers.</li>
<li>However, through the Presidential order, of 1954, India&rsquo;s control over the state was expanded by integrating the State&rsquo;s finances with India and the fundamental rights and directive principles were also extended to the citizens of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>The Order also extended the Supreme Court&rsquo;s jurisdiction over certain aspects of Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues around the Article</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Article&rsquo;s addition to the Constitution under <strong>Article 370 (</strong>which allows the President to make certain exceptions and modifications to the Constitution for the benefit of Jammu and Kashmir) is in contradiction to the <strong>Article 368</strong> (procedure for constitutional amendments), which empowers only the Parliament to amend the Constitution. Also, its introduction through the Presidential order shows the lack of a comprehensive Parliamentary contemplation.</li>
<li>The &lsquo;classification&rsquo; of citizens created by the Article has been considered to be violative of the Fundamental Rights conferred on the citizens especially the Right to equality (Article 14). It has been considered to be discriminatory against the women with regards to property rights.</li>
<li>The Article does not consider the non-permanent residents of the state eligible for State government employment and also debars them from contesting elections.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion: Article 35A is a recognition of the conditional accession of J&amp;K into India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Article is a small part of a larger process of the State&rsquo;s integration into India. The State&rsquo;s limited accession to India makes its legislations regulating land, rights over land and settlement in State different from the similar legislations in the other parts of the country like Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand (where buying and selling of land to outsiders is not permitted by law). When the two fundamental rights - the freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory and the freedom to practice any profession, trade and business gets violated in other states, they cannot be challenged in the case of Jammu and Kashmir, which in a way is a &lsquo;quasi-sovereign&rsquo; state.</li>
<li>All the issues revolving around the unconstitutionality of the legislation has to be decided according to laws and the Constitution of the State.</li>
<li>Even the decision to scrape it off should take into account the expression of the will of the people, through a political process which includes the people of Jammu and Kashmir in the discussion.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/should-article-35a-be-scrapped'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (24 August 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>National Statistical Commission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the National Statistical Commission (NSC) has sought public comments on a report which showed that the economy grew at fastest pace in 2006-07. The back series data on GDP report was prepared by the Committee on Real Sector Statistics.</li>
<li>The NSC was set up by the Government of India through a resolution with effect from 12th July 2006 on the recommendations of the Rangarajan Commission, which reviewed the Indian Statistical System in 2001.</li>
<li>Its mandate is to evolve policies, priorities <g class="gr_ gr_46 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="46" data-gr-id="46">and</g> standards in statistical matters. It is also mandated to constitute professional committees to assist it on various technical issues.</li>
<li>Therefore, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) constituted the following five professional Committees on the recommendation of NSC in 2016:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Committee on Real Sector Statistics</li>
<li>Committee on Financial Sector Statistics</li>
<li>Committee on Fiscal Statistics</li>
<li>Committee on Online Reporting System</li>
<li>Committee on Analytics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The NSC has four Members besides a Chairperson, each having specialization and experience in specified statistical fields.</li>
<li>The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the NITI Aayog is an ex-officio member of the NSC.</li>
<li>The Chief Statistician of India (CSI) is the Secretary to the Commission. He has a dual role, as he also discharges the functions of the Secretary to the Government of India in the</li>
<li>Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bondi Bond</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Blockchain Operated New Debt Instrument (Bondi) Bond is the world&rsquo;s first public bond created and managed using only blockchains by the World Bank. It is named with reference to Australia&rsquo;s most famous beach (Bondi beach).</li>
<li>The prototype deal is being viewed as an initial step in moving bond sales away from manual processes towards faster and cheaper automation.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Blockchain Technology?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The blockchain is the backbone technology on which bitcoins run.</li>
<li>It acts like a digital public ledger that records every transaction. Once a transaction is entered in the blockchain, it cannot be erased or modified.</li>
<li>Blockchain removes the need for using a trusted third party such as a bank to make a transaction by directly connecting the customers and suppliers.</li>
<li>While the origin of the technology is not clear, it is widely believed that a person or group of people by the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, who invented bitcoins, released the technology to support cryptocurrency.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-24-august-2018'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Aeolus Wind Satellite',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently the European Space Agency&rsquo;s (ESA) launched its&nbsp;<strong>Aeolus satellite</strong>&nbsp;into the&nbsp;<strong>polar orbit</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is named after Aeolus, who in Greek mythology was appointed <strong>&lsquo;keeper of the winds&rsquo;</strong> by the Gods.</li>
<li>This mission is the<strong> fifth</strong> in the family of ESA&rsquo;s Earth Explorers. It will also improve weather forecasting.</li>
<li>Aeolus will use laser technology to measure winds around the globe and play a key role to better understand the workings of our atmosphere.<strong></strong></li>
<li>Aeolus carries one of the most sophisticated instrument, named&nbsp;<strong>Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (Aladin)</strong> which will blast the surface with a 10-megawatt ultraviolet laser 50 times per second, tracking the minute changes evident in the reflected beam caused by air molecules and other matter in the atmosphere&nbsp;&ndash; a completely new approach to measuring the wind from space.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Applications</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although weather forecasts have advanced considerably in recent years, Aeolus will provide global wind profiles to <strong>improve the accuracy</strong> even further.</li>
<li>The lack of direct global wind measurements was one of the major deficits in the Global Observing System. By filling this gap, Aeolus will give scientists the information they need to understand how <strong>wind, pressure, temperature and humidity are interlinked.</strong></li>
<li>In addition, its data will be used in <strong>air-quality models</strong> to improve<strong> forecasts of dust</strong> and other airborne particles that affect <strong>public health.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Types of Orbits</strong></p>
<p>In general, there are two types of orbits:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Polar Synchronous</li>
<li>Geosynchronous<strong><br /></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Polar Orbit</strong><strong></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A polar orbit travels <strong>north-south over the poles</strong> and takes approximately <strong>90 minutes</strong> for a full rotation.</li>
<li>These orbits have an <strong>inclination near 90 degrees</strong>. This allows the satellite to see virtually every part of the Earth as the Earth rotates underneath it.</li>
<li>These satellites have many uses such as&nbsp; <strong>monitoring crops, global security, measuring ozone concentrations in the stratosphere or measuring temperatures in the atmosphere.</strong></li>
<li>Almost all the satellites that are in a polar orbit are at <strong>lower altitudes</strong>.</li>
<li>An orbit is called sun-synchronous when the <strong>angle</strong> between the <strong>line joining the centre of the Earth</strong> and the <strong>satellite</strong> and <strong>the Sun</strong> is <strong>constant throughout the orbit.</strong></li>
<li>These orbits are also referred to as<strong> &ldquo;Low Earth Orbit (LEO)&rdquo;</strong> which enables the on-board camera to take images of the earth under the <strong>same sun-illumination conditions</strong> during each of the repeated visits, thus making the satellite useful for <strong>earth resources monitoring</strong>.</li>
<li>It passes over any given point on Earth&rsquo;s surface at the <strong>same local solar time</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Geosynchronous Orbit</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Geosynchronous satellites are&nbsp;launched into orbit in the same direction the Earth is spinning and can have any inclination.</li>
<li>When the satellite is in orbit at a specific altitude (approximately <strong>36,000km above</strong> the Earth's surface), it will exactly match the rotation of the Earth.</li>
<li>While, <strong>Geostationary orbits</strong> fall in the same category as geosynchronous orbits, but with that <strong>one special quality of being parked over the equator.</strong></li>
<li>In the case of geostationary satellites, the Earth&rsquo;s force of gravity is exactly enough to provide acceleration required for circular motion.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aeolus-wind-satellite'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'New Industrial Policy, 2018',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Government of India will be introducing a New Industrial Policy that<span style="font-weight: 400;"></span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> will replace the 27-year-old existing policy</span> <span style="font-weight: 400;">and pave the way for the promotion of new technology and reduced regulations.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The policy aims to create jobs over the next two decades, promote foreign technology transfer and attract $100 billion FDI annually.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>Why the need for a new industrial policy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is time to shift from a policy of continuity to radical and accelerated reforms for greater strategic engagement with the world, i.e., it is time to Reform, Perform and Transform. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">A comprehensive, actionable, outcome-oriented industrial policy will enable Industry to deliver a larger role in the economy; to fulfil its role as the engine of growth and to shoulder the responsibility of adding more value and jobs.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>Constraints to Industrial Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><b>Inadequate infrastructure:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Rapid growth of the economy has put further stress on infrastructure. Lack of quality industrial infrastructure has resulted in high logistics cost and has in turn affected cost competitiveness of Indian goods in global markets.</span></li>
<li><b>Restrictive labour laws:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> The labour laws have been overly protective of the labour force in the formal sector. Though labour protection and security are required, the flipside is that it discourages employers from hiring workers on a regular basis. It has probably also led to entrepreneurs choosing to stay away from labour-intensive sectors.</span></li>
<li><b>Complicated business environment:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Complex and time taking business processes and clearances have been a disincentive for businesses. </span></li>
<li><b>Slow technology adoption:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Indian industry has been a slow adopter of new and advanced technologies. Inefficient technologies led to low productivity and higher costs adding to the disadvantage of Indian products in international markets.</span></li>
<li><b>Low productivity:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Workers in India are overwhelmingly employed in low productivity and low wage activities. Productivity as measured by value added per worker and average wages in manufacturing in India are only one-third of that in China. </span></li>
<li><b>Challenges for trade:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Manufacturing sector especially exporters are facing challenges of stagnant/shrinking global demand and rising protectionist tendencies around the world. Indian MSME sector is particularly facing tough competition from cheap imports from China and FTA countries.</span></li>
<li><b>Inadequate expenditure on R&amp;D and Innovation:</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Investments in these areas is essential to ensure growth in the industry. Public investments have been constrained and private investment is not forthcoming as these involve long gestation periods and uncertain returns.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Earlier Industrial Policies of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><b>Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> set the stage for state-owned and government-run enterprises, as well as establishing a private sector that was regulated by a &ldquo;system of licences.' It did so by dividing India&rsquo;s industries into three categories: </span>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Industries in which the government was going to be the primary actor and the exclusive actor, thereby setting a state monopoly in defence production, iron and steel production, electricity production and distribution, and mining.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Industries where the state would be the primary actor in creating enterprises, but there was no state monopoly, and private actors could &ldquo;supplement the effort of the state.&rdquo; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Industries that would be open to private enterprise, but had to obtain a license from the government for standard business practices such as opening a new firm, or expanding production.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1991, when India faced a severe economic crisis, the government passed a new Industrial Policy resolution. The <b>Industrial policy of 1991</b><span> set out directions for industrialisation in an economy that began its journey in liberalisation. It dealt with liberalising licensing and measures to encourage foreign investments. A policy for public sector enterprises and the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act were introduced.</span></li>
<li>The Government decided to take a series of initiatives in key areas: (a) Industrial Licensing (b) Foreign Investment (c) Foreign Technology Agreements (d) Public Sector Policy (e) MRTP Act</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-industrial-policy-2018'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Panel for Roll Out of 5G Services by 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The nine-member Steering Committee, headed by Stanford University Professor AJ Paulraj, submitted the report,<strong> Making India 5G Ready</strong>, to the telecom secretary.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Committee suggested that Government should announce its 5G policy by December 31, 2018 and 5G services should be made operational in country by 2020.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Recommendations of Committee</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Spectrum Policy
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India&rsquo;s spectrum allocation should be enhanced significantly on various frontiers to realize digital infrastructure as a core utility under Digital India.</li>
<li>The cost of spectrum relative to per-capita GDP is high and it is important that India builds a more favourable spectrum policy in the 5G era.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Regulatory policy
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Regulatory policy support for deployment of mobile networks is critical for its success due to its close linkages with the physical, financial and security infrastructure of the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Education and Awareness Promotion Program
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Given the economic potential of 5G. It is important to promote awareness of 5G and advance the related skills development within the country.</li>
<li>The Committee recommended three initiatives - Attract global 5G conference events to India, set up national 5G events and create a comprehensive skills development program.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Applications and Use Case Labs
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Deeper and faster deployment of 5g in India can greatly benefit from the setting up of Applications and Use Case Labs.</li>
<li>These labs will provide multiple functions &ndash; interoperability testing for new applications, fostering innovation in 5G use cases, and promote entrepreneurship to develop locally tailored solutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Development of Information Technology Standards
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With the advent of 5G and its rich applications potential, many fresh requirements will arise.</li>
<li>India is in its initial years of engagement in the global standards ecosystem. 5G offers a new opportunity to engage in the standards process. The Committee recommends both short term and longer term initiatives to develop a ten year strategy for Information Technology Standards.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Participation in International Standards
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Committee recommended short term initiatives like setting up &lsquo;Standards Project Teams&rsquo; with funding enabling consistent participation to participate in standards activities.</li>
<li>For the longer term, the Committee recommended that an expert committee be constituted to recommend a ten year strategy for Information Technology Standards in India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Technology Demonstration and Major Trials
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Committee recommended that the major global Original Equipment Manufacturers should be invited to conduct major 5G trials in India in collaboration with local partners.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Positive Impact of 5G on Indian Economy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>5G services would have a cumulative economic impact of over $1 trillion by 2035.</li>
<li>By early deployment of 5G services, India can accelerate the dividends and can also become an innovator.</li>
<li>As per the OECD Committee on Digital Economic Policy, 5G technologies will help in:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increasing GDP</li>
<li>Creating Employment</li>
<li>Digitizing the economy</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is 5G?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 5G standards envisage various types of wireless services -
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>High speed links with peak rates of 2 to 20 Gbps,</li>
<li>Low speed links but with high connection density (one million per Sq. Km.) for sensing and actuating devices (IoT),</li>
<li>Low latency (the response time after tapping the screen or pressing a key)</li>
<li>High connection reliability (link outage of 0.99999).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panel-for-roll-out-of-5g-services-by-2020'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Time and Stress Management for Civil Services Aspirants',
		'catname' => 'Mains Strategy',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Time and stress are interrelated and interconnected.</strong> Mismanagement of time usually leads to stress while stress may cause in turn even more time mismanagement. It becomes a vicious cycle where one begets the other. It is not easy to break this cycle without first getting clear about one&rsquo;s goals. Moreover, time and stress management is a long term process and so care must be taken to identify the root causes and not just address the outward symptoms.</p>
<p>The Civil Services Examination (CSE) is known to induce considerable stress on aspirants and this stress may even hamper their chances of getting through all the stages of the examination. The focus of this strategy is specifically on time and stress issues that come up during CSE preparation, even though some of the tips and tricks can be used generally as well.</p>
<p><em>To manage stress and for a proper management of time, first we need to identify the various sources of stress and the various reasons for time mismanagement.</em></p>
<h3>Sources of Stress</h3>
<p>The first and primary source of stress is in deciphering the CSE syllabus. Most aspirants find themselves lost in the vastness of the syllabus. They are simply confused whether or not they will be able to cover the entire syllabus within the available time. In this confusion even starting the preparation becomes a hard task. Thus, lack of clarity regarding the syllabus, its open ended nature on some topics, are the primary sources of stress when preparing for the CSE. Also, aspirants often find it difficult to evaluate whether or not they are covering the important topics from the right sources. Therefore, having to make choices with respect to <strong>reading materials</strong> is another source of stress. There are multiple books on the same topic, a great number of websites and many different magazines catering to the same themes which causes confusion and information overload for the aspirant. Knowing what to prepare and from where is very important and we have already given you a strategy on what sources to consult for the CSE Prelims and Mains.</p>
<p>Other sources of stress in the CSE are the <strong>long cycle of the examination &ndash;</strong> <em>you have to start afresh if you fail to clear any of the stages</em> <em>&ndash;</em> and the pressures of <strong>competition</strong>. The CSE is a long drawn process and even if a candidate clears all the stages at one go, it takes close to a year for the process to complete. God forbid if one falters at any of the stages of the exam, one should utilize the time available for making the next attempt the best one. <em>You have to take it positively and keep working on your preparation.</em> For overcoming the pressures of competition you have to keep in mind that CSE is after all a competitive examination and as such competition is natural. It is not the competition that should matter but only the preparation that you do for it. If you prepare well there is no reason why you would not be able to clear the CSE with a good rank.</p>
<h3>Reasons for Time Mismanagement</h3>
<p>Wanting to cover the syllabus fully is the primary reason for most time mismanagement. Many aspirants set out for a <strong>complete coverage of the syllabus </strong>only to realise later that many topics are simply too vast or that very few questions, if any, are being asked from some topics. In this effort a lot of time is simply wasted because those topics needed to be covered differently and the time saved on its coverage should have been used profitably in covering other areas of the syllabus. Not knowing how to divide time according to the priority and relevance of the syllabus is the reason for time mismanagement and since the syllabus is vast and sometimes open ended it requires a smart coverage with a <strong>selective minimum number of sources</strong>.</p>
<h3>Starting with Time and Stress Management</h3>
<p>Since both time and stress are correlated we must address these simultaneously. It will be easy to remove these from your CSE preparation once you understand and accept a few truths regarding the CSE syllabus.</p>
<p>First, the <strong>dynamic nature of the syllabus</strong> must be acknowledged. Topics in the syllabus cannot be studied in isolation, there has to be a connection with real world developments. Strictly speaking, this means that almost every topic in the syllabus is connected to current affairs. Thus, there can be only two types of questions in general - one that checks conceptual clarity or memory for important concepts, dates, events etc and one that checks the aspirant&rsquo;s awareness of the world around him. In CSE terminology we can say that Current Affairs should be your guide when covering various topics of the syllabus.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Guide to Studying Smart</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Identify core areas for the CSE &ndash;</strong> the core areas of the CSE syllabus can be segregated in an order of importance as follows - Current Affairs, Polity, Economy <em>(focus more on current developments)</em>, Modern Indian History, Geography <em>(especially map based; places and locations)</em> and Science and Technology <em>(focus on current developments)</em>. Once the core areas are covered, you can move on to peripheral areas like Ancient Indian History.</li>
<li><strong>Segregate the syllabus &ndash;</strong> the entire syllabus can be segregated into three parts. Parts that you already know well, parts that you have some idea about and lastly parts that you have very less or almost no idea about. Once that is done, we suggest that you only revise or brush up those parts of the syllabus that you already know very well. For parts that you have some idea about, try to get more clarity from reliable sources and for the parts that you have no idea about devote the maximum time and effort, provided that they are relevant topics and belong to the core areas of the CSE syllabus.</li>
<li><strong>Prepare a simple plan for covering the core areas of the syllabus first.</strong> After that, keep clearing new concepts, especially the basic concepts, as soon as you encounter them while preparing Current Affairs or any other subject. Also, while preparing CA keep revisiting concepts you have already come across by drawing backward and cross linkages. For example, if you find a new term &lsquo;bad bank&rsquo; in the newspaper, look it up immediately. Later on, when you are preparing economy revisit the concept of a bad bank while connecting the concept with the problem of NPAs in the banking sector.</li>
<li><strong>Make flexible routines &ndash;</strong>&nbsp;the routine that you devise should be flexible and should be realistic enough for you to be able to follow it with heart. Keep in mind that it is better to study 5-7 hours with concentration, regularly, than to study 10-12 hours for a few days and then burning out. Remember that it is a marathon and not a sprint. You have to keep running and as such self-pacing is very important.</li>
<li><strong>Devise and make use of acronyms and mnemonics.</strong> For example, remembering Vijayanagar Empire&rsquo;s dynasties becomes easier with the acronym SSTA - Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Aravidu.</li>
<li><strong>Keep evaluating yourself from time to time so that you stay on course.</strong> Join a test series, solve CSE previous year&rsquo;s question papers or go for a peer evaluation with your friends.</li>
<li><strong>Get involved in the preparation process.</strong> Studying for the CSE is not a one-day affair, rather it is a long drawn process of at least 1 year from Prelims to Personality Test. It is advised that you treat the preparation as a process and not as an year end examination and get involved with it full time.</li>
<li><strong>Remember to take breaks while studying.</strong> You should drive out monotony by taking breaks and by studying different subjects in one session. Sitting with one subject for 5-7 hours is not advisable, instead study 2-3 subjects within that time to keep the study session interesting and challenging.</li>
<li><strong>Selected minimum number of books, multiple readings of the same book,</strong> is the mantra for success in CSE. Reading the same thing from multiple sources would only lead to confusion and a mismanagement of time, causing stress. Best advice here is to read from the same book, provided it is a standard text book, as many times as required to understand concepts properly.</li>
<li><strong>Revise, revise and revise &ndash;</strong> <em>revision is key</em> <em>to the CSE preparation</em>. Moreover, if you don&rsquo;t revise you may find it hard to recall topics that you have already studied earlier which could hamper your efforts at covering newer topics with ease.</li>
<li><em>Lastly </em>and most importantly, <strong>improvise and customize your preparation plan as per your own strengths and weaknesses.</strong> For example, if you are a science graduate you should ideally focus more on the humanities subjects, or if you like to study in the morning (or late in the night), you should plan accordingly; it is advisable that since all the CSE exam timings are during the daytime you should get accustomed to studying and performing during the daytime as well.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><em>Second,</em> a <strong>smart method of study </strong>must be devised to cover the syllabus. The traditional &lsquo;brute force&rsquo; method for covering the entire syllabus should be replaced with a smarter method that takes into account the dynamic and evolving nature of the CSE question paper. This translates into two very important points - one, the CSE can be cleared with minimum selective books or reading materials and two, knowing and narrowing down what to study is more important than a wholesale coverage of the syllabus. A smart method of study also optimizes time among other things. Please refer to the box titled <strong>Guide to Studying Smart </strong>for more information.</p>
<h3>Reasonable methods for managing time</h3>
<p>The good thing with time is that it can be managed. In CSE preparation, time management requires three steps &ndash; <em>the setting of goals, the devising of plans to reach these goals and the scheduling of day-to-day activities</em>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong> Goal Setting &ndash;</strong> For your CSE preparation you have to set timebound goals. These have to be specific goals, as in your goals for the day, for the month and even for the entire CSE year. It is important that when you set your goals you do so carefully and realistically. Unrealistic goals like trying to cover the entire Polity syllabus in a month will do more harm than good. Also keep in mind that once a goal is set you should not back out of it until you have reached the goal. If the goal, for instance, is to complete a mock test then do complete it at any cost even if it takes 2-3 sittings to complete. Habit formation, after all, takes time and effort.</li>
<li><strong>Planning &ndash;</strong> The famous quote by Antoine de Saint &lsquo;a goal without a plan is just a wish&rsquo; best describes the essentiality of planning in achieving goals. To plan correctly an aspirant should take into account the entire CSE year into perspective. For instance, assuming that the ultimate goal of any aspirant is to clear the CSE, it would be difficult for him to plan for it at one go. Instead, he would have to plan it in stages - <em>planning for each stage differently </em>- Prelims, Mains and the Personality Test each requiring a different strategy. Unless an aspirant is clearly focussed on what each stage demands or requires he would not be confident of his chances at clearing that particular stage.</li>
<li><strong>Daily Scheduling &ndash;</strong> <em>&lsquo;Either you run the day or the day runs you&rsquo; (Jim Rohn)</em> should be the guiding mantra when practising daily scheduling. Daily scheduling is the art of dividing a day&rsquo;s worth of time into segments prioritised according to needs. It is highly recommended that an aspirant practices the habit of daily scheduling at least for a few weeks if not always. Doing so will help decipher the mystery that we all are familiar with - <em>where did the 24 hours go</em>? A lot of time per day is lost to trivial things and these add up to significant amounts of time in a month. Not necessarily this is time wasted but if we are to achieve our goals then we must sacrifice some of the trivial things that we like to do. In the next section <strong>Tips and Tricks for Saving Time and Fighting Stress </strong>there is a further discussion on this subject.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tips and Tricks for Time and Stress Management</h3>
<p>To practice time management and to reduce stress during CSE preparation we can follow some simple yet effective tips. In the list below we have put together some of the most simple, obvious and necessary tips that can help in both saving time and managing stress.</p>
<p><span style="color: #993366;"><strong>Step 1:</strong></span> <em>24 hours is available to us all, equally &ndash; make good use of it</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>You should make best use of the 24 hours you get in a day; often the difference between clearing and not clearing the CSE is determined by how one utilizes the time made available to him.<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/796Strategy infograph 23-8-18.png" style="float: right;" width="312" height="450" /></li>
<li>A regular, disciplined and smart study of 5-7 hours everyday <em>(for a year if it is your first attempt)</em> is guaranteed to make a huge difference in your CSE performance.</li>
<li>There will always be interruptions &ndash; sometimes it will be forced upon you, sometimes you will interrupt yourself - what matters is how soon you can get back on track. It is ideal if you can isolate yourself from any interruptions (like a relative&rsquo;s visit) but if you can&rsquo;t you should try and make up for the lost hours as best as you can. This is the simplest way to avoid stress.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #993366;"><strong>Step 2:</strong></span> <em>Learn about how other people are managing time and stress</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of us are fighting stress and managing time - some are doing it effectively, some are not. We all have devised plans, taken action and have got results from our struggles with time and stress and some of these plans and actions may even work for you. You should try and learn from others, how they are managing time and stress in their preparation.</li>
<li>One of the common actions that people take for managing time is the deliberate casting aside of entertainment sources like TV, mobile phones or even the computer. It may work with some aspirants but if you are dependent on the internet for preparation it may not work for you. What you must do here instead is use your will-power so as to not abuse or waste time on the computer while using it diligently for study purposes only.</li>
<li>Some of us are confused, some of us fear failing, some are distracted with jobs or academic courses and some of us are simply lacking self-confidence. The only way to ameliorate these difficulties is to start the preparation process immediately once you are clear in your mind that CSE is your goal. As we progress with our preparation these difficulties should generally lessen to a great extent, while at the same time also remove our confusion and give us ample self-confidence.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #993366;"><strong>Step 3:</strong></span> <em>Take care of your health</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For many people stress may induce severe physiological and psychological symptoms like insomnia, migraine, high blood pressure and for some it may even trigger episodes of depression. Therefore when preparing for the CSE take good care of your health, after all a healthy mind resides only in a healthy body. Eat good, healthy food, sleep well and exercise - take a walk, practice yoga or play your favourite sport. Also make going to bed and waking up in the morning at a particular time a habit. Healthy people are less prone to stress and are also more productive with their time. Consider good health a prerequisite to good performance in the CSE.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>We must realize that we cannot create time nor can we kill stress permanently. What we can do instead is manage these efficiently. So, you should begin the process of time and stress management earnestly &ndash; starting slowly with smaller and easily manageable goals. Gradually you should be able to make good progress and also learn how to prioritize the various parts of the syllabus as per your personal requirements. Set deadlines but do not worry too much when short-term deadlines are not met. You will get your opportunity to make up for lost time if you keep following a routine. Also, since this is a marathon you must learn to pace yourself. A disciplined and regular study is the secret to clearing the CSE.</p>',
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Medical Device Margins to be Capped',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>NITI Aayog</strong> has recommended to cap trade margin&nbsp;at 65% for medical devices, abandoning the current price control mechanism.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This will seek to curb profiteering as well as allay concerns of device makers, particularly importers of stents and knee implants, who have complained that price restrictions hurt innovation.</li>
<li>According to Niti Aayog&rsquo;s formula, the maximum retail price (MRP) of a device will be decided by <strong>adding the trade margin</strong> to the price at the first point of sale (stockist).</li>
<li>The trade margin is the<strong> difference</strong> between the price at which the <strong>manufacturers/importers</strong> sell to stockists and the <strong>price charged to consumers.</strong></li>
<li>In India the trade margins are huge hovering around 62% to 405%.</li>
<li>Since, many expenditures are incurred by the importing companies, including clinical education on deployment, and therefore trade margins should start from the first point of sale, that is the stockist.</li>
<li>Once the new mechanism of calculation of trade margins is approved, it will be applicable on devices such as cardiac stents, prices of which were slashed by as much as 85% by <strong>National Pharmaceuticals Pricing Authority</strong><strong>(NPPA)&nbsp;</strong>in 2017.</li>
<li>
<p>However, experts have termed the government&rsquo;s plan to as a regressive move that will hurt consumers and domestic industry. This will make stents not only more expensive for consumers but will also negatively effect domestic industry.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currently, 23 medical devices have been notified as drugs and are regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.</li>
<li>Of these, only four&mdash;cardiac stents, drug-eluting stents, condoms and intra-uterine devices&mdash;are included in the <strong>National List of Essential Medicines</strong> and are, therefore, subject to notified price caps.</li>
<li>Stents were brought under price control after they were included in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) in 2015 on the recommendation of a <strong>sub-committee headed by Prof. Y. K. Gupta</strong>.</li>
<li>Coronary stents are among the categories of medical devices that have been <strong>notified as &ldquo;drugs&rdquo; and not</strong> as medical devices under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Pharmaceuticals Pricing Authority</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NPPA is an organization under Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers which was set up in 1997 to revise the prices of controlled bulk drugs and formulations and to enforce prices and availability of the medicines in the country, under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO), 1995.</li>
<li>The prices are now fixed/revised under Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO), 2013.</li>
<li>It also monitors the prices of decontrolled drugs in order to keep them at reasonable levels.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. These are selected with due regard to disease prevalence, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness.</li>
<li>The list is prepared by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>',
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