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Multinational Corporations: Savior or Saboteur

–Suneel Sheoran In last week of February 2016, news of hepatitis C patients protesting outside India’s patent office in New Delhi was...

25 Jul 2018 Model Essays
The Paths To Glory Lead But To The Grave

–Tapesh Kumar There is an astonishing disposition in human mind to seek pleasure from varied sources, even from pain and melancholy. If it...

25 Jul 2018 Model Essays
Important Facts for Prelims (25th July, 2018)

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail The Election Commission (EC) is struggling to meet the deadline to procure 16 lakh voter-verifiable paper...

25 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Punjab Seeks Special Category Status

The State government of Punjab has asked the Centre to grant it special category status under the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Swasthya Suraksha...

25 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Breach of Privilege

Recently, Congress has given notice for breach of privilege against the Prime Minister and the Defence Minister in Lok Sabha. What is...

25 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Oxytocin Ban

The US generic drugs major Mylan has approached the Delhi High Court challenging the notification issued by the Ministry of Health and Family...

25 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Government’s Stand on Lokpal Appointment is Unsatisfactory: SC

The Supreme Court has stated that the government’s stand on not being able to complete the appointment of a Lokpal has been unsatisfactory. The...

25 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Aluminium as Ninth Core Industry

Recently a report by V.K Saraswat (NITI Aayog member) has recommended that the government should consider classifying the aluminium sector as...

25 Jul 2018 News Analysis
PM Modi Visits Uganda

As part of the three-nation African tour, PM Modi is on a two-day visit to Uganda. It is the first bilateral tour by an Indian Prime Minister since...

25 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Investment Deficiency in India and Its Implications

This article is based on the opinion piece published in Livemint by the name “Two engines of the economy need to fire”In a developing...

24 Jul 2018 News Editorials
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018

The government has introduced the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018 in the Lok Sabha. The bill replaces the Ordinance...

24 Jul 2018 News Analysis
NASA Set to Launch ‘Parker Solar Probe’

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is scheduled to launch ‘Parker Space Probe’ for a planned seven-year mission to...

24 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (24th July, 2018)

Krintafel Krintafel (tafenoquine) is a one dose medication produced by GlaxoSmithKline and has been approved by US regulators as a simple,...

24 Jul 2018 News Analysis
PM Modi in Rwanda

The Indian Prime Minister is on a 5-day visit to Rwanda, Uganda and South Africa. The visit to the three-nations is meant to further strengthen...

24 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Karnataka Sees 300% Jump in FDI Inflows

According to RBI data presented in Parliament, Karnataka received $8.58 billion FDI in 2017-18, which is an increase of about 300% from the $2.13...

24 Jul 2018 News Analysis
General Studies-IV

Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude This paper will include questions to test the candidates’ attitude and approach to issues relating to...

23 Jul 2018 Mains Syllabus
General Studies-III

(Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management) Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning,...

23 Jul 2018 Mains Syllabus
General Studies-II

(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations) Indian Constitution—Historical Underpinnings, Evolution,...

23 Jul 2018 Mains Syllabus
General Studies-I

(Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society) Indian Culture - Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and...

23 Jul 2018 Mains Syllabus
Ayushman Bharat and the Role of Private Hospitals

This editorial appears in The Mint and addresses the brand new scheme Ayushman Bharat and how it is going to affect the role of private hospitals in...

23 Jul 2018 News Editorials

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			'title' => 'Multinational Corporations: Savior or Saboteur',
			'catname' => 'Model Essays',
			'desc' => '<p><em><strong>&ndash;Suneel Sheoran</strong></em></p>
<p>In last week of February 2016, news of hepatitis C patients protesting outside India&rsquo;s patent office in New Delhi was splashed across all major national newspapers in India. The patients were protesting against the American multinational pharmaceutical major Gilead Sciences and the United States government for pressuring the Indian government &ldquo;to blindly and speedily grant patents&rdquo; to Gilead&rsquo;s exorbitantly priced drug named Sovaldi, whose generic versions manufactured by pharmaceutical companies in India are used by millions of hepatitis C patients across the world. So who are these multinational corporations that can even influence sovereign governments and impact millions of lives in the process? The term &lsquo;Multinational Corporations&rsquo; (or MNCs) refers to companies that have operations and offices in multiple countries even though headquartered in only one or <g class="gr_ gr_115 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="115" data-gr-id="115">few</g> of them. Even though the term itself may be of modern origin, such MNCs have existed at least for the past four to five centuries. East India Company, the English trading company that grew its influence in India in the 17th century and laid the foundations of English rule in India, can easily be classified as one.</p>
<p>In today&rsquo;s <g class="gr_ gr_131 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="131" data-gr-id="131">globalised</g> and increasingly interconnected world such companies are only increasing their tribe. Exchange of goods, services, ideas, labor etc. are being encouraged worldwide; specialization is being touted as the need of the hour and increasingly more and more companies are spreading their influence outside their country of origin. While one country may be specialized in manufacturing of certain types of goods using patented technology, others may have <g class="gr_ gr_124 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="124" data-gr-id="124">abundant</g> supply of qualified human resources or cheap labor along with <g class="gr_ gr_125 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="125" data-gr-id="125">market</g> for selling the finished goods. Therefore such difference in availability of resources, skills, markets etc., caused not only by <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="87" data-gr-id="87">geo-political</g> reasons but by historical reasons like imperialism and colonialism, has meant that companies today are increasingly looking to have a global footprint. Most of the major MNCs today <g class="gr_ gr_126 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="126" data-gr-id="126">are</g> headquartered in the industrial or developed countries. These companies, armed with the latest technology and surplus capital, are mainly looking towards the markets in less developed and developing economies to expand their operations. A number of MNCs are operating all over the world today. In India, MNCs like Standard Chartered, HSBC, Colgate-Palmolive, Castrol etc., to name a few, have been operating for decades now. However such multinational corporations can be both, a boon as well as a bane, especially for the less developed or developing countries and for a number of reasons which we will be discussing.</p>
<p>Multinational corporations bring with them capital to invest in developing countries. Such capital can be of utmost use in developing economies where capital is scarce and where tremendous growth opportunities <g class="gr_ gr_146 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="146" data-gr-id="146">exists</g>. Therefore it becomes a win-win situation for both the MNCs and the developing countries as MNCs can deploy their surplus capital for good returns, whereas, the receiving country can expect a boost to its economic growth. However, quick and mass repatriation of such capital in volatile times can be equally harmful to the economy of the developing country. The East Asian crisis of 1997 caused due to such <g class="gr_ gr_144 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="144" data-gr-id="144">flight</g> of foreign capital from Thailand, South Korea, and Indonesia etc is a good example. Similarly, usage of tax havens to avoid payment of taxes and &lsquo;transfer&nbsp;<g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="86" data-gr-id="86">pricings</g>&rsquo; are also major sources of financial loss caused by MNCs to the developing countries. In recent <g class="gr_ gr_149 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="149" data-gr-id="149">studies</g> it was also found that majority of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) being received from developed world was only a reinvestment of profits by the MNCs and their investors and not a deployment of fresh capital. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the share of reinvested earnings is reported to have accounted for as much as four-fifths of total outflows in 2014 for select developed countries. UNCTAD also underlined <g class="gr_ gr_143 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="143" data-gr-id="143">the large</g> <g class="gr_ gr_145 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="145" data-gr-id="145">amount</g> of losses to the exchequer of developing countries ($100 billion a year) due to the routing of FDI through tax havens.</p>
<p>Another way in which these MNCs can boost the economy of developing countries is via the introduction of state-of-the-art technology that can increase productivity and efficiency while making available better and <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="79" data-gr-id="79">cost effective</g> products to the customers. However, at the same time, <g class="gr_ gr_102 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="102" data-gr-id="102">danger</g> persists of some companies bringing in obsolete technology and flooding the market with low quality and potentially harmful goods. If proper care is not taken to enforce modern regulatory standards, poor technology can even lead to industrial accidents, environmental degradation etc. causing severe loss of lives while impacting future generations. India has been on the receiving end of such a disaster in the form of the Bhopal gas tragedy of 1984 where leakage of methyl isocyanate from a pesticide plant of Union Carbide, an MNC, caused tremendous loss of <g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="104" data-gr-id="104">lives,</g> and <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="78" data-gr-id="78">scarring</g> even the future unborn generations of Bhopal.</p>
<p>MNCs may also seek to exploit weak intellectual property laws in developing countries leading to the patenting of hitherto freely available technology or methods, which may cause an increase in <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="89" data-gr-id="89">price</g> of related goods and services. MNCs are also reluctant to allow technology transfer to local partner companies in developing countries, rendering it forever reliant on <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="90" data-gr-id="90">expensive</g> import of such technologies. <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">Recent</g> struggle by pharmaceutical companies to fight against compulsory licensing norms in India and attempts for <g class="gr_ gr_76 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="76" data-gr-id="76">ever greening</g> of licenses even with slight variations in drug properties are examples of MNCs only caring for their bottom lines even when millions of lives are at stake.</p>
<p>By allowing MNCs to operate in its markets, a developing country may also benefit by increased competition in such sectors that can mean increased efficiency in domestic firms and better service or increase in choice of goods for the customer. <g class="gr_ gr_75 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="75" data-gr-id="75">However</g> at the same time, this can destroy the domestic companies leading to the demise of domestic industry and <g class="gr_ gr_65 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="65" data-gr-id="65">large scale</g> loss of employment in the domestic labor market. Big MNCs with their surplus capital, <g class="gr_ gr_72 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="72" data-gr-id="72">backing</g> of private equity funds and better technology can sustain the ensuing losses for longer while wiping out the domestic competition who can&rsquo;t match their deep pockets. A good contemporary example can be the e-commerce companies in India like Amazon, E-bay etc. which <g class="gr_ gr_73 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="73" data-gr-id="73">being</g> backed by big private equity can cause losses to domestic offline retail business by offering huge online discounts to its customers.</p>
<p>Most of the developing economies also have relatively higher unemployment ratios as compared to the first world. MNCs can help by providing employment as they hire the comparatively cheaper labor in emerging economies to produce the required goods and services at low prices. However, an unregulated labor market can only mean exploitation via low paid manual work in harmful conditions.</p>
<p><br />With an increase in productivity, efficiency, employment etc. the developing country can potentially see an increase in its gross domestic product (GDP), average per capita income, as well as <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="81" data-gr-id="81">increase</g> in living standards of its people. However, at the same time it can also be a drain on its precious natural resources in the form of neo-imperialism and lead to gross inequality in growth with the majority of capital getting concentrated in the hands of a few &lsquo;haves&rsquo; at the cost of the &lsquo;have not&rsquo;s and the underprivileged sections of population.</p>
<p>Multinational Corporations can also harm <g class="gr_ gr_94 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="94" data-gr-id="94">sovereign</g> interests of a developing country by dragging its government to international arbitration over policies that the MNC <g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="93" data-gr-id="93">perceives</g> harmful to its own interest. In most of these cases, it is a case of the domestic government protecting its poor population over the contractual rights of an MNC. Also, by forming lobbies and associations in the first world countries and then by pressurizing the developing nations to allow concessions; is another way in which MNCs can employ their <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="77" data-gr-id="77">arm twisting</g> tactics. For e.g. the pharmacy association of the United States has been pressurizing India via the offices of the United States Trade&nbsp;Representative (USTR) to have softer or more lenient IP regime for foreign <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="96" data-gr-id="96">pharmacy</g> companies.</p>
<p>Therefore, clearly, MNCs have their merits as well as demerits, especially for a developing nation. On one hand with their surplus capital, <g class="gr_ gr_84 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="84" data-gr-id="84">cutting edge</g> technology, management expertise etc. leads to increased production, productivity, efficiency, employment and better living standards, whereas on the other hand they can also harm by quick flight of money leading to volatility, obsolete technology, exploiting poor regulatory environment, killing indigenous industries etc. <g class="gr_ gr_110 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="110" data-gr-id="110">However</g> the demerits can be restricted or avoided altogether by having tough yet encouraging <g class="gr_ gr_106 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="106" data-gr-id="106">regulatory</g> environment in the field of finance, intellectual property,&nbsp;competition laws, labor laws, framing of contracts etc. and by ensuring speedy and just <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="83" data-gr-id="83">reddressal</g> of grievances and disputes. India has been reasonably successful in its&nbsp;liberalization attempts since 1991&nbsp;mainly due to carefully opening up&nbsp;only specific sectors to foreign&nbsp;investments on a case-by-case basis and in a phased manner and not allowing full Capital Account Convertibility. India has been able to benefit from the dynamicity of MNCs while at the same time allowing enough space for its domestic firms to grow. This is the reason why India today boasts some of its very own <g class="gr_ gr_85 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="85" data-gr-id="85">home grown</g> MNCs in the form of Tata, Infosys, Reliance, Wipro etc. who are now operating not only in the emerging countries of Africa and South Asia but also in the First World countries of North America and&nbsp;Western Europe.</p>
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'The Paths To Glory Lead But To The Grave',
			'catname' => 'Model Essays',
			'desc' => '<p><strong><em>&ndash;Tapesh Kumar</em></strong></p>
<p>There is an astonishing disposition in <g class="gr_ gr_187 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="187" data-gr-id="187">human</g> mind to seek pleasure from varied sources, even from pain and melancholy. If it weren't so, the gothic genres of literature, horror and bloody movies, lamenting lyrics and grievous ballads would not have been so popular. We receive comfort in <g class="gr_ gr_188 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="188" data-gr-id="188">gloomy</g> tale, acceptance in sad sonnets and calm pleasure from the elegies which raise our melancholy, for no matter how pompous our life might be, there is always some room for <g class="gr_ gr_189 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="189" data-gr-id="189">bitter</g> truth of pain and sorrow. Eighteenth century English poet, classical scholar and professor at Cambridge University - Thomas Gray - wrote this mournful poem titled &lsquo;Elegy written in a country graveyard&rsquo; in a country church burial ground:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>&ldquo;The boast of heraldry,</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>the pomp of power,</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>And all that beauty,</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>all that wealth e&rsquo;er gave.</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>Awaits alike the inevitable hour,</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>The paths of glory lead but to the</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>grave.&rdquo;</strong></em></p>
<p>Such quatrains are a continuous reminder of <g class="gr_ gr_119 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="119" data-gr-id="119">mortality</g> of human life and <g class="gr_ gr_124 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="124" data-gr-id="124">inevitability</g> of death irrespective of social position, beauty, wealth or any glory. It was the same burial site where Gray was later buried.</p>
<p>Of all the truth, death is the most universal, whose <g class="gr_ gr_156 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="156" data-gr-id="156">realisation</g> is assured beyond any doubt and without any exception. One thing that man has consistently failed at is in achieving physical immortality. No alchemy, sacrifice, yoga and no enlightenment or Nirvana could <g class="gr_ gr_161 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="161" data-gr-id="161">materialise</g> into an everlasting enduring life. One who has been <g class="gr_ gr_150 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="150" data-gr-id="150">born,</g> shall die, so shall one who will be born. <g class="gr_ gr_138 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="138" data-gr-id="138">Entire</g> life, people torment themselves for money, material, love, family, health, glory etc. But all the varieties of trouble a life might encounter, with all its preoccupations, find their submergence in death. Death is an inevitable <g class="gr_ gr_141 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="141" data-gr-id="141">phenomena</g> associated with <g class="gr_ gr_154 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="154" data-gr-id="154">life,</g> since the moment worldly existence of life form is <g class="gr_ gr_163 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="163" data-gr-id="163">realised</g>.</p>
<p><g class="gr_ gr_123 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="123" data-gr-id="123">Greek</g> hero of <g class="gr_ gr_133 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="133" data-gr-id="133">Trojan</g> War, the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad - Achilles- was <g class="gr_ gr_139 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="139" data-gr-id="139">tried</g> to be made immortal by his mother Thetis, herself a sea-nymph. He was dipped into the holy water by her mother to attain immortality. <g class="gr_ gr_143 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="143" data-gr-id="143">However</g> he was killed at the end of the Trojan&nbsp;War within the city of Troy by an arrow which struck him in the heel. It was discovered that he was left vulnerable at the part of the body by which she held him while dipping into the water, which remained dry. After his death, all his bravery, all the swiftness of his sword and all his insurmountable strength reduced to a phrase of grammar called &lsquo;Achilles heel&rsquo; which means a weakness or vulnerable point. Indeed death is the ultimate truth. There is nothing that can stop one from <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="128" data-gr-id="128">realization</g> of this truth.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, fear associated with death might be optional. The fact is, death seems scary, not because death is scary but because life, <g class="gr_ gr_159 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="159" data-gr-id="159">many a times</g>, gets scary. The fear of death follows from that of life. One who is prepared to die <g class="gr_ gr_175 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="175" data-gr-id="175">anytime,</g> is the one who lives the life fully. It is in such achievement of fearlessness for life that glory sprouts and nurtures itself. The durability of life is often associated with the intensity of glory achieved. Maria Corazon Aquino was a <g class="gr_ gr_177 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="177" data-gr-id="177">self proclaimed</g> plain housewife <g class="gr_ gr_169 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="169" data-gr-id="169">till</g> she decided to run for president in<br /><g class="gr_ gr_166 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="166" data-gr-id="166">Philippines</g> after her husband was assassinated. She was the most prominent figure of the 1986 People Power Revolution and was named Time magazine's "Woman of the Year" the same year. She toppled the 20-year authoritarian rule of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, restored democracy to the Philippines and served as the 11th President. Prior to this, she had not held any other elective office. She would say: <em><strong>&ldquo;I would rather die a meaningful death than to live a meaningless life.&rdquo;</strong></em> Sacrosanct and inviolable as she might appear, but she died of colon cancer in the year <g class="gr_ gr_172 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar replaceWithoutSep" id="172" data-gr-id="172">of</g> 2009. Death doesn't demand a submission of being, but it ensures the same.</p>
<p>Before being social, <g class="gr_ gr_120 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="120" data-gr-id="120">man</g> was only an animal. <g class="gr_ gr_130 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="130" data-gr-id="130">Concept</g> of <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="148" data-gr-id="148">society,</g> tamed him for the sustainable needs of inter-dependence. <g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="134" data-gr-id="134">Path</g> to glory resonates with such <g class="gr_ gr_142 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="142" data-gr-id="142">balance</g> of needs and sustenance. Still, a beast always resides within. This beast stares and sharpens its claws, and attacks vigorously when drunk with power and pride followed by <g class="gr_ gr_140 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="140" data-gr-id="140">imbalance</g> of conscience. Glory is not an unproblematic select to deal with ease. Oriana Fallaci - an Italian author, journalist and an ardent interviewer - having keenly observed her political interviewees, said: <em><strong>&ldquo;Glory is a heavy burden, a murdering poison. To bear it is an art, and to have that art is rare.&rdquo;</strong></em></p>
<p>One can plan for a safer life by keeping away from any glory, for more glorious the path, closer it is to <g class="gr_ gr_132 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="132" data-gr-id="132">dying</g>. Nevertheless, there is no safe box which couldn&rsquo;t be torn apart by the claws of death. Death is like the deep dense woods whose immensity cannot be fathomed from <g class="gr_ gr_129 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="129" data-gr-id="129">ground</g> because the vision is blocked by the first few rows of trees itself.</p>
<p>It is <g class="gr_ gr_157 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="157" data-gr-id="157">life</g> that <g class="gr_ gr_179 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="179" data-gr-id="179">categorises</g>; death <g class="gr_ gr_174 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation replaceWithoutSep" id="174" data-gr-id="174">on the other hand</g> declassifies them all. Death is the union of all life forms.&nbsp;Paupers struggle on daily basis throughout their <g class="gr_ gr_176 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="176" data-gr-id="176">life</g> to make it to the end of the day. Their life might not mean much to the society as much as they are said to have died like flies. On the other hand, <g class="gr_ gr_164 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="164" data-gr-id="164">upper</g> class has their burial site booked, crypt engraved or funeral sumptuously occasioned. Eventually, rich men don't live enough to witness them all. No matter what we do, achieve or feel and how differently we do them, death unifies all classes of people. In fact, poor people might have lived like flies, but they all died as good as any riches. A couch of thorns or an embroidered <g class="gr_ gr_171 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="171" data-gr-id="171">bed,</g> are matters of indifference to the dead. Death is like that volume of calm water where all the deeds die out like a ripple. German author and playwright - Wolfgang Borchert, whose work was affected by the environment of Second World War, writes in his play &lsquo;The Outsider&rsquo;: <em><strong>&ldquo;A man dies. Only a few circles in the water prove that he was ever there. And even they quickly disappear. And when they're gone, he's forgotten, without a trace, as if he'd never even existed. And that's all.&rdquo;</strong></em></p>
<p><br />We all need some or the other motivation to sail through the struggles of life. Search for food is motivated by the inherent characteristics of hunger of <g class="gr_ gr_144 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="144" data-gr-id="144">human</g> body. It is the acceptance in society, showering of praise, recognition or being envied by fellow being, that drives one to the paths of glory. Marcus Tullius Cicero - a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, and writer who vainly tried to uphold republican principles in the final civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic- puts up his thoughts which came to be known as Ciceronian rhetoric:<em><strong> &ldquo;We are motivated by a keen desire for praise, and the better a man is the more he is inspired by glory. The very philosophers themselves, even in those books&nbsp;which they write in contempt of glory, inscribe their names.&rdquo;&nbsp;</strong></em>When it comes to survival, death is the ultimate motivation. It helps men discover unknown boundaries, untraversed locations <g class="gr_ gr_160 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="160" data-gr-id="160">and</g> unfathomable will. The philosophy of vicious cycle of rebirth, karma <g class="gr_ gr_165 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="165" data-gr-id="165">and</g> nirvana basically stream-lines human being for peaceful coexistence, to abjure violence, to be accommodative and to comfort, sympathize and distract <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="137" data-gr-id="137">mind</g> from the lamenting nature of death. Even though Buddhist teachings professes the cycles of rebirth, according to a Jataka parable, when a grieving lady visited Buddha with the corpse of his son to request bring back the life, Buddha asked her to bring a handful of cereal from a family in which nobody had died before. Tired of her efforts, when <g class="gr_ gr_152 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="152" data-gr-id="152">lady</g> returned to Buddha bewailing, he summed up the lesson that death is certain, its time is not.</p>
<p>Ailing Steve Jobs, having known of his march being closer to death, tried to describe honestly his perception of death as:<em><strong> &ldquo;No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should </strong></em><g class="gr_ gr_117 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="117" data-gr-id="117">be,</g><em><strong> because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new.&rdquo;</strong></em> Dying is a continuous process which starts as soon as one is born. In softer <g class="gr_ gr_116 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="116" data-gr-id="116">terms</g> we call it <g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="127" data-gr-id="127">ageing</g>. Death is the ultimate result of this ongoing process. In fact, the vanity of life is in death. Health remains prized possession because of the cruelty of sickness and life remains so because of unwarranted death.</p>
<p>A thought that makes life the liveliest is the idea of <strong>&lsquo;memento mori&rsquo;</strong> which means <em><strong>&lsquo;Remember that you must die.&rsquo;</strong></em></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/model-essays/the-paths-to-glory-lead-but-to-the-grave'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (25th July, 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><b>Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail </b></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Election Commission (EC) is struggling to meet the deadline to procure 16 lakh voter-verifiable paper audit trail (VVPAT) machines for the Lok Sabha elections in 2019.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Supreme Court of <g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style multiReplace" id="36" data-gr-id="36">India &nbsp;directed</g> the EC in 2013 to introduce VVPAT in Lok Sabha Elections.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">VVPAT machines are used during election process to verify that the vote polled by a voter goes to the correct candidate. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A VVPAT produces a printout of the vote cast using an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), which can be shown to the voter to dispel doubts. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The printout is then deposited in a box and can be used to resolve any dispute regarding the poll results.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">VVPATs are <g class="gr_ gr_40 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="40" data-gr-id="40">a second</g> line of verification and are particularly useful in the time when allegations around Electronic Voting Machines&rsquo; tampering crop up.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><b>Strait of Hormuz&nbsp;<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/930hormuz.gif" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="4007643073" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" width="293" height="292" /></b></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Strait of Hormuz which is located between Oman and <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="41" data-gr-id="41">Iran,</g> connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates depend on this narrow passage to supply of its crude oil. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">About 30 <g class="gr_ gr_35 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="35" data-gr-id="35">percent</g> of the world&rsquo;s seaborne-traded crude oil passes through the strait of Hormuz.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Across the Strait<g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="38" data-gr-id="38">,there</g> <g class="gr_ gr_37 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="37" data-gr-id="37">are</g> a myriad of mountains and rocks forming several islands such as Salamah Wa Banatiha Island, Musandam Island and Birds <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="39" data-gr-id="39">Island .</g></span></li>
</ul>
<p><b>Bandipur Tiger Reserve</b></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bandipur Tiger Reserve formerly known as the Bandipur National Park came into being in the year 2007. &nbsp;The name is derived from a village called Bandipur where the administrative unit of the Tiger Reserve is located. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is located in Karnataka.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Together with Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala and Nagarhole National Park in the North, it creates <g class="gr_ gr_33 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="33" data-gr-id="33">the India's</g> biggest biosphere reserve popularly known as the &lsquo;Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve&rsquo;.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Major Rivers : Moyar River, Noolpuza/Nugu hole, Kabini.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><b><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/456Bandipur.jpg" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1986434439" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" caption="false" width="513" height="347" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></b></span></p>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-july-2018'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Punjab Seeks Special Category Status',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The State government of Punjab has asked the Centre to grant it special category status under the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Swasthya Suraksha Mission.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The State government has pointed out that the State, which shares <g class="gr_ gr_55 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="55" data-gr-id="55">international</g> border with Pakistan, has become a victim of a proxy war waged by the neighbouring country using drugs as its silent weapon.</li>
<li>Putting Punjab under the special category States would make it eligible for <g class="gr_ gr_54 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="54" data-gr-id="54">higher</g> grant from the Centre.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Special Category Status (SCS)?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Special category status is a classification given by the Centre to assist <g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="56" data-gr-id="56">development</g> of states that face geographical and socio-economic disadvantages.</li>
<li>This classification was done on the recommendations of the Fifth Finance Commission in 1969.</li>
<li>The parameters for SCS were -
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>hilly terrain;</li>
<li>low population density and/or sizeable share of tribal population;</li>
<li>strategic location along borders with neighbouring countries;</li>
<li>economic and infrastructure backwardness; and</li>
<li>nonviable nature of State finances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>SCS was first accorded in 1969 to Jammu and Kashmir, Assam and Nagaland. Since then eight more states have been included (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tripura and Uttarakhand).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits to States with SCS</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre pays 90% of the funds required in a centrally-sponsored scheme to special category status states as against 60% or 75% in case of other states, while the remaining funds are provided by the state governments.</li>
<li>Unspent money does not lapse and is carried forward.</li>
<li>Significant concessions are provided to these states in excise and customs duties, income tax and corporate tax.</li>
</ul>
<h3>14th Finance Commission on SCS</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 14th Finance Commission has done away with the 'special category status' for states, except for the Northeastern and three hill states.</li>
<li>Instead, it suggested that the resource gap of each state be filled through &lsquo;tax devolution&rsquo;, urging the Centre to increase the states' share of tax revenues from 32% to 42%, which has been implemented since 2015.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched by Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare in March 2006.</li>
<li>The scheme aims to correct regional imbalances in the availability of affordable/ reliable tertiary healthcare services and also to augment facilities for quality medical education in the country.</li>
<li>It has two components: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Setting up of AIIMS like institutions.</li>
<li>Upgradation of Government medical college institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/punjab-seeks-special-category-status'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Breach of Privilege',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, Congress has given notice for breach of privilege against the Prime Minister and the Defence Minister in Lok Sabha.</p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>What is Parliamentary Privilege?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliamentary privilege refers to rights, immunities and exemptions enjoyed by Parliament as an institution and MPs in their individual capacity, without which they cannot discharge their functions as entrusted upon them by the Constitution.</li>
<li>When any of these rights and immunities are disregarded, the offence is called a breach of privilege and is punishable under <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="51" data-gr-id="51">law</g> of Parliament.</li>
<li>A notice is moved in the form of a motion by any member of either House against those being held guilty of breach of privilege</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are&nbsp;the Rules Governing Privilege?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution (Article 105) mentions two privileges,i.e. freedom of speech in Parliament and <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="47" data-gr-id="47">right</g> of publication of its proceedings.</li>
<li>Rule No 222 in Chapter 20 of the Lok Sabha Rule Book and correspondingly Rule 187 in Chapter 16 of the Rajya Sabha rulebook governs privilege.</li>
<li>A member may, with the consent of the Speaker or the Chairperson, raise a question involving a breach of privilege either of a member or of the House.</li>
<li>The rules mandate that any notice should be relating to an incident of recent occurrence and should need the intervention of the House.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is the Privileges Committee?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the Lok Sabha, the Speaker nominates a committee of privileges consisting of 15 members as per respective party strengths.</li>
<li>A report is then presented to the House for its consideration.</li>
<li>The Speaker may permit a half-hour debate while considering the report.</li>
<li>The Speaker may then pass final orders or direct that the report <g class="gr_ gr_46 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="46" data-gr-id="46">be</g> tabled before the House.</li>
<li>A resolution may then be moved relating to the breach of privilege that has to be unanimously passed.</li>
<li>In the Rajya Sabha, the deputy chairperson heads the committee of privileges, that consists of 10 members.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is the Role of the Speaker/Rajya Sabha Chair?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Speaker/RS chairperson is the first level of scrutiny of a privilege motion.</li>
<li>The Speaker/Chair can decide on the privilege motion himself or herself or refer it to the privileges committee of Parliament.</li>
<li>If the Speaker/Chair gives consent under Rule 222, the member concerned is given an opportunity to make a short statement.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/breach-of-privilege'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Oxytocin Ban',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The US generic drugs major Mylan has approached the Delhi High Court challenging the notification issued by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</p>
<p>The notification placed restrictions on private companies from producing Oxytocin and allowing only the public sector unit - Karnataka Antibiotics &amp; Pharmaceuticals Ltd (KAPL) to make the drug.</p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>What is Oxytocin?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oxytocin is a natural hormone that causes the uterus to contract.</li>
<li>Oxytocin is used to induce <g class="gr_ gr_20 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="20" data-gr-id="20">labor</g> or strengthen <g class="gr_ gr_21 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="21" data-gr-id="21">labor</g> contractions during childbirth, and to control bleeding after childbirth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Widespread Misuse</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move to ban has been necessitated by its widespread misuse in the dairy and poultry sector, where it was used to increase milk secretion and production.</li>
<li>It is misused on young girls to induce puberty.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns Related To Ban</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The proposed ban on private production raised an alarm on the possible shortfall of Oxytocin supply if only one company was permitted to make this drug.</li>
<li>The proposed ban could exacerbate the inflow of illegal versions of the drug makings its way into the Indian market from China and also drive out legitimate companies.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oxytocin-ban'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Government’s Stand on Lokpal Appointment is Unsatisfactory: SC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court has stated that the government&rsquo;s stand on not being able to complete the appointment of a Lokpal has been unsatisfactory. The court has been constantly urging the government for the past several months to complete the Lokpal appointment.</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court was responding to a contempt petition against the government for not appointing a Lokpal despite an April 2017 judgment by the court.</li>
<li>The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act of 2013 had not been implemented all these years because of the absence of the Leader of Opposition (LoP) in the current Lok Sabha.</li>
<li>The 2013 legislation includes the LoP as a member of the selection committee for appointment of Lokpal which comprises of the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of India and the Speaker, along with an eminent jurist appointed by them among their ranks.</li>
<li>In April, 2017, the Supreme Court clarified that the Lokpal appointment process need not be stalled merely due to the absence of the Leader of Opposition.</li>
<li>The judgment dismissed the government&rsquo;s reasoning that the Lokpal appointment process should wait till the 2013 Act was amended to replace the LoP with the single largest Opposition party leader in the selection committee.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Lokpal and Lokayukta</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) of India (1966&ndash; 1970) recommended the setting up of two special authorities designated as &lsquo;Lokpal&rsquo; and &lsquo;Lokayukta&rsquo; for the redressal of citizens&rsquo; grievances. The concept of an ombudsman was borrowed from Sweden.</li>
<li>A Lokpal is an anti-corruption authority or ombudsman who represents the public interest.</li>
<li>The Lokpal has jurisdiction over all Members of Parliament and central government employees in cases of corruption.</li>
<li>The Lokpal is responsible for enquiring into corruption charges at the national level while the Lokayukta performs the same function at the state level.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Leader of Opposition (LoP)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the rules, the LoP post is given only to a party which has at least 10% of strength of the House. Considering the strength of 542, a party must have at least 55 members to get the LoP post.</li>
<li>Since the Congress, despite being the single largest opposition party in the House, falls short of the required numbers, the government had denied it the LoP post.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Points from the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To provide for the establishment of a body of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.</li>
<li>It extends to the whole of India; It shall apply to public servants in and outside India.</li>
<li>The Lokpal shall inquire or cause an inquiry to be conducted into any matter involved in, or arising from, or connected with, any allegation of corruption made in a complaint in respect of the following, namely:&mdash; <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>any person who is or has been a Prime Minister (except for certain exceptions with respect to matters related to security, international relations etc.).</li>
<li>any person who is or has been a Minister of the Union or an MP.</li>
<li>Group A to D officers as defined in Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It shall be the duty of the Lokpal to present annually to the President a report to be laid before each House of Parliament.</li>
<li>Every State shall establish a body to be known as the Lokayukta for the State, if not so established, constituted or appointed, by a law made by the State Legislature.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governments-stand-on-lokpal-appointment-is-unsatisfactory-sc'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Aluminium as Ninth Core Industry',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently a report by V.K Saraswat (NITI Aayog member) has recommended that the government should consider classifying the <g class="gr_ gr_53 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="53" data-gr-id="53">aluminium</g> sector as India&rsquo;s ninth core industry.</li>
<li>Currently, there are eight core industries viz. coal, crude oil, natural gas, refinery products, <g class="gr_ gr_52 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="52" data-gr-id="52">fertiliser</g>, steel, cement <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="51" data-gr-id="51">and</g> electricity.</li>
<li>The <g class="gr_ gr_55 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="55" data-gr-id="55">aluminium</g> sector contributes to nearly 2 percent of manufacturing GDP. Most of the <g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="56" data-gr-id="56">aluminium</g> plants are generally based in the hinterlands of the country and aid in generating peripheral employment and economic development of the region. It is a direct and an indirect employment multiplier creating close to 800,000 jobs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Core Industries</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Core industry can be defined as the main industry which has a multiplier effect on the economy.</li>
<li>In most countries, there is <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="41" data-gr-id="41">particular</g> industry that seems to be <g class="gr_ gr_42 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="42" data-gr-id="42">backbone</g> of all other industries and it qualifies to be the core industry.</li>
<li>The Eight Core Industries comprise 40.27 <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="39" data-gr-id="39">per cent</g> of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).</li>
<li>The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index&nbsp;which details out the growth of various sectors in an economy such as mineral mining, electricity<g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style replaceWithoutSep" id="47" data-gr-id="47">,manufacturing</g>, etc. It is compiled and published monthly by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation six weeks after the reference month ends, i.e a lag of six weeks.</li>
<li>The Base Year of the Index of Eight Core Industries has been revised from the year 2004-05 to 2011-12 from <g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="38" data-gr-id="38">April,</g> 2017.</li>
<li>According to the Index of Eight Core Industries, March 2018, the maximum and minimum contribution to the IIP was from the Petroleum &amp; Refinery production and Fertilizers production respectively.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 318px; width: 43.8368%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" cellspacing="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; width: 75.0094%; background-color: #91a2c7;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Industry</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 90.1923%; background-color: #91a2c7;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Weight (In percentage)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="height: 10px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p>Petroleum &amp; Refinery production</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 10px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>28.04</p>
<p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>Electricity generation</p>
<p></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p>19.85</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>Steel production</p>
<p></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p>17.92</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22px;">
<td style="height: 22px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p>Coal production</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>10.33</p>
<p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 28px;">
<td style="height: 28px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>Crude Oil production</p>
<p></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 28px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p>8.98</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24px;">
<td style="height: 24px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p>Natural Gas production</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 24px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>6.88</p>
<p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 18px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>Cement production</p>
<p></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p>5.37</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15px;">
<td style="height: 15px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>Fertilizers production</p>
<p></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p>2.63</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<h3><g class="gr_ gr_50 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="50" data-gr-id="50">Aluminium</g></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>From an economic point of view, the third-most-important&nbsp;base metal is Aluminium (with an annual $90 billion industry). First being Iron-ore, followed by Copper.</li>
<li>India is placed at 7th position in the world in terms of bauxite reserve base. Bauxite is the basic raw material for <g class="gr_ gr_59 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="59" data-gr-id="59">aluminium</g> production. The largest producer is China, followed by Russia, Canada, and the United Arab Emirates.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aluminium-as-ninth-core-industry'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'PM Modi Visits Uganda',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>As part of the three-nation African tour, PM Modi is on a two-day visit to Uganda. It is the first bilateral tour by an Indian Prime Minister since 1997. Also, it will be the first time an Indian Prime Minister will address the Ugandan Parliament.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights of PM&rsquo;s Visit to Uganda<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/498Uganda.png" width="297" height="210" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1977401672" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has announced two lines of credit worth nearly $200 million in energy infrastructure, agriculture and dairy sectors.</li>
<li>India and Uganda signed four MoUs in the areas of defence cooperation, visa exemption for official and diplomatic passport holders, cultural exchange programme and material testing laboratory.</li>
<li>India will assist Uganda in training, capacity building, infrastructure development, IT and development initiatives.</li>
<li>As Uganda seeks assistance from India to improve healthcare facilities, India will provide a cancer therapy machine to the cancer institute in Kampala (capital of Uganda).</li>
<li>India unveiled a bust of India's first home minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel at the Indian community event they addressed in Kampala.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of Uganda</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The visit marks the 25th high-level bilateral visit from India to Africa in just four years&mdash;underlining a significant build-up in India&rsquo;s ties with the continent.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s engagement with Uganda is at three levels viz. at the African Union (AU) level, at the level of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and at the bilateral level.</li>
<li>India is looking to expand markets and promote Indian trade and investment in Eastern Africa for the mutual growth of India-Eastern Africa economies.</li>
<li>Indian exports to Uganda narrowed to $736 million at present from $1.2 billion in 2015, while Ugandan shipments to the subcontinent increased to $44 million from $24 million during the same period.</li>
<li>Uganda is currently chair of the East African community and the country has rich potential in resource base including its oil and gas sector, its agriculture, its minerals including rare earth minerals as well as renewable energy.</li>
<li>Besides resources and markets, India also needs to closely watch China&rsquo;s progress in building up constituencies around the world, including Africa. Support from such constituencies helps strengthen its international position and in the process, Chinese ambitions for global leadership gets a boost.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India-Uganda Relations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India established its diplomatic presence in 1965, even though the countries relationship dates back to the era when traders ferried goods in dhows across the Indian Ocean which eventually led to a number of Indians to settle in East Africa, and many made Uganda their home.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s freedom struggle inspired early Ugandan activists to fight colonialism and the country achieved freedom in 1962.</li>
<li>In the 1970s under the dictatorship of Idi Amin, nearly 60000 Indians and PIOs were expelled from Uganda. However, this policy was reversed in the 80s and currently, there are over 30000 Indians/PIOs in the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-modi-visits-uganda'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Investment Deficiency in India and Its Implications',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p><em>This article is based on the opinion piece published in Livemint by the name &ldquo;Two engines of the economy need to fire&rdquo;</em><br />In a developing country like India, private investments are one of the key drivers of the economy. The economy is witnessing a major slowdown in private investments in the past four years, even though it is growing at 7%. Although, some have been seeing as a precursor to more sustained growth, some have been raising fingers at the claims of the government to have shaped the environment for increased investment in India by initiatives like &ldquo;Make in India&rdquo; and &ldquo;Ease of Doing Business&rdquo;.</p>
<h3>Investment in India in recent times</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Investment Rate:</strong> This is also known as &lsquo;share of gross fixed capital formation in GDP&rsquo;. This refers to fresh investments in the form of plant and machinery and other fixed capital. It declined to 31% in fiscals 2015-2018, compared with 33.6% in fiscals 2010-2014. However, it has shown a small increase in the fourth quarter of 2018.<br /><strong></strong><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/143Investment deficiency in India and its implications.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="312292660" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></li>
<li><strong>Decline in new project announcements:</strong> According to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), in the last quarter of 2017, fresh investments in India plunged to a 13-year low. However, it has shown modest recovery in the recent months. <br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Drop in FDI inflow:</strong> According to the World Investment Report 2018 by the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), FDI to India declined in 2017.<br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Decrease in capital expenditure:</strong> As per data from RBI, capital expenditure by the private sector has steadily declined for the last six years. However, RBI only covers institutional financing and does not include projects below rupees 10 crores. <br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Decline in share of the household sector:</strong> The household sector was the biggest contributor to investments in fiscal 2012 (share of about 45%), but its share has declined consistently since then (31% in fiscal 2017). The purchase and construction of houses have slowed down.</li>
<li><strong>Improvement in the productivity of investments:</strong> Productivity in investment refers to the output that any investment begets and it is measured by the Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR). Lower the ICOR more is the productivity of capital. ICOR averaged 4.3 as compared to 5.5 before 2014, which is a significant improvement.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for slow growth in investments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inadequate Capacity Utilization:</strong> Capacity utilization is the extent to which an enterprise or a nation uses its installed productive capacity to produce output. The capacity utilization in some large industrial sector has been much below its peak, as the data from RBI and CRISIL suggests.</li>
<li><strong>Focus of corporates on improving their capital structure:</strong> Capital Structure refers to how a firm finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds. The corporate sector has been suffering from debt and low funding. Therefore, the companies have shifted their focus to improving their debt/equity and interest coverage ratio.</li>
<li><strong>Demonetization and GST:</strong> The twin shocks from demonetization and GST gave a setback to the corporate sector as it struggled with uncertainty in investment decisions.</li>
<li><strong>Pre-election uncertainty:</strong> Election season is marked by uncertainties over regime-change and policy turnovers. This has also discouraged private investments this year.</li>
<li><strong>Over-investment in sectors</strong> like power, steel and telecom led to a high capital/output ratio and a low rate of return on capital.</li>
<li><strong>Low Consumer price inflation:</strong> As governments emphasize on keeping the consumer prices low for political motives, companies fear low return on their investments due to the same. Similarly, the government is cautious in rolling out land and labour reforms as it may face a backlash. This also deters multinational companies from setting up their factories in a country laden with labour laws and land regulations. <br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Cautious lending by banks:</strong> Following the bad loans exigency, the banks have been over-cautious in lending. This has led to a shortage of funds for the medium and small companies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<p>Although, it will be unreal to expect the investment trajectory to move upwards in this fiscal as there has been little improvement in the above-mentioned factors. However, the government has initiated a number of steps to ease the business environment including</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Make in India campaign</li>
<li>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)</li>
<li>Single window clearance system</li>
<li>Automatic route for various foreign investments</li>
</ul>
<p>There have been a few instances which show that foreign investment is getting attracted towards India, like <strong>Walmart acquiring a controlling stake in Flipkart.</strong> Thus, we should be optimistic regarding the pick up in investments in the coming years.</p>
<p>Initiatives like &ldquo;<strong>Make in India&rdquo; will show colours only gradually</strong> as MNCs prepare themselves to harness the potential of this programme by setting up their plants and facilities. This should not be expected to take place in a day.</p>
<p>Similarly, the<strong> data showing a decline in investments are not the most accurate ones</strong> as MNCs tend not to borrow from the Indian banking system and, hence, do not reflect in credit growth numbers. Also, most of them are <strong>not listed on our domestic exchanges</strong> and their profitability details are not available in the public domain.</p>
<p>As the government is constantly endeavouring to solve the problem of NPAs by adopting the new <strong>five-pronged strategy recommended by Sunil Mehta Panel</strong>, it is hoped that credit flow will soon resume to normal.</p>
<p>However, <strong>capital investment is not the only key</strong> to unlock the way to growth. As we have seen, misallocated and undisciplined capital investment had led to the global crisis of 2008. Thus, it is important that<strong> productive and steady investments</strong> occur in a directional manner which can be sustained in the long run.</p>
<p>The government should also consider revising the policies and carrying out structural reforms to<strong> remove bottlenecks in investments.</strong> Also, retail investors should be given the opportunity to invest by removing barriers like the minimum 20% promoter holding requirement for investors.</p>
<p>Given the positive foreboding regarding the reversal of investment slowdown, the government needs to keep up the process of liberalizing the economy and simultaneously promoting domestic firms.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/Investment-deficiency-in-india-and-its-implications'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The government has introduced the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018 in the Lok Sabha.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bill replaces the Ordinance on the same, which was approved and promulgated in <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="68" data-gr-id="68">June,</g> 2018.</li>
<li>The bill brings about significant changes to improve the insolvency resolution framework in the country.</li>
<li>The changes are based on suggestions made by a 14-member <strong>Insolvency Law Committee</strong> chaired by Corporate Affairs Secretary Injeti Srinivas.</li>
<li>The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) was initially introduced in 2016 when the banking sector was going through a serious crisis because of indiscriminate lending by banks between 2008-2014. The debt recovery laws prevailing at that time were weak and hence loan recoveries could not be made from big industrialists.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Provisions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recognises homebuyers as <strong>financial creditors</strong> - thus giving them due representation in the <strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC)</strong> and making them an integral part of the decision-making process.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 238px; width: 30.3919%; border-collapse: collapse; float: right;" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 10px; vertical-align: middle;">
<p><strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The CoC is comprised of all financial creditors of the corporate debtor.</li>
<li>The voting share in the CoC is proportionate to the extent of financial debts owed to such creditor.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, home buyers would be able to invoke Section 7 of the IBC against errant developers. <em>(Section 7 allows financial creditors to file </em><g class="gr_ gr_70 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="70" data-gr-id="70">application</g><em> seeking the insolvency resolution process.)</em></li>
<li>Reduces the <strong>minimum voting threshold</strong> for the CoC to 66%, from 75% for key decisions. For routine decisions, the voting threshold is fixed at 51%.</li>
<li>Assent of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) will be needed before the Committee of Creditors (CoC) <g class="gr_ gr_64 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="64" data-gr-id="64">finalises</g> a resolution plan. Currently, the winning bidder approaches CCI for clearance before formally taking over the asset.</li>
<li>Allows promoters of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to bid for their companies in any insolvency process. It also empowers the Centre, in public interest, to exempt MSMEs from the application of any other provisions of the Code.</li>
<li>Corporate houses can bid for multiple distressed assets under the insolvency process without getting themselves disqualified under Section 29A of IBC. <em>(Section 29A specifies the parties ineligible to be a resolution applicant.)</em></li>
<li>The bill amends the criteria which <g class="gr_ gr_80 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="80" data-gr-id="80">prohibits</g> certain persons from submitting a resolution plan. For example, the Code prohibits a person from being a resolution applicant if his account has been identified as a non-performing asset (NPA) for more than a year. However, the bill provides that pure-play financial entities (pure-play refers to a publicly traded company that is focused on only one industry or product) like banks would be exempted from this disqualification provision on account of holding <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="79" data-gr-id="79">stake</g> in or acquiring stressed firms under the IBC, 2016. A grace period of <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="77" data-gr-id="77">three-years</g> has been provided from the date of such acquisition.</li>
<li>The amendments allow the promoter to bid for his enterprise undergoing Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) provided he is not a wilful defaulter and does not attract other disqualifications not related to default.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Insertion of a new section - Section 12A - that permits the withdrawal of application admitted for initiation of insolvency resolution process to the National Company Law Tribunal. Such withdrawal would be permissible only with the approval of the CoC with 90% of the voting share voting in <g class="gr_ gr_65 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="65" data-gr-id="65">favour</g>.</li>
<li>The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India&rsquo;s (IBBI) will be given a &ldquo;developmental&rdquo; role similar to other regulators such as <g class="gr_ gr_58 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="58" data-gr-id="58">IRDAI</g> and PFRDA. It will also be given the power to regulate the working and practices of certain professionals under the IBC.</li>
<li>The Limitation Act 1963 will apply to the proceedings or appeals under the IBC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move is likely to enable homebuyers to take builders defaulting on their obligations to a bankruptcy court and decide their future along with their lenders&rsquo;.</li>
<li>At a time when many homebuyers are facing hardships on account of delayed and incomplete real estate projects, this will infuse confidence in the homebuyers to invest their money - helping revive the stagnant real estate market.</li>
<li>By allowing MSME promoters to submit their resolution plan in insolvency cases, it will also help <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="57" data-gr-id="57">MSMEs</g> sector - which is key to job growth in India.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-second amendment-bill-2018'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'NASA Set to Launch ‘Parker Solar Probe’',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is scheduled to launch &lsquo;Parker Space Probe&rsquo; for a planned seven-year mission to study the Sun closer than any human-made object.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights&nbsp;<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/179THJC-US-SPACE-SOLAR-PROBE.jpg" width="374" height="197" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1817619620" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Parker Solar Probe is a robotic spacecraft the size of a small car and is named after American solar astrophysicist Eugene Newman Parker.</li>
<li>It is set to fly into the sun&rsquo;s corona within 3.8 million miles from the solar surface, seven times closer than any other spacecraft.</li>
<li>The probe is capable to endure wicked heat while zooming through the solar corona to study this outermost part of the stellar atmosphere that gives rise to the solar wind.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Corona is a region of the Sun seen from Earth when the Moon blocks out the Sun&rsquo;s bright face during total solar eclipses.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The probe is set to use seven Venus flybys over nearly seven years to steadily reduce its orbit around the sun, using instruments designed to image the solar wind and study electric and magnetic fields, coronal plasma and energetic particles.</li>
<li>The probe has been outfitted with a heat shield designed to keep its instruments at a tolerable 29 degrees Celsius even as the spacecraft faces temperatures reaching nearly 21,370 degrees Celsius at its closest pass.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of the Study</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sun is far more complex than meets the eyes as it is a dynamic and magnetically active star.</li>
<li>The Sun&rsquo;s atmosphere constantly sends magnetised material outward, enveloping the Solar System far beyond the orbit of Pluto and influencing every world along the way.</li>
<li>The corona gives rise to the solar wind, a continuous flow of charged particles that permeates the solar system.</li>
<li>Unpredictable solar winds cause disturbances in our planet&rsquo;s magnetic field and can play havoc with communications technology on the earth.</li>
<li>The findings of the probe will enable scientists to forecast changes in the earth&rsquo;s space environment.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nasa-set-to-launch-parker-solar-probe'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (24th July, 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Krintafel</h3>
<h3></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Krintafel (tafenoquine) is a one dose medication produced by GlaxoSmithKline and has been approved by US regulators as a simple, one-dose treatment to prevent relapses of Plasmodium vivax malaria.</li>
<li>The one-dose treatment will treat the recurring form of malaria, caused by the parasite plasmodium vivax, to which around 8.5 million people fall prey to every year.</li>
<li>The medication is considered as a significant advancement in malaria treatment in the last 60 years.</li>
<li>A single 300mg dose of drug blocks the dormant form of P.vivax, that affects the liver, transferred by infected mosquitoes to human beings.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<h3>VAHAN &amp; SARATHI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, an inter-ministerial task force has recommended to integrate e-way bill database with VAHAN and SARATHI.</li>
<li>The e-Way bill, currently gives only details of the value of goods being transported.</li>
<li>Vahan allows access to all details related to vehicles such as registration number, chassis/engine number, body/fuel type, colour, manufacturer and model and provides various online services to citizens.</li>
<li>Vahan has been mandated by the Central Motor Vehicle Act 1988 as well as State Motor Vehicle Rules.</li>
<li>Driving Licence and related data are automated through a separate application called &lsquo;Sarathi&rsquo;.</li>
<li>National Informatics Centre (NIC) has been entrusted with the task to standardize &amp; deploy the software VAHAN for Vehicle</li>
<li>Registration and SARATHI for Driving Licenses along with compilation of data with respect to Vehicle Registration and Driving Licenses of all the states in State Register and National Register.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tribal Atlas of Odisha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Odisha has unveiled the &lsquo;Tribal Atlas of Odisha&rsquo;, a compilation of demographic and cultural information of the tribal population in the state.</li>
<li>The state government has claimed that the compilation is the first-of-its-kind in the country.</li>
<li>This book will help to provide comprehensive data on tribal population.</li>
<li>The atlas displays the salient features of the tribal population of Odisha with a series of maps, charts and diagrams.</li>
<li>The atlas has been prepared by the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) Research and Training Institute in collaboration with the Academy of Tribal Language and Culture.</li>
<li>As per Census 2011, Odisha has the second highest tribal population in the country after Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li>It will help in policy decisions and development of tribes of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bharat Stage-VI</h3>
<p>Recently, the central government has said that the sale of the vehicles, which follow non-compliant BS-IV, will be stopped by Apr 2020, but registration of these vehicles can continue till May-end.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharat Stage Norms</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Based on the European regulations (Euro norms), introduced in the year 2000, the Bharat stage norms are emission control standards put in place by the government to keep a check on air pollution.</li>
<li>These standards set specifications/limits for the release of air pollutants from equipment using internal combustion engines, including vehicles.</li>
<li>The higher the stage, the more stringent the norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>What is BS VI&rsquo;s Key Improvement in Fuel Quality Over BS IV?</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BS VI norms seek to cut down sulphur content to 10 parts per million (ppm) from 50 ppm</li>
<li>Sulphur in the fuel contributes to fine particulate matter emissions.</li>
<li>BS VI norms seek to reduce the level of certain harmful hydrocarbons in the emissions that are produced due to incomplete combustion of fuel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Horn of Africa<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/891image1.png" width="320" height="274" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2346367043" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<p>Recently, Qatar and its ally, Turkey, are building ports in Sudan, and Saudi Arabia is in talks to set up a naval base in Djibouti.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Peninsula Of Northeast Africa is called the Horn of Africa or sometimes called the Somalia peninsula. It lies opposite of the southern Arabian Peninsula.</li>
<li>It is the easternmost extension of the African continent separating the Gulf of Aden from the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>It mainly includes Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Somalia and sometimes even including parts of Sudan and Kenya.</li>
<li>The Horn of Africa has been at the centre of global attention for several decades because of protracted armed conflict, severe food crises and large-scale displacement.</li>
<li>The Horn ports are near the Bab al-Mandab strait, a vital choke-point at the mouth of the Red Sea.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-23rd-july-2018'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'PM Modi in Rwanda',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Indian Prime Minister is on a 5-day visit to Rwanda, Uganda and South Africa. The visit to the three-nations is meant to further strengthen India&rsquo;s relations with the African continent.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights of PM&rsquo;s Visit to Rwanda<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/160Rwanda.png" width="282" height="200" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="3061927843" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<h3></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The visit to Rwanda will mark the first-ever visit to the African nation by an Indian Prime Minister.&nbsp;</li>
<li>India is set to establish an Indian high commision in Rwanda to enhance better communication between the respective governments and to enable facilities for consular, passport, visa and others.</li>
<li>India will gift 200 cows as a part of Rwandan President Kagame's flagship Girinka program, in which the poorest get cows from the government and gift the first female calf to a neighbour to promote brotherhood.</li>
<li>She has also extended $100 million for development of industrial parks and Kigali special economic zone (SEZ) in Rwanda and another $100 million for&nbsp;agriculture.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/610India &amp; Rwanda.png" width="317" height="410" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1674889042" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<h3>Why is Rwanda Important?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister's visit to Rwanda is historic as Rwanda is an important gateway to Eastern Africa. India had elevated its bilateral relations with Rwanda to the level of a strategic partnership.</li>
<li>Rwanda has left behind memories of a horrific genocide in 1994 which saw majority ethnic group of Hutus target the minority Tutsis, leaving hundreds of thousands dead. However, since 2000, Rwanda has attained a growth rate of 8% a year, making it one of the fastest-growing economies in the world (though still one of the poorest).</li>
<li>Rwanda is also increasingly playing an important role in African affairs. The Rwandan President is the current Chair of the African Union. In March, Kigali (Capital of Rwanda) hosted the Assembly of the African Union where the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (<g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="41" data-gr-id="41">AfCTA</g>) establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area was signed.</li>
<li>Rwanda is the third largest troop contributor for peacekeeping in Africa and plays an important role in the UN Mission in the Central African Republic.</li>
<li>Despite the ramping up of high-level visits, various studies and statistics show that Indian interest in the Africa growth story has not kept pace, and even declined through most of the period.</li>
<li>According to the &ldquo;World Investment Report for 2018&rdquo;, issued by UNCTAD, Indian FDI in Africa in 2016-17 was at $14 billion while China has increased its investment levels to a massive $40 billion in 2016-17. Hence, India has to encounter increasing challenges of Chinese competition as well as declining Indian trade and investment figures.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India-Rwanda Relations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1999, Rwanda officially opened its Mission in New Delhi. There are approximately 3000 Indian nationals and PIOs in Rwanda.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s engagement with Rwanda is at three levels viz. at the African Union (AU) level, at the level of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and at the bilateral level.</li>
<li>India&nbsp;has consistently been one of the top import sources for Rwanda.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-modi-in-Rwanda'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Karnataka Sees 300% Jump in FDI Inflows',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to RBI data presented in Parliament, Karnataka received $8.58 billion FDI in 2017-18, which is an increase of about 300% from the $2.13 billion in the previous fiscal year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tamil Nadu witnessed a 56% increase from the $2.22 billion in the previous period.</li>
<li>Notably, the investment had halved in 2016-17 owing to assembly elections and political uncertainty in the wake of then Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa&rsquo;s hospitalisation and untimely demise.</li>
<li>Other major states Maharashtra, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh saw a dip in FDI inflows.</li>
<li>The sector-wise investment data show that computer software and hardware gained from a 68% jump in FDI last year to $6.15 billion.</li>
<li>The services sector which comprises finance, banking, insurance and outsourcing among others, remained the top recipient of FDI despite seeing a 23% decline in inflows.</li>
<li>Defence industries have attracted a meagre &nbsp;$10,000 (about Rs seven lakh) FDI in 2017-18. In 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 defence industries received &nbsp;$0.82 million, &nbsp;$0.08 million, &nbsp;$0.10 million foreign inflows, respectively. In 2016-17, the defence industries failed to attract any foreign direct investments.</li>
<li>Sectors such as coal production, ports, dye stuffs and coir industries, have failed to attract any foreign direct investments during the last financial year.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>A.T. Kearney Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index- 2018</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India in 2018 has fallen out of the top 10 destinations for FDI in terms of its attractiveness, according to an AT Kearney report.</li>
<li>The report cites teething troubles in the implementation of the goods and services tax and the government&rsquo;s demonetisation decision in 2016 as the two reasons for this.</li>
<li>India ranks 11 in the 2018 AT Kearney FDI Confidence Index, down from 8 in 2017 and 9 in 2016.</li>
<li>However, the report highlighted reforms like removing the Foreign Investment<a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.thehindu.com/tag/62817-833-684/foreign-investment/?utm%3Dbodytag&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1532416487374000">&nbsp;</a>Promotion Board and liberalising FDI limits in key sectors as responsible for India&rsquo;s high rankings in terms of FDI attractiveness, amongst competing countries.</li>
<li>The report cautioned potential investors about political risks such as China abolishing presidential term limits and the upcoming general election in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/karnataka-sees-300-jump-in-fdi-inflows'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'General Studies-IV',
			'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
			'desc' => '<h3>Ethics, Integrity <g class="gr_ gr_25 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="25" data-gr-id="25">and</g> Aptitude</h3>
<p><em>This paper will include questions to test the candidates&rsquo; attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered:</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants <g class="gr_ gr_26 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="26" data-gr-id="26">and</g> Consequences of Ethics in - Human Actions; Dimensions of Ethics; Ethics - in Private and Public Relationships. Human Values - Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers <g class="gr_ gr_27 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="27" data-gr-id="27">and</g> Administrators; Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in Inculcating Values.</li>
<li>Attitude: Content, Structure, Function; its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour; Moral and Political Attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion.</li>
<li>Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service, Integrity, Impartiality <g class="gr_ gr_24 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="24" data-gr-id="24">and</g> Non-partisanship, Objectivity, Dedication to Public Service, Empathy, Tolerance and Compassion towards the weaker-sections.</li>
<li>Emotional Intelligence-Concepts, and their Utilities and Application in Administration and Governance.</li>
<li>Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and World.</li>
<li>Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems; Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions; Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical Guidance; Accountability and Ethical Governance; Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance; Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding; Corporate Governance.</li>
<li>Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service; Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity; Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen&rsquo;s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service Delivery, Utilization of Public Funds, Challenges of Corruption.</li>
<li>Case Studies on <g class="gr_ gr_22 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="22" data-gr-id="22">above</g> issues.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/upsc-ias-general-studies-iv-ethics-morality-paper-4'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'General Studies-III',
			'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
			'desc' => '<h3>(Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development <g class="gr_ gr_50 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="50" data-gr-id="50">and</g> Employment.</li>
<li>Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it.</li>
<li>Government Budgeting.</li>
<li>Major Crops - Cropping Patterns in various parts of the country, - Different Types of Irrigation and Irrigation Systems; Storage, Transport <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="51" data-gr-id="51">and</g> Marketing of Agricultural Produce and Issues and Related Constraints; E-technology in the aid of farmers.</li>
<li>Issues related to Direct and Indirect Farm Subsidies and Minimum Support Prices; Public Distribution System - Objectives, Functioning, Limitations, Revamping; Issues of Buffer Stocks and Food Security; Technology Missions; Economics of Animal-Rearing.</li>
<li>Food Processing and Related Industries in India- Scope&rsquo; and Significance, Location, Upstream <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="47" data-gr-id="47">and</g> Downstream Requirements, Supply Chain Management.</li>
<li>Land Reforms in India.</li>
<li>Effects of Liberalization on the Economy, Changes in Industrial Policy and their Effects on Industrial Growth.</li>
<li>Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.</li>
<li>Investment Models.</li>
<li>Science and Technology- Developments and their Applications and Effects in Everyday Life.</li>
<li>Achievements of Indians in Science &amp; Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology.</li>
<li>Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, <g class="gr_ gr_43 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="43" data-gr-id="43">Bio-technology</g> <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="44" data-gr-id="44">and</g> issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights.</li>
<li>Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.</li>
<li>Disaster and Disaster Management.</li>
<li>Linkages between Development and Spread of Extremism.</li>
<li>Role of External State and Non-state Actors in creating challenges to Internal Security.</li>
<li>Challenges to Internal Security through Communication Networks, Role of Media and Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges, Basics of Cyber Security; Money-Laundering and its prevention.</li>
<li>Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas - Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism.</li>
<li>Various Security Forces and Agencies and their Mandate.</li>
</ul>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Economy &amp; Issues Relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development &amp; Employment</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 617px;">
<td style="height: 617px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Planning</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Meaning of Planning</li>
<li>Need for Planning in Economic Development</li>
<li>Imperative Vs. Indicative Vs. Structural Planning</li>
<li>Objectives of Planning</li>
<li>Indian Planning History</li>
<li>Techniques of Indian Planning</li>
<li>Achievements &amp; Failures of Indian Planning</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Planning in India</li>
<li>NITI Aayog Vs. Planning Commission</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Mobilisation of Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Resources &ndash; Financial, Human, Natural etc.</li>
<li>Need for Resource Mobilisation</li>
<li>Role of Savings &amp; Investment</li>
<li>Government Resources &ndash; Tax &amp; Non-Tax ( or Fiscal &amp; Monetary Policy)</li>
<li>Banking Sector &amp; NBFCs</li>
<li>Capital Market</li>
<li>External Sources &ndash; FDI, ODA etc.</li>
<li>Public Borrowing &amp; Management of Public Debt</li>
<li>Challenges in Mobilising Resources for Development</li>
<li>Steps That Can Be Taken</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Growth &amp; Development</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Meaning of Development &amp; Growth</li>
<li>Difference between Development &amp; Growth</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 617px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Determinants of Growth &amp; Development</li>
<li>Importance &amp; Limitations of Economic Growth</li>
<li>Jobless Growth</li>
<li>Pro-Poor Growth</li>
<li>Balanced &amp; Unbalanced Growth</li>
<li>Dimensions of Development</li>
<li>Measurement &amp; Indicators of Development</li>
<li>Approaches to Development:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Market-Based Approach</li>
<li>Role of State and Planned Approach</li>
<li>Mixed Economy Approach</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Challenges to Development &amp; Growth</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Employment</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nature &ndash; Rural vs. Urban, Formal Vs. Informal</li>
<li>Terms Related to Employment &ndash; Labour Force Participation Rate, Employment Rate, Working Age Population etc.</li>
<li>Sectoral Distribution of Employment</li>
<li>Quality of Employment</li>
<li>Causes of Lack of Employment</li>
<li>Restructuring of Workforce</li>
<li>Government Initiatives for Generating Employment</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 99.9602%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Inclusive Growth &amp; Issues Arising From It</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="height: 10px; vertical-align: top; width: 49.9602%;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>What is Inclusive Growth?</li>
<li>Elements of Inclusive Growth</li>
<li>Need for Inclusive Growth</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indicators of Inclusive Growth</li>
<li>Challenges in Achieveing Inclusive Growth in India</li>
<li>12<sup>th</sup> FYP &amp; Inclusive Growth</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; width: 100%; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Government Budgeting</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Need for Government Budgeting </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Components of the Government Budget</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Revenue Account &ndash; Revenue Receipts &amp; Revenue Expenditure</li>
<li>Capital Account &ndash; Capital Receipts &amp; Capital Expenditure</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Changes in Budgetary Process in 2017</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Measures of Government Deficit</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Revenue Deficit</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fiscal Deficit</li>
<li>Primary Deficit</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Fiscal Policy</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Deficit Reduction</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>FRBM Act</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Other Types of Budgets &ndash; Outcome, Zero-Based, etc.</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Land Reforms in India</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 111px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rationale for Land Reforms</li>
<li>Components of Land Reforms</li>
<li>Impact of Land Reforms</li>
<li>Problems in Implementaion of Land Reforms</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Success of Land Reforms</li>
<li>Recent Initiatives - Land Leasing, Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation &amp; Resettlement Act, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Effects of Liberalization on the Economy</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 45px;">
<p>Phase of Liberalisation</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 45px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Impact on Different Sectors of the Economy</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Changes In Industrial Policy &amp; their Effects on Industrial Growth</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 91px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 91px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Industrial Policy Before 1991</li>
<li>Industrial Policy After 1991</li>
<li>Phases of Industrial Growth</li>
<li>Linkage Between Economic Reforms and Economic Outcomes</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 91px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Weaknesses and Failures of Industrial Policies</li>
<li>National Manufacturing Policy</li>
<li>SEZs</li>
<li>Make in India</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Infrastructure</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Energy</li>
<li>Ports</li>
<li>Roads</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Airports</li>
<li>Railways</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Investment Models</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 202px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 202px;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Need for Investment</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Sources of Investment</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Types of Investment Models</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Domestic Investment Models
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Public Investment Model</li>
<li>Private Investment Model</li>
<li>Public Private Participation Investment Model</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 202px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foreign Investment Models:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FDI</li>
<li>FII, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sector Specific Investment Models</li>
<li>Cluster Based Investment Models</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Investment Models Followed by India</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">AGRICULTURE<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Major Crops Cropping Patterns in Various Parts of the Country</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Importance of Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Types of Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Reasons Why Cropping Pattern Differ</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factors Influencing Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Emerging Trends in Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Long-Run Effects of Current Trends in Cropping Pattern</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Different Types of Irrigation &amp; Irrigation Systems Storage</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 84px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 84px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Modes of Irrigation</li>
<li>Sources of Irrigation</li>
<li>Choosing an Irrigation System</li>
<li>Problems Associated with Irrigation</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 84px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Progress of Irrigation Under Five Year Plans</li>
<li>Environmental Effects of Irrigation</li>
<li>Need for Systemic Irrigation Reforms</li>
<li>Need for a National Water Policy</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Transport &amp; Marketing of Agricultural Produce &amp; Issues &amp; Related Constraints</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 105px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 105px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Process of Agricultural Marketing - Marketing Channels, Functionaries, Costs, etc.</li>
<li>Role of FCI</li>
<li>Regulated Markets</li>
<li>Warehousing</li>
<li>Cooperative Marketing</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Current Agricultural Marketing Process</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 105px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>APMCs</li>
<li>National Agricultutral Market (NAM)</li>
<li>Farmer Producer Organisations (FPO)</li>
<li>Contract Farming</li>
<li>Futures Trading in Agricultural Commodities</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>E-Technology in the Aid of Farmers, Technology Missions</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues Related to Direct &amp; Indirect Farm Subsidies &amp; Minimum Support Prices</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 59px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 59px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agricultural Pricing Policy</li>
<li>Rationale for Subsidies</li>
<li>Types of Subsidies</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 59px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Effectiveness, Extent &amp; Problems of Subsisies</li>
<li>Clash with WTO Agreements</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Public Distribution System Objectives, Functioning, Limitations, Revamping</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Objectices/Significance</li>
<li>Functioning - Fair Price Shops, FCI, Ration Cards, Aadhar Linking, etc.</li>
<li>Shortcomings or Problems Associated with PDS</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need to Improve the Working of PDS</li>
<li>Measures to Improve the Loopholes &amp; Lacunaes Associated with PDS</li>
<li>Steps Taken by Governement in this Regard</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues of Buffer Stocks &amp; Food Security</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 40px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Buffer Stock &ndash; Objectives &amp; Norms in India</li>
<li>Impact of Government Procurement &amp; Distribution</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 40px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need for Food Security</li>
<li>NFSM And othe Food Security Realted Government Initiatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Economics of Animal-Rearing</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%;"></td>
<td style="width: 50%;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 18px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Food Processing &amp; Related Industries in India</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 76px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 76px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scope &amp; Potential in India</li>
<li>Significance</li>
<li>Location</li>
<li>Constraints and Challenges</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 76px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Upstream &amp; Downstream Requirements</li>
<li>Supply Chain Management</li>
<li>Government Policies and Initiatives &ndash; SAMPADA, 12th FYP, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">SCIENCE &amp; TECHNOLOGY<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Developments &amp; their Applications &amp; Effects in Everyday Life</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Chemicals in Food</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Artificial Sweetening Agents</li>
<li>Food Preservatives</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Drugs</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antacid</li>
<li>Antihistamines</li>
<li>Neurologically Active Drugs
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tranquilizers</li>
<li>Analgesics</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Antimicrobials
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Antibiotics</li>
<li>Antiseptic and Disinfectant</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Anti-Fertility Drugs, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Cleansing Agents</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Soaps</li>
<li>Synthetic detergents</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Glass</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Water Softener</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Water Purification/Disinfection</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Microwave Oven, etc.</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Achievements of Indians in Science &amp; Technology</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 124px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 124px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</li>
<li>Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose</li>
<li>Satyendra Nath Bose</li>
<li>Meghnad Saha</li>
<li>Homi Jehangir Bhabha</li>
<li>Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 124px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A.P.J. Abdul Kalam</li>
<li>Vikram Sarabhai</li>
<li>Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya</li>
<li>Har Gobind Khorana</li>
<li>Tessy Thomas</li>
<li>C.N.R. Rao</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indigenization of Technology &amp; Developing New Technology</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 10px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IT &amp; Computers</li>
<li>Space</li>
<li>Nanotechnology</li>
<li>Biotechnology</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 10px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Robotics</li>
<li>Defence</li>
<li>Nuclear</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Awareness in Different Fields</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 73px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 73px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IT &amp; Computers</li>
<li>Space</li>
<li>Nanotechnology</li>
<li>Biotechnology</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 73px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Robotics</li>
<li>Defence</li>
<li>Nuclear</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Issues Relating to Intellectual Property Rights</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18px;">
<td style="height: 18px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need for Intellectual Property Rights</li>
<li>Types of IPR</li>
<li>IPR Regime in India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 18px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International Agreements Related to IPRs</li>
<li>Geographical Indicators</li>
<li>Recent Issues - Evergreening, Compuslory Licensing, Prominent Cases etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">BIODIVERSITY &amp; ENVIRONMENT<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Conservation</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 159px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 159px;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>What is Biodiversity?</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Types of Biodiversity &ndash; Genetic, Species, Ecosystem, etc.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Importance of Biodivesirty &ndash; Ecosystem Services, Bio Resources of Economic Importance, Social Benefits etc.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Resasons for Loss of Biodiversity</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 159px;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Conservation</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In-situ &amp; Ex-Situ</li>
<li>Eco-Sensitive Areas</li>
<li>Ecological Hotspots</li>
<li>National Guidelines, Legislations &amp; Other Programmes.</li>
<li>International Agreements &amp; Groupings</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Environmental Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 155px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 155px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Types of Pollution &amp; Pollutants</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Impact of Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ozone Layer Depletion and Ozone Hole</li>
<li>Greenhouse Gas Effect &amp; Global Warming</li>
<li>Eutrophication</li>
<li>Desertification</li>
<li>Acid Rain</li>
<li>Hazardous Waste, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 155px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Causes/Sources of Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Prevention &amp; Control of Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>National Environment Agencies, Legislations and Policies </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>International Environment Agencies &amp; Agreements</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 57px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 57px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>What is EIA?</li>
<li>Indian Guidelines &amp; Legislations</li>
<li>EIA Process</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 57px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need &amp; Benefits of EIA</li>
<li>Shortcomings of EIA in India</li>
<li>Measures to Make EIA Effective</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Disaster Management</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Disasters</li>
<li>Management of Disasters</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Community Level Disaster Management</li>
<li>Governement Initiatives on Disaster Management</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">SECURITY<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Linkages Between Development &amp; Spread of Extremism</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factors Responsible for Spread of Extremism</li>
<li>Steps that State can Taken to Reduce the Spread of Extremism due to Underdevelopment</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul>
<li>Naxalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Role of External State &amp; Non-State Actors in Creating Challenges to Internal Security</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>Threats from Non-State Actors</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>J&amp;K Separatism</li>
<li>Left Wing Extremism</li>
<li>North East Insurgency</li>
<li>Terrorism in Hinterland &amp; Border Areas</li>
<li>Right Wing Terrorism</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>Reasons for Spread of Terrorism</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>State Sponsored Terrorism</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>Institutional Framework to Tackle Challenge of Internal Security</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NIA</li>
<li>NATGRID</li>
<li>MAC</li>
<li>UAPA</li>
<li>TADA</li>
<li>POTA</li>
<li>NCTC</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Challenges to Internal Security Through Communication Networks</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 35px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role of Media &amp; Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges</li>
<li>Challenges in Managing Social Media</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 35px;">
<ul>
<li>Steps That can be Taken</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Basics of Cyber Security</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51px;">
<td style="height: 51px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cyber Security</li>
<li>Threats to Indian Cyber Security</li>
<li>Steps taken by India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 51px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International Cooperation on Cyber Security</li>
<li>Cyber Warfare</li>
<li>Terms Associated with Cyber Security</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Money-Laundering &amp; its Prevention</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 72px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 72px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Process of Money Laundering</li>
<li>Impact of Money Laundering</li>
<li>Challenges to Tackle Money Laundering</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 72px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Steps to Counter Money Laundering</li>
<li>Terms Related To Money Laundering</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Security Challenges &amp; their Management in Border Areas</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 44px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 44px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Challenges in Managing Border Security &ndash; Coastal &amp; Terrestrial</li>
<li>Land Boundary Disputes with Neighbours</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 44px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India's Policy in Border Area Security Management</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 67px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Organised Crime</li>
<li>Challenges in Controlling Organised Crime</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 67px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Context &ndash; Link between Organised Crime &amp; Terrorism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Various Security Forces &amp; Agencies &amp; Their Mandate</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Armed Police Forces</li>
<li>Central Paramilitary Forces</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Security &amp; Intelligence Agencies &ndash; IB. R&amp;WA, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/general-studies-III'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'General Studies-II',
			'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
			'desc' => '<h3>(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Constitution&mdash;Historical Underpinnings, Evolution, Features, Amendments, Significant Provisions <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="81" data-gr-id="81">and</g> Basic Structure.</li>
<li>Functions and Responsibilities of the Union and the States, Issues and Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure, Devolution of&nbsp;Powers and Finances up to Local Levels and Challenges Therein.</li>
<li>Separation of Powers between various organs Dispute Redressal Mechanisms and Institutions.</li>
<li>Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme with that of Other Countries.</li>
<li>Parliament and State Legislatures&mdash;Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business, Powers &amp; Privileges and Issues Arising out of these.</li>
<li>Structure, Organization <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="83" data-gr-id="83">and</g> Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary&mdash;Ministries and Departments of the Government; Pressure Groups and Formal/Informal Associations and their Role in the Polity.</li>
<li>Salient Features of the Representation of People&rsquo;s Act.</li>
<li>Appointment to various Constitutional Posts, Powers, Functions <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="78" data-gr-id="78">and</g> Responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.</li>
<li>Statutory, Regulatory and various Quasi-judicial Bodies.</li>
<li>Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation. <br />Development Processes and the Development Industry &mdash; the Role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.</li>
<li>Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions <g class="gr_ gr_70 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="70" data-gr-id="70">and</g> Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.</li>
<li>Issues Relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.</li>
<li>Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.</li>
<li>Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency <g class="gr_ gr_72 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="72" data-gr-id="72">and</g> Accountability, E-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; Citizens Charters, Transparency &amp; Accountability and institutional and other measures.</li>
<li>Role of Civil Services in a Democracy.</li>
<li>India and its Neighborhood- Relations.</li>
<li>Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India&rsquo;s interests.</li>
<li>Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India&rsquo;s interests, Indian Diaspora.</li>
<li>Important International Institutions, agencies <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="68" data-gr-id="68">and</g> fora - their Structure, Mandate.</li>
</ul>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Polity<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<th style="width: 99.8889%; background-color: #008b8b; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" colspan="2">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Constitution</strong></span><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong></strong></span></p>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 393px;">
<td width="378" style="width: 53.1111%; height: 393px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Historical Underpinning &amp; Evolution</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Regulating Act (1773) to Independence Act (1947)</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_73 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="73" data-gr-id="73">Constituent</g> Assembly</li>
<li>Objective Resolution</li>
<li>Enactment &amp; Enforcement of Constitution</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Features</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Written</li>
<li>Flexible &amp; Rigid</li>
<li>Federal &amp; Unitary</li>
<li>Parliamentary Form of Government (Presidential vs. Parliamentary Type of Government)</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Amendments</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>List of Significant <g class="gr_ gr_74 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="74" data-gr-id="74">Amendments</g> &amp; Their Provisions</li>
<li>Procedure for Amending Constitution</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 46.7778%; height: 393px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Significant Provisions</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fundamental Rights</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="79" data-gr-id="79">Directive</g> Principles of State Policy</li>
<li>Judicial Review</li>
<li>Universal Adult Franchise</li>
<li>Single Citizenship</li>
<li>Separation of Powers</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Basic Structure</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Doctrine</li>
<li>Judgments &amp; Cases</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Functions &amp; Responsibilities of the Union and the States</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 67px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>7<sup>th</sup> Schedule</li>
<li>Legislative Functions</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 67px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Financial Functions</li>
<li>Administrative &amp; Quasi-Judicial Functions</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 16px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues &amp; Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Federal Structure in India - Is India truly Federal?</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Cooperative &amp; Competitive Federalism</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Centre-State Relations</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Legislative Relations</li>
<li>Administrative Relations</li>
<li>Financial Relations</li>
<li>Trends in Centre-State Relations</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Inter-State Relations</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inter-state Water Disputes</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inter-State Councils</li>
<li>Public Acts, Records and Judicial Proceedings</li>
<li>Inter-State Trade and Commerce</li>
<li>Zonal Councils</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Emergency Provisions</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Role of Governor</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Reports of Various Commissions</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>2nd ARC, Punchhi, Sarkaria, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 50%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Devolution of Powers &amp; Finances to Local Levels &amp; Challenges Therein</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role of State Government</li>
<li>Role of State Finance Commission</li>
<li>11<sup>th</sup> &amp; 12<sup>th</sup> Schedule</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Reasons for Ineffective Performance</li>
<li>Panchayat Devolution Index ( NITI Aayog)</li>
<li>Steps That Can Be Taken to Improve Their Performance</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Separation of Powers Between Various Organs</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 72px;">
<td style="height: 72px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Doctrine of Separation of Power</li>
<li>Separation of Power in Indian Constitution</li>
<li>Doctrine of Checks &amp; Balances</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 72px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Provisions for Checks &amp; Balances in Indian Constitution</li>
<li>Related Judgments - Golaknath case, Kesavananda Bharati, Indira Gandhi Vs Raj Narain, Ram Jawaya vs Punjab</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Dispute Redressal Mechanisms and Institutions</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 34px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 34px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RTI</li>
<li>PIL</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 34px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tribunals, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme With That of Other Countries Parliament &amp; State Legislatures </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 145px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 145px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business, Powers &amp; Privileges</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Written Constitution</li>
<li>Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility</li>
<li>Federal System with Unitary Bias</li>
<li>Parliamentary Form of Government</li>
<li>Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy</li>
<li>Integrated and Independent Judiciary</li>
<li>Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Duties</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 145px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Secular State</li>
<li>Universal Adult Franchise</li>
<li>Single Citizenship</li>
<li>Emergency Provisions</li>
<li>Three-tier Government</li>
<li>Due Process of Law vs. Procedure Established by Law</li>
<li>Impeachment of President, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Structure, Organization &amp; Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Executive</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Union:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>President</li>
<li>Prime Minister</li>
<li>Council of Ministers</li>
<li>Cabinet Secretariat</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Governor</li>
<li>Chief Minister</li>
<li>Council of Ministers</li>
<li>Secretariat</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Judiciary</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Three-Tier Structure</li>
<li>Chief Justice of India</li>
<li>SC &amp; HC Judges</li>
<li>Jurisdiction</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Ministries and Departments of the Government</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cabinet Ministries</li>
<li>Other Ministries</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliamentary Secretaries</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Pressure Groups &amp; Formal/informal Associations &amp; Their Role in Polity</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Characteristics of Pressure Groups</li>
<li>Pressure Groups &amp; Political Parties</li>
<li>Pressure Groups &amp; Interest Groups</li>
<li>Types of Pressure Groups</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Functions, Role &amp; Importance of Pressure Groups</li>
<li>Techniques/Methods of Pressure Groups</li>
<li>Pressure Groups in India</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Pressure Groups</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Salient Features of Representation of People's Act</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Appointment to Various Constitutional Posts</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Appointment, Powers, Functions &amp; Responsibilities of:</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Election Commission</li>
<li>Union Public Service Commission</li>
<li>State Public Service Commission</li>
<li>Finance Commission</li>
<li>National Commission for SCs</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Commission for STs</li>
<li>Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities</li>
<li>Comptroller and Auditor General of India</li>
<li>Attorney General of India</li>
<li>Advocate General of the State</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Statutory, Regulatory &amp; Quasi-Judicial Bodies</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 220px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 220px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NITI Aayog</li>
<li>RBI</li>
<li>National Human Rights Commission</li>
<li>State Human Rights Commission</li>
<li>Central Information Commission</li>
<li>Central Vigilance Commission</li>
<li>Central Bureau of Investigation</li>
<li>Lokpal and Lokayuktas</li>
<li>National Commission for Women</li>
<li>National Commission for Backward Classes</li>
<li>National Commission for Minorities</li>
<li>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority</li>
<li>Securities and Exchange Board of India</li>
<li>Competition Commission of India</li>
<li>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</li>
<li>Central Electricity Regulatory Commission</li>
<li>Atomic Energy Regulatory Board</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 220px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Pollution Control Board</li>
<li>Medical Council of India</li>
<li>Inland Waterways Authority of India</li>
<li>Central Ground Water Authority</li>
<li>Directorate General of Civil Aviation</li>
<li>Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority</li>
<li>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India</li>
<li>Bar Council of India</li>
<li>University Grants Commission</li>
<li>Financial Stability and Development Council</li>
<li>All India Council for Technical Education</li>
<li>National Green Tribunal</li>
<li>Competition Appellate Tribunal</li>
<li>Income-Tax Appellate Tribunal</li>
<li>Cyber Appellate Tribunal</li>
<li>Intellectual Property Appellate Board</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Governance<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Government Policies &amp; Interventions for Development</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 230px;">
<td style="height: 230px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Government Policies &amp; Interventions in Various Sectors</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Health, Gender, Education, Poverty, Economic etc</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Issues Arising Out of Their Design &amp; Implementation</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concerns/Issues</li>
<li>Suggestions for Improvement</li>
<li>Critical Assessment of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)</li>
<li>Rationalisation of CSS</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 230px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Analysis of Main Schemes:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Beti Bachao Beti Padhao</li>
<li>Smart City</li>
<li>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</li>
<li>MGNERGA</li>
<li>Digital India</li>
<li>Make in India</li>
<li>Skill India</li>
<li>PM Jan Dhan Yojana</li>
<li>Start-up India etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Development Processes &amp; the Development Industry</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 360px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 360px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role of Social Capital Organisations</li>
<li>Indian Context</li>
<li>Classification</li>
<li>Provisions for the Third Sector in the Indian Constitution</li>
<li>National Policy on the Voluntary Sector 2007</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Non-Governmental Organisations</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role and Impact of Non-governmental Organizations</li>
<li>Issue Areas: Accreditation, Legitimacy &amp; Accountability, Foreign Funding etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Self Help Groups (SHGs)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need for SHGs</li>
<li>Benefits of SHGs</li>
<li>Weaknesses of SHGs</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 360px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Challenges</li>
<li>Measures to Make SHGs Effective</li>
<li>Case Studies: Kudumbashree (Kerala), Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (Maharashtra)</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Societies, Trusts and Cooperatives</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Societies</li>
<li>Trust</li>
<li>Religious Endowments</li>
<li>Cooperatives &ndash;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Need for Cooperatives</li>
<li>Constitutional Provisions</li>
<li>National Policy on Co-operatives, 2002</li>
<li>Issues and Challenges in the Cooperatives Sector</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 20px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency &amp; Accountability</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 401px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 401px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Governance</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dimensions of Governance</li>
<li>Good Governance (GG)</li>
<li>Aspects of GG</li>
<li>Barriers to GG</li>
<li>Necessary Pre-conditions for GG</li>
<li>How to Ensure GG</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>E-Governance</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Applications</li>
<li>Models</li>
<li>Successes</li>
<li>Limitations</li>
<li>Potential</li>
<li>Recent e-governance Initiatives by Government</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Citizens Charters (CC)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Components of CC</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 401px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Features of CC</li>
<li>Six Principles of CC</li>
<li>Shortcomings of CC</li>
<li>Measures to Make CC Effective</li>
<li>Sevottam Model</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Aspects of Transparency</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Elements &amp; Types of Accountability</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Means to ensure Transparency &amp; Accountability</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RTI</li>
<li>Social Audit</li>
<li>Whistleblower Protection Bill</li>
<li>Lokpal &amp; Lokayuktas Act</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Role of Civil Services in a Democracy</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 348px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 348px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Relationship Between Civil Service And Democracy </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Role Played By Civil Services</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Advisory Role in Policy Making</li>
<li>Institutionalise Socio-economic change</li>
<li>Discharge Delegated Functions</li>
<li>Administer Law of the Land</li>
<li>Watchdogs</li>
<li>Continuity in times of Political Instability</li>
<li>Record-Keeping</li>
<li>Channel of Communication</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Ailments/Issues Afflicting Indian Civil Services</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of Professionalism &amp; Poor Capacity Building</li>
<li>Inefficient Incentive Systems</li>
<li>Outdated Rules &amp; Procedures</li>
<li>Systemic Inconsistencies in Promotion</li>
<li>Lack of Adequate Transparency &amp; Accountability Procedures</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 348px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Arbitrary &amp; Whimsical Transfers</li>
<li>Political Interference &amp; Administrative Acquiescence</li>
<li>Gradual Erosion in Values &amp; Ethics</li>
<li>Redtapism</li>
<li>Elitist in Nature</li>
<li>Poor Pay</li>
<li>Tendency to Capture Power</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Reforming Bureaucracy to Strengthen Democracy</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Setting Right the Asymmetry of Power</li>
<li>Insulating Civil Servants from Undue Political Interference</li>
<li>Professionalisation with Stability of Tenure &amp; Competition</li>
<li>Citizen-Centric Administration</li>
<li>Accountability</li>
<li>Outcome Orientation</li>
<li>Promoting Public Service Values &amp; Ethics</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">SOCIAL JUSTICE<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 693px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 693px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Schemes for the Following Vulnerable Sections</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SCs &amp; STs</li>
<li>Minorities</li>
<li>Children</li>
<li>Elderly</li>
<li>Disabled</li>
<li>Women</li>
<li>Transgender</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Performance of These Schemes</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions &amp; Bodies Constituted for Protection &amp; Betterment of These Vulnerable Sections</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SCs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Protection of Civil Rights Act</li>
<li>The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act</li>
<li>National Commission for Scheduled Castes</li>
<li>Scheduled Castes Sub Plan</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disabled:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Rehabilitation Council of India Act</li>
<li>The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act</li>
<li>Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act</li>
<li>The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with<br />Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act</li>
<li>Rights of the Persons with Disabilities Act</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 693px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>STs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes</li>
<li>Tribal Sub Plan</li>
<li>TRIFED</li>
<li>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Minorities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Commission for Minorities</li>
<li>National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Women &amp; Children</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act</li>
<li>The Indecent Representation of Women (Prevention) Act</li>
<li>The Dowry Prohibition Act</li>
<li>The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act</li>
<li>The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act</li>
<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act</li>
<li>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act</li>
<li>Central Adoption Resource Agency (CARA)</li>
<li>The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act</li>
<li>Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal)</li>
<li>Pre-Conception and Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PC&amp;PNDT) Act</li>
<li>Gender Budgeting</li>
<li>National Policy for Women</li>
<li>Domestic Violence Act</li>
<li>Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Elderly</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues Relating to Development &amp; Management of Social Sector/Services</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 403px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 403px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Health</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s Performance on Various Health Indicators</li>
<li>Weaknesses of Indian Healthcare System</li>
<li>Health Infrastructure in India</li>
<li>Universal Health Coverage</li>
<li>12th FYP Strategy</li>
<li>Universal Health Coverage</li>
<li>Health Insurance</li>
<li>National Family Health Survey</li>
<li>National Health Policy</li>
<li>National Health Mission</li>
<li>Maternal &amp; Adolescent Health</li>
<li>Child Health</li>
<li>Antimicrobial Resistance</li>
<li>Disease Burden in India</li>
<li>Measures to Ensure Good Health Outcomes</li>
<li>Government Initiatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 403px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Education</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p><strong></strong>Status of Literacy in India</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Education Structure in India</p>
</li>
<li>Challenges Faced by Education Sector in India</li>
<li>Reforms Required</li>
<li>Government Initiatives</li>
<li>ASER Report</li>
<li>Financing Education</li>
<li>Subramanian Panel Report</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Human Resource</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need For Skill Development</li>
<li>Skill Development Initiatives</li>
<li>Challenges in Skilling Landscape in India</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Current Skill Development Initiatives</li>
<li>Reforms Required</li>
<li>Steps that can Be Taken</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues Relating to Poverty &amp; Hunger</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 98px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 98px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Relation between Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Distribution of Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Magnitude &amp; Trends of Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Causes of Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Cost/Impact of Poverty &amp; Malnutrition</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 98px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MDGs &amp; SDGs</li>
<li>Food and nutrition insecurity - a consequence of structural inequities</li>
<li>Constraints in Reducing Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Measure to Reduce Poverty &amp; Hunger &ndash; National Food Security Act, Mid-day Meal Scheme, MGNREGA etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>India and its Neighborhood &ndash; Relations</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 137px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 137px;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>India&rsquo;s Relations With</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China</li>
<li>Pakistan</li>
<li>Myanmar</li>
<li>Bhutan</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 137px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bangladesh</li>
<li>Sri Lanka</li>
<li>Afghanistan</li>
<li>Nepal</li>
<li>Maldives</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Bilateral, Regional &amp; Global Groupings &amp; Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 450px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 450px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>India&rsquo;s Major Foreign Policy Doctrines Since 1947</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Non-aligned Movement (NAM)</li>
<li>Nuclear Doctrine</li>
<li>Gujral Doctrine</li>
<li>Look East to Act East</li>
<li>Think West, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Bilateral Relations With</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Major Powers Like &ndash; USA, Russia, Japan</li>
<li>Central Asian Countries</li>
<li>West Asian Countries</li>
<li>African Countries</li>
<li>Australia &amp; New Zealand</li>
<li>EU &amp; European Countries</li>
<li>Latin American Countries</li>
<li>Pacific Countries</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Regional &amp; Global Groupings</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SAARC</li>
<li>BRICS</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 450px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BBIN &amp; BCIM</li>
<li>BIMSTEC</li>
<li>IBSA</li>
<li>ASEAN &amp; RCEP</li>
<li>India-Africa Forum</li>
<li>SCO</li>
<li>Ashgabat Agreement</li>
<li>FIPIC</li>
<li>IOR-ARC</li>
<li>Mekong Ganga Cooperation (MGC)</li>
<li>Raisina Dialogue</li>
<li>Heart of Asia Conference</li>
<li>East Asia Summit</li>
<li>G-20</li>
<li>Asian Development Bank</li>
<li>National Security Summit</li>
<li>Multilateral Nuclear Export Regulatory Regimes: Wassenar, MTCR, Australia Group</li>
<li>Asian Development Bank</li>
<li>APEC, etc</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="width: 50%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Effect of Policies &amp; Politics of Developed &amp; Developing Countries on India's Interests</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 88px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 88px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One Belt One Road</li>
<li>International North&ndash;South Transport Corridor</li>
<li>Global Trade War</li>
<li>Global Currency War</li>
<li>Syrian Crisis</li>
<li>UN Reforms</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 88px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WTO Reforms</li>
<li>South China Sea Conflict</li>
<li>Brexit</li>
<li>Deglobalisation &amp; Protectionism &ndash; US Sanctions on Iran, US Pullout from Paris Agreement, H-1B Visa Issue etc.</li>
<li>OPEC Oil Prices Manipulation, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Diaspora</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 95px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 95px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Spread of Indian Diaspora</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s Diaspora Policy &amp; Engagement Initiatives
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OCI</li>
<li>Pravasi Bharatiya Divas</li>
<li>Know India Programme, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 95px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LM Singhvi High Level Committee on the Diaspora</li>
<li>Role played by Indian Diaspora</li>
<li>Issues Concerning the Diaspora:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dual Nationality</li>
<li>Remittances, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important International Institutions</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UN &amp; its Agencies</li>
<li>WTO</li>
<li>World Bank</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMF</li>
<li>World Economic Forum</li>
<li>Commonwealth of Nations, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/general-studies-ii'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'General Studies-I',
			'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
			'desc' => '<h3>(Indian Heritage and Culture, History <g class="gr_ gr_113 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="113" data-gr-id="113">and</g> Geography of the World and Society)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Culture - Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.</li>
<li>Modern Indian History from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.</li>
<li>The Freedom Struggle &mdash; its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.</li>
<li>Post-independence Consolidation and Reorganization within the country.</li>
<li>History of the World will include events from 18th century such as Industrial Revolution, world wars, <g class="gr_ gr_105 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="105" data-gr-id="105">Redrawal</g> of National Boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.&mdash; their forms and effect on the society.</li>
<li>Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.</li>
<li>Role of Women and Women&rsquo;s Organization, Population and Associated Issues, Poverty and Developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.</li>
<li>Effects of Globalization on Indian society.</li>
<li>Social Empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism &amp; Secularism.</li>
<li>Salient features of World&rsquo;s Physical Geography.</li>
<li>Distribution of Key Natural Resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).</li>
<li>Important Geophysical Phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.</li>
</ul>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">History<br /><br /></h1>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 100%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Heritage &amp; Culture</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong><span style="color: #008b8b;">Indian Art Forms</span><br /></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Paintings</li>
<li>Classical Dance Forms</li>
<li>Folk Dance Forms</li>
<li>Classical Music</li>
<li>Puppetry</li>
<li>Pottery</li>
<li>Drama/Theatre</li>
<li>Martial Arts</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Literature</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ancient Indian Literature</li>
<li>Classical Sanskrit Literature</li>
<li>Literature in Pali and Prakrit</li>
<li>Early Dravidian Literature</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Medieval Literature</li>
<li>Women Poets of Bhakti</li>
<li>Trends in Medieval Literature</li>
<li>Modern Indian Literature</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Architecture</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Harappan Architecture</li>
<li>Temple Architecture</li>
<li>Cave Architecture</li>
<li>Indo-Islamic Architecture</li>
<li>Medieval Architecture</li>
<li>Modern Architecture</li>
<li>Contribution of Buddhism &amp; Jainism to the Development of Indian Architecture</li>
<li>Rock Cut Architecture</li>
<li>Colonial Architecture &amp; the Modern Period</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 99.8889%; height: 19px;" colspan="2">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Modern Indian History</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25px;">
<td style="width: 50.1111%; height: 25px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong><span style="color: #008b8b;">Middle of the Eighteenth Century Until The Present</span><br /></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Socio-economic Condition of People</li>
<li>European Penetration of India</li>
<li>British Conquest of India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 49.7778%; height: 25px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>British Policies &amp; Their Impact &ndash; Economic, Administrative &amp; Socio-cultural</li>
<li>Socio-cultural Reform Movements</li>
<li>Uprisings Against British Pre-1857</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 96.3405%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">The Freedom Struggle</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 540px;">
<td style="width: 48.6823%; height: 540px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Revolt of 1857</strong></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008b8b;">Growth of Nationalism in India (1858-1905)</span><br /></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Political, Economic &amp; Administrative Unification of the Country</li>
<li>Role of Western Education</li>
<li>Role of Press</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_124 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="124" data-gr-id="124">Rediscovery</g> of India&rsquo;s Past</li>
<li>Early Political Movements</li>
<li>Formation of INC</li>
<li>Era of Moderates</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong><g class="gr_ gr_125 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="125" data-gr-id="125">Growth</g> of Militant Nationalism &amp; Revolutionary Activities (1905-1918)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swadeshi &amp; Boycott Movement</li>
<li>Surat Split</li>
<li>International Influence</li>
<li>Morley &ndash; Minto Reforms</li>
<li>Growth of Communalism</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong><g class="gr_ gr_126 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="126" data-gr-id="126">Beginning</g> of Mass Nationalism (1919-1939)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahatma Gandhi &ndash; His Ideas &amp; Leadership</li>
<li>Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms</li>
<li>Rowlatt Act, <g class="gr_ gr_114 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="114" data-gr-id="114">Satyagrah</g> <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="128" data-gr-id="128">and</g> Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</li>
<li>Non-cooperation &amp; Khilafat Movement</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 47.6582%; height: 540px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swarajists &amp; No-Changers</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="127" data-gr-id="127">Emergence</g> of New Forces &ndash; Socialistic Ideas, Youth &amp; Trade Unionism</li>
<li>Revolutionary Activity</li>
<li>Simon Commission &amp; Nehru Report</li>
<li>Civil Disobedience Movement</li>
<li>Round Table Conferences</li>
<li>Communal Award &amp; Poona Pact</li>
<li>Participation in Elections to Central Legislature (1934) &amp; Provincial Assemblies (1937)</li>
<li>Government of India Act, 1935</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Towards Freedom &amp; Partition (1939-1947)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Movement During World War II</li>
<li>August Offer</li>
<li>Individual Satyagraha</li>
<li>Growth of Communalism</li>
<li>Peasant Movements</li>
<li>State People&rsquo;s Struggle</li>
<li>Cripps Mission</li>
<li>Quit India Movement</li>
<li>Wavell Plan</li>
<li>INA &amp; Subhash Chandra Bose</li>
<li>Cabinet Mission</li>
<li>Nationalist Upsurge Post-World War II</li>
<li>Independence with Partition</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="width: 96.5366%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" width="255"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Post-independence Consolidation</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 445px;">
<td style="width: 48.9556%; vertical-align: top; height: 445px;" width="296">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Nation Building</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Partition and Its Aftermath</li>
<li>Integration of Princely States</li>
<li>Reorganisation of States</li>
<li>Issue of Official Language</li>
<li>Tribal Consolidation</li>
<li>Regional Aspirations</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Foreign Policy</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Non-Aligned Movement</li>
<li>Panchsheel</li>
<li>Wars with Pakistan &amp; China</li>
<li>Nuclear Policy</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Economy</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Planned Development</li>
<li>Green Revolution, Operation Flood &amp; Cooperatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 47.581%; vertical-align: top; height: 445px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agrarian &amp; Land Reforms</li>
<li>Industrial Reforms</li>
<li>LPG Reforms</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Polity</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Era of One-Party Dominance</li>
<li>Emergence of Opposition Parties</li>
<li>Emergency: Crisis of Democratic Order</li>
<li>Rise of Regional Parties</li>
<li>Coalition Era</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Social</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Popular Movements</li>
<li>Communalism</li>
<li>Indian Women Since Independence</li>
<li>Naxalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.5086%;" width="255"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>History of the World</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 618px;">
<td style="width: 49.1329%; vertical-align: top; height: 618px;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Industrial Revolution</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Renaissance</li>
<li>Discovery of Sea Routes</li>
<li>Reformation</li>
<li>Counter Reformation</li>
<li>European Nations Settle North America</li>
<li>Rise of Slave Trade</li>
<li>American War of Independence</li>
<li>French Revolution</li>
<li>Nationalism in Europe</li>
<li>Rise of Capitalism, Colonialism &amp; Imperialism</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>World War I</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Causes of the War</li>
<li>Scope &amp; Course of the War</li>
<li>Russian Revolution</li>
<li>End of the War &amp; Peace Treaties</li>
<li>Consequences of the War</li>
<li>League of Nations</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>World Between the Two Wars</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Europe After the War &ndash; Fascism &amp; Nazism</li>
<li>The Great Depression</li>
<li>Emergence of Soviet Union</li>
<li>Nationalist Movements in Asia &amp; Africa</li>
<li>US as a Strong Power</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 47.3757%; vertical-align: top; height: 618px;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>World War II</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fascist Aggression &amp; Response of Western Democracies</li>
<li>Outbreak of the War</li>
<li>Theatres of the War</li>
<li>US Entry into the War</li>
<li>Global Nature of the War</li>
<li>The Holocaust</li>
<li>Resistance Movements</li>
<li>After-effects of the War</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Decolonialisation &amp; Redrawal of National Boundaries</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Europe after World War II</li>
<li>Cold War</li>
<li>Rise of Asia &amp; Africa</li>
<li>Developments in West Asia &amp; North Africa</li>
<li>Spread of Communism</li>
<li>Korean War</li>
<li>Vietnam War</li>
<li>Cuban Crisis</li>
<li>Collapse of Soviet Union</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Concept, Types &amp; Social Impact of Political Philosophies</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Communism</li>
<li>Capitalism</li>
<li>Socialism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Indian Society<br /><br /></h1>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="width: 96.5792%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Salient Features of Indian Society</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 88px;">
<td style="width: 43.5561%; vertical-align: top; height: 88px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Diversity (Types &ndash; caste, linguistic, social and religious, race, tribe and ethnicity, culture)</li>
<li>Challenges posed by Diversity</li>
<li>Unity</li>
<li>Pluralism</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.0231%; vertical-align: top; height: 88px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Unity in Diversity</li>
<li>Inequality and Exclusion</li>
<li>Family System</li>
<li>Examples of above.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="width: 96.6591%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Role of Women and Women's Organization</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 109px;">
<td style="width: 43.4765%; height: 109px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Women's Organisations &ndash; Empowerment through Action</li>
<li>19<sup>th</sup> Century Social Reform Movements and Early Women's Organisations &ndash; (1) Agrarian Struggles and Revolt, (2) Participation in Freedom Struggle</li>
<li>Women's Organisations Post &ndash; 1947</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.1826%; height: 109px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Resurgence of Women's Movement in the 70s: (1) Emergence of New Organisations, (2) Approaches and Issues</li>
<li>Contemporary Women's Issues &amp; Organisation Response</li>
<li>Women's Organisations and SHGs</li>
<li>Challenges faced by Women's Organisations</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="width: 96.6541%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Population and Associated Issues</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 73px;">
<td style="width: 43.6356%; height: 73px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Basic Demography of India</li>
<li>Population Trends in India and their Implications</li>
<li>Causes and Effects of Over Population</li>
<li>Challenges of Population Explosion</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.0185%; height: 73px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Changing Age Structure of Indian Population</li>
<li>Demogarphic Dividend: Boon or Bane for India</li>
<li>Population Aging in India</li>
<li>India's Population Policy &amp; Initiatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.5792%;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Poverty and Developmental Issues</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 243px;">
<td style="width: 43.6356%; vertical-align: top; height: 243px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concept of Development and Poverty</li>
<li>Types of Poverty</li>
<li>Measurement of Poverty &ndash; Poverty Line</li>
<li>Causes of Poverty</li>
<li>Poverty as a Social Problem</li>
<li>Socio-economic Spread of Poverty</li>
<li>Consequences of Poverty &ndash;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inequality</li>
<li>Continuation of Vicious Cycle</li>
<li>Who are worst affected by poverty?</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 52.9436%; vertical-align: top; height: 243px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Problem of Rising Urban Poverty</li>
<li>Poverty Alleviation Initiatives</li>
<li>Policy shift from &ldquo;Trickle Down&rdquo; Economics to Inclusive or Pro-poor Development to Reduce Poverty</li>
<li>Relation between Poverty Reduction and Development: Poverty-Inequality-Development Nexus</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 96.6587%;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Urbanization</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 43.7152%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Urbanisation Trends in India and Their Implications - Demographic and Social Dimensions</li>
<li>Factors Driving Urbanisation</li>
<li>State of Service Delivery and Challeges posed by Urbanisation</li>
<li>Problems of Urban Areas</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 52.9435%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Social Consequences of Urbanisation</li>
<li>Impact of Urbanisation in Rural Areas</li>
<li>Urban Planning and Role of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)</li>
<li>Reforms Required and Government Initiatives Taken So Far</li>
<li>Problems of Slums</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b; height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 96.7383%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Effects of Globalization on Indian Society</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 111px;">
<td style="width: 43.75%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Understanding Globalisation &ndash; Its Different Dimensions</li>
<li>Globalisation &amp; Culture - Homogenisation vs. Glocalisation</li>
<li>Factors Driving Globalisation</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 52.9883%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Globalisation &amp; India</li>
<li>Impact of Globalisation on India - Socio-cultural, economic, on women, agrarian sector etc.</li>
<li>Does Globalisation cause Poverty?</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; width: 96.7383%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Social Empowerment</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 43.4765%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Which are the Socially Disadvantaged Groups?</li>
<li>Dimensions of Social Empowerment</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.2618%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government Initiatives to Aide Social Empowerment</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.7383%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Communalism</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 79px;">
<td style="width: 43.4765%; height: 79px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Communalism &ndash; Its Characteristics</li>
<li>Communalism in India in the Past</li>
<li>Communalism in Contemporqary India</li>
<li>Causes of Communalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.2618%; height: 79px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Consequences of Communalism</li>
<li>Measures to Control &amp; Eradicate Communalism</li>
<li>Secularism as an Antidote to Communalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.7335%;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Regionalism</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 89px;">
<td style="width: 43.2455%; height: 89px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concept of Region &amp; Regionalism</li>
<li>Different Forms of Regionalism</li>
<li>Regionalism in India</li>
<li>Causes of Regionalism</li>
<li>Concept of 'Sons of Soil'</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.488%; height: 89px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Consequences of Regionalism</li>
<li>Federalism &amp; Regionalism</li>
<li>Role of Regional Parties</li>
<li>Measures to Contain Regionalism</li>
<li>Regionalism in the International Sphere</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.7383%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Secularism</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 43.0099%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concept of Secularism</li>
<li>Indian Model of Secularism</li>
<li>Secularism in India</li>
<li>Nature &amp; Practice of Secularism in India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.7284%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Uniform Civil Code</li>
<li>Challenges faced by Secularism in India</li>
<li>Measures to Make India Truly Secular</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Geography<br /><br /></h1>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 99.8806%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Salient Features of World's Physical Geography</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 494px;">
<td style="height: 216px; vertical-align: top; width: 44.7096%;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Geomorphology</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Origin &amp; Evolution of Earth</li>
<li>Interior of the Earth</li>
<li>Distribution of Continents &amp; Oceans</li>
<li>Plate Tectonic Theory</li>
<li>Distribution of Earthquakes &amp; Volcanoes</li>
<li>Rocks &amp; Rock Cycle</li>
<li>Geomorphic Processes &ndash; Endogenic &amp; Exogenic</li>
<li>Landforms &amp; their Evolution</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Oceanography</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hydrological Cycle</li>
<li>Seafloor Spreading</li>
<li>Ocean Floor Configuration</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.171%; height: 216px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Temperature &amp; Salinity of Oceans</li>
<li>Movement of Oceans &ndash; Waves, Tides, Currents</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Climatology</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earth&rsquo;s Atmosphere &ndash; Composition &amp; Structure</li>
<li>Solar Radiation, Heat Budget &amp; Temperature</li>
<li>Atmospheric Circulation &amp; Weather Systems</li>
<li>World Climate (examples)</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Soil Geography</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Soil &amp; Soil Contents</li>
<li>Process of Soil Formation</li>
<li>Soil Forming Factors</li>
<li>Types of Soils (examples)</li>
<li>Soil Erosion &amp; Conservation</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Distribution of Key Natural Resources Across the World </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 411px;">
<td style="width: 44.829%; vertical-align: top; height: 411px;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Types of Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the Basis of Origin, Ownership, Exhaustability etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Land Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Land Utilisation</li>
<li>Land Use Pattern</li>
<li>Land Degradation &amp; Conservation</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Forest Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types &amp; Distribution &ndash; Grasslands, Forests etc.</li>
<li>Causes of Depletion</li>
<li>Conservation of Forests</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Water Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Marine &amp; Freshwater</li>
<li>Water Scarcity &amp; Need For Conservation</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.171%; vertical-align: top; height: 411px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Integrated Water Resources Management</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Agricultural Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Farming</li>
<li>Cropping Patterns</li>
<li>Contribution to Economy, Employment &amp; Output</li>
<li>Food Security</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Mineral &amp; Energy Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Classification of Minerals &ndash; Ferrous &amp; Non-Ferrous</li>
<li>Occurrence of Minerals</li>
<li>Conservation of Minerals</li>
<li>Classification of Energy Resources &ndash; Conventional &amp; Non-Conventional</li>
<li>Occurrence of Energy Resources</li>
<li>Conservation of Energy Resources</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 99.9602%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Factors Responsible for the Location of Industries</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 188px;">
<td style="height: 188px; vertical-align: top; width: 44.8687%;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Classification of Industries</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Location &amp; Distribution of the Industries on the Basis of</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Raw Material</li>
<li>Labour</li>
<li>Market</li>
<li>Capital</li>
<li>Land</li>
<li>Grants &amp; Financial Incentives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.0915%; height: 188px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Power</li>
<li>Transport</li>
<li>Water</li>
<li>Communication</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Distribution of Major Industries &ndash; Iron &amp; Steel, IT, Cotton Textile</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Agglomeration &amp; Footloose Industries</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important Geophysical Phenomena</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 318px;">
<td style="width: 44.9881%; vertical-align: top; height: 318px;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Earthquakes</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Why Does Earth Shake?</li>
<li>Earthquake Waves</li>
<li>Shadow Zone</li>
<li>Types of Earthquake</li>
<li>Measuring Earthquake</li>
<li>Effects of Earthquake</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Tsunami</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>What Causes Tsunami</li>
<li>Effect of Tsunami</li>
<li>Mitigating the Impact of Tsunami</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.0119%; vertical-align: top; height: 318px;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Volcanoes</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Volcanoes</li>
<li>What Causes Volcanoes?</li>
<li>Volcanic Landforms</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Cyclone</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tropical Cyclones</li>
<li>Anti-Cyclone</li>
<li>Extra Tropical Cyclones</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Geographical Features and their Location</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 45.1472%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factors Causing Changes in Critical Geographical Features</li>
<li>Examples of Changing Geographicl Features - Mealting of Ice Sheets, Desertification etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 54.8528%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Impact of Changing Geographical Features</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Ayushman Bharat and the Role of Private Hospitals',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p><em>This editorial appears in The Mint and addresses the brand new scheme Ayushman Bharat and how it is going to affect the role of private hospitals in the country.</em></p>
<p>Principally, India has committed to provide free and equitable healthcare facilities to all its citizens, regardless of their economic and social status. However, the real picture is far from this ideological commitment.</p>
<p>India&rsquo;s expenditure on healthcare goods and services is only around ~3.9% of its national GDP, including the private sector (compared to 18% of the US). Further, it is met with fourfold challenges - (i) providing universal access to <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="96" data-gr-id="96">healthcare</g>; (ii) arranging for fair and equitable distribution of cost of healthcare (iii) maintaining quality of healthcare by training practitioners and providers; and (iv) giving special attention to vulnerable groups like women, elderly, disabled and children. The present government has taken a bold step forward in this direction - launching a nationwide health protection scheme known as &ldquo;Ayushman Bharat&rdquo;.</p>
<p>Recently, the government initiated the empanelment process for public and private hospitals under the scheme for universal health coverage. However, some healthcare provider networks have expressed concerns over the viability of &ldquo;pricing model&rdquo; as proposed by the government as it is too low to be afforded by them. <br />About the scheme<br />Ayushman Bharat -National Health Protection Mission (AB-NHPM) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, with the central component anchored in the MoHFW.</p>
<h3>Salient features:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AB-NHPM will have a defined benefit cover of Rs. 5 lakh per family per year and will take care of almost all secondary care and most of the tertiary care procedures.</li>
<li>Benefits of the scheme are portable across the country and a beneficiary covered under the scheme will be allowed to take cashless benefits from any public/private empanelled hospital across the country.</li>
<li>AB-NHPM will be an entitlement based scheme with entitlement decided on the basis of deprivation criteria in the <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="91" data-gr-id="91">SECC</g> database.</li>
<li>The National Health Agency (NHA) is the apex body for the implementation of the ambitious Ayushman Bharat-National Health Protection Scheme</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AB-NHPM will have a major impact on the reduction of Out Of Pocket (OOP) expenditure as it covers the poorest and the most vulnerable sections of the society, and almost all secondary and tertiary hospitals.</li>
<li>This will lead to increased access to quality health and medication.</li>
<li>This will lead to timely treatments, improvements in health outcomes, patient satisfaction, improvement in productivity and efficiency, job creation thus leading to a general improvement in the quality of life.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Health Account</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Low public expenditure:</strong> Public health expenditure in India (total of Centre and State governments) has remained constant at approximately 1.3% of the GDP between 2008 and 2015, and increased marginally to 1.4% in 2016-17. This is less than the world average of 6%.</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">&nbsp;<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/739Table-1-6.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2729207587" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /><br /><strong></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disparity among states:</strong> Low-income states with low revenue capacity <g class="gr_ gr_118 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="118" data-gr-id="118">spend</g> significant lower on social services like health. Further, differences in the cost of delivering health services have contributed to health disparities among and within states.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/501Fig-2-1.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2008619644" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Out-of-pocket expenditures on healthcare:</strong> If cumulatively 30% of the total health expenditure is incurred by the public sector, the rest of the health expenditure, i.e. approximately 70% is borne by consumers.</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/531Fig-3.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="3582751752" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of health support coverage</strong>: 86% of the rural population and 82% of the urban population are not covered under any scheme of health expenditure support. <br />Demand for Basic Primary Healthcare and Infrastructure: India faces a growing need to fix its basic health concerns in the areas of HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrhoea. More than one-third of the world's malnourished children live in India. Half of the children under three years old are underweight.<br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Underdeveloped Medical Devices Sector: </strong>The medical devices sector faces a number of regulatory challenges which has prevented its growth and development.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why Is the &ldquo;Pricing Model&rdquo; Right?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First of its kind:</strong> As there is a dearth of national-level comprehensive costing studies, the current rates do have some loopholes. However, the rates are subject to revision which should be done after taking help from similar successfully running schemes in states such as Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Karnataka. These schemes have many empanelled hospitals which are providing healthcare services at the rates so provisioned.</li>
<li><strong>Flexibility across states:</strong> The rates prescribed are median rates and can be adjusted according to the states. Hospitals accredited to the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals &amp; Healthcare Providers (NABH) and those located in &ldquo;aspirational districts&rdquo; will receive higher rates.
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 25px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 25px;">
<p><strong>NABH:</strong> National Accreditation Board for Hospitals &amp; Healthcare Providers (NABH) is a constituent board of Quality Council of India, set up to establish and operate accreditation programmes for healthcare organisations.</p>
<p><strong><g class="gr_ gr_108 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="108" data-gr-id="108">Scope</g> of NABH /Objectives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Accreditation of healthcare facilities</li>
<li>Quality promotion: initiatives like Safe-I, Nursing Excellence, Laboratory certification programs (but not limited to these)</li>
<li>IEC activities: public lecture, advertisement, workshops/ seminars</li>
<li>Education and Training for Quality &amp; Patient Safety</li>
<li>Recognition: Endorsement of various healthcare quality courses/ workshops</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li><strong>Adjustment of prices:</strong> Although the price model doesn&rsquo;t incorporate complicated cases, AB-NHPM plans to move to provider payment mechanisms, including Diagnosis-Related Group models.
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><strong>Diagnosis-Related Grouping</strong> categorizes the hospital services used for &ldquo;reimbursement&rdquo; to patients. This is in contrast to the &ldquo;cost-plus-profit-based-system&rdquo; as it is fixed on a case to case basis.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What Do the Hospitals Need to Do?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The hospitals should understand that the nationally prescribed rates are not intended to cover the cost of capital and infrastructure in the short run but only the marginal cost. This means that the scheme will ensure that the surplus capacities of hospitals will be utilized.</li>
<li>The hospitals should not seek to drive their profit regime by the poor of the country. As it goes for other corporate entities, the hospitals too have a responsibility towards the poor and marginalized of the country.</li>
<li>The private hospitals should view this as an opportunity to do their bit in shaping the most ambitious healthcare scheme in the world.</li>
</ul>
<p>In view of the perilous health scenario of the country, AB-NHPM is a bold and courageous step which dares to take private hospitals under its ambit. Blockading its way is going to cost the whole country. The aim of overturning healthcare from market-based sector to its recognition as a public good and a universal right can be fulfilled only when the private entities take up their responsibility as agents of this change.</p>',
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		'title' => 'Multinational Corporations: Savior or Saboteur',
		'catname' => 'Model Essays',
		'desc' => '<p><em><strong>&ndash;Suneel Sheoran</strong></em></p>
<p>In last week of February 2016, news of hepatitis C patients protesting outside India&rsquo;s patent office in New Delhi was splashed across all major national newspapers in India. The patients were protesting against the American multinational pharmaceutical major Gilead Sciences and the United States government for pressuring the Indian government &ldquo;to blindly and speedily grant patents&rdquo; to Gilead&rsquo;s exorbitantly priced drug named Sovaldi, whose generic versions manufactured by pharmaceutical companies in India are used by millions of hepatitis C patients across the world. So who are these multinational corporations that can even influence sovereign governments and impact millions of lives in the process? The term &lsquo;Multinational Corporations&rsquo; (or MNCs) refers to companies that have operations and offices in multiple countries even though headquartered in only one or <g class="gr_ gr_115 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="115" data-gr-id="115">few</g> of them. Even though the term itself may be of modern origin, such MNCs have existed at least for the past four to five centuries. East India Company, the English trading company that grew its influence in India in the 17th century and laid the foundations of English rule in India, can easily be classified as one.</p>
<p>In today&rsquo;s <g class="gr_ gr_131 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="131" data-gr-id="131">globalised</g> and increasingly interconnected world such companies are only increasing their tribe. Exchange of goods, services, ideas, labor etc. are being encouraged worldwide; specialization is being touted as the need of the hour and increasingly more and more companies are spreading their influence outside their country of origin. While one country may be specialized in manufacturing of certain types of goods using patented technology, others may have <g class="gr_ gr_124 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="124" data-gr-id="124">abundant</g> supply of qualified human resources or cheap labor along with <g class="gr_ gr_125 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="125" data-gr-id="125">market</g> for selling the finished goods. Therefore such difference in availability of resources, skills, markets etc., caused not only by <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="87" data-gr-id="87">geo-political</g> reasons but by historical reasons like imperialism and colonialism, has meant that companies today are increasingly looking to have a global footprint. Most of the major MNCs today <g class="gr_ gr_126 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="126" data-gr-id="126">are</g> headquartered in the industrial or developed countries. These companies, armed with the latest technology and surplus capital, are mainly looking towards the markets in less developed and developing economies to expand their operations. A number of MNCs are operating all over the world today. In India, MNCs like Standard Chartered, HSBC, Colgate-Palmolive, Castrol etc., to name a few, have been operating for decades now. However such multinational corporations can be both, a boon as well as a bane, especially for the less developed or developing countries and for a number of reasons which we will be discussing.</p>
<p>Multinational corporations bring with them capital to invest in developing countries. Such capital can be of utmost use in developing economies where capital is scarce and where tremendous growth opportunities <g class="gr_ gr_146 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="146" data-gr-id="146">exists</g>. Therefore it becomes a win-win situation for both the MNCs and the developing countries as MNCs can deploy their surplus capital for good returns, whereas, the receiving country can expect a boost to its economic growth. However, quick and mass repatriation of such capital in volatile times can be equally harmful to the economy of the developing country. The East Asian crisis of 1997 caused due to such <g class="gr_ gr_144 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="144" data-gr-id="144">flight</g> of foreign capital from Thailand, South Korea, and Indonesia etc is a good example. Similarly, usage of tax havens to avoid payment of taxes and &lsquo;transfer&nbsp;<g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="86" data-gr-id="86">pricings</g>&rsquo; are also major sources of financial loss caused by MNCs to the developing countries. In recent <g class="gr_ gr_149 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="149" data-gr-id="149">studies</g> it was also found that majority of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) being received from developed world was only a reinvestment of profits by the MNCs and their investors and not a deployment of fresh capital. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the share of reinvested earnings is reported to have accounted for as much as four-fifths of total outflows in 2014 for select developed countries. UNCTAD also underlined <g class="gr_ gr_143 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="143" data-gr-id="143">the large</g> <g class="gr_ gr_145 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="145" data-gr-id="145">amount</g> of losses to the exchequer of developing countries ($100 billion a year) due to the routing of FDI through tax havens.</p>
<p>Another way in which these MNCs can boost the economy of developing countries is via the introduction of state-of-the-art technology that can increase productivity and efficiency while making available better and <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="79" data-gr-id="79">cost effective</g> products to the customers. However, at the same time, <g class="gr_ gr_102 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="102" data-gr-id="102">danger</g> persists of some companies bringing in obsolete technology and flooding the market with low quality and potentially harmful goods. If proper care is not taken to enforce modern regulatory standards, poor technology can even lead to industrial accidents, environmental degradation etc. causing severe loss of lives while impacting future generations. India has been on the receiving end of such a disaster in the form of the Bhopal gas tragedy of 1984 where leakage of methyl isocyanate from a pesticide plant of Union Carbide, an MNC, caused tremendous loss of <g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="104" data-gr-id="104">lives,</g> and <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="78" data-gr-id="78">scarring</g> even the future unborn generations of Bhopal.</p>
<p>MNCs may also seek to exploit weak intellectual property laws in developing countries leading to the patenting of hitherto freely available technology or methods, which may cause an increase in <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="89" data-gr-id="89">price</g> of related goods and services. MNCs are also reluctant to allow technology transfer to local partner companies in developing countries, rendering it forever reliant on <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="90" data-gr-id="90">expensive</g> import of such technologies. <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">Recent</g> struggle by pharmaceutical companies to fight against compulsory licensing norms in India and attempts for <g class="gr_ gr_76 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="76" data-gr-id="76">ever greening</g> of licenses even with slight variations in drug properties are examples of MNCs only caring for their bottom lines even when millions of lives are at stake.</p>
<p>By allowing MNCs to operate in its markets, a developing country may also benefit by increased competition in such sectors that can mean increased efficiency in domestic firms and better service or increase in choice of goods for the customer. <g class="gr_ gr_75 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="75" data-gr-id="75">However</g> at the same time, this can destroy the domestic companies leading to the demise of domestic industry and <g class="gr_ gr_65 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="65" data-gr-id="65">large scale</g> loss of employment in the domestic labor market. Big MNCs with their surplus capital, <g class="gr_ gr_72 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="72" data-gr-id="72">backing</g> of private equity funds and better technology can sustain the ensuing losses for longer while wiping out the domestic competition who can&rsquo;t match their deep pockets. A good contemporary example can be the e-commerce companies in India like Amazon, E-bay etc. which <g class="gr_ gr_73 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="73" data-gr-id="73">being</g> backed by big private equity can cause losses to domestic offline retail business by offering huge online discounts to its customers.</p>
<p>Most of the developing economies also have relatively higher unemployment ratios as compared to the first world. MNCs can help by providing employment as they hire the comparatively cheaper labor in emerging economies to produce the required goods and services at low prices. However, an unregulated labor market can only mean exploitation via low paid manual work in harmful conditions.</p>
<p><br />With an increase in productivity, efficiency, employment etc. the developing country can potentially see an increase in its gross domestic product (GDP), average per capita income, as well as <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="81" data-gr-id="81">increase</g> in living standards of its people. However, at the same time it can also be a drain on its precious natural resources in the form of neo-imperialism and lead to gross inequality in growth with the majority of capital getting concentrated in the hands of a few &lsquo;haves&rsquo; at the cost of the &lsquo;have not&rsquo;s and the underprivileged sections of population.</p>
<p>Multinational Corporations can also harm <g class="gr_ gr_94 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="94" data-gr-id="94">sovereign</g> interests of a developing country by dragging its government to international arbitration over policies that the MNC <g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="93" data-gr-id="93">perceives</g> harmful to its own interest. In most of these cases, it is a case of the domestic government protecting its poor population over the contractual rights of an MNC. Also, by forming lobbies and associations in the first world countries and then by pressurizing the developing nations to allow concessions; is another way in which MNCs can employ their <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="77" data-gr-id="77">arm twisting</g> tactics. For e.g. the pharmacy association of the United States has been pressurizing India via the offices of the United States Trade&nbsp;Representative (USTR) to have softer or more lenient IP regime for foreign <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="96" data-gr-id="96">pharmacy</g> companies.</p>
<p>Therefore, clearly, MNCs have their merits as well as demerits, especially for a developing nation. On one hand with their surplus capital, <g class="gr_ gr_84 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="84" data-gr-id="84">cutting edge</g> technology, management expertise etc. leads to increased production, productivity, efficiency, employment and better living standards, whereas on the other hand they can also harm by quick flight of money leading to volatility, obsolete technology, exploiting poor regulatory environment, killing indigenous industries etc. <g class="gr_ gr_110 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="110" data-gr-id="110">However</g> the demerits can be restricted or avoided altogether by having tough yet encouraging <g class="gr_ gr_106 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="106" data-gr-id="106">regulatory</g> environment in the field of finance, intellectual property,&nbsp;competition laws, labor laws, framing of contracts etc. and by ensuring speedy and just <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="83" data-gr-id="83">reddressal</g> of grievances and disputes. India has been reasonably successful in its&nbsp;liberalization attempts since 1991&nbsp;mainly due to carefully opening up&nbsp;only specific sectors to foreign&nbsp;investments on a case-by-case basis and in a phased manner and not allowing full Capital Account Convertibility. India has been able to benefit from the dynamicity of MNCs while at the same time allowing enough space for its domestic firms to grow. This is the reason why India today boasts some of its very own <g class="gr_ gr_85 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="85" data-gr-id="85">home grown</g> MNCs in the form of Tata, Infosys, Reliance, Wipro etc. who are now operating not only in the emerging countries of Africa and South Asia but also in the First World countries of North America and&nbsp;Western Europe.</p>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/model-essays/multinational-corporations-savior-or-saboteur'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'The Paths To Glory Lead But To The Grave',
		'catname' => 'Model Essays',
		'desc' => '<p><strong><em>&ndash;Tapesh Kumar</em></strong></p>
<p>There is an astonishing disposition in <g class="gr_ gr_187 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="187" data-gr-id="187">human</g> mind to seek pleasure from varied sources, even from pain and melancholy. If it weren't so, the gothic genres of literature, horror and bloody movies, lamenting lyrics and grievous ballads would not have been so popular. We receive comfort in <g class="gr_ gr_188 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="188" data-gr-id="188">gloomy</g> tale, acceptance in sad sonnets and calm pleasure from the elegies which raise our melancholy, for no matter how pompous our life might be, there is always some room for <g class="gr_ gr_189 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="189" data-gr-id="189">bitter</g> truth of pain and sorrow. Eighteenth century English poet, classical scholar and professor at Cambridge University - Thomas Gray - wrote this mournful poem titled &lsquo;Elegy written in a country graveyard&rsquo; in a country church burial ground:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>&ldquo;The boast of heraldry,</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>the pomp of power,</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>And all that beauty,</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>all that wealth e&rsquo;er gave.</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>Awaits alike the inevitable hour,</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>The paths of glory lead but to the</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>grave.&rdquo;</strong></em></p>
<p>Such quatrains are a continuous reminder of <g class="gr_ gr_119 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="119" data-gr-id="119">mortality</g> of human life and <g class="gr_ gr_124 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="124" data-gr-id="124">inevitability</g> of death irrespective of social position, beauty, wealth or any glory. It was the same burial site where Gray was later buried.</p>
<p>Of all the truth, death is the most universal, whose <g class="gr_ gr_156 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="156" data-gr-id="156">realisation</g> is assured beyond any doubt and without any exception. One thing that man has consistently failed at is in achieving physical immortality. No alchemy, sacrifice, yoga and no enlightenment or Nirvana could <g class="gr_ gr_161 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="161" data-gr-id="161">materialise</g> into an everlasting enduring life. One who has been <g class="gr_ gr_150 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="150" data-gr-id="150">born,</g> shall die, so shall one who will be born. <g class="gr_ gr_138 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="138" data-gr-id="138">Entire</g> life, people torment themselves for money, material, love, family, health, glory etc. But all the varieties of trouble a life might encounter, with all its preoccupations, find their submergence in death. Death is an inevitable <g class="gr_ gr_141 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="141" data-gr-id="141">phenomena</g> associated with <g class="gr_ gr_154 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="154" data-gr-id="154">life,</g> since the moment worldly existence of life form is <g class="gr_ gr_163 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="163" data-gr-id="163">realised</g>.</p>
<p><g class="gr_ gr_123 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="123" data-gr-id="123">Greek</g> hero of <g class="gr_ gr_133 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="133" data-gr-id="133">Trojan</g> War, the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad - Achilles- was <g class="gr_ gr_139 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="139" data-gr-id="139">tried</g> to be made immortal by his mother Thetis, herself a sea-nymph. He was dipped into the holy water by her mother to attain immortality. <g class="gr_ gr_143 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="143" data-gr-id="143">However</g> he was killed at the end of the Trojan&nbsp;War within the city of Troy by an arrow which struck him in the heel. It was discovered that he was left vulnerable at the part of the body by which she held him while dipping into the water, which remained dry. After his death, all his bravery, all the swiftness of his sword and all his insurmountable strength reduced to a phrase of grammar called &lsquo;Achilles heel&rsquo; which means a weakness or vulnerable point. Indeed death is the ultimate truth. There is nothing that can stop one from <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="128" data-gr-id="128">realization</g> of this truth.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, fear associated with death might be optional. The fact is, death seems scary, not because death is scary but because life, <g class="gr_ gr_159 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="159" data-gr-id="159">many a times</g>, gets scary. The fear of death follows from that of life. One who is prepared to die <g class="gr_ gr_175 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="175" data-gr-id="175">anytime,</g> is the one who lives the life fully. It is in such achievement of fearlessness for life that glory sprouts and nurtures itself. The durability of life is often associated with the intensity of glory achieved. Maria Corazon Aquino was a <g class="gr_ gr_177 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="177" data-gr-id="177">self proclaimed</g> plain housewife <g class="gr_ gr_169 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="169" data-gr-id="169">till</g> she decided to run for president in<br /><g class="gr_ gr_166 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="166" data-gr-id="166">Philippines</g> after her husband was assassinated. She was the most prominent figure of the 1986 People Power Revolution and was named Time magazine's "Woman of the Year" the same year. She toppled the 20-year authoritarian rule of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, restored democracy to the Philippines and served as the 11th President. Prior to this, she had not held any other elective office. She would say: <em><strong>&ldquo;I would rather die a meaningful death than to live a meaningless life.&rdquo;</strong></em> Sacrosanct and inviolable as she might appear, but she died of colon cancer in the year <g class="gr_ gr_172 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar replaceWithoutSep" id="172" data-gr-id="172">of</g> 2009. Death doesn't demand a submission of being, but it ensures the same.</p>
<p>Before being social, <g class="gr_ gr_120 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="120" data-gr-id="120">man</g> was only an animal. <g class="gr_ gr_130 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="130" data-gr-id="130">Concept</g> of <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="148" data-gr-id="148">society,</g> tamed him for the sustainable needs of inter-dependence. <g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="134" data-gr-id="134">Path</g> to glory resonates with such <g class="gr_ gr_142 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="142" data-gr-id="142">balance</g> of needs and sustenance. Still, a beast always resides within. This beast stares and sharpens its claws, and attacks vigorously when drunk with power and pride followed by <g class="gr_ gr_140 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="140" data-gr-id="140">imbalance</g> of conscience. Glory is not an unproblematic select to deal with ease. Oriana Fallaci - an Italian author, journalist and an ardent interviewer - having keenly observed her political interviewees, said: <em><strong>&ldquo;Glory is a heavy burden, a murdering poison. To bear it is an art, and to have that art is rare.&rdquo;</strong></em></p>
<p>One can plan for a safer life by keeping away from any glory, for more glorious the path, closer it is to <g class="gr_ gr_132 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="132" data-gr-id="132">dying</g>. Nevertheless, there is no safe box which couldn&rsquo;t be torn apart by the claws of death. Death is like the deep dense woods whose immensity cannot be fathomed from <g class="gr_ gr_129 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="129" data-gr-id="129">ground</g> because the vision is blocked by the first few rows of trees itself.</p>
<p>It is <g class="gr_ gr_157 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="157" data-gr-id="157">life</g> that <g class="gr_ gr_179 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="179" data-gr-id="179">categorises</g>; death <g class="gr_ gr_174 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation replaceWithoutSep" id="174" data-gr-id="174">on the other hand</g> declassifies them all. Death is the union of all life forms.&nbsp;Paupers struggle on daily basis throughout their <g class="gr_ gr_176 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="176" data-gr-id="176">life</g> to make it to the end of the day. Their life might not mean much to the society as much as they are said to have died like flies. On the other hand, <g class="gr_ gr_164 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="164" data-gr-id="164">upper</g> class has their burial site booked, crypt engraved or funeral sumptuously occasioned. Eventually, rich men don't live enough to witness them all. No matter what we do, achieve or feel and how differently we do them, death unifies all classes of people. In fact, poor people might have lived like flies, but they all died as good as any riches. A couch of thorns or an embroidered <g class="gr_ gr_171 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="171" data-gr-id="171">bed,</g> are matters of indifference to the dead. Death is like that volume of calm water where all the deeds die out like a ripple. German author and playwright - Wolfgang Borchert, whose work was affected by the environment of Second World War, writes in his play &lsquo;The Outsider&rsquo;: <em><strong>&ldquo;A man dies. Only a few circles in the water prove that he was ever there. And even they quickly disappear. And when they're gone, he's forgotten, without a trace, as if he'd never even existed. And that's all.&rdquo;</strong></em></p>
<p><br />We all need some or the other motivation to sail through the struggles of life. Search for food is motivated by the inherent characteristics of hunger of <g class="gr_ gr_144 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="144" data-gr-id="144">human</g> body. It is the acceptance in society, showering of praise, recognition or being envied by fellow being, that drives one to the paths of glory. Marcus Tullius Cicero - a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, and writer who vainly tried to uphold republican principles in the final civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic- puts up his thoughts which came to be known as Ciceronian rhetoric:<em><strong> &ldquo;We are motivated by a keen desire for praise, and the better a man is the more he is inspired by glory. The very philosophers themselves, even in those books&nbsp;which they write in contempt of glory, inscribe their names.&rdquo;&nbsp;</strong></em>When it comes to survival, death is the ultimate motivation. It helps men discover unknown boundaries, untraversed locations <g class="gr_ gr_160 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="160" data-gr-id="160">and</g> unfathomable will. The philosophy of vicious cycle of rebirth, karma <g class="gr_ gr_165 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="165" data-gr-id="165">and</g> nirvana basically stream-lines human being for peaceful coexistence, to abjure violence, to be accommodative and to comfort, sympathize and distract <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="137" data-gr-id="137">mind</g> from the lamenting nature of death. Even though Buddhist teachings professes the cycles of rebirth, according to a Jataka parable, when a grieving lady visited Buddha with the corpse of his son to request bring back the life, Buddha asked her to bring a handful of cereal from a family in which nobody had died before. Tired of her efforts, when <g class="gr_ gr_152 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="152" data-gr-id="152">lady</g> returned to Buddha bewailing, he summed up the lesson that death is certain, its time is not.</p>
<p>Ailing Steve Jobs, having known of his march being closer to death, tried to describe honestly his perception of death as:<em><strong> &ldquo;No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should </strong></em><g class="gr_ gr_117 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="117" data-gr-id="117">be,</g><em><strong> because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new.&rdquo;</strong></em> Dying is a continuous process which starts as soon as one is born. In softer <g class="gr_ gr_116 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="116" data-gr-id="116">terms</g> we call it <g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="127" data-gr-id="127">ageing</g>. Death is the ultimate result of this ongoing process. In fact, the vanity of life is in death. Health remains prized possession because of the cruelty of sickness and life remains so because of unwarranted death.</p>
<p>A thought that makes life the liveliest is the idea of <strong>&lsquo;memento mori&rsquo;</strong> which means <em><strong>&lsquo;Remember that you must die.&rsquo;</strong></em></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/model-essays/the-paths-to-glory-lead-but-to-the-grave'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (25th July, 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><b>Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail </b></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Election Commission (EC) is struggling to meet the deadline to procure 16 lakh voter-verifiable paper audit trail (VVPAT) machines for the Lok Sabha elections in 2019.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Supreme Court of <g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style multiReplace" id="36" data-gr-id="36">India &nbsp;directed</g> the EC in 2013 to introduce VVPAT in Lok Sabha Elections.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">VVPAT machines are used during election process to verify that the vote polled by a voter goes to the correct candidate. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A VVPAT produces a printout of the vote cast using an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), which can be shown to the voter to dispel doubts. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The printout is then deposited in a box and can be used to resolve any dispute regarding the poll results.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">VVPATs are <g class="gr_ gr_40 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="40" data-gr-id="40">a second</g> line of verification and are particularly useful in the time when allegations around Electronic Voting Machines&rsquo; tampering crop up.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><b>Strait of Hormuz&nbsp;<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/930hormuz.gif" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="4007643073" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" width="293" height="292" /></b></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Strait of Hormuz which is located between Oman and <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="41" data-gr-id="41">Iran,</g> connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates depend on this narrow passage to supply of its crude oil. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">About 30 <g class="gr_ gr_35 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="35" data-gr-id="35">percent</g> of the world&rsquo;s seaborne-traded crude oil passes through the strait of Hormuz.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Across the Strait<g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="38" data-gr-id="38">,there</g> <g class="gr_ gr_37 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="37" data-gr-id="37">are</g> a myriad of mountains and rocks forming several islands such as Salamah Wa Banatiha Island, Musandam Island and Birds <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="39" data-gr-id="39">Island .</g></span></li>
</ul>
<p><b>Bandipur Tiger Reserve</b></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bandipur Tiger Reserve formerly known as the Bandipur National Park came into being in the year 2007. &nbsp;The name is derived from a village called Bandipur where the administrative unit of the Tiger Reserve is located. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is located in Karnataka.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Together with Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala and Nagarhole National Park in the North, it creates <g class="gr_ gr_33 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="33" data-gr-id="33">the India's</g> biggest biosphere reserve popularly known as the &lsquo;Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve&rsquo;.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Major Rivers : Moyar River, Noolpuza/Nugu hole, Kabini.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><b><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/456Bandipur.jpg" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1986434439" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" caption="false" width="513" height="347" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></b></span></p>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-july-2018'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Punjab Seeks Special Category Status',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The State government of Punjab has asked the Centre to grant it special category status under the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Swasthya Suraksha Mission.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The State government has pointed out that the State, which shares <g class="gr_ gr_55 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="55" data-gr-id="55">international</g> border with Pakistan, has become a victim of a proxy war waged by the neighbouring country using drugs as its silent weapon.</li>
<li>Putting Punjab under the special category States would make it eligible for <g class="gr_ gr_54 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="54" data-gr-id="54">higher</g> grant from the Centre.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Special Category Status (SCS)?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Special category status is a classification given by the Centre to assist <g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="56" data-gr-id="56">development</g> of states that face geographical and socio-economic disadvantages.</li>
<li>This classification was done on the recommendations of the Fifth Finance Commission in 1969.</li>
<li>The parameters for SCS were -
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>hilly terrain;</li>
<li>low population density and/or sizeable share of tribal population;</li>
<li>strategic location along borders with neighbouring countries;</li>
<li>economic and infrastructure backwardness; and</li>
<li>nonviable nature of State finances.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>SCS was first accorded in 1969 to Jammu and Kashmir, Assam and Nagaland. Since then eight more states have been included (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tripura and Uttarakhand).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits to States with SCS</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre pays 90% of the funds required in a centrally-sponsored scheme to special category status states as against 60% or 75% in case of other states, while the remaining funds are provided by the state governments.</li>
<li>Unspent money does not lapse and is carried forward.</li>
<li>Significant concessions are provided to these states in excise and customs duties, income tax and corporate tax.</li>
</ul>
<h3>14th Finance Commission on SCS</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The 14th Finance Commission has done away with the 'special category status' for states, except for the Northeastern and three hill states.</li>
<li>Instead, it suggested that the resource gap of each state be filled through &lsquo;tax devolution&rsquo;, urging the Centre to increase the states' share of tax revenues from 32% to 42%, which has been implemented since 2015.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was launched by Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare in March 2006.</li>
<li>The scheme aims to correct regional imbalances in the availability of affordable/ reliable tertiary healthcare services and also to augment facilities for quality medical education in the country.</li>
<li>It has two components: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Setting up of AIIMS like institutions.</li>
<li>Upgradation of Government medical college institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/punjab-seeks-special-category-status'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Breach of Privilege',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, Congress has given notice for breach of privilege against the Prime Minister and the Defence Minister in Lok Sabha.</p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>What is Parliamentary Privilege?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliamentary privilege refers to rights, immunities and exemptions enjoyed by Parliament as an institution and MPs in their individual capacity, without which they cannot discharge their functions as entrusted upon them by the Constitution.</li>
<li>When any of these rights and immunities are disregarded, the offence is called a breach of privilege and is punishable under <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="51" data-gr-id="51">law</g> of Parliament.</li>
<li>A notice is moved in the form of a motion by any member of either House against those being held guilty of breach of privilege</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are&nbsp;the Rules Governing Privilege?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution (Article 105) mentions two privileges,i.e. freedom of speech in Parliament and <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="47" data-gr-id="47">right</g> of publication of its proceedings.</li>
<li>Rule No 222 in Chapter 20 of the Lok Sabha Rule Book and correspondingly Rule 187 in Chapter 16 of the Rajya Sabha rulebook governs privilege.</li>
<li>A member may, with the consent of the Speaker or the Chairperson, raise a question involving a breach of privilege either of a member or of the House.</li>
<li>The rules mandate that any notice should be relating to an incident of recent occurrence and should need the intervention of the House.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is the Privileges Committee?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the Lok Sabha, the Speaker nominates a committee of privileges consisting of 15 members as per respective party strengths.</li>
<li>A report is then presented to the House for its consideration.</li>
<li>The Speaker may permit a half-hour debate while considering the report.</li>
<li>The Speaker may then pass final orders or direct that the report <g class="gr_ gr_46 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="46" data-gr-id="46">be</g> tabled before the House.</li>
<li>A resolution may then be moved relating to the breach of privilege that has to be unanimously passed.</li>
<li>In the Rajya Sabha, the deputy chairperson heads the committee of privileges, that consists of 10 members.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is the Role of the Speaker/Rajya Sabha Chair?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Speaker/RS chairperson is the first level of scrutiny of a privilege motion.</li>
<li>The Speaker/Chair can decide on the privilege motion himself or herself or refer it to the privileges committee of Parliament.</li>
<li>If the Speaker/Chair gives consent under Rule 222, the member concerned is given an opportunity to make a short statement.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/breach-of-privilege'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Oxytocin Ban',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The US generic drugs major Mylan has approached the Delhi High Court challenging the notification issued by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</p>
<p>The notification placed restrictions on private companies from producing Oxytocin and allowing only the public sector unit - Karnataka Antibiotics &amp; Pharmaceuticals Ltd (KAPL) to make the drug.</p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>What is Oxytocin?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oxytocin is a natural hormone that causes the uterus to contract.</li>
<li>Oxytocin is used to induce <g class="gr_ gr_20 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="20" data-gr-id="20">labor</g> or strengthen <g class="gr_ gr_21 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="21" data-gr-id="21">labor</g> contractions during childbirth, and to control bleeding after childbirth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Widespread Misuse</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move to ban has been necessitated by its widespread misuse in the dairy and poultry sector, where it was used to increase milk secretion and production.</li>
<li>It is misused on young girls to induce puberty.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns Related To Ban</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The proposed ban on private production raised an alarm on the possible shortfall of Oxytocin supply if only one company was permitted to make this drug.</li>
<li>The proposed ban could exacerbate the inflow of illegal versions of the drug makings its way into the Indian market from China and also drive out legitimate companies.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oxytocin-ban'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Government’s Stand on Lokpal Appointment is Unsatisfactory: SC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court has stated that the government&rsquo;s stand on not being able to complete the appointment of a Lokpal has been unsatisfactory. The court has been constantly urging the government for the past several months to complete the Lokpal appointment.</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The court was responding to a contempt petition against the government for not appointing a Lokpal despite an April 2017 judgment by the court.</li>
<li>The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act of 2013 had not been implemented all these years because of the absence of the Leader of Opposition (LoP) in the current Lok Sabha.</li>
<li>The 2013 legislation includes the LoP as a member of the selection committee for appointment of Lokpal which comprises of the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of India and the Speaker, along with an eminent jurist appointed by them among their ranks.</li>
<li>In April, 2017, the Supreme Court clarified that the Lokpal appointment process need not be stalled merely due to the absence of the Leader of Opposition.</li>
<li>The judgment dismissed the government&rsquo;s reasoning that the Lokpal appointment process should wait till the 2013 Act was amended to replace the LoP with the single largest Opposition party leader in the selection committee.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Lokpal and Lokayukta</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) of India (1966&ndash; 1970) recommended the setting up of two special authorities designated as &lsquo;Lokpal&rsquo; and &lsquo;Lokayukta&rsquo; for the redressal of citizens&rsquo; grievances. The concept of an ombudsman was borrowed from Sweden.</li>
<li>A Lokpal is an anti-corruption authority or ombudsman who represents the public interest.</li>
<li>The Lokpal has jurisdiction over all Members of Parliament and central government employees in cases of corruption.</li>
<li>The Lokpal is responsible for enquiring into corruption charges at the national level while the Lokayukta performs the same function at the state level.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Leader of Opposition (LoP)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the rules, the LoP post is given only to a party which has at least 10% of strength of the House. Considering the strength of 542, a party must have at least 55 members to get the LoP post.</li>
<li>Since the Congress, despite being the single largest opposition party in the House, falls short of the required numbers, the government had denied it the LoP post.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Key Points from the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To provide for the establishment of a body of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.</li>
<li>It extends to the whole of India; It shall apply to public servants in and outside India.</li>
<li>The Lokpal shall inquire or cause an inquiry to be conducted into any matter involved in, or arising from, or connected with, any allegation of corruption made in a complaint in respect of the following, namely:&mdash; <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>any person who is or has been a Prime Minister (except for certain exceptions with respect to matters related to security, international relations etc.).</li>
<li>any person who is or has been a Minister of the Union or an MP.</li>
<li>Group A to D officers as defined in Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It shall be the duty of the Lokpal to present annually to the President a report to be laid before each House of Parliament.</li>
<li>Every State shall establish a body to be known as the Lokayukta for the State, if not so established, constituted or appointed, by a law made by the State Legislature.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governments-stand-on-lokpal-appointment-is-unsatisfactory-sc'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Aluminium as Ninth Core Industry',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently a report by V.K Saraswat (NITI Aayog member) has recommended that the government should consider classifying the <g class="gr_ gr_53 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="53" data-gr-id="53">aluminium</g> sector as India&rsquo;s ninth core industry.</li>
<li>Currently, there are eight core industries viz. coal, crude oil, natural gas, refinery products, <g class="gr_ gr_52 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="52" data-gr-id="52">fertiliser</g>, steel, cement <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="51" data-gr-id="51">and</g> electricity.</li>
<li>The <g class="gr_ gr_55 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="55" data-gr-id="55">aluminium</g> sector contributes to nearly 2 percent of manufacturing GDP. Most of the <g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="56" data-gr-id="56">aluminium</g> plants are generally based in the hinterlands of the country and aid in generating peripheral employment and economic development of the region. It is a direct and an indirect employment multiplier creating close to 800,000 jobs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Core Industries</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Core industry can be defined as the main industry which has a multiplier effect on the economy.</li>
<li>In most countries, there is <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="41" data-gr-id="41">particular</g> industry that seems to be <g class="gr_ gr_42 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="42" data-gr-id="42">backbone</g> of all other industries and it qualifies to be the core industry.</li>
<li>The Eight Core Industries comprise 40.27 <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="39" data-gr-id="39">per cent</g> of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).</li>
<li>The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index&nbsp;which details out the growth of various sectors in an economy such as mineral mining, electricity<g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style replaceWithoutSep" id="47" data-gr-id="47">,manufacturing</g>, etc. It is compiled and published monthly by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation six weeks after the reference month ends, i.e a lag of six weeks.</li>
<li>The Base Year of the Index of Eight Core Industries has been revised from the year 2004-05 to 2011-12 from <g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="38" data-gr-id="38">April,</g> 2017.</li>
<li>According to the Index of Eight Core Industries, March 2018, the maximum and minimum contribution to the IIP was from the Petroleum &amp; Refinery production and Fertilizers production respectively.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 318px; width: 43.8368%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" cellspacing="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; width: 75.0094%; background-color: #91a2c7;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Industry</strong></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 90.1923%; background-color: #91a2c7;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Weight (In percentage)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="height: 10px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p>Petroleum &amp; Refinery production</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 10px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>28.04</p>
<p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>Electricity generation</p>
<p></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p>19.85</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 19px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>Steel production</p>
<p></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p>17.92</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22px;">
<td style="height: 22px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p>Coal production</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>10.33</p>
<p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 28px;">
<td style="height: 28px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>Crude Oil production</p>
<p></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 28px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p>8.98</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24px;">
<td style="height: 24px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p>Natural Gas production</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 24px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>6.88</p>
<p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="height: 18px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>Cement production</p>
<p></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p>5.37</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15px;">
<td style="height: 15px; width: 75.0094%; text-align: center;">
<p></p>
<p>Fertilizers production</p>
<p></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 90.1923%; text-align: center;">
<p>2.63</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<h3><g class="gr_ gr_50 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="50" data-gr-id="50">Aluminium</g></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>From an economic point of view, the third-most-important&nbsp;base metal is Aluminium (with an annual $90 billion industry). First being Iron-ore, followed by Copper.</li>
<li>India is placed at 7th position in the world in terms of bauxite reserve base. Bauxite is the basic raw material for <g class="gr_ gr_59 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="59" data-gr-id="59">aluminium</g> production. The largest producer is China, followed by Russia, Canada, and the United Arab Emirates.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aluminium-as-ninth-core-industry'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'PM Modi Visits Uganda',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>As part of the three-nation African tour, PM Modi is on a two-day visit to Uganda. It is the first bilateral tour by an Indian Prime Minister since 1997. Also, it will be the first time an Indian Prime Minister will address the Ugandan Parliament.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights of PM&rsquo;s Visit to Uganda<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/498Uganda.png" width="297" height="210" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1977401672" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has announced two lines of credit worth nearly $200 million in energy infrastructure, agriculture and dairy sectors.</li>
<li>India and Uganda signed four MoUs in the areas of defence cooperation, visa exemption for official and diplomatic passport holders, cultural exchange programme and material testing laboratory.</li>
<li>India will assist Uganda in training, capacity building, infrastructure development, IT and development initiatives.</li>
<li>As Uganda seeks assistance from India to improve healthcare facilities, India will provide a cancer therapy machine to the cancer institute in Kampala (capital of Uganda).</li>
<li>India unveiled a bust of India's first home minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel at the Indian community event they addressed in Kampala.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of Uganda</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The visit marks the 25th high-level bilateral visit from India to Africa in just four years&mdash;underlining a significant build-up in India&rsquo;s ties with the continent.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s engagement with Uganda is at three levels viz. at the African Union (AU) level, at the level of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and at the bilateral level.</li>
<li>India is looking to expand markets and promote Indian trade and investment in Eastern Africa for the mutual growth of India-Eastern Africa economies.</li>
<li>Indian exports to Uganda narrowed to $736 million at present from $1.2 billion in 2015, while Ugandan shipments to the subcontinent increased to $44 million from $24 million during the same period.</li>
<li>Uganda is currently chair of the East African community and the country has rich potential in resource base including its oil and gas sector, its agriculture, its minerals including rare earth minerals as well as renewable energy.</li>
<li>Besides resources and markets, India also needs to closely watch China&rsquo;s progress in building up constituencies around the world, including Africa. Support from such constituencies helps strengthen its international position and in the process, Chinese ambitions for global leadership gets a boost.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India-Uganda Relations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India established its diplomatic presence in 1965, even though the countries relationship dates back to the era when traders ferried goods in dhows across the Indian Ocean which eventually led to a number of Indians to settle in East Africa, and many made Uganda their home.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s freedom struggle inspired early Ugandan activists to fight colonialism and the country achieved freedom in 1962.</li>
<li>In the 1970s under the dictatorship of Idi Amin, nearly 60000 Indians and PIOs were expelled from Uganda. However, this policy was reversed in the 80s and currently, there are over 30000 Indians/PIOs in the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-modi-visits-uganda'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Investment Deficiency in India and Its Implications',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p><em>This article is based on the opinion piece published in Livemint by the name &ldquo;Two engines of the economy need to fire&rdquo;</em><br />In a developing country like India, private investments are one of the key drivers of the economy. The economy is witnessing a major slowdown in private investments in the past four years, even though it is growing at 7%. Although, some have been seeing as a precursor to more sustained growth, some have been raising fingers at the claims of the government to have shaped the environment for increased investment in India by initiatives like &ldquo;Make in India&rdquo; and &ldquo;Ease of Doing Business&rdquo;.</p>
<h3>Investment in India in recent times</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Investment Rate:</strong> This is also known as &lsquo;share of gross fixed capital formation in GDP&rsquo;. This refers to fresh investments in the form of plant and machinery and other fixed capital. It declined to 31% in fiscals 2015-2018, compared with 33.6% in fiscals 2010-2014. However, it has shown a small increase in the fourth quarter of 2018.<br /><strong></strong><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/143Investment deficiency in India and its implications.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="312292660" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></li>
<li><strong>Decline in new project announcements:</strong> According to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), in the last quarter of 2017, fresh investments in India plunged to a 13-year low. However, it has shown modest recovery in the recent months. <br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Drop in FDI inflow:</strong> According to the World Investment Report 2018 by the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), FDI to India declined in 2017.<br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Decrease in capital expenditure:</strong> As per data from RBI, capital expenditure by the private sector has steadily declined for the last six years. However, RBI only covers institutional financing and does not include projects below rupees 10 crores. <br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Decline in share of the household sector:</strong> The household sector was the biggest contributor to investments in fiscal 2012 (share of about 45%), but its share has declined consistently since then (31% in fiscal 2017). The purchase and construction of houses have slowed down.</li>
<li><strong>Improvement in the productivity of investments:</strong> Productivity in investment refers to the output that any investment begets and it is measured by the Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR). Lower the ICOR more is the productivity of capital. ICOR averaged 4.3 as compared to 5.5 before 2014, which is a significant improvement.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for slow growth in investments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Inadequate Capacity Utilization:</strong> Capacity utilization is the extent to which an enterprise or a nation uses its installed productive capacity to produce output. The capacity utilization in some large industrial sector has been much below its peak, as the data from RBI and CRISIL suggests.</li>
<li><strong>Focus of corporates on improving their capital structure:</strong> Capital Structure refers to how a firm finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds. The corporate sector has been suffering from debt and low funding. Therefore, the companies have shifted their focus to improving their debt/equity and interest coverage ratio.</li>
<li><strong>Demonetization and GST:</strong> The twin shocks from demonetization and GST gave a setback to the corporate sector as it struggled with uncertainty in investment decisions.</li>
<li><strong>Pre-election uncertainty:</strong> Election season is marked by uncertainties over regime-change and policy turnovers. This has also discouraged private investments this year.</li>
<li><strong>Over-investment in sectors</strong> like power, steel and telecom led to a high capital/output ratio and a low rate of return on capital.</li>
<li><strong>Low Consumer price inflation:</strong> As governments emphasize on keeping the consumer prices low for political motives, companies fear low return on their investments due to the same. Similarly, the government is cautious in rolling out land and labour reforms as it may face a backlash. This also deters multinational companies from setting up their factories in a country laden with labour laws and land regulations. <br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Cautious lending by banks:</strong> Following the bad loans exigency, the banks have been over-cautious in lending. This has led to a shortage of funds for the medium and small companies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<p>Although, it will be unreal to expect the investment trajectory to move upwards in this fiscal as there has been little improvement in the above-mentioned factors. However, the government has initiated a number of steps to ease the business environment including</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Make in India campaign</li>
<li>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)</li>
<li>Single window clearance system</li>
<li>Automatic route for various foreign investments</li>
</ul>
<p>There have been a few instances which show that foreign investment is getting attracted towards India, like <strong>Walmart acquiring a controlling stake in Flipkart.</strong> Thus, we should be optimistic regarding the pick up in investments in the coming years.</p>
<p>Initiatives like &ldquo;<strong>Make in India&rdquo; will show colours only gradually</strong> as MNCs prepare themselves to harness the potential of this programme by setting up their plants and facilities. This should not be expected to take place in a day.</p>
<p>Similarly, the<strong> data showing a decline in investments are not the most accurate ones</strong> as MNCs tend not to borrow from the Indian banking system and, hence, do not reflect in credit growth numbers. Also, most of them are <strong>not listed on our domestic exchanges</strong> and their profitability details are not available in the public domain.</p>
<p>As the government is constantly endeavouring to solve the problem of NPAs by adopting the new <strong>five-pronged strategy recommended by Sunil Mehta Panel</strong>, it is hoped that credit flow will soon resume to normal.</p>
<p>However, <strong>capital investment is not the only key</strong> to unlock the way to growth. As we have seen, misallocated and undisciplined capital investment had led to the global crisis of 2008. Thus, it is important that<strong> productive and steady investments</strong> occur in a directional manner which can be sustained in the long run.</p>
<p>The government should also consider revising the policies and carrying out structural reforms to<strong> remove bottlenecks in investments.</strong> Also, retail investors should be given the opportunity to invest by removing barriers like the minimum 20% promoter holding requirement for investors.</p>
<p>Given the positive foreboding regarding the reversal of investment slowdown, the government needs to keep up the process of liberalizing the economy and simultaneously promoting domestic firms.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/Investment-deficiency-in-india-and-its-implications'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The government has introduced the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018 in the Lok Sabha.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bill replaces the Ordinance on the same, which was approved and promulgated in <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="68" data-gr-id="68">June,</g> 2018.</li>
<li>The bill brings about significant changes to improve the insolvency resolution framework in the country.</li>
<li>The changes are based on suggestions made by a 14-member <strong>Insolvency Law Committee</strong> chaired by Corporate Affairs Secretary Injeti Srinivas.</li>
<li>The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) was initially introduced in 2016 when the banking sector was going through a serious crisis because of indiscriminate lending by banks between 2008-2014. The debt recovery laws prevailing at that time were weak and hence loan recoveries could not be made from big industrialists.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Provisions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recognises homebuyers as <strong>financial creditors</strong> - thus giving them due representation in the <strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC)</strong> and making them an integral part of the decision-making process.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="height: 238px; width: 30.3919%; border-collapse: collapse; float: right;" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 10px; vertical-align: middle;">
<p><strong>Committee of Creditors (CoC)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The CoC is comprised of all financial creditors of the corporate debtor.</li>
<li>The voting share in the CoC is proportionate to the extent of financial debts owed to such creditor.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, home buyers would be able to invoke Section 7 of the IBC against errant developers. <em>(Section 7 allows financial creditors to file </em><g class="gr_ gr_70 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="70" data-gr-id="70">application</g><em> seeking the insolvency resolution process.)</em></li>
<li>Reduces the <strong>minimum voting threshold</strong> for the CoC to 66%, from 75% for key decisions. For routine decisions, the voting threshold is fixed at 51%.</li>
<li>Assent of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) will be needed before the Committee of Creditors (CoC) <g class="gr_ gr_64 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="64" data-gr-id="64">finalises</g> a resolution plan. Currently, the winning bidder approaches CCI for clearance before formally taking over the asset.</li>
<li>Allows promoters of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to bid for their companies in any insolvency process. It also empowers the Centre, in public interest, to exempt MSMEs from the application of any other provisions of the Code.</li>
<li>Corporate houses can bid for multiple distressed assets under the insolvency process without getting themselves disqualified under Section 29A of IBC. <em>(Section 29A specifies the parties ineligible to be a resolution applicant.)</em></li>
<li>The bill amends the criteria which <g class="gr_ gr_80 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="80" data-gr-id="80">prohibits</g> certain persons from submitting a resolution plan. For example, the Code prohibits a person from being a resolution applicant if his account has been identified as a non-performing asset (NPA) for more than a year. However, the bill provides that pure-play financial entities (pure-play refers to a publicly traded company that is focused on only one industry or product) like banks would be exempted from this disqualification provision on account of holding <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="79" data-gr-id="79">stake</g> in or acquiring stressed firms under the IBC, 2016. A grace period of <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="77" data-gr-id="77">three-years</g> has been provided from the date of such acquisition.</li>
<li>The amendments allow the promoter to bid for his enterprise undergoing Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) provided he is not a wilful defaulter and does not attract other disqualifications not related to default.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Insertion of a new section - Section 12A - that permits the withdrawal of application admitted for initiation of insolvency resolution process to the National Company Law Tribunal. Such withdrawal would be permissible only with the approval of the CoC with 90% of the voting share voting in <g class="gr_ gr_65 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="65" data-gr-id="65">favour</g>.</li>
<li>The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India&rsquo;s (IBBI) will be given a &ldquo;developmental&rdquo; role similar to other regulators such as <g class="gr_ gr_58 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="58" data-gr-id="58">IRDAI</g> and PFRDA. It will also be given the power to regulate the working and practices of certain professionals under the IBC.</li>
<li>The Limitation Act 1963 will apply to the proceedings or appeals under the IBC.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move is likely to enable homebuyers to take builders defaulting on their obligations to a bankruptcy court and decide their future along with their lenders&rsquo;.</li>
<li>At a time when many homebuyers are facing hardships on account of delayed and incomplete real estate projects, this will infuse confidence in the homebuyers to invest their money - helping revive the stagnant real estate market.</li>
<li>By allowing MSME promoters to submit their resolution plan in insolvency cases, it will also help <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="57" data-gr-id="57">MSMEs</g> sector - which is key to job growth in India.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-second amendment-bill-2018'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'NASA Set to Launch ‘Parker Solar Probe’',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is scheduled to launch &lsquo;Parker Space Probe&rsquo; for a planned seven-year mission to study the Sun closer than any human-made object.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights&nbsp;<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/179THJC-US-SPACE-SOLAR-PROBE.jpg" width="374" height="197" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1817619620" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Parker Solar Probe is a robotic spacecraft the size of a small car and is named after American solar astrophysicist Eugene Newman Parker.</li>
<li>It is set to fly into the sun&rsquo;s corona within 3.8 million miles from the solar surface, seven times closer than any other spacecraft.</li>
<li>The probe is capable to endure wicked heat while zooming through the solar corona to study this outermost part of the stellar atmosphere that gives rise to the solar wind.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Corona is a region of the Sun seen from Earth when the Moon blocks out the Sun&rsquo;s bright face during total solar eclipses.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The probe is set to use seven Venus flybys over nearly seven years to steadily reduce its orbit around the sun, using instruments designed to image the solar wind and study electric and magnetic fields, coronal plasma and energetic particles.</li>
<li>The probe has been outfitted with a heat shield designed to keep its instruments at a tolerable 29 degrees Celsius even as the spacecraft faces temperatures reaching nearly 21,370 degrees Celsius at its closest pass.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of the Study</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Sun is far more complex than meets the eyes as it is a dynamic and magnetically active star.</li>
<li>The Sun&rsquo;s atmosphere constantly sends magnetised material outward, enveloping the Solar System far beyond the orbit of Pluto and influencing every world along the way.</li>
<li>The corona gives rise to the solar wind, a continuous flow of charged particles that permeates the solar system.</li>
<li>Unpredictable solar winds cause disturbances in our planet&rsquo;s magnetic field and can play havoc with communications technology on the earth.</li>
<li>The findings of the probe will enable scientists to forecast changes in the earth&rsquo;s space environment.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nasa-set-to-launch-parker-solar-probe'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (24th July, 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Krintafel</h3>
<h3></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Krintafel (tafenoquine) is a one dose medication produced by GlaxoSmithKline and has been approved by US regulators as a simple, one-dose treatment to prevent relapses of Plasmodium vivax malaria.</li>
<li>The one-dose treatment will treat the recurring form of malaria, caused by the parasite plasmodium vivax, to which around 8.5 million people fall prey to every year.</li>
<li>The medication is considered as a significant advancement in malaria treatment in the last 60 years.</li>
<li>A single 300mg dose of drug blocks the dormant form of P.vivax, that affects the liver, transferred by infected mosquitoes to human beings.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<h3>VAHAN &amp; SARATHI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, an inter-ministerial task force has recommended to integrate e-way bill database with VAHAN and SARATHI.</li>
<li>The e-Way bill, currently gives only details of the value of goods being transported.</li>
<li>Vahan allows access to all details related to vehicles such as registration number, chassis/engine number, body/fuel type, colour, manufacturer and model and provides various online services to citizens.</li>
<li>Vahan has been mandated by the Central Motor Vehicle Act 1988 as well as State Motor Vehicle Rules.</li>
<li>Driving Licence and related data are automated through a separate application called &lsquo;Sarathi&rsquo;.</li>
<li>National Informatics Centre (NIC) has been entrusted with the task to standardize &amp; deploy the software VAHAN for Vehicle</li>
<li>Registration and SARATHI for Driving Licenses along with compilation of data with respect to Vehicle Registration and Driving Licenses of all the states in State Register and National Register.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Tribal Atlas of Odisha</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Odisha has unveiled the &lsquo;Tribal Atlas of Odisha&rsquo;, a compilation of demographic and cultural information of the tribal population in the state.</li>
<li>The state government has claimed that the compilation is the first-of-its-kind in the country.</li>
<li>This book will help to provide comprehensive data on tribal population.</li>
<li>The atlas displays the salient features of the tribal population of Odisha with a series of maps, charts and diagrams.</li>
<li>The atlas has been prepared by the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) Research and Training Institute in collaboration with the Academy of Tribal Language and Culture.</li>
<li>As per Census 2011, Odisha has the second highest tribal population in the country after Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li>It will help in policy decisions and development of tribes of Odisha.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Bharat Stage-VI</h3>
<p>Recently, the central government has said that the sale of the vehicles, which follow non-compliant BS-IV, will be stopped by Apr 2020, but registration of these vehicles can continue till May-end.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharat Stage Norms</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Based on the European regulations (Euro norms), introduced in the year 2000, the Bharat stage norms are emission control standards put in place by the government to keep a check on air pollution.</li>
<li>These standards set specifications/limits for the release of air pollutants from equipment using internal combustion engines, including vehicles.</li>
<li>The higher the stage, the more stringent the norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>What is BS VI&rsquo;s Key Improvement in Fuel Quality Over BS IV?</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BS VI norms seek to cut down sulphur content to 10 parts per million (ppm) from 50 ppm</li>
<li>Sulphur in the fuel contributes to fine particulate matter emissions.</li>
<li>BS VI norms seek to reduce the level of certain harmful hydrocarbons in the emissions that are produced due to incomplete combustion of fuel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Horn of Africa<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/891image1.png" width="320" height="274" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2346367043" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<p>Recently, Qatar and its ally, Turkey, are building ports in Sudan, and Saudi Arabia is in talks to set up a naval base in Djibouti.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Peninsula Of Northeast Africa is called the Horn of Africa or sometimes called the Somalia peninsula. It lies opposite of the southern Arabian Peninsula.</li>
<li>It is the easternmost extension of the African continent separating the Gulf of Aden from the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>It mainly includes Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Somalia and sometimes even including parts of Sudan and Kenya.</li>
<li>The Horn of Africa has been at the centre of global attention for several decades because of protracted armed conflict, severe food crises and large-scale displacement.</li>
<li>The Horn ports are near the Bab al-Mandab strait, a vital choke-point at the mouth of the Red Sea.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-23rd-july-2018'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'PM Modi in Rwanda',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Indian Prime Minister is on a 5-day visit to Rwanda, Uganda and South Africa. The visit to the three-nations is meant to further strengthen India&rsquo;s relations with the African continent.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights of PM&rsquo;s Visit to Rwanda<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/160Rwanda.png" width="282" height="200" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="3061927843" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></h3>
<h3></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The visit to Rwanda will mark the first-ever visit to the African nation by an Indian Prime Minister.&nbsp;</li>
<li>India is set to establish an Indian high commision in Rwanda to enhance better communication between the respective governments and to enable facilities for consular, passport, visa and others.</li>
<li>India will gift 200 cows as a part of Rwandan President Kagame's flagship Girinka program, in which the poorest get cows from the government and gift the first female calf to a neighbour to promote brotherhood.</li>
<li>She has also extended $100 million for development of industrial parks and Kigali special economic zone (SEZ) in Rwanda and another $100 million for&nbsp;agriculture.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/610India &amp; Rwanda.png" width="317" height="410" style="float: right;" data-pagespeed-url-hash="1674889042" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<h3>Why is Rwanda Important?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister's visit to Rwanda is historic as Rwanda is an important gateway to Eastern Africa. India had elevated its bilateral relations with Rwanda to the level of a strategic partnership.</li>
<li>Rwanda has left behind memories of a horrific genocide in 1994 which saw majority ethnic group of Hutus target the minority Tutsis, leaving hundreds of thousands dead. However, since 2000, Rwanda has attained a growth rate of 8% a year, making it one of the fastest-growing economies in the world (though still one of the poorest).</li>
<li>Rwanda is also increasingly playing an important role in African affairs. The Rwandan President is the current Chair of the African Union. In March, Kigali (Capital of Rwanda) hosted the Assembly of the African Union where the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (<g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="41" data-gr-id="41">AfCTA</g>) establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area was signed.</li>
<li>Rwanda is the third largest troop contributor for peacekeeping in Africa and plays an important role in the UN Mission in the Central African Republic.</li>
<li>Despite the ramping up of high-level visits, various studies and statistics show that Indian interest in the Africa growth story has not kept pace, and even declined through most of the period.</li>
<li>According to the &ldquo;World Investment Report for 2018&rdquo;, issued by UNCTAD, Indian FDI in Africa in 2016-17 was at $14 billion while China has increased its investment levels to a massive $40 billion in 2016-17. Hence, India has to encounter increasing challenges of Chinese competition as well as declining Indian trade and investment figures.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India-Rwanda Relations</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1999, Rwanda officially opened its Mission in New Delhi. There are approximately 3000 Indian nationals and PIOs in Rwanda.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s engagement with Rwanda is at three levels viz. at the African Union (AU) level, at the level of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and at the bilateral level.</li>
<li>India&nbsp;has consistently been one of the top import sources for Rwanda.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pm-modi-in-Rwanda'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Karnataka Sees 300% Jump in FDI Inflows',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to RBI data presented in Parliament, Karnataka received $8.58 billion FDI in 2017-18, which is an increase of about 300% from the $2.13 billion in the previous fiscal year.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tamil Nadu witnessed a 56% increase from the $2.22 billion in the previous period.</li>
<li>Notably, the investment had halved in 2016-17 owing to assembly elections and political uncertainty in the wake of then Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa&rsquo;s hospitalisation and untimely demise.</li>
<li>Other major states Maharashtra, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh saw a dip in FDI inflows.</li>
<li>The sector-wise investment data show that computer software and hardware gained from a 68% jump in FDI last year to $6.15 billion.</li>
<li>The services sector which comprises finance, banking, insurance and outsourcing among others, remained the top recipient of FDI despite seeing a 23% decline in inflows.</li>
<li>Defence industries have attracted a meagre &nbsp;$10,000 (about Rs seven lakh) FDI in 2017-18. In 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 defence industries received &nbsp;$0.82 million, &nbsp;$0.08 million, &nbsp;$0.10 million foreign inflows, respectively. In 2016-17, the defence industries failed to attract any foreign direct investments.</li>
<li>Sectors such as coal production, ports, dye stuffs and coir industries, have failed to attract any foreign direct investments during the last financial year.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>A.T. Kearney Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index- 2018</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India in 2018 has fallen out of the top 10 destinations for FDI in terms of its attractiveness, according to an AT Kearney report.</li>
<li>The report cites teething troubles in the implementation of the goods and services tax and the government&rsquo;s demonetisation decision in 2016 as the two reasons for this.</li>
<li>India ranks 11 in the 2018 AT Kearney FDI Confidence Index, down from 8 in 2017 and 9 in 2016.</li>
<li>However, the report highlighted reforms like removing the Foreign Investment<a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.thehindu.com/tag/62817-833-684/foreign-investment/?utm%3Dbodytag&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1532416487374000">&nbsp;</a>Promotion Board and liberalising FDI limits in key sectors as responsible for India&rsquo;s high rankings in terms of FDI attractiveness, amongst competing countries.</li>
<li>The report cautioned potential investors about political risks such as China abolishing presidential term limits and the upcoming general election in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/karnataka-sees-300-jump-in-fdi-inflows'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'General Studies-IV',
		'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
		'desc' => '<h3>Ethics, Integrity <g class="gr_ gr_25 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="25" data-gr-id="25">and</g> Aptitude</h3>
<p><em>This paper will include questions to test the candidates&rsquo; attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered:</em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants <g class="gr_ gr_26 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="26" data-gr-id="26">and</g> Consequences of Ethics in - Human Actions; Dimensions of Ethics; Ethics - in Private and Public Relationships. Human Values - Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers <g class="gr_ gr_27 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="27" data-gr-id="27">and</g> Administrators; Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in Inculcating Values.</li>
<li>Attitude: Content, Structure, Function; its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour; Moral and Political Attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion.</li>
<li>Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service, Integrity, Impartiality <g class="gr_ gr_24 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="24" data-gr-id="24">and</g> Non-partisanship, Objectivity, Dedication to Public Service, Empathy, Tolerance and Compassion towards the weaker-sections.</li>
<li>Emotional Intelligence-Concepts, and their Utilities and Application in Administration and Governance.</li>
<li>Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and World.</li>
<li>Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems; Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions; Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical Guidance; Accountability and Ethical Governance; Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance; Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding; Corporate Governance.</li>
<li>Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service; Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity; Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen&rsquo;s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service Delivery, Utilization of Public Funds, Challenges of Corruption.</li>
<li>Case Studies on <g class="gr_ gr_22 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="22" data-gr-id="22">above</g> issues.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/upsc-ias-general-studies-iv-ethics-morality-paper-4'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'General Studies-III',
		'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
		'desc' => '<h3>(Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development <g class="gr_ gr_50 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="50" data-gr-id="50">and</g> Employment.</li>
<li>Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it.</li>
<li>Government Budgeting.</li>
<li>Major Crops - Cropping Patterns in various parts of the country, - Different Types of Irrigation and Irrigation Systems; Storage, Transport <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="51" data-gr-id="51">and</g> Marketing of Agricultural Produce and Issues and Related Constraints; E-technology in the aid of farmers.</li>
<li>Issues related to Direct and Indirect Farm Subsidies and Minimum Support Prices; Public Distribution System - Objectives, Functioning, Limitations, Revamping; Issues of Buffer Stocks and Food Security; Technology Missions; Economics of Animal-Rearing.</li>
<li>Food Processing and Related Industries in India- Scope&rsquo; and Significance, Location, Upstream <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="47" data-gr-id="47">and</g> Downstream Requirements, Supply Chain Management.</li>
<li>Land Reforms in India.</li>
<li>Effects of Liberalization on the Economy, Changes in Industrial Policy and their Effects on Industrial Growth.</li>
<li>Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.</li>
<li>Investment Models.</li>
<li>Science and Technology- Developments and their Applications and Effects in Everyday Life.</li>
<li>Achievements of Indians in Science &amp; Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology.</li>
<li>Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, <g class="gr_ gr_43 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="43" data-gr-id="43">Bio-technology</g> <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="44" data-gr-id="44">and</g> issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights.</li>
<li>Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.</li>
<li>Disaster and Disaster Management.</li>
<li>Linkages between Development and Spread of Extremism.</li>
<li>Role of External State and Non-state Actors in creating challenges to Internal Security.</li>
<li>Challenges to Internal Security through Communication Networks, Role of Media and Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges, Basics of Cyber Security; Money-Laundering and its prevention.</li>
<li>Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas - Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism.</li>
<li>Various Security Forces and Agencies and their Mandate.</li>
</ul>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Economy &amp; Issues Relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development &amp; Employment</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 617px;">
<td style="height: 617px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Planning</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Meaning of Planning</li>
<li>Need for Planning in Economic Development</li>
<li>Imperative Vs. Indicative Vs. Structural Planning</li>
<li>Objectives of Planning</li>
<li>Indian Planning History</li>
<li>Techniques of Indian Planning</li>
<li>Achievements &amp; Failures of Indian Planning</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Planning in India</li>
<li>NITI Aayog Vs. Planning Commission</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Mobilisation of Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Resources &ndash; Financial, Human, Natural etc.</li>
<li>Need for Resource Mobilisation</li>
<li>Role of Savings &amp; Investment</li>
<li>Government Resources &ndash; Tax &amp; Non-Tax ( or Fiscal &amp; Monetary Policy)</li>
<li>Banking Sector &amp; NBFCs</li>
<li>Capital Market</li>
<li>External Sources &ndash; FDI, ODA etc.</li>
<li>Public Borrowing &amp; Management of Public Debt</li>
<li>Challenges in Mobilising Resources for Development</li>
<li>Steps That Can Be Taken</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Growth &amp; Development</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Meaning of Development &amp; Growth</li>
<li>Difference between Development &amp; Growth</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 617px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Determinants of Growth &amp; Development</li>
<li>Importance &amp; Limitations of Economic Growth</li>
<li>Jobless Growth</li>
<li>Pro-Poor Growth</li>
<li>Balanced &amp; Unbalanced Growth</li>
<li>Dimensions of Development</li>
<li>Measurement &amp; Indicators of Development</li>
<li>Approaches to Development:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Market-Based Approach</li>
<li>Role of State and Planned Approach</li>
<li>Mixed Economy Approach</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Challenges to Development &amp; Growth</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Employment</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nature &ndash; Rural vs. Urban, Formal Vs. Informal</li>
<li>Terms Related to Employment &ndash; Labour Force Participation Rate, Employment Rate, Working Age Population etc.</li>
<li>Sectoral Distribution of Employment</li>
<li>Quality of Employment</li>
<li>Causes of Lack of Employment</li>
<li>Restructuring of Workforce</li>
<li>Government Initiatives for Generating Employment</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 99.9602%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Inclusive Growth &amp; Issues Arising From It</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="height: 10px; vertical-align: top; width: 49.9602%;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>What is Inclusive Growth?</li>
<li>Elements of Inclusive Growth</li>
<li>Need for Inclusive Growth</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indicators of Inclusive Growth</li>
<li>Challenges in Achieveing Inclusive Growth in India</li>
<li>12<sup>th</sup> FYP &amp; Inclusive Growth</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; width: 100%; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Government Budgeting</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Need for Government Budgeting </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Components of the Government Budget</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Revenue Account &ndash; Revenue Receipts &amp; Revenue Expenditure</li>
<li>Capital Account &ndash; Capital Receipts &amp; Capital Expenditure</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Changes in Budgetary Process in 2017</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Measures of Government Deficit</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Revenue Deficit</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fiscal Deficit</li>
<li>Primary Deficit</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Fiscal Policy</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Deficit Reduction</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>FRBM Act</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Other Types of Budgets &ndash; Outcome, Zero-Based, etc.</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Land Reforms in India</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 111px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rationale for Land Reforms</li>
<li>Components of Land Reforms</li>
<li>Impact of Land Reforms</li>
<li>Problems in Implementaion of Land Reforms</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Success of Land Reforms</li>
<li>Recent Initiatives - Land Leasing, Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation &amp; Resettlement Act, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Effects of Liberalization on the Economy</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 45px;">
<p>Phase of Liberalisation</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 45px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Impact on Different Sectors of the Economy</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Changes In Industrial Policy &amp; their Effects on Industrial Growth</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 91px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 91px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Industrial Policy Before 1991</li>
<li>Industrial Policy After 1991</li>
<li>Phases of Industrial Growth</li>
<li>Linkage Between Economic Reforms and Economic Outcomes</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 91px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Weaknesses and Failures of Industrial Policies</li>
<li>National Manufacturing Policy</li>
<li>SEZs</li>
<li>Make in India</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Infrastructure</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Energy</li>
<li>Ports</li>
<li>Roads</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Airports</li>
<li>Railways</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Investment Models</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 202px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 202px;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Need for Investment</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Sources of Investment</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Types of Investment Models</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Domestic Investment Models
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Public Investment Model</li>
<li>Private Investment Model</li>
<li>Public Private Participation Investment Model</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 202px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foreign Investment Models:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>FDI</li>
<li>FII, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sector Specific Investment Models</li>
<li>Cluster Based Investment Models</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Investment Models Followed by India</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">AGRICULTURE<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Major Crops Cropping Patterns in Various Parts of the Country</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Importance of Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Types of Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Reasons Why Cropping Pattern Differ</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factors Influencing Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Emerging Trends in Cropping Pattern</li>
<li>Long-Run Effects of Current Trends in Cropping Pattern</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Different Types of Irrigation &amp; Irrigation Systems Storage</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 84px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 84px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Modes of Irrigation</li>
<li>Sources of Irrigation</li>
<li>Choosing an Irrigation System</li>
<li>Problems Associated with Irrigation</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 84px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Progress of Irrigation Under Five Year Plans</li>
<li>Environmental Effects of Irrigation</li>
<li>Need for Systemic Irrigation Reforms</li>
<li>Need for a National Water Policy</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Transport &amp; Marketing of Agricultural Produce &amp; Issues &amp; Related Constraints</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 105px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 105px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Process of Agricultural Marketing - Marketing Channels, Functionaries, Costs, etc.</li>
<li>Role of FCI</li>
<li>Regulated Markets</li>
<li>Warehousing</li>
<li>Cooperative Marketing</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Current Agricultural Marketing Process</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 105px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>APMCs</li>
<li>National Agricultutral Market (NAM)</li>
<li>Farmer Producer Organisations (FPO)</li>
<li>Contract Farming</li>
<li>Futures Trading in Agricultural Commodities</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>E-Technology in the Aid of Farmers, Technology Missions</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues Related to Direct &amp; Indirect Farm Subsidies &amp; Minimum Support Prices</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 59px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 59px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agricultural Pricing Policy</li>
<li>Rationale for Subsidies</li>
<li>Types of Subsidies</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 59px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Effectiveness, Extent &amp; Problems of Subsisies</li>
<li>Clash with WTO Agreements</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Public Distribution System Objectives, Functioning, Limitations, Revamping</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Objectices/Significance</li>
<li>Functioning - Fair Price Shops, FCI, Ration Cards, Aadhar Linking, etc.</li>
<li>Shortcomings or Problems Associated with PDS</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need to Improve the Working of PDS</li>
<li>Measures to Improve the Loopholes &amp; Lacunaes Associated with PDS</li>
<li>Steps Taken by Governement in this Regard</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues of Buffer Stocks &amp; Food Security</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 40px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Buffer Stock &ndash; Objectives &amp; Norms in India</li>
<li>Impact of Government Procurement &amp; Distribution</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 40px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need for Food Security</li>
<li>NFSM And othe Food Security Realted Government Initiatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Economics of Animal-Rearing</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%;"></td>
<td style="width: 50%;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 18px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Food Processing &amp; Related Industries in India</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 76px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 76px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scope &amp; Potential in India</li>
<li>Significance</li>
<li>Location</li>
<li>Constraints and Challenges</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 76px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Upstream &amp; Downstream Requirements</li>
<li>Supply Chain Management</li>
<li>Government Policies and Initiatives &ndash; SAMPADA, 12th FYP, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">SCIENCE &amp; TECHNOLOGY<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Developments &amp; their Applications &amp; Effects in Everyday Life</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Chemicals in Food</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Artificial Sweetening Agents</li>
<li>Food Preservatives</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Drugs</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antacid</li>
<li>Antihistamines</li>
<li>Neurologically Active Drugs
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tranquilizers</li>
<li>Analgesics</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Antimicrobials
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Antibiotics</li>
<li>Antiseptic and Disinfectant</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Anti-Fertility Drugs, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Cleansing Agents</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Soaps</li>
<li>Synthetic detergents</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Glass</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Water Softener</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Water Purification/Disinfection</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Microwave Oven, etc.</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Achievements of Indians in Science &amp; Technology</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 124px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 124px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</li>
<li>Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose</li>
<li>Satyendra Nath Bose</li>
<li>Meghnad Saha</li>
<li>Homi Jehangir Bhabha</li>
<li>Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 124px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A.P.J. Abdul Kalam</li>
<li>Vikram Sarabhai</li>
<li>Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya</li>
<li>Har Gobind Khorana</li>
<li>Tessy Thomas</li>
<li>C.N.R. Rao</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indigenization of Technology &amp; Developing New Technology</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 10px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IT &amp; Computers</li>
<li>Space</li>
<li>Nanotechnology</li>
<li>Biotechnology</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 10px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Robotics</li>
<li>Defence</li>
<li>Nuclear</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Awareness in Different Fields</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 73px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 73px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IT &amp; Computers</li>
<li>Space</li>
<li>Nanotechnology</li>
<li>Biotechnology</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 73px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Robotics</li>
<li>Defence</li>
<li>Nuclear</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Issues Relating to Intellectual Property Rights</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18px;">
<td style="height: 18px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need for Intellectual Property Rights</li>
<li>Types of IPR</li>
<li>IPR Regime in India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 18px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International Agreements Related to IPRs</li>
<li>Geographical Indicators</li>
<li>Recent Issues - Evergreening, Compuslory Licensing, Prominent Cases etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">BIODIVERSITY &amp; ENVIRONMENT<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong> Conservation</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 159px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 159px;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>What is Biodiversity?</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Types of Biodiversity &ndash; Genetic, Species, Ecosystem, etc.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Importance of Biodivesirty &ndash; Ecosystem Services, Bio Resources of Economic Importance, Social Benefits etc.</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Resasons for Loss of Biodiversity</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 159px;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Conservation</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In-situ &amp; Ex-Situ</li>
<li>Eco-Sensitive Areas</li>
<li>Ecological Hotspots</li>
<li>National Guidelines, Legislations &amp; Other Programmes.</li>
<li>International Agreements &amp; Groupings</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Environmental Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 155px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 155px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Types of Pollution &amp; Pollutants</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Impact of Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ozone Layer Depletion and Ozone Hole</li>
<li>Greenhouse Gas Effect &amp; Global Warming</li>
<li>Eutrophication</li>
<li>Desertification</li>
<li>Acid Rain</li>
<li>Hazardous Waste, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 155px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Causes/Sources of Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Prevention &amp; Control of Pollution &amp; Degradation</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>National Environment Agencies, Legislations and Policies </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>International Environment Agencies &amp; Agreements</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 57px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 57px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>What is EIA?</li>
<li>Indian Guidelines &amp; Legislations</li>
<li>EIA Process</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 57px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need &amp; Benefits of EIA</li>
<li>Shortcomings of EIA in India</li>
<li>Measures to Make EIA Effective</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Disaster Management</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Disasters</li>
<li>Management of Disasters</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Community Level Disaster Management</li>
<li>Governement Initiatives on Disaster Management</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">SECURITY<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Linkages Between Development &amp; Spread of Extremism</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factors Responsible for Spread of Extremism</li>
<li>Steps that State can Taken to Reduce the Spread of Extremism due to Underdevelopment</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul>
<li>Naxalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Role of External State &amp; Non-State Actors in Creating Challenges to Internal Security</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>Threats from Non-State Actors</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>J&amp;K Separatism</li>
<li>Left Wing Extremism</li>
<li>North East Insurgency</li>
<li>Terrorism in Hinterland &amp; Border Areas</li>
<li>Right Wing Terrorism</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>Reasons for Spread of Terrorism</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>State Sponsored Terrorism</strong></span></p>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #808000;"><strong>Institutional Framework to Tackle Challenge of Internal Security</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NIA</li>
<li>NATGRID</li>
<li>MAC</li>
<li>UAPA</li>
<li>TADA</li>
<li>POTA</li>
<li>NCTC</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Challenges to Internal Security Through Communication Networks</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 35px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role of Media &amp; Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges</li>
<li>Challenges in Managing Social Media</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 35px;">
<ul>
<li>Steps That can be Taken</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Basics of Cyber Security</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51px;">
<td style="height: 51px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cyber Security</li>
<li>Threats to Indian Cyber Security</li>
<li>Steps taken by India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 51px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International Cooperation on Cyber Security</li>
<li>Cyber Warfare</li>
<li>Terms Associated with Cyber Security</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Money-Laundering &amp; its Prevention</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 72px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 72px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Process of Money Laundering</li>
<li>Impact of Money Laundering</li>
<li>Challenges to Tackle Money Laundering</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 72px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Steps to Counter Money Laundering</li>
<li>Terms Related To Money Laundering</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Security Challenges &amp; their Management in Border Areas</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 44px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 44px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Challenges in Managing Border Security &ndash; Coastal &amp; Terrestrial</li>
<li>Land Boundary Disputes with Neighbours</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 44px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India's Policy in Border Area Security Management</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 67px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Organised Crime</li>
<li>Challenges in Controlling Organised Crime</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 67px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Context &ndash; Link between Organised Crime &amp; Terrorism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #808000;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Various Security Forces &amp; Agencies &amp; Their Mandate</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Armed Police Forces</li>
<li>Central Paramilitary Forces</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Security &amp; Intelligence Agencies &ndash; IB. R&amp;WA, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/general-studies-III'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'General Studies-II',
		'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
		'desc' => '<h3>(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Constitution&mdash;Historical Underpinnings, Evolution, Features, Amendments, Significant Provisions <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="81" data-gr-id="81">and</g> Basic Structure.</li>
<li>Functions and Responsibilities of the Union and the States, Issues and Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure, Devolution of&nbsp;Powers and Finances up to Local Levels and Challenges Therein.</li>
<li>Separation of Powers between various organs Dispute Redressal Mechanisms and Institutions.</li>
<li>Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme with that of Other Countries.</li>
<li>Parliament and State Legislatures&mdash;Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business, Powers &amp; Privileges and Issues Arising out of these.</li>
<li>Structure, Organization <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="83" data-gr-id="83">and</g> Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary&mdash;Ministries and Departments of the Government; Pressure Groups and Formal/Informal Associations and their Role in the Polity.</li>
<li>Salient Features of the Representation of People&rsquo;s Act.</li>
<li>Appointment to various Constitutional Posts, Powers, Functions <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="78" data-gr-id="78">and</g> Responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.</li>
<li>Statutory, Regulatory and various Quasi-judicial Bodies.</li>
<li>Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation. <br />Development Processes and the Development Industry &mdash; the Role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.</li>
<li>Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions <g class="gr_ gr_70 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="70" data-gr-id="70">and</g> Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.</li>
<li>Issues Relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.</li>
<li>Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.</li>
<li>Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency <g class="gr_ gr_72 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="72" data-gr-id="72">and</g> Accountability, E-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; Citizens Charters, Transparency &amp; Accountability and institutional and other measures.</li>
<li>Role of Civil Services in a Democracy.</li>
<li>India and its Neighborhood- Relations.</li>
<li>Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India&rsquo;s interests.</li>
<li>Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India&rsquo;s interests, Indian Diaspora.</li>
<li>Important International Institutions, agencies <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="68" data-gr-id="68">and</g> fora - their Structure, Mandate.</li>
</ul>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Polity<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<th style="width: 99.8889%; background-color: #008b8b; height: 19px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" colspan="2">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Constitution</strong></span><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong></strong></span></p>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 393px;">
<td width="378" style="width: 53.1111%; height: 393px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Historical Underpinning &amp; Evolution</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Regulating Act (1773) to Independence Act (1947)</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_73 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="73" data-gr-id="73">Constituent</g> Assembly</li>
<li>Objective Resolution</li>
<li>Enactment &amp; Enforcement of Constitution</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Features</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Written</li>
<li>Flexible &amp; Rigid</li>
<li>Federal &amp; Unitary</li>
<li>Parliamentary Form of Government (Presidential vs. Parliamentary Type of Government)</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Amendments</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>List of Significant <g class="gr_ gr_74 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="74" data-gr-id="74">Amendments</g> &amp; Their Provisions</li>
<li>Procedure for Amending Constitution</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 46.7778%; height: 393px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Significant Provisions</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fundamental Rights</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="79" data-gr-id="79">Directive</g> Principles of State Policy</li>
<li>Judicial Review</li>
<li>Universal Adult Franchise</li>
<li>Single Citizenship</li>
<li>Separation of Powers</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Basic Structure</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Doctrine</li>
<li>Judgments &amp; Cases</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Functions &amp; Responsibilities of the Union and the States</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 67px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>7<sup>th</sup> Schedule</li>
<li>Legislative Functions</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 67px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Financial Functions</li>
<li>Administrative &amp; Quasi-Judicial Functions</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 16px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues &amp; Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Federal Structure in India - Is India truly Federal?</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Cooperative &amp; Competitive Federalism</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Centre-State Relations</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Legislative Relations</li>
<li>Administrative Relations</li>
<li>Financial Relations</li>
<li>Trends in Centre-State Relations</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Inter-State Relations</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inter-state Water Disputes</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inter-State Councils</li>
<li>Public Acts, Records and Judicial Proceedings</li>
<li>Inter-State Trade and Commerce</li>
<li>Zonal Councils</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Emergency Provisions</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Role of Governor</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Reports of Various Commissions</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>2nd ARC, Punchhi, Sarkaria, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 50%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Devolution of Powers &amp; Finances to Local Levels &amp; Challenges Therein</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role of State Government</li>
<li>Role of State Finance Commission</li>
<li>11<sup>th</sup> &amp; 12<sup>th</sup> Schedule</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Reasons for Ineffective Performance</li>
<li>Panchayat Devolution Index ( NITI Aayog)</li>
<li>Steps That Can Be Taken to Improve Their Performance</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Separation of Powers Between Various Organs</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 72px;">
<td style="height: 72px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Doctrine of Separation of Power</li>
<li>Separation of Power in Indian Constitution</li>
<li>Doctrine of Checks &amp; Balances</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 72px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Provisions for Checks &amp; Balances in Indian Constitution</li>
<li>Related Judgments - Golaknath case, Kesavananda Bharati, Indira Gandhi Vs Raj Narain, Ram Jawaya vs Punjab</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Dispute Redressal Mechanisms and Institutions</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 34px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 34px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RTI</li>
<li>PIL</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 34px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tribunals, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme With That of Other Countries Parliament &amp; State Legislatures </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 145px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 145px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business, Powers &amp; Privileges</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Written Constitution</li>
<li>Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility</li>
<li>Federal System with Unitary Bias</li>
<li>Parliamentary Form of Government</li>
<li>Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy</li>
<li>Integrated and Independent Judiciary</li>
<li>Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Duties</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 145px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Secular State</li>
<li>Universal Adult Franchise</li>
<li>Single Citizenship</li>
<li>Emergency Provisions</li>
<li>Three-tier Government</li>
<li>Due Process of Law vs. Procedure Established by Law</li>
<li>Impeachment of President, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Structure, Organization &amp; Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Executive</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Union:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>President</li>
<li>Prime Minister</li>
<li>Council of Ministers</li>
<li>Cabinet Secretariat</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>State:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Governor</li>
<li>Chief Minister</li>
<li>Council of Ministers</li>
<li>Secretariat</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Judiciary</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Three-Tier Structure</li>
<li>Chief Justice of India</li>
<li>SC &amp; HC Judges</li>
<li>Jurisdiction</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Ministries and Departments of the Government</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cabinet Ministries</li>
<li>Other Ministries</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Parliamentary Secretaries</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Pressure Groups &amp; Formal/informal Associations &amp; Their Role in Polity</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Characteristics of Pressure Groups</li>
<li>Pressure Groups &amp; Political Parties</li>
<li>Pressure Groups &amp; Interest Groups</li>
<li>Types of Pressure Groups</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Functions, Role &amp; Importance of Pressure Groups</li>
<li>Techniques/Methods of Pressure Groups</li>
<li>Pressure Groups in India</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Pressure Groups</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Salient Features of Representation of People's Act</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Appointment to Various Constitutional Posts</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Appointment, Powers, Functions &amp; Responsibilities of:</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Election Commission</li>
<li>Union Public Service Commission</li>
<li>State Public Service Commission</li>
<li>Finance Commission</li>
<li>National Commission for SCs</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Commission for STs</li>
<li>Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities</li>
<li>Comptroller and Auditor General of India</li>
<li>Attorney General of India</li>
<li>Advocate General of the State</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Statutory, Regulatory &amp; Quasi-Judicial Bodies</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 220px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 220px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NITI Aayog</li>
<li>RBI</li>
<li>National Human Rights Commission</li>
<li>State Human Rights Commission</li>
<li>Central Information Commission</li>
<li>Central Vigilance Commission</li>
<li>Central Bureau of Investigation</li>
<li>Lokpal and Lokayuktas</li>
<li>National Commission for Women</li>
<li>National Commission for Backward Classes</li>
<li>National Commission for Minorities</li>
<li>Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority</li>
<li>Securities and Exchange Board of India</li>
<li>Competition Commission of India</li>
<li>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</li>
<li>Central Electricity Regulatory Commission</li>
<li>Atomic Energy Regulatory Board</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 220px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Central Pollution Control Board</li>
<li>Medical Council of India</li>
<li>Inland Waterways Authority of India</li>
<li>Central Ground Water Authority</li>
<li>Directorate General of Civil Aviation</li>
<li>Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority</li>
<li>Food Safety and Standards Authority of India</li>
<li>Bar Council of India</li>
<li>University Grants Commission</li>
<li>Financial Stability and Development Council</li>
<li>All India Council for Technical Education</li>
<li>National Green Tribunal</li>
<li>Competition Appellate Tribunal</li>
<li>Income-Tax Appellate Tribunal</li>
<li>Cyber Appellate Tribunal</li>
<li>Intellectual Property Appellate Board</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Governance<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Government Policies &amp; Interventions for Development</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 230px;">
<td style="height: 230px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Government Policies &amp; Interventions in Various Sectors</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Health, Gender, Education, Poverty, Economic etc</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Issues Arising Out of Their Design &amp; Implementation</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concerns/Issues</li>
<li>Suggestions for Improvement</li>
<li>Critical Assessment of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)</li>
<li>Rationalisation of CSS</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 230px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Analysis of Main Schemes:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Beti Bachao Beti Padhao</li>
<li>Smart City</li>
<li>Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</li>
<li>MGNERGA</li>
<li>Digital India</li>
<li>Make in India</li>
<li>Skill India</li>
<li>PM Jan Dhan Yojana</li>
<li>Start-up India etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Development Processes &amp; the Development Industry</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 360px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 360px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role of Social Capital Organisations</li>
<li>Indian Context</li>
<li>Classification</li>
<li>Provisions for the Third Sector in the Indian Constitution</li>
<li>National Policy on the Voluntary Sector 2007</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Non-Governmental Organisations</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Role and Impact of Non-governmental Organizations</li>
<li>Issue Areas: Accreditation, Legitimacy &amp; Accountability, Foreign Funding etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Self Help Groups (SHGs)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need for SHGs</li>
<li>Benefits of SHGs</li>
<li>Weaknesses of SHGs</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 360px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Challenges</li>
<li>Measures to Make SHGs Effective</li>
<li>Case Studies: Kudumbashree (Kerala), Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (Maharashtra)</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Societies, Trusts and Cooperatives</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Societies</li>
<li>Trust</li>
<li>Religious Endowments</li>
<li>Cooperatives &ndash;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Need for Cooperatives</li>
<li>Constitutional Provisions</li>
<li>National Policy on Co-operatives, 2002</li>
<li>Issues and Challenges in the Cooperatives Sector</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 20px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency &amp; Accountability</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 401px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 401px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Governance</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dimensions of Governance</li>
<li>Good Governance (GG)</li>
<li>Aspects of GG</li>
<li>Barriers to GG</li>
<li>Necessary Pre-conditions for GG</li>
<li>How to Ensure GG</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>E-Governance</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Applications</li>
<li>Models</li>
<li>Successes</li>
<li>Limitations</li>
<li>Potential</li>
<li>Recent e-governance Initiatives by Government</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Citizens Charters (CC)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Components of CC</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 401px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Features of CC</li>
<li>Six Principles of CC</li>
<li>Shortcomings of CC</li>
<li>Measures to Make CC Effective</li>
<li>Sevottam Model</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Aspects of Transparency</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Elements &amp; Types of Accountability</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Means to ensure Transparency &amp; Accountability</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RTI</li>
<li>Social Audit</li>
<li>Whistleblower Protection Bill</li>
<li>Lokpal &amp; Lokayuktas Act</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Role of Civil Services in a Democracy</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 348px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 348px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Relationship Between Civil Service And Democracy </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Role Played By Civil Services</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Advisory Role in Policy Making</li>
<li>Institutionalise Socio-economic change</li>
<li>Discharge Delegated Functions</li>
<li>Administer Law of the Land</li>
<li>Watchdogs</li>
<li>Continuity in times of Political Instability</li>
<li>Record-Keeping</li>
<li>Channel of Communication</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Ailments/Issues Afflicting Indian Civil Services</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of Professionalism &amp; Poor Capacity Building</li>
<li>Inefficient Incentive Systems</li>
<li>Outdated Rules &amp; Procedures</li>
<li>Systemic Inconsistencies in Promotion</li>
<li>Lack of Adequate Transparency &amp; Accountability Procedures</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 348px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Arbitrary &amp; Whimsical Transfers</li>
<li>Political Interference &amp; Administrative Acquiescence</li>
<li>Gradual Erosion in Values &amp; Ethics</li>
<li>Redtapism</li>
<li>Elitist in Nature</li>
<li>Poor Pay</li>
<li>Tendency to Capture Power</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #483d8b;"><strong>Reforming Bureaucracy to Strengthen Democracy</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Setting Right the Asymmetry of Power</li>
<li>Insulating Civil Servants from Undue Political Interference</li>
<li>Professionalisation with Stability of Tenure &amp; Competition</li>
<li>Citizen-Centric Administration</li>
<li>Accountability</li>
<li>Outcome Orientation</li>
<li>Promoting Public Service Values &amp; Ethics</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">SOCIAL JUSTICE<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 693px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 693px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Schemes for the Following Vulnerable Sections</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SCs &amp; STs</li>
<li>Minorities</li>
<li>Children</li>
<li>Elderly</li>
<li>Disabled</li>
<li>Women</li>
<li>Transgender</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Performance of These Schemes</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions &amp; Bodies Constituted for Protection &amp; Betterment of These Vulnerable Sections</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>SCs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Protection of Civil Rights Act</li>
<li>The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act</li>
<li>National Commission for Scheduled Castes</li>
<li>Scheduled Castes Sub Plan</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Disabled:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Rehabilitation Council of India Act</li>
<li>The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act</li>
<li>Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act</li>
<li>The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with<br />Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act</li>
<li>Rights of the Persons with Disabilities Act</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 693px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>STs:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Commission for Scheduled Tribes</li>
<li>Tribal Sub Plan</li>
<li>TRIFED</li>
<li>Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Minorities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>National Commission for Minorities</li>
<li>National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Women &amp; Children</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act</li>
<li>The Indecent Representation of Women (Prevention) Act</li>
<li>The Dowry Prohibition Act</li>
<li>The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act</li>
<li>The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act</li>
<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act</li>
<li>Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act</li>
<li>Central Adoption Resource Agency (CARA)</li>
<li>The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act</li>
<li>Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal)</li>
<li>Pre-Conception and Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PC&amp;PNDT) Act</li>
<li>Gender Budgeting</li>
<li>National Policy for Women</li>
<li>Domestic Violence Act</li>
<li>Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Elderly</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues Relating to Development &amp; Management of Social Sector/Services</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 403px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 403px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Health</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s Performance on Various Health Indicators</li>
<li>Weaknesses of Indian Healthcare System</li>
<li>Health Infrastructure in India</li>
<li>Universal Health Coverage</li>
<li>12th FYP Strategy</li>
<li>Universal Health Coverage</li>
<li>Health Insurance</li>
<li>National Family Health Survey</li>
<li>National Health Policy</li>
<li>National Health Mission</li>
<li>Maternal &amp; Adolescent Health</li>
<li>Child Health</li>
<li>Antimicrobial Resistance</li>
<li>Disease Burden in India</li>
<li>Measures to Ensure Good Health Outcomes</li>
<li>Government Initiatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 403px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Education</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>
<p><strong></strong>Status of Literacy in India</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Education Structure in India</p>
</li>
<li>Challenges Faced by Education Sector in India</li>
<li>Reforms Required</li>
<li>Government Initiatives</li>
<li>ASER Report</li>
<li>Financing Education</li>
<li>Subramanian Panel Report</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Human Resource</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Need For Skill Development</li>
<li>Skill Development Initiatives</li>
<li>Challenges in Skilling Landscape in India</li>
<li>Shortcomings of Current Skill Development Initiatives</li>
<li>Reforms Required</li>
<li>Steps that can Be Taken</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Issues Relating to Poverty &amp; Hunger</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 98px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 98px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Relation between Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Distribution of Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Magnitude &amp; Trends of Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Causes of Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Cost/Impact of Poverty &amp; Malnutrition</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 98px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MDGs &amp; SDGs</li>
<li>Food and nutrition insecurity - a consequence of structural inequities</li>
<li>Constraints in Reducing Poverty &amp; Hunger</li>
<li>Measure to Reduce Poverty &amp; Hunger &ndash; National Food Security Act, Mid-day Meal Scheme, MGNREGA etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS<br /><br /></h1>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>India and its Neighborhood &ndash; Relations</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 137px;">
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 137px;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>India&rsquo;s Relations With</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>China</li>
<li>Pakistan</li>
<li>Myanmar</li>
<li>Bhutan</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 137px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bangladesh</li>
<li>Sri Lanka</li>
<li>Afghanistan</li>
<li>Nepal</li>
<li>Maldives</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Bilateral, Regional &amp; Global Groupings &amp; Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 450px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 450px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>India&rsquo;s Major Foreign Policy Doctrines Since 1947</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Non-aligned Movement (NAM)</li>
<li>Nuclear Doctrine</li>
<li>Gujral Doctrine</li>
<li>Look East to Act East</li>
<li>Think West, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Bilateral Relations With</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Major Powers Like &ndash; USA, Russia, Japan</li>
<li>Central Asian Countries</li>
<li>West Asian Countries</li>
<li>African Countries</li>
<li>Australia &amp; New Zealand</li>
<li>EU &amp; European Countries</li>
<li>Latin American Countries</li>
<li>Pacific Countries</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #d2691e;"><strong>Regional &amp; Global Groupings</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SAARC</li>
<li>BRICS</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 450px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BBIN &amp; BCIM</li>
<li>BIMSTEC</li>
<li>IBSA</li>
<li>ASEAN &amp; RCEP</li>
<li>India-Africa Forum</li>
<li>SCO</li>
<li>Ashgabat Agreement</li>
<li>FIPIC</li>
<li>IOR-ARC</li>
<li>Mekong Ganga Cooperation (MGC)</li>
<li>Raisina Dialogue</li>
<li>Heart of Asia Conference</li>
<li>East Asia Summit</li>
<li>G-20</li>
<li>Asian Development Bank</li>
<li>National Security Summit</li>
<li>Multilateral Nuclear Export Regulatory Regimes: Wassenar, MTCR, Australia Group</li>
<li>Asian Development Bank</li>
<li>APEC, etc</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="width: 50%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Effect of Policies &amp; Politics of Developed &amp; Developing Countries on India's Interests</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 88px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 88px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One Belt One Road</li>
<li>International North&ndash;South Transport Corridor</li>
<li>Global Trade War</li>
<li>Global Currency War</li>
<li>Syrian Crisis</li>
<li>UN Reforms</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 88px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WTO Reforms</li>
<li>South China Sea Conflict</li>
<li>Brexit</li>
<li>Deglobalisation &amp; Protectionism &ndash; US Sanctions on Iran, US Pullout from Paris Agreement, H-1B Visa Issue etc.</li>
<li>OPEC Oil Prices Manipulation, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Diaspora</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 95px;">
<td style="vertical-align: top; height: 95px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Spread of Indian Diaspora</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s Diaspora Policy &amp; Engagement Initiatives
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OCI</li>
<li>Pravasi Bharatiya Divas</li>
<li>Know India Programme, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; height: 95px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LM Singhvi High Level Committee on the Diaspora</li>
<li>Role played by Indian Diaspora</li>
<li>Issues Concerning the Diaspora:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dual Nationality</li>
<li>Remittances, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #d2691e;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important International Institutions</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UN &amp; its Agencies</li>
<li>WTO</li>
<li>World Bank</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IMF</li>
<li>World Economic Forum</li>
<li>Commonwealth of Nations, etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/general-studies-ii'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'General Studies-I',
		'catname' => 'Mains Syllabus',
		'desc' => '<h3>(Indian Heritage and Culture, History <g class="gr_ gr_113 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="113" data-gr-id="113">and</g> Geography of the World and Society)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Culture - Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.</li>
<li>Modern Indian History from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.</li>
<li>The Freedom Struggle &mdash; its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.</li>
<li>Post-independence Consolidation and Reorganization within the country.</li>
<li>History of the World will include events from 18th century such as Industrial Revolution, world wars, <g class="gr_ gr_105 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="105" data-gr-id="105">Redrawal</g> of National Boundaries, Colonization, Decolonization, political philosophies like Communism, Capitalism, Socialism etc.&mdash; their forms and effect on the society.</li>
<li>Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.</li>
<li>Role of Women and Women&rsquo;s Organization, Population and Associated Issues, Poverty and Developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.</li>
<li>Effects of Globalization on Indian society.</li>
<li>Social Empowerment, Communalism, Regionalism &amp; Secularism.</li>
<li>Salient features of World&rsquo;s Physical Geography.</li>
<li>Distribution of Key Natural Resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).</li>
<li>Important Geophysical Phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.</li>
</ul>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">History<br /><br /></h1>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 100%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Indian Heritage &amp; Culture</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong><span style="color: #008b8b;">Indian Art Forms</span><br /></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Paintings</li>
<li>Classical Dance Forms</li>
<li>Folk Dance Forms</li>
<li>Classical Music</li>
<li>Puppetry</li>
<li>Pottery</li>
<li>Drama/Theatre</li>
<li>Martial Arts</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Literature</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ancient Indian Literature</li>
<li>Classical Sanskrit Literature</li>
<li>Literature in Pali and Prakrit</li>
<li>Early Dravidian Literature</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Medieval Literature</li>
<li>Women Poets of Bhakti</li>
<li>Trends in Medieval Literature</li>
<li>Modern Indian Literature</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Architecture</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Harappan Architecture</li>
<li>Temple Architecture</li>
<li>Cave Architecture</li>
<li>Indo-Islamic Architecture</li>
<li>Medieval Architecture</li>
<li>Modern Architecture</li>
<li>Contribution of Buddhism &amp; Jainism to the Development of Indian Architecture</li>
<li>Rock Cut Architecture</li>
<li>Colonial Architecture &amp; the Modern Period</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 99.8889%; height: 19px;" colspan="2">
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Modern Indian History</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25px;">
<td style="width: 50.1111%; height: 25px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><strong><span style="color: #008b8b;">Middle of the Eighteenth Century Until The Present</span><br /></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Socio-economic Condition of People</li>
<li>European Penetration of India</li>
<li>British Conquest of India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 49.7778%; height: 25px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>British Policies &amp; Their Impact &ndash; Economic, Administrative &amp; Socio-cultural</li>
<li>Socio-cultural Reform Movements</li>
<li>Uprisings Against British Pre-1857</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td style="width: 96.3405%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">The Freedom Struggle</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 540px;">
<td style="width: 48.6823%; height: 540px; vertical-align: top;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Revolt of 1857</strong></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #008b8b;">Growth of Nationalism in India (1858-1905)</span><br /></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Political, Economic &amp; Administrative Unification of the Country</li>
<li>Role of Western Education</li>
<li>Role of Press</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_124 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="124" data-gr-id="124">Rediscovery</g> of India&rsquo;s Past</li>
<li>Early Political Movements</li>
<li>Formation of INC</li>
<li>Era of Moderates</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong><g class="gr_ gr_125 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="125" data-gr-id="125">Growth</g> of Militant Nationalism &amp; Revolutionary Activities (1905-1918)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swadeshi &amp; Boycott Movement</li>
<li>Surat Split</li>
<li>International Influence</li>
<li>Morley &ndash; Minto Reforms</li>
<li>Growth of Communalism</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong><g class="gr_ gr_126 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="126" data-gr-id="126">Beginning</g> of Mass Nationalism (1919-1939)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mahatma Gandhi &ndash; His Ideas &amp; Leadership</li>
<li>Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms</li>
<li>Rowlatt Act, <g class="gr_ gr_114 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="114" data-gr-id="114">Satyagrah</g> <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="128" data-gr-id="128">and</g> Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</li>
<li>Non-cooperation &amp; Khilafat Movement</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 47.6582%; height: 540px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Swarajists &amp; No-Changers</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="127" data-gr-id="127">Emergence</g> of New Forces &ndash; Socialistic Ideas, Youth &amp; Trade Unionism</li>
<li>Revolutionary Activity</li>
<li>Simon Commission &amp; Nehru Report</li>
<li>Civil Disobedience Movement</li>
<li>Round Table Conferences</li>
<li>Communal Award &amp; Poona Pact</li>
<li>Participation in Elections to Central Legislature (1934) &amp; Provincial Assemblies (1937)</li>
<li>Government of India Act, 1935</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Towards Freedom &amp; Partition (1939-1947)</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Movement During World War II</li>
<li>August Offer</li>
<li>Individual Satyagraha</li>
<li>Growth of Communalism</li>
<li>Peasant Movements</li>
<li>State People&rsquo;s Struggle</li>
<li>Cripps Mission</li>
<li>Quit India Movement</li>
<li>Wavell Plan</li>
<li>INA &amp; Subhash Chandra Bose</li>
<li>Cabinet Mission</li>
<li>Nationalist Upsurge Post-World War II</li>
<li>Independence with Partition</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="width: 96.5366%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" width="255"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Post-independence Consolidation</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 445px;">
<td style="width: 48.9556%; vertical-align: top; height: 445px;" width="296">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Nation Building</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Partition and Its Aftermath</li>
<li>Integration of Princely States</li>
<li>Reorganisation of States</li>
<li>Issue of Official Language</li>
<li>Tribal Consolidation</li>
<li>Regional Aspirations</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Foreign Policy</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Non-Aligned Movement</li>
<li>Panchsheel</li>
<li>Wars with Pakistan &amp; China</li>
<li>Nuclear Policy</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Economy</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Planned Development</li>
<li>Green Revolution, Operation Flood &amp; Cooperatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 47.581%; vertical-align: top; height: 445px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agrarian &amp; Land Reforms</li>
<li>Industrial Reforms</li>
<li>LPG Reforms</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Polity</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Era of One-Party Dominance</li>
<li>Emergence of Opposition Parties</li>
<li>Emergency: Crisis of Democratic Order</li>
<li>Rise of Regional Parties</li>
<li>Coalition Era</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Social</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Popular Movements</li>
<li>Communalism</li>
<li>Indian Women Since Independence</li>
<li>Naxalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #008b8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.5086%;" width="255"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>History of the World</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 618px;">
<td style="width: 49.1329%; vertical-align: top; height: 618px;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Industrial Revolution</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Renaissance</li>
<li>Discovery of Sea Routes</li>
<li>Reformation</li>
<li>Counter Reformation</li>
<li>European Nations Settle North America</li>
<li>Rise of Slave Trade</li>
<li>American War of Independence</li>
<li>French Revolution</li>
<li>Nationalism in Europe</li>
<li>Rise of Capitalism, Colonialism &amp; Imperialism</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>World War I</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Causes of the War</li>
<li>Scope &amp; Course of the War</li>
<li>Russian Revolution</li>
<li>End of the War &amp; Peace Treaties</li>
<li>Consequences of the War</li>
<li>League of Nations</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>World Between the Two Wars</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Europe After the War &ndash; Fascism &amp; Nazism</li>
<li>The Great Depression</li>
<li>Emergence of Soviet Union</li>
<li>Nationalist Movements in Asia &amp; Africa</li>
<li>US as a Strong Power</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 47.3757%; vertical-align: top; height: 618px;">
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>World War II</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fascist Aggression &amp; Response of Western Democracies</li>
<li>Outbreak of the War</li>
<li>Theatres of the War</li>
<li>US Entry into the War</li>
<li>Global Nature of the War</li>
<li>The Holocaust</li>
<li>Resistance Movements</li>
<li>After-effects of the War</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Decolonialisation &amp; Redrawal of National Boundaries</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Europe after World War II</li>
<li>Cold War</li>
<li>Rise of Asia &amp; Africa</li>
<li>Developments in West Asia &amp; North Africa</li>
<li>Spread of Communism</li>
<li>Korean War</li>
<li>Vietnam War</li>
<li>Cuban Crisis</li>
<li>Collapse of Soviet Union</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #008b8b;"><strong>Concept, Types &amp; Social Impact of Political Philosophies</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Communism</li>
<li>Capitalism</li>
<li>Socialism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Indian Society<br /><br /></h1>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="width: 96.5792%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Salient Features of Indian Society</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 88px;">
<td style="width: 43.5561%; vertical-align: top; height: 88px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Diversity (Types &ndash; caste, linguistic, social and religious, race, tribe and ethnicity, culture)</li>
<li>Challenges posed by Diversity</li>
<li>Unity</li>
<li>Pluralism</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.0231%; vertical-align: top; height: 88px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Unity in Diversity</li>
<li>Inequality and Exclusion</li>
<li>Family System</li>
<li>Examples of above.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="width: 96.6591%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Role of Women and Women's Organization</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 109px;">
<td style="width: 43.4765%; height: 109px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Women's Organisations &ndash; Empowerment through Action</li>
<li>19<sup>th</sup> Century Social Reform Movements and Early Women's Organisations &ndash; (1) Agrarian Struggles and Revolt, (2) Participation in Freedom Struggle</li>
<li>Women's Organisations Post &ndash; 1947</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.1826%; height: 109px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Resurgence of Women's Movement in the 70s: (1) Emergence of New Organisations, (2) Approaches and Issues</li>
<li>Contemporary Women's Issues &amp; Organisation Response</li>
<li>Women's Organisations and SHGs</li>
<li>Challenges faced by Women's Organisations</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="width: 96.6541%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Population and Associated Issues</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 73px;">
<td style="width: 43.6356%; height: 73px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Basic Demography of India</li>
<li>Population Trends in India and their Implications</li>
<li>Causes and Effects of Over Population</li>
<li>Challenges of Population Explosion</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.0185%; height: 73px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Changing Age Structure of Indian Population</li>
<li>Demogarphic Dividend: Boon or Bane for India</li>
<li>Population Aging in India</li>
<li>India's Population Policy &amp; Initiatives</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.5792%;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Poverty and Developmental Issues</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 243px;">
<td style="width: 43.6356%; vertical-align: top; height: 243px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concept of Development and Poverty</li>
<li>Types of Poverty</li>
<li>Measurement of Poverty &ndash; Poverty Line</li>
<li>Causes of Poverty</li>
<li>Poverty as a Social Problem</li>
<li>Socio-economic Spread of Poverty</li>
<li>Consequences of Poverty &ndash;
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Inequality</li>
<li>Continuation of Vicious Cycle</li>
<li>Who are worst affected by poverty?</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 52.9436%; vertical-align: top; height: 243px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Problem of Rising Urban Poverty</li>
<li>Poverty Alleviation Initiatives</li>
<li>Policy shift from &ldquo;Trickle Down&rdquo; Economics to Inclusive or Pro-poor Development to Reduce Poverty</li>
<li>Relation between Poverty Reduction and Development: Poverty-Inequality-Development Nexus</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td colspan="2" style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 96.6587%;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Urbanization</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 43.7152%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Urbanisation Trends in India and Their Implications - Demographic and Social Dimensions</li>
<li>Factors Driving Urbanisation</li>
<li>State of Service Delivery and Challeges posed by Urbanisation</li>
<li>Problems of Urban Areas</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 52.9435%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Social Consequences of Urbanisation</li>
<li>Impact of Urbanisation in Rural Areas</li>
<li>Urban Planning and Role of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)</li>
<li>Reforms Required and Government Initiatives Taken So Far</li>
<li>Problems of Slums</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #483d8b; height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 96.7383%; text-align: center; height: 19px;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Effects of Globalization on Indian Society</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 111px;">
<td style="width: 43.75%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Understanding Globalisation &ndash; Its Different Dimensions</li>
<li>Globalisation &amp; Culture - Homogenisation vs. Glocalisation</li>
<li>Factors Driving Globalisation</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 52.9883%; vertical-align: top; height: 111px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Globalisation &amp; India</li>
<li>Impact of Globalisation on India - Socio-cultural, economic, on women, agrarian sector etc.</li>
<li>Does Globalisation cause Poverty?</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; width: 96.7383%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Social Empowerment</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 43.4765%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Which are the Socially Disadvantaged Groups?</li>
<li>Dimensions of Social Empowerment</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.2618%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government Initiatives to Aide Social Empowerment</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.7383%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Communalism</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 79px;">
<td style="width: 43.4765%; height: 79px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Communalism &ndash; Its Characteristics</li>
<li>Communalism in India in the Past</li>
<li>Communalism in Contemporqary India</li>
<li>Causes of Communalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.2618%; height: 79px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Consequences of Communalism</li>
<li>Measures to Control &amp; Eradicate Communalism</li>
<li>Secularism as an Antidote to Communalism</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.7335%;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Regionalism</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 89px;">
<td style="width: 43.2455%; height: 89px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concept of Region &amp; Regionalism</li>
<li>Different Forms of Regionalism</li>
<li>Regionalism in India</li>
<li>Causes of Regionalism</li>
<li>Concept of 'Sons of Soil'</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.488%; height: 89px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Consequences of Regionalism</li>
<li>Federalism &amp; Regionalism</li>
<li>Role of Regional Parties</li>
<li>Measures to Contain Regionalism</li>
<li>Regionalism in the International Sphere</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #483d8b;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 96.7383%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Secularism</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10px;">
<td style="width: 43.0099%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Concept of Secularism</li>
<li>Indian Model of Secularism</li>
<li>Secularism in India</li>
<li>Nature &amp; Practice of Secularism in India</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 53.7284%; height: 10px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Uniform Civil Code</li>
<li>Challenges faced by Secularism in India</li>
<li>Measures to Make India Truly Secular</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">Geography<br /><br /></h1>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 99.8806%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Salient Features of World's Physical Geography</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 494px;">
<td style="height: 216px; vertical-align: top; width: 44.7096%;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Geomorphology</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Origin &amp; Evolution of Earth</li>
<li>Interior of the Earth</li>
<li>Distribution of Continents &amp; Oceans</li>
<li>Plate Tectonic Theory</li>
<li>Distribution of Earthquakes &amp; Volcanoes</li>
<li>Rocks &amp; Rock Cycle</li>
<li>Geomorphic Processes &ndash; Endogenic &amp; Exogenic</li>
<li>Landforms &amp; their Evolution</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Oceanography</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hydrological Cycle</li>
<li>Seafloor Spreading</li>
<li>Ocean Floor Configuration</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.171%; height: 216px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Temperature &amp; Salinity of Oceans</li>
<li>Movement of Oceans &ndash; Waves, Tides, Currents</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Climatology</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earth&rsquo;s Atmosphere &ndash; Composition &amp; Structure</li>
<li>Solar Radiation, Heat Budget &amp; Temperature</li>
<li>Atmospheric Circulation &amp; Weather Systems</li>
<li>World Climate (examples)</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Soil Geography</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Soil &amp; Soil Contents</li>
<li>Process of Soil Formation</li>
<li>Soil Forming Factors</li>
<li>Types of Soils (examples)</li>
<li>Soil Erosion &amp; Conservation</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Distribution of Key Natural Resources Across the World </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 411px;">
<td style="width: 44.829%; vertical-align: top; height: 411px;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Types of Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On the Basis of Origin, Ownership, Exhaustability etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Land Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Land Utilisation</li>
<li>Land Use Pattern</li>
<li>Land Degradation &amp; Conservation</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Forest Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types &amp; Distribution &ndash; Grasslands, Forests etc.</li>
<li>Causes of Depletion</li>
<li>Conservation of Forests</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Water Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Marine &amp; Freshwater</li>
<li>Water Scarcity &amp; Need For Conservation</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.171%; vertical-align: top; height: 411px;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Integrated Water Resources Management</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Agricultural Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Farming</li>
<li>Cropping Patterns</li>
<li>Contribution to Economy, Employment &amp; Output</li>
<li>Food Security</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Mineral &amp; Energy Resources</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Classification of Minerals &ndash; Ferrous &amp; Non-Ferrous</li>
<li>Occurrence of Minerals</li>
<li>Conservation of Minerals</li>
<li>Classification of Energy Resources &ndash; Conventional &amp; Non-Conventional</li>
<li>Occurrence of Energy Resources</li>
<li>Conservation of Energy Resources</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 99.9602%;" colspan="2"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Factors Responsible for the Location of Industries</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 188px;">
<td style="height: 188px; vertical-align: top; width: 44.8687%;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Classification of Industries</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Location &amp; Distribution of the Industries on the Basis of</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Raw Material</li>
<li>Labour</li>
<li>Market</li>
<li>Capital</li>
<li>Land</li>
<li>Grants &amp; Financial Incentives</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.0915%; height: 188px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Power</li>
<li>Transport</li>
<li>Water</li>
<li>Communication</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Distribution of Major Industries &ndash; Iron &amp; Steel, IT, Cotton Textile</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Agglomeration &amp; Footloose Industries</strong></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Important Geophysical Phenomena</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 318px;">
<td style="width: 44.9881%; vertical-align: top; height: 318px;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Earthquakes</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Why Does Earth Shake?</li>
<li>Earthquake Waves</li>
<li>Shadow Zone</li>
<li>Types of Earthquake</li>
<li>Measuring Earthquake</li>
<li>Effects of Earthquake</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Tsunami</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>What Causes Tsunami</li>
<li>Effect of Tsunami</li>
<li>Mitigating the Impact of Tsunami</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 55.0119%; vertical-align: top; height: 318px;">
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Volcanoes</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types of Volcanoes</li>
<li>What Causes Volcanoes?</li>
<li>Volcanic Landforms</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #b22222;"><strong>Cyclone</strong></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Tropical Cyclones</li>
<li>Anti-Cyclone</li>
<li>Extra Tropical Cyclones</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19px; background-color: #b22222;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 19px; width: 100%;" colspan="2"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">Geographical Features and their Location</span> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19px;">
<td style="width: 45.1472%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factors Causing Changes in Critical Geographical Features</li>
<li>Examples of Changing Geographicl Features - Mealting of Ice Sheets, Desertification etc.</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td style="width: 54.8528%; height: 19px; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Impact of Changing Geographical Features</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/mains-syllabus/general-studies-I'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Ayushman Bharat and the Role of Private Hospitals',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p><em>This editorial appears in The Mint and addresses the brand new scheme Ayushman Bharat and how it is going to affect the role of private hospitals in the country.</em></p>
<p>Principally, India has committed to provide free and equitable healthcare facilities to all its citizens, regardless of their economic and social status. However, the real picture is far from this ideological commitment.</p>
<p>India&rsquo;s expenditure on healthcare goods and services is only around ~3.9% of its national GDP, including the private sector (compared to 18% of the US). Further, it is met with fourfold challenges - (i) providing universal access to <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="96" data-gr-id="96">healthcare</g>; (ii) arranging for fair and equitable distribution of cost of healthcare (iii) maintaining quality of healthcare by training practitioners and providers; and (iv) giving special attention to vulnerable groups like women, elderly, disabled and children. The present government has taken a bold step forward in this direction - launching a nationwide health protection scheme known as &ldquo;Ayushman Bharat&rdquo;.</p>
<p>Recently, the government initiated the empanelment process for public and private hospitals under the scheme for universal health coverage. However, some healthcare provider networks have expressed concerns over the viability of &ldquo;pricing model&rdquo; as proposed by the government as it is too low to be afforded by them. <br />About the scheme<br />Ayushman Bharat -National Health Protection Mission (AB-NHPM) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, with the central component anchored in the MoHFW.</p>
<h3>Salient features:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AB-NHPM will have a defined benefit cover of Rs. 5 lakh per family per year and will take care of almost all secondary care and most of the tertiary care procedures.</li>
<li>Benefits of the scheme are portable across the country and a beneficiary covered under the scheme will be allowed to take cashless benefits from any public/private empanelled hospital across the country.</li>
<li>AB-NHPM will be an entitlement based scheme with entitlement decided on the basis of deprivation criteria in the <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="91" data-gr-id="91">SECC</g> database.</li>
<li>The National Health Agency (NHA) is the apex body for the implementation of the ambitious Ayushman Bharat-National Health Protection Scheme</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>AB-NHPM will have a major impact on the reduction of Out Of Pocket (OOP) expenditure as it covers the poorest and the most vulnerable sections of the society, and almost all secondary and tertiary hospitals.</li>
<li>This will lead to increased access to quality health and medication.</li>
<li>This will lead to timely treatments, improvements in health outcomes, patient satisfaction, improvement in productivity and efficiency, job creation thus leading to a general improvement in the quality of life.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Health Account</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Low public expenditure:</strong> Public health expenditure in India (total of Centre and State governments) has remained constant at approximately 1.3% of the GDP between 2008 and 2015, and increased marginally to 1.4% in 2016-17. This is less than the world average of 6%.</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">&nbsp;<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/739Table-1-6.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2729207587" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /><br /><strong></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Disparity among states:</strong> Low-income states with low revenue capacity <g class="gr_ gr_118 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="118" data-gr-id="118">spend</g> significant lower on social services like health. Further, differences in the cost of delivering health services have contributed to health disparities among and within states.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/501Fig-2-1.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2008619644" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Out-of-pocket expenditures on healthcare:</strong> If cumulatively 30% of the total health expenditure is incurred by the public sector, the rest of the health expenditure, i.e. approximately 70% is borne by consumers.</li>
</ul>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/531Fig-3.png" data-pagespeed-url-hash="3582751752" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Lack of health support coverage</strong>: 86% of the rural population and 82% of the urban population are not covered under any scheme of health expenditure support. <br />Demand for Basic Primary Healthcare and Infrastructure: India faces a growing need to fix its basic health concerns in the areas of HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrhoea. More than one-third of the world's malnourished children live in India. Half of the children under three years old are underweight.<br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Underdeveloped Medical Devices Sector: </strong>The medical devices sector faces a number of regulatory challenges which has prevented its growth and development.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why Is the &ldquo;Pricing Model&rdquo; Right?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>First of its kind:</strong> As there is a dearth of national-level comprehensive costing studies, the current rates do have some loopholes. However, the rates are subject to revision which should be done after taking help from similar successfully running schemes in states such as Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Karnataka. These schemes have many empanelled hospitals which are providing healthcare services at the rates so provisioned.</li>
<li><strong>Flexibility across states:</strong> The rates prescribed are median rates and can be adjusted according to the states. Hospitals accredited to the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals &amp; Healthcare Providers (NABH) and those located in &ldquo;aspirational districts&rdquo; will receive higher rates.
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 25px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 25px;">
<p><strong>NABH:</strong> National Accreditation Board for Hospitals &amp; Healthcare Providers (NABH) is a constituent board of Quality Council of India, set up to establish and operate accreditation programmes for healthcare organisations.</p>
<p><strong><g class="gr_ gr_108 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="108" data-gr-id="108">Scope</g> of NABH /Objectives</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Accreditation of healthcare facilities</li>
<li>Quality promotion: initiatives like Safe-I, Nursing Excellence, Laboratory certification programs (but not limited to these)</li>
<li>IEC activities: public lecture, advertisement, workshops/ seminars</li>
<li>Education and Training for Quality &amp; Patient Safety</li>
<li>Recognition: Endorsement of various healthcare quality courses/ workshops</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li><strong>Adjustment of prices:</strong> Although the price model doesn&rsquo;t incorporate complicated cases, AB-NHPM plans to move to provider payment mechanisms, including Diagnosis-Related Group models.
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;"><strong>Diagnosis-Related Grouping</strong> categorizes the hospital services used for &ldquo;reimbursement&rdquo; to patients. This is in contrast to the &ldquo;cost-plus-profit-based-system&rdquo; as it is fixed on a case to case basis.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What Do the Hospitals Need to Do?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The hospitals should understand that the nationally prescribed rates are not intended to cover the cost of capital and infrastructure in the short run but only the marginal cost. This means that the scheme will ensure that the surplus capacities of hospitals will be utilized.</li>
<li>The hospitals should not seek to drive their profit regime by the poor of the country. As it goes for other corporate entities, the hospitals too have a responsibility towards the poor and marginalized of the country.</li>
<li>The private hospitals should view this as an opportunity to do their bit in shaping the most ambitious healthcare scheme in the world.</li>
</ul>
<p>In view of the perilous health scenario of the country, AB-NHPM is a bold and courageous step which dares to take private hospitals under its ambit. Blockading its way is going to cost the whole country. The aim of overturning healthcare from market-based sector to its recognition as a public good and a universal right can be fulfilled only when the private entities take up their responsibility as agents of this change.</p>',
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