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New Models for Airport Management

The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act, 2008, was enacted to provide an independent authority to protect the interests of airports,...

27 Jul 2018 News Analysis
RBI Moves to Wind-up CDR System

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is considering shutting down the corporate debt restructuring (CDR) system, its very first loan recast mechanism,...

27 Jul 2018 News Analysis
AIM & MyGov Launches ‘Innovate India Platform’

Atal Innovation Mission and MyGov have collaborated together with NITI Aayog to launch the ‘#InnovateIndia Platform’. The platform will...

27 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Panel Finds Dosing Mismatches in Many FDCs

The Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) sub-committee has found that many Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs) were formulated without due diligence, with...

27 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Government to Give Free Antiviral for Hepatitis C

The Government of India is set to launch an ambitious programme — National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme - to control viral hepatitis. As...

27 Jul 2018 News Analysis
US, EU Agree to Ease Trade Tensions

United States (US) and the European Union (EU) agreed on a plan to defuse the festering trade dispute between the two major economies. The agreement...

27 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Gender Equality, Religious Freedom and Sabarimala

This article is based on the editorial published in The Hindu "The Sabarimala Singularity" and contains inputs from various sources. In the west,...

26 Jul 2018 News Editorials
The New Emerging Women-Power: Ground Realities

“I believe that the rights of women and girls are the unfinished business of the 21st century.” – Hillary Clinton Gender issues...

26 Jul 2018 Model Essays
Need to Ease Carbon Taxes: NITI Aayog

India is one of the most expensive places to produce coal-based electricity despite having a competitive advantage in coal. From a developing...

26 Jul 2018 News Analysis
The Focus of Healthcare is Increasingly Getting Skewed Towards the ‘Haves’ of our Society.

Good health is one of the most fundamental and basic essential needs of all human beings. That is why, third of the seventeen Sustainable Development...

26 Jul 2018 Model Essays
Important Facts for Prelims (26th July 2018)

Nilgiri Mountain Railway It is one of the five hill railways in India. Apart from NMR, the other four include Darjeeling Himalayan Railways (West...

26 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Underground Lake Found on Mars

Using a radar instrument on an orbiting spacecraft, scientists have spotted a sizable salt-laden lake under ice on the southern polar plain of...

26 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Compensation Scheme Must Cover Child Victims: SC

The Supreme Court has said that the Compensation Scheme for Women Victims/Survivors of Sexual Assault/Other Crimes-2018, proposed by the National...

26 Jul 2018 News Analysis
Optimum Utilization of Fly Ash

Recently, Ministry of Power has informed that ash produced by thermal power plants is being utilized in the manufacture of Portland Pozzolana Cement...

26 Jul 2018 News Analysis
SEBI Proposes using UPI to Reduce Public Issue Timeline

Recently, markets regulator SEBI has proposed introducing Unified Payments Interface (UPI) as an alternative payment option for retail investors...

26 Jul 2018 News Analysis
The Big Picture – Gender Equality versus Religious Practices

Going against the century old practices at Sabarimala Temple in Kerala, which banned the entry of women between the age group 10 to 50, the...

26 Jul 2018 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Changes That Will Change India

–Sarmad Wani At the stroke of midnight hour August 15, 1947 India did not rise to life and freedom. When our leaders self-congratulated...

25 Jul 2018 Model Essays
Can Capitalism Bring Inclusive Growth?

–Suneel Sheoran The recent Oxfam Report, 2016 has once again brought forth the debate on global inequality in light of its findings that the...

25 Jul 2018 Model Essays
National Identity and Patriotism

–Preeti Kumari A nation is formed by the set of people who inhabit a certain geographical landmass, are a part of a consolidated political...

25 Jul 2018 Model Essays
Analysing the New Anti-Trafficking Bill

This article is based on the opinion piece published in Livemint “Anti-trafficking Bill may lead to censorship” and contains inputs from...

25 Jul 2018 News Editorials

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			'title' => 'New Models for Airport Management',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act, 2008, was enacted to provide an independent authority to protect the interests of airports, airlines <g id="25" data-gr-id="25" class="gr_ gr_25 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep">and</g> passengers, and to primarily regulate tariff for aeronautical services like housing or parking of an aircraft; ground safety, fuel and handling services etc.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the years India has emerged as the third largest domestic aviation market in the world. The number of major airports increased from 12 to 27 between 2007 and 2017.</li>
<li>The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority (AERA) has been under tremendous pressure with an increase in the number of private operators entering the airline/airport sector.</li>
<li>Also, some of the major airports now function under public-private partnerships. Therefore, it was felt that if too many airports come under the purview of the Authority, it would be difficult to efficiently determine the tariffs and monitor the service standards of major airports.</li>
<li>For engaging private partners in infrastructure projects, several business models like predetermined tariff or tariff-based bidding have come into place &ndash;wherein the project is awarded to whoever offers the lowest tariff.</li>
<li>In this model, the market itself determines the charges and the regulator is not required to fix charges after the award of the project &ndash; but the 2008 Act does not cover such complexities<g class="gr_ gr_50 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="50" data-gr-id="50">.Therefore</g>, the exponential growth in the sector has pushed the government to propose an Amendment Bill in 2018.</li>
<li>The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India (Amendment) Bill, 2018, proposes to first amend the definition of &ldquo;major airport&rdquo; - as <g class="gr_ gr_22 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="22" data-gr-id="22">any</g> airport with passengers in excess of 3.5 million from the existing 1.5 million.</li>
<li>AERA will not determine the tariff structures in cases where such tariff amounts were a part of the bid document on the basis of which the airport operations were awarded.</li>
</ul>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'RBI Moves to Wind-up CDR System',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is considering shutting down the corporate debt restructuring (CDR) system, its very first loan recast mechanism, after its inability to effectively tackle the non-performing assets problem.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nearly Rs.1.32 trillion worth of bad loans are presently undergoing restructuring under the CDR mechanism.</li>
<li>RBI&rsquo;s decision to wind up the cell comes after it issued a circular in February 2018 withdrawing all existing restructuring schemes - the CDR scheme, strategic debt restructuring (SDR) scheme and scheme for sustainable structuring of stressed assets (S4A) and 5/25.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Corporate Debt Restructuring (CDR)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the reorganization of a company's outstanding debts, often achieved by reducing the burden of the debts on the company by decreasing the interest rates and/or increasing the time to repay. This allows a company to increase its ability to meet the obligations.</li>
<li>The CDR system in India was framed in 2001 to restructure corporate debt outside the purview of debt recovery tribunals (DRT) and the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction.</li>
<li>Under the CDR rules, at least 75% of creditors (by value) should approve the resolution plan, which would make it binding on the remaining 25%.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Failure of CDR</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Banks initially preferred to restructure loans rather than classifying them as non-performing assets. However, in some cases the banks may have been hasty in agreeing to restructure the debt and failed to adequately assess the ability of the borrowers to meet their restructuring commitments. This only delayed them from taking a hit on the loans rather than solving the underlying problems.</li>
<li>Regulatory changes required that net present value of a loan after restructuring should be retained - this led to ballooning of debt which ultimately led to the collapse of the CDR framework.</li>
<li>Most cases that have failed are from the infrastructure sector as restructuring packages typically prescribed shorter interest payment moratorium of two years only, even though these cases need long time to develop and pay back &ndash; generally more than 10 years.</li>
<li>In many cases where there is provision for conversion of loan into equity, the companies obstruct the process of increasing authorised capital, getting board approval, etc. This is because the promoters hesitate from taking new investors on board which can reduce their overall stake in the company.</li>
<li>Monitoring of CDR cases is another big issue. The banks don't have enough resources to oversee the large number of restructuring cases.</li>
<li>Restructuring schemes also often turn futile because promoters are unable to sell non essential assets to mobilise resources as promised to their creditors.</li>
</ul>',
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		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'AIM & MyGov Launches ‘Innovate India Platform’',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Atal Innovation Mission and MyGov have collaborated together with NITI Aayog to launch the &lsquo;#InnovateIndia Platform&rsquo;. The platform will be a citizen-centric platform of the Government of India.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The portal will serve as the common point for all the innovation happening across the nation.</li>
<li>It creates the much-needed innovations platform for registering both grassroots and deep-tech innovators at a national level.</li>
<li>Those searching for a critical innovation can leverage the portal advantageously for the benefit of the economy as well as national social needs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Some of the features of this platform are:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is open to all Indian citizens.</li>
<li>The users can view, comment, share and rate the innovations crowdsourced on the platform.</li>
<li>View the leaderboard which is calculated based on the votes on each innovation.</li>
<li>Citizens can share their/organizations/someone else&rsquo;s innovation on the platform.</li>
<li>Innovations can also be shared on various social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and Twitter</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Atal Innovation Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India established the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) and Self Employment and Talent Utilisation (SETU) in NITI Aayog with a view to give a substantial boost to the innovation ecosystem and to catalyse the entrepreneurial spirit in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>MyGov</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a platform that serves as a medium for the people, especially the youth, to connect with the Government actively and facilitates their engagement towards the nation&rsquo;s development.</li>
<li>The platform empowers people to contribute towards good governance through various tasks and discussions.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Panel Finds Dosing Mismatches in Many FDCs',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) sub-committee has found that many Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs) were formulated without due diligence, with dosing mismatches that could result in toxicity.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It found that most pharma companies had not generated the &ldquo;safety and efficacy data&rdquo; of their own FDCs. The published literature they submitted to justify the FDC was not relevant to India and relied on a few biased studies.</li>
<li>According to the sub-committee, of the 349 FDCs under review, 343 of them must be banned.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Consequences of Dose Mismatch</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In FDCs where there is a dosage mismatch among the ingredients, it would result in toxicity or contrarily lack of any effect on the patient.</li>
<li>For most FDCs, their use would lead to unnecessary overuse, and the patients would be exposed to <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="39" data-gr-id="39">risk</g> of multiple ingredients when one would suffice.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2017, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare had observed that some state licensing authorities had issued manufacturing <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="41" data-gr-id="41">licences</g> for several FDCs without prior clearance from Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO). This had resulted in <g class="gr_ gr_40 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="40" data-gr-id="40">availability</g> of many FDCs, which have not been tested for efficacy and safety, putting patients at risk.</li>
<li>CDSCO had earlier banned the use of 349 FDCs, against which the pharma companies had moved various courts.</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_42 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="42" data-gr-id="42">Finally</g> the Supreme Court in its judgment in had referred the matter to DTAB for a fresh review on whether these drugs should continue to be marketed. Pursuant to <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="44" data-gr-id="44">this</g> the Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) had appointed a sub-committee to relook at FDCs and give its recommendations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg"><strong>Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Drugs</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><g class="gr_ gr_35 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="35" data-gr-id="35">A FDC</g> drug is basically a combination of two or more drugs.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The basic rationale of making &ldquo;<g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="38" data-gr-id="38">fixed dose</g> combination&rdquo; medicinal products is either to improve patient compliance or to benefit from the synergistic effects of the two medicinal products given together.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)</strong>&nbsp;<br /><strong></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The CDSCO is the Central Drug Authority for discharging functions assigned to the Central Government under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.<br /><em></em></li>
<li>Major Functions:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Regulatory control over the import of drugs, approval of new drugs and clinical trials.</li>
<li>Approval of certain <g class="gr_ gr_49 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="49" data-gr-id="49">licences</g> as Central Licence Approving Authority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Government to Give Free Antiviral for Hepatitis C',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Government of India is set to launch an ambitious programme &mdash; <strong>National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme </strong>- to control viral hepatitis. As per the programme an expensive antiviral for Hepatitis C infections will be made available free of cost at all government hospitals.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme will be launched on July 28 which is observed as World Hepatitis Day.</li>
<li>It aims at both prevention and treatment of hepatitis which is among the leading causes of liver cancer, cirrhosis of liver and acute liver failure.</li>
<li>The programme, part of the National Health Mission, will set up and upgrade facilities for the diagnosis and treatment primarily of hepatitis B and C.</li>
<li>Designated treatment centres will provide the anti-viral to hepatitis C patients. They will also provide hepatitis B vaccine to babies born to mothers carrying the virus within 24 hours of birth.</li>
<li>It aims to treat a minimum of 3 lakh hepatitis C cases over a period of three years.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul>
<li>Hepatitis A and E viruses are important causes of acute viral hepatitis and acute liver failure (ALF).</li>
<li>Hepatitis A virus is responsible for 10-30 percent of acute hepatitis and 5-15 percent of acute liver failure cases in India.</li>
<li>Hepatitis E virus is said to be responsible for 10-40 percent of acute hepatitis and 15-45 percent of acute liver failure cases.</li>
<li>According to a 2014 study in the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, incidence rate of liver cancer in India for men ranges from 0.7 to 7.5 and for women between 0.2 and 2.2 per 100,000 population per year. The male to female ratio for liver cancer in India is 4:1.</li>
<li>Sofosbuvir, the antiviral for Hepatitis C costs $63,000-94,000 for the full course in the US and Europe.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'US, EU Agree to Ease Trade Tensions',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>United States (US) and the European Union (EU) agreed on a plan to defuse the festering trade dispute between the two major economies. The agreement is considered as a breakthrough that could avoid a trade war.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the agreement the US will not follow through with a threat to impose tariffs on automobiles that would hurt the dominant car industry in the EU.</li>
<li>US and EU will work to &ldquo;resolve&rdquo; the existing duties on steel and aluminum imposed by US, which had angered many countries within the EU.</li>
<li>Work towards eliminating all tariffs, trade barriers and subsidies related to non-auto industrial goods.</li>
<li>Reform the World Trade Organization and reduce trading costs and regulatory barriers across the Atlantic.</li>
<li>Agreed to suspend any new tariffs while the negotiations were going on.</li>
<li>EU has also agreed to start buying more US soybeans, one of the main commodities targeted by China in its response to US tariffs. The bloc also would become a massive buyer of US liquefied natural gas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The U.S. and EU account for about $1 trillion in transatlantic trade, and tensions have spiked due to trade disparities.</li>
<li>On March 9, 2018 the United States imposed a 25% duty on steel and 10% on aluminum imports for an unspecified period.</li>
<li>The objective of imposing heavy tariffs on imported steel and aluminum is to boost the US industry that has been suffering from &ldquo;unfair&rdquo; trade business practices.</li>
<li>Unlike the punitive tariffs that the United States imposes on &lsquo;dumped&rsquo; or unfairly subsidized goods from specified countries, these steel and aluminum tariffs would apply to all countries unless countries are eligible to request for an exemption.</li>
<li>The imposition of tariffs has been classified as &lsquo;safeguard&rsquo; tariffs aimed to stop a sudden, unforeseen and damaging import surge that could seriously damage a particular industry and are legal under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules.</li>
<li>In justifying the measure, the US administration invoked a national security law &ndash; wherein countries are allowed this kind of recourse under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in times of war and other emergencies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of new tariffs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The European Union is the top trading partner of the United States in goods, and it is the top U.S. export market. The EU has responded by warning that it will retaliate with tariffs on a range of US imports.</li>
<li>It could once again revive protectionist sentiment which has been on the wane following the recovery from the global economic meltdown.</li>
<li>As a result, the US&rsquo;s traditional allies, who will be hit the most from the tariffs, have warned of bilateral retaliation on a range of US imports including agriculture and technology.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications for the United States</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>American steel and aluminum manufacturers would certainly get a boost, but it's not clear if they actually have the capacity to meet a huge surge in demand.</li>
<li>Other sectors of American manufacturing would be hurt by rising steel and aluminum prices for automakers and other industries that use steel and aluminum in their production.</li>
<li>With increasing manufacturing cost, the companies that make these products could pass the increased cost of raw materials to their consumers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications for India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a minor exporter of the two metals and with the market for steel consumption in India growing, the imposition of US tariffs would not have significant impact.</li>
<li>However, the United States has been critical of India&rsquo;s intellectual property rights standard and its high tariffs on certain products (Harley Davidson motorbikes) and has threatened to impose reciprocal tariffs on Indian goods (India ranks ninth on the list of trading partners that run a trade surplus with the US &ndash; it exports more to the US than what it imports).</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Gender Equality, Religious Freedom and Sabarimala ',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p><em>This article is based on the </em>editorial<em> published in The</em> <em>Hindu "The Sabarimala Singularity" and contains inputs from various sources.</em></p>
<p>In the west, the idea of secularism has been an extension of classical liberalism, where the state neither protects nor promotes a religion. In a society, where there is one major religion, this seemed to flow from the idea of &ldquo;separation of powers&rdquo; of state and the church.</p>
<p>However, in the Indian context, where the society is essentially multicultural and so many sects and religions thrive together, it was difficult to adopt this version of secularism. Also, the conservative nature of Indian society and communal tensions prevalent at the time of framing of the Constitution made it even more difficult to transgress into such an open and liberal society. Thus, Indian secularism (the word was a later addition to the Constitution via 42nd Amendment) became more of a concept promoting &ldquo;communal harmony and coexistence&rdquo; where the state protects as well as promotes all the religions equally.</p>
<p>Notwithstanding, that Indian secularism has been lauded by the west as well, it has met with criticisms for being in contradiction to &ldquo;freedom of expression&rdquo; when it comes to criticizing religion, no matter how grounded that criticism is.</p>
<p>In the recent case of Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala, that questions rules to bar women from the age 10-50 to enter the Sabarimala temple, &ldquo;freedom of religion&rdquo; and &ldquo;gender equality&rdquo; are the two counter-arguments that have been put forward by the defenders of the customary practice and the petitioners respectively.</p>
<h3>Freedom of Religion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 25:</strong> <strong>Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.</strong> According to it, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice and propagate a religion. <br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 26:</strong> <strong>Freedom to manage religious affairs.</strong> Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right to establish and maintain religious institutions and manage its own affairs in matters of religion.</li>
<li>In <strong>Sri Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore (1958)</strong>, the petitioners had claimed that the <strong>Madras Temple Entry Authorisation Act</strong> which allowed the entry of Harijans into the temple, was against the Article 26 of the Constitution and the temple was a<strong> denominational one</strong> having been founded exclusively for the Gowda Saraswath Brahmins. However, the Supreme Court held that not merely temples dedicated to the public as a whole but also those founded for the benefit of some sections are contemplated in <strong>Article 25 (2)</strong> which provides for <strong>social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions</strong> of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus</li>
<li><strong>Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Rules, 1965,</strong> which states, &ldquo;Women who are not by custom and usage allowed to enter a place of public worship shall not be entitled to enter or offer worship in any place of public worship.&rdquo; The petitioners have challenged this law in court in the recent case.</li>
<li>It has been argued that <strong>religion and social practices are interlinked.</strong> So, the prohibition of entry of women should not be seen as a gender inequality issue, but as a religious practice which has been followed by the people for ages. Such religious rituals should not be tampered with.</li>
<li>Another argument which is being put forward is that Sabarimala temple ought to be seen as an institution where only males are allowed. Just like there are boy&rsquo;s schools and girl&rsquo;s school. Also, there are other institutions where men are not allowed. Further,<strong> even Mosques do not allow the entry of women.</strong></li>
<li>Another point raised by the defenders is that there is no &ldquo;god&rdquo; inside the Sabarimala temple. What is present inside the temple is a &ldquo;deity&rdquo;. A deity is a socio-cultural energy centre and on the other hand &ldquo;god&rdquo; is universal. Hence, a<strong> deity is a legal entity</strong>, and being so, its rights are protected by constitutional privileges.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gender Equality</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 14: Equality before law:</strong> The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 15:</strong> <strong>Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion</strong>, race, caste, sex or place of birth, states that &ldquo;The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.&rdquo;</li>
<li><strong>Article 51A(e)</strong> makes it a fundamental duty of every citizen of India to <strong>renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women</strong><br />The ban on the entry of women of certain age groups was violative of various fundamental rights including Article 17 which deals with untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Article 25(2)(b)</strong> enables the state &ldquo;(to provide) for social welfare and reform or the<strong> throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character</strong> to all classes and sections of the Hindus.&rdquo; In such case, the state ought to have brought an appropriate legislation to facilitate the constitutional direction.</li>
<li>Discriminating against women on the basis of a biological process i.e. menstruation is unscientific and is against<strong> Article 51A(h) with states that it is the duty of every citizen of India to develop scientific temper,</strong> humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.</li>
<li>Besides the gender inequality argument, the <strong>idea of individual liberty is also at stake</strong> here. Monopolisation of religious rights by a few, under the guise of management of religious institutions, corrupts the idea of individual liberty.</li>
<li>From the societal point of view, such regressive practices in any sphere woul<strong>d inevitably constrict the natural development of human potential.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>How Do We Need to Look Upon It?</h3>
<p>Historically, l<strong>egal reforms usually precede socio-political change.</strong> Legal abolition of several antiquated practices such as Sati or untouchability did not witness a social transformation overnight. It took time for practices like Sati to vanish. Law very often stimulates a <strong>subsequent socio-cultural evolution.</strong></p>
<p>The court should look at it as<strong> whether the Sabarimala temple is a separate denomination or not.</strong> As it is open to the public, it is difficult for the authorities to claim that it is a separate denomination. This may strengthen the case of the petitioners.</p>
<p>Also, it needs to inquire whether there actually is any religious custom of not allowing women from the age 10 to 50 from entering. We also need to revisit our history to evaluate every act of discrimination that has been defended on the grounds of customs, traditions and religious practices.</p>
<p>The court should see this as an opportunity not to rationalise religious practices, but to<strong> overturn its existing pass&eacute; ideas on the subject.</strong> It is high time that the extent of applicability of religious rights is defined rationally. We need to keep in mind that our Constitution doesn&rsquo;t acquire its secular character merely from the words in the Preamble, but from a collective reading of many of its provisions, DPSP included, and particularly the various fundamental rights that it guarantees.</p>
<p>As Suhrith Parthasarathy writes (&ldquo;The Sabarimala Singularity&rdquo;, Editorial, The Hindu) - &ldquo;<em>Given the inexorable relationship in India between religion and public life, it&rsquo;s time the court shattered the conventional divides of the public and the private. If the court can look beyond the essential practices doctrine and see this case for what it really is &mdash; a denial to women not only of their individual rights to freedom of religion but also of equal access to public space &mdash; it can help set the tone for a radical re-reading of the Constitution. This can help the court reimagine its jurisprudence in diverse areas, making a meaningful difference to people&rsquo;s civil rights across spectrums of caste, class, gender and religion.</em>&rdquo;</p>
<p>For further reading, refer to the RSTV Debate &ldquo;<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-gender-equality-versus-religious-practices" rel="noopener" title="The Big Picture &ndash; Gender Equality versus Religious Practices">The Big Picture &ndash; Gender Equality versus Religious Practices</a>&rdquo;</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sabarimala-and-secularism-in-india '
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'The New Emerging Women-Power: Ground Realities',
			'catname' => 'Model Essays',
			'desc' => '<p><em>&ldquo;I believe that the rights of women and girls are the unfinished business of the 21st century.&rdquo; &ndash; Hillary Clinton</em></p>
<p>Gender issues and &lsquo;women-empowerment&rsquo; has become the new buzzword across the globe in the last few decades. The increased familiarity with this term has resulted in the slow transformation of most of the ideologies that have justified inequalities in the social structures for the past so many years. The emerging debates that surround the concept of &lsquo;empowerment&rsquo; have had considerable effects on the well-established roots of the institutions that provide support to the existing power structures such as family, state etc. Women have started to become aware of the limitations and confines of the territories within which they have been placed all these years. They have demanded control over their own bodies, equal spaces in the social institutions and an acknowledgment <g class="gr_ gr_215 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="215" data-gr-id="215">for</g> their identity. Last few years have witnessed a sharp increase in the strategies of women&rsquo;s development by the state in order to eliminate the gender gaps in the work opportunities, political participation, health facilities and distribution of resources.</p>
<p>India as a nation has taken significant steps to fill the gender gaps existing in the societies here. The constitution of India provides equality of employment opportunity, voting rights and equal pay for equal work. It lays great emphasis on the dignity of women and constitutes several pro-visions like maternity reliefs to maintain a gender-sensitive environment at the workplace. Government schemes like &lsquo;Beti <g class="gr_ gr_97 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="97" data-gr-id="97">bachao</g>-Beti <g class="gr_ gr_102 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="102" data-gr-id="102">padhao</g>&rsquo;, &lsquo;janani <g class="gr_ gr_99 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="99" data-gr-id="99">suraksha</g>&rsquo;, intend to ensure the better health care and education facilities. Policies like &lsquo;New National Policy for Women&rsquo; <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="128" data-gr-id="128">endeavour</g> to follow the &lsquo;so-cially inclusive rights-based approach&rsquo; for the women empowerment. Apart from this, the introduction of Gender Budget Statement promises a just distribution of resources in the country across gender divisions as well.</p>
<p>The past decade has also experienced an expansion of the definitions of terms like &lsquo;rape&rsquo; and &lsquo;violence&rsquo; in the legal context. Law has enlarged its frame in order to bring the exploitation of women in private and public sphere through the formulations of laws like Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005&rsquo; and &lsquo;Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place (Prevention, Prohibition &amp; Redressal) Act, 2013&rsquo;. Institutions like the National Commission for Women have been formed to identify and register the cases of oppression faced by women. Ministry of Women and Child Development is specifically dedicated to addressing the issues, policies and their implementations related to the women and children in the country.</p>
<p>India has observed immense changes in its socio-political and economic conditions by the introduction of these measures as well as under the impact of globalization and technological advancements. Census 2001-2011 has recorded a significant rise in the literacy rate of women. The expansion of the service sector has generated fresh work opportunities for women. To a large extent, equality in the wages and participating roles among the women and men can be seen in the urban areas. It is in these areas that the phenomenon of &lsquo;emerging women power&rsquo; is being most acutely observed.</p>
<p>Women are dominating the key positions in many fields that were earlier denied to them. The emergence of women to the strategic positions in the social structures has given way to a relatively better understanding and identification of the oppressive practices. However, these transformations seem to be insignificant when compared to the number of issues that continue to degenerate the conditions of women in the society. Also, new challenges have emerged that impede the holistic development of women.</p>
<p>Crime against women has been on the rampant rise in the country along with the growth in the number of career-oriented women in the professional space. Cyber crimes such as sexual harassment and molestation of women through the internet and mobile devices have gone up along with the technological development in the country. As the nation basks in the various scientific and economic achievements, half of its population writhes under the fear of rape, trafficking, domestic violence, <g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="134" data-gr-id="134">honour</g> killing, acid attacks, and sexual harassments. Child marriage, dowry demands, and female infanticide remain a harsh reality even after the strict attempts of their prohibition through the law. These practices are the major reasons behind the skewed sex ratio in the society.</p>
<p>While the country congratulates itself on the achieving the Millennium Development Goal of gender parity at the primary school level, it has done little to overcome the high dropout rates of female students. As the country boasts of women holding the significant chairs in governance like Head of the state, Speaker of Lok Sabha, eminent ministries and top-notch places in the corporate sectors and strategic positions in other <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="92" data-gr-id="92">arenas</g> of productivity, a large number of women are struggling for their livelihoods as migrant labourers and low paid workers in the informal sector. According to a recently released Monster Salary Index, there exists a gender pay gap of 27% in the country. The overlapping of gender issues with several other issues like caste and poverty worsens the plight of women belonging to these categories. Women workforce in the rural areas that <g class="gr_ gr_150 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="150" data-gr-id="150">is</g> more exposed to these tribulations comparatively experiences larger pay gaps. India records a High Maternal Mortality Rate and a large number of women suffer from <g class="gr_ gr_152 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="152" data-gr-id="152">anaemia</g> in the face of the new schemes continuously launched by the government to improve the health conditions of women. The discrimination and violence faced by the women also have deep-rooted effects on their mental health which goes largely unnoticed by the government policies. The concept of &lsquo;emerging women power&rsquo; seems to be eyewash in the context of these ground realities.</p>
<p>Most of the measures adopted by the state follow the top-down approach and essentially consider women as mere beneficiaries of the welfare schemes. Women are not empowered to understand and confront the structures of patriarchy. &lsquo;Decision making&rsquo; which is emphasized upon in the process of empowering women, have to emerge out of knowledge and informed mediation to instill changes in the familial structures and social arrangements that would help in the evolution of gender roles.</p>
<p>Education plays an important role in the conditioning of the young minds towards the concept of gender. Schools become one of the initial stages where internalization of the performance of gender roles takes place. Gender sensitized pedagogy is needed for the subversion of these roles. Instilling sensitivity towards the dignity of women, emphasizing the development of ethical stand towards the equality in the boys can provide the society with responsible and sensitive individuals.</p>
<p>Encouraging the analytical understanding of exploitation and discrimination among girls shall result in more confident and aware women who can further help in the formation of a gender just society. Prohibitions, reservations and punitive measures can only be the immediate and temporary interventions to promote gender equality. Only a shift in the mindset can facilitate the progress of the society in the longer run. Stricter laws and their honest enforcements have to be followed up by a change in the attitude towards social evils like rape, female foeticide, acid attacks along with the better treatment of the victims. NGOs and SHGs need to be strengthened as part of the empowerment process. These bodies work at the ground level and encourage the victims to share their experiences. Punishing the convicts is just a small part of the justice provided to the victims of gender violence. The major challenge is to help her rehabilitate and to develop a social environment that would preserve her sense of self-confidence and dignity. The role of community institutions like <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="96" data-gr-id="96">khap</g> panchayats which dictate the social conduct of a community and promote inhuman practices like hon-our killing should be taken into account. These institutions have a strong hold on the psychology of a particular community. The fault lines of such structures have to be exposed in a manner that has a significant impact on the people of the community.</p>
<p>The major role played by women in the economic growth of a country is known throughout the world. Last year, IMF&rsquo;s chief Christine Lagarde stated that economic inclusion of more women workers in India would expand its GDP by 27% which is massive as compared to the similar impact on the U.S. and Japan which is 5% and 9% respectively. Progressing towards this, the first step would be to acknowledge the huge amount of unpaid care work done by women which hold back their possibilities of boosting the economy in a more productive manner. Moreover, discriminated approach towards the maternity process leaves women workers at a larger risk of being less <g class="gr_ gr_144 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="144" data-gr-id="144">favoured</g> and losing job opportunities as compared to a male worker. These problems have their roots in the perception and performance of the gender roles assigned by patriarchy. Sharing of responsibilities and coexistence in an equitable manner is what should be of the larger concern in society. It is along these lines that vocational training and skill development should be focussed upon.</p>
<p>In conclusion, it may be said that probing the ground realities of the catchy headlines like &lsquo;the new emerging women power&rsquo; adds more substance and nuance to the discourse on gender justice. These nuances do not refuse the accomplishments achieved so far by society but actually point towards the remaining distance which still needs to be covered. Identification of the problem areas and weaknesses is the first step towards their eradication. India has shown a dedicated will to bring changes by pledging to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals which include <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="89" data-gr-id="89">ideals</g> of gender justice and women empowerment. Only with constructive planning and comprehensive changes at various levels in society the new emerging "women power" shall be soon able to realize its complete potential in India.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/model-essays/the-new-emerging-women-power-ground-realities'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Need to Ease Carbon Taxes: NITI Aayog',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India is one of the most expensive places to produce coal-based electricity despite having a competitive advantage in coal. From a developing country's perspective with low per capita consumption of electricity, <g class="gr_ gr_31 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="31" data-gr-id="31">carbon</g> tax seems to be excessive.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to NITI Aayog, high energy-intensive sectors are being penalized by paying high carbon tax through various cesses and duties.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s use of carbon taxes to promote clean energy has gone too far and there is a case for easing them to let energy-intensive industries compete globally.</li>
<li>As per renewable power obligations, power distribution firms have to buy a stipulated part of their overall power purchase from solar and other clean energy suppliers.</li>
<li>For the current financial year, the target is 17%. Renewable power is unpredictable and the need for battery backup adds to its hidden costs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Example: </strong>In a recent report by NITI Aayog titled &lsquo;Need for an aluminium policy in India&rsquo; it states that apart from higher power cost, additional burden in the form of power distribution firms&rsquo; obligation to purchase renewable power and coal cess of Rs 400 a tonne, the carbon trading system and electricity duty on power generation (levied by states) have increased the overall production cost of aluminium, a strategic metal critical to infrastructure, automobiles and defence industries.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Steps to discourage use of coal and promote solar and wind power comes at a time India is taking a global lead in climate change policies.</li>
<li>However, it may be practically difficult for India to go back on policies meant to promote clean energy including use of carbon taxes as there is globally a negative sentiment about coal because of climate change concerns and there is a declining trend in its consumption in most of the major economies.</li>
<li>Also, considering the recent decline in clean energy prices, it may not be difficult for power distribution firms to meet renewable purchase obligation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India cannot allow the narrative of &ldquo;carbon imperialism&rdquo; to come in the way of realistic and rational planning for the country&rsquo;s energy future.</li>
<li>A separate energy policy for high energy intensive sectors must be introduced wherein power supply should be ensured at globally competitive rates so that these industries too can compete with global players.</li>
<li>Renewable purchase obligations, coal cess and electricity duty charges must looked at and rationalized as well to make these sectors competitive.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/need-to-ease-carbon-taxes-niti-aayog'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'The Focus of Healthcare is Increasingly Getting Skewed Towards the ‘Haves’ of our Society.',
			'catname' => 'Model Essays',
			'desc' => '<p>Good health is one of the most fundamental and basic essential needs of all human beings. That is <g class="gr_ gr_168 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="168" data-gr-id="168">why,</g> third of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the world leaders last year aims to ensure good health for all. Indian constitution also implicitly recognizes good health as one of the fundamental rights guaranteed under the right to life. In absence of good <g class="gr_ gr_169 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="169" data-gr-id="169">health</g> all of man&rsquo;s endeavors will be deemed useless. For India to fulfill its dream of becoming a developed and prosperous nation it must take care of the most important of its resources i.e. its human capital. India is on the cusp of demographic dividend with the economically productive (15-59 years of age) portion of its population going above the 60% mark. But India can fully utilize this potential only if it is successful in providing for its population proper education, skills, nutrition <g class="gr_ gr_170 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="170" data-gr-id="170">and</g> healthcare. Among all this, <g class="gr_ gr_164 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="164" data-gr-id="164">importance</g> of <g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="93" data-gr-id="93">healthcare</g> is perhaps the highest as only a healthy person can be productive enough to fully utilize his skills. Therefore healthcare is of paramount importance for an individual to lead a fulfilling life and also for the whole nation to progress. However is the Indian healthcare system itself in a healthy state?</p>
<p>India has a disproportionately high share of health problems and diseases like child stunting, diabetes, tuberculosis, cancer etc. In the recent round of National Sample Survey (<g class="gr_ gr_95 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="95" data-gr-id="95">NSS)</g> it was found that over 80% of Indians do not have health insurance <g class="gr_ gr_97 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="97" data-gr-id="97">cover</g> and that a majority of people in the rural areas utilize private sector health services. Given the relatively lower levels of per capita income in rural areas of our <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="96" data-gr-id="96">country</g> all these findings certainly raise a question over whether the <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="87" data-gr-id="87">healthcare</g> system in India is increasingly getting skewed towards the population that has the means to afford it.</p>
<p>To analyze the nature of the <g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="88" data-gr-id="88">health care</g> sector, we can focus on the three major aspects i.e. accessibility, affordability and quality of the healthcare facilities. On all three <g class="gr_ gr_131 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="131" data-gr-id="131">fronts</g> <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="128" data-gr-id="128">Indian</g> health care system has had a mixed record. Accessibility to healthcare facilities is high in urban areas as compared to rural areas. The private sector does not find it viable to increase its penetration in rural areas given the low purchasing power whereas the public sector lacks resources, efficiency <g class="gr_ gr_133 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="133" data-gr-id="133">and</g> enterprise associated with <g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="127" data-gr-id="127">private</g> sector. This is the reason why as per the NSS survey over 70% of both rural and urban people had to resort to private healthcare facilities despite higher costs associated with them.</p>
<p>Private sector healthcare is more costly as compared to <g class="gr_ gr_136 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="136" data-gr-id="136">public</g> sector for the obvious reason of <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="137" data-gr-id="137">absence</g> of state subsidy and the guiding motive of profit and hence scores poorly on the affordability parameter. Even if we go by the stringent parameters of Tendulkar methodology for measuring poverty, over 21% of Indians fail to earn enough to spend more than Rs. 33 per day. In such a situation it would be unrealistic and cruel on the part of <g class="gr_ gr_138 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="138" data-gr-id="138">state</g> to expect the <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="89" data-gr-id="89">market driven</g> sector to cater to health care needs of even the marginalized sections of the Indian society. That is why, &lsquo;Financial Restriction&rsquo; was the major reason chosen by respondents in the latest NSS survey for not being able to utilize the healthcare facilities, both in rural as well as urban areas.</p>
<p>On the quality parameter as well the Indian healthcare system falls short. India spends less than 1.5% of its GDP on health which is lower than many of the Sub-Saharan countries with GDP much below India. In such a situation public sector healthcare facilities suffer from resource crunch and poor infrastructure as seen in&nbsp;public hospitals, unhygienic conditions, lack of availability of medicines at public dispensaries etc. Doctor to patient ratio in India is below the minimum benchmark given by WHO of 1:1000. Even the quality of doctors available is rendered questionable given the poor status of medical education in India. Medical Council of India (MCI), the institution responsible for overall supervision and regulation of medical education in India, has itself been mired in serious allegations of corruption, nepotism, fraud etc. Private medical colleges with no infrastructure and ghost faculty that exists only on paper are very much prevalent in a number of states. The poor state of medical education and its governance can be gauged from the fact that <g class="gr_ gr_156 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="156" data-gr-id="156">honorable</g> Supreme Court has had to intervene and ask the government for <g class="gr_ gr_155 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="155" data-gr-id="155">complete</g> overhaul of MCI. In such a scenario the quality of <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="90" data-gr-id="90">healthcare</g>, especially in public health facilities is indeed quite low. In <g class="gr_ gr_157 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="157" data-gr-id="157">private</g> sector even though the quality of healthcare is relatively better, question marks are raised over the mushrooming of unregulated clinics and <g class="gr_ gr_158 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="158" data-gr-id="158">quacks</g> practicing in semi-urban and rural areas.</p>
<p>Therefore, <g class="gr_ gr_84 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="84" data-gr-id="84">over all</g> three parameters, <g class="gr_ gr_106 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="106" data-gr-id="106">Indian</g> healthcare system fails to give satisfactory performance. This clearly affects the poor or the marginalized or the &lsquo;have-nots&rsquo; section of the society more as those who can afford to spend on the expensive private health care and live in urban areas or nearby, do have access to good healthcare facilities. In <g class="gr_ gr_107 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="107" data-gr-id="107">fact</g> medical tourism is an upcoming sector of the Indian economy as costs of the private Indian healthcare system are relatively lower when compared with the first world and without any compromise on quality. Hence it is the &lsquo;have-nots&rsquo; that the government should prioritize its focus on for providing quality healthcare facilities on affordable rates.</p>
<p>The government has taken a number of steps to increase the accessibility and affordability of quality <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="81" data-gr-id="81">healthcare</g> for the weaker sections of society. Infectious diseases which accounted for most of the disease burden 25 years ago have been substantially reduced through mass immunization and vaccination programs and use of other appropriate treatments. Huge strides have been taken in public health in India due to <g class="gr_ gr_111 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="111" data-gr-id="111">effectiveness</g> of such quality programs. <g class="gr_ gr_82 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="82" data-gr-id="82">Small pox</g> was eliminated in 2014 and India achieved polio-free status in 2014. Maternal and <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="83" data-gr-id="83">neo natal</g> tetanus was eliminated by August 2015.</p>
<p>Even though massive vaccination programs in India have been successful, research says the immunization coverage has only been 65% again putting it out of reach of the ones who probably need it the most. With the introduction of new vaccines and programs like Mission Indradhanush, India rightly aims to increase the immunization coverage to 90% in <g class="gr_ gr_98 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="98" data-gr-id="98">next</g> few years.</p>
<p>Tax deductions for research and development in the pharmaceutical industry and protective regime of favorable Intellectual Property (IP) laws have been instrumental in developing India as a major global player in the generic drugs industry. This has mainly helped in increasing access to low-cost <g class="gr_ gr_102 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="102" data-gr-id="102">life saving</g> drugs to poor patients, not only in India but many other developing and least developed countries of Asia and Africa as well. However, <g class="gr_ gr_101 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="101" data-gr-id="101">government</g> needs to continuously safeguard against attempts by strong pharmaceutical lobbies in first world countries to arm twist us into changing our successful and WTO compliant IP regime.</p>
<p>Another way to ensure better health facilities for the &lsquo;have-nots&rsquo; is by increasing penetration of health insurance in our country. Rashtriya Swathya Bima Yojana (RSBY) that provides for cashless health insurance at authorized private hospitals for below poverty line families and unorganized sector is one such scheme. <g class="gr_ gr_119 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="119" data-gr-id="119">Similarly</g> other <g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="86" data-gr-id="86"><g class="gr_ gr_117 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="117" data-gr-id="117">state</g> run</g> health insurance schemes for central and state government employees, tax incentives announced in Budget 2015-16 related to health insurance etc. are also right steps in this direction. Such schemes if properly implemented can go a long way in bringing quality <g class="gr_ gr_85 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="85" data-gr-id="85">healthcare</g> within reach for all.</p>
<p><g class="gr_ gr_121 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="121" data-gr-id="121">However</g> one side effect of these schemes has been the medical overuse crisis in India. A media report shows that between 2009 and 2015, number of surgeries conducted under government health welfare schemes has shot up remarkably. Surgeries like C-sections, hysterectomies and other emergency surgeries are being performed with abandon and without caring about their side effects on patients. This can potentially lead to a situation in India where the poor have access to complex surgeries but not to basic primary health care. Therefore while the government needs to increase oversight over implementation of its health welfare schemes, at the same time there needs to be a realization that health insurance schemes can only supplement a robust public health setup and not be a substitute for it.</p>
<p>Therefore good health is not only a fundamental right but also a necessity for India in order to augment its human resources capability to emerge as a developed nation. Presently healthcare in India is lagging behind on accessibility, affordability as well as quality especially for the <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="91" data-gr-id="91">socio-economically</g> marginalized sections of its society. India cannot merely rely on the private sector to provide healthcare to the &lsquo;have-nots&rsquo; neither is merely relying on expanding penetration of health insurance a solution. India will need to learn from its own successes in public health intervention in the form of mass immunization programs and its success against a number of infectious diseases. If the poor are to be saved from the vicious circle of poverty and poor health feeding upon each other, focus needs to shift to preventive and curative treatments against non-communicable diseases in the public health sector. India needs to at least double its investment in public health facilities and in the overall health sector as a percentage of its GDP. The availability of medicines and doctors and <g class="gr_ gr_144 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="144" data-gr-id="144">accessibility</g> to public health centers by opening up new hospitals in rural areas needs to be increased. Such investment will provide tremendous <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="92" data-gr-id="92">long term</g> returns for India not only by increasing <g class="gr_ gr_143 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="143" data-gr-id="143">productivity</g> of its workforce and hence that of the nation but also via savings in the healthcare expenses. Only with a world-class health setup that leaves no one behind, can India fulfill its constitutional obligation of ensuring Right to Life in a substantive manner as well as take a leap towards truly earning its place among the developed nations!</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/model-essays/the-focus-of-healthcare-is-increasingly-getting-skewed-towards-the -haves-of-our-society'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (26th July 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Nilgiri Mountain Railway</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one of the five hill railways in India. Apart from NMR, the other four include Darjeeling Himalayan Railways (West Bengal); Kalka-Shimla Hill Railway (Himachal Pradesh); Kangra Valley Railway (Himachal Pradesh); and the Matheran Light Railway (Maharashtra).</li>
<li>The Mountain Railway of India is included in the UNESCO&rsquo;s list of World Heritage Sites.</li>
<li>To increase tourist footfall, the southern railway is putting in efforts to refurbish a 25-year old coach (NMR-87), with world-class facilities without its heritage value being compromised.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UNESCO's World Heritage Sites</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity.</li>
<li>This is embodied in an international treaty called the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972.</li>
<li>The World Heritage Fund provides about US$4 million annually to support activities to preserve monuments that require international assistance.</li>
<li>The World Heritage Committee allocates funds according to the urgency of requests, priority being given to the most threatened sites.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, KVIC has applied for registration of &ldquo;Khadi&rdquo; as a Word Mark and &ldquo;Khadi India&rdquo; as a Trade Mark in the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Act at the National Level.</li>
<li>It has also filed an online application for registering &ldquo;Khadi&rdquo; as a trademark under International bureau in European Union and other countries.</li>
<li>KVIC is a statutory body established by Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956.<br />It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.</li>
<li>Its objectives are to provide employment, produce saleable articles and create strong and self-reliant rural community.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Trademark</strong> (popularly known as brand name) in layman&rsquo;s language is a visual symbol which may be a word signature, name, device, label, numerals or combination of colours used by one undertaking on goods or services or other articles of commerce to distinguish it from other similar goods or services originating from a different undertaking.</p>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Wordmark</strong> is a type of trademark which can be words letters or numerals. A wordmark gives the proprietor a right only in the word, letter or numerical. No right is sought with respect to the representation of the mark.</p>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Cabotage Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government has relaxed Cabotage rule for movement of cotton from Gujarat to Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>Cabotage is a term of maritime law. It refers to transit of a vessel along the coast of a nation for the purpose of <g class="gr_ gr_42 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="42" data-gr-id="42">trade</g> from one port to another within the territorial limits of that nation.</li>
<li>The Cabotage policy in India is governed under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-july-2018'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Underground Lake Found on Mars',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Using a radar instrument on an orbiting spacecraft, scientists have spotted a sizable salt-laden lake under <g class="gr_ gr_19 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="19" data-gr-id="19">ice</g> on the southern polar plain of Mars.<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/4493508 mars.jpg" width="248" height="176" style="float: right;" caption="false" data-pagespeed-url-hash="3117003418" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">It represents the first stable body of liquid water ever found on Mars.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The body of water has been called a possible habitat for microbial life.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The reservoir is roughly 20 km in diameter, shaped like a rounded triangle and located about 1.5 km beneath the ice surface.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">If confirmed, the buried pocket of water could answer a few questions about where Mars&rsquo;s ancient oceans went, as well as provide a resource for future human settlements.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Moreover, such a feature may be an ideal habitat for extraterrestrial life-forms.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">However, the researchers have said, it could take years to verify whether something is actually living in this body of water that resembles a subglacial lake on Earth.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg" p="">Note:
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">The evidence comes from an instrument called MARSIS aboard the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft in orbit around the Red Planet. MARSIS is a special kind of radar called ground-penetrating radar.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Ground-penetrating radars use radio signals that are capable of penetrating into the ground and then get reflections from the material under the surface.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Such radars are useful when searching for liquid water because water is a very strong radar reflector.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/underground-lake-found-on-mars'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Compensation Scheme Must Cover Child Victims: SC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court has said that the Compensation Scheme for Women Victims/Survivors of Sexual Assault/Other Crimes-2018, proposed by the National Legal Services Authority should include child victims of sexual assault as well.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme can be a source of financial solace for victims of sex crimes and acid attacks during court trial.</li>
<li>The court has stressed upon the implementation of the scheme in letter and spirit by all states and union territories of the country.</li>
<li>Earlier, the Centre had told SC that it was finding it difficult to get the cooperation of states on the issue relating to disbursal of compensation to the victims of sexual assault under the Nirbhaya Fund.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>NOTE: Nirbhaya Fund was announced by the Centre in 2013 after the December 16, 2012 gangrape and murder case in Delhi to support the initiatives on women's safety across the country.</p>
</div>
<h3>Compensation Scheme for Women Victims/Survivors of Sexual Assault/Other Crimes-2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme proposes a uniform payment of Rs. 5 lakh to the maximum of Rs. 10 lakh to gang-rape survivors in any part of the country.</li>
<li>In the case of rape and unnatural sexual assault, the victim will get a minimum of Rs. 4 lakh and the maximum of Rs. 7 lakh.</li>
<li>The scheme also says that victim of acid attacks, in case of disfigurement of face, would get a minimum compensation of Rs 7 lakh, while the upper limit would be Rs 8 lakh.</li>
<li>The scheme also provides for the provision of setting up of Women Victims Compensation Fund from which the amount of compensation, as decided by the State Legal Services Authority or District Legal Services Authority, shall be paid to the women victim or her dependents.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg"><strong>NOTE: </strong>National Legal Services Authority
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The National Legal Services Authority was constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to fulfill the objectives of Article 39A and provide for free legal aid to the poor and weaker sections of the society.</li>
<li>The Chief Justice of India is the Patron-in-Chief and the second senior most Judge of Supreme Court of India is the Executive Chairman of the Authority.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/compensation-scheme-must-cover-child-victims-sc'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Optimum Utilization of Fly Ash',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, Ministry of Power has informed that ash produced by thermal power plants is being utilized in the manufacture of Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), fly ash bricks/blocks/tiles manufacturing, road embankment construction &amp; low lying area development, in agriculture as soil conditioner etc</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fly ash is the end product of combustion during the process of power generation in the coal-based thermal power plants.</li>
<li>Proper management of fly ash is important for not only the environment but for us also as the ash produced by the power plants occupies a lot of land space.</li>
<li>At present, 63% of the fly ash is being utilised in India but the target is for 100% utilisation of the fly ash.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Initiatives for Optimum Utilization of Fly Ash:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GST rates on fly ash and its products have been reduced to 5%.</li>
<li>ASH TRACK Mobile App has been launched by the Ministry of Power for better management of fly ash produced by thermal power plants.</li>
<li>Ash-park, for promoting fly ash-based product manufacturing units, has been developed and awareness programme for utilisation of fly ash and its products have been conducted.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg" p="">Note:
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&ldquo;ASHTRACK&rdquo; is a mobile-based application and a web portal for monitoring of fly ash generation and utilization data of Thermal Power Plants.</li>
<li>It provides an interface between fly ash producers (Thermal Power Plants) and potential ash users such as &ndash; road contractors, cement plants etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/optimum-utilization-of-fly-ash'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'SEBI Proposes using UPI to Reduce Public Issue Timeline',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, markets regulator SEBI has proposed introducing Unified Payments Interface (UPI) as an alternative payment option for retail investors buying shares in an initial public offer (IPO).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currently, retail investors either invest in an IPO through bank ASBA (Application Supported by Blocked Amount) or through broker ASBA, where the broker does the bidding and hands over the application form to the investors' bank.</li>
<li>The UPI system, however, will only be restricted to retail investors, while institutional investors and high net worth individuals (HNIs) will continue to use existing ASBA process because the maximum proposed limit for UPI transfers is only Rs 200,000.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">Note
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UPI is an instant payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), an entity regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It allows instant transfer of money between any two person's bank accounts using a payment address which uniquely identifies a person's bank account.</li>
<li>ASBA [Applications Supported by Blocked Amount] is a system of blocking the funds of applicants of IPOs in their respective accounts. This money is released to the Company only after the allotment, as per the extent of allotment made. The remaining amount is unblocked in the account.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The use of UPI mechanism would allow the investor to authorise blocking of funds for making an application, as is done using ASBA (Application Supported by Blocked Amount).</li>
<li>The move will help cut down the time taken between the closing of an IPO and listing of the equity shares from current six days to just three days, and also result in the reduction in manpower costs.</li>
<li>It will also do away with the physical movement of application forms.</li>
<li>ASBA had helped in reducing the timeline two years back from 12 days to 6 days. UPI could help in further bringing down the overall IPO timeline.</li>
<li>The unified payments interface (UPI) could be incorporated with the ASBA mechanism to further improve the efficiency of the (IPO) process.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sebi-proposes-using-upi-to-reduce-public-issue-timeline'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture – Gender Equality versus Religious Practices',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XNmWexKm6Bw" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<div class="border">
<p>Going against the century old practices at Sabarimala Temple in Kerala, which banned the entry of women between the age group 10 to 50, the Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court headed by CJI Dipak Misra has observed that the right to pray is a constitutional right and does not depend on laws. Further, it said that there is no concept of a private temple in a public place and therefore there could not be any discrimination on the basis of <strong>gender and physiology</strong>. This decision comes as a big boost to the feminist movement of the country.</p>
</div>
<h3>Arguments for the Entry of Women</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender equality or the equality of all citizens,</strong> irrespective to which sex he/she belongs, has been clearly stated in the <strong>Article 14</strong> of the constitution of India. The ancient practice is against the constitutional mandate.</li>
<li>The entry prohibition takes away woman&rsquo;s right against discrimination guaranteed under <strong>Article 15(1)</strong> of the Constitution. It curtails her <strong>religious freedom to practice,</strong> assured by <strong>Article 25(1)</strong>.</li>
<li>Prohibition of women&rsquo;s entry to the shrine <strong>solely on the basis of womanhood and biological features</strong> associated with womanhood is derogatory to women, which <strong>Article 51A(e)</strong> aims to renounce.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The managerial rights of religious authorities under <strong>Article 26(b)</strong> of the Constitution cannot override individual women's religious freedom guaranteed under <strong>Article 25(1)</strong>. Hence the argument of autonomy of religious authorities falls flat.</li>
<li><strong>Article 25(2)(b)</strong> enables the state &ldquo;(to provide)<strong> for social welfare and reform</strong> or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of the Hindus.&rdquo; &nbsp;In such case the state ought to have brought an appropriate legislation to facilitate the constitutional direction.</li>
<li>The ban on the entry of women of certain age groups was violative of various fundamental <strong>rights including Article 17</strong> which deals with untouchability.</li>
<li>Besides the <strong>gender inequality argument,</strong> the <strong>idea of individual liberty</strong> is also at stake here. <strong>Monopolisation of religious rights by a few,</strong> under the guise of management of religious institutions, corrupts the idea of individual liberty.</li>
<li><strong>From the societal point</strong> of view such regressive practices in any sphere would inevitably constrict the natural development of human potential.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arguments Against the Entry of Women</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Religion and social practices are interlinked.</strong> So the prohibition of entry of women should not be seen as a gender inequality issue, but as a <strong>religious practice which has been followed by the people since ages</strong>. Such religious rituals should not be tampered with.</li>
<li>Certain religious practices and myths are passed from one generation to the other so that a <strong>particular deity or a god is remembered in its original avatar</strong>. Hence, effort should be made to maintain the authenticity of such belief system.</li>
<li>There are certain practices and beliefs that should be left to <strong>the better judgment of the religious bodies and they should be given the full liberty in how they want to look at it</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Article 26</strong> of the constitution states that every religious denomination has the fundamental right to manage religious affairs. Consequently, the religious bodies are within their rights to pass such directions.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>region specific religious issue</strong> and should not be blown out of proportion by dragging it into a larger debate.</li>
<li>Sabarimala temple ought to be seen as an institution where only males are allowed. Just like there are boy&rsquo;s schools and girl&rsquo;s school.</li>
<li>Another important point is <strong>that there is no &ldquo;god&rdquo; inside the Sabarimala temple</strong>. What is present inside the temple is a &ldquo;deity&rdquo;. A deity is a <strong>socio-cultural energy centre</strong> and on the other hand &ldquo;god&rdquo; is universal. Hence, a <strong>deity is a legal entity,</strong> and being so its rights are protected by constitution privileges.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>First and foremost, the temple entry issue is a debate between the <strong>subscription of the age old myths and beliefs</strong> and <strong>eradication of such practices that does not synchronise harmoniously with the developing time</strong>. Since the Supreme Court is the final arbiter in the issue it has to handle the issue delicately.</li>
<li>Discrimination of women on the basis of <strong>gender and physiology is abhorrent</strong> and does not have any place in an egalitarian society.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drishti Inputs</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the issue regarding the entry of women inside the Sabarimala temple, a claim made on behalf of the religious authorities is that no woman has approached the court wishing to enter the Sabarimala temple. It is also said that even if the court rules in favour of women entry, Indian women will continue to respect the religious customs and restrict themselves from Sabarimala. This argument is misconceived. Historically, <strong>legal reforms usually precede socio-political change. Legal abolition of several antiquated practices such as&nbsp;Sati&nbsp;or untouchability did not witness a social transformation overnight.</strong> It took time for practices like Sati to vanish. Law very often stimulates a subsequent <strong>socio-cultural evolution</strong>.</li>
<li>Discriminating against women on the basis of <strong>menstruation is not only unscientific but characteristically derogatory</strong>. The social stigma associated with this natural process is <strong>embedded and consolidated</strong> by the religious authorities on the pretext of spiritual sanctions. 21st century does not permit such regressive trend.</li>
<li>On a larger spectrum, religious discrimination is practiced across various socio-political groups too. In many temples dalits are not allowed to enter. In the famous Jagannath Temple foreigners are not allowed nor people belonging to another faith. Such discrimination is pervasive and practised openly without the fear of law. A favourable judgment in Sabarimala temple case <strong>would set a precedent for judicial consideration of other similar issues</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-gender-equality-versus-religious-practices'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Changes That Will Change India',
			'catname' => 'Model Essays',
			'desc' => '<p><em><strong>&ndash;Sarmad Wani</strong></em></p>
<p>At the stroke of midnight hour August 15, <g class="gr_ gr_243 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="243" data-gr-id="243">1947</g> India did not rise to life and freedom. When our leaders self-congratulated themselves to have achieved &lsquo;freedom&rsquo;, nothing significant had changed at <g class="gr_ gr_242 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="242" data-gr-id="242">grass roots</g>, except that browns had replaced whites. The landless <g class="gr_ gr_250 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="250" data-gr-id="250">labour</g> working in mines continued his deplorable life under dominant caste contractors, the life of peasant drenched in sweat under the scorching sun reeled in misery as land reform failed miserably, and the <g class="gr_ gr_239 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="239" data-gr-id="239">stig-ma</g> of pollution still belonged to untouchables as Puranic literature ruled the hearts of &lsquo;Independent Indians&rsquo;.</p>
<p>The only thing that had changed after independence was that we got a dream. A dream of an egalitarian society guaranteeing social justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity to all its citizens. With the goal well laid out, it was left for future generations to draft plans to achieve final aim of social, economic, and political transformations. Today, our generation is fortunate enough to pick up the baton and chart solutions for 21st century resurgent, powerful yet backward India.</p>
<h3>Political Changes</h3>
<p>Today, India is suffering from a multitude of problems on many fronts. In <g class="gr_ gr_203 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="203" data-gr-id="203">political</g> realm, we witness a paradox. On one <g class="gr_ gr_212 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="212" data-gr-id="212">hand</g> we have accepted democracy as the best form of governance rejecting monarchy, colonialism; on the other, we find democracy being hijacked by <g class="gr_ gr_207 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="207" data-gr-id="207">elite</g> oligarchy, &lsquo;Avatar&rsquo; worship, and dynasty rule.</p>
<p>We must bring in at least <g class="gr_ gr_228 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="228" data-gr-id="228">20 year</g> cooling off period before which close kin of a retired party leader cannot inherit party leadership. We should also amend the constitution prohibiting one candidate from getting elected more than twice to <g class="gr_ gr_222 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="222" data-gr-id="222">post</g> of Prime Minister as is followed in mature democracies like the U.S.A. We should also make it mandatory for new entrants in politics to first contest local level elections before contesting for Assembly or Parliament as is applicable in any other profession where one has to start from bottom to gain skills and expertise enough to run a responsible position. In a representative democracy, political parties are meant to serve people <g class="gr_ gr_225 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="225" data-gr-id="225">not</g> individuals.</p>
<p>Another crisis faced by our political setup is the rampant criminalization of <g class="gr_ gr_235 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="235" data-gr-id="235">politics .</g> Association for Democratic Reforms(ADR) reports that 188 out of 543 16th Lok Sabha members (about 34%) have criminal cases against them, many of which are of serious nature like murder, rioting, etc. Representation of People Act, 1951 should be amended to disallow political parties from giving tickets to candidates who have serious criminal charges filed against them at least 6 months prior to elections and where <g class="gr_ gr_230 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="230" data-gr-id="230">court</g> has accepted the <g class="gr_ gr_229 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="229" data-gr-id="229">chargesheet</g>.</p>
<p>In addition to this, Political Parties should usher a <g class="gr_ gr_215 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="215" data-gr-id="215">merit based</g> system like any other professionally run organization by adhering to tools like Right to Information Act (2005), (as also recommended by Chief Information Commissioner), internal elections, etc. This will not just attract young talent but also develop quality standards and future benchmarks of good governance which unfortunately are absent in present political setup.</p>
<p>Finally, no democracy prospers without an active citizenry. People get the leader they deserve. Contemporary falling political standards are simply a reflection of our social and moral degradation. Selling votes in exchange of bill payments, loan waivers, money or liquor reflects the path our democracy has embarked to soon turn into &lsquo;mobocracy&rsquo;. The spirit of stakeholder mentality needs to be rekindled in them. Although steps like NOTA (None Of The Above) were introduced to bring this change, they lacked substance and was seen more as <g class="gr_ gr_211 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="211" data-gr-id="211">waste</g> of vote by people. Hence, NOTA should be given more powers like re-polling to take place in the constituency where NOTA has more votes than any of the candidates.</p>
<h3>Administrative Changes</h3>
<p>No political setup can be successful without an effective, efficient administrative machinery which is able to translate vision into reality. A socialistic ambition, as pure and well-intentioned it may be, is ineffective if it is not complemented <g class="gr_ gr_185 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="185" data-gr-id="185">with</g> managerial efficiency i.e. the &lsquo;how&rsquo; of governance.</p>
<p>Although various commissions have provided solutions to reform administrative machinery, they have not been implemented in spirit by different governments of the day. These reforms - structural, procedural, attitudinal, and psychological <g class="gr_ gr_174 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="174" data-gr-id="174">are as</g> under.:</p>
<h4><strong>Procedural Reforms</strong></h4>
<p><strong>Sensitivity training:</strong> For example: In Jan Maitri project, introduced by Kerela Police Department policemen are shown visuals of common man&rsquo;s desperation in their training period.</p>
<p><strong>Lateral entries:</strong> For example. Appointing Sam Pitroda, Nandan Nilekani type, out of the box thinkers from <g class="gr_ gr_175 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="175" data-gr-id="175">private</g> sector who can think globally and act locally.</p>
<p><strong>Quantified Performance measurement benchmarks and Objective Appraisals:</strong> e.g. <g class="gr_ gr_263 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="263" data-gr-id="263">360 degree</g> appraisals which <g class="gr_ gr_261 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="261" data-gr-id="261">values</g> consumer feedback and subordinate opinion as well. ACR be replaced with APAR which unlike ACR is <g class="gr_ gr_264 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="264" data-gr-id="264">non confidential</g> and aims at <g class="gr_ gr_260 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="260" data-gr-id="260">hand</g> holding subordinates rather than &lsquo;controlling&rsquo; them.</p>
<h4><br /><strong>Structural Reforms</strong></h4>
<p><strong>One stop grievance redressal mechanism:</strong> For e.g. Aayakar Sewa Kendras bought in by Income Tax department.</p>
<p><strong>Digitization of procedures:</strong> Implementing ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning like SAP). This Business Process <g class="gr_ gr_182 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="182" data-gr-id="182">Re Engineering</g> will result in quick, holistic, informed decision making that too in real time. It can track business resources&mdash; cash, raw materials, production capacity and the status of service delivery</p>
<p><strong>Citizen Participation in Governance:</strong> Regular Jan Sabhas, Social Audits, will bring in transparency, innovative and targeted solutions, stakeholder mentality <g class="gr_ gr_178 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="178" data-gr-id="178">where in</g> people don&rsquo;t consider themselves as passive beneficiaries but as active contributors.</p>
<h4><strong>Legal Reforms</strong></h4>
<p>Amend Article 311 of the constitution that gives enormous discretion, immunity to civil servants.</p>
<p>Have a <g class="gr_ gr_149 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="149" data-gr-id="149">mid career</g> examination and performance review. Poor performers should be allowed to leave. No officer has the right to hold an office of public importance indefinitely just because he cleared some examination many years ago.</p>
<p>Strengthen &lsquo;Prevention of <g class="gr_ gr_146 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="146" data-gr-id="146">Corrutption</g> Act&rsquo;-1988, to include collusive corruption in it.</p>
<p>Streamline, <g class="gr_ gr_153 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="153" data-gr-id="153">rationalise</g> conduct rules. Revoke provisions of <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="148" data-gr-id="148">over regulation</g>. like <g class="gr_ gr_152 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="152" data-gr-id="152">requirement</g> for attestation from a gazetted officer, etc. as was rightfully accomplished recently.</p>
<p>Code of ethics would go a long way in building a motivated <g class="gr_ gr_139 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="139" data-gr-id="139">work force</g> in wake of an unpredictable, complex, changing environment.</p>
<p>All states should enact Lokayukta act in consonance with U.N. declaration against <g class="gr_ gr_142 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="142" data-gr-id="142">corruption</g> of which India is a signatory.</p>
<p>Form a Civil Service Board as in Maharashtra to reduce political interference in official appointments, promotions which will reduce nepotism, sycophancy, corruption in government.</p>
<h4><strong>Reforms in Bureaucratic Mindset</strong></h4>
<p>Officials should think of themselves as servants and not masters. For example. <g class="gr_ gr_133 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="133" data-gr-id="133">Julious</g> <g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="134" data-gr-id="134">Robero</g>, Kiran Bedi, Prakash Singh (all of them President award winners).</p>
<p>Build qualities of empathy, kindness, courage to stand up against powerful lobbies. For e.g. Kautilya&rsquo;s vision of an ideal Sachiv(officer).</p>
<p>Our final aim should be less government and more governance. In words of Mr. Narayana Murthy-&ldquo;Indian Civil Service (ICS) was replaced by Indian Administrative Service (IAS) <g class="gr_ gr_135 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="135" data-gr-id="135">post independence</g>. Now <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="137" data-gr-id="137">time</g> has come when we replace Indian Administrative Service with Indian Management Service (IMS)&rdquo;.</p>
<h3>Changes In Economy And Business</h3>
<p>Apart from improving public service delivery, the <g class="gr_ gr_253 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="253" data-gr-id="253">above mentioned</g> reforms will also improve our Ease of Doing Business ranking which presently stands poorly at 130/189 as per <g class="gr_ gr_227 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="227" data-gr-id="227">World</g> Bank&rsquo;s Doing Business Report (2016). An informal discussion with an average Indian businessman will reveal <g class="gr_ gr_210 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="210" data-gr-id="210">difficulty</g> of doing business in India. As many functions in a business that many regulators are in govt &ndash; <g class="gr_ gr_241 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="241" data-gr-id="241">labour</g> inspections, emission watch by NGT, construction monitoring by <g class="gr_ gr_191 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="191" data-gr-id="191">muncipalities</g>, Forex regulations by RBI, equity market by SEBI, taxation by I.T, Sales tax <g class="gr_ gr_180 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="180" data-gr-id="180">dept</g>, CBEC<g class="gr_ gr_256 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="256" data-gr-id="256">,etc</g>, and so on. Furthermore, there are legal hurdles- delays in land acquisition, federal issues, fuel supply shortage, sluggish freight movement, poor infrastructure, no buyer&rsquo;s protection. In each of these <g class="gr_ gr_196 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="196" data-gr-id="196">sub <g class="gr_ gr_236 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="236" data-gr-id="236">sectors</g></g> we need a change. Labour Reforms from Rajasthan, <g class="gr_ gr_200 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="200" data-gr-id="200">time bound</g>, transparent land acquisition from Gujrat, reliable procurement of electricity as in Chattisgarh, robust credit supply as in Maharashtra, seamless mines to industry to market to consumer connectivity as in Gujarat west coast, <g class="gr_ gr_205 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="205" data-gr-id="205">one stop</g> clearances as in Telangana&rsquo;s innovative Right to Clearance, effective dispute resolution mechanism and minimum labour unrest as in Punjab. Solutions are scattered. <g class="gr_ gr_220 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="220" data-gr-id="220"><g class="gr_ gr_248 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="248" data-gr-id="248">Centre</g></g> should be a facilitator in integrating these dispersed solutions and fitting them as per local requirements. This will flourish Make in India campaign harnessing our demographic dividend and pushing us at par with China type economies.</p>
<p>Industrial reforms also mean venturing into new sunrise sectors, going beyond textiles, <g class="gr_ gr_189 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="189" data-gr-id="189">jewellery</g>, I.T <g class="gr_ gr_173 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="173" data-gr-id="173">and</g> finance<g class="gr_ gr_171 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation multiReplace" id="171" data-gr-id="171">,.</g> Sectors like Food Processing hold an immense potential as they have a forward and backward linkage impact benefitting farmers, consumers <g class="gr_ gr_177 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="177" data-gr-id="177">and</g> <g class="gr_ gr_163 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="163" data-gr-id="163">economy</g> as a whole. Similarly, Tourism, being <g class="gr_ gr_194 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="194" data-gr-id="194">labour</g> intensive, local, traditionally exposed, sector that too requiring minimum capital investment in a geographically gifted country like ours is a blessing we have not availed so far. Likewise, <g class="gr_ gr_166 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="166" data-gr-id="166">Education</g> sector <g class="gr_ gr_184 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="184" data-gr-id="184">too</g> holds a promise. India can create a cadre of &lsquo;Indian Education Service&rsquo; which will export teachers to the world capturing the minds of people into local tunes and this will be <g class="gr_ gr_161 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="161" data-gr-id="161">real</g> victory that no hard power can beat. India will restore its status of &lsquo;Jagat Guru&rsquo; once again, in post Asokan era as envisaged by Swami Vivekananda.</p>
<h3>Social And Lifestyle Changes</h3>
<p>&ldquo;<g class="gr_ gr_169 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="169" data-gr-id="169">A average</g> Indian is dissatisfied <g class="gr_ gr_226 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="226" data-gr-id="226">today</g>&rdquo; says the &lsquo;World Happiness Report&rsquo; (2016) published by Sustainable Development Solutions Network which ranks India at 118/158 countries. It lies below many <g class="gr_ gr_218 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="218" data-gr-id="218">war torn</g> nations like Palestine(108), Pakistan(81). etc. In common life we observe students unhappy about his college administration (FTII, NIT )a tenant un-happy about <g class="gr_ gr_172 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="172" data-gr-id="172">landlord</g>, citizens blaming politicians of corruption (IAC), and the chain is infinite. Post LPG, with <g class="gr_ gr_176 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="176" data-gr-id="176">permeation</g> of television, DTH, etc to farthermost corners, injection of consumerism in minds, etc. there has been <g class="gr_ gr_188 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="188" data-gr-id="188">rise</g> in desires in people which <g class="gr_ gr_197 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="197" data-gr-id="197">has</g> led to estrangement, jealousy, and self-centeredness. Happiness is lost in pursuit of overtaking one&rsquo;s <g class="gr_ gr_234 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="234" data-gr-id="234">neighbour</g> e.g. buying a longer car than his&rsquo;, <g class="gr_ gr_238 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="238" data-gr-id="238">pressurising</g> one&rsquo;s child to score more than his <g class="gr_ gr_244 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="244" data-gr-id="244">neighbours&rsquo;</g> child and similar demonstrative effects in other spheres of life. Common middle class Indian has turned into a money making robot lost somewhere between his office and home. Ironically, he still feels he is &lsquo;normal&rsquo;. There can be no cure without a diagnosis.</p>
<p>The solution to this conundrum lies &lsquo;within&rsquo; us. Reconnecting <g class="gr_ gr_145 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="145" data-gr-id="145">to</g> one&rsquo;s internal <g class="gr_ gr_147 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="147" data-gr-id="147">self was</g> the thought of this year&rsquo;s World Culture Festival in Delhi. Appreciating the smaller beauties of life- a child&rsquo;s smile, planting a tree, telling one&rsquo;s parents that you love them and your children that you will always stand by them. We should be sincere and not serious in our pursuit of life.</p>
<p>In our pursuit to reconnect with our innate self, no other country in the world has done research greater than India. In a <g class="gr_ gr_157 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="157" data-gr-id="157">world</g> fast breeding crime hatred, terrorism, restlessness, India is the peaceful future. But <g class="gr_ gr_158 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="158" data-gr-id="158">unfortunately</g> our own GenX is turning away from it. Therefore, to be prepared for future we need to regularly consult our past. We should develop confidence through school syllabus, familial values, social media, <g class="gr_ gr_165 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="165" data-gr-id="165">etc <g class="gr_ gr_164 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="164" data-gr-id="164">.</g></g><g class="gr_ gr_164 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style replaceWithoutSep" id="164" data-gr-id="164">For</g> <g class="gr_ gr_160 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="160" data-gr-id="160">example</g> Yoga in <g class="gr_ gr_150 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="150" data-gr-id="150">school</g> curriculum, World Culture Festival in Delhi, etc are cases in point. It also holds key to solving home-grown problems of Naxalism, terrorism, communalism, through peaceful means that would be sustainable and forge national unity. <em><strong></strong></em></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/model-essays/changes-that-will-change-india'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Can Capitalism Bring Inclusive Growth? ',
			'catname' => 'Model Essays',
			'desc' => '<p><em><strong>&ndash;Suneel Sheoran</strong></em></p>
<p>The recent Oxfam Report, 2016 has once again brought forth the debate on global inequality in light of its findings that the richest 1 <g class="gr_ gr_165 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="165" data-gr-id="165">per cent</g> of the world&rsquo;s population now own more than the rest of us combined. This debate on global inequality in contemporary times also raises a question mark on the ability of capitalism &ndash; the economic system predominantly being followed all over the world, barring a few exceptions, to deliver inclusive growth. Capitalism is an economic system believed to have been born in the aftermath of the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century Europe. It is based on private enterprise and private ownership of means of production like land, labor, capital etc. as compared to the economic system of Socialism, on the other end of the spectrum, which encourages public or state ownership of means of production. The producers belonging to the elite capitalist class are driven by the sole motive of profit. However, the system of capitalism has been criticized since its inception due to the exploitation of working class under horrible working conditions and low wages and for the very fact that it divides societies into classes of &lsquo;haves&rsquo; and &lsquo;have-nots&rsquo;. Its proponents have pointed towards ills of other economic systems and freedom of choice to encourage a <g class="gr_ gr_159 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="159" data-gr-id="159">laissez faire</g> system. However in light of the growing global economic inequality and poor standards of living even among sections of citizens in first world countries that have been following capitalism in spirit and law for centuries, certainly does raise a question on capitalism&rsquo;s flaws and its ability to deliver inclusive growth.</p>
<p>The concept of inclusive growth focuses on equitable growth for all sections of society. This involves ensuring that fruits of growth and development reach the poor and marginalized sections as well. Capitalism, with profit as <g class="gr_ gr_76 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="76" data-gr-id="76">sole</g> motive, at times fails to reach areas that require prioritization of social welfare i.e. working on a non-profit basis. For e.g. running of schools and hospitals in rural and underdeveloped areas, <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="78" data-gr-id="78">building</g> of public infrastructure like roads, rails etc. in rural areas etc. This leads to concentration of development works and industrialization led growth only in urban areas and hence creates regional inequality. Such regional inequality slowly turns into socio-economic inequality as well due to lack of meaningful employment opportunities in areas left out of the Capitalist development model and strikes at the very root of inclusive growth. <g class="gr_ gr_105 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="105" data-gr-id="105">Moreover</g> this increases urban migration leading to overcrowding and straining of public resources which in turn results in people living in miserable conditions.</p>
<p>In a race for delivering higher profits to owners, capitalist producers of goods and services compromise on payment of adequate wages and proper working conditions. For e.g. news reports of lack of payment of even minimum wages to laborers in certain sectors of <g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="88" data-gr-id="88">economy</g> like construction, textile etc. is not uncommon in India. Private firms loyal only to the shareholders don&rsquo;t feel inclined to share <g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="93" data-gr-id="93">wealth</g> with their employees. Resentment even among <g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="134" data-gr-id="134">middle class</g> employees regarding their long working hours and inadequate compensation <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="68" data-gr-id="68">in</g> also quite prevalent. For e.g. in view of the sixth and seventh pay commissions&rsquo; <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="128" data-gr-id="128">reports</g> <g class="gr_ gr_107 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="107" data-gr-id="107">many</g> educated <g class="gr_ gr_101 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="101" data-gr-id="101">youth</g> are contemplating switching to government jobs even if they may be deemed overqualified for such jobs and even if it entails forgoing the corporate sector perks. Such tendency of the corporate capitalist class to squeeze out the proverbial last dollar leads only to <g class="gr_ gr_98 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="98" data-gr-id="98">enrichment</g> of the already rich sections of society at the cost of the poor and middle class whose labor is undervalued.</p>
<p><br />Capitalism also attaches great importance to the idea of free and efficient markets to achieve growth and development. But, time and again, it has been seen that markets fail to allocate resources and fruits of growth efficiently and are rather skewed due to monopolistic or anti-competition practices and their <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="92" data-gr-id="92">short sighted</g> views on growth. For e.g. the Bombay Stock Exchange lost a number of points the day the Indian government announced&nbsp;its scheme for public food security. The markets hence failed to take a <g class="gr_ gr_103 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="103" data-gr-id="103">long term</g> view on growth by not recognizing that only a <g class="gr_ gr_149 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="149" data-gr-id="149">well fed</g> population can lead to holistic and sustainable growth for all. <g class="gr_ gr_141 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="141" data-gr-id="141">Instead</g> the free market proponents chose to pressurize <g class="gr_ gr_109 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="109" data-gr-id="109">government</g> to take back its social-welfare program. The markets, moreover, driven with the sole aim of profit have frequently led the world into economic crisis accompanied by fall in employment rates and growth rates affecting the marginalized sections of developing and least developed economies the worst due to their greater vulnerability. This further serves only to widen the global inequality and the gap between the &lsquo;haves&rsquo; and &lsquo;have-nots&rsquo;. For e.g. the 2007-08 subprime crisis, though originated in <g class="gr_ gr_123 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="123" data-gr-id="123">USA</g> due to uninhibited greed and unethical practices of investment banks, soon engulfed the entire world economy leading to <g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="127" data-gr-id="127">fall</g> in growth rates across the globe. But the bailout package of developed world economies ensured that the capitalist class largely remained unaffected even though the middle class and marginalized sections suffered due to <g class="gr_ gr_117 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="117" data-gr-id="117">economic</g> slowdown.</p>
<p>Therefore capitalism has a number of shortcomings in its implementation and is not necessarily serving the purpose of inclusive growth. But, can the system be regulated and tweaked so as to promote greater inclusion and equitable growth? Capitalists themselves have come to realize that sustained high rates of growth leading to wealth generation for all are possible only when there is greater purchasing power in hands of the consumer. Companies have come to realize that a happy employee means a better bottom line. This has meant gradually paying higher wages and improving working conditions for workers. Along with stricter government regulations on labor laws, this has brought in drastic improvement in workers&rsquo; conditions when compared to the days of industrial revolution.</p>
<p>The focus on private enterprise for the sole motive of profit <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="83" data-gr-id="83">maybe</g> responsible for a number of ills as discussed but it can also <g class="gr_ gr_129 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="129" data-gr-id="129">leads</g> to greater efficiency. This heightened efficiency and enterprise <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation replaceWithoutSep" id="148" data-gr-id="148">in turn</g> <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="137" data-gr-id="137">boosts</g> economic production, employment opportunities, wealth generation and GDP growth rates leading to better living standards and pulling millions out of poverty. For e.g. before the economic liberalization of the 90&rsquo;s Indian economy was a closed one with the public sector controlling most of the economy. The lackadaisical work culture that it promoted coupled with regressive economic policies of the then governments almost led <g class="gr_ gr_132 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="132" data-gr-id="132">Indian</g> economy to the verge of bankruptcy. <g class="gr_ gr_152 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="152" data-gr-id="152">However</g> since economic liberalization that opened up Indian economy for <g class="gr_ gr_115 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="115" data-gr-id="115">private</g> sector and limited the role of <g class="gr_ gr_120 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="120" data-gr-id="120">public</g> sector to only certain areas, <g class="gr_ gr_125 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="125" data-gr-id="125">Indian</g> economy has grown at a rapid pace and is today not only the fastest growing economy in the world but also the world&rsquo;s third largest economy by purchasing power parity. Though it has created a class of super-rich Indians, it has also pulled millions out of poverty. Between 2004 and 2012, India reduced its poverty levels by approximately 15 percentage points, in the process pulling a staggering 20 million Indians out of poverty per year.</p>
<p><g class="gr_ gr_133 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="133" data-gr-id="133">However</g> this success story of Indian economy would not have been possible without effective government control via regulations that ensured that the wealth so generated reached all sections of society either directly via the &lsquo;trickle down&rsquo; effect or via its numerous social welfare programs. Therefore the malaise of wealth in only a few hands in capitalism can be corrected by the government stepping in to have a system of taxation that promotes economic equality, encouraging entrepreneurship and setting up venture capital funds to support entrepreneurs from the lower socio-economic strata; running social welfare programs that ensure substantive equality of opportunity by providing affordable quality education and health services. For e.g. Government of India recognizes this responsibility and hence to encourage entrepreneurship among marginalized sections of society and enhance socio-economic equality, it has started &lsquo;Start-Up India&rsquo;. Enhancing equality of opportunity in order to counter the capitalism induced inequality also requires the government to ensure access to quality infrastructure necessary for running <g class="gr_ gr_113 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="113" data-gr-id="113">business</g> &ndash; both public infrastructure as well as digital infrastructure which is increasingly becoming <g class="gr_ gr_121 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="121" data-gr-id="121">lifeline</g> of today&rsquo;s economy.</p>
<p>Therefore, capitalism as an economic system has a number of problems that have resulted in growing global socio-economic inequality. Issues like low wages, poor working conditions, regionally concentrated development, enrichment of only a particular class and blind faith in <g class="gr_ gr_97 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="97" data-gr-id="97">efficiency</g> of markets result in a skewed growth model that goes against the concept of inclusive growth. This leads to rising social unrest and raises <g class="gr_ gr_106 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="106" data-gr-id="106">question</g> mark on the very concept of capitalism delivering inclusive growth. However while the system of capitalism has its flaws, regulated by a government that works on social welfare model, capitalism can lead to improved efficiency in enterprise, enhance private investments and can boost economic production while at the same time raising the capital necessary for a government to run its social schemes for the betterment of the poor and the marginalized. For e.g. the Scandinavian countries have followed the capitalist mode with a strong regulatory regime and social welfare which led to praiseworthy results. <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="79" data-gr-id="79">Inequality adjusted</g> HDI regularly rank Scandinavian Countries like Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland among the top ten countries. This shows that the model of capitalism can be made to deliver inclusive growth provided the governments and civil societies across the world know how to tame the beast!</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/model-essays/can-capitalism-bring-inclusive-growth'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'National Identity and Patriotism',
			'catname' => 'Model Essays',
			'desc' => '<p><em><strong>&ndash;Preeti Kumari</strong></em></p>
<p>A nation is formed by the set of people who inhabit a certain geographical landmass, are a part of a consolidated political unit, have shared rights and duties, follow a common legal system and so on. But more than all of this, a nation is an expression of people&rsquo;s ideas and aspirations. These ideas have originated, condensed, changed, evolved, lost and re-gained prominence over tens of centuries and so have the geographical boundaries and the political systems associated with them. These very ideas and aspirations of people are expressed in the various symbols and rituals which a nation chooses for itself as its motifs. The internalization of <g class="gr_ gr_106 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="106" data-gr-id="106">and</g> identification with these symbols and rituals <g class="gr_ gr_131 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="131" data-gr-id="131">constitutes</g> what is called as <g class="gr_ gr_130 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="130" data-gr-id="130">national</g> identity at the level of political or even in day to day parlance. The respect, admiration <g class="gr_ gr_132 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="132" data-gr-id="132">and</g> loyalty towards these symbols and rituals, which are in turn representation of the nation- its people, is what is called patriotism.</p>
<p>National identity, although a collective idea, yet can be read as the most important of the multiple identities an individual subscribes to in contemporary times. It has played an immense role in <g class="gr_ gr_153 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="153" data-gr-id="153">evolution</g> of the social and the political world as it looks today. Meanwhile, patriotism has been the driving force <g class="gr_ gr_110 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="110" data-gr-id="110">in <g class="gr_ gr_156 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="156" data-gr-id="156">formation</g></g>, articulation <g class="gr_ gr_159 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="159" data-gr-id="159">and</g> assertion of the national identity. Therefore an essay&nbsp;on &lsquo;National Identity and Patriotism&rsquo; becomes not only an exercise at comprehending the wider meanings and ramifications of these terms but is also an attempt to look at the debates surrounding these terms in our history and present times. In this process, we have to look at the various theories regarding their origin, <g class="gr_ gr_154 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="154" data-gr-id="154">story</g> of their growth and conflicting prophecies about their probable future in a <g class="gr_ gr_160 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="160" data-gr-id="160">globalised</g> and <g class="gr_ gr_111 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="111" data-gr-id="111">technology driven</g> world. As such this essay also offers a chance to meditate upon the lessons from history and possibilities for <g class="gr_ gr_158 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="158" data-gr-id="158">future</g> from the perspective of the present.</p>
<p>National identity derives itself from the idea of <g class="gr_ gr_206 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep gr-progress" id="206" data-gr-id="206">Nation-State</g>. Nation-Sate themselves have their own history. While there are various theories regarding the origins of Nation-States, it is generally agreed upon that the bases of the Modern Nation States were laid after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. It led to the formation of <g class="gr_ gr_202 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="202" data-gr-id="202">Classical</g> Nation States of Northern and Western Europe. It also laid the foundation for the growth of Nationalism. This ultimately led to <g class="gr_ gr_207 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="207" data-gr-id="207">formation</g> and consolidation of <g class="gr_ gr_204 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="204" data-gr-id="204">Second</g> generation of <g class="gr_ gr_203 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="203" data-gr-id="203">Nation</g> States such as Italy, Germany, and countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The process of decolonization in the aftermath of Second World War saw the emergence of <g class="gr_ gr_205 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="205" data-gr-id="205">third</g> generation of nation-states in the African and Asian&nbsp;Continents. The process of the formation of Nation-States continued till the end of <g class="gr_ gr_208 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="208" data-gr-id="208">20th</g> century when several new nations emerged in the aftermath of the decline and disintegration of USSR. The emergence of Kosovo in South-Eastern Europe and Southern Sudan in Africa highlight the fact that the process of Nation-Formation is still on, even in the 21st century.</p>
<p>The history of <g class="gr_ gr_117 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="117" data-gr-id="117">origin</g> of National identity illustrates the importance of political events in the formation or emergence of modern nation-states. But that politics itself has been a derivative of <g class="gr_ gr_118 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="118" data-gr-id="118">interplay</g> of diverse factors. National identity as such seems to be a superset of a combination of factors which include linguistic identities, regional loyalties, culture, religion <g class="gr_ gr_119 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="119" data-gr-id="119">and</g> history.</p>
<p>Linguistic identities have been a feature of several demands of national self-determination. The wave of Nationalism in Europe in <g class="gr_ gr_163 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="163" data-gr-id="163">18th</g> and 19th century and the more recent struggle for and foundation of Bangladesh was largely based upon this very premise. One Nation-One Language was also mooted as the idea for the basis of national identity largely based upon the European experience. <g class="gr_ gr_167 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="167" data-gr-id="167">Similarly</g> regional or ethnic identities have also acted as <g class="gr_ gr_164 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="164" data-gr-id="164">foundation</g> of national identities. The disintegration of USSR into multiple nation states was seen as the culmination of the struggle for&nbsp;freedom of diverse groups that were ethnically diverse. The making and remaking of various African boundaries <g class="gr_ gr_165 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="165" data-gr-id="165">is</g> also seen as the result of the assertion of ethnic identities as separate national identity.</p>
<p>Culture has also served as the bedrock of various nationalisms. The diversity of cultures has been seen as a challenge to the formation of a strong singular national identity. This line of argumentation also spilled over to religious identity as well. Religion was used as the basis for the two nation theory which led to the partition of United India into India and Pakistan. The modern state of Israel is also an example of the formation of National identity on the basis of an imagined coherence between Culture and Religion on one hand and Nation-State on the other.</p>
<p>All or any of these identities are given the form of National identity with the help of history. It is <g class="gr_ gr_138 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="138" data-gr-id="138">history</g> of the Nation which gives legitimacy to national identity and assertion of sovereignty by that nation. Renan has even sarcastically remarked that &lsquo;Getting its history wrong is part of being a nation&rsquo;. This is the reason all nations try to trace their history to a hoary past. Failure of being able to discover or forge one&rsquo;s history is seen as an existential question mark constantly lurking upon its national identity.</p>
<p>Benedict Anderson has famously theorized that &lsquo;Nation is an imagined community. It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion<g class="gr_ gr_114 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation multiReplace" id="114" data-gr-id="114">....</g>Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined&rsquo;. Ultimately it is the width and depth of the imagination of this community which decides the course of a nation. A country like India, with multiple and diverse linguistic,&nbsp;religious and ethnic identities could claim to be a nation only because of the inclusiveness and tolerance that has been its hallmark <g class="gr_ gr_126 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="126" data-gr-id="126">since</g> centuries.</p>
<p>When various groups feel assured that their identities would not be threatened, but will actually flourish in the idea or imagination of a nation, only then a diverse but united nation like India can sustain and grow. Only an inclusive imagination can breed patriots, since exclusivity breeds division, secession and war. As such Patriotism is not only a display of love and a deep sense of affection for one&rsquo;s country; it is also a feeling of pride. Rabindranath Tagore often used a term &lsquo;Deshabhimaan&rsquo; as a synonym for this word in his works which aptly captures one of the dimensions of this word.</p>
<p>National identity and Patriotism gives a sense of belonging to an individual in the world. It helps a person feel the presence of an extended family around him. <g class="gr_ gr_188 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="188" data-gr-id="188">Naturally</g> the actions guided by such a philosophy will lead to <g class="gr_ gr_183 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="183" data-gr-id="183">betterment</g> of a society and progress of the country. It is sometimes wrongly assumed that patriotism is love for one&rsquo;s country at the cost of others. <g class="gr_ gr_189 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="189" data-gr-id="189">Actually</g> such line of thinking stems from <g class="gr_ gr_184 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="184" data-gr-id="184">crude</g> understanding of the idea of National Identity and Patriotism. India has a guiding&nbsp;philosophy of &lsquo;Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam&rsquo; i.e. <g class="gr_ gr_185 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="185" data-gr-id="185">whole</g> world is my family. Only such understanding of patriotism can bring peace and prosperity to the country as well as the world.</p>
<p>Apart from that, excessive pride in a national identity and display of Patriotism may acquire the form of &lsquo;<g class="gr_ gr_102 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="102" data-gr-id="102">ultra nationalism</g>&rsquo; and jingoism. <g class="gr_ gr_343 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="343" data-gr-id="343">Ultra&nbsp;nationalism</g> inevitably turns exclusionary in nature and hence leads not to the assertion but <g class="gr_ gr_150 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="150" data-gr-id="150">disintegration</g> of national unity and ultimately identity. <g class="gr_ gr_155 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="155" data-gr-id="155">Similarly</g> jingoism, by constantly falling back upon the idea of <g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="104" data-gr-id="104">ultra nationalism</g> when faced with any issue or problem of past/present,&nbsp;vitiates the community atmosphere and starts imposing restrictions upon any free speech or dissent. Such extremism leads only to great destruction as exemplified several times in history by various totalitarian regimes such as those of Hitler and Mussolini. One should always keep in mind what Edward R. Murrow, an American journalist said in <g class="gr_ gr_152 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="152" data-gr-id="152">context</g> of USA during one of the most volatile phases of Cold War. He said &lsquo;We must not confuse dissent with disloyalty. When the loyal opposition dies, I think the soul of the nation dies with it.&rsquo;</p>
<p>The turn of 20th century was seen as a challenge to the age of Nations, as it has been popularly referred to in the parlance of social sciences, due to unhindered rise of globalization, emergence of multinational companies with their revenues several times the GDP of several countries, and the age of internet which connected the world more than ever before. There was also a faction of scholars that saw it as approaching &lsquo;clash of civilizations&rsquo; where multiple national or other identities are bound to engage in a clash, in order to emerge as the superior-most among all.</p>
<p>However, both <g class="gr_ gr_177 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="177" data-gr-id="177">prophesies</g> can be seen to be missing the mark. The globalization has not only brought the world closer than ever, it has also sensitized people towards their own identities. It has taught the world to be more appreciative of the diversity of cultures, thoughts <g class="gr_ gr_175 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="175" data-gr-id="175">and</g> nationalities. The demands for more apt representation from different parts of the world at United Nations and the recent reforms at International Monetary Fund (IMF) aimed at <g class="gr_ gr_173 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="173" data-gr-id="173">better</g> representation of emerging nations at the international platform are two examples of the above phenomenon. Similarly, the increased contact between the various identities is not leading to any clash of civilizations but, in fact, has resulted in globally coordinated efforts to contain such clashes. Foundation of various&nbsp;international forums and signing of various trans-national treaties to engage with issues of security, energy <g class="gr_ gr_176 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="176" data-gr-id="176">and</g> environmental concerns are cases in point. The visionary project of Inter-national Solar Alliance (ISA) launched by our Prime minister is an example of how multiple nations are coordinating in the contemporary <g class="gr_ gr_178 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="178" data-gr-id="178">globalised</g> world to strike a balance between the global concerns of climate change and pressing national energy security concerns.</p>
<p>Towards <g class="gr_ gr_194 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="194" data-gr-id="194">conclusion</g>, it can be said that National identity and patriotism&nbsp;are deeply humane terminologies. They represent the urge of the humankind to be a part of the collective and contribute meaningfully and loyally to it. Krishna says in Gita, that <strong>there are multiple paths to the same truth</strong>. Similarly, there may be more than one ways of not only subscribing to a national identity but also of displaying the patriotism towards one&rsquo;s country. One must always be ready and vigilant to defend one&rsquo;s national prestige but must not enforce one&rsquo;s own ideas and ideals of national identity and patriotism upon everyone else. The essence of National identity and patriotism, in a country like India, can be best summed up in the lines of the Ancient Philosopher Sun Tzu, who said</p>
<p><em>&ldquo;There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.</em></p>
<p><em>There are not more than five primary colours, yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever been seen.</em></p>
<p><em>There are not more than five cardinal tastes, yet combinations of them yield more flavours than can ever be tasted.&rdquo;</em></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Analysing the New Anti-Trafficking Bill ',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p><em>This article is based on the opinion piece published in Livemint &ldquo;Anti-trafficking Bill may lead to censorship&rdquo; and contains inputs from various other sources as well.<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/522StopHumanTrafficking.png" width="832" height="232" style="border-style: solid;" caption="false" data-pagespeed-url-hash="727592791" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></em></p>
<p>Human trafficking is one of the major concerns of the 21st century that has taken to rapid growth due to the advent of free movement and free trade under the globalisation. India is not immune to this menace and has been ranked as &ldquo;Tier 2&rdquo; countries by the US Department of State with respect to Human Trafficking, although India has been one of the pioneer countries to enact strict labour laws to curb exploitation.</p>
<p>The recent <strong>Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2018 i</strong>s on one hand being counted as an effort to keep a tight rein on human trafficking in India and on the other hand being criticized for being an inefficacious and superficial legislation.</p>
<h3>Human Trafficking</h3>
<p>The United Nations defines human trafficking as:</p>
<p><em>&ldquo;The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.&rdquo;</em></p>
<p><strong>The 3 most common types of human trafficking are sex trafficking, forced labour, and debt bondage.</strong> Forced labour, also known as involuntary servitude, is the biggest sector of trafficking in the world. Debt bondage is another form of human trafficking in which an individual is forced to work in order to pay a debt.</p>
<h3>International Conventions, Protocols and Campaigns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children in 2000</strong> as a part of the <strong>UN Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime</strong>. This protocol was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2000. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is responsible for implementing the protocol. It offers practical help to states with drafting laws, creating comprehensive national anti-trafficking strategies, and assisting with resources to implement them.</li>
<li><strong>Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.</strong> It entered into force on 28 January 2004. This also supplements the UN Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime. The Protocol is aimed at the protection of rights of migrants and the reduction of the power and influence of organized criminal groups that abuse migrants.</li>
<li><strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)</strong> is a non-binding declaration that establishes the right of every human to live with dignity and prohibits slavery. <br />Blue Heart Campaign: The Blue Heart Campaign is an international anti-trafficking program started by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Development Goals:</strong> Various SDGs aim to end trafficking by targeting its roots and means viz. Goal 5 (Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls), Goal 8 (Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all) and Goal 16 (Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Legislations in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 23 (1)</strong> in the constitution of India prohibits trafficking in human beings and forced labour.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" height="77" style="height: 80px; width: 96.0521%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 83px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 83px;"><strong>Article 23(1)</strong> <br />Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law<br /><strong>Article 21</strong><br />The Supreme Court held that the right to live is not merely a physical right but includes within its ambit the<strong> right to live with human dignity.</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1986 (ITPA)</strong> penalizes trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation.</li>
<li>India also prohibits bonded and forced labour through the<strong> Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976, Child Labour (Prohibition and Abolition) Act 1986,</strong> and <strong>Juvenile Justice Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sections 366(A) and 372</strong> of the <strong>Indian Penal Code</strong>, prohibits kidnapping and selling minors into prostitution respectively.</li>
<li>Apart from this, the <strong>Factories Act, 1968</strong> guarantees the protection of rights of workers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How Is the New Bill Not Enough to Tackle Human Trafficking?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bill has been accused of <strong>adopting a punitive approach rather than a victim-centred one.</strong> The bill does not focus on human rights and views trafficking as just a crime. It rather does away with just enacting a legislation instead of going for a rigorous, and comprehensive addressal.</li>
<li><strong>Loose wording:</strong> The act has many &ldquo;general statements&rdquo; which may be used as a legal loophole by the perpetrators to get away and by others to frame innocent people.<br />For eg. The phrase &ldquo;any propaganda material that promotes trafficking of person or exploitation of a trafficked person in any manner&rdquo; has wide amplitude, and many unconnected or even well-intentioned actions can be construed to come within its ambit as the Bill does not define what constitutes &ldquo;promotion&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The bill is also <strong>against the spirit of criminal laws</strong> which need a guilty &ldquo;act&rdquo; and &ldquo;malafide intention&rdquo; to prosecute someone, as it says &ldquo;which may lead to the trafficking of a person, shall be punished&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It goes <strong>against many international conventions</strong>. It holds any intermediary party such as online content providers, social media platforms, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) etc., liable for content posted on them which is against <strong>Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability.</strong></li>
<li>It endorses a<strong> simplistic raid-rescue-rehabilitation model.</strong> While NITI Aayog has vehemently argued against the 2017 Global Estimates on Modern Slavery (GEMS) produced by the International Labour Organization, the government has adopted the same approach prescribed in it.</li>
<li>The vague definitions in the proposed bill leave <strong>scope for blocking the so-called immoral or indecent things</strong> including literary or artistic work which may engage with sensitive topics.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What needs to be done?</h3>
<p>Trafficking is very often related to exploitation in the name of work - be it domestic or industrial. Thus, <strong>making labour laws more stringent</strong> is a more humane and fundamental way of dealing with the problem.</p>
<p>Secondly, it is important that we <strong>draw a line between prostitution (voluntary sex service) and sex trafficking.</strong> This will help us identify the victims in a better manner and form legislations specifically according to their need.</p>
<p>We can<strong> take lessons from the Sex Buyer&rsquo;s Law of Sweden and Norway</strong>, which is a highly effective legal framework for preventing commercial sexual exploitation. It criminalises buying sex acts while decriminalizes selling it. It also provides for those exploited through prostitution. This law has prevented the further victimization of people who have already been victims of poverty, trafficking and violence.</p>
<p>Thirdly, lawmakers should seek the <strong>consultation of relevant stakeholders</strong> before passing a bill with such wide implications. This may include the victims of sex trafficking, overexploited labour, representatives from trade unions, people in prostitution, rehabilitated child labourers and experts from the field.</p>
<p>Fourthly, it is important that the government devises <strong>vigilance mechanisms</strong> to check such cases in the first place. Any pro-active endeavour is better than waiting for such incidences to happen and delivering justice post-incident.</p>
<p>Last but not the least, trafficking is not an issue in isolation but is interconnected with other issues like<strong> immigration, urban migration, unemployment and women safety.</strong> Thus, the law needs a more holistic view to deal with such a vast question.</p>
<p>Apart from being a grave human rights concern, trafficking has<strong> impacts on trade, Foreign Direct Investment and tourism</strong> among other things. Thus, it is high time we strategically emaciate this blotch on our country&rsquo;s image.</p>',
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		'title' => 'New Models for Airport Management',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act, 2008, was enacted to provide an independent authority to protect the interests of airports, airlines <g id="25" data-gr-id="25" class="gr_ gr_25 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep">and</g> passengers, and to primarily regulate tariff for aeronautical services like housing or parking of an aircraft; ground safety, fuel and handling services etc.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Over the years India has emerged as the third largest domestic aviation market in the world. The number of major airports increased from 12 to 27 between 2007 and 2017.</li>
<li>The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority (AERA) has been under tremendous pressure with an increase in the number of private operators entering the airline/airport sector.</li>
<li>Also, some of the major airports now function under public-private partnerships. Therefore, it was felt that if too many airports come under the purview of the Authority, it would be difficult to efficiently determine the tariffs and monitor the service standards of major airports.</li>
<li>For engaging private partners in infrastructure projects, several business models like predetermined tariff or tariff-based bidding have come into place &ndash;wherein the project is awarded to whoever offers the lowest tariff.</li>
<li>In this model, the market itself determines the charges and the regulator is not required to fix charges after the award of the project &ndash; but the 2008 Act does not cover such complexities<g class="gr_ gr_50 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="50" data-gr-id="50">.Therefore</g>, the exponential growth in the sector has pushed the government to propose an Amendment Bill in 2018.</li>
<li>The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India (Amendment) Bill, 2018, proposes to first amend the definition of &ldquo;major airport&rdquo; - as <g class="gr_ gr_22 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="22" data-gr-id="22">any</g> airport with passengers in excess of 3.5 million from the existing 1.5 million.</li>
<li>AERA will not determine the tariff structures in cases where such tariff amounts were a part of the bid document on the basis of which the airport operations were awarded.</li>
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'RBI Moves to Wind-up CDR System',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is considering shutting down the corporate debt restructuring (CDR) system, its very first loan recast mechanism, after its inability to effectively tackle the non-performing assets problem.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nearly Rs.1.32 trillion worth of bad loans are presently undergoing restructuring under the CDR mechanism.</li>
<li>RBI&rsquo;s decision to wind up the cell comes after it issued a circular in February 2018 withdrawing all existing restructuring schemes - the CDR scheme, strategic debt restructuring (SDR) scheme and scheme for sustainable structuring of stressed assets (S4A) and 5/25.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Corporate Debt Restructuring (CDR)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the reorganization of a company's outstanding debts, often achieved by reducing the burden of the debts on the company by decreasing the interest rates and/or increasing the time to repay. This allows a company to increase its ability to meet the obligations.</li>
<li>The CDR system in India was framed in 2001 to restructure corporate debt outside the purview of debt recovery tribunals (DRT) and the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction.</li>
<li>Under the CDR rules, at least 75% of creditors (by value) should approve the resolution plan, which would make it binding on the remaining 25%.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Failure of CDR</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Banks initially preferred to restructure loans rather than classifying them as non-performing assets. However, in some cases the banks may have been hasty in agreeing to restructure the debt and failed to adequately assess the ability of the borrowers to meet their restructuring commitments. This only delayed them from taking a hit on the loans rather than solving the underlying problems.</li>
<li>Regulatory changes required that net present value of a loan after restructuring should be retained - this led to ballooning of debt which ultimately led to the collapse of the CDR framework.</li>
<li>Most cases that have failed are from the infrastructure sector as restructuring packages typically prescribed shorter interest payment moratorium of two years only, even though these cases need long time to develop and pay back &ndash; generally more than 10 years.</li>
<li>In many cases where there is provision for conversion of loan into equity, the companies obstruct the process of increasing authorised capital, getting board approval, etc. This is because the promoters hesitate from taking new investors on board which can reduce their overall stake in the company.</li>
<li>Monitoring of CDR cases is another big issue. The banks don't have enough resources to oversee the large number of restructuring cases.</li>
<li>Restructuring schemes also often turn futile because promoters are unable to sell non essential assets to mobilise resources as promised to their creditors.</li>
</ul>',
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		'title' => 'AIM & MyGov Launches ‘Innovate India Platform’',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Atal Innovation Mission and MyGov have collaborated together with NITI Aayog to launch the &lsquo;#InnovateIndia Platform&rsquo;. The platform will be a citizen-centric platform of the Government of India.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The portal will serve as the common point for all the innovation happening across the nation.</li>
<li>It creates the much-needed innovations platform for registering both grassroots and deep-tech innovators at a national level.</li>
<li>Those searching for a critical innovation can leverage the portal advantageously for the benefit of the economy as well as national social needs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Some of the features of this platform are:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is open to all Indian citizens.</li>
<li>The users can view, comment, share and rate the innovations crowdsourced on the platform.</li>
<li>View the leaderboard which is calculated based on the votes on each innovation.</li>
<li>Citizens can share their/organizations/someone else&rsquo;s innovation on the platform.</li>
<li>Innovations can also be shared on various social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and Twitter</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Atal Innovation Mission</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government of India established the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) and Self Employment and Talent Utilisation (SETU) in NITI Aayog with a view to give a substantial boost to the innovation ecosystem and to catalyse the entrepreneurial spirit in the country.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>MyGov</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a platform that serves as a medium for the people, especially the youth, to connect with the Government actively and facilitates their engagement towards the nation&rsquo;s development.</li>
<li>The platform empowers people to contribute towards good governance through various tasks and discussions.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		'title' => 'Panel Finds Dosing Mismatches in Many FDCs',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) sub-committee has found that many Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs) were formulated without due diligence, with dosing mismatches that could result in toxicity.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It found that most pharma companies had not generated the &ldquo;safety and efficacy data&rdquo; of their own FDCs. The published literature they submitted to justify the FDC was not relevant to India and relied on a few biased studies.</li>
<li>According to the sub-committee, of the 349 FDCs under review, 343 of them must be banned.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Consequences of Dose Mismatch</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In FDCs where there is a dosage mismatch among the ingredients, it would result in toxicity or contrarily lack of any effect on the patient.</li>
<li>For most FDCs, their use would lead to unnecessary overuse, and the patients would be exposed to <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="39" data-gr-id="39">risk</g> of multiple ingredients when one would suffice.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2017, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare had observed that some state licensing authorities had issued manufacturing <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="41" data-gr-id="41">licences</g> for several FDCs without prior clearance from Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO). This had resulted in <g class="gr_ gr_40 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="40" data-gr-id="40">availability</g> of many FDCs, which have not been tested for efficacy and safety, putting patients at risk.</li>
<li>CDSCO had earlier banned the use of 349 FDCs, against which the pharma companies had moved various courts.</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_42 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="42" data-gr-id="42">Finally</g> the Supreme Court in its judgment in had referred the matter to DTAB for a fresh review on whether these drugs should continue to be marketed. Pursuant to <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="44" data-gr-id="44">this</g> the Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) had appointed a sub-committee to relook at FDCs and give its recommendations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg"><strong>Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Drugs</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><g class="gr_ gr_35 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="35" data-gr-id="35">A FDC</g> drug is basically a combination of two or more drugs.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The basic rationale of making &ldquo;<g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="38" data-gr-id="38">fixed dose</g> combination&rdquo; medicinal products is either to improve patient compliance or to benefit from the synergistic effects of the two medicinal products given together.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)</strong>&nbsp;<br /><strong></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The CDSCO is the Central Drug Authority for discharging functions assigned to the Central Government under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.<br /><em></em></li>
<li>Major Functions:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Regulatory control over the import of drugs, approval of new drugs and clinical trials.</li>
<li>Approval of certain <g class="gr_ gr_49 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="49" data-gr-id="49">licences</g> as Central Licence Approving Authority.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Government to Give Free Antiviral for Hepatitis C',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Government of India is set to launch an ambitious programme &mdash; <strong>National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme </strong>- to control viral hepatitis. As per the programme an expensive antiviral for Hepatitis C infections will be made available free of cost at all government hospitals.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme will be launched on July 28 which is observed as World Hepatitis Day.</li>
<li>It aims at both prevention and treatment of hepatitis which is among the leading causes of liver cancer, cirrhosis of liver and acute liver failure.</li>
<li>The programme, part of the National Health Mission, will set up and upgrade facilities for the diagnosis and treatment primarily of hepatitis B and C.</li>
<li>Designated treatment centres will provide the anti-viral to hepatitis C patients. They will also provide hepatitis B vaccine to babies born to mothers carrying the virus within 24 hours of birth.</li>
<li>It aims to treat a minimum of 3 lakh hepatitis C cases over a period of three years.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul>
<li>Hepatitis A and E viruses are important causes of acute viral hepatitis and acute liver failure (ALF).</li>
<li>Hepatitis A virus is responsible for 10-30 percent of acute hepatitis and 5-15 percent of acute liver failure cases in India.</li>
<li>Hepatitis E virus is said to be responsible for 10-40 percent of acute hepatitis and 15-45 percent of acute liver failure cases.</li>
<li>According to a 2014 study in the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, incidence rate of liver cancer in India for men ranges from 0.7 to 7.5 and for women between 0.2 and 2.2 per 100,000 population per year. The male to female ratio for liver cancer in India is 4:1.</li>
<li>Sofosbuvir, the antiviral for Hepatitis C costs $63,000-94,000 for the full course in the US and Europe.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-to-give-free-antiviral-for-hepatitis-c'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'US, EU Agree to Ease Trade Tensions',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>United States (US) and the European Union (EU) agreed on a plan to defuse the festering trade dispute between the two major economies. The agreement is considered as a breakthrough that could avoid a trade war.</p>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the agreement the US will not follow through with a threat to impose tariffs on automobiles that would hurt the dominant car industry in the EU.</li>
<li>US and EU will work to &ldquo;resolve&rdquo; the existing duties on steel and aluminum imposed by US, which had angered many countries within the EU.</li>
<li>Work towards eliminating all tariffs, trade barriers and subsidies related to non-auto industrial goods.</li>
<li>Reform the World Trade Organization and reduce trading costs and regulatory barriers across the Atlantic.</li>
<li>Agreed to suspend any new tariffs while the negotiations were going on.</li>
<li>EU has also agreed to start buying more US soybeans, one of the main commodities targeted by China in its response to US tariffs. The bloc also would become a massive buyer of US liquefied natural gas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The U.S. and EU account for about $1 trillion in transatlantic trade, and tensions have spiked due to trade disparities.</li>
<li>On March 9, 2018 the United States imposed a 25% duty on steel and 10% on aluminum imports for an unspecified period.</li>
<li>The objective of imposing heavy tariffs on imported steel and aluminum is to boost the US industry that has been suffering from &ldquo;unfair&rdquo; trade business practices.</li>
<li>Unlike the punitive tariffs that the United States imposes on &lsquo;dumped&rsquo; or unfairly subsidized goods from specified countries, these steel and aluminum tariffs would apply to all countries unless countries are eligible to request for an exemption.</li>
<li>The imposition of tariffs has been classified as &lsquo;safeguard&rsquo; tariffs aimed to stop a sudden, unforeseen and damaging import surge that could seriously damage a particular industry and are legal under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules.</li>
<li>In justifying the measure, the US administration invoked a national security law &ndash; wherein countries are allowed this kind of recourse under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in times of war and other emergencies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of new tariffs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The European Union is the top trading partner of the United States in goods, and it is the top U.S. export market. The EU has responded by warning that it will retaliate with tariffs on a range of US imports.</li>
<li>It could once again revive protectionist sentiment which has been on the wane following the recovery from the global economic meltdown.</li>
<li>As a result, the US&rsquo;s traditional allies, who will be hit the most from the tariffs, have warned of bilateral retaliation on a range of US imports including agriculture and technology.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications for the United States</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>American steel and aluminum manufacturers would certainly get a boost, but it's not clear if they actually have the capacity to meet a huge surge in demand.</li>
<li>Other sectors of American manufacturing would be hurt by rising steel and aluminum prices for automakers and other industries that use steel and aluminum in their production.</li>
<li>With increasing manufacturing cost, the companies that make these products could pass the increased cost of raw materials to their consumers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implications for India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is a minor exporter of the two metals and with the market for steel consumption in India growing, the imposition of US tariffs would not have significant impact.</li>
<li>However, the United States has been critical of India&rsquo;s intellectual property rights standard and its high tariffs on certain products (Harley Davidson motorbikes) and has threatened to impose reciprocal tariffs on Indian goods (India ranks ninth on the list of trading partners that run a trade surplus with the US &ndash; it exports more to the US than what it imports).</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-eu-agree-to-ease-trade-tensions'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Gender Equality, Religious Freedom and Sabarimala ',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p><em>This article is based on the </em>editorial<em> published in The</em> <em>Hindu "The Sabarimala Singularity" and contains inputs from various sources.</em></p>
<p>In the west, the idea of secularism has been an extension of classical liberalism, where the state neither protects nor promotes a religion. In a society, where there is one major religion, this seemed to flow from the idea of &ldquo;separation of powers&rdquo; of state and the church.</p>
<p>However, in the Indian context, where the society is essentially multicultural and so many sects and religions thrive together, it was difficult to adopt this version of secularism. Also, the conservative nature of Indian society and communal tensions prevalent at the time of framing of the Constitution made it even more difficult to transgress into such an open and liberal society. Thus, Indian secularism (the word was a later addition to the Constitution via 42nd Amendment) became more of a concept promoting &ldquo;communal harmony and coexistence&rdquo; where the state protects as well as promotes all the religions equally.</p>
<p>Notwithstanding, that Indian secularism has been lauded by the west as well, it has met with criticisms for being in contradiction to &ldquo;freedom of expression&rdquo; when it comes to criticizing religion, no matter how grounded that criticism is.</p>
<p>In the recent case of Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala, that questions rules to bar women from the age 10-50 to enter the Sabarimala temple, &ldquo;freedom of religion&rdquo; and &ldquo;gender equality&rdquo; are the two counter-arguments that have been put forward by the defenders of the customary practice and the petitioners respectively.</p>
<h3>Freedom of Religion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 25:</strong> <strong>Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.</strong> According to it, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice and propagate a religion. <br /><strong></strong></li>
<li><strong>Article 26:</strong> <strong>Freedom to manage religious affairs.</strong> Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right to establish and maintain religious institutions and manage its own affairs in matters of religion.</li>
<li>In <strong>Sri Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore (1958)</strong>, the petitioners had claimed that the <strong>Madras Temple Entry Authorisation Act</strong> which allowed the entry of Harijans into the temple, was against the Article 26 of the Constitution and the temple was a<strong> denominational one</strong> having been founded exclusively for the Gowda Saraswath Brahmins. However, the Supreme Court held that not merely temples dedicated to the public as a whole but also those founded for the benefit of some sections are contemplated in <strong>Article 25 (2)</strong> which provides for <strong>social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions</strong> of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus</li>
<li><strong>Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Rules, 1965,</strong> which states, &ldquo;Women who are not by custom and usage allowed to enter a place of public worship shall not be entitled to enter or offer worship in any place of public worship.&rdquo; The petitioners have challenged this law in court in the recent case.</li>
<li>It has been argued that <strong>religion and social practices are interlinked.</strong> So, the prohibition of entry of women should not be seen as a gender inequality issue, but as a religious practice which has been followed by the people for ages. Such religious rituals should not be tampered with.</li>
<li>Another argument which is being put forward is that Sabarimala temple ought to be seen as an institution where only males are allowed. Just like there are boy&rsquo;s schools and girl&rsquo;s school. Also, there are other institutions where men are not allowed. Further,<strong> even Mosques do not allow the entry of women.</strong></li>
<li>Another point raised by the defenders is that there is no &ldquo;god&rdquo; inside the Sabarimala temple. What is present inside the temple is a &ldquo;deity&rdquo;. A deity is a socio-cultural energy centre and on the other hand &ldquo;god&rdquo; is universal. Hence, a<strong> deity is a legal entity</strong>, and being so, its rights are protected by constitutional privileges.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gender Equality</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 14: Equality before law:</strong> The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.</li>
<li><strong>Article 15:</strong> <strong>Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion</strong>, race, caste, sex or place of birth, states that &ldquo;The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.&rdquo;</li>
<li><strong>Article 51A(e)</strong> makes it a fundamental duty of every citizen of India to <strong>renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women</strong><br />The ban on the entry of women of certain age groups was violative of various fundamental rights including Article 17 which deals with untouchability.</li>
<li><strong>Article 25(2)(b)</strong> enables the state &ldquo;(to provide) for social welfare and reform or the<strong> throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character</strong> to all classes and sections of the Hindus.&rdquo; In such case, the state ought to have brought an appropriate legislation to facilitate the constitutional direction.</li>
<li>Discriminating against women on the basis of a biological process i.e. menstruation is unscientific and is against<strong> Article 51A(h) with states that it is the duty of every citizen of India to develop scientific temper,</strong> humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.</li>
<li>Besides the gender inequality argument, the <strong>idea of individual liberty is also at stake</strong> here. Monopolisation of religious rights by a few, under the guise of management of religious institutions, corrupts the idea of individual liberty.</li>
<li>From the societal point of view, such regressive practices in any sphere woul<strong>d inevitably constrict the natural development of human potential.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>How Do We Need to Look Upon It?</h3>
<p>Historically, l<strong>egal reforms usually precede socio-political change.</strong> Legal abolition of several antiquated practices such as Sati or untouchability did not witness a social transformation overnight. It took time for practices like Sati to vanish. Law very often stimulates a <strong>subsequent socio-cultural evolution.</strong></p>
<p>The court should look at it as<strong> whether the Sabarimala temple is a separate denomination or not.</strong> As it is open to the public, it is difficult for the authorities to claim that it is a separate denomination. This may strengthen the case of the petitioners.</p>
<p>Also, it needs to inquire whether there actually is any religious custom of not allowing women from the age 10 to 50 from entering. We also need to revisit our history to evaluate every act of discrimination that has been defended on the grounds of customs, traditions and religious practices.</p>
<p>The court should see this as an opportunity not to rationalise religious practices, but to<strong> overturn its existing pass&eacute; ideas on the subject.</strong> It is high time that the extent of applicability of religious rights is defined rationally. We need to keep in mind that our Constitution doesn&rsquo;t acquire its secular character merely from the words in the Preamble, but from a collective reading of many of its provisions, DPSP included, and particularly the various fundamental rights that it guarantees.</p>
<p>As Suhrith Parthasarathy writes (&ldquo;The Sabarimala Singularity&rdquo;, Editorial, The Hindu) - &ldquo;<em>Given the inexorable relationship in India between religion and public life, it&rsquo;s time the court shattered the conventional divides of the public and the private. If the court can look beyond the essential practices doctrine and see this case for what it really is &mdash; a denial to women not only of their individual rights to freedom of religion but also of equal access to public space &mdash; it can help set the tone for a radical re-reading of the Constitution. This can help the court reimagine its jurisprudence in diverse areas, making a meaningful difference to people&rsquo;s civil rights across spectrums of caste, class, gender and religion.</em>&rdquo;</p>
<p>For further reading, refer to the RSTV Debate &ldquo;<a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-gender-equality-versus-religious-practices" rel="noopener" title="The Big Picture &ndash; Gender Equality versus Religious Practices">The Big Picture &ndash; Gender Equality versus Religious Practices</a>&rdquo;</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sabarimala-and-secularism-in-india '
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'The New Emerging Women-Power: Ground Realities',
		'catname' => 'Model Essays',
		'desc' => '<p><em>&ldquo;I believe that the rights of women and girls are the unfinished business of the 21st century.&rdquo; &ndash; Hillary Clinton</em></p>
<p>Gender issues and &lsquo;women-empowerment&rsquo; has become the new buzzword across the globe in the last few decades. The increased familiarity with this term has resulted in the slow transformation of most of the ideologies that have justified inequalities in the social structures for the past so many years. The emerging debates that surround the concept of &lsquo;empowerment&rsquo; have had considerable effects on the well-established roots of the institutions that provide support to the existing power structures such as family, state etc. Women have started to become aware of the limitations and confines of the territories within which they have been placed all these years. They have demanded control over their own bodies, equal spaces in the social institutions and an acknowledgment <g class="gr_ gr_215 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="215" data-gr-id="215">for</g> their identity. Last few years have witnessed a sharp increase in the strategies of women&rsquo;s development by the state in order to eliminate the gender gaps in the work opportunities, political participation, health facilities and distribution of resources.</p>
<p>India as a nation has taken significant steps to fill the gender gaps existing in the societies here. The constitution of India provides equality of employment opportunity, voting rights and equal pay for equal work. It lays great emphasis on the dignity of women and constitutes several pro-visions like maternity reliefs to maintain a gender-sensitive environment at the workplace. Government schemes like &lsquo;Beti <g class="gr_ gr_97 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="97" data-gr-id="97">bachao</g>-Beti <g class="gr_ gr_102 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="102" data-gr-id="102">padhao</g>&rsquo;, &lsquo;janani <g class="gr_ gr_99 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="99" data-gr-id="99">suraksha</g>&rsquo;, intend to ensure the better health care and education facilities. Policies like &lsquo;New National Policy for Women&rsquo; <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="128" data-gr-id="128">endeavour</g> to follow the &lsquo;so-cially inclusive rights-based approach&rsquo; for the women empowerment. Apart from this, the introduction of Gender Budget Statement promises a just distribution of resources in the country across gender divisions as well.</p>
<p>The past decade has also experienced an expansion of the definitions of terms like &lsquo;rape&rsquo; and &lsquo;violence&rsquo; in the legal context. Law has enlarged its frame in order to bring the exploitation of women in private and public sphere through the formulations of laws like Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005&rsquo; and &lsquo;Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place (Prevention, Prohibition &amp; Redressal) Act, 2013&rsquo;. Institutions like the National Commission for Women have been formed to identify and register the cases of oppression faced by women. Ministry of Women and Child Development is specifically dedicated to addressing the issues, policies and their implementations related to the women and children in the country.</p>
<p>India has observed immense changes in its socio-political and economic conditions by the introduction of these measures as well as under the impact of globalization and technological advancements. Census 2001-2011 has recorded a significant rise in the literacy rate of women. The expansion of the service sector has generated fresh work opportunities for women. To a large extent, equality in the wages and participating roles among the women and men can be seen in the urban areas. It is in these areas that the phenomenon of &lsquo;emerging women power&rsquo; is being most acutely observed.</p>
<p>Women are dominating the key positions in many fields that were earlier denied to them. The emergence of women to the strategic positions in the social structures has given way to a relatively better understanding and identification of the oppressive practices. However, these transformations seem to be insignificant when compared to the number of issues that continue to degenerate the conditions of women in the society. Also, new challenges have emerged that impede the holistic development of women.</p>
<p>Crime against women has been on the rampant rise in the country along with the growth in the number of career-oriented women in the professional space. Cyber crimes such as sexual harassment and molestation of women through the internet and mobile devices have gone up along with the technological development in the country. As the nation basks in the various scientific and economic achievements, half of its population writhes under the fear of rape, trafficking, domestic violence, <g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="134" data-gr-id="134">honour</g> killing, acid attacks, and sexual harassments. Child marriage, dowry demands, and female infanticide remain a harsh reality even after the strict attempts of their prohibition through the law. These practices are the major reasons behind the skewed sex ratio in the society.</p>
<p>While the country congratulates itself on the achieving the Millennium Development Goal of gender parity at the primary school level, it has done little to overcome the high dropout rates of female students. As the country boasts of women holding the significant chairs in governance like Head of the state, Speaker of Lok Sabha, eminent ministries and top-notch places in the corporate sectors and strategic positions in other <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="92" data-gr-id="92">arenas</g> of productivity, a large number of women are struggling for their livelihoods as migrant labourers and low paid workers in the informal sector. According to a recently released Monster Salary Index, there exists a gender pay gap of 27% in the country. The overlapping of gender issues with several other issues like caste and poverty worsens the plight of women belonging to these categories. Women workforce in the rural areas that <g class="gr_ gr_150 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="150" data-gr-id="150">is</g> more exposed to these tribulations comparatively experiences larger pay gaps. India records a High Maternal Mortality Rate and a large number of women suffer from <g class="gr_ gr_152 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="152" data-gr-id="152">anaemia</g> in the face of the new schemes continuously launched by the government to improve the health conditions of women. The discrimination and violence faced by the women also have deep-rooted effects on their mental health which goes largely unnoticed by the government policies. The concept of &lsquo;emerging women power&rsquo; seems to be eyewash in the context of these ground realities.</p>
<p>Most of the measures adopted by the state follow the top-down approach and essentially consider women as mere beneficiaries of the welfare schemes. Women are not empowered to understand and confront the structures of patriarchy. &lsquo;Decision making&rsquo; which is emphasized upon in the process of empowering women, have to emerge out of knowledge and informed mediation to instill changes in the familial structures and social arrangements that would help in the evolution of gender roles.</p>
<p>Education plays an important role in the conditioning of the young minds towards the concept of gender. Schools become one of the initial stages where internalization of the performance of gender roles takes place. Gender sensitized pedagogy is needed for the subversion of these roles. Instilling sensitivity towards the dignity of women, emphasizing the development of ethical stand towards the equality in the boys can provide the society with responsible and sensitive individuals.</p>
<p>Encouraging the analytical understanding of exploitation and discrimination among girls shall result in more confident and aware women who can further help in the formation of a gender just society. Prohibitions, reservations and punitive measures can only be the immediate and temporary interventions to promote gender equality. Only a shift in the mindset can facilitate the progress of the society in the longer run. Stricter laws and their honest enforcements have to be followed up by a change in the attitude towards social evils like rape, female foeticide, acid attacks along with the better treatment of the victims. NGOs and SHGs need to be strengthened as part of the empowerment process. These bodies work at the ground level and encourage the victims to share their experiences. Punishing the convicts is just a small part of the justice provided to the victims of gender violence. The major challenge is to help her rehabilitate and to develop a social environment that would preserve her sense of self-confidence and dignity. The role of community institutions like <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="96" data-gr-id="96">khap</g> panchayats which dictate the social conduct of a community and promote inhuman practices like hon-our killing should be taken into account. These institutions have a strong hold on the psychology of a particular community. The fault lines of such structures have to be exposed in a manner that has a significant impact on the people of the community.</p>
<p>The major role played by women in the economic growth of a country is known throughout the world. Last year, IMF&rsquo;s chief Christine Lagarde stated that economic inclusion of more women workers in India would expand its GDP by 27% which is massive as compared to the similar impact on the U.S. and Japan which is 5% and 9% respectively. Progressing towards this, the first step would be to acknowledge the huge amount of unpaid care work done by women which hold back their possibilities of boosting the economy in a more productive manner. Moreover, discriminated approach towards the maternity process leaves women workers at a larger risk of being less <g class="gr_ gr_144 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="144" data-gr-id="144">favoured</g> and losing job opportunities as compared to a male worker. These problems have their roots in the perception and performance of the gender roles assigned by patriarchy. Sharing of responsibilities and coexistence in an equitable manner is what should be of the larger concern in society. It is along these lines that vocational training and skill development should be focussed upon.</p>
<p>In conclusion, it may be said that probing the ground realities of the catchy headlines like &lsquo;the new emerging women power&rsquo; adds more substance and nuance to the discourse on gender justice. These nuances do not refuse the accomplishments achieved so far by society but actually point towards the remaining distance which still needs to be covered. Identification of the problem areas and weaknesses is the first step towards their eradication. India has shown a dedicated will to bring changes by pledging to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals which include <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="89" data-gr-id="89">ideals</g> of gender justice and women empowerment. Only with constructive planning and comprehensive changes at various levels in society the new emerging "women power" shall be soon able to realize its complete potential in India.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/model-essays/the-new-emerging-women-power-ground-realities'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Need to Ease Carbon Taxes: NITI Aayog',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India is one of the most expensive places to produce coal-based electricity despite having a competitive advantage in coal. From a developing country's perspective with low per capita consumption of electricity, <g class="gr_ gr_31 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="31" data-gr-id="31">carbon</g> tax seems to be excessive.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to NITI Aayog, high energy-intensive sectors are being penalized by paying high carbon tax through various cesses and duties.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s use of carbon taxes to promote clean energy has gone too far and there is a case for easing them to let energy-intensive industries compete globally.</li>
<li>As per renewable power obligations, power distribution firms have to buy a stipulated part of their overall power purchase from solar and other clean energy suppliers.</li>
<li>For the current financial year, the target is 17%. Renewable power is unpredictable and the need for battery backup adds to its hidden costs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Example: </strong>In a recent report by NITI Aayog titled &lsquo;Need for an aluminium policy in India&rsquo; it states that apart from higher power cost, additional burden in the form of power distribution firms&rsquo; obligation to purchase renewable power and coal cess of Rs 400 a tonne, the carbon trading system and electricity duty on power generation (levied by states) have increased the overall production cost of aluminium, a strategic metal critical to infrastructure, automobiles and defence industries.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Steps to discourage use of coal and promote solar and wind power comes at a time India is taking a global lead in climate change policies.</li>
<li>However, it may be practically difficult for India to go back on policies meant to promote clean energy including use of carbon taxes as there is globally a negative sentiment about coal because of climate change concerns and there is a declining trend in its consumption in most of the major economies.</li>
<li>Also, considering the recent decline in clean energy prices, it may not be difficult for power distribution firms to meet renewable purchase obligation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India cannot allow the narrative of &ldquo;carbon imperialism&rdquo; to come in the way of realistic and rational planning for the country&rsquo;s energy future.</li>
<li>A separate energy policy for high energy intensive sectors must be introduced wherein power supply should be ensured at globally competitive rates so that these industries too can compete with global players.</li>
<li>Renewable purchase obligations, coal cess and electricity duty charges must looked at and rationalized as well to make these sectors competitive.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/need-to-ease-carbon-taxes-niti-aayog'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'The Focus of Healthcare is Increasingly Getting Skewed Towards the ‘Haves’ of our Society.',
		'catname' => 'Model Essays',
		'desc' => '<p>Good health is one of the most fundamental and basic essential needs of all human beings. That is <g class="gr_ gr_168 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="168" data-gr-id="168">why,</g> third of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the world leaders last year aims to ensure good health for all. Indian constitution also implicitly recognizes good health as one of the fundamental rights guaranteed under the right to life. In absence of good <g class="gr_ gr_169 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="169" data-gr-id="169">health</g> all of man&rsquo;s endeavors will be deemed useless. For India to fulfill its dream of becoming a developed and prosperous nation it must take care of the most important of its resources i.e. its human capital. India is on the cusp of demographic dividend with the economically productive (15-59 years of age) portion of its population going above the 60% mark. But India can fully utilize this potential only if it is successful in providing for its population proper education, skills, nutrition <g class="gr_ gr_170 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="170" data-gr-id="170">and</g> healthcare. Among all this, <g class="gr_ gr_164 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="164" data-gr-id="164">importance</g> of <g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="93" data-gr-id="93">healthcare</g> is perhaps the highest as only a healthy person can be productive enough to fully utilize his skills. Therefore healthcare is of paramount importance for an individual to lead a fulfilling life and also for the whole nation to progress. However is the Indian healthcare system itself in a healthy state?</p>
<p>India has a disproportionately high share of health problems and diseases like child stunting, diabetes, tuberculosis, cancer etc. In the recent round of National Sample Survey (<g class="gr_ gr_95 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="95" data-gr-id="95">NSS)</g> it was found that over 80% of Indians do not have health insurance <g class="gr_ gr_97 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="97" data-gr-id="97">cover</g> and that a majority of people in the rural areas utilize private sector health services. Given the relatively lower levels of per capita income in rural areas of our <g class="gr_ gr_96 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="96" data-gr-id="96">country</g> all these findings certainly raise a question over whether the <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="87" data-gr-id="87">healthcare</g> system in India is increasingly getting skewed towards the population that has the means to afford it.</p>
<p>To analyze the nature of the <g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="88" data-gr-id="88">health care</g> sector, we can focus on the three major aspects i.e. accessibility, affordability and quality of the healthcare facilities. On all three <g class="gr_ gr_131 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="131" data-gr-id="131">fronts</g> <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="128" data-gr-id="128">Indian</g> health care system has had a mixed record. Accessibility to healthcare facilities is high in urban areas as compared to rural areas. The private sector does not find it viable to increase its penetration in rural areas given the low purchasing power whereas the public sector lacks resources, efficiency <g class="gr_ gr_133 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="133" data-gr-id="133">and</g> enterprise associated with <g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="127" data-gr-id="127">private</g> sector. This is the reason why as per the NSS survey over 70% of both rural and urban people had to resort to private healthcare facilities despite higher costs associated with them.</p>
<p>Private sector healthcare is more costly as compared to <g class="gr_ gr_136 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="136" data-gr-id="136">public</g> sector for the obvious reason of <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="137" data-gr-id="137">absence</g> of state subsidy and the guiding motive of profit and hence scores poorly on the affordability parameter. Even if we go by the stringent parameters of Tendulkar methodology for measuring poverty, over 21% of Indians fail to earn enough to spend more than Rs. 33 per day. In such a situation it would be unrealistic and cruel on the part of <g class="gr_ gr_138 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="138" data-gr-id="138">state</g> to expect the <g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="89" data-gr-id="89">market driven</g> sector to cater to health care needs of even the marginalized sections of the Indian society. That is why, &lsquo;Financial Restriction&rsquo; was the major reason chosen by respondents in the latest NSS survey for not being able to utilize the healthcare facilities, both in rural as well as urban areas.</p>
<p>On the quality parameter as well the Indian healthcare system falls short. India spends less than 1.5% of its GDP on health which is lower than many of the Sub-Saharan countries with GDP much below India. In such a situation public sector healthcare facilities suffer from resource crunch and poor infrastructure as seen in&nbsp;public hospitals, unhygienic conditions, lack of availability of medicines at public dispensaries etc. Doctor to patient ratio in India is below the minimum benchmark given by WHO of 1:1000. Even the quality of doctors available is rendered questionable given the poor status of medical education in India. Medical Council of India (MCI), the institution responsible for overall supervision and regulation of medical education in India, has itself been mired in serious allegations of corruption, nepotism, fraud etc. Private medical colleges with no infrastructure and ghost faculty that exists only on paper are very much prevalent in a number of states. The poor state of medical education and its governance can be gauged from the fact that <g class="gr_ gr_156 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="156" data-gr-id="156">honorable</g> Supreme Court has had to intervene and ask the government for <g class="gr_ gr_155 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="155" data-gr-id="155">complete</g> overhaul of MCI. In such a scenario the quality of <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="90" data-gr-id="90">healthcare</g>, especially in public health facilities is indeed quite low. In <g class="gr_ gr_157 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="157" data-gr-id="157">private</g> sector even though the quality of healthcare is relatively better, question marks are raised over the mushrooming of unregulated clinics and <g class="gr_ gr_158 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="158" data-gr-id="158">quacks</g> practicing in semi-urban and rural areas.</p>
<p>Therefore, <g class="gr_ gr_84 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="84" data-gr-id="84">over all</g> three parameters, <g class="gr_ gr_106 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="106" data-gr-id="106">Indian</g> healthcare system fails to give satisfactory performance. This clearly affects the poor or the marginalized or the &lsquo;have-nots&rsquo; section of the society more as those who can afford to spend on the expensive private health care and live in urban areas or nearby, do have access to good healthcare facilities. In <g class="gr_ gr_107 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="107" data-gr-id="107">fact</g> medical tourism is an upcoming sector of the Indian economy as costs of the private Indian healthcare system are relatively lower when compared with the first world and without any compromise on quality. Hence it is the &lsquo;have-nots&rsquo; that the government should prioritize its focus on for providing quality healthcare facilities on affordable rates.</p>
<p>The government has taken a number of steps to increase the accessibility and affordability of quality <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="81" data-gr-id="81">healthcare</g> for the weaker sections of society. Infectious diseases which accounted for most of the disease burden 25 years ago have been substantially reduced through mass immunization and vaccination programs and use of other appropriate treatments. Huge strides have been taken in public health in India due to <g class="gr_ gr_111 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="111" data-gr-id="111">effectiveness</g> of such quality programs. <g class="gr_ gr_82 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="82" data-gr-id="82">Small pox</g> was eliminated in 2014 and India achieved polio-free status in 2014. Maternal and <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="83" data-gr-id="83">neo natal</g> tetanus was eliminated by August 2015.</p>
<p>Even though massive vaccination programs in India have been successful, research says the immunization coverage has only been 65% again putting it out of reach of the ones who probably need it the most. With the introduction of new vaccines and programs like Mission Indradhanush, India rightly aims to increase the immunization coverage to 90% in <g class="gr_ gr_98 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="98" data-gr-id="98">next</g> few years.</p>
<p>Tax deductions for research and development in the pharmaceutical industry and protective regime of favorable Intellectual Property (IP) laws have been instrumental in developing India as a major global player in the generic drugs industry. This has mainly helped in increasing access to low-cost <g class="gr_ gr_102 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="102" data-gr-id="102">life saving</g> drugs to poor patients, not only in India but many other developing and least developed countries of Asia and Africa as well. However, <g class="gr_ gr_101 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="101" data-gr-id="101">government</g> needs to continuously safeguard against attempts by strong pharmaceutical lobbies in first world countries to arm twist us into changing our successful and WTO compliant IP regime.</p>
<p>Another way to ensure better health facilities for the &lsquo;have-nots&rsquo; is by increasing penetration of health insurance in our country. Rashtriya Swathya Bima Yojana (RSBY) that provides for cashless health insurance at authorized private hospitals for below poverty line families and unorganized sector is one such scheme. <g class="gr_ gr_119 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="119" data-gr-id="119">Similarly</g> other <g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="86" data-gr-id="86"><g class="gr_ gr_117 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="117" data-gr-id="117">state</g> run</g> health insurance schemes for central and state government employees, tax incentives announced in Budget 2015-16 related to health insurance etc. are also right steps in this direction. Such schemes if properly implemented can go a long way in bringing quality <g class="gr_ gr_85 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="85" data-gr-id="85">healthcare</g> within reach for all.</p>
<p><g class="gr_ gr_121 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="121" data-gr-id="121">However</g> one side effect of these schemes has been the medical overuse crisis in India. A media report shows that between 2009 and 2015, number of surgeries conducted under government health welfare schemes has shot up remarkably. Surgeries like C-sections, hysterectomies and other emergency surgeries are being performed with abandon and without caring about their side effects on patients. This can potentially lead to a situation in India where the poor have access to complex surgeries but not to basic primary health care. Therefore while the government needs to increase oversight over implementation of its health welfare schemes, at the same time there needs to be a realization that health insurance schemes can only supplement a robust public health setup and not be a substitute for it.</p>
<p>Therefore good health is not only a fundamental right but also a necessity for India in order to augment its human resources capability to emerge as a developed nation. Presently healthcare in India is lagging behind on accessibility, affordability as well as quality especially for the <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="91" data-gr-id="91">socio-economically</g> marginalized sections of its society. India cannot merely rely on the private sector to provide healthcare to the &lsquo;have-nots&rsquo; neither is merely relying on expanding penetration of health insurance a solution. India will need to learn from its own successes in public health intervention in the form of mass immunization programs and its success against a number of infectious diseases. If the poor are to be saved from the vicious circle of poverty and poor health feeding upon each other, focus needs to shift to preventive and curative treatments against non-communicable diseases in the public health sector. India needs to at least double its investment in public health facilities and in the overall health sector as a percentage of its GDP. The availability of medicines and doctors and <g class="gr_ gr_144 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="144" data-gr-id="144">accessibility</g> to public health centers by opening up new hospitals in rural areas needs to be increased. Such investment will provide tremendous <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="92" data-gr-id="92">long term</g> returns for India not only by increasing <g class="gr_ gr_143 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="143" data-gr-id="143">productivity</g> of its workforce and hence that of the nation but also via savings in the healthcare expenses. Only with a world-class health setup that leaves no one behind, can India fulfill its constitutional obligation of ensuring Right to Life in a substantive manner as well as take a leap towards truly earning its place among the developed nations!</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/model-essays/the-focus-of-healthcare-is-increasingly-getting-skewed-towards-the -haves-of-our-society'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (26th July 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Nilgiri Mountain Railway</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is one of the five hill railways in India. Apart from NMR, the other four include Darjeeling Himalayan Railways (West Bengal); Kalka-Shimla Hill Railway (Himachal Pradesh); Kangra Valley Railway (Himachal Pradesh); and the Matheran Light Railway (Maharashtra).</li>
<li>The Mountain Railway of India is included in the UNESCO&rsquo;s list of World Heritage Sites.</li>
<li>To increase tourist footfall, the southern railway is putting in efforts to refurbish a 25-year old coach (NMR-87), with world-class facilities without its heritage value being compromised.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UNESCO's World Heritage Sites</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity.</li>
<li>This is embodied in an international treaty called the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972.</li>
<li>The World Heritage Fund provides about US$4 million annually to support activities to preserve monuments that require international assistance.</li>
<li>The World Heritage Committee allocates funds according to the urgency of requests, priority being given to the most threatened sites.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, KVIC has applied for registration of &ldquo;Khadi&rdquo; as a Word Mark and &ldquo;Khadi India&rdquo; as a Trade Mark in the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Act at the National Level.</li>
<li>It has also filed an online application for registering &ldquo;Khadi&rdquo; as a trademark under International bureau in European Union and other countries.</li>
<li>KVIC is a statutory body established by Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act, 1956.<br />It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.</li>
<li>Its objectives are to provide employment, produce saleable articles and create strong and self-reliant rural community.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Trademark</strong> (popularly known as brand name) in layman&rsquo;s language is a visual symbol which may be a word signature, name, device, label, numerals or combination of colours used by one undertaking on goods or services or other articles of commerce to distinguish it from other similar goods or services originating from a different undertaking.</p>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Wordmark</strong> is a type of trademark which can be words letters or numerals. A wordmark gives the proprietor a right only in the word, letter or numerical. No right is sought with respect to the representation of the mark.</p>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Cabotage Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government has relaxed Cabotage rule for movement of cotton from Gujarat to Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>Cabotage is a term of maritime law. It refers to transit of a vessel along the coast of a nation for the purpose of <g class="gr_ gr_42 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="42" data-gr-id="42">trade</g> from one port to another within the territorial limits of that nation.</li>
<li>The Cabotage policy in India is governed under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-july-2018'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Underground Lake Found on Mars',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Using a radar instrument on an orbiting spacecraft, scientists have spotted a sizable salt-laden lake under <g class="gr_ gr_19 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="19" data-gr-id="19">ice</g> on the southern polar plain of Mars.<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/4493508 mars.jpg" width="248" height="176" style="float: right;" caption="false" data-pagespeed-url-hash="3117003418" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">It represents the first stable body of liquid water ever found on Mars.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The body of water has been called a possible habitat for microbial life.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The reservoir is roughly 20 km in diameter, shaped like a rounded triangle and located about 1.5 km beneath the ice surface.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">If confirmed, the buried pocket of water could answer a few questions about where Mars&rsquo;s ancient oceans went, as well as provide a resource for future human settlements.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Moreover, such a feature may be an ideal habitat for extraterrestrial life-forms.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">However, the researchers have said, it could take years to verify whether something is actually living in this body of water that resembles a subglacial lake on Earth.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg" p="">Note:
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">The evidence comes from an instrument called MARSIS aboard the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft in orbit around the Red Planet. MARSIS is a special kind of radar called ground-penetrating radar.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Ground-penetrating radars use radio signals that are capable of penetrating into the ground and then get reflections from the material under the surface.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Such radars are useful when searching for liquid water because water is a very strong radar reflector.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/underground-lake-found-on-mars'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Compensation Scheme Must Cover Child Victims: SC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court has said that the Compensation Scheme for Women Victims/Survivors of Sexual Assault/Other Crimes-2018, proposed by the National Legal Services Authority should include child victims of sexual assault as well.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme can be a source of financial solace for victims of sex crimes and acid attacks during court trial.</li>
<li>The court has stressed upon the implementation of the scheme in letter and spirit by all states and union territories of the country.</li>
<li>Earlier, the Centre had told SC that it was finding it difficult to get the cooperation of states on the issue relating to disbursal of compensation to the victims of sexual assault under the Nirbhaya Fund.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>NOTE: Nirbhaya Fund was announced by the Centre in 2013 after the December 16, 2012 gangrape and murder case in Delhi to support the initiatives on women's safety across the country.</p>
</div>
<h3>Compensation Scheme for Women Victims/Survivors of Sexual Assault/Other Crimes-2018</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme proposes a uniform payment of Rs. 5 lakh to the maximum of Rs. 10 lakh to gang-rape survivors in any part of the country.</li>
<li>In the case of rape and unnatural sexual assault, the victim will get a minimum of Rs. 4 lakh and the maximum of Rs. 7 lakh.</li>
<li>The scheme also says that victim of acid attacks, in case of disfigurement of face, would get a minimum compensation of Rs 7 lakh, while the upper limit would be Rs 8 lakh.</li>
<li>The scheme also provides for the provision of setting up of Women Victims Compensation Fund from which the amount of compensation, as decided by the State Legal Services Authority or District Legal Services Authority, shall be paid to the women victim or her dependents.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg"><strong>NOTE: </strong>National Legal Services Authority
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The National Legal Services Authority was constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to fulfill the objectives of Article 39A and provide for free legal aid to the poor and weaker sections of the society.</li>
<li>The Chief Justice of India is the Patron-in-Chief and the second senior most Judge of Supreme Court of India is the Executive Chairman of the Authority.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/compensation-scheme-must-cover-child-victims-sc'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Optimum Utilization of Fly Ash',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, Ministry of Power has informed that ash produced by thermal power plants is being utilized in the manufacture of Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), fly ash bricks/blocks/tiles manufacturing, road embankment construction &amp; low lying area development, in agriculture as soil conditioner etc</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Fly ash is the end product of combustion during the process of power generation in the coal-based thermal power plants.</li>
<li>Proper management of fly ash is important for not only the environment but for us also as the ash produced by the power plants occupies a lot of land space.</li>
<li>At present, 63% of the fly ash is being utilised in India but the target is for 100% utilisation of the fly ash.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Government Initiatives for Optimum Utilization of Fly Ash:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>GST rates on fly ash and its products have been reduced to 5%.</li>
<li>ASH TRACK Mobile App has been launched by the Ministry of Power for better management of fly ash produced by thermal power plants.</li>
<li>Ash-park, for promoting fly ash-based product manufacturing units, has been developed and awareness programme for utilisation of fly ash and its products have been conducted.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg" p="">Note:
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&ldquo;ASHTRACK&rdquo; is a mobile-based application and a web portal for monitoring of fly ash generation and utilization data of Thermal Power Plants.</li>
<li>It provides an interface between fly ash producers (Thermal Power Plants) and potential ash users such as &ndash; road contractors, cement plants etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/optimum-utilization-of-fly-ash'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'SEBI Proposes using UPI to Reduce Public Issue Timeline',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, markets regulator SEBI has proposed introducing Unified Payments Interface (UPI) as an alternative payment option for retail investors buying shares in an initial public offer (IPO).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Currently, retail investors either invest in an IPO through bank ASBA (Application Supported by Blocked Amount) or through broker ASBA, where the broker does the bidding and hands over the application form to the investors' bank.</li>
<li>The UPI system, however, will only be restricted to retail investors, while institutional investors and high net worth individuals (HNIs) will continue to use existing ASBA process because the maximum proposed limit for UPI transfers is only Rs 200,000.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">Note
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>UPI is an instant payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), an entity regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It allows instant transfer of money between any two person's bank accounts using a payment address which uniquely identifies a person's bank account.</li>
<li>ASBA [Applications Supported by Blocked Amount] is a system of blocking the funds of applicants of IPOs in their respective accounts. This money is released to the Company only after the allotment, as per the extent of allotment made. The remaining amount is unblocked in the account.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The use of UPI mechanism would allow the investor to authorise blocking of funds for making an application, as is done using ASBA (Application Supported by Blocked Amount).</li>
<li>The move will help cut down the time taken between the closing of an IPO and listing of the equity shares from current six days to just three days, and also result in the reduction in manpower costs.</li>
<li>It will also do away with the physical movement of application forms.</li>
<li>ASBA had helped in reducing the timeline two years back from 12 days to 6 days. UPI could help in further bringing down the overall IPO timeline.</li>
<li>The unified payments interface (UPI) could be incorporated with the ASBA mechanism to further improve the efficiency of the (IPO) process.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sebi-proposes-using-upi-to-reduce-public-issue-timeline'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture – Gender Equality versus Religious Practices',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XNmWexKm6Bw" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<div class="border">
<p>Going against the century old practices at Sabarimala Temple in Kerala, which banned the entry of women between the age group 10 to 50, the Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court headed by CJI Dipak Misra has observed that the right to pray is a constitutional right and does not depend on laws. Further, it said that there is no concept of a private temple in a public place and therefore there could not be any discrimination on the basis of <strong>gender and physiology</strong>. This decision comes as a big boost to the feminist movement of the country.</p>
</div>
<h3>Arguments for the Entry of Women</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender equality or the equality of all citizens,</strong> irrespective to which sex he/she belongs, has been clearly stated in the <strong>Article 14</strong> of the constitution of India. The ancient practice is against the constitutional mandate.</li>
<li>The entry prohibition takes away woman&rsquo;s right against discrimination guaranteed under <strong>Article 15(1)</strong> of the Constitution. It curtails her <strong>religious freedom to practice,</strong> assured by <strong>Article 25(1)</strong>.</li>
<li>Prohibition of women&rsquo;s entry to the shrine <strong>solely on the basis of womanhood and biological features</strong> associated with womanhood is derogatory to women, which <strong>Article 51A(e)</strong> aims to renounce.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The managerial rights of religious authorities under <strong>Article 26(b)</strong> of the Constitution cannot override individual women's religious freedom guaranteed under <strong>Article 25(1)</strong>. Hence the argument of autonomy of religious authorities falls flat.</li>
<li><strong>Article 25(2)(b)</strong> enables the state &ldquo;(to provide)<strong> for social welfare and reform</strong> or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of the Hindus.&rdquo; &nbsp;In such case the state ought to have brought an appropriate legislation to facilitate the constitutional direction.</li>
<li>The ban on the entry of women of certain age groups was violative of various fundamental <strong>rights including Article 17</strong> which deals with untouchability.</li>
<li>Besides the <strong>gender inequality argument,</strong> the <strong>idea of individual liberty</strong> is also at stake here. <strong>Monopolisation of religious rights by a few,</strong> under the guise of management of religious institutions, corrupts the idea of individual liberty.</li>
<li><strong>From the societal point</strong> of view such regressive practices in any sphere would inevitably constrict the natural development of human potential.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arguments Against the Entry of Women</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Religion and social practices are interlinked.</strong> So the prohibition of entry of women should not be seen as a gender inequality issue, but as a <strong>religious practice which has been followed by the people since ages</strong>. Such religious rituals should not be tampered with.</li>
<li>Certain religious practices and myths are passed from one generation to the other so that a <strong>particular deity or a god is remembered in its original avatar</strong>. Hence, effort should be made to maintain the authenticity of such belief system.</li>
<li>There are certain practices and beliefs that should be left to <strong>the better judgment of the religious bodies and they should be given the full liberty in how they want to look at it</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>Article 26</strong> of the constitution states that every religious denomination has the fundamental right to manage religious affairs. Consequently, the religious bodies are within their rights to pass such directions.</li>
<li>It is a <strong>region specific religious issue</strong> and should not be blown out of proportion by dragging it into a larger debate.</li>
<li>Sabarimala temple ought to be seen as an institution where only males are allowed. Just like there are boy&rsquo;s schools and girl&rsquo;s school.</li>
<li>Another important point is <strong>that there is no &ldquo;god&rdquo; inside the Sabarimala temple</strong>. What is present inside the temple is a &ldquo;deity&rdquo;. A deity is a <strong>socio-cultural energy centre</strong> and on the other hand &ldquo;god&rdquo; is universal. Hence, a <strong>deity is a legal entity,</strong> and being so its rights are protected by constitution privileges.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>First and foremost, the temple entry issue is a debate between the <strong>subscription of the age old myths and beliefs</strong> and <strong>eradication of such practices that does not synchronise harmoniously with the developing time</strong>. Since the Supreme Court is the final arbiter in the issue it has to handle the issue delicately.</li>
<li>Discrimination of women on the basis of <strong>gender and physiology is abhorrent</strong> and does not have any place in an egalitarian society.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drishti Inputs</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the issue regarding the entry of women inside the Sabarimala temple, a claim made on behalf of the religious authorities is that no woman has approached the court wishing to enter the Sabarimala temple. It is also said that even if the court rules in favour of women entry, Indian women will continue to respect the religious customs and restrict themselves from Sabarimala. This argument is misconceived. Historically, <strong>legal reforms usually precede socio-political change. Legal abolition of several antiquated practices such as&nbsp;Sati&nbsp;or untouchability did not witness a social transformation overnight.</strong> It took time for practices like Sati to vanish. Law very often stimulates a subsequent <strong>socio-cultural evolution</strong>.</li>
<li>Discriminating against women on the basis of <strong>menstruation is not only unscientific but characteristically derogatory</strong>. The social stigma associated with this natural process is <strong>embedded and consolidated</strong> by the religious authorities on the pretext of spiritual sanctions. 21st century does not permit such regressive trend.</li>
<li>On a larger spectrum, religious discrimination is practiced across various socio-political groups too. In many temples dalits are not allowed to enter. In the famous Jagannath Temple foreigners are not allowed nor people belonging to another faith. Such discrimination is pervasive and practised openly without the fear of law. A favourable judgment in Sabarimala temple case <strong>would set a precedent for judicial consideration of other similar issues</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-gender-equality-versus-religious-practices'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Changes That Will Change India',
		'catname' => 'Model Essays',
		'desc' => '<p><em><strong>&ndash;Sarmad Wani</strong></em></p>
<p>At the stroke of midnight hour August 15, <g class="gr_ gr_243 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="243" data-gr-id="243">1947</g> India did not rise to life and freedom. When our leaders self-congratulated themselves to have achieved &lsquo;freedom&rsquo;, nothing significant had changed at <g class="gr_ gr_242 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="242" data-gr-id="242">grass roots</g>, except that browns had replaced whites. The landless <g class="gr_ gr_250 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="250" data-gr-id="250">labour</g> working in mines continued his deplorable life under dominant caste contractors, the life of peasant drenched in sweat under the scorching sun reeled in misery as land reform failed miserably, and the <g class="gr_ gr_239 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="239" data-gr-id="239">stig-ma</g> of pollution still belonged to untouchables as Puranic literature ruled the hearts of &lsquo;Independent Indians&rsquo;.</p>
<p>The only thing that had changed after independence was that we got a dream. A dream of an egalitarian society guaranteeing social justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity to all its citizens. With the goal well laid out, it was left for future generations to draft plans to achieve final aim of social, economic, and political transformations. Today, our generation is fortunate enough to pick up the baton and chart solutions for 21st century resurgent, powerful yet backward India.</p>
<h3>Political Changes</h3>
<p>Today, India is suffering from a multitude of problems on many fronts. In <g class="gr_ gr_203 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="203" data-gr-id="203">political</g> realm, we witness a paradox. On one <g class="gr_ gr_212 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="212" data-gr-id="212">hand</g> we have accepted democracy as the best form of governance rejecting monarchy, colonialism; on the other, we find democracy being hijacked by <g class="gr_ gr_207 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="207" data-gr-id="207">elite</g> oligarchy, &lsquo;Avatar&rsquo; worship, and dynasty rule.</p>
<p>We must bring in at least <g class="gr_ gr_228 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="228" data-gr-id="228">20 year</g> cooling off period before which close kin of a retired party leader cannot inherit party leadership. We should also amend the constitution prohibiting one candidate from getting elected more than twice to <g class="gr_ gr_222 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="222" data-gr-id="222">post</g> of Prime Minister as is followed in mature democracies like the U.S.A. We should also make it mandatory for new entrants in politics to first contest local level elections before contesting for Assembly or Parliament as is applicable in any other profession where one has to start from bottom to gain skills and expertise enough to run a responsible position. In a representative democracy, political parties are meant to serve people <g class="gr_ gr_225 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="225" data-gr-id="225">not</g> individuals.</p>
<p>Another crisis faced by our political setup is the rampant criminalization of <g class="gr_ gr_235 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="235" data-gr-id="235">politics .</g> Association for Democratic Reforms(ADR) reports that 188 out of 543 16th Lok Sabha members (about 34%) have criminal cases against them, many of which are of serious nature like murder, rioting, etc. Representation of People Act, 1951 should be amended to disallow political parties from giving tickets to candidates who have serious criminal charges filed against them at least 6 months prior to elections and where <g class="gr_ gr_230 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="230" data-gr-id="230">court</g> has accepted the <g class="gr_ gr_229 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="229" data-gr-id="229">chargesheet</g>.</p>
<p>In addition to this, Political Parties should usher a <g class="gr_ gr_215 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="215" data-gr-id="215">merit based</g> system like any other professionally run organization by adhering to tools like Right to Information Act (2005), (as also recommended by Chief Information Commissioner), internal elections, etc. This will not just attract young talent but also develop quality standards and future benchmarks of good governance which unfortunately are absent in present political setup.</p>
<p>Finally, no democracy prospers without an active citizenry. People get the leader they deserve. Contemporary falling political standards are simply a reflection of our social and moral degradation. Selling votes in exchange of bill payments, loan waivers, money or liquor reflects the path our democracy has embarked to soon turn into &lsquo;mobocracy&rsquo;. The spirit of stakeholder mentality needs to be rekindled in them. Although steps like NOTA (None Of The Above) were introduced to bring this change, they lacked substance and was seen more as <g class="gr_ gr_211 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="211" data-gr-id="211">waste</g> of vote by people. Hence, NOTA should be given more powers like re-polling to take place in the constituency where NOTA has more votes than any of the candidates.</p>
<h3>Administrative Changes</h3>
<p>No political setup can be successful without an effective, efficient administrative machinery which is able to translate vision into reality. A socialistic ambition, as pure and well-intentioned it may be, is ineffective if it is not complemented <g class="gr_ gr_185 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="185" data-gr-id="185">with</g> managerial efficiency i.e. the &lsquo;how&rsquo; of governance.</p>
<p>Although various commissions have provided solutions to reform administrative machinery, they have not been implemented in spirit by different governments of the day. These reforms - structural, procedural, attitudinal, and psychological <g class="gr_ gr_174 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="174" data-gr-id="174">are as</g> under.:</p>
<h4><strong>Procedural Reforms</strong></h4>
<p><strong>Sensitivity training:</strong> For example: In Jan Maitri project, introduced by Kerela Police Department policemen are shown visuals of common man&rsquo;s desperation in their training period.</p>
<p><strong>Lateral entries:</strong> For example. Appointing Sam Pitroda, Nandan Nilekani type, out of the box thinkers from <g class="gr_ gr_175 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="175" data-gr-id="175">private</g> sector who can think globally and act locally.</p>
<p><strong>Quantified Performance measurement benchmarks and Objective Appraisals:</strong> e.g. <g class="gr_ gr_263 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="263" data-gr-id="263">360 degree</g> appraisals which <g class="gr_ gr_261 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="261" data-gr-id="261">values</g> consumer feedback and subordinate opinion as well. ACR be replaced with APAR which unlike ACR is <g class="gr_ gr_264 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="264" data-gr-id="264">non confidential</g> and aims at <g class="gr_ gr_260 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="260" data-gr-id="260">hand</g> holding subordinates rather than &lsquo;controlling&rsquo; them.</p>
<h4><br /><strong>Structural Reforms</strong></h4>
<p><strong>One stop grievance redressal mechanism:</strong> For e.g. Aayakar Sewa Kendras bought in by Income Tax department.</p>
<p><strong>Digitization of procedures:</strong> Implementing ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning like SAP). This Business Process <g class="gr_ gr_182 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="182" data-gr-id="182">Re Engineering</g> will result in quick, holistic, informed decision making that too in real time. It can track business resources&mdash; cash, raw materials, production capacity and the status of service delivery</p>
<p><strong>Citizen Participation in Governance:</strong> Regular Jan Sabhas, Social Audits, will bring in transparency, innovative and targeted solutions, stakeholder mentality <g class="gr_ gr_178 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="178" data-gr-id="178">where in</g> people don&rsquo;t consider themselves as passive beneficiaries but as active contributors.</p>
<h4><strong>Legal Reforms</strong></h4>
<p>Amend Article 311 of the constitution that gives enormous discretion, immunity to civil servants.</p>
<p>Have a <g class="gr_ gr_149 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="149" data-gr-id="149">mid career</g> examination and performance review. Poor performers should be allowed to leave. No officer has the right to hold an office of public importance indefinitely just because he cleared some examination many years ago.</p>
<p>Strengthen &lsquo;Prevention of <g class="gr_ gr_146 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="146" data-gr-id="146">Corrutption</g> Act&rsquo;-1988, to include collusive corruption in it.</p>
<p>Streamline, <g class="gr_ gr_153 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="153" data-gr-id="153">rationalise</g> conduct rules. Revoke provisions of <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="148" data-gr-id="148">over regulation</g>. like <g class="gr_ gr_152 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="152" data-gr-id="152">requirement</g> for attestation from a gazetted officer, etc. as was rightfully accomplished recently.</p>
<p>Code of ethics would go a long way in building a motivated <g class="gr_ gr_139 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="139" data-gr-id="139">work force</g> in wake of an unpredictable, complex, changing environment.</p>
<p>All states should enact Lokayukta act in consonance with U.N. declaration against <g class="gr_ gr_142 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="142" data-gr-id="142">corruption</g> of which India is a signatory.</p>
<p>Form a Civil Service Board as in Maharashtra to reduce political interference in official appointments, promotions which will reduce nepotism, sycophancy, corruption in government.</p>
<h4><strong>Reforms in Bureaucratic Mindset</strong></h4>
<p>Officials should think of themselves as servants and not masters. For example. <g class="gr_ gr_133 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="133" data-gr-id="133">Julious</g> <g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="134" data-gr-id="134">Robero</g>, Kiran Bedi, Prakash Singh (all of them President award winners).</p>
<p>Build qualities of empathy, kindness, courage to stand up against powerful lobbies. For e.g. Kautilya&rsquo;s vision of an ideal Sachiv(officer).</p>
<p>Our final aim should be less government and more governance. In words of Mr. Narayana Murthy-&ldquo;Indian Civil Service (ICS) was replaced by Indian Administrative Service (IAS) <g class="gr_ gr_135 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="135" data-gr-id="135">post independence</g>. Now <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="137" data-gr-id="137">time</g> has come when we replace Indian Administrative Service with Indian Management Service (IMS)&rdquo;.</p>
<h3>Changes In Economy And Business</h3>
<p>Apart from improving public service delivery, the <g class="gr_ gr_253 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="253" data-gr-id="253">above mentioned</g> reforms will also improve our Ease of Doing Business ranking which presently stands poorly at 130/189 as per <g class="gr_ gr_227 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="227" data-gr-id="227">World</g> Bank&rsquo;s Doing Business Report (2016). An informal discussion with an average Indian businessman will reveal <g class="gr_ gr_210 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="210" data-gr-id="210">difficulty</g> of doing business in India. As many functions in a business that many regulators are in govt &ndash; <g class="gr_ gr_241 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="241" data-gr-id="241">labour</g> inspections, emission watch by NGT, construction monitoring by <g class="gr_ gr_191 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="191" data-gr-id="191">muncipalities</g>, Forex regulations by RBI, equity market by SEBI, taxation by I.T, Sales tax <g class="gr_ gr_180 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="180" data-gr-id="180">dept</g>, CBEC<g class="gr_ gr_256 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="256" data-gr-id="256">,etc</g>, and so on. Furthermore, there are legal hurdles- delays in land acquisition, federal issues, fuel supply shortage, sluggish freight movement, poor infrastructure, no buyer&rsquo;s protection. In each of these <g class="gr_ gr_196 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="196" data-gr-id="196">sub <g class="gr_ gr_236 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="236" data-gr-id="236">sectors</g></g> we need a change. Labour Reforms from Rajasthan, <g class="gr_ gr_200 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="200" data-gr-id="200">time bound</g>, transparent land acquisition from Gujrat, reliable procurement of electricity as in Chattisgarh, robust credit supply as in Maharashtra, seamless mines to industry to market to consumer connectivity as in Gujarat west coast, <g class="gr_ gr_205 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="205" data-gr-id="205">one stop</g> clearances as in Telangana&rsquo;s innovative Right to Clearance, effective dispute resolution mechanism and minimum labour unrest as in Punjab. Solutions are scattered. <g class="gr_ gr_220 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="220" data-gr-id="220"><g class="gr_ gr_248 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="248" data-gr-id="248">Centre</g></g> should be a facilitator in integrating these dispersed solutions and fitting them as per local requirements. This will flourish Make in India campaign harnessing our demographic dividend and pushing us at par with China type economies.</p>
<p>Industrial reforms also mean venturing into new sunrise sectors, going beyond textiles, <g class="gr_ gr_189 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="189" data-gr-id="189">jewellery</g>, I.T <g class="gr_ gr_173 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="173" data-gr-id="173">and</g> finance<g class="gr_ gr_171 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation multiReplace" id="171" data-gr-id="171">,.</g> Sectors like Food Processing hold an immense potential as they have a forward and backward linkage impact benefitting farmers, consumers <g class="gr_ gr_177 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="177" data-gr-id="177">and</g> <g class="gr_ gr_163 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="163" data-gr-id="163">economy</g> as a whole. Similarly, Tourism, being <g class="gr_ gr_194 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="194" data-gr-id="194">labour</g> intensive, local, traditionally exposed, sector that too requiring minimum capital investment in a geographically gifted country like ours is a blessing we have not availed so far. Likewise, <g class="gr_ gr_166 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="166" data-gr-id="166">Education</g> sector <g class="gr_ gr_184 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="184" data-gr-id="184">too</g> holds a promise. India can create a cadre of &lsquo;Indian Education Service&rsquo; which will export teachers to the world capturing the minds of people into local tunes and this will be <g class="gr_ gr_161 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="161" data-gr-id="161">real</g> victory that no hard power can beat. India will restore its status of &lsquo;Jagat Guru&rsquo; once again, in post Asokan era as envisaged by Swami Vivekananda.</p>
<h3>Social And Lifestyle Changes</h3>
<p>&ldquo;<g class="gr_ gr_169 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="169" data-gr-id="169">A average</g> Indian is dissatisfied <g class="gr_ gr_226 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="226" data-gr-id="226">today</g>&rdquo; says the &lsquo;World Happiness Report&rsquo; (2016) published by Sustainable Development Solutions Network which ranks India at 118/158 countries. It lies below many <g class="gr_ gr_218 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="218" data-gr-id="218">war torn</g> nations like Palestine(108), Pakistan(81). etc. In common life we observe students unhappy about his college administration (FTII, NIT )a tenant un-happy about <g class="gr_ gr_172 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="172" data-gr-id="172">landlord</g>, citizens blaming politicians of corruption (IAC), and the chain is infinite. Post LPG, with <g class="gr_ gr_176 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="176" data-gr-id="176">permeation</g> of television, DTH, etc to farthermost corners, injection of consumerism in minds, etc. there has been <g class="gr_ gr_188 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="188" data-gr-id="188">rise</g> in desires in people which <g class="gr_ gr_197 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="197" data-gr-id="197">has</g> led to estrangement, jealousy, and self-centeredness. Happiness is lost in pursuit of overtaking one&rsquo;s <g class="gr_ gr_234 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="234" data-gr-id="234">neighbour</g> e.g. buying a longer car than his&rsquo;, <g class="gr_ gr_238 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="238" data-gr-id="238">pressurising</g> one&rsquo;s child to score more than his <g class="gr_ gr_244 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="244" data-gr-id="244">neighbours&rsquo;</g> child and similar demonstrative effects in other spheres of life. Common middle class Indian has turned into a money making robot lost somewhere between his office and home. Ironically, he still feels he is &lsquo;normal&rsquo;. There can be no cure without a diagnosis.</p>
<p>The solution to this conundrum lies &lsquo;within&rsquo; us. Reconnecting <g class="gr_ gr_145 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="145" data-gr-id="145">to</g> one&rsquo;s internal <g class="gr_ gr_147 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="147" data-gr-id="147">self was</g> the thought of this year&rsquo;s World Culture Festival in Delhi. Appreciating the smaller beauties of life- a child&rsquo;s smile, planting a tree, telling one&rsquo;s parents that you love them and your children that you will always stand by them. We should be sincere and not serious in our pursuit of life.</p>
<p>In our pursuit to reconnect with our innate self, no other country in the world has done research greater than India. In a <g class="gr_ gr_157 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="157" data-gr-id="157">world</g> fast breeding crime hatred, terrorism, restlessness, India is the peaceful future. But <g class="gr_ gr_158 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="158" data-gr-id="158">unfortunately</g> our own GenX is turning away from it. Therefore, to be prepared for future we need to regularly consult our past. We should develop confidence through school syllabus, familial values, social media, <g class="gr_ gr_165 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="165" data-gr-id="165">etc <g class="gr_ gr_164 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="164" data-gr-id="164">.</g></g><g class="gr_ gr_164 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style replaceWithoutSep" id="164" data-gr-id="164">For</g> <g class="gr_ gr_160 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="160" data-gr-id="160">example</g> Yoga in <g class="gr_ gr_150 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="150" data-gr-id="150">school</g> curriculum, World Culture Festival in Delhi, etc are cases in point. It also holds key to solving home-grown problems of Naxalism, terrorism, communalism, through peaceful means that would be sustainable and forge national unity. <em><strong></strong></em></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/model-essays/changes-that-will-change-india'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Can Capitalism Bring Inclusive Growth? ',
		'catname' => 'Model Essays',
		'desc' => '<p><em><strong>&ndash;Suneel Sheoran</strong></em></p>
<p>The recent Oxfam Report, 2016 has once again brought forth the debate on global inequality in light of its findings that the richest 1 <g class="gr_ gr_165 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="165" data-gr-id="165">per cent</g> of the world&rsquo;s population now own more than the rest of us combined. This debate on global inequality in contemporary times also raises a question mark on the ability of capitalism &ndash; the economic system predominantly being followed all over the world, barring a few exceptions, to deliver inclusive growth. Capitalism is an economic system believed to have been born in the aftermath of the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century Europe. It is based on private enterprise and private ownership of means of production like land, labor, capital etc. as compared to the economic system of Socialism, on the other end of the spectrum, which encourages public or state ownership of means of production. The producers belonging to the elite capitalist class are driven by the sole motive of profit. However, the system of capitalism has been criticized since its inception due to the exploitation of working class under horrible working conditions and low wages and for the very fact that it divides societies into classes of &lsquo;haves&rsquo; and &lsquo;have-nots&rsquo;. Its proponents have pointed towards ills of other economic systems and freedom of choice to encourage a <g class="gr_ gr_159 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="159" data-gr-id="159">laissez faire</g> system. However in light of the growing global economic inequality and poor standards of living even among sections of citizens in first world countries that have been following capitalism in spirit and law for centuries, certainly does raise a question on capitalism&rsquo;s flaws and its ability to deliver inclusive growth.</p>
<p>The concept of inclusive growth focuses on equitable growth for all sections of society. This involves ensuring that fruits of growth and development reach the poor and marginalized sections as well. Capitalism, with profit as <g class="gr_ gr_76 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="76" data-gr-id="76">sole</g> motive, at times fails to reach areas that require prioritization of social welfare i.e. working on a non-profit basis. For e.g. running of schools and hospitals in rural and underdeveloped areas, <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="78" data-gr-id="78">building</g> of public infrastructure like roads, rails etc. in rural areas etc. This leads to concentration of development works and industrialization led growth only in urban areas and hence creates regional inequality. Such regional inequality slowly turns into socio-economic inequality as well due to lack of meaningful employment opportunities in areas left out of the Capitalist development model and strikes at the very root of inclusive growth. <g class="gr_ gr_105 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="105" data-gr-id="105">Moreover</g> this increases urban migration leading to overcrowding and straining of public resources which in turn results in people living in miserable conditions.</p>
<p>In a race for delivering higher profits to owners, capitalist producers of goods and services compromise on payment of adequate wages and proper working conditions. For e.g. news reports of lack of payment of even minimum wages to laborers in certain sectors of <g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="88" data-gr-id="88">economy</g> like construction, textile etc. is not uncommon in India. Private firms loyal only to the shareholders don&rsquo;t feel inclined to share <g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="93" data-gr-id="93">wealth</g> with their employees. Resentment even among <g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="134" data-gr-id="134">middle class</g> employees regarding their long working hours and inadequate compensation <g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="68" data-gr-id="68">in</g> also quite prevalent. For e.g. in view of the sixth and seventh pay commissions&rsquo; <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="128" data-gr-id="128">reports</g> <g class="gr_ gr_107 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="107" data-gr-id="107">many</g> educated <g class="gr_ gr_101 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="101" data-gr-id="101">youth</g> are contemplating switching to government jobs even if they may be deemed overqualified for such jobs and even if it entails forgoing the corporate sector perks. Such tendency of the corporate capitalist class to squeeze out the proverbial last dollar leads only to <g class="gr_ gr_98 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="98" data-gr-id="98">enrichment</g> of the already rich sections of society at the cost of the poor and middle class whose labor is undervalued.</p>
<p><br />Capitalism also attaches great importance to the idea of free and efficient markets to achieve growth and development. But, time and again, it has been seen that markets fail to allocate resources and fruits of growth efficiently and are rather skewed due to monopolistic or anti-competition practices and their <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="92" data-gr-id="92">short sighted</g> views on growth. For e.g. the Bombay Stock Exchange lost a number of points the day the Indian government announced&nbsp;its scheme for public food security. The markets hence failed to take a <g class="gr_ gr_103 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="103" data-gr-id="103">long term</g> view on growth by not recognizing that only a <g class="gr_ gr_149 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="149" data-gr-id="149">well fed</g> population can lead to holistic and sustainable growth for all. <g class="gr_ gr_141 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="141" data-gr-id="141">Instead</g> the free market proponents chose to pressurize <g class="gr_ gr_109 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="109" data-gr-id="109">government</g> to take back its social-welfare program. The markets, moreover, driven with the sole aim of profit have frequently led the world into economic crisis accompanied by fall in employment rates and growth rates affecting the marginalized sections of developing and least developed economies the worst due to their greater vulnerability. This further serves only to widen the global inequality and the gap between the &lsquo;haves&rsquo; and &lsquo;have-nots&rsquo;. For e.g. the 2007-08 subprime crisis, though originated in <g class="gr_ gr_123 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="123" data-gr-id="123">USA</g> due to uninhibited greed and unethical practices of investment banks, soon engulfed the entire world economy leading to <g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="127" data-gr-id="127">fall</g> in growth rates across the globe. But the bailout package of developed world economies ensured that the capitalist class largely remained unaffected even though the middle class and marginalized sections suffered due to <g class="gr_ gr_117 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="117" data-gr-id="117">economic</g> slowdown.</p>
<p>Therefore capitalism has a number of shortcomings in its implementation and is not necessarily serving the purpose of inclusive growth. But, can the system be regulated and tweaked so as to promote greater inclusion and equitable growth? Capitalists themselves have come to realize that sustained high rates of growth leading to wealth generation for all are possible only when there is greater purchasing power in hands of the consumer. Companies have come to realize that a happy employee means a better bottom line. This has meant gradually paying higher wages and improving working conditions for workers. Along with stricter government regulations on labor laws, this has brought in drastic improvement in workers&rsquo; conditions when compared to the days of industrial revolution.</p>
<p>The focus on private enterprise for the sole motive of profit <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="83" data-gr-id="83">maybe</g> responsible for a number of ills as discussed but it can also <g class="gr_ gr_129 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="129" data-gr-id="129">leads</g> to greater efficiency. This heightened efficiency and enterprise <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation replaceWithoutSep" id="148" data-gr-id="148">in turn</g> <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="137" data-gr-id="137">boosts</g> economic production, employment opportunities, wealth generation and GDP growth rates leading to better living standards and pulling millions out of poverty. For e.g. before the economic liberalization of the 90&rsquo;s Indian economy was a closed one with the public sector controlling most of the economy. The lackadaisical work culture that it promoted coupled with regressive economic policies of the then governments almost led <g class="gr_ gr_132 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="132" data-gr-id="132">Indian</g> economy to the verge of bankruptcy. <g class="gr_ gr_152 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="152" data-gr-id="152">However</g> since economic liberalization that opened up Indian economy for <g class="gr_ gr_115 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="115" data-gr-id="115">private</g> sector and limited the role of <g class="gr_ gr_120 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="120" data-gr-id="120">public</g> sector to only certain areas, <g class="gr_ gr_125 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="125" data-gr-id="125">Indian</g> economy has grown at a rapid pace and is today not only the fastest growing economy in the world but also the world&rsquo;s third largest economy by purchasing power parity. Though it has created a class of super-rich Indians, it has also pulled millions out of poverty. Between 2004 and 2012, India reduced its poverty levels by approximately 15 percentage points, in the process pulling a staggering 20 million Indians out of poverty per year.</p>
<p><g class="gr_ gr_133 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="133" data-gr-id="133">However</g> this success story of Indian economy would not have been possible without effective government control via regulations that ensured that the wealth so generated reached all sections of society either directly via the &lsquo;trickle down&rsquo; effect or via its numerous social welfare programs. Therefore the malaise of wealth in only a few hands in capitalism can be corrected by the government stepping in to have a system of taxation that promotes economic equality, encouraging entrepreneurship and setting up venture capital funds to support entrepreneurs from the lower socio-economic strata; running social welfare programs that ensure substantive equality of opportunity by providing affordable quality education and health services. For e.g. Government of India recognizes this responsibility and hence to encourage entrepreneurship among marginalized sections of society and enhance socio-economic equality, it has started &lsquo;Start-Up India&rsquo;. Enhancing equality of opportunity in order to counter the capitalism induced inequality also requires the government to ensure access to quality infrastructure necessary for running <g class="gr_ gr_113 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="113" data-gr-id="113">business</g> &ndash; both public infrastructure as well as digital infrastructure which is increasingly becoming <g class="gr_ gr_121 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="121" data-gr-id="121">lifeline</g> of today&rsquo;s economy.</p>
<p>Therefore, capitalism as an economic system has a number of problems that have resulted in growing global socio-economic inequality. Issues like low wages, poor working conditions, regionally concentrated development, enrichment of only a particular class and blind faith in <g class="gr_ gr_97 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="97" data-gr-id="97">efficiency</g> of markets result in a skewed growth model that goes against the concept of inclusive growth. This leads to rising social unrest and raises <g class="gr_ gr_106 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="106" data-gr-id="106">question</g> mark on the very concept of capitalism delivering inclusive growth. However while the system of capitalism has its flaws, regulated by a government that works on social welfare model, capitalism can lead to improved efficiency in enterprise, enhance private investments and can boost economic production while at the same time raising the capital necessary for a government to run its social schemes for the betterment of the poor and the marginalized. For e.g. the Scandinavian countries have followed the capitalist mode with a strong regulatory regime and social welfare which led to praiseworthy results. <g class="gr_ gr_79 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="79" data-gr-id="79">Inequality adjusted</g> HDI regularly rank Scandinavian Countries like Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland among the top ten countries. This shows that the model of capitalism can be made to deliver inclusive growth provided the governments and civil societies across the world know how to tame the beast!</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mains/model-essays/can-capitalism-bring-inclusive-growth'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'National Identity and Patriotism',
		'catname' => 'Model Essays',
		'desc' => '<p><em><strong>&ndash;Preeti Kumari</strong></em></p>
<p>A nation is formed by the set of people who inhabit a certain geographical landmass, are a part of a consolidated political unit, have shared rights and duties, follow a common legal system and so on. But more than all of this, a nation is an expression of people&rsquo;s ideas and aspirations. These ideas have originated, condensed, changed, evolved, lost and re-gained prominence over tens of centuries and so have the geographical boundaries and the political systems associated with them. These very ideas and aspirations of people are expressed in the various symbols and rituals which a nation chooses for itself as its motifs. The internalization of <g class="gr_ gr_106 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="106" data-gr-id="106">and</g> identification with these symbols and rituals <g class="gr_ gr_131 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="131" data-gr-id="131">constitutes</g> what is called as <g class="gr_ gr_130 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="130" data-gr-id="130">national</g> identity at the level of political or even in day to day parlance. The respect, admiration <g class="gr_ gr_132 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="132" data-gr-id="132">and</g> loyalty towards these symbols and rituals, which are in turn representation of the nation- its people, is what is called patriotism.</p>
<p>National identity, although a collective idea, yet can be read as the most important of the multiple identities an individual subscribes to in contemporary times. It has played an immense role in <g class="gr_ gr_153 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="153" data-gr-id="153">evolution</g> of the social and the political world as it looks today. Meanwhile, patriotism has been the driving force <g class="gr_ gr_110 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="110" data-gr-id="110">in <g class="gr_ gr_156 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="156" data-gr-id="156">formation</g></g>, articulation <g class="gr_ gr_159 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="159" data-gr-id="159">and</g> assertion of the national identity. Therefore an essay&nbsp;on &lsquo;National Identity and Patriotism&rsquo; becomes not only an exercise at comprehending the wider meanings and ramifications of these terms but is also an attempt to look at the debates surrounding these terms in our history and present times. In this process, we have to look at the various theories regarding their origin, <g class="gr_ gr_154 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="154" data-gr-id="154">story</g> of their growth and conflicting prophecies about their probable future in a <g class="gr_ gr_160 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="160" data-gr-id="160">globalised</g> and <g class="gr_ gr_111 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="111" data-gr-id="111">technology driven</g> world. As such this essay also offers a chance to meditate upon the lessons from history and possibilities for <g class="gr_ gr_158 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="158" data-gr-id="158">future</g> from the perspective of the present.</p>
<p>National identity derives itself from the idea of <g class="gr_ gr_206 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep gr-progress" id="206" data-gr-id="206">Nation-State</g>. Nation-Sate themselves have their own history. While there are various theories regarding the origins of Nation-States, it is generally agreed upon that the bases of the Modern Nation States were laid after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. It led to the formation of <g class="gr_ gr_202 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="202" data-gr-id="202">Classical</g> Nation States of Northern and Western Europe. It also laid the foundation for the growth of Nationalism. This ultimately led to <g class="gr_ gr_207 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="207" data-gr-id="207">formation</g> and consolidation of <g class="gr_ gr_204 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="204" data-gr-id="204">Second</g> generation of <g class="gr_ gr_203 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="203" data-gr-id="203">Nation</g> States such as Italy, Germany, and countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The process of decolonization in the aftermath of Second World War saw the emergence of <g class="gr_ gr_205 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="205" data-gr-id="205">third</g> generation of nation-states in the African and Asian&nbsp;Continents. The process of the formation of Nation-States continued till the end of <g class="gr_ gr_208 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="208" data-gr-id="208">20th</g> century when several new nations emerged in the aftermath of the decline and disintegration of USSR. The emergence of Kosovo in South-Eastern Europe and Southern Sudan in Africa highlight the fact that the process of Nation-Formation is still on, even in the 21st century.</p>
<p>The history of <g class="gr_ gr_117 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="117" data-gr-id="117">origin</g> of National identity illustrates the importance of political events in the formation or emergence of modern nation-states. But that politics itself has been a derivative of <g class="gr_ gr_118 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="118" data-gr-id="118">interplay</g> of diverse factors. National identity as such seems to be a superset of a combination of factors which include linguistic identities, regional loyalties, culture, religion <g class="gr_ gr_119 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="119" data-gr-id="119">and</g> history.</p>
<p>Linguistic identities have been a feature of several demands of national self-determination. The wave of Nationalism in Europe in <g class="gr_ gr_163 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="163" data-gr-id="163">18th</g> and 19th century and the more recent struggle for and foundation of Bangladesh was largely based upon this very premise. One Nation-One Language was also mooted as the idea for the basis of national identity largely based upon the European experience. <g class="gr_ gr_167 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="167" data-gr-id="167">Similarly</g> regional or ethnic identities have also acted as <g class="gr_ gr_164 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="164" data-gr-id="164">foundation</g> of national identities. The disintegration of USSR into multiple nation states was seen as the culmination of the struggle for&nbsp;freedom of diverse groups that were ethnically diverse. The making and remaking of various African boundaries <g class="gr_ gr_165 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="165" data-gr-id="165">is</g> also seen as the result of the assertion of ethnic identities as separate national identity.</p>
<p>Culture has also served as the bedrock of various nationalisms. The diversity of cultures has been seen as a challenge to the formation of a strong singular national identity. This line of argumentation also spilled over to religious identity as well. Religion was used as the basis for the two nation theory which led to the partition of United India into India and Pakistan. The modern state of Israel is also an example of the formation of National identity on the basis of an imagined coherence between Culture and Religion on one hand and Nation-State on the other.</p>
<p>All or any of these identities are given the form of National identity with the help of history. It is <g class="gr_ gr_138 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="138" data-gr-id="138">history</g> of the Nation which gives legitimacy to national identity and assertion of sovereignty by that nation. Renan has even sarcastically remarked that &lsquo;Getting its history wrong is part of being a nation&rsquo;. This is the reason all nations try to trace their history to a hoary past. Failure of being able to discover or forge one&rsquo;s history is seen as an existential question mark constantly lurking upon its national identity.</p>
<p>Benedict Anderson has famously theorized that &lsquo;Nation is an imagined community. It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion<g class="gr_ gr_114 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation multiReplace" id="114" data-gr-id="114">....</g>Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined&rsquo;. Ultimately it is the width and depth of the imagination of this community which decides the course of a nation. A country like India, with multiple and diverse linguistic,&nbsp;religious and ethnic identities could claim to be a nation only because of the inclusiveness and tolerance that has been its hallmark <g class="gr_ gr_126 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="126" data-gr-id="126">since</g> centuries.</p>
<p>When various groups feel assured that their identities would not be threatened, but will actually flourish in the idea or imagination of a nation, only then a diverse but united nation like India can sustain and grow. Only an inclusive imagination can breed patriots, since exclusivity breeds division, secession and war. As such Patriotism is not only a display of love and a deep sense of affection for one&rsquo;s country; it is also a feeling of pride. Rabindranath Tagore often used a term &lsquo;Deshabhimaan&rsquo; as a synonym for this word in his works which aptly captures one of the dimensions of this word.</p>
<p>National identity and Patriotism gives a sense of belonging to an individual in the world. It helps a person feel the presence of an extended family around him. <g class="gr_ gr_188 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="188" data-gr-id="188">Naturally</g> the actions guided by such a philosophy will lead to <g class="gr_ gr_183 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="183" data-gr-id="183">betterment</g> of a society and progress of the country. It is sometimes wrongly assumed that patriotism is love for one&rsquo;s country at the cost of others. <g class="gr_ gr_189 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="189" data-gr-id="189">Actually</g> such line of thinking stems from <g class="gr_ gr_184 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="184" data-gr-id="184">crude</g> understanding of the idea of National Identity and Patriotism. India has a guiding&nbsp;philosophy of &lsquo;Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam&rsquo; i.e. <g class="gr_ gr_185 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="185" data-gr-id="185">whole</g> world is my family. Only such understanding of patriotism can bring peace and prosperity to the country as well as the world.</p>
<p>Apart from that, excessive pride in a national identity and display of Patriotism may acquire the form of &lsquo;<g class="gr_ gr_102 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="102" data-gr-id="102">ultra nationalism</g>&rsquo; and jingoism. <g class="gr_ gr_343 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="343" data-gr-id="343">Ultra&nbsp;nationalism</g> inevitably turns exclusionary in nature and hence leads not to the assertion but <g class="gr_ gr_150 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="150" data-gr-id="150">disintegration</g> of national unity and ultimately identity. <g class="gr_ gr_155 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="155" data-gr-id="155">Similarly</g> jingoism, by constantly falling back upon the idea of <g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="104" data-gr-id="104">ultra nationalism</g> when faced with any issue or problem of past/present,&nbsp;vitiates the community atmosphere and starts imposing restrictions upon any free speech or dissent. Such extremism leads only to great destruction as exemplified several times in history by various totalitarian regimes such as those of Hitler and Mussolini. One should always keep in mind what Edward R. Murrow, an American journalist said in <g class="gr_ gr_152 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="152" data-gr-id="152">context</g> of USA during one of the most volatile phases of Cold War. He said &lsquo;We must not confuse dissent with disloyalty. When the loyal opposition dies, I think the soul of the nation dies with it.&rsquo;</p>
<p>The turn of 20th century was seen as a challenge to the age of Nations, as it has been popularly referred to in the parlance of social sciences, due to unhindered rise of globalization, emergence of multinational companies with their revenues several times the GDP of several countries, and the age of internet which connected the world more than ever before. There was also a faction of scholars that saw it as approaching &lsquo;clash of civilizations&rsquo; where multiple national or other identities are bound to engage in a clash, in order to emerge as the superior-most among all.</p>
<p>However, both <g class="gr_ gr_177 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="177" data-gr-id="177">prophesies</g> can be seen to be missing the mark. The globalization has not only brought the world closer than ever, it has also sensitized people towards their own identities. It has taught the world to be more appreciative of the diversity of cultures, thoughts <g class="gr_ gr_175 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="175" data-gr-id="175">and</g> nationalities. The demands for more apt representation from different parts of the world at United Nations and the recent reforms at International Monetary Fund (IMF) aimed at <g class="gr_ gr_173 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="173" data-gr-id="173">better</g> representation of emerging nations at the international platform are two examples of the above phenomenon. Similarly, the increased contact between the various identities is not leading to any clash of civilizations but, in fact, has resulted in globally coordinated efforts to contain such clashes. Foundation of various&nbsp;international forums and signing of various trans-national treaties to engage with issues of security, energy <g class="gr_ gr_176 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="176" data-gr-id="176">and</g> environmental concerns are cases in point. The visionary project of Inter-national Solar Alliance (ISA) launched by our Prime minister is an example of how multiple nations are coordinating in the contemporary <g class="gr_ gr_178 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="178" data-gr-id="178">globalised</g> world to strike a balance between the global concerns of climate change and pressing national energy security concerns.</p>
<p>Towards <g class="gr_ gr_194 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="194" data-gr-id="194">conclusion</g>, it can be said that National identity and patriotism&nbsp;are deeply humane terminologies. They represent the urge of the humankind to be a part of the collective and contribute meaningfully and loyally to it. Krishna says in Gita, that <strong>there are multiple paths to the same truth</strong>. Similarly, there may be more than one ways of not only subscribing to a national identity but also of displaying the patriotism towards one&rsquo;s country. One must always be ready and vigilant to defend one&rsquo;s national prestige but must not enforce one&rsquo;s own ideas and ideals of national identity and patriotism upon everyone else. The essence of National identity and patriotism, in a country like India, can be best summed up in the lines of the Ancient Philosopher Sun Tzu, who said</p>
<p><em>&ldquo;There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.</em></p>
<p><em>There are not more than five primary colours, yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever been seen.</em></p>
<p><em>There are not more than five cardinal tastes, yet combinations of them yield more flavours than can ever be tasted.&rdquo;</em></p>',
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Analysing the New Anti-Trafficking Bill ',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p><em>This article is based on the opinion piece published in Livemint &ldquo;Anti-trafficking Bill may lead to censorship&rdquo; and contains inputs from various other sources as well.<img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/522StopHumanTrafficking.png" width="832" height="232" style="border-style: solid;" caption="false" data-pagespeed-url-hash="727592791" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></em></p>
<p>Human trafficking is one of the major concerns of the 21st century that has taken to rapid growth due to the advent of free movement and free trade under the globalisation. India is not immune to this menace and has been ranked as &ldquo;Tier 2&rdquo; countries by the US Department of State with respect to Human Trafficking, although India has been one of the pioneer countries to enact strict labour laws to curb exploitation.</p>
<p>The recent <strong>Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2018 i</strong>s on one hand being counted as an effort to keep a tight rein on human trafficking in India and on the other hand being criticized for being an inefficacious and superficial legislation.</p>
<h3>Human Trafficking</h3>
<p>The United Nations defines human trafficking as:</p>
<p><em>&ldquo;The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.&rdquo;</em></p>
<p><strong>The 3 most common types of human trafficking are sex trafficking, forced labour, and debt bondage.</strong> Forced labour, also known as involuntary servitude, is the biggest sector of trafficking in the world. Debt bondage is another form of human trafficking in which an individual is forced to work in order to pay a debt.</p>
<h3>International Conventions, Protocols and Campaigns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children in 2000</strong> as a part of the <strong>UN Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime</strong>. This protocol was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2000. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is responsible for implementing the protocol. It offers practical help to states with drafting laws, creating comprehensive national anti-trafficking strategies, and assisting with resources to implement them.</li>
<li><strong>Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.</strong> It entered into force on 28 January 2004. This also supplements the UN Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime. The Protocol is aimed at the protection of rights of migrants and the reduction of the power and influence of organized criminal groups that abuse migrants.</li>
<li><strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)</strong> is a non-binding declaration that establishes the right of every human to live with dignity and prohibits slavery. <br />Blue Heart Campaign: The Blue Heart Campaign is an international anti-trafficking program started by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Development Goals:</strong> Various SDGs aim to end trafficking by targeting its roots and means viz. Goal 5 (Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls), Goal 8 (Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all) and Goal 16 (Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Legislations in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 23 (1)</strong> in the constitution of India prohibits trafficking in human beings and forced labour.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" height="77" style="height: 80px; width: 96.0521%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 83px;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 83px;"><strong>Article 23(1)</strong> <br />Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law<br /><strong>Article 21</strong><br />The Supreme Court held that the right to live is not merely a physical right but includes within its ambit the<strong> right to live with human dignity.</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1986 (ITPA)</strong> penalizes trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation.</li>
<li>India also prohibits bonded and forced labour through the<strong> Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976, Child Labour (Prohibition and Abolition) Act 1986,</strong> and <strong>Juvenile Justice Act.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sections 366(A) and 372</strong> of the <strong>Indian Penal Code</strong>, prohibits kidnapping and selling minors into prostitution respectively.</li>
<li>Apart from this, the <strong>Factories Act, 1968</strong> guarantees the protection of rights of workers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How Is the New Bill Not Enough to Tackle Human Trafficking?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bill has been accused of <strong>adopting a punitive approach rather than a victim-centred one.</strong> The bill does not focus on human rights and views trafficking as just a crime. It rather does away with just enacting a legislation instead of going for a rigorous, and comprehensive addressal.</li>
<li><strong>Loose wording:</strong> The act has many &ldquo;general statements&rdquo; which may be used as a legal loophole by the perpetrators to get away and by others to frame innocent people.<br />For eg. The phrase &ldquo;any propaganda material that promotes trafficking of person or exploitation of a trafficked person in any manner&rdquo; has wide amplitude, and many unconnected or even well-intentioned actions can be construed to come within its ambit as the Bill does not define what constitutes &ldquo;promotion&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The bill is also <strong>against the spirit of criminal laws</strong> which need a guilty &ldquo;act&rdquo; and &ldquo;malafide intention&rdquo; to prosecute someone, as it says &ldquo;which may lead to the trafficking of a person, shall be punished&rdquo;.</li>
<li>It goes <strong>against many international conventions</strong>. It holds any intermediary party such as online content providers, social media platforms, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) etc., liable for content posted on them which is against <strong>Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability.</strong></li>
<li>It endorses a<strong> simplistic raid-rescue-rehabilitation model.</strong> While NITI Aayog has vehemently argued against the 2017 Global Estimates on Modern Slavery (GEMS) produced by the International Labour Organization, the government has adopted the same approach prescribed in it.</li>
<li>The vague definitions in the proposed bill leave <strong>scope for blocking the so-called immoral or indecent things</strong> including literary or artistic work which may engage with sensitive topics.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What needs to be done?</h3>
<p>Trafficking is very often related to exploitation in the name of work - be it domestic or industrial. Thus, <strong>making labour laws more stringent</strong> is a more humane and fundamental way of dealing with the problem.</p>
<p>Secondly, it is important that we <strong>draw a line between prostitution (voluntary sex service) and sex trafficking.</strong> This will help us identify the victims in a better manner and form legislations specifically according to their need.</p>
<p>We can<strong> take lessons from the Sex Buyer&rsquo;s Law of Sweden and Norway</strong>, which is a highly effective legal framework for preventing commercial sexual exploitation. It criminalises buying sex acts while decriminalizes selling it. It also provides for those exploited through prostitution. This law has prevented the further victimization of people who have already been victims of poverty, trafficking and violence.</p>
<p>Thirdly, lawmakers should seek the <strong>consultation of relevant stakeholders</strong> before passing a bill with such wide implications. This may include the victims of sex trafficking, overexploited labour, representatives from trade unions, people in prostitution, rehabilitated child labourers and experts from the field.</p>
<p>Fourthly, it is important that the government devises <strong>vigilance mechanisms</strong> to check such cases in the first place. Any pro-active endeavour is better than waiting for such incidences to happen and delivering justice post-incident.</p>
<p>Last but not the least, trafficking is not an issue in isolation but is interconnected with other issues like<strong> immigration, urban migration, unemployment and women safety.</strong> Thus, the law needs a more holistic view to deal with such a vast question.</p>
<p>Apart from being a grave human rights concern, trafficking has<strong> impacts on trade, Foreign Direct Investment and tourism</strong> among other things. Thus, it is high time we strategically emaciate this blotch on our country&rsquo;s image.</p>',
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