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Global Investors to Develop Islands

India is set to invite global investors to develop strategically important islands of Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep. The Government will...

07 Aug 2018 News Analysis
HIV Prevalence Rising among North Eastern States

According to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura have emerged as the new hotspots for HIV. According...

07 Aug 2018 News Analysis
The Many Problems with China's Belt and Road Initiative

This article appeared in Livemint on 6/8/2018. It analyses the issues and challenges associated with China’s Belt and Road...

06 Aug 2018 News Editorials
Geometry Has a New Shape: Scutoid

Recently, scientists discovered a new shape called “Scutoid” after studying the human epithelial cells. The scutoid looks like a...

06 Aug 2018 News Analysis
E-tattoos to help monitor health

Chinese scientists have developed skin-like electronic tattoos, that can be used to monitor health parameters such as blood pressure and body...

06 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Launch of Chandrayaan-II postponed

The launch of India’s second mission to the moon has been delayed till January 2019, which was earlier set for a launch in October,...

06 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Man-animal Conflict to be Listed as Disaster by UP Govt

The Uttar Pradesh government has given its in-principle approval to bring man-animal conflict under listed disasters in the State Disaster Response...

06 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Impact of Roads on Wildlife

The Centre has asked the state of Karnataka to consent to allowing night traffic on the highway passing through Bandipur Tiger...

06 Aug 2018 News Analysis
U.S.-China Trade War can make Indian Products Competitive: CII

According to Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), with the U.S. imposing an additional 25% duty on imports worth $34 billion from China, certain...

06 Aug 2018 News Analysis
U.K. to have New Organ Donation Law

The U.K. government has announced new plans to change the law for organ and tissue donation to address the urgent need for organs within...

06 Aug 2018 News Analysis
TRAI Calls for Zero Telecom Equipment Imports by 2022

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has recommended the setting up of a Rs. 1,000 crore fund for promoting research and innovation in the...

04 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Mattala Project With India is On: Sri Lanka

In a recent statement, the Sri Lankan government has stated that the talks on ‘Mattala Project’ are ‘progressing’ with...

04 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts For Prelims (August 4, 2018)

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) PMUY was launched in 2016 and is implemented by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas through its Oil...

04 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

There has been a decline in number of beneficiaries under PMFBY in 2017-18 from 2016-17. The decline in coverage of farmer applicants is mainly...

04 Aug 2018 News Analysis
HRD Ministry Approves Norms Against Plagiarism

The Ministry of Human Resource Development has approved new regulations on plagiarism drafted by the University Grants Commission (UGC). According...

04 Aug 2018 News Analysis
NCAER’s 2018 State Investment Potential Index

Delhi has emerged the most-attractive State for investors in the National Council for Applied and Economic Research (NCAER)’s 2018 State...

04 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Vidyalakshmi Portal for Higher Education

The Vidyalakshmi portal was launched by the Government of India in 2015 to provide financial assistance in the form of scholarships and educational...

04 Aug 2018 News Analysis
Government to Study the Impact of Mission Kakatiya

The State government of Telangana has decided to conduct an in-depth study to assess the impact of de-siltation of tanks taken up under the Mission...

04 Aug 2018 News Analysis
For A Capitalism Less Stigmatised

This article appears in the Indian Express and is written by the president of the FICCI. It addresses a very important topic - something has happened...

03 Aug 2018 News Editorials
Important Facts for Prelims (3 August 2018)

NITI Aayog Launches Move Hack NITI Aayog has launched Move Hack, a global mobility hackathon to crowdsource solutions aimed at the future of...

03 Aug 2018 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Global Investors to Develop Islands',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India is set to invite global investors to develop strategically important islands of Andaman &amp; Nicobar and Lakshadweep.</p>
<p>The Government will focus on wide ranging social and infrastructure development programmes including transshipment terminal at <strong>Campbell Bay (Great Nicobar, the largest of the Nicobar islands)</strong>, air connectivity, sea- connectivity, boosting satellite bandwidth, etc. according to the <strong>Island Development Plan prepared by the NITI Aayog.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Island Development Plan by NITI Aayog</strong></p>
<ul start="1" style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The projects covered under it are in the areas of:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Road, sea and air connectivity,</li>
<li>Clean energy,</li>
<li>Development of resorts,</li>
<li>Digital connectivity,</li>
<li>Healthcare and education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The plan also proposes to extend benefits available to businesses in the north-eastern region, such as subsidy on capital investment and interest on working capital loans, reimbursement of the central government&rsquo;s share of GST, etc</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="text-align: left;">Andaman and Nicobar Islands are of maritime importance to India with its potential for trade and surveillance.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">A large port facility at Campbell Bay could offer better opportunity for India to trade with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), given that it lies on an international trade route.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Given the strategic location of Andaman &amp; Nicobar (A&amp;N Islands) and the Lakshadweep Islands and China&rsquo;s belligerent expansionist policy in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), there is a need to develop critical infrastructure and upgrade the military base in these regions. For instance, &nbsp;China pushing for infrastructure projects, like the&nbsp;<strong>Kra Canal,</strong>&nbsp;will likely influence the new emerging security architecture in the Indo-Pacific.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">India&rsquo;s only tri-service command is established at the A&amp;N Islands at the entrance of the Malacca Strait, the 2.8 km long -world&rsquo;s most congested choke point, and the primary route for Chinese oil supply.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">The region gains importance in the light of emerging Sino-Indian competition in the region which can be seen through&nbsp;the routine deployment of submarines by China, development of underwater surveillance networks, expansion of Chinese naval bases with the establishment of a military base in Djibouti and extending the reach of the One Belt One Road (OBOR).</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">The Doklam standoff and the recent Chinese policy of forming strategic/ critical commercial alliances with India&rsquo;s neighbouring countries as the United States displays a clear proclivity towards India, makes fast-paced Island development all the more imperative. This sentiment is mirrored in the recent formation of the &lsquo;Quad&rsquo; coalition group by India,Japan, Australia and the US , apart from the Malabar Naval Exercises by the same nations.</li>
<li>The A&amp;N Islands alone account for 30% of India&rsquo;s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)-revenue - given their unrealized potential, bridging the infrastructure gap becomes crucial.</li>
<li>Developing the islands as prime Tourist Hotspots can help create many forward and backward linkages and help boost the economy of the regions to a large extent.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2016, the government identified 26 Islands for promoting and implementing development based on sustainable approach to building a thriving economy of the project islands.</li>
<li>The government has also announced laying of submarine optical fiber cable between Chennai and A&amp;N Islands so as to increase telephone and internet connectivity in the region by December 2018.</li>
<li>In 2017, the<strong> Island Development Agency (IDA)</strong> was established for the holistic development of the islands, focusing on community-based tourism.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Island Development Agency (IDA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Island Development agency (IDA) was constituted &nbsp;for the holistic development of islands. It will undertake holistic development in the project islands after giving due consideration to unique maritime and territorial biodiversity of the islands.</li>
<li>IDA is <strong>chaired by Union Home Minister</strong>.</li>
<li>Other members are the Cabinet secretary, home secretary, secretary (environment, forests and climate change), secretary (tourism) and secretary (tribal welfare).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Key Infrastructure projects such as creation of jetties/berthing facilities, Roll-on/Roll-off ships; Bridges on Andaman Trunk Road; Upgradation of Diglipur Airport; Construction of Minicoy Airport; Augmentation of Satellite Bandwidth in Andaman &amp; Nicobar; augmentation of helicopter services for Islanders and tourists etc. are being accorded priority accordingly.</li>
<li>The 2016 Indo-Japan Joint Statement on Bilateral Cooperation envisioned to develop &ldquo;Smart Islands&rdquo; on the line of the &lsquo;Smart Cities&rsquo; project.</li>
<li>Development of water de-salination plants and waste management are also part of the development scheme.</li>
<li>NITI Aayog is also working on a revenue model to build sea connectivity projects in the public-private partnership mode, especially for ships carrying automobiles.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although, the need for civil infrastructure development in Island regions is unquestionable, in the wake of existing geo-strategic position of these islands, upgradation of defense facilities is equally important. This will constructively channelize the positive externalities of such assets to enhance the living conditions of entire populace.</li>
<li>However, due attention needs to be paid so as to not disturb the ecological balance, disrupt local livelihood-activities, and engage all stakeholders in the decision making process while ensuring that sufficient institutions and mechanisms exist for grievance redressal, compensation and rehabilitation.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-investors-to-develop-islands'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'HIV Prevalence Rising among North Eastern States',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura have emerged as the new hotspots for HIV.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to MOHFW, HIV cases are rising in the north eastern states due to the high-risk behavior of Injecting Drug Users (IDUs), and unsafe sexual practices.</li>
<li>The single most critical factor in spread of drug abuse in the Northeast Region, is its long boundary with Myanmar, part of the Golden Triangle, the world&rsquo;s major sources of IV drugs of abuse, specifically heroin.</li>
<li>There is a need for prevention and intervention strategies for the most-at-risk population in these pockets, with good coverage.</li>
<li>According to the National AIDS Research Institute (NARI), the target is to bring 90% of the 21 lakh people living with the HIV infection in India under Anti-Retroviral Treatment ( ART). The challenge is to encourage more people to take the test and then provide them with ART.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key facts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to a study by the The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) in 2017, HIV prevalence is highest in Mizoram (1.19 percent), Nagaland (0.82 percent), Meghalaya (0.73 percent), Tripura (0.56 percent) and Manipur (0.47 percent).</li>
<li>HIV prevalence in the case of pregnant women visiting ante-natal clinics (ANC) in the northeastern States of Mizoram (1.19%), Nagaland (0.82%), Meghalaya (0.73%), Tripura (0.56%) and Manipur (0.47%) were among the highest.</li>
<li>In case of sex workers, prevalence of HIV was as high as 24.68 percent in Aizwal district compared with 1.6 percent for other sites in the country.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Anti-Retroviral Treatment ( ART)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Standard antiretroviral therapy (ART) consists of the combination of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to maximally suppress the HIV virus and stop the progression of HIV disease.</li>
<li>ART are medications that treat HIV. The drugs do not kill or cure the virus. However, when taken in combination they can prevent the growth of the virus.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'The Many Problems with China's Belt and Road Initiative',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p>This article appeared in Livemint on 6/8/2018. It analyses the issues and challenges associated with China&rsquo;s Belt and Road initiative.</p>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>Recently, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of China has witnessed several challenges in its implementation which has <g class="gr_ gr_60 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation replaceWithoutSep" id="60" data-gr-id="60">in turn</g> opened up new strands of debates around its economic and geopolitical implications on the participant countries. <br />Countries like Myanmar and Malaysia had scaled down some of the BRI projects in the wake of rising Chinese debt. While these increasing debts have raised concerns in Pakistan, in countries like Montenegro, the government had to cut down on some of the welfare expenditure and raise the tax burden on its citizens in order to repay the Chinese.</p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>Development Lending</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Advantage: The group of economists led by Jeffrey Sachs (American economist, have been associated with <g class="gr_ gr_46 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="46" data-gr-id="46">millenium</g> development goals) considers external aid to be an important tool along with <g class="gr_ gr_61 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="61" data-gr-id="61">market</g> economy and liberal democracy to pull countries out of poverty. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>External capital push, they argue, can lead to higher levels of investment and greater productivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Problems: The group of economists led by William Easterly (American economist, has criticised foreign aid in The White Man's Burden) considers poor leadership, poor governance <g class="gr_ gr_55 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="55" data-gr-id="55">and</g> poor institution to be responsible for poverty in an economy.<br />They have argued that foreign aid can discourage investment in better institutions as it contributes to corruption in a political economy<g class="gr_ gr_73 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="73" data-gr-id="73">.</g><br /><g class="gr_ gr_73 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style replaceWithoutSep" id="73" data-gr-id="73">E</g>g: Political support resulted in the <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="44" data-gr-id="44">reservation</g> of the Chinese projects for Hambantota port. <br /><g class="gr_ gr_62 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="62" data-gr-id="62">Similarly</g> BRI projects cleared by the government in Pakistan have led to high amounts of debt, <g class="gr_ gr_45 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="45" data-gr-id="45">ever growing</g> current account deficit and low foreign exchange reserves while the host country still suffers from structural economic reforms.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Development Funding vs Forced Economic Intrusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The increasing debt and incapability to pay back can lead to the financer country&rsquo;s control over strategic assets in the borrowing economy. This may create geopolitical overtures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The way in which Dictator of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe was politically overthrown in a coup hatched in China, when he contested their control in the economy is just one example of the <g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="56" data-gr-id="56">above mentioned</g> control.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even institutions like International Monetary Fund (IMF) impose their way of economic reforms on the countries receiving their aid, intruding in these countries&rsquo; policy framing and <g class="gr_ gr_48 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace gr-progress" id="48" data-gr-id="48">decision making</g> process which is largely skewed in the institution&rsquo;s <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="47" data-gr-id="47">favour</g>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Development aid to India during the Cold War period was used as a bargaining tool by both <g class="gr_ gr_53 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="53" data-gr-id="53">US</g> and Soviet Union.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Stand on BRI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has raised concerns over the violation of territorial integrity and sovereignty because of the connectivity projects along with the unsustainable debt burden.</li>
<li>While Asia-Africa Growth Corridor by India-Japan and other such plans by US-Japan-Australia have posited themselves as an alternative to BRI. However, it is very important to take into consideration the immense control the Chinese have over their large investment banks and companies which countries like India or Japan lack and therefore cannot fund large infrastructure projects the way the Chinese do.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Finally, the way in which a connectivity project could be beneficial to the local economy should be decided solely by the recipient/beneficiary country itself.</li>
<li>&lsquo;Development financing&rsquo; from China should be used in the <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="51" data-gr-id="51">favour</g> of long-term interest only and not short-term profit as is the case now, and these beneficiary economies and their leadership should be held accountable by their citizens, for any decision-making on the BRI.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-many-problems-with-china's-belt-and-road-initiative'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Geometry Has a New Shape: Scutoid',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p class="c1"><span class="c2">Recently, scientists discovered a new shape called &ldquo;Scutoid&rdquo; after studying the human epithelial cells.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c8"><span><img title="" alt="" src="file:///C:/Users/WEB/AppData/Local/Temp/Rar$EXa0.230/images/image2.jpg" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2651825688" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></span><span>The scutoid &nbsp;looks like a </span><span class="c5">twisted prism </span><span class="c2">which has five sides on one end and six on the other and a triangular surface on one of its longer edges. It is the form that a group of cells in the body takes in order to pack tightly and efficiently into the curves of organs.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">The scientists named the shape "scutoid" after a triangle-shaped part of a beetle's thorax called the scutellum.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">They used microscopy and computer imaging to identify this shape. </span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">Till now, the epithelial cells were believed to be columnar or bottle-like shaped.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p class="c1"><strong><span class="c2 c3">Epithelial Cells</span></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c3">Epithelial cells are the safety shields of the body. They are one of the four kinds of tissue that forms human body. The four basic types of tissues are: </span><span class="c6 c5 c3">epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">They line most surfaces in an animal's body, including the skin, other organs and blood vessels.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">They are a barrier between the inside and outside of the body and are often the first place that is attacked by viruses.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Epithelial cells are specialized for absorption, secretion or to act as a barrier. Eg.-</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Epithelial cells secrete hormones into blood vessels, absorbs and transports nutrients from the foods and process it for energy.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3 class="c1"><span class="c6 c5">Significance</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span>This will </span><span class="c2">encourage more efficient &nbsp;kind of cell packing, accurately mimicking nature's way to efficiently develop tissues.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">It is significant for the understanding of epithelial organs.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">This study opens the door to understanding how organs are formed during their development and what might be missing in some diseases in which this process is altered.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">Apart from biology, this is will have wide ranging applications in mathematics and other related fields.</span></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/geometry-has-a-new-shape-scutoid'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'E-tattoos to help monitor health',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><span class="c2">Chinese scientists have developed skin-like electronic tattoos, that can be used to monitor health parameters such as blood pressure and body temperature in real time.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">E-skin refers to thin, flexible and stretchable electronic material that mimics human skin and can sense pressure, temperature and stretch.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">It is graphene-based and can be easily transferred onto various surfaces such as the human skin, leaves and silk.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">It could also be attached to masks and throats to measure body signals such as breathing, heartbeat and voice.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">It exhibits high sensitivity and long-term stability. It can withstand higher temperatures and is comfortable to wear as well.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">The pattern of the graphene-based electronic skin can be personalised by the help of laser scribing technology, a feature that will help future commercialisation.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="c1"><span class="c6 c5 c3">Graphene</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">It is a carbon material that is one atom thick. Its thin composition and high conductivity means it can be used in applications ranging from miniaturised electronics to biomedical devices like computers, solar panels, batteries, sensors and other devices.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Other properties of Graphene are:</span>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Lowest resistivity substance known at room temperature.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">High thermal stability.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">High elasticity.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">High electrical conductivity.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Electron mobility is high at room temperature.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c3">Recently scientists developed Graphene from Soybean using </span><span class="c5 c3">&ldquo;GraphAir&rdquo;</span><span class="c2 c3">&nbsp;technology which is fast,simple, safe, and potentially scalable method. Until now, the high cost of graphene&nbsp;</span><span class="c2 c3">production has been the major roadblock in its commercialisation</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Graphene oxide (GO) membranes can be used to filter common salt from seawater.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-tattoos-to-help-monitor-health'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Launch of Chandrayaan-II postponed',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><span class="c2">The launch of India&rsquo;s second mission to the moon has been delayed till January 2019, which was earlier set for a launch in October, 2018.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">Two recent setbacks are being cited as the reason for this delay:</span>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">Earlier this year, the ISRO lost communication with GSAT-6A, a military communication satellite, because of power failure.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">In September, 2018 failure of the PSLV- C39 mission, which was carrying the IRNSS-1H navigation satellite. It couldn't be placed in orbit because the heat shield refused to open in the fourth stage.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="c1"><span class="c5 c6">Chandrayaan-II</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">It will be 1st attempt by India to land a rover on any celestial body. The rover will land on south-pole of the Moon.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span>It is India's </span><span class="c5">second mission</span><span>&nbsp;to the Moon and is totally </span><span class="c5">indigenous.</span><span class="c2"><br /></span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c5">Launch Vehicle</span><span class="c2">: GSLV F-10</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c5">Purpose</span><span class="c2">: Collect data on lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, lunar exosphere and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span>Unlike the Chandrayaan-I, where Moon Impact Probe (MIP) crash-landed on the surface of the Moon, the</span><span class="c5">&nbsp;Chandrayaan-II will soft-land its Lander with Rover on the Moon.</span><span class="c2"><br /></span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">After approaching the 100 km lunar orbit, the Lander covering the Rover will depart from the<br />Orbiter. </span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">After a controlled fall, the Lander will soft land on the lunar surface at a particular site and&nbsp;</span><span class="c2">dispose of the Rover.</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<ul>
<li class="c1"><span class="c3">An </span><strong><span class="c5 c3">orbiter</span></strong><span class="c3">&nbsp;is a </span><span class="c3">space probe</span><span class="c2 c3">&nbsp;that orbits a planet or other astronomical object</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c3">A </span><strong><span class="c5 c3">lander</span></strong><span class="c3">&nbsp;is a </span><span class="c3">spacecraft</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;which descends toward and comes to rest on the surface of an </span><span class="c3">astronomical body</span><span class="c3">.</span><span class="c3 c7">&nbsp;</span><span class="c3">By contrast with an impact probe, which makes a </span><span class="c3">hard landing</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;and is damaged or destroyed so ceases to function after reaching the surface, a lander makes a </span><span class="c3">soft landing</span><span class="c2 c3">&nbsp;after which the probe remains functional.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c3">A </span><span class="c5 c3"><strong>rover</strong> (or sometimes planetary rover)</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;is a </span><span class="c3">space exploration vehicle</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;designed to move across the surface of a </span><span class="c3">planet</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;or other </span><span class="c3">celestial body</span><span class="c2 c3">.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span>The six-wheeled Rover will function </span><span class="c5">solely on solar power </span><span class="c2">and the instruments on the rover will&nbsp;</span><span class="c2">perform a chemical investigation which includes collecting various rock and soil samples.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">After observing the lunar surface, the Orbiter will transmit back data, which will be useful for&nbsp;</span><span class="c2">analysis.</span><span class="c5 c3"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong><span class="c2"><span class="c5 c3">Chandrayan-I </span></span></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span class="c5 c3">Chandrayan-I was India&rsquo;s first mission to Moon launched in 2008</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;using the PSLV- C11</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;and discovered some</span><span class="c3 c5">&nbsp;"magmatic water"</span><span class="c2 c3">&nbsp;and hydroxyl (OH) on a Moon crater.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p class="c1"><strong><span class="c6 c5 c3">Note:</span></strong></p>
<p class="c1"><strong><span class="c2 c3">Magmatic Water</span></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c3">Also called </span><span class="c6 c5 c3">juvenile water.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">It is the water derived from or existing in molten igneous rock (magma) and comes out with volcanic eruption.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span class="c2 c3">The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photogeologic mapping of the Moon.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">After the successful completion of all the major mission objectives, the orbit has been raised to 200 km during May 2009. </span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">The satellite made more than 3400 orbits around the Moon and the mission was concluded when the communication with the spacecraft was lost on 29 August 2009.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Recently, by the help of new technological application of interplanetary radar, NASA scientists have found that India&rsquo;s first lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, which was considered lost is still orbiting the Moon.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-chandrayaan-II-postponed'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Man-animal Conflict to be Listed as Disaster by UP Govt',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Uttar Pradesh government has given its in-principle approval to bring man-animal conflict under listed disasters in the State Disaster Response Fund to ensure better coordination and relief during such incidents.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move will enable faster relief, creating awareness, ensuring police support in areas when such conflicts are reported, and proper guidelines to handle situations when wild animals venture in human <g class="gr_ gr_84 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="84" data-gr-id="84">in-habitation</g>.</li>
<li>The recognition of man-animal conflict as <g class="gr_ gr_107 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="107" data-gr-id="107">disaster</g> under SDRF is a paradigm shift in handling such situations which will ensure better synergy among agencies and quicker relief to affected people.</li>
<li>The declaration of such conflict under SDRF will also mean that police and local administration will step in as soon as such a situation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&ldquo;Living with the Wild: Mitigating Conflict between Humans and Big Cat Species in Uttar Pradesh&rdquo; report by the UP Forest Department and Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) has <g class="gr_ gr_115 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="115" data-gr-id="115">analysed</g> the patterns of attacks, and outlines the circumstances in which these shy animals injure or kill humans.</li>
<li>It found that most attacks (90.6%) took place during the <g class="gr_ gr_116 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="116" data-gr-id="116">day,</g> when the forest-dependent communities are most active. This suggests that tigers aren&rsquo;t actively seeking out human beings as prey and &ldquo;most human-tiger encounters are caused by humans accidentally disturbing tigers that are resting in fields or fringe forests areas during the day.&rdquo;</li>
<li>Since human beings are not a part of the <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="83" data-gr-id="83">tigers</g>&rsquo; food chain, the attacks take place because the forest and fields are not separated by a buffer zone. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Herbivores, which are the natural prey of big cats, enter these crop fields in search of food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report also suggests the changes in human <g class="gr_ gr_108 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="108" data-gr-id="108">behaviour</g> that could help reduce the number of attacks &mdash; such as not entering forests alone, not leaving children <g class="gr_ gr_106 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="106" data-gr-id="106">unattended,</g> and building toilets at home.</li>
<li>Uttar Pradesh has 23 wildlife sanctuaries, besides Dudhwa National Park and Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, according to the data of a report by Wildlife Trust of India and the state government.</li>
<li>The Wildlife Protection Act does not have provision for compensation in case any human being or cattle is killed by a wild animal within a protected area or sanctuary.</li>
<li>The government gives <g class="gr_ gr_85 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="85" data-gr-id="85">ex-gratia</g> at fixed rates in such cases a view to <g class="gr_ gr_99 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="99" data-gr-id="99">reduce</g> retaliatory killings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it is a time-consuming process and may take a year to get relief, that too if inquiry clears such a payment.</li>
<li>Delays in getting <g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="86" data-gr-id="86">ex-gratia</g> triggers anger among <g class="gr_ gr_101 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="101" data-gr-id="101">local</g> population against protected animals which often results in tigers and leopards being killed by villagers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Man-animal Conflict</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Incidents of wild animals straying into human habitat <g class="gr_ gr_105 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="105" data-gr-id="105">poses</g> a threat for both the animal and the people residing in that area and calls for <g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="104" data-gr-id="104">serious</g> questioning of the administration&rsquo;s attitude towards the safety of the animals as well as the people.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Causes of Man&ndash;animal&nbsp;Conflict</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Destruction of <g class="gr_ gr_112 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="112" data-gr-id="112">natural</g> habitat of the wildlife.</li>
<li>Overlap in the needs of wildlife animals and humans.</li>
<li>Land use transformation, <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep gr-progress" id="92" data-gr-id="92">growth</g> of human population as well as wildlife population etc. can be other reasons.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Effects of Man-animal Conflict</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Damage to agricultural crops and property</li>
<li>Resource scarcity and livelihood effects on humans</li>
<li>Negative impact on wildlife population</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Solutions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Creating artificial and natural barriers across wildlife and human habitats.</li>
<li>Restoration of wildlife habitats to their original form.</li>
<li>Relocation of human population settlements.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Eco Bridge</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="81" data-gr-id="81">eco bridge</g> or the eco conduct is an overpass that allows easy crossing of animals across human-made barriers.</li>
<li>The intervention requires the laying of fertile soil to grow grass and plants over the <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">structure,</g> so that fragmentation of the reserve forest is camouflaged.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Dudhwa Tiger Reserve</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is a protected area in Uttar Pradesh that stretches mainly across the Lakhimpur Kheri and Bahraich districts.</li>
<li>It comprises of the Dudhwa National Park, Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="87" data-gr-id="87">and</g> Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary.</li>
<li>The northern boundary of the park is being constituted by the Mohana River flowing along the Indo-Nepal border whilst the Southern boundary is formed by the river Suheli.</li>
<li>It includes three large forest fragments - marshes, grasslands and dense forests, amidst the matrix dominated by agriculture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pilibhit Tiger Reserve</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pilibhit Tiger Reserve is located in Pilibhit district, Lakhimpur Kheri District and Bahraich District of Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li>Pilibhit Tiger Reserve was declared in September 2008 on the basis of its special type of ecosystem with vast open spaces and sufficient feed for the elegant predators.</li>
<li>It is India&rsquo;s 45th Tiger Reserve Project.</li>
<li>The northern edge of the reserve lies along the Indo-Nepal border while the southern boundary is marked by the river Sharada and Khakra.</li>
<li>The study done by Wildlife Institute of India (WII) shows that Dudhwa-Pilibhit population has high conservation value as it represents the only tiger population with the ecological and behavioral adaptations of the tiger unique to the Tarai region.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/man-animal-conflict-to-be-listed-as-disaster-by-up-govt'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Impact of Roads on Wildlife',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Centre has asked the state of Karnataka to consent to allowing night traffic on the highway passing through Bandipur Tiger Reserve.</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After reports of frequent roadkills in Bandipur, the administration in June 2009 restricted vehicular traffic between 9 pm and 6 am on two national highways passing through the reserve. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Protests by Kerala, however, led to the order being withdrawn.</li>
<li>After a PIL was filed, Karnataka High Court restored the ban on night traffic in July 2009.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>After the Bandipur matter went to the Supreme Court, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) in a report, in March 2018, recommended maintaining status quo.</li>
<li>However, before the submission of its report, the Road Transport Ministry asked Karnataka to consent to a proposal to open the road 24&times;7 with certain mitigation measures like:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An elevated road of over four 1-km stretches to provide wildlife passageways below, and</li>
<li>Fencing the entire highway passing through the reserve with 8-foot-high steel wire barriers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The argument for opening up the restricted road is that the alternative road is 30 km longer, and apparently passes through hilly terrain &mdash; increasing travel time, fuel consumption, and pollution.</li>
<li>Also, it is argued, traffic through a tiger reserve endangers wildlife even during the day, so fencing and passageways are a better idea.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The question is whether a 30-km detour to safeguard one of India&rsquo;s most wildlife-rich forests is an unaffordable economic burden or a minor concession necessary in the national interest.</li>
<li>The impact of road developments on biodiversity has become one of the central environmental issues when planning for road infrastructure.</li>
<li>Wild animals are vulnerable to vehicular traffic passing through forests, especially at night when, blinded by bright headlights, even swift species like cats freeze.</li>
<li>Over time, as animals learn to avoid roads, busy multilane highways become barriers that hinder wildlife movement, fragment populations, and restrict gene flow.</li>
<li>By blocking access to potential habitats, roads, railway lines and irrigation canals act as a major contributor to habitat loss.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In September 2013, the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL), the apex advisory body to the central government on all wildlife-related matters, said no to new roads through protected forests.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it was open to the widening of existing roads with adequate mitigation measures irrespective of the cost, only if alternative alignments were not available.</li>
<li>The government accepted this as policy in December 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In February 2018, the NBWL made it mandatory for every road/rail project proposal to include a wildlife passage plan as per guidelines framed by Wildlife Institute of India, an autonomous wildlife research body under the Environment Ministry. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, features like underpasses are unlikely to suffice in dense wildlife-rich forests where too many animals compete for space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NTCA is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change constituted under enabling provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 for strengthening tiger conservation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Board for Wildlife is a statutory Board constituted officially in 2003 under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The NBWL is chaired by the Hon&rsquo;ble Prime Minister and is responsible for promotion of conservation and development of wildlife and forests.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The board is &lsquo;advisory&rsquo; in nature and can only advise the Government on policy making for conservation of wildlife.</li>
<li>It is an important body because it serves as an apex body for the review of all wildlife-related matters and for the approval of projects in and around national parks and sanctuaries</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-july-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bandipur Tiger Reserve</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/impact-of-roads-on-wildlife'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'U.S.-China Trade War can make Indian Products Competitive: CII',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), with the U.S. imposing an additional 25% duty on imports worth $34 billion from China, certain Indian products may become more competitive.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the CII report &lsquo;New Export Opportunities for India in Trade with US and China&rsquo;, India should focus on new categories such as machinery, vehicles and transport parts for export to the US where it has a competitive advantage in the US-China trade war.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India can focus on several goods for expanding its exports to the U.S. and China after the increase in duties by both countries on imports from each other.</li>
<li>Top exports from India to the U.S. which are covered in the list of items for which the tariffs have been raised include pumps, parts of military aircraft, parts for electro-diagnostic apparatus, passenger vehicles of 1500-3000 cc, valve bodies and parts of taps.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Exports of these items stood at more than $50 million in 2017, according to CII, and can be increased with concerted efforts. Countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="39" data-gr-id="39">and</g> Malaysia have increased their exports of these products to the U.S. in recent years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Between 2012 and 2017, China&rsquo;s exports to the US have moved up the value chain with accelerated growth in high-technology items such as telecommunications equipment, automotive and cell phones. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Considering the fact that the US has raised tariffs for imports from China, the report suggested that products such as intermediate parts for the <g class="gr_ gr_29 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="29" data-gr-id="29">defence</g> and aerospace sector, vehicles, and auto parts and engineering goods have a higher export potential.</li>
<li>The report suggests that the trade dialogue with the US should be <g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="36" data-gr-id="36">strategised</g> taking into account India&rsquo;s competitive advantage in these products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and industry-managed organization, playing a proactive role in India's development process.</li>
<li>Founded in 1895, India's premier business association has members from the private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs, and an indirect membership of enterprises from around national and regional sectoral industry bodies.</li>
<li>CII partners with industry, Government, and civil society, through advisory and consultative <g class="gr_ gr_37 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="37" data-gr-id="37">processes</g> to create and sustain an environment conducive to the development of India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trade-war-set-to-become-a-reality" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Trade War: Set to Become a Reality</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-china-trade-war-can-make-indian-products-competitive-cii'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'U.K. to have New Organ Donation Law',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The U.K. government has announced new plans to change the law for organ and tissue donation to address the urgent need for organs within <g class="gr_ gr_33 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="33" data-gr-id="33">Indian-origin</g> community in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the proposed new system of consent for organ and tissue donation, it will be presumed that people have agreed to transplants unless they specifically opt out.</li>
<li>Like India, the UK followed the opt-in system - whereby families&rsquo; decision to donate organs of their loved one after death is discretionary. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The UK government is now moving towards adopting legislation <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="39" data-gr-id="39">favouring</g> the opt-out system to address the growing crisis in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The new system is expected to come into effect in England in 2020 as part of a drive to help Black, Asian <g class="gr_ gr_43 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="43" data-gr-id="43">and</g> Minority Ethnic (BAME) people.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The announcement came after a report called on the National Health Service (NHS) to take more proactive action to address the high death rate among Indian-origin people in Britain due to low levels of organ donation within the community. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>21% of people who died on the organ donation waiting list in the U.K. last year were from a BAME background.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The &lsquo;Organ Donation: Breaking Taboos Amongst British BAME Communities&rsquo; report by the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust was aimed at studying the low levels of donation among BAME communities in the UK. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to NHS records, only 7% of donors last year were from BAME backgrounds, with Indians accounting for just 1.9%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These communities are seen as generally less inclined to opt for organ donation, largely due to deeply-entrenched cultural and religious beliefs discouraging organ donation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Family refusal is one of the biggest obstacles to organ donation among the UK&rsquo;s Asian communities since death is a sensitive and highly emotive issue for them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The success of this initiative by <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="44" data-gr-id="44">UK</g> will depend on the degree and efficacy of engagement with the BAME populations.</li>
<li>For the programme to succeed, it will have to sufficiently <g class="gr_ gr_40 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="40" data-gr-id="40">addresses</g> the core issues surrounding beliefs and specific cultures and aims at <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="41" data-gr-id="41">normalising</g> and encouraging prior family conversations about organ donation in these families.</li>
<li>Evidence from countries like India <g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="36" data-gr-id="36">show</g> that it is possible to counter religious and cultural beliefs around organ donation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has seen a 10-fold increase in its organ donation consent rates over the last decade as a result of sustained public awareness programmes, policy initiatives, and multi-stakeholder collaboration, the findings reveal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uk-to-have-new-organ-donation-law'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'TRAI Calls for Zero Telecom Equipment Imports by 2022',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has recommended the setting up of <g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="88" data-gr-id="88">a Rs</g>. 1,000 crore fund for promoting research and innovation in the sector.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The recommendations were aimed at enabling Indian telecom equipment manufacturing sector to transition from an import-dependent sector to a global hub of indigenous manufacturing.</li>
<li>One of the primary reasons for increasing imports and decreasing exports is the relentless competition from China, which is known for large-scale production and export of low-cost telecom equipment, besides imports from other countries such as Sweden, Finland <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="87" data-gr-id="87">and</g> the US.</li>
<li>The authority suggested manufacturing telecom equipment in the country to offset security concerns because of excessive reliance on foreign-made goods.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India should aim at net zero imports of telecommunications equipment by 2022. As per available data, the export of telecom instruments stood at $1,201.7 million in 2017-18 while imports <g class="gr_ gr_85 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="85" data-gr-id="85">totalled</g> $21,847.92 million.</li>
<li>Mandatory testing and certification of the telecom equipment in the country.</li>
<li>Creation of the Telecom Research and Development Fund (TRDF) for research and innovation</li>
<li>A dedicated unit in <g class="gr_ gr_99 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="99" data-gr-id="99">Department</g> of Telecommunication (DoT) should be made responsible for the facilitation and monitoring of telecommunication equipment design, development, and manufacturing of indigenous telecommunication equipment.</li>
<li>Telecom service providers (TSPs) be <g class="gr_ gr_95 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="95" data-gr-id="95">incentivised</g> to deploy indigenous telecom products, beyond the quantities to be mandated under the Preferential Market Access (PMA).</li>
<li>Telecom Entrepreneurship Promotion Fund(TEPF) and Telecom Manufacturing Promotion Fund(TMPF) be set up so that the private sector can effectively participate in the manufacture of indigenous equipment and have market access for locally made gear<g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="104" data-gr-id="104">.</g></li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style replaceWithoutSep" id="104" data-gr-id="104"><g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">Do</g></g><g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">T</g> should coordinate with Ministry of Finance for making available the financing options, in line with the practices followed by other export-oriented economies, to indigenous telecom equipment manufacturers such as venture capital in the form of equity and soft loans, project finance and contract financing options.</li>
<li>A portal <g class="gr_ gr_82 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="82" data-gr-id="82">be</g> developed for <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="92" data-gr-id="92">self loading</g> and declaration of Standard Essential Patents (SEPs).</li>
<li>Alternate Dispute Resolution Framework for <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="81" data-gr-id="81">time bound</g> resolution of patent licensing disputes should be <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="83" data-gr-id="83">institutionalised</g> in the country.</li>
<li>All telecom products meant for use in the telecommunication network or by consumers and marketed in the country should be classified as either fully finished imported products or indigenous products.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/telecom-firms-oppose-trai%E2%80%99s-public-wi-fi-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Telecom Firms Oppose TRAI&rsquo;s Public Wi-Fi model</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trai-calls-for-zero-telecom-equipment-imports-by-2022'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Mattala Project With India is On: Sri Lanka',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>In a recent statement, the Sri Lankan government has stated that the talks on &lsquo;Mattala Project&rsquo; are &lsquo;progressing&rsquo; with India.</p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>What is the &lsquo;Mattala Project&rsquo;?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Sri Lanka have agreed that India, with a 70% stake in the joint venture, will contribute $225 million to revamp and run the Sri Lanka&rsquo;s loss-making Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport in Hambantota, while the Sri Lankan side will invest the balance.</li>
<li>India had proposed establishing a flying school and a maintenance hub at Mattala airport to boost airport revenues while it builds up traffic. In <g class="gr_ gr_30 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="30" data-gr-id="30">future</g>, the airport could also be a destination for Indian tourists.</li>
<li>The facility, 241 km south-east of Colombo, is dubbed the &ldquo;world&rsquo;s emptiest airport&rdquo; due to a lack of flights. However, India will operate the airport on a 40-year lease.</li>
<li>It is an open secret that India&rsquo;s strategic interests in running the airport, located near the China-controlled port in Hambantota, outweighs commercial considerations.</li>
<li>The matter also remains highly sensitive in the island, since opposition <g class="gr_ gr_29 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="29" data-gr-id="29">forces,</g> have objected to the &ldquo;sale of national assets&rdquo; to foreign countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Analysis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is worried about China's growing role in the Indian Ocean as Sri Lanka recently formally handed over control of Hambantota port to China, as part of a $1.1 billion, 99-year lease.</li>
<li>From a security perspective, Hambantota would make a fine logistics point for an expanded Chinese naval presence. Although Sri Lanka has repeatedly claimed that no Chinese naval facility will be permitted in Sri Lanka, India worries that China's influence will expand over the Sri Lankan territory.</li>
<li>A key element in any overseas naval base is easy <g class="gr_ gr_34 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="34" data-gr-id="34">access</g> by air for people and supplies. A naval base also requires maritime air surveillance capabilities<g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="36" data-gr-id="36">.This</g> is where the world's emptiest airport comes in handy.</li>
<li>Control over Hambantota airport will give India considerable control over how the port is used as it is difficult to conceive of the Chinese navy developing a significant facility at Hambantota without also controlling the airport.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mattala-project-with-india-is-on-sri lanka'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (August 4, 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="91" data-gr-id="91">PMUY</g> was launched in 2016 and is implemented by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas through its Oil Marketing Companies.</li>
<li>Through <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="90" data-gr-id="90">PMUY</g>, initially, 5 crores below poverty line (BPL) households were targeted for providing deposit free LPG connections to BPL households by 31st <g class="gr_ gr_141 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="141" data-gr-id="141">March,</g> 2019. This target has been achieved.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>BPL is a person/ household who suffers from at least one deprivation under the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) - 2011 Database.</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="89" data-gr-id="89">PMUY</g> aims at providing clean-cooking fuel to the poor households and bringing in qualitative <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="87" data-gr-id="87">charges</g> in the living standards.</li>
<li>The scheme provides a financial support of Rs 1600 for each LPG connection to the BPL households.</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="92" data-gr-id="92">PMUY</g> beneficiaries are identified through Socio-Economic Caste Census List-2011 and in such cases where names are not covered under SECC list, beneficiaries are identified from seven categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All SC/STs households beneficiaries of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana(PMAY) (Gramin)</li>
<li>Antyoday Anna Yojana (AAY)</li>
<li>Forest dwellers</li>
<li>Most Backward Classes (MBC)</li>
<li>Tea &amp; Ex-Tea Garden Tribes</li>
<li>People residing in Islands</li>
<li>People residing in river islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>E-Pashudhan Haat Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government launched e-Pashu Haat portal in 2016 for connecting breeders and farmers of indigenous breeds.</li>
<li>Through the portal, farmers can obtain information on <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="57" data-gr-id="57">location</g> of quality indigenous germplasm in the <g class="gr_ gr_58 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="58" data-gr-id="58">form</g> live animals, semen doses and embryos.</li>
<li>This portal is playing a crucial role in <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="148" data-gr-id="148">development</g> and conservation of indigenous breeds.</li>
<li>It has been launched under the scheme National Mission on Bovine Productivity.<br /><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Need</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has the largest bovine population in the world.</li>
<li>The Indigenous bovine breeds are sturdy, endowed with the quality of heat tolerance, resistance to diseases and ticks with the ability to thrive under extreme climatic conditions and survive with low inputs.</li>
<li>However, most of the indigenous have <g class="gr_ gr_64 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="64" data-gr-id="64">low</g> genetic potential for milk production and are suited for draught animal power. But, some breeds have <g class="gr_ gr_65 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="65" data-gr-id="65">potential</g> to be highly productive under optimal nutrition and farm management conditions along with selective genetic breeding.</li>
<li>Shortcomings in Animals Trade Market:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>No authentic organized market - Decentralised, fragmented and dispersed for indigenous breeds- being sold in haats/animal fairs etc.</li>
<li>Difficult to get quality- disease free high genetic merit germplasm.</li>
<li>Misleading valuation due to lack of traceability and tracking.</li>
<li>Other malpractices include Horns removed &amp; Teeth filed to mislead for their age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims '
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>There has been a decline in number of beneficiaries under PMFBY in 2017-18 from 2016-17.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decline in coverage of farmer applicants is mainly due to factors like:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>announcement of Debt Waiver Scheme in Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh,</li>
<li>farmer&rsquo;s perception of mitigated risk in 2017-18, which was a good monsoon year, and</li>
<li>de-duplication due to Aadhaar being made mandatory for coverage etc.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In a recent report on Risk Management in Agriculture - the committee on doubling farmers&rsquo; too observed that the coverage of farmers under the scheme who do not avail crop loans (non-loanee farmers) has been low. Other observations by the Committee: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The number of bidders in the drought-prone rain-fed areas is relatively less resulting in high (actuarial) premium rates of up to 25%.</li>
<li>Fewer insurance companies bidding in rain-fed areas also imply that they may be cherry-picking low risk areas leaving out high-risk districts where farmers are more vulnerable.</li>
<li>Delayed settlement of claims could be one reason why farmers are losing interest in PMFBY.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps to Increase Coverage</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Though the scheme is optional for States, the Government has been urging the States to bring more areas and crops under the scheme so that maximum farmers may be covered under the scheme.</li>
<li>The Government is also seeking active involvement of all stakeholders especially States and implementing insurance companies for conduct of publicity campaign/awareness programmes in the rural areas to build farmer awareness about crop insurance schemes.</li>
<li>Other measures include:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>release of advertisements on regular basis in leading national/local newspapers,</li>
<li>telecast through audio-visual media,</li>
<li>distribution of pamphlets in local languages, participation in agriculture fairs / mela,</li>
<li>dissemination of SMS and</li>
<li>conduct of workshops/ trainings of officials of State Governments and financial institutions and farmers</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, insurance companies have been asked to utilize 0.5% of gross premium collected by them for publicity and awareness generation.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PMFBY, launched in 2016, is designed to reduce the burden of crop insurance on farmers.</li>
<li>It replaced the National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) and Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS).</li>
<li>PMFBY- is in line with One Nation &ndash; One Scheme theme.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Key Features&nbsp;</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PMFBY fixes a uniform premium of 2 per cent of the value of sum insured to be paid by farmers for all kharif crops.</li>
<li>1.5 per cent of sum insured for all rabi crops, 5 per cent of sum insured for annual commercial and horticultural crops or actuarial rate, whichever is less.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>(Actuarial rate is an estimate of the expected value of future loss. Usually, the future loss experience is predicted on the basis of historical loss experience and the consideration of the risk involved.)</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The balance premium will be paid by the government to provide the complete insured amount to farmers against crop loss on account of natural calamities.</li>
<li>The subsidy is divided equally between the state and Central government.</li>
<li>There is no upper limit on government subsidy for actuarial premium.</li>
<li>25 per cent of the likely claim will be settled directly on farmers account.</li>
<li>There will be one insurance company for the entire state.</li>
<li>The scheme also provides for coverage of post-harvest losses.</li>
<li>The scheme will also cover localised crop losses like hailstones.</li>
<li>The use of technology like smart phones will be used to capture and upload data of crop cutting to reduce the delays in claim payment to farmers.</li>
<li>Remote sensing will be used to reduce the number of crop cutting experiments.</li>
<li>The scheme covers loanee farmers (those who have availed of institutional loans through Kisan Credit Cards etc.), non-loanee farmers (those who avail of insurance cover on a voluntary basis), sharecroppers and tenant farmers (those who farm on rented land). <br />PMFBY is compulsory for loanee farmers.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana-(pmfby)'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'HRD Ministry Approves Norms Against Plagiarism',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Human Resource Development has approved new regulations on plagiarism drafted by the University Grants Commission (UGC). According the new norms, student researchers found guilty of plagiarism may lose their registration and teachers could lose their jobs.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry had notified the UGC (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2018.</li>
<li>The UGC had approved the regulations in its meeting held in March, 2018 prescribing graded punishment for plagiarism.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Plagiarism is the practice of taking someone else&rsquo;s work or ideas and passing them off as one&rsquo;s own.</p>
</div>
<p></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For students, plagiarism of up to 10% would not invite any penalty while that of between 10-40% would mean the students will have to submit a revised research paper within six months.</li>
<li>In case the similarities are between 40-60% , students will be debarred from submitting a revised paper for one year.</li>
<li>A student&rsquo;s registration for a programme will be cancelled if the similarities are above 60%.</li>
<li>Teachers whose academic and research papers have similarities ranging from 10-40% with other papers will be asked to withdraw the manuscript.</li>
<li>In case the similarities are between 40-60%, they will not be allowed to supervise new masters, M.Phil, PhD students for two years and will also be denied the right to one annual increment, it said.</li>
<li>In case of repeat plagiarism of over 60% similarity, the faculty members will be suspended, even dismissed.</li>
<li>The new regulations prescribe that if any member of the academic community suspects plagiarism, he or she shall report it to the Departmental Academic Integrity Panel (DAIP).</li>
<li>Upon receipt of such a complaint or allegation the DAIP shall investigate the matter and submit its recommendations to the Institutional Academic Integrity Panel (IAIP) of the Higher Education Institutions (HEI).</li>
<li>The authorities of HEI can also take suo motu notice of an act of plagiarism and initiate proceedings under these regulations. Similarly, proceedings can also be initiated by the HEI on the basis of findings of an examiner. All such cases will be investigated by the IAIP.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Plagiarism in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>From the very beginning, the traditional mode of learning in India has essentially focused on<strong> rote learning,</strong> whereby students are expected to commit to memory and then reproduce volumes of text verbatim in their examinations right from a young age. Students are not taught to think, analyse or check on sources.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of awareness</strong> of what plagiarism is, has been another major problem. Few schools go out of their way to inculcate in students the moral integrity that treats plagiarism as a serious.</li>
<li><strong>Widespread access to the internet</strong> often leads to the non-acknowledgment of sources by the user.</li>
<li>There is <strong>no real action against people indulging in the malpractice.</strong> Institutions of higher education, which should push students to strive for originality, actually don&rsquo;t want to punish those who indulge in plagiarism.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Counselling</strong> should be provided to students and parents to encourage education based on interest and aptitude. In addition, curriculum design should be aligned with skill building. It should encourage critical thinking among students.</li>
<li><strong>Quality teaching should be incentivised</strong> and conversely, a &lsquo;no-tolerance policy&rsquo; towards non-performance should be adopted.</li>
<li>Overhauling the evaluation system by <strong>focussing more on application of knowledge</strong> and <strong>introducing &lsquo;non-traditional&rsquo; assessment techniques</strong>, such as verbal tests and critical paper reviews, could contribute in reducing the need for and incidence of cheating.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hrd-ministry-approves-norms-against-plagiarism'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'NCAER’s 2018 State Investment Potential Index',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Delhi has emerged the most-attractive State for investors in the National Council for Applied and Economic Research (NCAER)&rsquo;s 2018 State Investment Potential Index (N-SIPI).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>N-SIPI ranks India&rsquo;s States&rsquo; on their competitiveness in business and their investment climate.</li>
<li>The Index is designed to provide a systematic and reliable &ldquo;go-to&rdquo; reference for <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="51" data-gr-id="51">policy makers</g>, existing businesses, and potential domestic and overseas investors.</li>
<li>N-SIPI, 2018 ranked 21 major States on six pillars-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Land,</li>
<li>Labour,</li>
<li>Infrastructure,</li>
<li>Economic Climate,</li>
<li>Governance And Political Stability, and</li>
<li>Business Perceptions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gujarat, previously No 1, slipped two places to the third position.</li>
<li>The surprise elements in the <g class="gr_ gr_50 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="50" data-gr-id="50">index,</g> was Tamil Nadu, which moved up four places to No 2.</li>
<li>In the overall rankings, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="44" data-gr-id="44">and</g> Kerala emerged the most attractive States to do business, while Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Jharkhand and Bihar were at the bottom.
<h3></h3>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Constraints</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the 1,049 business enterprises contacted, 55 <g id="43" data-gr-id="43" class="gr_ gr_43 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace">per cent</g> identified law and order situation as the primary constrai<span style="font-size: 14px;">nt.&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>This time, the proportion of respondents identifying corruption as a major constraint declined - 46 <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="47" data-gr-id="47">per cent</g> of the respondents identified corruption as a major constraint, down from 57 <g class="gr_ gr_49 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="49" data-gr-id="49">per cent</g> in the 2017 round of survey.</li>
<li>Other significant constraints identified by the respondents include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Difficulty in getting approvals for land,</li>
<li>Transition to GST,</li>
<li>Quality of skilled <g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="56" data-gr-id="56">labour</g>,</li>
<li>Getting all approvals before starting <g class="gr_ gr_55 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="55" data-gr-id="55">business</g> (second most pressing <g class="gr_ gr_52 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="52" data-gr-id="52">constrain</g>), and</li>
<li>Access to finance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Interestingly, industry-related policies and the availability of unskilled <g class="gr_ gr_48 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="48" data-gr-id="48">labour</g> were not found that problematic, while the availability of power and raw material, and rail and road quality and connectivity were seen to be the least problematic for the firms in the sample.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>National Council for Applied and Economic Research (NCAER)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established in 1956, NCAER is India&rsquo;s oldest and largest independent, non-profit, economic policy research institute.</li>
<li>It is one of a handful of think tanks globally that combine rigorous analysis and policy outreach with deep data collection capabilities, especially for household surveys.</li>
<li>It launched the N-SIPI series in 2016 and the second N-SIPI was released in 2017. <br /><br /></li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ncaer’s-2018-state-investment-potential-index'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => '  Vidyalakshmi Portal for Higher Education',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Vidyalakshmi portal was launched by the Government of India in 2015 to provide financial assistance in the form of scholarships and educational loans to the poor and middle class students to pursue higher education of their choice without any constraint of funds.</p>
<h3>Key facts</h3>
<p></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Vidyalakshmi portal is a first of its kind portal for students seeking educational loans.</li>
<li>The portal has been developed and maintained by NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited (NSDL e-Gov) under the guidance of Ministry of Finance,Ministry of Human Resource Development and Indian Banks Association (IBA).</li>
<li>Students can track there application status to the banks 24 hours by accessing the dashboard of the portal.</li>
<li>It provides for a single window mechanism for the application and disbursement of government scholarships and educational loans provided by the banks.</li>
<li>It also envisions to bring all the banks providing educational loans under one roof.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ vidyalakshmi-portal-for-higher-education'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => '      Government to Study the Impact of Mission Kakatiya',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The State government of Telangana has decided to conduct an in-depth study to assess the impact of de-siltation of tanks taken up under the Mission Kakatiya project.</p>
<p>A memorandum of agreement (MoA) has been signed between the State Government and the International Crop Research Institute for <g class="gr_ gr_25 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="25" data-gr-id="25">Semi Arid</g> Tropics (ICRISAT) where the latter would conduct an assessment study over a period of two years.</p>
<h3>Key Facts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the <g class="gr_ gr_42 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="42" data-gr-id="42">MoA ,</g> <g class="gr_ gr_40 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="40" data-gr-id="40">study</g> would cover aspects like <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="41" data-gr-id="41">impact</g> of de-siltation on water availability for irrigation, changes in cropping pattern and recharge of groundwater.</li>
<li>The objective of the study includes assessment of economic benefits of application of silt in terms of plant nutrients and developing <g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="36" data-gr-id="36">scientific</g> integrated nutrient management strategy for major crops.</li>
<li>It also intends to assess the suitability of tank silt for use in agriculture based on heavy metal and salt content and long-term benefits for improved soil health in terms of physical, chemical and biological properties.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mission Kakatiya</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mission Kakatiya is a flagship programme launched by the Government of Telangana which aims at rejuvenation of water tanks and other water storage structures to provide assistance and help to the small and marginal farmers of the state.</li>
<li>The name <g class="gr_ gr_28 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="28" data-gr-id="28">kakatiya</g> is given in the memory of the <g class="gr_ gr_33 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="33" data-gr-id="33">valour</g> and courage of the <g class="gr_ gr_29 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="29" data-gr-id="29">kakatiya</g> rulers who ruled over the territory near Warangal and are known for there role in the development of large number of tanks in their kingdom.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>International Crop Research Institute for <g class="gr_ gr_24 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="24" data-gr-id="24">Semi Arid</g> Tropics (ICRISAT)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ICRISAT is a non-profit, non-political organization that conducts agricultural research for development in the drylands of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.</li>
<li>ICRISAT and its partners help empower these poor people to overcome poverty, hunger and a degraded environment through better agriculture.</li>
<li>ICRISAT is headquartered in Hyderabad, Telangana State, in India, with two regional hubs Nairobi (Kenya) and Bamako (Mali).</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'For A Capitalism Less Stigmatised',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<p>This article appears in the Indian Express and is written by the president of the FICCI. It addresses a very important topic - <em>something</em> has happened to capitalism (i.e. the corporate or the private sector) because of which the general public&rsquo;s perception towards it has changed for the worse. The article also speaks about what needs to be done in order to solve this crisis in capitalism.</p>
<p>For all we know, the world that we have today - laced with technology and material pleasures - has come into existence through a system of innovation and profit. While individual talent drove innovation, capitalistic endeavours drove profit. As long as there is profit, there will be innovation.</p>
<p>The corporate sector in India (as representative of Indian capitalism or the Indian capitalists) is no different. The burgeoning GDP, a government in perpetual reforms mode and a macro-economic environment that is stable and favourable to growth - are all achievements in which the Indian corporate sector played a tremendous part. Corporate growth ushered in the age of consumption-led-production helping build the GDP; corporate businesses required changes in the regulatory ecosystem to stay profitable (and productive) thereby pushing the government into a regulatory reforms drive; and corporate dealings within and outside the country made sure macro-economic factors like inflation and unemployment remained under tight oversight and control.</p>
<p>Yet, the common perception of the middle and working classes on the capitalist or the private corporate sector is far from good. In fact, there is a great loss of public trust in this sector. The loss of trust has been driven primarily by three perceptions:</p>
<ol>
<li>Private sector and the corporates within it are seen as a separate class of entities and personalities who are above the law (or at least, that laws are being made specifically to help and profit them), and that they are hand-in-glove with the members of legislatures when it comes to regulation and audit (lobbying or worse, corruption).</li>
<li>The private sector as opposed to government (local, state and central) lacks transparency in its operation. People are generally unaware of the corporate decisions being made behind closed doors.</li>
<li>Third and most important, the masses see the corporates as greedy and without responsibility. Examples abound here, like what happened with Vedanta, or drawing from our collective memory of what happened in the Bhopal Gas Tragedy where Union Carbide (now, Dow Chemical Company) got away without significant repercussions.</li>
</ol>
<p>Such a perception, where the masses are wary (to some extent, scared or angry or even outright disgusted) of the private sector needs immediate amelioration. The first hurdle on the path of such an amelioration exercise is that this perception is deep-rooted. It has historical undertones stemming from a colonial history of mass exploitation and irresponsibility, and from the history of post-independence corruption via a nexus between the rich, the businessmen, the government servant and the elected representative.</p>
<p>Rebuilding trust in the private sector therefore, would require more than just &lsquo;reputation management&rsquo; as devised in Public Relations nomenclature. It is not one company we are talking about, we are talking about the entire private sector. For the short-term, certain things have to be done. This editorial mentions four such things, doing which the reliability and credibility of the Indian corporate sector can be addressed and to some extent <em>&lsquo;restored&rsquo;</em>.</p>
<ol>
<li>We have to bring transparency into corporate decision-making. The proverbial closed-door has to open. There has to be timely and appropriate disclosures in the public domain pertaining to private sector companies. For instance, things like board decisions should be kept in the public domain as part of the public record so, that the public can understand what is going on and as such, act in accordance.</li>
<li>We also need that corporates keep an open and free line of communication with the general public. The common man needs to know what the corporates are thinking (their &lsquo;thinking processes&rsquo;) and this will be possible only when corporate leaders communicate these to the public.</li>
<li>Then we need to remove ambiguity from laws defining corporate governance. This is perhaps one area where there is an overwhelming amount of doubt regarding rules and procedures. Thus, there should be a visible effort towards removing the common man&rsquo;s perception that corporate entities thrive under confusing laws and profit mercilessly in the legally grey areas.</li>
<li>in order to profit Lastly, corporate India should <em>&lsquo;focus on responsible capitalism&rsquo;</em>. For this capitalism has to shift from &lsquo;shareholder capitalism&rsquo; to &lsquo;stakeholder capitalism&rsquo;. Shareholders simply get dividends (which is basically money), but stakeholders get more than that. They get a promise of employee and customer welfare, they get surety of good governance (both corporate and legislative), they get assurances on social benefits like employment generation and ecological sustainability. All these things make the bottom-lines of corporate entities multi-faceted and more prepared for the future.</li>
</ol>
<p>To conclude, we can say that <em>&lsquo;a highly responsible and credible corporate sector can ensure a double-digit GDP growth...and take the country on course to becoming one of the top three economies in the world...along with China and the US.&rsquo;</em> And at this point of evolution of the Indian economy, a responsible, transparent and trustworthy private sector is a necessity. The task of rebuilding trust in the private sector, as such, should begin earnestly.</p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (3 August 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>NITI Aayog Launches Move Hack</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NITI Aayog has launched Move Hack, a global mobility hackathon to crowdsource solutions aimed at the future of mobility in India.</li>
<li>Transportation and mobility are emerging as potential drivers of innovation and economic growth of the 21st century.</li>
<li>Rapidly evolving technologies and business models for delivering mobility services have dramatic potential to transform the global transportation sector.</li>
<li>Mobility that ranges from pedestrian and personal transport to public transit and freight movement is extremely critical and impacts rural and urban daily lives.</li>
<li>The hackathon is organized in partnership with the Government of Singapore and is powered by Hacker Earth.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Crowdsourcing is the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers</p>
</div>
<h3>SAATHI Initiative</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ministry of Textiles and Ministry of Power have joined hands under the initiative SAATHI (Sustainable and Accelerated Adoption of efficient Textile technologies to Help Small Industries) in order to sustain and accelerate the adoption of energy efficient textile technologies in the <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="81" data-gr-id="81">powerloom</g> sector and cost savings due to using of such technology.</li>
<li>Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), a Public Sector entity under the administrative control of Ministry of Power, will replace old inefficient electric motors with energy efficient motors which will result in energy and cost saving up to 10-15% in the first phase.</li>
<li>The use of this efficient equipment will result in energy savings and cost savings to the unit owners at no upfront cost.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Save Dal Lake</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to a recent assessment, the size of Dal Lake has shrunk from its original area of 22 sq km to about 10 sq km.</li>
<li>The water quality of Dal Lake has deteriorated due to intense pollution caused by untreated sewage and solid wastes that flow into the lake.</li>
<li>The depth of the lake has come down in many places and its total capacity has gone down to 40%.</li>
<li>Encroachments of water channels and clogging have diminished the circulation and inflows into the lake, leading to extensive weed growth of water hyacinth which has emerged as a health hazard.</li>
<li>Houseboats on Dal Lake often discharge sewage into the water body.</li>
<li>The continuing night soil discharge from the 800 to 900 houseboats is causing extreme pollution.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE: </strong>Dal Lake</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dal Lake, situated in the northeast of Srinagar (the capital of Jammu and Kashmir) in Kashmir valley (584 m above MSL), is one of the most beautiful lakes in India and the second largest lake in Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>The lake has four main interconnected basins namely, Hazratbal, Bod <g class="gr_ gr_74 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="74" data-gr-id="74">dal</g>, Gagribal and Nagin.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Apple Reaches Historic 1 Trillion Market Cap</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apple Inc became the first 1 trillion publicly listed U.S. company, capping a decade-long rise in its stock price fueled by its popular iPhone.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Market capitalization(Market Cap) is the aggregate valuation of the company based on its current share price and the total number of outstanding stocks. It is calculated by multiplying the current market price of the company's share with the total outstanding shares of the company.</p>
</div>
<h3>Connectivity for Health Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ministries of Electronics and IT (MeitY), Telecommunications and Health &amp; Family Welfare will come together for a &lsquo;connectivity for health&rsquo; project.</li>
<li>The aim is to connect all rural areas through a special broadband line, to provide telemedicine in rural areas, with government hospitals so that they have access to well- known doctors through video calling.</li>
<li>The government is already running various programmes as part of the &lsquo;Digital India&rsquo; initiative, such as e-Hospital &mdash; an open-source health information management system, which is configurable and easily customisable with multi-tenancy support.</li>
<li>Recently, MeitY and the Health Ministry also tied up to implement the Ayushman Bharat scheme through three-lakh Common Service Centres (CSCs) across the country.</li>
<li>As per the agreement, a beneficiary can now visit the nearby CSC to get the benefit of this scheme. CSC will help the beneficiary identify his/her name in the Health Ministry database and his/her entitlement for the scheme.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Ayushman Bharat is the National Health Protection Scheme, which will cover over 10 crore poor families (around 50 crore beneficiaries) providing coverage of up to Rs 5 lakh (per family per year) for secondary and tertiary-care hospitalisation.</p>
</div>
<h3>Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) was launched in 2014 under which each Member of Parliament will take the responsibility of developing physical and institutional infrastructure in three villages by 2019.</li>
<li>The Yojana is about improving access to public services and community action for social and economic development so that these villages become role models worth emulation by neighbouring Gram Panchayats.</li>
<li>The goal is to develop three Adarsh Grams by March 2019, of which one would be achieved by 2016. Thereafter, five such Adarsh Grams (one per year) will be selected and developed by 2024.</li>
</ul>',
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		'title' => 'Global Investors to Develop Islands',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India is set to invite global investors to develop strategically important islands of Andaman &amp; Nicobar and Lakshadweep.</p>
<p>The Government will focus on wide ranging social and infrastructure development programmes including transshipment terminal at <strong>Campbell Bay (Great Nicobar, the largest of the Nicobar islands)</strong>, air connectivity, sea- connectivity, boosting satellite bandwidth, etc. according to the <strong>Island Development Plan prepared by the NITI Aayog.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Island Development Plan by NITI Aayog</strong></p>
<ul start="1" style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The projects covered under it are in the areas of:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Road, sea and air connectivity,</li>
<li>Clean energy,</li>
<li>Development of resorts,</li>
<li>Digital connectivity,</li>
<li>Healthcare and education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The plan also proposes to extend benefits available to businesses in the north-eastern region, such as subsidy on capital investment and interest on working capital loans, reimbursement of the central government&rsquo;s share of GST, etc</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li style="text-align: left;">Andaman and Nicobar Islands are of maritime importance to India with its potential for trade and surveillance.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">A large port facility at Campbell Bay could offer better opportunity for India to trade with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), given that it lies on an international trade route.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Given the strategic location of Andaman &amp; Nicobar (A&amp;N Islands) and the Lakshadweep Islands and China&rsquo;s belligerent expansionist policy in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), there is a need to develop critical infrastructure and upgrade the military base in these regions. For instance, &nbsp;China pushing for infrastructure projects, like the&nbsp;<strong>Kra Canal,</strong>&nbsp;will likely influence the new emerging security architecture in the Indo-Pacific.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">India&rsquo;s only tri-service command is established at the A&amp;N Islands at the entrance of the Malacca Strait, the 2.8 km long -world&rsquo;s most congested choke point, and the primary route for Chinese oil supply.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">The region gains importance in the light of emerging Sino-Indian competition in the region which can be seen through&nbsp;the routine deployment of submarines by China, development of underwater surveillance networks, expansion of Chinese naval bases with the establishment of a military base in Djibouti and extending the reach of the One Belt One Road (OBOR).</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">The Doklam standoff and the recent Chinese policy of forming strategic/ critical commercial alliances with India&rsquo;s neighbouring countries as the United States displays a clear proclivity towards India, makes fast-paced Island development all the more imperative. This sentiment is mirrored in the recent formation of the &lsquo;Quad&rsquo; coalition group by India,Japan, Australia and the US , apart from the Malabar Naval Exercises by the same nations.</li>
<li>The A&amp;N Islands alone account for 30% of India&rsquo;s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)-revenue - given their unrealized potential, bridging the infrastructure gap becomes crucial.</li>
<li>Developing the islands as prime Tourist Hotspots can help create many forward and backward linkages and help boost the economy of the regions to a large extent.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2016, the government identified 26 Islands for promoting and implementing development based on sustainable approach to building a thriving economy of the project islands.</li>
<li>The government has also announced laying of submarine optical fiber cable between Chennai and A&amp;N Islands so as to increase telephone and internet connectivity in the region by December 2018.</li>
<li>In 2017, the<strong> Island Development Agency (IDA)</strong> was established for the holistic development of the islands, focusing on community-based tourism.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p><strong>Island Development Agency (IDA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Island Development agency (IDA) was constituted &nbsp;for the holistic development of islands. It will undertake holistic development in the project islands after giving due consideration to unique maritime and territorial biodiversity of the islands.</li>
<li>IDA is <strong>chaired by Union Home Minister</strong>.</li>
<li>Other members are the Cabinet secretary, home secretary, secretary (environment, forests and climate change), secretary (tourism) and secretary (tribal welfare).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Key Infrastructure projects such as creation of jetties/berthing facilities, Roll-on/Roll-off ships; Bridges on Andaman Trunk Road; Upgradation of Diglipur Airport; Construction of Minicoy Airport; Augmentation of Satellite Bandwidth in Andaman &amp; Nicobar; augmentation of helicopter services for Islanders and tourists etc. are being accorded priority accordingly.</li>
<li>The 2016 Indo-Japan Joint Statement on Bilateral Cooperation envisioned to develop &ldquo;Smart Islands&rdquo; on the line of the &lsquo;Smart Cities&rsquo; project.</li>
<li>Development of water de-salination plants and waste management are also part of the development scheme.</li>
<li>NITI Aayog is also working on a revenue model to build sea connectivity projects in the public-private partnership mode, especially for ships carrying automobiles.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Although, the need for civil infrastructure development in Island regions is unquestionable, in the wake of existing geo-strategic position of these islands, upgradation of defense facilities is equally important. This will constructively channelize the positive externalities of such assets to enhance the living conditions of entire populace.</li>
<li>However, due attention needs to be paid so as to not disturb the ecological balance, disrupt local livelihood-activities, and engage all stakeholders in the decision making process while ensuring that sufficient institutions and mechanisms exist for grievance redressal, compensation and rehabilitation.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'HIV Prevalence Rising among North Eastern States',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura have emerged as the new hotspots for HIV.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to MOHFW, HIV cases are rising in the north eastern states due to the high-risk behavior of Injecting Drug Users (IDUs), and unsafe sexual practices.</li>
<li>The single most critical factor in spread of drug abuse in the Northeast Region, is its long boundary with Myanmar, part of the Golden Triangle, the world&rsquo;s major sources of IV drugs of abuse, specifically heroin.</li>
<li>There is a need for prevention and intervention strategies for the most-at-risk population in these pockets, with good coverage.</li>
<li>According to the National AIDS Research Institute (NARI), the target is to bring 90% of the 21 lakh people living with the HIV infection in India under Anti-Retroviral Treatment ( ART). The challenge is to encourage more people to take the test and then provide them with ART.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key facts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to a study by the The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) in 2017, HIV prevalence is highest in Mizoram (1.19 percent), Nagaland (0.82 percent), Meghalaya (0.73 percent), Tripura (0.56 percent) and Manipur (0.47 percent).</li>
<li>HIV prevalence in the case of pregnant women visiting ante-natal clinics (ANC) in the northeastern States of Mizoram (1.19%), Nagaland (0.82%), Meghalaya (0.73%), Tripura (0.56%) and Manipur (0.47%) were among the highest.</li>
<li>In case of sex workers, prevalence of HIV was as high as 24.68 percent in Aizwal district compared with 1.6 percent for other sites in the country.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Anti-Retroviral Treatment ( ART)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Standard antiretroviral therapy (ART) consists of the combination of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to maximally suppress the HIV virus and stop the progression of HIV disease.</li>
<li>ART are medications that treat HIV. The drugs do not kill or cure the virus. However, when taken in combination they can prevent the growth of the virus.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hiv-prevalence-rising-among-north-eastern-states'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'The Many Problems with China's Belt and Road Initiative',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p>This article appeared in Livemint on 6/8/2018. It analyses the issues and challenges associated with China&rsquo;s Belt and Road initiative.</p>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>Recently, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of China has witnessed several challenges in its implementation which has <g class="gr_ gr_60 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation replaceWithoutSep" id="60" data-gr-id="60">in turn</g> opened up new strands of debates around its economic and geopolitical implications on the participant countries. <br />Countries like Myanmar and Malaysia had scaled down some of the BRI projects in the wake of rising Chinese debt. While these increasing debts have raised concerns in Pakistan, in countries like Montenegro, the government had to cut down on some of the welfare expenditure and raise the tax burden on its citizens in order to repay the Chinese.</p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>Development Lending</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Advantage: The group of economists led by Jeffrey Sachs (American economist, have been associated with <g class="gr_ gr_46 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="46" data-gr-id="46">millenium</g> development goals) considers external aid to be an important tool along with <g class="gr_ gr_61 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="61" data-gr-id="61">market</g> economy and liberal democracy to pull countries out of poverty. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>External capital push, they argue, can lead to higher levels of investment and greater productivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Problems: The group of economists led by William Easterly (American economist, has criticised foreign aid in The White Man's Burden) considers poor leadership, poor governance <g class="gr_ gr_55 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="55" data-gr-id="55">and</g> poor institution to be responsible for poverty in an economy.<br />They have argued that foreign aid can discourage investment in better institutions as it contributes to corruption in a political economy<g class="gr_ gr_73 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="73" data-gr-id="73">.</g><br /><g class="gr_ gr_73 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style replaceWithoutSep" id="73" data-gr-id="73">E</g>g: Political support resulted in the <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="44" data-gr-id="44">reservation</g> of the Chinese projects for Hambantota port. <br /><g class="gr_ gr_62 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="62" data-gr-id="62">Similarly</g> BRI projects cleared by the government in Pakistan have led to high amounts of debt, <g class="gr_ gr_45 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="45" data-gr-id="45">ever growing</g> current account deficit and low foreign exchange reserves while the host country still suffers from structural economic reforms.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Development Funding vs Forced Economic Intrusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The increasing debt and incapability to pay back can lead to the financer country&rsquo;s control over strategic assets in the borrowing economy. This may create geopolitical overtures.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The way in which Dictator of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe was politically overthrown in a coup hatched in China, when he contested their control in the economy is just one example of the <g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="56" data-gr-id="56">above mentioned</g> control.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even institutions like International Monetary Fund (IMF) impose their way of economic reforms on the countries receiving their aid, intruding in these countries&rsquo; policy framing and <g class="gr_ gr_48 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace gr-progress" id="48" data-gr-id="48">decision making</g> process which is largely skewed in the institution&rsquo;s <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="47" data-gr-id="47">favour</g>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Development aid to India during the Cold War period was used as a bargaining tool by both <g class="gr_ gr_53 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="53" data-gr-id="53">US</g> and Soviet Union.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Stand on BRI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has raised concerns over the violation of territorial integrity and sovereignty because of the connectivity projects along with the unsustainable debt burden.</li>
<li>While Asia-Africa Growth Corridor by India-Japan and other such plans by US-Japan-Australia have posited themselves as an alternative to BRI. However, it is very important to take into consideration the immense control the Chinese have over their large investment banks and companies which countries like India or Japan lack and therefore cannot fund large infrastructure projects the way the Chinese do.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Finally, the way in which a connectivity project could be beneficial to the local economy should be decided solely by the recipient/beneficiary country itself.</li>
<li>&lsquo;Development financing&rsquo; from China should be used in the <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="51" data-gr-id="51">favour</g> of long-term interest only and not short-term profit as is the case now, and these beneficiary economies and their leadership should be held accountable by their citizens, for any decision-making on the BRI.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-many-problems-with-china's-belt-and-road-initiative'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Geometry Has a New Shape: Scutoid',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p class="c1"><span class="c2">Recently, scientists discovered a new shape called &ldquo;Scutoid&rdquo; after studying the human epithelial cells.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c8"><span><img title="" alt="" src="file:///C:/Users/WEB/AppData/Local/Temp/Rar$EXa0.230/images/image2.jpg" data-pagespeed-url-hash="2651825688" onload="pagespeed.CriticalImages.checkImageForCriticality(this);" /></span><span>The scutoid &nbsp;looks like a </span><span class="c5">twisted prism </span><span class="c2">which has five sides on one end and six on the other and a triangular surface on one of its longer edges. It is the form that a group of cells in the body takes in order to pack tightly and efficiently into the curves of organs.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">The scientists named the shape "scutoid" after a triangle-shaped part of a beetle's thorax called the scutellum.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">They used microscopy and computer imaging to identify this shape. </span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">Till now, the epithelial cells were believed to be columnar or bottle-like shaped.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p class="c1"><strong><span class="c2 c3">Epithelial Cells</span></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c3">Epithelial cells are the safety shields of the body. They are one of the four kinds of tissue that forms human body. The four basic types of tissues are: </span><span class="c6 c5 c3">epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">They line most surfaces in an animal's body, including the skin, other organs and blood vessels.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">They are a barrier between the inside and outside of the body and are often the first place that is attacked by viruses.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Epithelial cells are specialized for absorption, secretion or to act as a barrier. Eg.-</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Epithelial cells secrete hormones into blood vessels, absorbs and transports nutrients from the foods and process it for energy.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3 class="c1"><span class="c6 c5">Significance</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span>This will </span><span class="c2">encourage more efficient &nbsp;kind of cell packing, accurately mimicking nature's way to efficiently develop tissues.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">It is significant for the understanding of epithelial organs.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">This study opens the door to understanding how organs are formed during their development and what might be missing in some diseases in which this process is altered.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">Apart from biology, this is will have wide ranging applications in mathematics and other related fields.</span></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/geometry-has-a-new-shape-scutoid'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'E-tattoos to help monitor health',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><span class="c2">Chinese scientists have developed skin-like electronic tattoos, that can be used to monitor health parameters such as blood pressure and body temperature in real time.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">E-skin refers to thin, flexible and stretchable electronic material that mimics human skin and can sense pressure, temperature and stretch.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">It is graphene-based and can be easily transferred onto various surfaces such as the human skin, leaves and silk.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">It could also be attached to masks and throats to measure body signals such as breathing, heartbeat and voice.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">It exhibits high sensitivity and long-term stability. It can withstand higher temperatures and is comfortable to wear as well.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">The pattern of the graphene-based electronic skin can be personalised by the help of laser scribing technology, a feature that will help future commercialisation.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="c1"><span class="c6 c5 c3">Graphene</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">It is a carbon material that is one atom thick. Its thin composition and high conductivity means it can be used in applications ranging from miniaturised electronics to biomedical devices like computers, solar panels, batteries, sensors and other devices.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Other properties of Graphene are:</span>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Lowest resistivity substance known at room temperature.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">High thermal stability.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">High elasticity.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">High electrical conductivity.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Electron mobility is high at room temperature.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c3">Recently scientists developed Graphene from Soybean using </span><span class="c5 c3">&ldquo;GraphAir&rdquo;</span><span class="c2 c3">&nbsp;technology which is fast,simple, safe, and potentially scalable method. Until now, the high cost of graphene&nbsp;</span><span class="c2 c3">production has been the major roadblock in its commercialisation</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Graphene oxide (GO) membranes can be used to filter common salt from seawater.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/e-tattoos-to-help-monitor-health'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Launch of Chandrayaan-II postponed',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><span class="c2">The launch of India&rsquo;s second mission to the moon has been delayed till January 2019, which was earlier set for a launch in October, 2018.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">Two recent setbacks are being cited as the reason for this delay:</span>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">Earlier this year, the ISRO lost communication with GSAT-6A, a military communication satellite, because of power failure.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">In September, 2018 failure of the PSLV- C39 mission, which was carrying the IRNSS-1H navigation satellite. It couldn't be placed in orbit because the heat shield refused to open in the fourth stage.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="c1"><span class="c5 c6">Chandrayaan-II</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">It will be 1st attempt by India to land a rover on any celestial body. The rover will land on south-pole of the Moon.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span>It is India's </span><span class="c5">second mission</span><span>&nbsp;to the Moon and is totally </span><span class="c5">indigenous.</span><span class="c2"><br /></span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c5">Launch Vehicle</span><span class="c2">: GSLV F-10</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c5">Purpose</span><span class="c2">: Collect data on lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, lunar exosphere and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span>Unlike the Chandrayaan-I, where Moon Impact Probe (MIP) crash-landed on the surface of the Moon, the</span><span class="c5">&nbsp;Chandrayaan-II will soft-land its Lander with Rover on the Moon.</span><span class="c2"><br /></span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">After approaching the 100 km lunar orbit, the Lander covering the Rover will depart from the<br />Orbiter. </span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">After a controlled fall, the Lander will soft land on the lunar surface at a particular site and&nbsp;</span><span class="c2">dispose of the Rover.</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<ul>
<li class="c1"><span class="c3">An </span><strong><span class="c5 c3">orbiter</span></strong><span class="c3">&nbsp;is a </span><span class="c3">space probe</span><span class="c2 c3">&nbsp;that orbits a planet or other astronomical object</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c3">A </span><strong><span class="c5 c3">lander</span></strong><span class="c3">&nbsp;is a </span><span class="c3">spacecraft</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;which descends toward and comes to rest on the surface of an </span><span class="c3">astronomical body</span><span class="c3">.</span><span class="c3 c7">&nbsp;</span><span class="c3">By contrast with an impact probe, which makes a </span><span class="c3">hard landing</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;and is damaged or destroyed so ceases to function after reaching the surface, a lander makes a </span><span class="c3">soft landing</span><span class="c2 c3">&nbsp;after which the probe remains functional.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c3">A </span><span class="c5 c3"><strong>rover</strong> (or sometimes planetary rover)</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;is a </span><span class="c3">space exploration vehicle</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;designed to move across the surface of a </span><span class="c3">planet</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;or other </span><span class="c3">celestial body</span><span class="c2 c3">.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li class="c1"><span>The six-wheeled Rover will function </span><span class="c5">solely on solar power </span><span class="c2">and the instruments on the rover will&nbsp;</span><span class="c2">perform a chemical investigation which includes collecting various rock and soil samples.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2">After observing the lunar surface, the Orbiter will transmit back data, which will be useful for&nbsp;</span><span class="c2">analysis.</span><span class="c5 c3"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong><span class="c2"><span class="c5 c3">Chandrayan-I </span></span></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span class="c5 c3">Chandrayan-I was India&rsquo;s first mission to Moon launched in 2008</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;using the PSLV- C11</span><span class="c3">&nbsp;and discovered some</span><span class="c3 c5">&nbsp;"magmatic water"</span><span class="c2 c3">&nbsp;and hydroxyl (OH) on a Moon crater.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="border">
<p class="c1"><strong><span class="c6 c5 c3">Note:</span></strong></p>
<p class="c1"><strong><span class="c2 c3">Magmatic Water</span></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li class="c1"><span class="c3">Also called </span><span class="c6 c5 c3">juvenile water.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">It is the water derived from or existing in molten igneous rock (magma) and comes out with volcanic eruption.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><span class="c2 c3">The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photogeologic mapping of the Moon.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">After the successful completion of all the major mission objectives, the orbit has been raised to 200 km during May 2009. </span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">The satellite made more than 3400 orbits around the Moon and the mission was concluded when the communication with the spacecraft was lost on 29 August 2009.</span></li>
<li class="c1"><span class="c2 c3">Recently, by the help of new technological application of interplanetary radar, NASA scientists have found that India&rsquo;s first lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, which was considered lost is still orbiting the Moon.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-chandrayaan-II-postponed'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Man-animal Conflict to be Listed as Disaster by UP Govt',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Uttar Pradesh government has given its in-principle approval to bring man-animal conflict under listed disasters in the State Disaster Response Fund to ensure better coordination and relief during such incidents.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The move will enable faster relief, creating awareness, ensuring police support in areas when such conflicts are reported, and proper guidelines to handle situations when wild animals venture in human <g class="gr_ gr_84 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="84" data-gr-id="84">in-habitation</g>.</li>
<li>The recognition of man-animal conflict as <g class="gr_ gr_107 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="107" data-gr-id="107">disaster</g> under SDRF is a paradigm shift in handling such situations which will ensure better synergy among agencies and quicker relief to affected people.</li>
<li>The declaration of such conflict under SDRF will also mean that police and local administration will step in as soon as such a situation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&ldquo;Living with the Wild: Mitigating Conflict between Humans and Big Cat Species in Uttar Pradesh&rdquo; report by the UP Forest Department and Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) has <g class="gr_ gr_115 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="115" data-gr-id="115">analysed</g> the patterns of attacks, and outlines the circumstances in which these shy animals injure or kill humans.</li>
<li>It found that most attacks (90.6%) took place during the <g class="gr_ gr_116 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="116" data-gr-id="116">day,</g> when the forest-dependent communities are most active. This suggests that tigers aren&rsquo;t actively seeking out human beings as prey and &ldquo;most human-tiger encounters are caused by humans accidentally disturbing tigers that are resting in fields or fringe forests areas during the day.&rdquo;</li>
<li>Since human beings are not a part of the <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="83" data-gr-id="83">tigers</g>&rsquo; food chain, the attacks take place because the forest and fields are not separated by a buffer zone. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Herbivores, which are the natural prey of big cats, enter these crop fields in search of food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report also suggests the changes in human <g class="gr_ gr_108 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="108" data-gr-id="108">behaviour</g> that could help reduce the number of attacks &mdash; such as not entering forests alone, not leaving children <g class="gr_ gr_106 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="106" data-gr-id="106">unattended,</g> and building toilets at home.</li>
<li>Uttar Pradesh has 23 wildlife sanctuaries, besides Dudhwa National Park and Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, according to the data of a report by Wildlife Trust of India and the state government.</li>
<li>The Wildlife Protection Act does not have provision for compensation in case any human being or cattle is killed by a wild animal within a protected area or sanctuary.</li>
<li>The government gives <g class="gr_ gr_85 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="85" data-gr-id="85">ex-gratia</g> at fixed rates in such cases a view to <g class="gr_ gr_99 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="99" data-gr-id="99">reduce</g> retaliatory killings.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it is a time-consuming process and may take a year to get relief, that too if inquiry clears such a payment.</li>
<li>Delays in getting <g class="gr_ gr_86 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="86" data-gr-id="86">ex-gratia</g> triggers anger among <g class="gr_ gr_101 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="101" data-gr-id="101">local</g> population against protected animals which often results in tigers and leopards being killed by villagers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Man-animal Conflict</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Incidents of wild animals straying into human habitat <g class="gr_ gr_105 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="105" data-gr-id="105">poses</g> a threat for both the animal and the people residing in that area and calls for <g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="104" data-gr-id="104">serious</g> questioning of the administration&rsquo;s attitude towards the safety of the animals as well as the people.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Causes of Man&ndash;animal&nbsp;Conflict</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Destruction of <g class="gr_ gr_112 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="112" data-gr-id="112">natural</g> habitat of the wildlife.</li>
<li>Overlap in the needs of wildlife animals and humans.</li>
<li>Land use transformation, <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep gr-progress" id="92" data-gr-id="92">growth</g> of human population as well as wildlife population etc. can be other reasons.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Effects of Man-animal Conflict</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Damage to agricultural crops and property</li>
<li>Resource scarcity and livelihood effects on humans</li>
<li>Negative impact on wildlife population</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Solutions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Creating artificial and natural barriers across wildlife and human habitats.</li>
<li>Restoration of wildlife habitats to their original form.</li>
<li>Relocation of human population settlements.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Eco Bridge</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="81" data-gr-id="81">eco bridge</g> or the eco conduct is an overpass that allows easy crossing of animals across human-made barriers.</li>
<li>The intervention requires the laying of fertile soil to grow grass and plants over the <g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">structure,</g> so that fragmentation of the reserve forest is camouflaged.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Dudhwa Tiger Reserve</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is a protected area in Uttar Pradesh that stretches mainly across the Lakhimpur Kheri and Bahraich districts.</li>
<li>It comprises of the Dudhwa National Park, Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="87" data-gr-id="87">and</g> Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary.</li>
<li>The northern boundary of the park is being constituted by the Mohana River flowing along the Indo-Nepal border whilst the Southern boundary is formed by the river Suheli.</li>
<li>It includes three large forest fragments - marshes, grasslands and dense forests, amidst the matrix dominated by agriculture.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pilibhit Tiger Reserve</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pilibhit Tiger Reserve is located in Pilibhit district, Lakhimpur Kheri District and Bahraich District of Uttar Pradesh.</li>
<li>Pilibhit Tiger Reserve was declared in September 2008 on the basis of its special type of ecosystem with vast open spaces and sufficient feed for the elegant predators.</li>
<li>It is India&rsquo;s 45th Tiger Reserve Project.</li>
<li>The northern edge of the reserve lies along the Indo-Nepal border while the southern boundary is marked by the river Sharada and Khakra.</li>
<li>The study done by Wildlife Institute of India (WII) shows that Dudhwa-Pilibhit population has high conservation value as it represents the only tiger population with the ecological and behavioral adaptations of the tiger unique to the Tarai region.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/man-animal-conflict-to-be-listed-as-disaster-by-up-govt'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Impact of Roads on Wildlife',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Centre has asked the state of Karnataka to consent to allowing night traffic on the highway passing through Bandipur Tiger Reserve.</p>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>After reports of frequent roadkills in Bandipur, the administration in June 2009 restricted vehicular traffic between 9 pm and 6 am on two national highways passing through the reserve. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Protests by Kerala, however, led to the order being withdrawn.</li>
<li>After a PIL was filed, Karnataka High Court restored the ban on night traffic in July 2009.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>After the Bandipur matter went to the Supreme Court, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) in a report, in March 2018, recommended maintaining status quo.</li>
<li>However, before the submission of its report, the Road Transport Ministry asked Karnataka to consent to a proposal to open the road 24&times;7 with certain mitigation measures like:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>An elevated road of over four 1-km stretches to provide wildlife passageways below, and</li>
<li>Fencing the entire highway passing through the reserve with 8-foot-high steel wire barriers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The argument for opening up the restricted road is that the alternative road is 30 km longer, and apparently passes through hilly terrain &mdash; increasing travel time, fuel consumption, and pollution.</li>
<li>Also, it is argued, traffic through a tiger reserve endangers wildlife even during the day, so fencing and passageways are a better idea.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The question is whether a 30-km detour to safeguard one of India&rsquo;s most wildlife-rich forests is an unaffordable economic burden or a minor concession necessary in the national interest.</li>
<li>The impact of road developments on biodiversity has become one of the central environmental issues when planning for road infrastructure.</li>
<li>Wild animals are vulnerable to vehicular traffic passing through forests, especially at night when, blinded by bright headlights, even swift species like cats freeze.</li>
<li>Over time, as animals learn to avoid roads, busy multilane highways become barriers that hinder wildlife movement, fragment populations, and restrict gene flow.</li>
<li>By blocking access to potential habitats, roads, railway lines and irrigation canals act as a major contributor to habitat loss.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Policy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In September 2013, the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL), the apex advisory body to the central government on all wildlife-related matters, said no to new roads through protected forests.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, it was open to the widening of existing roads with adequate mitigation measures irrespective of the cost, only if alternative alignments were not available.</li>
<li>The government accepted this as policy in December 2014.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In February 2018, the NBWL made it mandatory for every road/rail project proposal to include a wildlife passage plan as per guidelines framed by Wildlife Institute of India, an autonomous wildlife research body under the Environment Ministry. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, features like underpasses are unlikely to suffice in dense wildlife-rich forests where too many animals compete for space.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NTCA is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change constituted under enabling provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 for strengthening tiger conservation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Board for Wildlife is a statutory Board constituted officially in 2003 under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The NBWL is chaired by the Hon&rsquo;ble Prime Minister and is responsible for promotion of conservation and development of wildlife and forests.&nbsp;</li>
<li>The board is &lsquo;advisory&rsquo; in nature and can only advise the Government on policy making for conservation of wildlife.</li>
<li>It is an important body because it serves as an apex body for the review of all wildlife-related matters and for the approval of projects in and around national parks and sanctuaries</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-july-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bandipur Tiger Reserve</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/impact-of-roads-on-wildlife'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'U.S.-China Trade War can make Indian Products Competitive: CII',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), with the U.S. imposing an additional 25% duty on imports worth $34 billion from China, certain Indian products may become more competitive.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the CII report &lsquo;New Export Opportunities for India in Trade with US and China&rsquo;, India should focus on new categories such as machinery, vehicles and transport parts for export to the US where it has a competitive advantage in the US-China trade war.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Highlights</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India can focus on several goods for expanding its exports to the U.S. and China after the increase in duties by both countries on imports from each other.</li>
<li>Top exports from India to the U.S. which are covered in the list of items for which the tariffs have been raised include pumps, parts of military aircraft, parts for electro-diagnostic apparatus, passenger vehicles of 1500-3000 cc, valve bodies and parts of taps.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Exports of these items stood at more than $50 million in 2017, according to CII, and can be increased with concerted efforts. Countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="39" data-gr-id="39">and</g> Malaysia have increased their exports of these products to the U.S. in recent years.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Between 2012 and 2017, China&rsquo;s exports to the US have moved up the value chain with accelerated growth in high-technology items such as telecommunications equipment, automotive and cell phones. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Considering the fact that the US has raised tariffs for imports from China, the report suggested that products such as intermediate parts for the <g class="gr_ gr_29 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="29" data-gr-id="29">defence</g> and aerospace sector, vehicles, and auto parts and engineering goods have a higher export potential.</li>
<li>The report suggests that the trade dialogue with the US should be <g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="36" data-gr-id="36">strategised</g> taking into account India&rsquo;s competitive advantage in these products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and industry-managed organization, playing a proactive role in India's development process.</li>
<li>Founded in 1895, India's premier business association has members from the private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs, and an indirect membership of enterprises from around national and regional sectoral industry bodies.</li>
<li>CII partners with industry, Government, and civil society, through advisory and consultative <g class="gr_ gr_37 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="37" data-gr-id="37">processes</g> to create and sustain an environment conducive to the development of India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trade-war-set-to-become-a-reality" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Trade War: Set to Become a Reality</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/us-china-trade-war-can-make-indian-products-competitive-cii'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'U.K. to have New Organ Donation Law',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The U.K. government has announced new plans to change the law for organ and tissue donation to address the urgent need for organs within <g class="gr_ gr_33 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="33" data-gr-id="33">Indian-origin</g> community in the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the proposed new system of consent for organ and tissue donation, it will be presumed that people have agreed to transplants unless they specifically opt out.</li>
<li>Like India, the UK followed the opt-in system - whereby families&rsquo; decision to donate organs of their loved one after death is discretionary. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The UK government is now moving towards adopting legislation <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="39" data-gr-id="39">favouring</g> the opt-out system to address the growing crisis in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The new system is expected to come into effect in England in 2020 as part of a drive to help Black, Asian <g class="gr_ gr_43 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="43" data-gr-id="43">and</g> Minority Ethnic (BAME) people.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The announcement came after a report called on the National Health Service (NHS) to take more proactive action to address the high death rate among Indian-origin people in Britain due to low levels of organ donation within the community. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>21% of people who died on the organ donation waiting list in the U.K. last year were from a BAME background.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The &lsquo;Organ Donation: Breaking Taboos Amongst British BAME Communities&rsquo; report by the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust was aimed at studying the low levels of donation among BAME communities in the UK. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to NHS records, only 7% of donors last year were from BAME backgrounds, with Indians accounting for just 1.9%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These communities are seen as generally less inclined to opt for organ donation, largely due to deeply-entrenched cultural and religious beliefs discouraging organ donation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Family refusal is one of the biggest obstacles to organ donation among the UK&rsquo;s Asian communities since death is a sensitive and highly emotive issue for them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The success of this initiative by <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="44" data-gr-id="44">UK</g> will depend on the degree and efficacy of engagement with the BAME populations.</li>
<li>For the programme to succeed, it will have to sufficiently <g class="gr_ gr_40 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="40" data-gr-id="40">addresses</g> the core issues surrounding beliefs and specific cultures and aims at <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="41" data-gr-id="41">normalising</g> and encouraging prior family conversations about organ donation in these families.</li>
<li>Evidence from countries like India <g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="36" data-gr-id="36">show</g> that it is possible to counter religious and cultural beliefs around organ donation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India has seen a 10-fold increase in its organ donation consent rates over the last decade as a result of sustained public awareness programmes, policy initiatives, and multi-stakeholder collaboration, the findings reveal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/uk-to-have-new-organ-donation-law'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'TRAI Calls for Zero Telecom Equipment Imports by 2022',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has recommended the setting up of <g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="88" data-gr-id="88">a Rs</g>. 1,000 crore fund for promoting research and innovation in the sector.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The recommendations were aimed at enabling Indian telecom equipment manufacturing sector to transition from an import-dependent sector to a global hub of indigenous manufacturing.</li>
<li>One of the primary reasons for increasing imports and decreasing exports is the relentless competition from China, which is known for large-scale production and export of low-cost telecom equipment, besides imports from other countries such as Sweden, Finland <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="87" data-gr-id="87">and</g> the US.</li>
<li>The authority suggested manufacturing telecom equipment in the country to offset security concerns because of excessive reliance on foreign-made goods.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India should aim at net zero imports of telecommunications equipment by 2022. As per available data, the export of telecom instruments stood at $1,201.7 million in 2017-18 while imports <g class="gr_ gr_85 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="85" data-gr-id="85">totalled</g> $21,847.92 million.</li>
<li>Mandatory testing and certification of the telecom equipment in the country.</li>
<li>Creation of the Telecom Research and Development Fund (TRDF) for research and innovation</li>
<li>A dedicated unit in <g class="gr_ gr_99 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="99" data-gr-id="99">Department</g> of Telecommunication (DoT) should be made responsible for the facilitation and monitoring of telecommunication equipment design, development, and manufacturing of indigenous telecommunication equipment.</li>
<li>Telecom service providers (TSPs) be <g class="gr_ gr_95 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="95" data-gr-id="95">incentivised</g> to deploy indigenous telecom products, beyond the quantities to be mandated under the Preferential Market Access (PMA).</li>
<li>Telecom Entrepreneurship Promotion Fund(TEPF) and Telecom Manufacturing Promotion Fund(TMPF) be set up so that the private sector can effectively participate in the manufacture of indigenous equipment and have market access for locally made gear<g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="104" data-gr-id="104">.</g></li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_104 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Style replaceWithoutSep" id="104" data-gr-id="104"><g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">Do</g></g><g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="91" data-gr-id="91">T</g> should coordinate with Ministry of Finance for making available the financing options, in line with the practices followed by other export-oriented economies, to indigenous telecom equipment manufacturers such as venture capital in the form of equity and soft loans, project finance and contract financing options.</li>
<li>A portal <g class="gr_ gr_82 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="82" data-gr-id="82">be</g> developed for <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="92" data-gr-id="92">self loading</g> and declaration of Standard Essential Patents (SEPs).</li>
<li>Alternate Dispute Resolution Framework for <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="81" data-gr-id="81">time bound</g> resolution of patent licensing disputes should be <g class="gr_ gr_83 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="83" data-gr-id="83">institutionalised</g> in the country.</li>
<li>All telecom products meant for use in the telecommunication network or by consumers and marketed in the country should be classified as either fully finished imported products or indigenous products.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/telecom-firms-oppose-trai%E2%80%99s-public-wi-fi-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Telecom Firms Oppose TRAI&rsquo;s Public Wi-Fi model</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trai-calls-for-zero-telecom-equipment-imports-by-2022'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Mattala Project With India is On: Sri Lanka',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>In a recent statement, the Sri Lankan government has stated that the talks on &lsquo;Mattala Project&rsquo; are &lsquo;progressing&rsquo; with India.</p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>What is the &lsquo;Mattala Project&rsquo;?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Sri Lanka have agreed that India, with a 70% stake in the joint venture, will contribute $225 million to revamp and run the Sri Lanka&rsquo;s loss-making Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport in Hambantota, while the Sri Lankan side will invest the balance.</li>
<li>India had proposed establishing a flying school and a maintenance hub at Mattala airport to boost airport revenues while it builds up traffic. In <g class="gr_ gr_30 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="30" data-gr-id="30">future</g>, the airport could also be a destination for Indian tourists.</li>
<li>The facility, 241 km south-east of Colombo, is dubbed the &ldquo;world&rsquo;s emptiest airport&rdquo; due to a lack of flights. However, India will operate the airport on a 40-year lease.</li>
<li>It is an open secret that India&rsquo;s strategic interests in running the airport, located near the China-controlled port in Hambantota, outweighs commercial considerations.</li>
<li>The matter also remains highly sensitive in the island, since opposition <g class="gr_ gr_29 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="29" data-gr-id="29">forces,</g> have objected to the &ldquo;sale of national assets&rdquo; to foreign countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Analysis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India is worried about China's growing role in the Indian Ocean as Sri Lanka recently formally handed over control of Hambantota port to China, as part of a $1.1 billion, 99-year lease.</li>
<li>From a security perspective, Hambantota would make a fine logistics point for an expanded Chinese naval presence. Although Sri Lanka has repeatedly claimed that no Chinese naval facility will be permitted in Sri Lanka, India worries that China's influence will expand over the Sri Lankan territory.</li>
<li>A key element in any overseas naval base is easy <g class="gr_ gr_34 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="34" data-gr-id="34">access</g> by air for people and supplies. A naval base also requires maritime air surveillance capabilities<g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="36" data-gr-id="36">.This</g> is where the world's emptiest airport comes in handy.</li>
<li>Control over Hambantota airport will give India considerable control over how the port is used as it is difficult to conceive of the Chinese navy developing a significant facility at Hambantota without also controlling the airport.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mattala-project-with-india-is-on-sri lanka'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (August 4, 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><g class="gr_ gr_91 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="91" data-gr-id="91">PMUY</g> was launched in 2016 and is implemented by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas through its Oil Marketing Companies.</li>
<li>Through <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="90" data-gr-id="90">PMUY</g>, initially, 5 crores below poverty line (BPL) households were targeted for providing deposit free LPG connections to BPL households by 31st <g class="gr_ gr_141 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="141" data-gr-id="141">March,</g> 2019. This target has been achieved.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>BPL is a person/ household who suffers from at least one deprivation under the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) - 2011 Database.</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><g class="gr_ gr_89 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="89" data-gr-id="89">PMUY</g> aims at providing clean-cooking fuel to the poor households and bringing in qualitative <g class="gr_ gr_87 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="87" data-gr-id="87">charges</g> in the living standards.</li>
<li>The scheme provides a financial support of Rs 1600 for each LPG connection to the BPL households.</li>
<li><g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="92" data-gr-id="92">PMUY</g> beneficiaries are identified through Socio-Economic Caste Census List-2011 and in such cases where names are not covered under SECC list, beneficiaries are identified from seven categories:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All SC/STs households beneficiaries of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana(PMAY) (Gramin)</li>
<li>Antyoday Anna Yojana (AAY)</li>
<li>Forest dwellers</li>
<li>Most Backward Classes (MBC)</li>
<li>Tea &amp; Ex-Tea Garden Tribes</li>
<li>People residing in Islands</li>
<li>People residing in river islands.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>E-Pashudhan Haat Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Government launched e-Pashu Haat portal in 2016 for connecting breeders and farmers of indigenous breeds.</li>
<li>Through the portal, farmers can obtain information on <g class="gr_ gr_57 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="57" data-gr-id="57">location</g> of quality indigenous germplasm in the <g class="gr_ gr_58 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="58" data-gr-id="58">form</g> live animals, semen doses and embryos.</li>
<li>This portal is playing a crucial role in <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="148" data-gr-id="148">development</g> and conservation of indigenous breeds.</li>
<li>It has been launched under the scheme National Mission on Bovine Productivity.<br /><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Need</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has the largest bovine population in the world.</li>
<li>The Indigenous bovine breeds are sturdy, endowed with the quality of heat tolerance, resistance to diseases and ticks with the ability to thrive under extreme climatic conditions and survive with low inputs.</li>
<li>However, most of the indigenous have <g class="gr_ gr_64 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="64" data-gr-id="64">low</g> genetic potential for milk production and are suited for draught animal power. But, some breeds have <g class="gr_ gr_65 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="65" data-gr-id="65">potential</g> to be highly productive under optimal nutrition and farm management conditions along with selective genetic breeding.</li>
<li>Shortcomings in Animals Trade Market:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>No authentic organized market - Decentralised, fragmented and dispersed for indigenous breeds- being sold in haats/animal fairs etc.</li>
<li>Difficult to get quality- disease free high genetic merit germplasm.</li>
<li>Misleading valuation due to lack of traceability and tracking.</li>
<li>Other malpractices include Horns removed &amp; Teeth filed to mislead for their age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims '
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>There has been a decline in number of beneficiaries under PMFBY in 2017-18 from 2016-17.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The decline in coverage of farmer applicants is mainly due to factors like:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>announcement of Debt Waiver Scheme in Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh,</li>
<li>farmer&rsquo;s perception of mitigated risk in 2017-18, which was a good monsoon year, and</li>
<li>de-duplication due to Aadhaar being made mandatory for coverage etc.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In a recent report on Risk Management in Agriculture - the committee on doubling farmers&rsquo; too observed that the coverage of farmers under the scheme who do not avail crop loans (non-loanee farmers) has been low. Other observations by the Committee: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The number of bidders in the drought-prone rain-fed areas is relatively less resulting in high (actuarial) premium rates of up to 25%.</li>
<li>Fewer insurance companies bidding in rain-fed areas also imply that they may be cherry-picking low risk areas leaving out high-risk districts where farmers are more vulnerable.</li>
<li>Delayed settlement of claims could be one reason why farmers are losing interest in PMFBY.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps to Increase Coverage</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Though the scheme is optional for States, the Government has been urging the States to bring more areas and crops under the scheme so that maximum farmers may be covered under the scheme.</li>
<li>The Government is also seeking active involvement of all stakeholders especially States and implementing insurance companies for conduct of publicity campaign/awareness programmes in the rural areas to build farmer awareness about crop insurance schemes.</li>
<li>Other measures include:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>release of advertisements on regular basis in leading national/local newspapers,</li>
<li>telecast through audio-visual media,</li>
<li>distribution of pamphlets in local languages, participation in agriculture fairs / mela,</li>
<li>dissemination of SMS and</li>
<li>conduct of workshops/ trainings of officials of State Governments and financial institutions and farmers</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, insurance companies have been asked to utilize 0.5% of gross premium collected by them for publicity and awareness generation.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PMFBY, launched in 2016, is designed to reduce the burden of crop insurance on farmers.</li>
<li>It replaced the National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) and Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS).</li>
<li>PMFBY- is in line with One Nation &ndash; One Scheme theme.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Key Features&nbsp;</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>PMFBY fixes a uniform premium of 2 per cent of the value of sum insured to be paid by farmers for all kharif crops.</li>
<li>1.5 per cent of sum insured for all rabi crops, 5 per cent of sum insured for annual commercial and horticultural crops or actuarial rate, whichever is less.</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>(Actuarial rate is an estimate of the expected value of future loss. Usually, the future loss experience is predicted on the basis of historical loss experience and the consideration of the risk involved.)</strong></em></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The balance premium will be paid by the government to provide the complete insured amount to farmers against crop loss on account of natural calamities.</li>
<li>The subsidy is divided equally between the state and Central government.</li>
<li>There is no upper limit on government subsidy for actuarial premium.</li>
<li>25 per cent of the likely claim will be settled directly on farmers account.</li>
<li>There will be one insurance company for the entire state.</li>
<li>The scheme also provides for coverage of post-harvest losses.</li>
<li>The scheme will also cover localised crop losses like hailstones.</li>
<li>The use of technology like smart phones will be used to capture and upload data of crop cutting to reduce the delays in claim payment to farmers.</li>
<li>Remote sensing will be used to reduce the number of crop cutting experiments.</li>
<li>The scheme covers loanee farmers (those who have availed of institutional loans through Kisan Credit Cards etc.), non-loanee farmers (those who avail of insurance cover on a voluntary basis), sharecroppers and tenant farmers (those who farm on rented land). <br />PMFBY is compulsory for loanee farmers.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana-(pmfby)'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'HRD Ministry Approves Norms Against Plagiarism',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry of Human Resource Development has approved new regulations on plagiarism drafted by the University Grants Commission (UGC). According the new norms, student researchers found guilty of plagiarism may lose their registration and teachers could lose their jobs.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Ministry had notified the UGC (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2018.</li>
<li>The UGC had approved the regulations in its meeting held in March, 2018 prescribing graded punishment for plagiarism.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Plagiarism is the practice of taking someone else&rsquo;s work or ideas and passing them off as one&rsquo;s own.</p>
</div>
<p></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For students, plagiarism of up to 10% would not invite any penalty while that of between 10-40% would mean the students will have to submit a revised research paper within six months.</li>
<li>In case the similarities are between 40-60% , students will be debarred from submitting a revised paper for one year.</li>
<li>A student&rsquo;s registration for a programme will be cancelled if the similarities are above 60%.</li>
<li>Teachers whose academic and research papers have similarities ranging from 10-40% with other papers will be asked to withdraw the manuscript.</li>
<li>In case the similarities are between 40-60%, they will not be allowed to supervise new masters, M.Phil, PhD students for two years and will also be denied the right to one annual increment, it said.</li>
<li>In case of repeat plagiarism of over 60% similarity, the faculty members will be suspended, even dismissed.</li>
<li>The new regulations prescribe that if any member of the academic community suspects plagiarism, he or she shall report it to the Departmental Academic Integrity Panel (DAIP).</li>
<li>Upon receipt of such a complaint or allegation the DAIP shall investigate the matter and submit its recommendations to the Institutional Academic Integrity Panel (IAIP) of the Higher Education Institutions (HEI).</li>
<li>The authorities of HEI can also take suo motu notice of an act of plagiarism and initiate proceedings under these regulations. Similarly, proceedings can also be initiated by the HEI on the basis of findings of an examiner. All such cases will be investigated by the IAIP.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Plagiarism in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>From the very beginning, the traditional mode of learning in India has essentially focused on<strong> rote learning,</strong> whereby students are expected to commit to memory and then reproduce volumes of text verbatim in their examinations right from a young age. Students are not taught to think, analyse or check on sources.</li>
<li><strong>Lack of awareness</strong> of what plagiarism is, has been another major problem. Few schools go out of their way to inculcate in students the moral integrity that treats plagiarism as a serious.</li>
<li><strong>Widespread access to the internet</strong> often leads to the non-acknowledgment of sources by the user.</li>
<li>There is <strong>no real action against people indulging in the malpractice.</strong> Institutions of higher education, which should push students to strive for originality, actually don&rsquo;t want to punish those who indulge in plagiarism.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Counselling</strong> should be provided to students and parents to encourage education based on interest and aptitude. In addition, curriculum design should be aligned with skill building. It should encourage critical thinking among students.</li>
<li><strong>Quality teaching should be incentivised</strong> and conversely, a &lsquo;no-tolerance policy&rsquo; towards non-performance should be adopted.</li>
<li>Overhauling the evaluation system by <strong>focussing more on application of knowledge</strong> and <strong>introducing &lsquo;non-traditional&rsquo; assessment techniques</strong>, such as verbal tests and critical paper reviews, could contribute in reducing the need for and incidence of cheating.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hrd-ministry-approves-norms-against-plagiarism'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'NCAER’s 2018 State Investment Potential Index',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Delhi has emerged the most-attractive State for investors in the National Council for Applied and Economic Research (NCAER)&rsquo;s 2018 State Investment Potential Index (N-SIPI).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>N-SIPI ranks India&rsquo;s States&rsquo; on their competitiveness in business and their investment climate.</li>
<li>The Index is designed to provide a systematic and reliable &ldquo;go-to&rdquo; reference for <g class="gr_ gr_51 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="51" data-gr-id="51">policy makers</g>, existing businesses, and potential domestic and overseas investors.</li>
<li>N-SIPI, 2018 ranked 21 major States on six pillars-<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Land,</li>
<li>Labour,</li>
<li>Infrastructure,</li>
<li>Economic Climate,</li>
<li>Governance And Political Stability, and</li>
<li>Business Perceptions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gujarat, previously No 1, slipped two places to the third position.</li>
<li>The surprise elements in the <g class="gr_ gr_50 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="50" data-gr-id="50">index,</g> was Tamil Nadu, which moved up four places to No 2.</li>
<li>In the overall rankings, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra <g class="gr_ gr_44 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="44" data-gr-id="44">and</g> Kerala emerged the most attractive States to do business, while Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Jharkhand and Bihar were at the bottom.
<h3></h3>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Constraints</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the 1,049 business enterprises contacted, 55 <g id="43" data-gr-id="43" class="gr_ gr_43 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling multiReplace">per cent</g> identified law and order situation as the primary constrai<span style="font-size: 14px;">nt.&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>This time, the proportion of respondents identifying corruption as a major constraint declined - 46 <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="47" data-gr-id="47">per cent</g> of the respondents identified corruption as a major constraint, down from 57 <g class="gr_ gr_49 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="49" data-gr-id="49">per cent</g> in the 2017 round of survey.</li>
<li>Other significant constraints identified by the respondents include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Difficulty in getting approvals for land,</li>
<li>Transition to GST,</li>
<li>Quality of skilled <g class="gr_ gr_56 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="56" data-gr-id="56">labour</g>,</li>
<li>Getting all approvals before starting <g class="gr_ gr_55 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="55" data-gr-id="55">business</g> (second most pressing <g class="gr_ gr_52 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="52" data-gr-id="52">constrain</g>), and</li>
<li>Access to finance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Interestingly, industry-related policies and the availability of unskilled <g class="gr_ gr_48 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="48" data-gr-id="48">labour</g> were not found that problematic, while the availability of power and raw material, and rail and road quality and connectivity were seen to be the least problematic for the firms in the sample.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>National Council for Applied and Economic Research (NCAER)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Established in 1956, NCAER is India&rsquo;s oldest and largest independent, non-profit, economic policy research institute.</li>
<li>It is one of a handful of think tanks globally that combine rigorous analysis and policy outreach with deep data collection capabilities, especially for household surveys.</li>
<li>It launched the N-SIPI series in 2016 and the second N-SIPI was released in 2017. <br /><br /></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ncaer’s-2018-state-investment-potential-index'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => '  Vidyalakshmi Portal for Higher Education',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Vidyalakshmi portal was launched by the Government of India in 2015 to provide financial assistance in the form of scholarships and educational loans to the poor and middle class students to pursue higher education of their choice without any constraint of funds.</p>
<h3>Key facts</h3>
<p></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Vidyalakshmi portal is a first of its kind portal for students seeking educational loans.</li>
<li>The portal has been developed and maintained by NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited (NSDL e-Gov) under the guidance of Ministry of Finance,Ministry of Human Resource Development and Indian Banks Association (IBA).</li>
<li>Students can track there application status to the banks 24 hours by accessing the dashboard of the portal.</li>
<li>It provides for a single window mechanism for the application and disbursement of government scholarships and educational loans provided by the banks.</li>
<li>It also envisions to bring all the banks providing educational loans under one roof.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ vidyalakshmi-portal-for-higher-education'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => '      Government to Study the Impact of Mission Kakatiya',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The State government of Telangana has decided to conduct an in-depth study to assess the impact of de-siltation of tanks taken up under the Mission Kakatiya project.</p>
<p>A memorandum of agreement (MoA) has been signed between the State Government and the International Crop Research Institute for <g class="gr_ gr_25 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="25" data-gr-id="25">Semi Arid</g> Tropics (ICRISAT) where the latter would conduct an assessment study over a period of two years.</p>
<h3>Key Facts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the <g class="gr_ gr_42 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style multiReplace" id="42" data-gr-id="42">MoA ,</g> <g class="gr_ gr_40 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="40" data-gr-id="40">study</g> would cover aspects like <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="41" data-gr-id="41">impact</g> of de-siltation on water availability for irrigation, changes in cropping pattern and recharge of groundwater.</li>
<li>The objective of the study includes assessment of economic benefits of application of silt in terms of plant nutrients and developing <g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="36" data-gr-id="36">scientific</g> integrated nutrient management strategy for major crops.</li>
<li>It also intends to assess the suitability of tank silt for use in agriculture based on heavy metal and salt content and long-term benefits for improved soil health in terms of physical, chemical and biological properties.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Mission Kakatiya</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mission Kakatiya is a flagship programme launched by the Government of Telangana which aims at rejuvenation of water tanks and other water storage structures to provide assistance and help to the small and marginal farmers of the state.</li>
<li>The name <g class="gr_ gr_28 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="28" data-gr-id="28">kakatiya</g> is given in the memory of the <g class="gr_ gr_33 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="33" data-gr-id="33">valour</g> and courage of the <g class="gr_ gr_29 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="29" data-gr-id="29">kakatiya</g> rulers who ruled over the territory near Warangal and are known for there role in the development of large number of tanks in their kingdom.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>International Crop Research Institute for <g class="gr_ gr_24 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="24" data-gr-id="24">Semi Arid</g> Tropics (ICRISAT)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ICRISAT is a non-profit, non-political organization that conducts agricultural research for development in the drylands of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.</li>
<li>ICRISAT and its partners help empower these poor people to overcome poverty, hunger and a degraded environment through better agriculture.</li>
<li>ICRISAT is headquartered in Hyderabad, Telangana State, in India, with two regional hubs Nairobi (Kenya) and Bamako (Mali).</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/government-to study the impact of Mission kakatiya'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'For A Capitalism Less Stigmatised',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<p>This article appears in the Indian Express and is written by the president of the FICCI. It addresses a very important topic - <em>something</em> has happened to capitalism (i.e. the corporate or the private sector) because of which the general public&rsquo;s perception towards it has changed for the worse. The article also speaks about what needs to be done in order to solve this crisis in capitalism.</p>
<p>For all we know, the world that we have today - laced with technology and material pleasures - has come into existence through a system of innovation and profit. While individual talent drove innovation, capitalistic endeavours drove profit. As long as there is profit, there will be innovation.</p>
<p>The corporate sector in India (as representative of Indian capitalism or the Indian capitalists) is no different. The burgeoning GDP, a government in perpetual reforms mode and a macro-economic environment that is stable and favourable to growth - are all achievements in which the Indian corporate sector played a tremendous part. Corporate growth ushered in the age of consumption-led-production helping build the GDP; corporate businesses required changes in the regulatory ecosystem to stay profitable (and productive) thereby pushing the government into a regulatory reforms drive; and corporate dealings within and outside the country made sure macro-economic factors like inflation and unemployment remained under tight oversight and control.</p>
<p>Yet, the common perception of the middle and working classes on the capitalist or the private corporate sector is far from good. In fact, there is a great loss of public trust in this sector. The loss of trust has been driven primarily by three perceptions:</p>
<ol>
<li>Private sector and the corporates within it are seen as a separate class of entities and personalities who are above the law (or at least, that laws are being made specifically to help and profit them), and that they are hand-in-glove with the members of legislatures when it comes to regulation and audit (lobbying or worse, corruption).</li>
<li>The private sector as opposed to government (local, state and central) lacks transparency in its operation. People are generally unaware of the corporate decisions being made behind closed doors.</li>
<li>Third and most important, the masses see the corporates as greedy and without responsibility. Examples abound here, like what happened with Vedanta, or drawing from our collective memory of what happened in the Bhopal Gas Tragedy where Union Carbide (now, Dow Chemical Company) got away without significant repercussions.</li>
</ol>
<p>Such a perception, where the masses are wary (to some extent, scared or angry or even outright disgusted) of the private sector needs immediate amelioration. The first hurdle on the path of such an amelioration exercise is that this perception is deep-rooted. It has historical undertones stemming from a colonial history of mass exploitation and irresponsibility, and from the history of post-independence corruption via a nexus between the rich, the businessmen, the government servant and the elected representative.</p>
<p>Rebuilding trust in the private sector therefore, would require more than just &lsquo;reputation management&rsquo; as devised in Public Relations nomenclature. It is not one company we are talking about, we are talking about the entire private sector. For the short-term, certain things have to be done. This editorial mentions four such things, doing which the reliability and credibility of the Indian corporate sector can be addressed and to some extent <em>&lsquo;restored&rsquo;</em>.</p>
<ol>
<li>We have to bring transparency into corporate decision-making. The proverbial closed-door has to open. There has to be timely and appropriate disclosures in the public domain pertaining to private sector companies. For instance, things like board decisions should be kept in the public domain as part of the public record so, that the public can understand what is going on and as such, act in accordance.</li>
<li>We also need that corporates keep an open and free line of communication with the general public. The common man needs to know what the corporates are thinking (their &lsquo;thinking processes&rsquo;) and this will be possible only when corporate leaders communicate these to the public.</li>
<li>Then we need to remove ambiguity from laws defining corporate governance. This is perhaps one area where there is an overwhelming amount of doubt regarding rules and procedures. Thus, there should be a visible effort towards removing the common man&rsquo;s perception that corporate entities thrive under confusing laws and profit mercilessly in the legally grey areas.</li>
<li>in order to profit Lastly, corporate India should <em>&lsquo;focus on responsible capitalism&rsquo;</em>. For this capitalism has to shift from &lsquo;shareholder capitalism&rsquo; to &lsquo;stakeholder capitalism&rsquo;. Shareholders simply get dividends (which is basically money), but stakeholders get more than that. They get a promise of employee and customer welfare, they get surety of good governance (both corporate and legislative), they get assurances on social benefits like employment generation and ecological sustainability. All these things make the bottom-lines of corporate entities multi-faceted and more prepared for the future.</li>
</ol>
<p>To conclude, we can say that <em>&lsquo;a highly responsible and credible corporate sector can ensure a double-digit GDP growth...and take the country on course to becoming one of the top three economies in the world...along with China and the US.&rsquo;</em> And at this point of evolution of the Indian economy, a responsible, transparent and trustworthy private sector is a necessity. The task of rebuilding trust in the private sector, as such, should begin earnestly.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/for-a-capitalism-less-stigmatised'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (3 August 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>NITI Aayog Launches Move Hack</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NITI Aayog has launched Move Hack, a global mobility hackathon to crowdsource solutions aimed at the future of mobility in India.</li>
<li>Transportation and mobility are emerging as potential drivers of innovation and economic growth of the 21st century.</li>
<li>Rapidly evolving technologies and business models for delivering mobility services have dramatic potential to transform the global transportation sector.</li>
<li>Mobility that ranges from pedestrian and personal transport to public transit and freight movement is extremely critical and impacts rural and urban daily lives.</li>
<li>The hackathon is organized in partnership with the Government of Singapore and is powered by Hacker Earth.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Crowdsourcing is the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers</p>
</div>
<h3>SAATHI Initiative</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ministry of Textiles and Ministry of Power have joined hands under the initiative SAATHI (Sustainable and Accelerated Adoption of efficient Textile technologies to Help Small Industries) in order to sustain and accelerate the adoption of energy efficient textile technologies in the <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="81" data-gr-id="81">powerloom</g> sector and cost savings due to using of such technology.</li>
<li>Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), a Public Sector entity under the administrative control of Ministry of Power, will replace old inefficient electric motors with energy efficient motors which will result in energy and cost saving up to 10-15% in the first phase.</li>
<li>The use of this efficient equipment will result in energy savings and cost savings to the unit owners at no upfront cost.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Save Dal Lake</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to a recent assessment, the size of Dal Lake has shrunk from its original area of 22 sq km to about 10 sq km.</li>
<li>The water quality of Dal Lake has deteriorated due to intense pollution caused by untreated sewage and solid wastes that flow into the lake.</li>
<li>The depth of the lake has come down in many places and its total capacity has gone down to 40%.</li>
<li>Encroachments of water channels and clogging have diminished the circulation and inflows into the lake, leading to extensive weed growth of water hyacinth which has emerged as a health hazard.</li>
<li>Houseboats on Dal Lake often discharge sewage into the water body.</li>
<li>The continuing night soil discharge from the 800 to 900 houseboats is causing extreme pollution.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE: </strong>Dal Lake</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dal Lake, situated in the northeast of Srinagar (the capital of Jammu and Kashmir) in Kashmir valley (584 m above MSL), is one of the most beautiful lakes in India and the second largest lake in Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>The lake has four main interconnected basins namely, Hazratbal, Bod <g class="gr_ gr_74 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="74" data-gr-id="74">dal</g>, Gagribal and Nagin.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Apple Reaches Historic 1 Trillion Market Cap</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apple Inc became the first 1 trillion publicly listed U.S. company, capping a decade-long rise in its stock price fueled by its popular iPhone.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Market capitalization(Market Cap) is the aggregate valuation of the company based on its current share price and the total number of outstanding stocks. It is calculated by multiplying the current market price of the company's share with the total outstanding shares of the company.</p>
</div>
<h3>Connectivity for Health Project</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ministries of Electronics and IT (MeitY), Telecommunications and Health &amp; Family Welfare will come together for a &lsquo;connectivity for health&rsquo; project.</li>
<li>The aim is to connect all rural areas through a special broadband line, to provide telemedicine in rural areas, with government hospitals so that they have access to well- known doctors through video calling.</li>
<li>The government is already running various programmes as part of the &lsquo;Digital India&rsquo; initiative, such as e-Hospital &mdash; an open-source health information management system, which is configurable and easily customisable with multi-tenancy support.</li>
<li>Recently, MeitY and the Health Ministry also tied up to implement the Ayushman Bharat scheme through three-lakh Common Service Centres (CSCs) across the country.</li>
<li>As per the agreement, a beneficiary can now visit the nearby CSC to get the benefit of this scheme. CSC will help the beneficiary identify his/her name in the Health Ministry database and his/her entitlement for the scheme.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> Ayushman Bharat is the National Health Protection Scheme, which will cover over 10 crore poor families (around 50 crore beneficiaries) providing coverage of up to Rs 5 lakh (per family per year) for secondary and tertiary-care hospitalisation.</p>
</div>
<h3>Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) was launched in 2014 under which each Member of Parliament will take the responsibility of developing physical and institutional infrastructure in three villages by 2019.</li>
<li>The Yojana is about improving access to public services and community action for social and economic development so that these villages become role models worth emulation by neighbouring Gram Panchayats.</li>
<li>The goal is to develop three Adarsh Grams by March 2019, of which one would be achieved by 2016. Thereafter, five such Adarsh Grams (one per year) will be selected and developed by 2024.</li>
</ul>',
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