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Impactful Policy Research in Social Science (IMPRESS)

The Ministry for Human Resource Development has launched the web portal of the Scheme “Impactful Policy Research in Social Sciences...

26 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Govt. Notifies Rules on Citizenship

The Home Ministry has notified that the Collectors of certain districts in seven States can accept online applications to grant citizenship to...

26 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Only BS-VI Vehicles To Be Sold From April 2020

The Supreme Court has ruled that no Bharat Stage IV vehicle shall be sold or manufactured across the country with effect from April 1, 2020. Instead,...

25 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (25th October 2018)

Main Nahin Hum Portal and App Recently the Prime Minister launched the “Main Nahin Hum” portal and app, in New Delhi. It is aimed at...

25 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Govt. Establishes Adjudicating Authority and Appellate Tribunal

The government has approved the appointment of Adjudicating Authority and establishment of Appellate Tribunal under Prohibition of Benami Property...

25 Oct 2018 News Analysis
The Allahabad In Prayagraj

(The editorial is based on the article “The Allahabad in Prayagraj” which appeared in The Indian Express on 25th October 2018. It...

25 Oct 2018 News Editorials
3D Bioprinting to Create Artificial Blood Vessels

Scientists have developed a 3D printing technique that can recreate the complex geometry of blood vessels, and could one day be used to produce...

24 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (24th October 2018)

World's Longest Sea-Crossing Bridge Recently Chinese President Xi Jinping opened the world’s longest sea-crossing bridge (55 km) connecting...

24 Oct 2018 News Analysis
3rd International Year of Reef

The 3-day International Conference on Status and Protection of Coral Reefs (STAPCOR 2018) with the theme “Reef for Life” begun in...

24 Oct 2018 News Analysis
SC Order on Crackers During Diwali

Supreme Court has refused to put a blanket ban on use of crackers during diwali.The Court has struck a balance between the interests of the...

24 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Arrest The Exodus In Gujarat

(The editorial is based on the article “Arrest the exodus in Gujarat” which appeared in The Hindu on 10th October 2018. It analyses the...

24 Oct 2018 News Editorials
NASA Named New Constellations

NASA has named 21 set of new Gamma Ray Constellations. NASA has named them after fictional characters like Doctor who, Hulk,...

23 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Insolvency Law Committee Report

The ILC has submitted its 2nd Report to the Government, which deals with cross-border insolvency. The Insolvency Law Committee (ILC) was...

23 Oct 2018 News Analysis
India’s Failure To Address Its Urban Slum Problem

(The editorial is based on the article “India’s failure to address its urban slum problem” which appeared in Livemint on 23rd...

23 Oct 2018 News Editorials
Harit Diwali Swasth Diwali campaign

The air pollution in the northern region is attributed to dust, burning of crops in certain states, burning of garbage construction and prevailing...

23 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Tiger Attacks

Recently a tigress shifted to Satkosia Tiger Reserve (STR) claimed another human life. The tigress was brought from Bandhavgarh Tiger...

22 Oct 2018 News Analysis
Important Facts for Prelims (22nd October 2018)

BEPICOLOMBO: Mission to Mercury The European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) sent two probes on a joint...

22 Oct 2018 News Analysis
An Innovative Method For Boosting Nutrition

(The editorial is based on the article “An innovative method for boosting nutrition” which appeared in Livemint on 22nd October 2018....

22 Oct 2018 News Editorials
The Petroglyphs of Ratnagiri

Different sites with petroglyphs in Ratnagiri and Rajapur districts have been found over the last two or three years. The way the petroglyphs have...

20 Oct 2018 News Analysis
The Anatomy Of Banking Frauds

(The editorial is based on the article “The anatomy of banking frauds” which appeared in Livemint on 19th October 2018. It analyses the...

20 Oct 2018 News Editorials

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Impactful Policy Research in Social Science (IMPRESS)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ministry for Human Resource Development has launched the web portal of the Scheme &ldquo;Impactful Policy Research in Social Sciences (IMPRESS)&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the Scheme, 1500 research projects will be awarded for 2 years to support the social science research in the higher educational institutions and to enable research to guide <g class="gr_ gr_33 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="33" data-gr-id="33">policy making</g>.</li>
<li>IMPRESS scheme will be used to understand and solve problems facing <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="39" data-gr-id="39">the society</g><g class="gr_ gr_42 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="42" data-gr-id="42">.The</g> scheme will be implemented at a total cost of Rs 414 crore <g class="gr_ gr_40 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="40" data-gr-id="40">till</g> <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="41" data-gr-id="41">March,</g> 2021.</li>
<li>Indian Council of Social Science and Research (ICSSR) will be the project implementing agency.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives of the Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To identify and fund research proposals in social sciences with maximum impact on the governance and society.</li>
<li>To focus research on broad thematic areas such as :
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>State and Democracy</li>
<li>Urban transformation</li>
<li>Media, Culture and Society</li>
<li>Employment, Skills and Rural transformation</li>
<li>Governance, Innovation and Public Policy</li>
<li>Growth, Macro-trade <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="47" data-gr-id="47">and</g> Economic Policy</li>
<li>Agriculture and Rural Development</li>
<li>Health and Environment</li>
<li>Science and Education</li>
<li>Social Media and Technology</li>
<li>Politics, Law and Economics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To ensure selection of projects through a transparent, competitive process on online mode.</li>
<li>To provide <g class="gr_ gr_37 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="37" data-gr-id="37">opportunity</g> for social science researchers in any institution in the country, including all Universities (Central and State), private institutions.</li>
<li>ICSSR funded/<g class="gr_ gr_35 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="35" data-gr-id="35">recognised</g> research institutes will also be eligible to submit research proposals on the given themes and sub-themes.</li>
</ul>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/impactful-policy-research-in-social-science-impress'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Govt. Notifies Rules on Citizenship',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Home Ministry has notified that the Collectors of certain districts in seven States can accept online applications to grant citizenship to persecuted minorities from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh living in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Citizenship will be granted after the verification reports are received from the States and the Centre.</li>
<li>The Home Ministry gave powers to the Collectors in Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi to grant citizenship and naturalisation certificates to the migrants under Sections 5 and 6 of the Citizenship Act, 1955.</li>
<li>Recently, Home Ministry also changed the Schedule I of Citizenship Rules, 2009.</li>
<li>Under the new rules, any person of Indian origin while seeking citizenship for
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>a person married to an Indian citizen,</li>
<li>a child born abroad to Indian citizens,</li>
<li>a person whose parents are registered as Indian citizens</li>
<li>a person whose either parent has been a citizen of independent India</li>
<li>will have to make the declaration of their religion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Citizenship Act, 1955, does not have any mention of religion. The Act provide citizenship by five ways: Birth, Descent, Registration, Naturalization, Incorporation of the territory.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Citizenship Amendment Bill was proposed for amending the Citizenship Act, 1955.</li>
<li>By this bill, illegal migrants belonging to the Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi or Christian religious communities coming from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan will be eligible for Indian citizenship.</li>
<li>These citizens will gain permanent citizenship after six years of residency in India instead of 11 years as mentioned in the Citizenship Act, 1955.</li>
<li>The registration of Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders will get cancelled if they violate any law.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns regarding the Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2016.</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill discriminates among refugees on the basis of religion does not take note of the refugees in India from among the Muslim community who have fled due to persecution. Thus it is in violation of Article 14 of Indian constitution.</li>
<li>The Bill allows cancellation of OCI registration for violation of any law. This is a wide ground that may cover a range of violations, including minor offences (e.g. parking in a no parking zone).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Proposed Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Checks and balances: It is necessary to curtail the wide powers given to the central government to rescind the OCI card status or put checks and balances in place by appointing a committee or an ombudsman.</li>
<li>Remove religion as a basis: The concession of six to 12 years of residence to immigrants based only the religion of the migrants can be removed as it is against the idea of secularism.</li>
<li>Refugees: It is necessary to look into the status of refugees and under what conditions they can obtain citizenship of India, bearing in mind the international migrant crisis. It is necessary to draw a clear demarcation between a refugee and an immigrant.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Law should have no biases and try its utmost to provide justice and liberty to all. In past India has given shelter to refugees who were being persecuted because of their language (Tamils in Sri Lanka). This bill does not include such minorities. So it is necessary to broaden the scope of the law by including the term &lsquo;persecuted minorities&rsquo; rather than religious minorities.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Illegal Immigrant</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Citizenship Act (1955), an illegal immigrant is defined as a person who enters India without a valid passport or stays in the country after the expiry of the visa permit.</li>
<li>Also, the immigrant who uses false documents for the immigration process.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Overseas Citizens of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>OCIs are foreigners who are persons of Indian origin. For example, they may have been former Indian citizens or children of the current Indian citizen.</li>
<li>OCIs are entitled to multipurpose, multiple entries, a lifelong visa allowing them to visit India at any time, for any length of time and for any purpose.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Citizenship by Naturalisation</strong></p>
<p>By Naturalisation The Central Government may grant a certificate of naturalization to any person (not being an illegal migrant) if he possesses the following qualifications like:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>he or she is not a subject or citizen of any country where citizens of India are prevented from becoming subjects or citizens of that country by naturalization</li>
<li>that, if he is a citizen of any country, he undertakes to renounce the citizenship of that country</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Article 14</strong>: Equality before the law and equal protection of laws. This right is available to both citizens and foreigners (except enemy aliens).<br /><br /></p>
</div>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/govt-notifies-rules-on-citizenship'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Only BS-VI Vehicles To Be Sold From April 2020',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court has ruled that no Bharat Stage IV vehicle shall be sold or manufactured across the country with effect from April 1, 2020. Instead, the Bharat Stage VI (or BS-VI) emission norm would come into force from April 1, 2020, across the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court's order came while deciding whether grace period should be given to the automobile manufacturers for the sale of BS-VI non-compliant vehicles after April 1, 2020.</li>
<li>In 2016, the Centre had announced the country would skip the BS-V norms altogether and adopt BS-VI norms by 2020 to reduce vehicular pollution.</li>
<li>Supreme Court ruled that any extension of time in introducing the new emission norms would adversely impact the health of citizens as the pollution has reached an "alarming and critical" level.</li>
<li>It has been held that the right to live in an environment free from smoke and pollution follows from the &ldquo;quality&rdquo; of life which is an inherent part of Article 21 of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Further, the Supreme Court has observed that the right to live with human dignity becomes illusory in the absence of a healthy environment.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bharat Stage VI</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharat Stage Norms</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Based on the European regulations (Euro norms), introduced in the year 2000, the Bharat stage norms are emission control standards put in place by the government to keep a check on air pollution.</li>
<li>These standards set specifications/limits for the release of air pollutants from equipment using internal combustion engines, including vehicles.</li>
<li>The higher the stage, the more stringent the norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>What is BS VI&rsquo;s Key Improvement in Fuel Quality Over BS IV?</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BS VI norms seek to cut down sulphur content to 10 parts per million (ppm) from 50 ppm</li>
<li>Sulphur in the fuel contributes to fine particulate matter emissions.</li>
<li>BS VI norms seek to reduce the level of certain harmful hydrocarbons in the emissions that are produced due to incomplete combustion of fuel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges in Implementation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It takes a long time in research and development for automakers to develop a new kind of an engine or to tweak around with the current ones to meet the latest norms.</li>
<li>Once the research and development are over, the task of setting up full-scale production comes up. All of this comes at a cost which eventually makes the vehicle more expensive for the end customer of the product and that can be a cause of concern for automakers given how price sensitive the Indian market is.</li>
<li>There is a requirement of cleaner fuel to run these vehicles that comply with a stricter emission regulation as it is not feasible to make internal combustion engines pollute less while using poor quality of fuel.</li>
<li>This will require a huge amount of investments to make the oil refineries capable of producing a better quality of fuel and also investments in the infrastructure to make that fuel available across the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has some of the most polluted cities in the world and automobiles are often considered as one of the biggest factors responsible for it.</li>
<li>The implementation of advanced norms is a critical step as India, the world&rsquo;s third largest emitter of Greenhouse gases after China and the US, is a signatory to Paris climate deal on combating climate change. As part of the agreement, by 2030 India has to reduce its carbon footprint by 33-35% from the 2005 levels.</li>
<li>So, the need of the hour is to control the pollution levels by all means possible and since globally, countries are adhering to Euro 6 levels of emission regulations, India needs to step up its effort by switching to BS VI norm as soon as possible which will give the much needed fillip to pollution reduction.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/air-pollution-in-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read about 'Air Pollution in Delhi'</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (25th October 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Main Nahin Hum Portal and App</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently the Prime Minister launched the &ldquo;Main Nahin Hum&rdquo; portal and app, in New Delhi.</li>
<li>It is aimed at pooling the resources that corporates put in towards social causes and aligning them with the initiatives of the government such as Swachh Bharat, Skill India etc.</li>
<li>The portal will enable IT professionals and organizations to bring together their efforts towards social causes, and service to society, on one platform.</li>
<li>The portal will also help the employees in identifying the volunteering opportunities for social causes and they can also collaborate with other employees on such projects.</li>
<li>The portal is expected to help catalyse greater collaboration towards the service of the weaker sections of society, especially by leveraging the benefits of technology.</li>
<li>It is also expected to generate wider participation of interested people who are motivated to work for the benefit of society.</li>
<li>Since India has already become the third largest in terms of the start-up, social start-ups should become an intrinsic part of the ecosystem. The line between what is a business model and what is a social start-up model is very thin and areas such as electric vehicles which can serve both the purposes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India-Israel Missile Deal-Barak 8</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has awarded an additional USD 777 million deal to a leading Israeli defence firm for supplying Barak 8 Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (LRSAM) Air and Missile Defence Systems to ships of the Indian Navy.</li>
<li>The missile system has been jointly developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), India's DRDO, Israel's Administration for the Development of Weapons and Technological Infrastructure, Elta Systems, Rafael and some other Indian defence companies.</li>
<li>The Barak-8 LRSAM system is an operational Air and Missile Defence (AMD) system used by Israel's navy as well as by India's navy, air and land forces.</li>
<li>The system provides broad aerial and point defence against a wide range of threats to the marine arena from the air, sea or land.</li>
<li>Barak-8 incorporates a state-of-the-art phased array multi-mission radar, two-way data link, and a flexible command and control system, enabling users to simultaneously engage multiple targets day and night and in all weather conditions.</li>
<li>Israel is emerging as one of India&rsquo;s biggest suppliers of weapons, alongside the United States and long-term partner Russia.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has given its approval for <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="92" data-gr-id="92">creation</g> of special Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF).</li>
<li>National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), National Cooperatives Development Corporation (NCDC) and all scheduled Banks shall be the nodal Loaning Entities.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Benefits</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Creation of fisheries infrastructure facilities both in marine and inland fisheries sectors.</li>
<li>To augment fish production to achieve its target of 15 million <g class="gr_ gr_84 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="84" data-gr-id="84">tonne</g> by 2020 set under the Blue Revolution; and to achieve a sustainable growth of 8% -9 %.</li>
<li>Employment opportunities to fishers and other entrepreneurs in fishing and allied activities.</li>
<li>To attract private investment in <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="77" data-gr-id="77">creation</g> and management of fisheries infrastructure facilities.</li>
<li>Adoption of new technologies.</li>
<li>FIDF would provide concessional finance to State Governments / UTs and State entities, cooperatives, individuals and entrepreneurs etc. for taking up <g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar replaceWithoutSep" id="88" data-gr-id="88">of</g> the identified investment activities of fisheries development.</li>
<li>Under FIDF, loan lending will be over a period of five years from 2018-19 to 2022-23 and maximum repayment will be over a period of 12 years.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Prime Minister Narendra Modi Awarded the 2018 Seoul Peace Prize</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award recognizes Prime-Minister Narendra Modi &lsquo;s efforts &ndash;</li>
<li>In improving international cooperation, raising global economic growth.</li>
<li>In accelerating the Human Development of the people of India by fostering economic growth in the world's <g class="gr_ gr_69 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="69" data-gr-id="69">fastest growing</g> large economy and furthering the development of democracy through anti-corruption and social integration efforts.</li>
<li>In the growth of the Indian and global economies, crediting 'Modinomics' for reducing <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="78" data-gr-id="78">social</g> and economic disparity between the rich and the poor.</li>
<li>In making the government cleaner through anti-corruption measures and demonetization, for his contribution towards regional and global peace through a proactive foreign policy with countries around the world under the 'Modi Doctrine' and the 'Act East Policy&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Seoul Peace Prize</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Seoul Peace Prize was established in 1990 to commemorate the success of the 24th Olympic Games held in Seoul, Republic of Korea &ndash; an event in which 160 nations from across the world took part, creating harmony and friendship and a worldwide atmosphere of peace and reconciliation.</li>
<li>The Seoul Peace Prize has been awarded biennially to those individuals who have made their mark through contributions to the harmony of mankind, reconciliation between nations and to world peace.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Govt. Establishes Adjudicating Authority and Appellate Tribunal ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The government has approved the appointment of Adjudicating Authority and establishment of Appellate Tribunal under Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act (PBPT), 1988.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Adjudicating Authority and Appellate Tribunal will be based in Delhi. Benches of Adjudicating Authority will be in Kolkata, Mumbai, and&nbsp;Chennai.</li>
<li>The Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act (PBPT), 1988 seeks to establish four authorities to conduct inquiries or investigations regarding Benami transactions: (i) <strong>Initiating</strong> <strong>Officer</strong>, (ii) <strong>Approving</strong> <strong>Authority</strong>, (iii) <strong>Administrator</strong>&nbsp;(iv) <strong>Adjudicating</strong> <strong>Authority</strong>.</li>
<li>If an Initiating Officer believes that a person is a Benamidar (person in whose name the Benami property is transferred or held), he may issue a notice to that person.</li>
<li>The Initiating Officer may hold the property for 90 days from the date of issue of the notice, subject to permission from the Approving Authority.</li>
<li>At the end of the notice period, the Initiating Officer may pass an order to continue the holding of the property.</li>
<li>If an order is passed to continue holding the property, the Initiating Officer will refer the case to the Adjudicating Authority.</li>
<li>The Adjudicating Authority will examine all documents and evidence relating to the matter and then pass an order on whether or not to hold the property as Benami.</li>
<li><strong>The act also establishes an Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals against any orders passed by the Adjudicating Authority.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Appeals against orders of the Appellate Tribunal will lie to the high court.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The establishment of benches will result in effective and better administration of cases referred to the Adjudicating Authority.</li>
<li>Speedy disposal of appeals filed before the Appellate Tribunal.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tribunal</strong></p>
<p>A tribunal is a quasi-judicial body established by an Act of Parliament or State Legislature under Article 323A or 323B to resolve disputes that are brought before it. Article 323A provides for Administrative tribunals and 323B provides for Tribunals for other matters.</p>
<p><strong>The Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Act defines a Benami transaction as a transaction where a property is held by or transferred to a person but has been provided for or paid by another person. Therefore, the property is not held in the name of the real owner, but in somebody else&rsquo;s name.</li>
<li>Property transactions where: (i) the transaction is made in a fictitious name, (ii) the owner is not aware of denies knowledge of the ownership of the property, or (iii) the person providing the consideration for the property is not traceable will also fall under Benami transaction.</li>
<li>Under the Act, the penalty for entering into Benami transactions is rigorous imprisonment of one year up to seven years, and a fine which may extend to 25% of the fair market value of the Benami property.</li>
<li>The penalty for providing false information to be rigorous imprisonment of six months up to five years, and a fine which may extend to 10% of the fair market value of the Benami property.</li>
<li>The Act also states that Benami properties can be confiscated by the government without payment of compensation. The term &ldquo;property&rdquo; now covers movable, immovable, tangible and intangible properties.</li>
<li>This Act, along with the stringent Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015, to penalize those with unaccounted wealth abroad and the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018, which allows a designated special court to declare a person as a fugitive economic offender and to confiscate their property, including &lsquo;Benami&rsquo; ones, will help the government in its fight against black money both within and outside the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'The Allahabad In Prayagraj',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;The Allahabad in Prayagraj&rdquo; which appeared in The Indian Express on 25th October 2018. It analyses the process of renaming cities across the country.)</strong></p>
</div>
<p>The famous quote &ldquo;<em>what is in the name</em>&rdquo;- attributed to equally famous English poet and playwright William Shakespeare seems to hold much relevance for modern India. Names in India are never just names. Today there seems to be a lot in the name.</p>
<p>The naming and renaming of places is not new in India. The British, for example, renamed Kochi to Cochin, derived the name Calcutta from Kolkata and affirmed their power through urban planning and architecture. Recently, several cities, as well as streets and bazaars in the country, have been renamed.</p>
<p>By renaming Allahabad, the Uttar Pradesh government has reignited the debate around the relevance of such a move. While some see it as a correction long overdue, many see it as a move to use history to polarize the present to fulfill political agenda.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>About Prayagraj (Allahabad)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the city of Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb which represents the diverse culture of Hindu-Muslim unity.</li>
<li>The popular belief is that when Mughal emperor Akbar visited the region in 1574 to quell a rebellion, he changed the city&rsquo;s name from the erstwhile Prayag to Illahabad (the abode of the Gods), which then got anglicized by the British to Allahabad.</li>
<li>Although there are written records of the city being called Illahabad or Illahawas in Akbarnama and other books written around that period, there is no written document to suggest that the name of the city Prayag was changed and made Illahabad.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why Prayagraj?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hindu religious and mythological texts such as Matsya Puran and Padma Puran, have addressed the city as the most sacred of all sacred places.</li>
<li>Among many rivers and their confluences, Triveni holds a special place for the Hindus. The confluence of the sacred river streams forms a triangular curvature of religious significance for those who follow Hinduism.</li>
<li>Thus, the suffix &lsquo;raj&rsquo; signals that this is the &lsquo;king&rsquo; among all Prayag.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Reasons behind renaming cities</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to free itself from the daunting memories of the colonial rule and to cherish a new identity created by the sacrifice of the millions of people which got the people their independence, names of the states or the cities were realigned to alternative local names.</li>
<li>But in contrary, the current renaming of historical cities named after Muslim personalities or of Urdu dialect is mostly based on the cultural and ethnoreligious grounds rather than linguistic one - even though the Urdu language is one of the official languages.</li>
<li>Therefore, this campaign to rename historical places and roads is being seen by many as an attempt to rewrite history and undermine the historical personalities of a particular community. For example - renaming historical Mughal Sarai Railway Station after Deen Dayal Upadhyaya or renaming Lucknow's famous and historic 'Hazratganj Chauraha' after former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee as 'Atal Chowk.</li>
<li>Sometimes renaming is not only about religion, but this comes as an outcome of unspoken custom and culture of the particular place. The demand for changing of the name also comes from people themselves - through violent protests or through a mass campaign.</li>
<li>Political parties also use the name-game for creating vote banks. Across India, many governments have done so - from Chennai and Gurugram to the scuttled attempt to conjure a Paschim Banga (in place of West Bengal).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Procedure for Renaming a City</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Renaming of a city is a thoughtful task that is given to the State Legislators.</li>
<li>The first step involves raising of a request in form of a resolution by any Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) which proposes the renaming of any particular city or street.</li>
<li>On the basis of the request of the MLA, the issue would be deliberated upon and the consequences of the same shall be discussed upon. So, the second step involves the deliberation over the request of the renaming of the city or the street.</li>
<li>The final step involves voting of the validity of the resolution. If there are majority votes in favor of the resolution, the said resolution shall be declared passed. If the majority of votes for a resolution are not achieved, the resolution shall fail. The majority here involves a simple majority.</li>
<li>The State Legislation on the basis of the majority view shall make the necessary changes in the name of the state or city.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Procedure for Renaming a State</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the most cumbersome task for the Parliament is the procedure that needs to be followed in order to rename a state. The Constitution of India provides for the renaming of a state under Article 3 and Article 4.</li>
<li>A bill for renaming a state may be introduced in the Parliament on the recommendation of the President.</li>
<li>Before the introduction of the bill, the President shall send the bill to the respective state assembly for expressing their views within a stipulated time. The views of the state assembly are not binding, neither on the President nor on the Parliament. But the process must not be skipped as it is of vital importance as any law so made will be affecting that particular state.</li>
<li>On the expiry of the period, the bill will be sent to the Parliament for deliberation.</li>
<li>The bill in order to take the force of a law must be passed by a simple majority.</li>
<li>The bill is sent for approval to the President. After the approval of the said bill, the bill becomes a law and the name of the state stands modified.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This move creates dissatisfaction particularly among the minority population in question who are against the decisions. This may further lead to mob violence, communal violences etc.</li>
<li>Changing names after they have gained universal recognition sows the confusion in people's mind.</li>
<li>Enormous resources and paperwork is required to establish the new political/official identity of not only the city but of the entire district. Government and business stationery have to be discarded and remade at a cost to the environment.</li>
<li>The biggest cost may be in re-educating outsiders about the name change, an intangible line item whose true costs are difficult to calculate.</li>
<li>It leads to politicization of community memories. But not only do such endeavors not acknowledge the ruptures they create, they also overlook the history of cultural consciousness.</li>
<li>Renaming results in tangible changes, but several intangible aspects of places continue to be associated with the lived reality of communities. For example, Varanasi may today be the official name of the historical city, but culturally, its idea will always be &ldquo;Banarasi&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Renaming cities result in economic and logistical upheaval. A large amount of the taxpayers' money is spent on changing signboards on public properties such as railways, metros, buses, and street signs, not to mention the time and energy invested in bureaucratic, administrative and legal procedures. Maps have to keep pace with the frequent renaming.</li>
<li>Satellite cartographic networks often fail to keep up with the frequency of changed ground realities and people and transporters waste time to reach their destinations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Historical facts and popular belief are often not natural allies. Political parties should not use a popular belief as a political stunt, making the situation worse.</li>
<li>Legislators should focus on development and should not continue fragmentation and create more ruptures in society.</li>
<li>The government and civil society need to make sure that cultural landscapes contain names, symbols, languages, and scripts that belong to all the different castes, religious communities, and other groups of the country, so all Indians can genuinely feel at home in their homeland.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-allahabad-in-prayagraj'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => '3D Bioprinting to Create Artificial Blood Vessels',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Scientists have developed a 3D printing technique that can recreate the complex geometry of blood vessels, and could one day be used to produce artificial arteries and organ tissues.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>3D printing (also known as <strong>additive manufacturing</strong>) is a manufacturing process through which three-dimensional (3D) solid objects are created.</li>
<li>It enables the creation of physical 3D models of objects using a series of additive or layered development framework, where layers are laid down in succession to create a complete 3D object.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recent Development in 3D bioprinting</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea behind 3D bioprinting was to add independent mechanical properties to 3D structures that can mimic the body&rsquo;s natural tissue. This technology allows the creation of microstructures that can be customized for disease models.</li>
<li>Hardened blood vessels are associated with cardiovascular disease and engineering a solution for viable artery and tissue replacement has historically proven challenging. To overcome these hurdles, researchers found a unique way to take advantage of oxygen&rsquo;s role in setting the final form of a 3D-printed structure.</li>
<li>By keeping tight control over oxygen migration and its subsequent light exposure, researchers have the freedom to control which areas of an object are solidified to be harder or softer all while keeping the overall geometry the same.</li>
<li>This is an encouraging first step towards the goal of creating structures that function <g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="38" data-gr-id="38">like</g> a healthy cell should function.</li>
<li>As a demonstration, the researchers printed a small Chinese warrior figure, printing it so that the outer layers remained hard while the interior remained soft.</li>
<li>The researchers are optimistic that future studies will help improve the capabilities even further. The findings could lead to better, more personalized treatments for those suffering from hypertension and other vascular diseases.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Potential of 3D printing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Car and aircraft manufacturers have taken the lead in 3-D manufacturing, using the technology to transform design and production. For eg. Boeing is using 3D-printed titanium parts in the construction of its 787 Dreamliner airliner, The U.S. and Israeli air forces are already using 3D printers to manufacture spare parts etc.</li>
<li>In medical sciences, 3D printing is being used to customize implants and this technology could soon revolutionize dentistry. In the future, organs and body parts may be created using 3D printing techniques.</li>
<li>In fashion, Nike, Adidas, and New Balance are using 3D printing to create prototypes faster than ever, and create customized shoes. In 2018, Nike revealed it had made the first 3D-printed textile upper in performance footwear, called Flyprint.</li>
<li>In the construction industry, companies around the world are making breakthroughs in 3D-home printing. Using layers of concrete, homes can be built in 48 hours, which are stronger than the regular cinder block and only a fraction of the price.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/3d-bioprinting-to-create-artificial-blood-vessels'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (24th October 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>World's Longest Sea-Crossing Bridge</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently Chinese President Xi Jinping opened the world&rsquo;s longest sea-crossing bridge (55 km) connecting Hong Kong, Macau, and Zhuhai city in mainland China.</li>
<li>However, the bridge is also being seen as a part of a multi-pronged push by China to exert greater control over Hong Kong, which returned from British to Chinese rule in 1997 amid promises to preserve the city's high degree of autonomy and individual freedoms denied in mainland China.</li>
<li>The bridge was first proposed in the late 1980s, but it was opposed at the time by Hong Kong&rsquo;s British colonial government, which was wary of development that might draw the city closer to Communist China.</li>
<li>The "Greater Bay Area" refers to the Chinese government's scheme to link the cities of Hong Kong, Macau, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Zhongshan, Dongguan, Huizhou, Jiangmen, and Zhaoqing into an integrated economic and business hub.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Asia Economic Integration Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Asia Development Bank</strong> has released <strong>Asia Economic Integration Report (AEIR)</strong> 2018 which is released annually since 2015.</li>
<li>The Asian Economic Integration Report reviews the progress of Asian governments&rsquo; efforts to integrate their economies and improve cooperation on a variety of levels.</li>
<li>In 2017, ADB released its<strong> Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index (ARCII) as a part of <g class="gr_ gr_23 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="23" data-gr-id="23">AEIR</g></strong>&nbsp;for <g class="gr_ gr_48 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="48" data-gr-id="48">first</g> time.</li>
<li>ARCII gauge the degree of regional cooperation and integration in Asia and the Pacific.</li>
<li>According to the <g class="gr_ gr_24 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="24" data-gr-id="24">AEIR</g> 2018, Asia continued as the largest source of international migrants in 2017. Most of the international migrants in 2017 were from India(17 million), followed by China (10 million) and Bangladesh (7.5 million).</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-24th-october-2018'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => '3rd International Year of Reef',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The 3-day International Conference on Status and Protection of Coral Reefs (STAPCOR 2018) with the theme<strong> &ldquo;Reef for Life&rdquo;</strong> begun in Lakshadweep.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference is organized by Zoological Survey of India.</li>
<li><strong>International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI)</strong> has declared 2018 as the third International Year of the Reef (IYOR).</li>
<li>The International Year of the Reef (IYOR) 2018 is a year-long campaign of events and initiatives to promote coral reef conservation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Objective of IYOR 2018 is to</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Strengthen awareness globally about the value of, and threats to, coral reefs and their associated ecosystems</li>
<li>Promote partnerships between Governments, the private sector, academia and civil society on the management of coral reefs</li>
<li>Identify and implement effective management strategies for conservation, increased resiliency and sustainable use of these ecosystems and promoting best practices</li>
<li>Share information on best practices in relation to sustainable coral reef management.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Year of the Reef</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>IYOR was first declared in 1997</strong> International Coral Reef Initiative in response to the increasing threats on coral reefs and their associated ecosystems, such as mangrove forests and seagrass beds.</li>
<li>The International Coral Reef Initiative designated<strong> 2008 as the second International Year of the Reef.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>What are Corals?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Corals are made up of genetically identical organisms called <strong>polyps</strong>. These polyps have microscopic algae called zooxanthellae living within their tissues.</li>
<li>The <strong>corals</strong> and <strong>algae</strong> <strong>have</strong> <strong>a mutualistic</strong> <strong>relationship</strong>.</li>
<li>The coral provides the <strong>zooxanthellae</strong> with the <strong>compounds</strong> <strong>necessary</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>photosynthesis</strong>. In return, the zooxanthellae supply the coral with organic products of photosynthesis, like carbohydrates, which are utilized by the coral polyps for the synthesis of their calcium carbonate skeletons.</li>
<li>In addition to providing corals with essential nutrients, zooxanthellae are responsible for the unique and beautiful colors of corals.</li>
<li>They are also called the<strong> &ldquo;rainforests of the seas&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>There are 2 types of corals:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hard</strong>, shallow-water corals&mdash;the kind that builds reefs.</li>
<li><strong>Soft</strong> corals and deepwater corals that live in dark cold waters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits of Coral</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Habitat</strong>: Corals are home to over 1 million diverse aquatic species, including thousands of fish species.</li>
<li><strong>Income</strong>: Coral reefs and related ecosystems have a global estimated value of &lsquo;$2.7 trillion per year, or 2.2% of all global ecosystem service values&rsquo;, this includes tourism and food.</li>
<li><strong>Coastal protection</strong>: Coral reefs reduce shoreline erosion by absorbing energy from the waves: they can protect coastal housing, agricultural land, and beaches.</li>
<li><strong>Medicine</strong>: Reefs are home to species that have the potential for treatments for some of the world&rsquo;s most prevalent and dangerous illnesses and diseases.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Threat to Corals</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Overfishing:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overfishing of certain species on or adjacent to coral reefs can affect the reef&rsquo;s ecological balance and biodiversity. For example, overfishing of herbivorous fish can lead to high levels of algal growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Destructive fishing methods:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&nbsp;</strong>Fishing with dynamite, cyanide, bottom trawling and Muro Ami (banging on the reef with sticks) can damage entire reefs and is unsustainable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recreational activities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unregulated recreational activities and tourism cause damage to the very environment upon which the industries depend. Physical damage to the coral reefs can occur through contact from careless swimmers, divers, and poorly placed boat anchors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coastal development:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Coastal areas have some of the fastest rates of growth in tropical countries. Airports and buildings are often built on land reclaimed from the sea. Sensitive habitats are destroyed or disturbed by the dredging of deep-water channels or marinas, and through the dumping of waste materials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pollution:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Urban and industrial waste, sewage, agrochemicals, and oil pollution are poisoning reefs. These toxins are dumped directly into the ocean or carried by river systems from sources upstream. Some pollutants, such as sewage and runoff from farming, increase the level of nitrogen in seawater, causing an overgrowth of algae, which 'smothers' reefs by cutting off their sunlight.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Change:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coral Bleaching</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Coral bleaching is the loss of the algae and a rapid whitening of the coral. This is a stress response by the coral host that can be caused by various factors such as the rise in sea surface temperature. If the temperature decreases, the stressed coral can recover; if it persists, the affected colony can die.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ocean Acidification</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decrease in the pH of the Earth&rsquo;s oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere is known as Ocean Acidification. The decrease in pH has negative consequences for oceanic calcifying organisms such as coral reefs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Illegal Wildlife Trade</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Aquarium trade is a multi-million dollar industry. Tropical fish and corals are removed from reefs, often illegally and through damaging methods, and sold to aquariums all over the world.&nbsp;</li>
<li>All hard corals have been listed on Appendix II of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) since 1985, meaning any trade must be regulated and requires strict permits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Coral Reef Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) is an <strong>informal</strong> <strong>partnership</strong> <strong>between Nations</strong> <strong>and organizations</strong> which strives to preserve coral reefs and related ecosystems around the world. Its decisions are not binding on its members.</li>
<li>The Initiative was <strong>founded</strong> in <strong>1994</strong> by eight governments: Australia, France, Japan, Jamaica, the Philippines, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.</li>
<li>It was announced at the First Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity in December 1994, and at the high-level segment of the Intersessional Meeting of the U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development in April 1995.</li>
<li>ICRI now have more than 60 members including India.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/3rd-international-year-of-reef'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'SC Order on Crackers During Diwali',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Supreme Court has refused to put a blanket ban on <g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="38" data-gr-id="38">use</g> of crackers during <g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="36" data-gr-id="36">diwali</g><g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="39" data-gr-id="39">.The</g> Court has struck a balance between the interests of the firecracker industry and the right to public health.</p>
<h3>Key points from SC Orders:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Time limit on bursting crackers: On the day of Deepavali: 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. On Christmas and New Years Eve from 11:55 p.m. to 12:30 a.m.</li>
<li>Petroleum and Explosive Safety Organisation (PESO) will review the composition of fireworks to test for the presence of banned chemicals like lithium, arsenic, lead, and mercury.</li>
<li>PESO will also ensure that only those crackers whose decibel (sound) levels are within the limits are allowed in the market.</li>
<li>Ban on use of barium salts in crackers, series crackers called laris.</li>
<li>Use of Reduced Emission Firecrackers(Green Crackers): Use of low emission crackers with PM reduction by 30-35% and a significant reduction in NOx and SO2.</li>
<li>The online sale of firecrackers through e-commerce sites has been banned.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On October 9, 2017, the Supreme Court temporarily banned the sale of firecrackers ahead of Diwali in Delhi-NCR.</li>
<li>The court had said that the limited ban on firecrackers during Diwali was an experiment to examine its effect on the pollution levels.</li>
<li>The court had said that Article 21 (right to life) of the Constitution applies to both segments of people (firecracker manufacturers and the general public) and it needs to maintain a balance while considering a countrywide ban on firecrackers. For this, the court also asked the central government to suggest ways through which pollution can be curbed and what will be the effect of firecrackers on the public at large.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Green Crackers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&ldquo;Green crackers&rdquo; are so named because they do not contain harmful chemicals that would cause air pollution. Components in firecrackers are replaced with others that are<strong> &ldquo;less dangerous&rdquo; and &ldquo;less harmful&rdquo; to the atmosphere.</strong></li>
<li>Scientists at Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, National Botanical Research Institute and National Chemical Laboratory have developed few &ldquo;Green Crackers&rdquo; such as Safe Water Releaser (SWAS), Safe Thermite Cracker (STAR) and Safe Minimal Aluminium (SAFAL).</li>
<li>They have the unique property of releasing water vapor and/or air as the dust suppressant and diluent for gaseous emissions and have matching performance in sound with conventional crackers.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/harit-diwali-swasth-diwali-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Harit Diwali Swasth Diwali Campaign</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/SC Order on Crackers During Diwali'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Arrest The Exodus In Gujarat',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;Arrest the exodus in Gujarat&rdquo; which appeared in The Hindu on 10th October 2018. It analyses the problem of migrants in India.)</strong></p>
</div>
<p>Migrant workers are indispensable to the Indian economy. Migrants play a vital role in greasing the wheels of growth in states, including states like Gujarat, by providing cheap <g class="gr_ gr_158 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="158" data-gr-id="158">labour</g> in the many small and medium enterprises in the manufacturing and construction sectors. The mobility of <g class="gr_ gr_159 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="159" data-gr-id="159">labour</g> pushes the economy forward.<strong> Economic Survey (2016-17)</strong> covers a whole chapter on migration. According to it, annually inter-state labor mobility averaged 5-6 million people between 2001 and 2011, yielding an inter-state migrant population of about 60 million and an inter-district migration as high as 80 million.</p>
<p>Recently thousands of migrants fled north Gujarat&rsquo;s industrial areas following violence triggered by the rape of a 14-year-old in Sabarkantha district by one such migrant worker. Many industries got affected, such as auto-ancillaries, pharma, ceramics, cotton ginning, fertilizers and chemicals, and construction, in regions around Sanand, Sabarkantha, Patan, and Aravali. No industrial economy, more so Gujarat which depends heavily on migrant workers, can thrive in an atmosphere of fear and insecurity. The situation has now cooled off a bit after State government interference in &ldquo;confidence-building&rdquo; steps.</p>
<h3>Why Do People Migrate?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The agricultural base of rural areas does not provide employment to all the people living there. Regional development disparity compels people to migrate from rural to urban areas.</li>
<li>Lack of educational facilities, especially those of higher education influences the rural people to migrate to urban centers for this purpose.</li>
<li>Political disturbances and inter-ethnic conflicts drive people away from their homes. For example, a large number of people has migrated out of Jammu and Kashmir and Assam during the last few years due to disturbed conditions there.</li>
<li>Poverty and lack of employment opportunity drive people to move from one place to one another.</li>
<li>People also migrate on a short-term basis in search of better medical facilities, for availing better tertiary health and financial services.</li>
<li>Some of the other push factors such as lack of food, climate change, religious oppression, civil wars lead to internal migration.</li>
<li>Pull factors which include peace and safety, a chance of a better standard of living in general as well as political and religious freedom also encourage people to move from one place to another.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Related With Migrants</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political Issues</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Migrants lack political agency vis-a-vis the local government machinery. As the political class ignores migrant workers because they don&rsquo;t count as votes, especially in the case of inter-state migrants.</li>
<li>Due to their mobile nature, they don&rsquo;t find any place in the manifestos of trade unions.</li>
<li>Lack of proper documents makes them vulnerable to harassment by the police and other local authorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Socio-cultural issues</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lakhs of unskilled and migrant workers live on worksites in makeshift huts (usually made of tin sheets) or on roads, slums and in illegal settlements not served by municipalities.</li>
<li>They are neither able to save much to improve their conditions back in their home States nor save enough to live comfortably in a place where they work.</li>
<li>Cultural differences, language barriers, isolation from the society, lack of accessibility for quality education in mother tongue are some of the other issues faced.</li>
<li>Very few migrants are aware of their entitlements, legal and economic. Similarly, citizens who are in the majority remain apathetic to the plight of victims.</li>
<li>Because of limiting job opportunities migrants are becoming victims of resentment, as people of the state see them as encroachers of present jobs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic issues</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Seasonal migrants dominate the low-paying, hazardous and informal market jobs which are key sectors in urban destinations, such as construction, hotel, textile, manufacturing, transportation, services, domestic work etc.</li>
<li>They have poor access to health services, which results in very poor occupational health. Since they cannot afford private hospitals, they often go back to their villages once they fall sick. This affects their employment opportunities, as well as the loss of wages.</li>
<li>A large number of migrants find work as unskilled <g class="gr_ gr_146 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="146" data-gr-id="146">labourers</g> since they enter the job market at a very early age, experience no upward mobility and remain stuck in the most unskilled, poorly paid and hazardous jobs for their whole work-life span.</li>
<li>In an unorganized and chaotic <g class="gr_ gr_143 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="143" data-gr-id="143">labour</g> market, migrant workers regularly face conflicts and disputes at worksites.</li>
<li>The common issues they face are non-payment of wages, physical abuse, and accidents.</li>
<li>Many informal sector disputes never make their way to <g class="gr_ gr_150 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="150" data-gr-id="150">labour</g> courts or keep languishing in courts for lack of proof. The existing legal machinery is not sensitive to the nature of legal disputes in the unorganized sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If the migrant workforce in the state is forced to leave, industries will lose their competitiveness as there will be a significant rise in <g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="134" data-gr-id="134">labour</g> costs.</li>
<li>The State must follow a more holistic policy of creating incentives for firms leading to greater employment, instead of merely dictating higher recruitment of locals.</li>
<li>Enforcement of <g class="gr_ gr_136 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="136" data-gr-id="136">labour</g> laws and enactment of a comprehensive law should be done at the workplaces, stricter enforcement of existing <g class="gr_ gr_138 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="138" data-gr-id="138">labour</g> laws, including the Interstate Migrant Workmen Act, is essential.</li>
<li>Segmenting the <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="137" data-gr-id="137">labour</g> market and creating a separate <g class="gr_ gr_139 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="139" data-gr-id="139">labour</g> market for migrant workers with <g class="gr_ gr_133 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="133" data-gr-id="133">security</g> of tenure should be developed across India.</li>
<li>Identity cards can be issued by governments to make them avail essential basic facilities.</li>
<li>There should be <g class="gr_ gr_130 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="130" data-gr-id="130">development</g> in small and medium industries such as village and cottage industries, handlooms, handicrafts <g class="gr_ gr_129 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="129" data-gr-id="129">and</g> food processing and agro-industries to reduce rural-urban migration.</li>
<li>The focus should be on ensuring basic entitlements and social security. A major policy focus has to be on ensuring that migrant households have citizenship rights in the destination areas and are able to access basic facilities, benefits of public programmes, and social security schemes meant for poor households.</li>
<li>Special policy focus should be made under the Right to Education (RTE) Act to ensure educational access of migrant <g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="127" data-gr-id="127">labourers</g>. Skill development should also be a priority to include them in organized sectors.</li>
<li>Information base and bargaining strength of migrant workers should be improved to protect them from vulnerability.</li>
<li>Panchayats should emerge as the focus of the resource pool for migrant workers residing in their area. They should maintain a register of migrant workers and issue identity cards and passbooks to them.</li>
<li>Making the migrant workers aware of their rights is the first thing to do by authorities.</li>
<li>Diversity and free interaction between various groups make states and the country economically, socially and culturally stronger. According to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, &ldquo;An ideal society should be mobile, should be full of channels for conveying a change taking place in one part to other parts.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The challenges are still complex and the lack of recognition for migrants is still to be fully addressed. Unless we view migrant workers as a dynamic part of a changing India, we will not be able to solve the problem of migrant workers.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Laws in support of migrant workers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service)Act (1979)</li>
<li>Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act (1986)</li>
<li>Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act (1996)</li>
<li>Unorganized Workers Social Security Act (2008)</li>
<li>Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act (1970)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Constitutional provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution of India guarantees freedom of movement for all citizens. The foundational principles of free migration are enshrined in clauses (d) and (e) of Article 19(1) of the Constitution, which guarantee all citizens the right to move freely throughout the territory of <g class="gr_ gr_141 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="141" data-gr-id="141">India,</g> and reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.</li>
<li>Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the basis of place of birth, among other grounds.</li>
<li>While Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment, and in particular prohibits the denial of access to public employment on the grounds of place of birth or residence.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court&rsquo;s decision in Charu Khurana v. Union of India and Others case clearly renders restrictions based on residence for the purposes of employment unconstitutional.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/arrest-the-exodus-in-gujarat'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'NASA Named New Constellations',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>NASA has named 21 set of new Gamma Ray Constellations.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NASA has named them after fictional characters like Doctor who, Hulk, Colosseum,&nbsp;Schr&ouml;dinger's cat, Eiffel Tower, and Godzilla.</li>
<li>The constellations were constructed with sources visible through its Fermi-Gamma Ray Space Telescope.</li>
<li>These unofficial constellations were developed to celebrate the completion of 10 years of operations of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, formerly called the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), is a space observatory being used to perform gamma-ray astronomy observations from low Earth orbit.</li>
<li>Fermi was launched on June 11, 2008. It is named after Enrico Fermi, an Italian-American scientist who did pioneering work in high-energy physics.</li>
<li>Fermi maps the entire sky every three hours, Fermi provides an important window into the most extreme phenomena of the universe, like gamma-ray bursts, black-hole jets, and pulsars.</li>
<li>Fermi is an astrophysics and particle physics partnership, developed in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy, along with important contributions from academic institutions and partners in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the U.S.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gamma Rays</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The highest-energy light in the universe.</li>
<li>Gamma rays can have over a billion times the energy of the type of light visible to our eyes.</li>
<li>They are produced by the hottest and most energetic objects in the universe, such as neutron stars and pulsars, supernova explosions, and regions around black holes.</li>
<li>On Earth, gamma rays are generated by nuclear explosions, lightning, and the less dramatic activity of radioactive decay.</li>
<li>Gamma-ray astronomy is the astronomical observation of gamma rays with photon energies above 100 keV(Kilo Electron Volt).</li>
<li>Gamma rays are so energetic that they are harmful to life on Earth.</li>
<li>Earth's atmosphere absorbs gamma rays, preventing them from affecting life on the ground.</li>
<li>Astronomical observations of gamma-ray sources are therefore done with high-altitude balloons or satellites, above the protective blanket of Earth's atmosphere.</li>
<li>The gamma rays possess high energy they can pass right through any lens or mirror, making it very difficult to focus them in a visible-light telescope.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pulsars are types of neutron stars which emit radio pulses at regular intervals.</li>
<li>Neutron Star is the dead relics of massive stars.</li>
<li>An electronvolt is a unit of energy close to that of visible light.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nasa-named-new-constellations'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Insolvency Law Committee Report',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The ILC has submitted its <strong>2<sup>nd</sup> Report to the Government, which deals with cross-border insolvency</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Insolvency Law Committee (ILC) was constituted by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs to recommend amendments to Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code of India, 2016.</li>
<li>The necessity of having such Framework under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code arises from the fact that many Indian companies have a global footprint and many foreign companies have the presence in multiple countries including India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Committee Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ILC has recommended the adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, 1997, as it provides for a comprehensive framework to deal with cross-border insolvency issues.</li>
<li>The Committee has also recommended a few measures to ensure that there is no inconsistency between the domestic insolvency framework and the proposed Cross-Border Insolvency Framework.</li>
<li><strong>UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, 1997</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The model law is designed to assist States to equip their insolvency laws with a modern legal framework to more effectively address cross-border insolvency proceedings concerning debtors experiencing severe financial distress or insolvency.</li>
<li>The model law deals with four major principles of cross-border insolvency:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Access</strong>:&nbsp;direct access to foreign insolvency professionals and foreign creditors to participate in or commence domestic insolvency proceedings against a defaulting debtor</li>
<li><strong>Recognition</strong>: recognition of foreign proceedings &amp; provision of remedies</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation</strong>: cooperation between domestic and foreign courts &amp; domestic and foreign insolvency practitioners</li>
<li><strong>Coordination</strong>: coordination between two or more concurrent insolvency proceedings in different countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The UNCITRAL Model Law forms part of international best practices in dealing with cross-border insolvency issues and has been adopted in 44 countries including the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Commission on International Trade and Law is the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law.</li>
<li><strong>Membership</strong>: The Commission comprises 60 member States elected by the United Nations General Assembly for a term of six years.</li>
<li>India is currently a member of UNCITRAL and will serve till 2022.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key advantages of adopting the Model Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing foreign investment:</strong> there will be significant positive signaling to global investors, creditors, governments, international organizations such as the World Bank as well as multinational corporations with regard to the robustness of India's financial sector reforms.</li>
<li><strong>Flexibility:</strong> The Model Law is designed to be flexible and to respect the differences amongst national insolvency laws.</li>
<li><strong>Protection of domestic interest:</strong> The Model Law enables refusal of recognition of foreign proceedings or provision of any other assistance if such action contradicts domestic public policy. Hence, it provides protection to the public interest.</li>
<li><strong>Priority to domestic proceedings:</strong> The Model Law gives precedence to domestic insolvency proceedings in relation to foreign proceedings. For example, a moratorium due to the recognition of a foreign proceeding will not prevent the commencement of domestic insolvency proceedings.</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism for cooperation:</strong> The Model Law incorporates a robust mechanism for cooperation and coordination between courts and insolvency professionals, in foreign jurisdictions and domestically. This would facilitate faster and effective conduct of concurrent proceedings.</li>
<li><strong>Global Standards:</strong> The inclusion of the Cross-Border Insolvency Chapter in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code of India, 2016, will be a major step forward and will bring Indian Insolvency Law on a par with that of matured jurisdictions.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Code creates a framework for resolving insolvency in India.</li>
<li>The Code will apply to companies, partnerships, limited liability partnerships,<br />individuals and any other body specified by the Central Government.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Salient Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Insolvency professionals and agencies:</strong> The resolution process will be conducted by a licensed insolvency professional (IP). The IP will control the assets of the debtor during the process. Insolvency professional agencies will be created to regulate these IPs. The agencies will conduct examinations to enroll IPs and enforce a code of conduct for their functioning.</li>
<li><strong>Information utilities:</strong> The Code establishes multiple information utilities to collect, collate and disseminate financial information related to a debtor. This will include a record of debt and liabilities of the debtor.</li>
<li><strong>Insolvency regulator:</strong> The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India will be established as a regulator to oversee the functioning of IPs, insolvency professional agencies and information utilities. The Board will have 10 members, including representatives from the Central Government and the Reserve Bank of India.</li>
<li><strong>Adjudicatory authorities:</strong> The Code proposes two tribunals to adjudicate insolvency resolution cases: The National Company Law Tribunal will adjudicate cases for companies and limited liability partnerships. The Debt Recovery Tribunal will adjudicate cases for individuals and partnership firms.</li>
<li><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Fund:</strong> The Code creates an Insolvency and Bankruptcy Fund. The Fund will receive voluntary contributions from any person. In case of insolvency proceedings being initiated against the contributor, he will be allowed to withdraw his contribution for making payments to workmen, protecting his assets, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Insolvency Law Committee Report'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'India’s Failure To Address Its Urban Slum Problem',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;India&rsquo;s failure to address its urban slum problem&rdquo; which appeared in Livemint on 23rd October 2018. It analyses the problem of hidden hunger in India.)</strong></p>
</div>
<h3>What are Slums?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Slums are illegal urban settlements on public land and usually grow over a period of time in a constant and irregular manner. Despite this fact. Slums are considered as an integral part of urbanization and as a manifestation of the overall socioeconomic policies and planning in the urban sector. The existence and rapid growth of slums have been noted as a general urban phenomena common prevalent throughout the globe.</li>
<li>According to the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, a slum is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and poverty and lacking in tenure security. According to the United Nations, the proportion of urban dwellers living in slums decreased from 47 percent to 37 percent in the developing world between 1990 and 2005. However, due to rising population, the number of slum dwellers is rising day by day.</li>
<li>Slums may also be described as &ldquo;a chaotically occupied, unsystematically developed and generally neglected area, which is overpopulated by persons and overcrowded with ill-repaired and neglected structures" (Indian Conference, 1957). They have emerged out of the urban development process and are unplanned, unintended settlements ignored in the whole process of urban development.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/567Dharavi_India.jpg" width="725" height="407" /></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Asia's largest slum,<strong> Dharavi,</strong> lies on prime property right in the middle of Mumbai (Neza, in Mexico, is the world&rsquo;s largest slum).</li>
<li>Half-a-million people or so, live in the 230 hectares that <g class="gr_ gr_125 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace gr-progress" id="125" data-gr-id="125">is</g> Dharavi.</li>
<li>It was founded in 1882 at the time of British Raj. During the 18th century, unplanned localities started to grow when the process of urbanization of Mumbai was going on.</li>
<li>Recently, the Maharashtra government signed an initiative: A special purpose vehicle with 80% private and 20% government stake to redevelop Dharavi as a whole rather than in separate sub-clusters as previously envisioned.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Reasons for growing slums</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Population explosion and poverty <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="148" data-gr-id="148">force</g> the urban poor to live in slums and that leads to an increase in the size of slums. Also, a regional imbalance in development creates rural to urban migration, thus increasing the overall urban population density which pressurizes the urban poor to move into slums.</li>
<li>In the past 15 years, India&rsquo;s urban population density has increased by 45%. It is further estimated that 40% of the population will live in urban areas by 2026. With increasingly densified urban population, there exists a huge demand for land. This shortage of land forces the urban poor to live in increasingly dense communities creating slums in the process.</li>
<li>Rising material costs and labor costs resulting from labor shortage is another reason for the growth of slums as it makes developers unable to deliver affordable housing to the market.</li>
<li>Also, delayed procedures for land development forces people to stay in congested areas which further leads to <g class="gr_ gr_123 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="123" data-gr-id="123">creation</g> of slums.</li>
<li>A lack of efficiency of urban local bodies coupled with unplanned city management is also one of the major reasons for <g class="gr_ gr_120 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="120" data-gr-id="120">creation</g> of slum areas.</li>
<li>Moreover, social backwardness forces people to live in congested areas away from main areas. For example, more Scheduled Castes (SCs) live in slums - with one out of every five residents belonging to the SC category.</li>
<li>A lack of political will for developing slums can also be seen, as slums provide cheap and steady <g class="gr_ gr_118 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="118" data-gr-id="118">labour</g> (party-workers) to political parties.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues arising from neglecting slum development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Slums act as a magnet for the rural poor by attracting them towards city life. This it does by partially blinding them from the hardships that accompany life in the city.</li>
<li>People living in slum areas are also prone to suffer from waterborne diseases such as typhoid and cholera, as well as from more fatal ones like cancer and HIV/AIDS.</li>
<li>Also, women and children living in slums are prone to become victims of social evils like prostitution, beggary and child trafficking. Slum dwellers in general and regardless of gender, often become victims of such social evils.</li>
<li>Slum areas are also commonly believed to be places that generate a high incidence of crime. This is due to official neglect towards education, law and order, and government services in slum areas.</li>
<li>Then, the majority of slum dwellers in a developing country earn their living from the informal sector which neither provides them with financial security nor with enough earnings for a decent living, keeping them firmly within the vicious cycle of poverty.</li>
<li>Lastly, hunger, malnourishment, lack of quality education, high infant mortality, child marriage, child <g class="gr_ gr_117 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="117" data-gr-id="117">labour</g> are some of the other social problems prevalent in slums.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Poverty is the most significant reason behind the creation of slums. So, the issue of poverty must be addressed first by policymakers.</li>
<li>There is also a need for future policies to support the livelihoods of the urban poor by enabling urban informal-sector activities to flourish and develop. Slum policies should be integrated within broader, people-focused urban poverty reduction policies that address the various dimensions of poverty.</li>
<li>Easy geographical access to jobs through pro-poor transport should also be created.</li>
<li>Adequate data should be gathered by conducting various studies before the formulation of any policy.</li>
<li>There is also a need for investment in citywide infrastructure as a pre-condition for successful and affordable slum upgrading, which could also act as one strong mechanism for reversing the socio-economic exclusion of slum dwellers.</li>
<li>Steps should be taken such that a higher and more stable income be made accessible to slum dwellers through their employment in productive jobs. This is because employment opportunities in urban <g class="gr_ gr_138 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="138" data-gr-id="138">centres</g> that pay well <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="137" data-gr-id="137">has</g> the potential to generate a healthy and sustainable lifestyle in the slums.</li>
<li>Lastly, slums should be developed because developing slums also trigger local economic development, improve urban mobility and connectivity, and integrate the slums, which are enormous economically productive spheres, into the physical and socioeconomic fabric of the wider city.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>To improve urban infrastructure, the Government has taken various steps:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Smart City Mission (to create smart cities) to focus on basic amenities, education, health services, IT accessibility, digitization, e-governance, sustainable development, safety, and security.</li>
<li>Housing for all by 2022 for constructing houses for slum dwellers under the slum-rehabilitation scheme and providing loans at subsidized rates for the economically weaker sections.</li>
<li>AMRUT: Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation to build a gap between infrastructural necessity and their accessibility.</li>
<li>HRIDAY: National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana to preserve and holistically develop the heritage cities of India.</li>
<li>Swachh Bharat Mission for improving cleanliness and sanitation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Slum development projects across the world:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Slum Improvement Program, Dhaka, Bangladesh</strong>: The Slum Improvement Programme accomplished a major breakthrough in providing a basic physical infrastructure system to the urban poor.</li>
<li><strong>Quetta Katchi Abadis Environment Management Programme in Karachi</strong> showed how community-based sanitation management in informal settlements can be successful.</li>
<li><strong>Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme:</strong> Implementation Strategy of this project outlines several programmatic principles and values such as decentralization, sustainability, democratization and empowerment, transparency and accountability, resource mobilization, secure tenure, expansion and upscaling, and partnerships and networks.</li>
<li>Integrated Approach to Reducing Poverty <strong>Mukuru Slum, Nairobi, Kenya</strong>: project was launched, with the aim of improving services in three Mukuru slums; Donholm, Centre, and Riverside which have a combined population of 67,000. They chose a particular slum pocket which was found to be vulnerable in access to sanitation and water supply facilities.</li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh Urban Services</strong> for the Poor: has been initiated by DFID (The Department for International Development (DFID) India, with its headquarters in New Delhi, is part of the British High Commission family. It implements DFID&rsquo;s largest single overseas programme contributing to poverty eradication) in partnership with the Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP) for infrastructure development, slum development, and poverty reduction.</li>
<li><strong>Mahila Milan</strong>- A Case of Suryodaya Housing Society, Pune, Maharashtra: it has brought together 3500 women across the Pune city slums. Mahila Milan was initiated to empower women through Bachat Gats (SHGs). It works in 56 slum settlements of Pune with thrift and credit activity.</li>
<li>In situ rehabilitation of around 2800 families of <strong>Kathputli colony in Delhi</strong> is underway.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/India’s-failure-to-address-its-urban-slum-problem'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Harit Diwali Swasth Diwali campaign',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The air pollution in the northern region is attributed to dust, burning of crops in certain states, burning of garbage construction and prevailing climatic conditions.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has serious impacts on the health of children aged people and people suffering from respiratory ailments.</li>
<li>Diwali which is a festival of lights falls during the same period. As a matter of practice people have been celebrating Diwali by bursting crackers.</li>
<li>Crackers contains combustible chemicals that include potassium chlorate powdered aluminum, magnesium, salts of barium, copper, sodium, lithium, strontium etc. and emits smoke on combustion of these chemicals along with sound.</li>
<li>This smoke and sound has health impacts on children, aged people and also animal and birds. Apart from these compounds large amount of waste is also generated after bursting of crackers.</li>
<li>Keeping in view the above detrimental effects and also the importance of the festival, Ministry has initiated a <strong>&ldquo;Harit&ndash;Diwali&rdquo; campaign</strong>.</li>
<li>This campaign was initiated in 2017-18 wherein large number of school children especially from eco-clubs participated and took pledge to minimize bursting of crackers and also discouraged the neighborhood and their friends from bursting of crackers.</li>
<li>During this intensive campaign, the children were advised to celebrate Diwali in an environment-friendly manner by gifting plant sapling to their relatives and friends along with sweets.</li>
<li>The children were encouraged to light up their houses and their schools with candles and diyas. The above campaign was extremely successful and the air quality had not deteriorated post Diwali in 2017 unlike what was experienced in 2016.</li>
<li>On the above lines, the Ministry has initiated the similar campaign, but this year the campaign has been extended Pan-India. The <strong>&ldquo;Harit Diwali-Swasth Diwali&rdquo;</strong> campaign is now merged with <strong>&ldquo;Green Good Deed&rdquo; movement</strong> that has been initiated as a social mobilization for conservation and protection of environment. The Ministry encourages all schools and colleges to be part of this campaign.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Green Good Deed Movement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Green Good Deeds, the societal movement was launched by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to protect environment and promote good living in the country.</li>
<li>It urges people to perform at least one Green Good Deed every day which includes planting trees, saving energy, conserving water, use of public transport and promoting carpool etc.</li>
<li>It has found acceptance by the global community. The BRICS Ministerial on Environment at Durban, South Africa, has agreed to include &ldquo;Green Good Deeds&rdquo; in its official agenda in the next Ministerial in Brazil.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/harit-diwali-swasth-diwali-campaign'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Tiger Attacks',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently a tigress shifted to Satkosia Tiger Reserve (STR) claimed another human life.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tigress was brought from&nbsp;Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh to Odisha&rsquo;s Satkosia Tiger Reserve (STR) as part of a tiger re-introduction programme.</li>
<li>The programme is being implemented by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forest and its statutory body National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). It aims to shift six tigers &mdash; three males and three females.</li>
<li>In 2004, Satkosia had 11 tigers, including four adult males and six adult females. The number went down to eight in 2010 and to two in 2014.</li>
<li>
<p>Tiger conservationists say it is critical to identify and mitigate factors responsible for a decline in tiger population before trying to introduce new tigers in the area. Emphasis should be on protecting the forest, curbing illegal hunting, increasing prey numbers.</p>
</li>
<li>The recent attacks in Odisha comes in the backdrop of an ongoing intensive operation to catch or shoot tigress T1 and catch her two cubs alive in Ralegaon area of Yavatmal district of Maharashtra, where 13 people have died in tiger attacks since June 2016.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Attacks</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The depleting forest cover and growing human presence, in around 650 wildlife zones in the country. Reports by the Forest Survey of India since early 1990s indicate that around one-third of the dense forest cover has been lost and half the traditional wildlife corridors have disappeared, bringing animals and people dangerously close.</li>
<li>Densely packed tiger forests often lead to young and old tigers wandering outside. Such wandering tigers are more likely to come into conflict with people.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Many of these attacks on people are accidental. A tigress with cubs, a tiger protecting its kill, or a tiger startled by the appearance of people are prone to charge in self-defence.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why Save Tigers?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A 2015 report of National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) titled: &ldquo;Economic Evaluation of Tiger Reserves in India: A VALUE+ Approach&rdquo; highlights why &ldquo;large&rdquo; areas are reserved for preserving fierce animals like the tiger, when we need more land for human use.</li>
<li>It says that tigers are &ldquo;umbrella&rdquo; species. And by saving tigers, everything beneath their ecological umbrella - everything connected to them - including the world's last great forests, whose carbon storage mitigates climate change are saved.</li>
<li>NTCA&rsquo;s recent paper called the &ldquo;Making the Hidden Visible: Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves in India&rdquo; lists the benefits rising from tiger reserves. They include employment generation, agriculture, fishing, fuel wood, fodder and grazing, carbon storage and sequestration, water and its purification by filtering organic wastes, soil conservation, nutrient cycling, and moderation of extreme events such as cyclone storms, flash floods.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Tiger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project Tiger is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change launched in 1973 to provide central assistance to the tiger States for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Killing a Man-Eater Tiger</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Conservation is about saving the species and not defending individual animals at the cost of the species. Letting a man-eater continue in the wild results in more attacks, turning locals against the Forest Department and making every tiger in the vicinity a potential target of reprisal.</li>
<li>In the era of mass media, callous handling of conflict can shape the public perception of the tiger across the land and affect every community that lives in and around tiger forests.&nbsp;&nbsp;Prompt action sends the right message to local communities.</li>
<li>Although, the 2013 Standard Operating Procedure of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) says an &ldquo;aberrant tiger&rdquo; (man-eater) must be caught and &ldquo;sent to the nearest recognised zoo and NOT released in the wild&rdquo;, the conditions and circumstances makes trapping and tranquillisation difficult.</li>
<li>Seasonal abundance of forest undergrowth may not allow clear vision or approach required for darting within a range of 15-25 metres. If live capture is not possible, the only option is to gun down the animal.</li>
<li>
<p>Moreover, it does not make a difference to conservation whether a tiger is send to a zoo or killed. In both cases, it is one tiger less in the wild.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Public outcry over a spate of human killings should neither provoke forest officials to hastily declare a tiger a man-eater nor come in the way of promptly removing an identified man-eater.</li>
<li>It is very important to find solutions that lead to mutually beneficial co-existence of animals and the local human communities.</li>
<li>Ensuring that both humans and animals have the space by protecting key areas for wildlife, creating buffer zones and investing in alternative land uses are some of the solutions.</li>
<li>
<p>Losing a handful of tigers that have become, for no fault of their own, a threat to local communities will not risk the future of the species. In fact, it will help the tiger retain local goodwill.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Likewise, fighting poor communities and the disempowered forest departments on sporadic shoot-on-sight orders will not secure the big cat&rsquo;s future as well. That time and energy may be better spent saving the tiger against the powers of mindless development.</p>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-attacks'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (22nd October 2018)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>BEPICOLOMBO: Mission to Mercury</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)</strong> sent two probes on a joint mission called BepiColombo to Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun.</li>
<li>The spacecraft is named after Italian scientist Giuseppe &ldquo;Bepi&rdquo; Colombo (1920-1984) who played an instrumental role in making NASA Mariner 10 mission (1973) to Mercury successful.</li>
<li>The spacecraft will reach the Mercury by 2025.</li>
<li>It is the first mission by the European and Japanese Space agency to Mercury.</li>
<li>It is also the first mission to send two spacecraft to make complementary measurements of the planet and its environment at the same time.</li>
<li>The spacecraft are ESA&rsquo;s Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and JAXA&rsquo;s Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO, or &lsquo;Mio&rsquo;).</li>
<li>The ESA-built Mercury Transfer Module (MTM) will carry the orbiters to Mercury using a combination of solar electric propulsion and gravity assisted flybys.</li>
<li>The two orbiters will also collect data at Venus.</li>
<li>The challenges to the mission include:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sun&rsquo;s gravity makes it difficult to place a spacecraft into a stable orbit around the mercury.</li>
<li>The spacecraft also have to face extreme temperatures and solar radiations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With this mission researchers are hoping to learn about the formation of planets and the solar system.</li>
<li>Past Missions to Mercury:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mariner 10</strong> - NASA Flyby Mission (Flyby is a path spacecraft follows past a planet or other body in space) to Venus and Mercury (1973)</li>
<li><strong>MESSENGER</strong> - NASA Orbiter to Mercury (2004)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kumbh Mela</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Kumbh Mela is the largest peaceful congregation of pilgrims on earth, during which participants bathe or take a dip in a sacred river.</li>
<li><strong>Kumbh Mela comes under the UNESCO's Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.</strong></li>
<li>The festival is held at <strong>Prayagraj&nbsp;</strong>(at the<strong> confluence of Ganga, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati</strong>), <strong>Haridwar</strong> (on the <strong>Ganges</strong>), <strong>Ujjain</strong> (on the <strong>Shipra</strong>) and <strong>Nasik</strong> (on the <strong>Godavari</strong>) every four years by rotation and is attended by millions of people irrespective of caste, creed or gender.</li>
<li>As it is held in four different cities in India, it involves different social and cultural activities, making this a culturally diverse festival.</li>
<li>The event encapsulates the science of astronomy, astrology, spirituality, ritualistic traditions, and social and cultural customs and practices, making it extremely rich in knowledge.</li>
<li>Knowledge and skills related to the tradition are transmitted through ancient religious manuscripts, oral traditions, historical travelogues and texts produced by eminent historians.</li>
<li>The teacher-student relationship of the sadhus in the ashrams and <g class="gr_ gr_67 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="67" data-gr-id="67">akhadas</g> remains the most important method of imparting and safeguarding knowledge and skills relating to Kumbh Mela.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Green Climate Fund</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A Green Climate Fund has approved more than $1 billion for 19 new projects.</li>
<li>Green Climate Fund was set up under the UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention for Climate Change) at <strong>Conference of Parties (COP-16) in Cancun, Mexico 2010.</strong></li>
<li>The aim of GCF is to support developing countries in limiting or reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change impacts with resources to be generated from funding by developed countries and various public and private sources.</li>
<li><strong>National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) </strong>and <strong>Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) </strong>act as<strong> National Implementing Entity (NIE) </strong>of India for Green Climate Fund (GCF).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Similipal National Park</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Similipal National Park in <strong>Mayurbhanj district of Odisha</strong> will be reopened for tourists after remaining closed for three months due to monsoon.</li>
<li>Similipal National Park is also a Tiger Reserve. It is part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserve since 2009.</li>
<li>It is part of the<strong> Similipal-Kuldiha-Hadgarh Elephant Reserve </strong>popularly known as Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve, which includes 3 protected areas i.e.<strong> Similipal Tiger Reserve, Hadgarh Wildlife sanctuary and Kuldiha wildlife sanctuary.</strong></li>
<li>Similipal National Park derives its name from the abundance of Semul or red silk cotton trees that bloom abundantly in the locality.</li>
<li>It was formally designated a tiger reserve in 1956 and brought under Project Tiger in the year of 1973. The Government of Odisha declared Similipal as a wildlife sanctuary in 1979.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-october-2018'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'An Innovative Method For Boosting Nutrition',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;An innovative method for boosting nutrition&rdquo; which appeared in Livemint on 22nd October 2018. It analyses the problem of hidden hunger in India.)</strong></p>
</div>
<p>Almost every country in the world now faces a stern nutrition-related challenge, whether arising from under-nutrition or obesity. India is also striving hard to fight the problem of hidden hunger.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hidden Hunger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hidden hunger is a lack of vitamins and minerals. Hidden hunger occurs when the quality of food people eat does not meet the nutrient requirements, so the food is deficient in micronutrients such as the vitamins and minerals that need for their growth and development.</li>
</ul>
<strong>Importance of Nutrition</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Essential nutrients are compounds that the body can&rsquo;t make or can&rsquo;t make in sufficient quantity. According to the World Health Organization, these nutrients must come from food, and they&rsquo;re vital for disease prevention, growth, and good health.</li>
<li>Despite this there is a decline in the percentage of the number of women and children suffering from <g class="gr_ gr_136 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="136" data-gr-id="136">anaemia</g> in the past few years, the high absolute numbers are worrying. Incidentally, <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="137" data-gr-id="137">anaemia</g> accounts for 20% of the maternal deaths that take place in the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Status of Nutrition in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Iron deficiency and <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="128" data-gr-id="128">anaemia</g> are well-recognized and persistent problems in India.<a href="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/597Capture.PNG" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/597Capture.PNG" style="float: right;" width="451" height="300" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>Poor dietary habits during adolescence,(which is a period of rapid growth) leads to undernutrition.</li>
<li>A 2016 survey of around 8,000 adolescents, conducted by the Population Council in two Indian states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, found that 55% of younger girls (10-14 years), 65% of older girls (15-19 years), 34% of younger boys, and 29% of older boys were anemic.</li>
<li>Iron deficiency is thought to be the most common cause of <g class="gr_ gr_123 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="123" data-gr-id="123">anaemia</g> globally, accounting for between 25-50% of <g class="gr_ gr_124 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="124" data-gr-id="124">anaemia</g> cases.</li>
<li>Global Nutrition Report 2017 (by World Health Organisation) also shows that India is facing a serious burden of undernutrition, that more than half the women of reproductive age in the country suffer from <g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="127" data-gr-id="127">anaemia</g>.<br />Latest figures show that 38% of children under five are affected by stunting &ndash; (children too short for their age due to lack of nutrients), suffering irreversible damage to brain capacity. About 21% of children under 5 are defined as &lsquo;wasted&rsquo; or &lsquo;severely wasted&rsquo;. And 16% of adult men and 22% of adult women are overweight.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Change in nutrition practices</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While the calorific value of the food distribution to reduce poverty and manage hunger is being taken care of by various measures, a shift can be seen in the focus on nutrition intake. It has shifted from quantity to quality. Biofortification can be one of the measures to address the problem of &lsquo;hidden hunger&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Biofortification?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Biofortification is the process by which the nutritional quality of food crops is improved through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding, or modern biotechnology.</li>
<li>Biofortification can be done using non-genetically-modified methods as well. Biofortification using traditional method involves crossing varieties over successive generations to eventually yield a plant with high nutrient content along with other favorable traits.</li>
<li>Examples of biofortification projects include:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Iron-biofortification of rice, beans, sweet potato, cassava, and legumes.</li>
<li>Zinc-biofortification of wheat, rice, beans, sweet potato, and maize.</li>
<li>Provitamin A carotenoid-biofortification of sweet potato, maize and cassava.</li>
<li>Amino acid and protein-biofortification of sorghum and cassava.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of Biofortification</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Biofortified crops are rich in iron and have the potential to improve iron status and cognition. That helps in improving the overall health of human.</li>
<li>Biofortified crops are also often more resilient to pests, diseases, higher temperatures, drought and provide a high yield.</li>
<li>Biofortification fills an important gap as it provides a food-based, sustainable and low-dose alternative to iron supplementation. It does not require behavior change, can reach the poorest sections of the society, and supports local farmers.</li>
<li>After the initial investment to develop the biofortified seed, it can be replicated and distributed without any reduction in the micronutrient concentration. This makes it highly cost-effective and sustainable.</li>
<li>Considering the various implementation barriers faced by genetically modified crops in India, biofortification which can be done through non-genetically-modified methods as well can be a better alternative.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges for Biofortification in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of consumer acceptance due to color changes (e.g. golden rice) and last mile reach of fortified food remains a big challenge.</li>
<li>Adoption of farmers and cost involved in the process of fortification also poses a challenge for biofortification in India.</li>
<li>Though biofortification can be done using non-genetically-modified methods it is a slower process than genetic modification.</li>
<li>The existence of an effective seed and rural extension system for multiplication and dissemination of new varieties will also pose a challenge.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Because of the prevalence of diverse food practices in the country, biofortification will need to achieve high rates of adoption and consumption in geographically distinct areas.</li>
<li>Strategies for delivery of biofortified crops must be tailored to the local context for each crop&ndash;nutrient pair.</li>
<li>Biofortification needs to identify more cost-effective delivery strategies in order to offer an alternative to supplementation and commercial fortification.</li>
<li>Increasing Maternal Health Literacy, ending societal discrimination faced by women and adolescent girls, making healthcare and proper sanitation accessible will also help in eradicating malnutrition.</li>
<li>The government should facilitate public-private partnerships. Private sector engagement can leverage technological solutions for scaling up food fortification initiatives, and complement the government&rsquo;s outreach efforts through mass awareness and education campaigns in communities.</li>
<li>The lack of nutrition is not only a denial of a fundamental human right, but it is also poor economics. Biofortification is a partial solution, which must go hand in hand with efforts to reduce poverty, food insecurity, disease, poor sanitation, social and gender inequality.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Measures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) by Women and Child Development Ministry which provides a package of six services namely supplementary nutrition, pre-school non-formal education, nutrition &amp; health education, immunization, health check-up <g class="gr_ gr_113 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="113" data-gr-id="113">and</g> referral services.</li>
<li>National Health Mission (NHM), Mid-Day Meal Scheme, Rajiv Gandhi Schemes for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) namely SABLA, Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) for <g class="gr_ gr_112 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="112" data-gr-id="112">direct</g> targeted interventions.</li>
<li>Under National Health Mission of Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare, the remedial steps taken are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Promotion of appropriate infant and young child feeding practices that include early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding till 6 months of age and appropriate complementary feeding after 6 months of age.</li>
<li>Management of malnutrition and common neonatal and childhood illnesses at community and facility level by training service providers in IMCI (Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses) training.</li>
<li>Treatment of children with severe acute malnutrition at special units called the Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres (NRCs), set up at public health facilities. Presently 875 such <g class="gr_ gr_116 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="116" data-gr-id="116">centres</g> are functional all over the country.</li>
<li>Specific program to prevent and combat micronutrient deficiencies of Vitamin A and Iron &amp; Folic Acid (IFA) in under-five children, children of 5 to 10 years of age, and adolescents.</li>
<li>Village Health and Nutrition Days and Mother and Child Protection Card are the joint initiatives of the Ministries of Health &amp; Family Welfare and the Ministry of Woman and Child for addressing the nutrition concerns in children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kishori Shakti Yojana aimed at breaking the intergenerational life-cycle of nutritional and gender disadvantage and providing a supportive environment for self-development.</li>
<li>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has rolled out the Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) Program in 2012-13 to meet the challenge of high prevalence and incidence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among adolescent girls and boys.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/an-innovative-method-for-boosting-nutrition'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'The Petroglyphs of Ratnagiri',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Different sites with petroglyphs in Ratnagiri and Rajapur districts have been found over the last two or three years.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The way the petroglyphs have been drawn, and their similarity to those found in other parts of the world, have led experts to believe that they were created in prehistoric times and are possibly among the oldest ever discovered.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Petroglyph</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A petroglyph is usually a prehistoric carving in a rock. Prehistory refers to the period of time before civilization and writing. There are only archeological sources available for prehistoric period which includes stone and bone tools, rock arts etc.</li>
<li>The term rock art includes pictographs (paintings on rocks) and petroglyphs which are carved into the flat, open rock surface gives them a scale and look that is unique.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Features of these Petroglyphs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The working theory around these petroglyphs is that they date back to about 10,000 BCE, placing them in the Mesolithic Period, which comes between the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic period, characterised by chipped stone tools, and the New Stone Age or Neolithic period, associated with smaller, more polished tools.</li>
<li>The variety of the rock carvings are stunning as animals, birds, human figures and geometrical designs are all depicted.</li>
<li>The images appear to have been created by hunter-gatherer communities as they depict hunted animals and detailing of animal forms.</li>
<li>Prominent petroglyph and rock art sites in India that could be contemporary to this period are the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh, rock carvings in Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, petroglyphs from the Tindivanam and Villupuram districts in Tamil Nadu and Unakoti in Tripura.</li>
<li>The carvings on laterite stone make the petroglyphs in Ratnagiri region unique, as the carvings discovered in other sites around India are on granite and sandstone.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the medieval age, the Konkan coast was lined with important port towns. It has been reconstructed from epigraphs and contemporaneous records that it has a history of trade and contact with Europe, and even with the Roman Empire. But there was a big void regarding what went on here in prehistoric times. The findings of these petroglyphs can fill a huge gap in the history of the Konkan region.</li>
<li>Petroglyphs in Ratnagiri region are not yet the evidence of a civilisation, as there is no evidence of writing, agricultural or economic activity, or of living arrangements or settlements which are the essential attributes of a civilization.</li>
<li>In Maharashtra&rsquo;s cultural records, there is no evidence of any art being practised until about 3,000 BCE, which is when the first mention of painted pots and clay figurines are found. That&rsquo;s why these petroglyphs are a significant find for a better understanding of the history of this region and its artistic traditions.</li>
<li>Some of the carvings depict rhinoceroses and hippos, two species that were never thought to be prevalent in this part of India. This carvings, however, suggest that the Konkan may have once been a lot like the rainforests where these animals are typically found.</li>
<li>Most of the art from the later medieval period is religious in nature it is quite likely that such a significant investment in art points to some form of religious belief or religious system.</li>
<li>Some of the more complex reliefs, etched deep into the ground, may have been done using metal tools rather than stone. If his theory is proven right, then as in sites like Bhimbetka, where art has been dated from prehistoric times right down to the medieval period could point to a continuous habitation of this region, across millennia, possibly by various nomadic tribes.</li>
<li>The discovery of these sites marks the commencement of a long project as there's still need to look for more evidence of stone tools and evidence of settlements around these sites so that more accurate dating can be obtained.</li>
<li>Maharashtra tourism department has shown interest in developing some of these sites and incorporating them into the tourist circuit of a region that attracts lot of travellers, drawn to it by the beaches and temples.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-petroglyphs-of-ratnagiri'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'The Anatomy Of Banking Frauds',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong><em>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;The anatomy of banking frauds&rdquo; which appeared in Livemint on 19th October 2018. It analyses the nature of banking frauds.</em>)</strong></p>
</div>
<p>In the present-day economic system, banks play a very important role in the economic development of the country. Nowadays, banks have diversified their activities and are getting into new schemes and services that create opportunities for financial inclusion. As the banking sector is flourishing, it is getting plagued by some operational problems such as frauds etc</p>
<p>Financial Stability Report of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) shows, that the Indian banking system reported about 6,500 instances of fraud involving over ₹30,000 crore in 2017-18.</p>
<p>Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) <g class="gr_ gr_75 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="75" data-gr-id="75">analysed</g> the top 100 banking frauds in different sectors and has also suggested some measures that will help avoid such unethical activities in the future.</p>
<p>Banking frauds attracted national attention when the Punjab National Bank reported earlier this year that it had been defrauded by companies related to jeweler Nirav Modi and Mehul Choksi. Several other cases of large banking frauds were reported subsequently, which raised questions about the ability of banks to contain them.</p>
<p>Here are some of the biggest scams that disturbed the country's banking system:</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2011, investigative agency CBI revealed that executives of certain banks such as the Bank of Maharashtra, Oriental Bank of Commerce and IDBI created almost 10,000 fictitious accounts, and <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="78" data-gr-id="78">an amount</g> of Rs 1,500 crore worth loans were transferred.</li>
<li>Another scam that was unfolded in 2014 was the bribe-for-loan scam involving ex-chairman and MD of Syndicate Bank SK Jain for involvement in sanctioning Rs Rs 8,000 crore.</li>
<li>In 2014, Vijay Mallya was also declared a willful defaulter by Union Bank of India, following which other banks such as SBI and PNB followed suit.</li>
<li>In 2015, another fraud that raised eyebrows involved employees of Jain Infraprojects, who defrauded Central Bank of India to the tune of over Rs 2,000 crore.</li>
<li>One of the biggest banking frauds of 2016 is the one involving Syndicate Bank, where almost 380 accounts were opened by four people, who defrauded the bank of Rs 10 billion using fake cheques, Letter of Undertakings (<g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="68" data-gr-id="68">LoUs</g>) and LIC policies.</li>
<li>The fresh bank fraud to the tune of Rs 11,450 crore involving diamond merchant Nirav Modi. It has come to light that the company, in connivance with retired employees of PNB, got at least 150 <g class="gr_ gr_69 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="69" data-gr-id="69">LoUs</g>, allowing Nirav Modi Group to defraud the bank and many other banks who gave loans to him.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>The reason behind these frauds</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most frauds show that banks did not observe due diligence, both before and after disbursing loans.</li>
<li>Poor level of checks and balances in the banking system is also one of the reason.</li>
<li>Lack of technology and fraud monitoring agencies to detect frauds makes the problem more complex.</li>
<li>There is an absence of an effective mechanism to monitor the credit flow.</li>
<li>Flawed risk-mitigation design, which creates an excessive focus on credit or market risks, but focuses less on operational risks also leading to more breaches.</li>
<li>Excessive dependence on manual supervision, at both external and internal levels makes it impossible to manually control and supervise the sheer volume of transactions.</li>
<li>The disintegrating moral <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="90" data-gr-id="90">fibre</g> of Indian businessmen, bankers and other white-collar professionals, nepotism in internal committees of banks, unnecessary political interventions lead to increased frauds.</li>
<li>The political pulls and pressures on investigating agencies, and long-drawn processes of legal system act less as a deterrent.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is important that banks should take help of technology to detect frauds and improve the sharing of information.</li>
<li>Law enforcement agencies should work in such a way that they don&rsquo;t end up creating an environment of fear, affecting the flow of credit to productive sectors.</li>
<li>Apart from improving capabilities in the banking system, accountability of third-party service providers such as auditors and lawyers should also be fixed.</li>
<li>Assessment of working capital limit should be done before the flow of credit.</li>
<li>Awareness should be created about loopholes, consequences of bypassing procedural aspects and benchmarks should be provided for evaluating genuineness of various essential documents.</li>
<li>The investigation should be done to find out the trail of diversion of funds and whether any money has been remitted abroad.</li>
<li>The Banks should pay the required attention to the area of internal control system and the fraud prevention measures to ensure compliance of instructions issued by them<br />from time to time.</li>
<li>The status of the borrower should be more critically <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="77" data-gr-id="77">analysed</g> by credit rating agencies to put a check on bad debts.</li>
<li>The bank should set up centralized loan processing hubs which will help in streamlining the selection of borrowers with enhanced due diligence, assessment of proposal etc,<br />thus delinking the sanction process from the branch heads.</li>
</ul>
<p>Indian banks need significant improvements in operation and governance standards to work in an effective manner, by constantly working on the loopholes so that the banking sector can contribute more to the growth of the economy.</p>',
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		'title' => 'Impactful Policy Research in Social Science (IMPRESS)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ministry for Human Resource Development has launched the web portal of the Scheme &ldquo;Impactful Policy Research in Social Sciences (IMPRESS)&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under the Scheme, 1500 research projects will be awarded for 2 years to support the social science research in the higher educational institutions and to enable research to guide <g class="gr_ gr_33 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del" id="33" data-gr-id="33">policy making</g>.</li>
<li>IMPRESS scheme will be used to understand and solve problems facing <g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="39" data-gr-id="39">the society</g><g class="gr_ gr_42 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="42" data-gr-id="42">.The</g> scheme will be implemented at a total cost of Rs 414 crore <g class="gr_ gr_40 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="40" data-gr-id="40">till</g> <g class="gr_ gr_41 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="41" data-gr-id="41">March,</g> 2021.</li>
<li>Indian Council of Social Science and Research (ICSSR) will be the project implementing agency.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives of the Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To identify and fund research proposals in social sciences with maximum impact on the governance and society.</li>
<li>To focus research on broad thematic areas such as :
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>State and Democracy</li>
<li>Urban transformation</li>
<li>Media, Culture and Society</li>
<li>Employment, Skills and Rural transformation</li>
<li>Governance, Innovation and Public Policy</li>
<li>Growth, Macro-trade <g class="gr_ gr_47 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="47" data-gr-id="47">and</g> Economic Policy</li>
<li>Agriculture and Rural Development</li>
<li>Health and Environment</li>
<li>Science and Education</li>
<li>Social Media and Technology</li>
<li>Politics, Law and Economics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To ensure selection of projects through a transparent, competitive process on online mode.</li>
<li>To provide <g class="gr_ gr_37 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins doubleReplace replaceWithoutSep" id="37" data-gr-id="37">opportunity</g> for social science researchers in any institution in the country, including all Universities (Central and State), private institutions.</li>
<li>ICSSR funded/<g class="gr_ gr_35 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="35" data-gr-id="35">recognised</g> research institutes will also be eligible to submit research proposals on the given themes and sub-themes.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Govt. Notifies Rules on Citizenship',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Home Ministry has notified that the Collectors of certain districts in seven States can accept online applications to grant citizenship to persecuted minorities from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh living in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Citizenship will be granted after the verification reports are received from the States and the Centre.</li>
<li>The Home Ministry gave powers to the Collectors in Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi to grant citizenship and naturalisation certificates to the migrants under Sections 5 and 6 of the Citizenship Act, 1955.</li>
<li>Recently, Home Ministry also changed the Schedule I of Citizenship Rules, 2009.</li>
<li>Under the new rules, any person of Indian origin while seeking citizenship for
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>a person married to an Indian citizen,</li>
<li>a child born abroad to Indian citizens,</li>
<li>a person whose parents are registered as Indian citizens</li>
<li>a person whose either parent has been a citizen of independent India</li>
<li>will have to make the declaration of their religion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Citizenship Act, 1955, does not have any mention of religion. The Act provide citizenship by five ways: Birth, Descent, Registration, Naturalization, Incorporation of the territory.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Citizenship Amendment Bill was proposed for amending the Citizenship Act, 1955.</li>
<li>By this bill, illegal migrants belonging to the Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi or Christian religious communities coming from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan will be eligible for Indian citizenship.</li>
<li>These citizens will gain permanent citizenship after six years of residency in India instead of 11 years as mentioned in the Citizenship Act, 1955.</li>
<li>The registration of Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders will get cancelled if they violate any law.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns regarding the Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2016.</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill discriminates among refugees on the basis of religion does not take note of the refugees in India from among the Muslim community who have fled due to persecution. Thus it is in violation of Article 14 of Indian constitution.</li>
<li>The Bill allows cancellation of OCI registration for violation of any law. This is a wide ground that may cover a range of violations, including minor offences (e.g. parking in a no parking zone).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Proposed Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Checks and balances: It is necessary to curtail the wide powers given to the central government to rescind the OCI card status or put checks and balances in place by appointing a committee or an ombudsman.</li>
<li>Remove religion as a basis: The concession of six to 12 years of residence to immigrants based only the religion of the migrants can be removed as it is against the idea of secularism.</li>
<li>Refugees: It is necessary to look into the status of refugees and under what conditions they can obtain citizenship of India, bearing in mind the international migrant crisis. It is necessary to draw a clear demarcation between a refugee and an immigrant.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Law should have no biases and try its utmost to provide justice and liberty to all. In past India has given shelter to refugees who were being persecuted because of their language (Tamils in Sri Lanka). This bill does not include such minorities. So it is necessary to broaden the scope of the law by including the term &lsquo;persecuted minorities&rsquo; rather than religious minorities.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Illegal Immigrant</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the Citizenship Act (1955), an illegal immigrant is defined as a person who enters India without a valid passport or stays in the country after the expiry of the visa permit.</li>
<li>Also, the immigrant who uses false documents for the immigration process.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Overseas Citizens of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>OCIs are foreigners who are persons of Indian origin. For example, they may have been former Indian citizens or children of the current Indian citizen.</li>
<li>OCIs are entitled to multipurpose, multiple entries, a lifelong visa allowing them to visit India at any time, for any length of time and for any purpose.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Citizenship by Naturalisation</strong></p>
<p>By Naturalisation The Central Government may grant a certificate of naturalization to any person (not being an illegal migrant) if he possesses the following qualifications like:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>he or she is not a subject or citizen of any country where citizens of India are prevented from becoming subjects or citizens of that country by naturalization</li>
<li>that, if he is a citizen of any country, he undertakes to renounce the citizenship of that country</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Article 14</strong>: Equality before the law and equal protection of laws. This right is available to both citizens and foreigners (except enemy aliens).<br /><br /></p>
</div>',
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	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Only BS-VI Vehicles To Be Sold From April 2020',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court has ruled that no Bharat Stage IV vehicle shall be sold or manufactured across the country with effect from April 1, 2020. Instead, the Bharat Stage VI (or BS-VI) emission norm would come into force from April 1, 2020, across the country.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court's order came while deciding whether grace period should be given to the automobile manufacturers for the sale of BS-VI non-compliant vehicles after April 1, 2020.</li>
<li>In 2016, the Centre had announced the country would skip the BS-V norms altogether and adopt BS-VI norms by 2020 to reduce vehicular pollution.</li>
<li>Supreme Court ruled that any extension of time in introducing the new emission norms would adversely impact the health of citizens as the pollution has reached an "alarming and critical" level.</li>
<li>It has been held that the right to live in an environment free from smoke and pollution follows from the &ldquo;quality&rdquo; of life which is an inherent part of Article 21 of the Constitution.</li>
<li>Further, the Supreme Court has observed that the right to live with human dignity becomes illusory in the absence of a healthy environment.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bharat Stage VI</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Bharat Stage Norms</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Based on the European regulations (Euro norms), introduced in the year 2000, the Bharat stage norms are emission control standards put in place by the government to keep a check on air pollution.</li>
<li>These standards set specifications/limits for the release of air pollutants from equipment using internal combustion engines, including vehicles.</li>
<li>The higher the stage, the more stringent the norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>What is BS VI&rsquo;s Key Improvement in Fuel Quality Over BS IV?</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>BS VI norms seek to cut down sulphur content to 10 parts per million (ppm) from 50 ppm</li>
<li>Sulphur in the fuel contributes to fine particulate matter emissions.</li>
<li>BS VI norms seek to reduce the level of certain harmful hydrocarbons in the emissions that are produced due to incomplete combustion of fuel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges in Implementation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It takes a long time in research and development for automakers to develop a new kind of an engine or to tweak around with the current ones to meet the latest norms.</li>
<li>Once the research and development are over, the task of setting up full-scale production comes up. All of this comes at a cost which eventually makes the vehicle more expensive for the end customer of the product and that can be a cause of concern for automakers given how price sensitive the Indian market is.</li>
<li>There is a requirement of cleaner fuel to run these vehicles that comply with a stricter emission regulation as it is not feasible to make internal combustion engines pollute less while using poor quality of fuel.</li>
<li>This will require a huge amount of investments to make the oil refineries capable of producing a better quality of fuel and also investments in the infrastructure to make that fuel available across the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has some of the most polluted cities in the world and automobiles are often considered as one of the biggest factors responsible for it.</li>
<li>The implementation of advanced norms is a critical step as India, the world&rsquo;s third largest emitter of Greenhouse gases after China and the US, is a signatory to Paris climate deal on combating climate change. As part of the agreement, by 2030 India has to reduce its carbon footprint by 33-35% from the 2005 levels.</li>
<li>So, the need of the hour is to control the pollution levels by all means possible and since globally, countries are adhering to Euro 6 levels of emission regulations, India needs to step up its effort by switching to BS VI norm as soon as possible which will give the much needed fillip to pollution reduction.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/air-pollution-in-delhi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read about 'Air Pollution in Delhi'</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/only-bs-vi-vehicles-to-be-sold-from-april-2020'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (25th October 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Main Nahin Hum Portal and App</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently the Prime Minister launched the &ldquo;Main Nahin Hum&rdquo; portal and app, in New Delhi.</li>
<li>It is aimed at pooling the resources that corporates put in towards social causes and aligning them with the initiatives of the government such as Swachh Bharat, Skill India etc.</li>
<li>The portal will enable IT professionals and organizations to bring together their efforts towards social causes, and service to society, on one platform.</li>
<li>The portal will also help the employees in identifying the volunteering opportunities for social causes and they can also collaborate with other employees on such projects.</li>
<li>The portal is expected to help catalyse greater collaboration towards the service of the weaker sections of society, especially by leveraging the benefits of technology.</li>
<li>It is also expected to generate wider participation of interested people who are motivated to work for the benefit of society.</li>
<li>Since India has already become the third largest in terms of the start-up, social start-ups should become an intrinsic part of the ecosystem. The line between what is a business model and what is a social start-up model is very thin and areas such as electric vehicles which can serve both the purposes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India-Israel Missile Deal-Barak 8</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has awarded an additional USD 777 million deal to a leading Israeli defence firm for supplying Barak 8 Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (LRSAM) Air and Missile Defence Systems to ships of the Indian Navy.</li>
<li>The missile system has been jointly developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), India's DRDO, Israel's Administration for the Development of Weapons and Technological Infrastructure, Elta Systems, Rafael and some other Indian defence companies.</li>
<li>The Barak-8 LRSAM system is an operational Air and Missile Defence (AMD) system used by Israel's navy as well as by India's navy, air and land forces.</li>
<li>The system provides broad aerial and point defence against a wide range of threats to the marine arena from the air, sea or land.</li>
<li>Barak-8 incorporates a state-of-the-art phased array multi-mission radar, two-way data link, and a flexible command and control system, enabling users to simultaneously engage multiple targets day and night and in all weather conditions.</li>
<li>Israel is emerging as one of India&rsquo;s biggest suppliers of weapons, alongside the United States and long-term partner Russia.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has given its approval for <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="92" data-gr-id="92">creation</g> of special Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF).</li>
<li>National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), National Cooperatives Development Corporation (NCDC) and all scheduled Banks shall be the nodal Loaning Entities.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Benefits</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Creation of fisheries infrastructure facilities both in marine and inland fisheries sectors.</li>
<li>To augment fish production to achieve its target of 15 million <g class="gr_ gr_84 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="84" data-gr-id="84">tonne</g> by 2020 set under the Blue Revolution; and to achieve a sustainable growth of 8% -9 %.</li>
<li>Employment opportunities to fishers and other entrepreneurs in fishing and allied activities.</li>
<li>To attract private investment in <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="77" data-gr-id="77">creation</g> and management of fisheries infrastructure facilities.</li>
<li>Adoption of new technologies.</li>
<li>FIDF would provide concessional finance to State Governments / UTs and State entities, cooperatives, individuals and entrepreneurs etc. for taking up <g class="gr_ gr_88 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar replaceWithoutSep" id="88" data-gr-id="88">of</g> the identified investment activities of fisheries development.</li>
<li>Under FIDF, loan lending will be over a period of five years from 2018-19 to 2022-23 and maximum repayment will be over a period of 12 years.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Prime Minister Narendra Modi Awarded the 2018 Seoul Peace Prize</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This award recognizes Prime-Minister Narendra Modi &lsquo;s efforts &ndash;</li>
<li>In improving international cooperation, raising global economic growth.</li>
<li>In accelerating the Human Development of the people of India by fostering economic growth in the world's <g class="gr_ gr_69 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="69" data-gr-id="69">fastest growing</g> large economy and furthering the development of democracy through anti-corruption and social integration efforts.</li>
<li>In the growth of the Indian and global economies, crediting 'Modinomics' for reducing <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="78" data-gr-id="78">social</g> and economic disparity between the rich and the poor.</li>
<li>In making the government cleaner through anti-corruption measures and demonetization, for his contribution towards regional and global peace through a proactive foreign policy with countries around the world under the 'Modi Doctrine' and the 'Act East Policy&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Seoul Peace Prize</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Seoul Peace Prize was established in 1990 to commemorate the success of the 24th Olympic Games held in Seoul, Republic of Korea &ndash; an event in which 160 nations from across the world took part, creating harmony and friendship and a worldwide atmosphere of peace and reconciliation.</li>
<li>The Seoul Peace Prize has been awarded biennially to those individuals who have made their mark through contributions to the harmony of mankind, reconciliation between nations and to world peace.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-25th-october-2018'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Govt. Establishes Adjudicating Authority and Appellate Tribunal ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The government has approved the appointment of Adjudicating Authority and establishment of Appellate Tribunal under Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act (PBPT), 1988.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Adjudicating Authority and Appellate Tribunal will be based in Delhi. Benches of Adjudicating Authority will be in Kolkata, Mumbai, and&nbsp;Chennai.</li>
<li>The Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act (PBPT), 1988 seeks to establish four authorities to conduct inquiries or investigations regarding Benami transactions: (i) <strong>Initiating</strong> <strong>Officer</strong>, (ii) <strong>Approving</strong> <strong>Authority</strong>, (iii) <strong>Administrator</strong>&nbsp;(iv) <strong>Adjudicating</strong> <strong>Authority</strong>.</li>
<li>If an Initiating Officer believes that a person is a Benamidar (person in whose name the Benami property is transferred or held), he may issue a notice to that person.</li>
<li>The Initiating Officer may hold the property for 90 days from the date of issue of the notice, subject to permission from the Approving Authority.</li>
<li>At the end of the notice period, the Initiating Officer may pass an order to continue the holding of the property.</li>
<li>If an order is passed to continue holding the property, the Initiating Officer will refer the case to the Adjudicating Authority.</li>
<li>The Adjudicating Authority will examine all documents and evidence relating to the matter and then pass an order on whether or not to hold the property as Benami.</li>
<li><strong>The act also establishes an Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals against any orders passed by the Adjudicating Authority.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Appeals against orders of the Appellate Tribunal will lie to the high court.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The establishment of benches will result in effective and better administration of cases referred to the Adjudicating Authority.</li>
<li>Speedy disposal of appeals filed before the Appellate Tribunal.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tribunal</strong></p>
<p>A tribunal is a quasi-judicial body established by an Act of Parliament or State Legislature under Article 323A or 323B to resolve disputes that are brought before it. Article 323A provides for Administrative tribunals and 323B provides for Tribunals for other matters.</p>
<p><strong>The Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Act defines a Benami transaction as a transaction where a property is held by or transferred to a person but has been provided for or paid by another person. Therefore, the property is not held in the name of the real owner, but in somebody else&rsquo;s name.</li>
<li>Property transactions where: (i) the transaction is made in a fictitious name, (ii) the owner is not aware of denies knowledge of the ownership of the property, or (iii) the person providing the consideration for the property is not traceable will also fall under Benami transaction.</li>
<li>Under the Act, the penalty for entering into Benami transactions is rigorous imprisonment of one year up to seven years, and a fine which may extend to 25% of the fair market value of the Benami property.</li>
<li>The penalty for providing false information to be rigorous imprisonment of six months up to five years, and a fine which may extend to 10% of the fair market value of the Benami property.</li>
<li>The Act also states that Benami properties can be confiscated by the government without payment of compensation. The term &ldquo;property&rdquo; now covers movable, immovable, tangible and intangible properties.</li>
<li>This Act, along with the stringent Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015, to penalize those with unaccounted wealth abroad and the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018, which allows a designated special court to declare a person as a fugitive economic offender and to confiscate their property, including &lsquo;Benami&rsquo; ones, will help the government in its fight against black money both within and outside the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/govt-establishes-appellate-tribunal-and-adjudicating-authority'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'The Allahabad In Prayagraj',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;The Allahabad in Prayagraj&rdquo; which appeared in The Indian Express on 25th October 2018. It analyses the process of renaming cities across the country.)</strong></p>
</div>
<p>The famous quote &ldquo;<em>what is in the name</em>&rdquo;- attributed to equally famous English poet and playwright William Shakespeare seems to hold much relevance for modern India. Names in India are never just names. Today there seems to be a lot in the name.</p>
<p>The naming and renaming of places is not new in India. The British, for example, renamed Kochi to Cochin, derived the name Calcutta from Kolkata and affirmed their power through urban planning and architecture. Recently, several cities, as well as streets and bazaars in the country, have been renamed.</p>
<p>By renaming Allahabad, the Uttar Pradesh government has reignited the debate around the relevance of such a move. While some see it as a correction long overdue, many see it as a move to use history to polarize the present to fulfill political agenda.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>About Prayagraj (Allahabad)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the city of Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb which represents the diverse culture of Hindu-Muslim unity.</li>
<li>The popular belief is that when Mughal emperor Akbar visited the region in 1574 to quell a rebellion, he changed the city&rsquo;s name from the erstwhile Prayag to Illahabad (the abode of the Gods), which then got anglicized by the British to Allahabad.</li>
<li>Although there are written records of the city being called Illahabad or Illahawas in Akbarnama and other books written around that period, there is no written document to suggest that the name of the city Prayag was changed and made Illahabad.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Why Prayagraj?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hindu religious and mythological texts such as Matsya Puran and Padma Puran, have addressed the city as the most sacred of all sacred places.</li>
<li>Among many rivers and their confluences, Triveni holds a special place for the Hindus. The confluence of the sacred river streams forms a triangular curvature of religious significance for those who follow Hinduism.</li>
<li>Thus, the suffix &lsquo;raj&rsquo; signals that this is the &lsquo;king&rsquo; among all Prayag.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Reasons behind renaming cities</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to free itself from the daunting memories of the colonial rule and to cherish a new identity created by the sacrifice of the millions of people which got the people their independence, names of the states or the cities were realigned to alternative local names.</li>
<li>But in contrary, the current renaming of historical cities named after Muslim personalities or of Urdu dialect is mostly based on the cultural and ethnoreligious grounds rather than linguistic one - even though the Urdu language is one of the official languages.</li>
<li>Therefore, this campaign to rename historical places and roads is being seen by many as an attempt to rewrite history and undermine the historical personalities of a particular community. For example - renaming historical Mughal Sarai Railway Station after Deen Dayal Upadhyaya or renaming Lucknow's famous and historic 'Hazratganj Chauraha' after former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee as 'Atal Chowk.</li>
<li>Sometimes renaming is not only about religion, but this comes as an outcome of unspoken custom and culture of the particular place. The demand for changing of the name also comes from people themselves - through violent protests or through a mass campaign.</li>
<li>Political parties also use the name-game for creating vote banks. Across India, many governments have done so - from Chennai and Gurugram to the scuttled attempt to conjure a Paschim Banga (in place of West Bengal).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Procedure for Renaming a City</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Renaming of a city is a thoughtful task that is given to the State Legislators.</li>
<li>The first step involves raising of a request in form of a resolution by any Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) which proposes the renaming of any particular city or street.</li>
<li>On the basis of the request of the MLA, the issue would be deliberated upon and the consequences of the same shall be discussed upon. So, the second step involves the deliberation over the request of the renaming of the city or the street.</li>
<li>The final step involves voting of the validity of the resolution. If there are majority votes in favor of the resolution, the said resolution shall be declared passed. If the majority of votes for a resolution are not achieved, the resolution shall fail. The majority here involves a simple majority.</li>
<li>The State Legislation on the basis of the majority view shall make the necessary changes in the name of the state or city.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Procedure for Renaming a State</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One of the most cumbersome task for the Parliament is the procedure that needs to be followed in order to rename a state. The Constitution of India provides for the renaming of a state under Article 3 and Article 4.</li>
<li>A bill for renaming a state may be introduced in the Parliament on the recommendation of the President.</li>
<li>Before the introduction of the bill, the President shall send the bill to the respective state assembly for expressing their views within a stipulated time. The views of the state assembly are not binding, neither on the President nor on the Parliament. But the process must not be skipped as it is of vital importance as any law so made will be affecting that particular state.</li>
<li>On the expiry of the period, the bill will be sent to the Parliament for deliberation.</li>
<li>The bill in order to take the force of a law must be passed by a simple majority.</li>
<li>The bill is sent for approval to the President. After the approval of the said bill, the bill becomes a law and the name of the state stands modified.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Issues</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This move creates dissatisfaction particularly among the minority population in question who are against the decisions. This may further lead to mob violence, communal violences etc.</li>
<li>Changing names after they have gained universal recognition sows the confusion in people's mind.</li>
<li>Enormous resources and paperwork is required to establish the new political/official identity of not only the city but of the entire district. Government and business stationery have to be discarded and remade at a cost to the environment.</li>
<li>The biggest cost may be in re-educating outsiders about the name change, an intangible line item whose true costs are difficult to calculate.</li>
<li>It leads to politicization of community memories. But not only do such endeavors not acknowledge the ruptures they create, they also overlook the history of cultural consciousness.</li>
<li>Renaming results in tangible changes, but several intangible aspects of places continue to be associated with the lived reality of communities. For example, Varanasi may today be the official name of the historical city, but culturally, its idea will always be &ldquo;Banarasi&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Renaming cities result in economic and logistical upheaval. A large amount of the taxpayers' money is spent on changing signboards on public properties such as railways, metros, buses, and street signs, not to mention the time and energy invested in bureaucratic, administrative and legal procedures. Maps have to keep pace with the frequent renaming.</li>
<li>Satellite cartographic networks often fail to keep up with the frequency of changed ground realities and people and transporters waste time to reach their destinations.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Historical facts and popular belief are often not natural allies. Political parties should not use a popular belief as a political stunt, making the situation worse.</li>
<li>Legislators should focus on development and should not continue fragmentation and create more ruptures in society.</li>
<li>The government and civil society need to make sure that cultural landscapes contain names, symbols, languages, and scripts that belong to all the different castes, religious communities, and other groups of the country, so all Indians can genuinely feel at home in their homeland.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-allahabad-in-prayagraj'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => '3D Bioprinting to Create Artificial Blood Vessels',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Scientists have developed a 3D printing technique that can recreate the complex geometry of blood vessels, and could one day be used to produce artificial arteries and organ tissues.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>3D printing (also known as <strong>additive manufacturing</strong>) is a manufacturing process through which three-dimensional (3D) solid objects are created.</li>
<li>It enables the creation of physical 3D models of objects using a series of additive or layered development framework, where layers are laid down in succession to create a complete 3D object.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recent Development in 3D bioprinting</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The idea behind 3D bioprinting was to add independent mechanical properties to 3D structures that can mimic the body&rsquo;s natural tissue. This technology allows the creation of microstructures that can be customized for disease models.</li>
<li>Hardened blood vessels are associated with cardiovascular disease and engineering a solution for viable artery and tissue replacement has historically proven challenging. To overcome these hurdles, researchers found a unique way to take advantage of oxygen&rsquo;s role in setting the final form of a 3D-printed structure.</li>
<li>By keeping tight control over oxygen migration and its subsequent light exposure, researchers have the freedom to control which areas of an object are solidified to be harder or softer all while keeping the overall geometry the same.</li>
<li>This is an encouraging first step towards the goal of creating structures that function <g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="38" data-gr-id="38">like</g> a healthy cell should function.</li>
<li>As a demonstration, the researchers printed a small Chinese warrior figure, printing it so that the outer layers remained hard while the interior remained soft.</li>
<li>The researchers are optimistic that future studies will help improve the capabilities even further. The findings could lead to better, more personalized treatments for those suffering from hypertension and other vascular diseases.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Potential of 3D printing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Car and aircraft manufacturers have taken the lead in 3-D manufacturing, using the technology to transform design and production. For eg. Boeing is using 3D-printed titanium parts in the construction of its 787 Dreamliner airliner, The U.S. and Israeli air forces are already using 3D printers to manufacture spare parts etc.</li>
<li>In medical sciences, 3D printing is being used to customize implants and this technology could soon revolutionize dentistry. In the future, organs and body parts may be created using 3D printing techniques.</li>
<li>In fashion, Nike, Adidas, and New Balance are using 3D printing to create prototypes faster than ever, and create customized shoes. In 2018, Nike revealed it had made the first 3D-printed textile upper in performance footwear, called Flyprint.</li>
<li>In the construction industry, companies around the world are making breakthroughs in 3D-home printing. Using layers of concrete, homes can be built in 48 hours, which are stronger than the regular cinder block and only a fraction of the price.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/3d-bioprinting-to-create-artificial-blood-vessels'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (24th October 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>World's Longest Sea-Crossing Bridge</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently Chinese President Xi Jinping opened the world&rsquo;s longest sea-crossing bridge (55 km) connecting Hong Kong, Macau, and Zhuhai city in mainland China.</li>
<li>However, the bridge is also being seen as a part of a multi-pronged push by China to exert greater control over Hong Kong, which returned from British to Chinese rule in 1997 amid promises to preserve the city's high degree of autonomy and individual freedoms denied in mainland China.</li>
<li>The bridge was first proposed in the late 1980s, but it was opposed at the time by Hong Kong&rsquo;s British colonial government, which was wary of development that might draw the city closer to Communist China.</li>
<li>The "Greater Bay Area" refers to the Chinese government's scheme to link the cities of Hong Kong, Macau, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Zhongshan, Dongguan, Huizhou, Jiangmen, and Zhaoqing into an integrated economic and business hub.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Asia Economic Integration Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Asia Development Bank</strong> has released <strong>Asia Economic Integration Report (AEIR)</strong> 2018 which is released annually since 2015.</li>
<li>The Asian Economic Integration Report reviews the progress of Asian governments&rsquo; efforts to integrate their economies and improve cooperation on a variety of levels.</li>
<li>In 2017, ADB released its<strong> Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index (ARCII) as a part of <g class="gr_ gr_23 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_disable_anim_appear ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="23" data-gr-id="23">AEIR</g></strong>&nbsp;for <g class="gr_ gr_48 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="48" data-gr-id="48">first</g> time.</li>
<li>ARCII gauge the degree of regional cooperation and integration in Asia and the Pacific.</li>
<li>According to the <g class="gr_ gr_24 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="24" data-gr-id="24">AEIR</g> 2018, Asia continued as the largest source of international migrants in 2017. Most of the international migrants in 2017 were from India(17 million), followed by China (10 million) and Bangladesh (7.5 million).</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-24th-october-2018'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => '3rd International Year of Reef',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The 3-day International Conference on Status and Protection of Coral Reefs (STAPCOR 2018) with the theme<strong> &ldquo;Reef for Life&rdquo;</strong> begun in Lakshadweep.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The conference is organized by Zoological Survey of India.</li>
<li><strong>International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI)</strong> has declared 2018 as the third International Year of the Reef (IYOR).</li>
<li>The International Year of the Reef (IYOR) 2018 is a year-long campaign of events and initiatives to promote coral reef conservation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The Objective of IYOR 2018 is to</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Strengthen awareness globally about the value of, and threats to, coral reefs and their associated ecosystems</li>
<li>Promote partnerships between Governments, the private sector, academia and civil society on the management of coral reefs</li>
<li>Identify and implement effective management strategies for conservation, increased resiliency and sustainable use of these ecosystems and promoting best practices</li>
<li>Share information on best practices in relation to sustainable coral reef management.</li>
</ul>
<h3>International Year of the Reef</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>IYOR was first declared in 1997</strong> International Coral Reef Initiative in response to the increasing threats on coral reefs and their associated ecosystems, such as mangrove forests and seagrass beds.</li>
<li>The International Coral Reef Initiative designated<strong> 2008 as the second International Year of the Reef.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>What are Corals?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Corals are made up of genetically identical organisms called <strong>polyps</strong>. These polyps have microscopic algae called zooxanthellae living within their tissues.</li>
<li>The <strong>corals</strong> and <strong>algae</strong> <strong>have</strong> <strong>a mutualistic</strong> <strong>relationship</strong>.</li>
<li>The coral provides the <strong>zooxanthellae</strong> with the <strong>compounds</strong> <strong>necessary</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>photosynthesis</strong>. In return, the zooxanthellae supply the coral with organic products of photosynthesis, like carbohydrates, which are utilized by the coral polyps for the synthesis of their calcium carbonate skeletons.</li>
<li>In addition to providing corals with essential nutrients, zooxanthellae are responsible for the unique and beautiful colors of corals.</li>
<li>They are also called the<strong> &ldquo;rainforests of the seas&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>There are 2 types of corals:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Hard</strong>, shallow-water corals&mdash;the kind that builds reefs.</li>
<li><strong>Soft</strong> corals and deepwater corals that live in dark cold waters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits of Coral</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Habitat</strong>: Corals are home to over 1 million diverse aquatic species, including thousands of fish species.</li>
<li><strong>Income</strong>: Coral reefs and related ecosystems have a global estimated value of &lsquo;$2.7 trillion per year, or 2.2% of all global ecosystem service values&rsquo;, this includes tourism and food.</li>
<li><strong>Coastal protection</strong>: Coral reefs reduce shoreline erosion by absorbing energy from the waves: they can protect coastal housing, agricultural land, and beaches.</li>
<li><strong>Medicine</strong>: Reefs are home to species that have the potential for treatments for some of the world&rsquo;s most prevalent and dangerous illnesses and diseases.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Threat to Corals</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Overfishing:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overfishing of certain species on or adjacent to coral reefs can affect the reef&rsquo;s ecological balance and biodiversity. For example, overfishing of herbivorous fish can lead to high levels of algal growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Destructive fishing methods:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&nbsp;</strong>Fishing with dynamite, cyanide, bottom trawling and Muro Ami (banging on the reef with sticks) can damage entire reefs and is unsustainable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Recreational activities:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Unregulated recreational activities and tourism cause damage to the very environment upon which the industries depend. Physical damage to the coral reefs can occur through contact from careless swimmers, divers, and poorly placed boat anchors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Coastal development:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Coastal areas have some of the fastest rates of growth in tropical countries. Airports and buildings are often built on land reclaimed from the sea. Sensitive habitats are destroyed or disturbed by the dredging of deep-water channels or marinas, and through the dumping of waste materials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Pollution:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Urban and industrial waste, sewage, agrochemicals, and oil pollution are poisoning reefs. These toxins are dumped directly into the ocean or carried by river systems from sources upstream. Some pollutants, such as sewage and runoff from farming, increase the level of nitrogen in seawater, causing an overgrowth of algae, which 'smothers' reefs by cutting off their sunlight.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate Change:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Coral Bleaching</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Coral bleaching is the loss of the algae and a rapid whitening of the coral. This is a stress response by the coral host that can be caused by various factors such as the rise in sea surface temperature. If the temperature decreases, the stressed coral can recover; if it persists, the affected colony can die.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ocean Acidification</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The decrease in the pH of the Earth&rsquo;s oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere is known as Ocean Acidification. The decrease in pH has negative consequences for oceanic calcifying organisms such as coral reefs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Illegal Wildlife Trade</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Aquarium trade is a multi-million dollar industry. Tropical fish and corals are removed from reefs, often illegally and through damaging methods, and sold to aquariums all over the world.&nbsp;</li>
<li>All hard corals have been listed on Appendix II of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) since 1985, meaning any trade must be regulated and requires strict permits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Coral Reef Initiative</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) is an <strong>informal</strong> <strong>partnership</strong> <strong>between Nations</strong> <strong>and organizations</strong> which strives to preserve coral reefs and related ecosystems around the world. Its decisions are not binding on its members.</li>
<li>The Initiative was <strong>founded</strong> in <strong>1994</strong> by eight governments: Australia, France, Japan, Jamaica, the Philippines, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.</li>
<li>It was announced at the First Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity in December 1994, and at the high-level segment of the Intersessional Meeting of the U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development in April 1995.</li>
<li>ICRI now have more than 60 members including India.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/3rd-international-year-of-reef'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'SC Order on Crackers During Diwali',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Supreme Court has refused to put a blanket ban on <g class="gr_ gr_38 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="38" data-gr-id="38">use</g> of crackers during <g class="gr_ gr_36 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="36" data-gr-id="36">diwali</g><g class="gr_ gr_39 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Style replaceWithoutSep" id="39" data-gr-id="39">.The</g> Court has struck a balance between the interests of the firecracker industry and the right to public health.</p>
<h3>Key points from SC Orders:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Time limit on bursting crackers: On the day of Deepavali: 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. On Christmas and New Years Eve from 11:55 p.m. to 12:30 a.m.</li>
<li>Petroleum and Explosive Safety Organisation (PESO) will review the composition of fireworks to test for the presence of banned chemicals like lithium, arsenic, lead, and mercury.</li>
<li>PESO will also ensure that only those crackers whose decibel (sound) levels are within the limits are allowed in the market.</li>
<li>Ban on use of barium salts in crackers, series crackers called laris.</li>
<li>Use of Reduced Emission Firecrackers(Green Crackers): Use of low emission crackers with PM reduction by 30-35% and a significant reduction in NOx and SO2.</li>
<li>The online sale of firecrackers through e-commerce sites has been banned.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>On October 9, 2017, the Supreme Court temporarily banned the sale of firecrackers ahead of Diwali in Delhi-NCR.</li>
<li>The court had said that the limited ban on firecrackers during Diwali was an experiment to examine its effect on the pollution levels.</li>
<li>The court had said that Article 21 (right to life) of the Constitution applies to both segments of people (firecracker manufacturers and the general public) and it needs to maintain a balance while considering a countrywide ban on firecrackers. For this, the court also asked the central government to suggest ways through which pollution can be curbed and what will be the effect of firecrackers on the public at large.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Green Crackers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>&ldquo;Green crackers&rdquo; are so named because they do not contain harmful chemicals that would cause air pollution. Components in firecrackers are replaced with others that are<strong> &ldquo;less dangerous&rdquo; and &ldquo;less harmful&rdquo; to the atmosphere.</strong></li>
<li>Scientists at Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, National Botanical Research Institute and National Chemical Laboratory have developed few &ldquo;Green Crackers&rdquo; such as Safe Water Releaser (SWAS), Safe Thermite Cracker (STAR) and Safe Minimal Aluminium (SAFAL).</li>
<li>They have the unique property of releasing water vapor and/or air as the dust suppressant and diluent for gaseous emissions and have matching performance in sound with conventional crackers.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/harit-diwali-swasth-diwali-campaign" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Harit Diwali Swasth Diwali Campaign</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/SC Order on Crackers During Diwali'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Arrest The Exodus In Gujarat',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;Arrest the exodus in Gujarat&rdquo; which appeared in The Hindu on 10th October 2018. It analyses the problem of migrants in India.)</strong></p>
</div>
<p>Migrant workers are indispensable to the Indian economy. Migrants play a vital role in greasing the wheels of growth in states, including states like Gujarat, by providing cheap <g class="gr_ gr_158 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="158" data-gr-id="158">labour</g> in the many small and medium enterprises in the manufacturing and construction sectors. The mobility of <g class="gr_ gr_159 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="159" data-gr-id="159">labour</g> pushes the economy forward.<strong> Economic Survey (2016-17)</strong> covers a whole chapter on migration. According to it, annually inter-state labor mobility averaged 5-6 million people between 2001 and 2011, yielding an inter-state migrant population of about 60 million and an inter-district migration as high as 80 million.</p>
<p>Recently thousands of migrants fled north Gujarat&rsquo;s industrial areas following violence triggered by the rape of a 14-year-old in Sabarkantha district by one such migrant worker. Many industries got affected, such as auto-ancillaries, pharma, ceramics, cotton ginning, fertilizers and chemicals, and construction, in regions around Sanand, Sabarkantha, Patan, and Aravali. No industrial economy, more so Gujarat which depends heavily on migrant workers, can thrive in an atmosphere of fear and insecurity. The situation has now cooled off a bit after State government interference in &ldquo;confidence-building&rdquo; steps.</p>
<h3>Why Do People Migrate?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The agricultural base of rural areas does not provide employment to all the people living there. Regional development disparity compels people to migrate from rural to urban areas.</li>
<li>Lack of educational facilities, especially those of higher education influences the rural people to migrate to urban centers for this purpose.</li>
<li>Political disturbances and inter-ethnic conflicts drive people away from their homes. For example, a large number of people has migrated out of Jammu and Kashmir and Assam during the last few years due to disturbed conditions there.</li>
<li>Poverty and lack of employment opportunity drive people to move from one place to one another.</li>
<li>People also migrate on a short-term basis in search of better medical facilities, for availing better tertiary health and financial services.</li>
<li>Some of the other push factors such as lack of food, climate change, religious oppression, civil wars lead to internal migration.</li>
<li>Pull factors which include peace and safety, a chance of a better standard of living in general as well as political and religious freedom also encourage people to move from one place to another.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues Related With Migrants</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Political Issues</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Migrants lack political agency vis-a-vis the local government machinery. As the political class ignores migrant workers because they don&rsquo;t count as votes, especially in the case of inter-state migrants.</li>
<li>Due to their mobile nature, they don&rsquo;t find any place in the manifestos of trade unions.</li>
<li>Lack of proper documents makes them vulnerable to harassment by the police and other local authorities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Socio-cultural issues</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lakhs of unskilled and migrant workers live on worksites in makeshift huts (usually made of tin sheets) or on roads, slums and in illegal settlements not served by municipalities.</li>
<li>They are neither able to save much to improve their conditions back in their home States nor save enough to live comfortably in a place where they work.</li>
<li>Cultural differences, language barriers, isolation from the society, lack of accessibility for quality education in mother tongue are some of the other issues faced.</li>
<li>Very few migrants are aware of their entitlements, legal and economic. Similarly, citizens who are in the majority remain apathetic to the plight of victims.</li>
<li>Because of limiting job opportunities migrants are becoming victims of resentment, as people of the state see them as encroachers of present jobs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Economic issues</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Seasonal migrants dominate the low-paying, hazardous and informal market jobs which are key sectors in urban destinations, such as construction, hotel, textile, manufacturing, transportation, services, domestic work etc.</li>
<li>They have poor access to health services, which results in very poor occupational health. Since they cannot afford private hospitals, they often go back to their villages once they fall sick. This affects their employment opportunities, as well as the loss of wages.</li>
<li>A large number of migrants find work as unskilled <g class="gr_ gr_146 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="146" data-gr-id="146">labourers</g> since they enter the job market at a very early age, experience no upward mobility and remain stuck in the most unskilled, poorly paid and hazardous jobs for their whole work-life span.</li>
<li>In an unorganized and chaotic <g class="gr_ gr_143 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="143" data-gr-id="143">labour</g> market, migrant workers regularly face conflicts and disputes at worksites.</li>
<li>The common issues they face are non-payment of wages, physical abuse, and accidents.</li>
<li>Many informal sector disputes never make their way to <g class="gr_ gr_150 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="150" data-gr-id="150">labour</g> courts or keep languishing in courts for lack of proof. The existing legal machinery is not sensitive to the nature of legal disputes in the unorganized sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If the migrant workforce in the state is forced to leave, industries will lose their competitiveness as there will be a significant rise in <g class="gr_ gr_134 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="134" data-gr-id="134">labour</g> costs.</li>
<li>The State must follow a more holistic policy of creating incentives for firms leading to greater employment, instead of merely dictating higher recruitment of locals.</li>
<li>Enforcement of <g class="gr_ gr_136 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="136" data-gr-id="136">labour</g> laws and enactment of a comprehensive law should be done at the workplaces, stricter enforcement of existing <g class="gr_ gr_138 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="138" data-gr-id="138">labour</g> laws, including the Interstate Migrant Workmen Act, is essential.</li>
<li>Segmenting the <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="137" data-gr-id="137">labour</g> market and creating a separate <g class="gr_ gr_139 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="139" data-gr-id="139">labour</g> market for migrant workers with <g class="gr_ gr_133 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="133" data-gr-id="133">security</g> of tenure should be developed across India.</li>
<li>Identity cards can be issued by governments to make them avail essential basic facilities.</li>
<li>There should be <g class="gr_ gr_130 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="130" data-gr-id="130">development</g> in small and medium industries such as village and cottage industries, handlooms, handicrafts <g class="gr_ gr_129 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="129" data-gr-id="129">and</g> food processing and agro-industries to reduce rural-urban migration.</li>
<li>The focus should be on ensuring basic entitlements and social security. A major policy focus has to be on ensuring that migrant households have citizenship rights in the destination areas and are able to access basic facilities, benefits of public programmes, and social security schemes meant for poor households.</li>
<li>Special policy focus should be made under the Right to Education (RTE) Act to ensure educational access of migrant <g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="127" data-gr-id="127">labourers</g>. Skill development should also be a priority to include them in organized sectors.</li>
<li>Information base and bargaining strength of migrant workers should be improved to protect them from vulnerability.</li>
<li>Panchayats should emerge as the focus of the resource pool for migrant workers residing in their area. They should maintain a register of migrant workers and issue identity cards and passbooks to them.</li>
<li>Making the migrant workers aware of their rights is the first thing to do by authorities.</li>
<li>Diversity and free interaction between various groups make states and the country economically, socially and culturally stronger. According to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, &ldquo;An ideal society should be mobile, should be full of channels for conveying a change taking place in one part to other parts.&rdquo;</li>
<li>The challenges are still complex and the lack of recognition for migrants is still to be fully addressed. Unless we view migrant workers as a dynamic part of a changing India, we will not be able to solve the problem of migrant workers.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Laws in support of migrant workers</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service)Act (1979)</li>
<li>Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act (1986)</li>
<li>Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act (1996)</li>
<li>Unorganized Workers Social Security Act (2008)</li>
<li>Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act (1970)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Constitutional provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Constitution of India guarantees freedom of movement for all citizens. The foundational principles of free migration are enshrined in clauses (d) and (e) of Article 19(1) of the Constitution, which guarantee all citizens the right to move freely throughout the territory of <g class="gr_ gr_141 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep" id="141" data-gr-id="141">India,</g> and reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.</li>
<li>Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the basis of place of birth, among other grounds.</li>
<li>While Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment, and in particular prohibits the denial of access to public employment on the grounds of place of birth or residence.</li>
<li>The Supreme Court&rsquo;s decision in Charu Khurana v. Union of India and Others case clearly renders restrictions based on residence for the purposes of employment unconstitutional.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/arrest-the-exodus-in-gujarat'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'NASA Named New Constellations',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>NASA has named 21 set of new Gamma Ray Constellations.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NASA has named them after fictional characters like Doctor who, Hulk, Colosseum,&nbsp;Schr&ouml;dinger's cat, Eiffel Tower, and Godzilla.</li>
<li>The constellations were constructed with sources visible through its Fermi-Gamma Ray Space Telescope.</li>
<li>These unofficial constellations were developed to celebrate the completion of 10 years of operations of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, formerly called the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), is a space observatory being used to perform gamma-ray astronomy observations from low Earth orbit.</li>
<li>Fermi was launched on June 11, 2008. It is named after Enrico Fermi, an Italian-American scientist who did pioneering work in high-energy physics.</li>
<li>Fermi maps the entire sky every three hours, Fermi provides an important window into the most extreme phenomena of the universe, like gamma-ray bursts, black-hole jets, and pulsars.</li>
<li>Fermi is an astrophysics and particle physics partnership, developed in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy, along with important contributions from academic institutions and partners in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the U.S.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Gamma Rays</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The highest-energy light in the universe.</li>
<li>Gamma rays can have over a billion times the energy of the type of light visible to our eyes.</li>
<li>They are produced by the hottest and most energetic objects in the universe, such as neutron stars and pulsars, supernova explosions, and regions around black holes.</li>
<li>On Earth, gamma rays are generated by nuclear explosions, lightning, and the less dramatic activity of radioactive decay.</li>
<li>Gamma-ray astronomy is the astronomical observation of gamma rays with photon energies above 100 keV(Kilo Electron Volt).</li>
<li>Gamma rays are so energetic that they are harmful to life on Earth.</li>
<li>Earth's atmosphere absorbs gamma rays, preventing them from affecting life on the ground.</li>
<li>Astronomical observations of gamma-ray sources are therefore done with high-altitude balloons or satellites, above the protective blanket of Earth's atmosphere.</li>
<li>The gamma rays possess high energy they can pass right through any lens or mirror, making it very difficult to focus them in a visible-light telescope.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pulsars are types of neutron stars which emit radio pulses at regular intervals.</li>
<li>Neutron Star is the dead relics of massive stars.</li>
<li>An electronvolt is a unit of energy close to that of visible light.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nasa-named-new-constellations'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Insolvency Law Committee Report',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The ILC has submitted its <strong>2<sup>nd</sup> Report to the Government, which deals with cross-border insolvency</strong>.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Insolvency Law Committee (ILC) was constituted by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs to recommend amendments to Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code of India, 2016.</li>
<li>The necessity of having such Framework under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code arises from the fact that many Indian companies have a global footprint and many foreign companies have the presence in multiple countries including India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Committee Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ILC has recommended the adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, 1997, as it provides for a comprehensive framework to deal with cross-border insolvency issues.</li>
<li>The Committee has also recommended a few measures to ensure that there is no inconsistency between the domestic insolvency framework and the proposed Cross-Border Insolvency Framework.</li>
<li><strong>UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, 1997</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The model law is designed to assist States to equip their insolvency laws with a modern legal framework to more effectively address cross-border insolvency proceedings concerning debtors experiencing severe financial distress or insolvency.</li>
<li>The model law deals with four major principles of cross-border insolvency:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Access</strong>:&nbsp;direct access to foreign insolvency professionals and foreign creditors to participate in or commence domestic insolvency proceedings against a defaulting debtor</li>
<li><strong>Recognition</strong>: recognition of foreign proceedings &amp; provision of remedies</li>
<li><strong>Cooperation</strong>: cooperation between domestic and foreign courts &amp; domestic and foreign insolvency practitioners</li>
<li><strong>Coordination</strong>: coordination between two or more concurrent insolvency proceedings in different countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The UNCITRAL Model Law forms part of international best practices in dealing with cross-border insolvency issues and has been adopted in 44 countries including the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Commission on International Trade and Law is the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law.</li>
<li><strong>Membership</strong>: The Commission comprises 60 member States elected by the United Nations General Assembly for a term of six years.</li>
<li>India is currently a member of UNCITRAL and will serve till 2022.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key advantages of adopting the Model Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Increasing foreign investment:</strong> there will be significant positive signaling to global investors, creditors, governments, international organizations such as the World Bank as well as multinational corporations with regard to the robustness of India's financial sector reforms.</li>
<li><strong>Flexibility:</strong> The Model Law is designed to be flexible and to respect the differences amongst national insolvency laws.</li>
<li><strong>Protection of domestic interest:</strong> The Model Law enables refusal of recognition of foreign proceedings or provision of any other assistance if such action contradicts domestic public policy. Hence, it provides protection to the public interest.</li>
<li><strong>Priority to domestic proceedings:</strong> The Model Law gives precedence to domestic insolvency proceedings in relation to foreign proceedings. For example, a moratorium due to the recognition of a foreign proceeding will not prevent the commencement of domestic insolvency proceedings.</li>
<li><strong>Mechanism for cooperation:</strong> The Model Law incorporates a robust mechanism for cooperation and coordination between courts and insolvency professionals, in foreign jurisdictions and domestically. This would facilitate faster and effective conduct of concurrent proceedings.</li>
<li><strong>Global Standards:</strong> The inclusion of the Cross-Border Insolvency Chapter in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code of India, 2016, will be a major step forward and will bring Indian Insolvency Law on a par with that of matured jurisdictions.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<h3>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Code creates a framework for resolving insolvency in India.</li>
<li>The Code will apply to companies, partnerships, limited liability partnerships,<br />individuals and any other body specified by the Central Government.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Salient Features</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Insolvency professionals and agencies:</strong> The resolution process will be conducted by a licensed insolvency professional (IP). The IP will control the assets of the debtor during the process. Insolvency professional agencies will be created to regulate these IPs. The agencies will conduct examinations to enroll IPs and enforce a code of conduct for their functioning.</li>
<li><strong>Information utilities:</strong> The Code establishes multiple information utilities to collect, collate and disseminate financial information related to a debtor. This will include a record of debt and liabilities of the debtor.</li>
<li><strong>Insolvency regulator:</strong> The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India will be established as a regulator to oversee the functioning of IPs, insolvency professional agencies and information utilities. The Board will have 10 members, including representatives from the Central Government and the Reserve Bank of India.</li>
<li><strong>Adjudicatory authorities:</strong> The Code proposes two tribunals to adjudicate insolvency resolution cases: The National Company Law Tribunal will adjudicate cases for companies and limited liability partnerships. The Debt Recovery Tribunal will adjudicate cases for individuals and partnership firms.</li>
<li><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Fund:</strong> The Code creates an Insolvency and Bankruptcy Fund. The Fund will receive voluntary contributions from any person. In case of insolvency proceedings being initiated against the contributor, he will be allowed to withdraw his contribution for making payments to workmen, protecting his assets, etc.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/Insolvency Law Committee Report'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'India’s Failure To Address Its Urban Slum Problem',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;India&rsquo;s failure to address its urban slum problem&rdquo; which appeared in Livemint on 23rd October 2018. It analyses the problem of hidden hunger in India.)</strong></p>
</div>
<h3>What are Slums?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Slums are illegal urban settlements on public land and usually grow over a period of time in a constant and irregular manner. Despite this fact. Slums are considered as an integral part of urbanization and as a manifestation of the overall socioeconomic policies and planning in the urban sector. The existence and rapid growth of slums have been noted as a general urban phenomena common prevalent throughout the globe.</li>
<li>According to the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, a slum is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and poverty and lacking in tenure security. According to the United Nations, the proportion of urban dwellers living in slums decreased from 47 percent to 37 percent in the developing world between 1990 and 2005. However, due to rising population, the number of slum dwellers is rising day by day.</li>
<li>Slums may also be described as &ldquo;a chaotically occupied, unsystematically developed and generally neglected area, which is overpopulated by persons and overcrowded with ill-repaired and neglected structures" (Indian Conference, 1957). They have emerged out of the urban development process and are unplanned, unintended settlements ignored in the whole process of urban development.</li>
</ul>
<p><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/567Dharavi_India.jpg" width="725" height="407" /></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Asia's largest slum,<strong> Dharavi,</strong> lies on prime property right in the middle of Mumbai (Neza, in Mexico, is the world&rsquo;s largest slum).</li>
<li>Half-a-million people or so, live in the 230 hectares that <g class="gr_ gr_125 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace gr-progress" id="125" data-gr-id="125">is</g> Dharavi.</li>
<li>It was founded in 1882 at the time of British Raj. During the 18th century, unplanned localities started to grow when the process of urbanization of Mumbai was going on.</li>
<li>Recently, the Maharashtra government signed an initiative: A special purpose vehicle with 80% private and 20% government stake to redevelop Dharavi as a whole rather than in separate sub-clusters as previously envisioned.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Reasons for growing slums</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Population explosion and poverty <g class="gr_ gr_148 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="148" data-gr-id="148">force</g> the urban poor to live in slums and that leads to an increase in the size of slums. Also, a regional imbalance in development creates rural to urban migration, thus increasing the overall urban population density which pressurizes the urban poor to move into slums.</li>
<li>In the past 15 years, India&rsquo;s urban population density has increased by 45%. It is further estimated that 40% of the population will live in urban areas by 2026. With increasingly densified urban population, there exists a huge demand for land. This shortage of land forces the urban poor to live in increasingly dense communities creating slums in the process.</li>
<li>Rising material costs and labor costs resulting from labor shortage is another reason for the growth of slums as it makes developers unable to deliver affordable housing to the market.</li>
<li>Also, delayed procedures for land development forces people to stay in congested areas which further leads to <g class="gr_ gr_123 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="123" data-gr-id="123">creation</g> of slums.</li>
<li>A lack of efficiency of urban local bodies coupled with unplanned city management is also one of the major reasons for <g class="gr_ gr_120 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="120" data-gr-id="120">creation</g> of slum areas.</li>
<li>Moreover, social backwardness forces people to live in congested areas away from main areas. For example, more Scheduled Castes (SCs) live in slums - with one out of every five residents belonging to the SC category.</li>
<li>A lack of political will for developing slums can also be seen, as slums provide cheap and steady <g class="gr_ gr_118 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="118" data-gr-id="118">labour</g> (party-workers) to political parties.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues arising from neglecting slum development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Slums act as a magnet for the rural poor by attracting them towards city life. This it does by partially blinding them from the hardships that accompany life in the city.</li>
<li>People living in slum areas are also prone to suffer from waterborne diseases such as typhoid and cholera, as well as from more fatal ones like cancer and HIV/AIDS.</li>
<li>Also, women and children living in slums are prone to become victims of social evils like prostitution, beggary and child trafficking. Slum dwellers in general and regardless of gender, often become victims of such social evils.</li>
<li>Slum areas are also commonly believed to be places that generate a high incidence of crime. This is due to official neglect towards education, law and order, and government services in slum areas.</li>
<li>Then, the majority of slum dwellers in a developing country earn their living from the informal sector which neither provides them with financial security nor with enough earnings for a decent living, keeping them firmly within the vicious cycle of poverty.</li>
<li>Lastly, hunger, malnourishment, lack of quality education, high infant mortality, child marriage, child <g class="gr_ gr_117 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="117" data-gr-id="117">labour</g> are some of the other social problems prevalent in slums.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Poverty is the most significant reason behind the creation of slums. So, the issue of poverty must be addressed first by policymakers.</li>
<li>There is also a need for future policies to support the livelihoods of the urban poor by enabling urban informal-sector activities to flourish and develop. Slum policies should be integrated within broader, people-focused urban poverty reduction policies that address the various dimensions of poverty.</li>
<li>Easy geographical access to jobs through pro-poor transport should also be created.</li>
<li>Adequate data should be gathered by conducting various studies before the formulation of any policy.</li>
<li>There is also a need for investment in citywide infrastructure as a pre-condition for successful and affordable slum upgrading, which could also act as one strong mechanism for reversing the socio-economic exclusion of slum dwellers.</li>
<li>Steps should be taken such that a higher and more stable income be made accessible to slum dwellers through their employment in productive jobs. This is because employment opportunities in urban <g class="gr_ gr_138 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="138" data-gr-id="138">centres</g> that pay well <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="137" data-gr-id="137">has</g> the potential to generate a healthy and sustainable lifestyle in the slums.</li>
<li>Lastly, slums should be developed because developing slums also trigger local economic development, improve urban mobility and connectivity, and integrate the slums, which are enormous economically productive spheres, into the physical and socioeconomic fabric of the wider city.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>To improve urban infrastructure, the Government has taken various steps:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Smart City Mission (to create smart cities) to focus on basic amenities, education, health services, IT accessibility, digitization, e-governance, sustainable development, safety, and security.</li>
<li>Housing for all by 2022 for constructing houses for slum dwellers under the slum-rehabilitation scheme and providing loans at subsidized rates for the economically weaker sections.</li>
<li>AMRUT: Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation to build a gap between infrastructural necessity and their accessibility.</li>
<li>HRIDAY: National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana to preserve and holistically develop the heritage cities of India.</li>
<li>Swachh Bharat Mission for improving cleanliness and sanitation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Slum development projects across the world:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Slum Improvement Program, Dhaka, Bangladesh</strong>: The Slum Improvement Programme accomplished a major breakthrough in providing a basic physical infrastructure system to the urban poor.</li>
<li><strong>Quetta Katchi Abadis Environment Management Programme in Karachi</strong> showed how community-based sanitation management in informal settlements can be successful.</li>
<li><strong>Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme:</strong> Implementation Strategy of this project outlines several programmatic principles and values such as decentralization, sustainability, democratization and empowerment, transparency and accountability, resource mobilization, secure tenure, expansion and upscaling, and partnerships and networks.</li>
<li>Integrated Approach to Reducing Poverty <strong>Mukuru Slum, Nairobi, Kenya</strong>: project was launched, with the aim of improving services in three Mukuru slums; Donholm, Centre, and Riverside which have a combined population of 67,000. They chose a particular slum pocket which was found to be vulnerable in access to sanitation and water supply facilities.</li>
<li><strong>Madhya Pradesh Urban Services</strong> for the Poor: has been initiated by DFID (The Department for International Development (DFID) India, with its headquarters in New Delhi, is part of the British High Commission family. It implements DFID&rsquo;s largest single overseas programme contributing to poverty eradication) in partnership with the Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP) for infrastructure development, slum development, and poverty reduction.</li>
<li><strong>Mahila Milan</strong>- A Case of Suryodaya Housing Society, Pune, Maharashtra: it has brought together 3500 women across the Pune city slums. Mahila Milan was initiated to empower women through Bachat Gats (SHGs). It works in 56 slum settlements of Pune with thrift and credit activity.</li>
<li>In situ rehabilitation of around 2800 families of <strong>Kathputli colony in Delhi</strong> is underway.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/India’s-failure-to-address-its-urban-slum-problem'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Harit Diwali Swasth Diwali campaign',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The air pollution in the northern region is attributed to dust, burning of crops in certain states, burning of garbage construction and prevailing climatic conditions.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has serious impacts on the health of children aged people and people suffering from respiratory ailments.</li>
<li>Diwali which is a festival of lights falls during the same period. As a matter of practice people have been celebrating Diwali by bursting crackers.</li>
<li>Crackers contains combustible chemicals that include potassium chlorate powdered aluminum, magnesium, salts of barium, copper, sodium, lithium, strontium etc. and emits smoke on combustion of these chemicals along with sound.</li>
<li>This smoke and sound has health impacts on children, aged people and also animal and birds. Apart from these compounds large amount of waste is also generated after bursting of crackers.</li>
<li>Keeping in view the above detrimental effects and also the importance of the festival, Ministry has initiated a <strong>&ldquo;Harit&ndash;Diwali&rdquo; campaign</strong>.</li>
<li>This campaign was initiated in 2017-18 wherein large number of school children especially from eco-clubs participated and took pledge to minimize bursting of crackers and also discouraged the neighborhood and their friends from bursting of crackers.</li>
<li>During this intensive campaign, the children were advised to celebrate Diwali in an environment-friendly manner by gifting plant sapling to their relatives and friends along with sweets.</li>
<li>The children were encouraged to light up their houses and their schools with candles and diyas. The above campaign was extremely successful and the air quality had not deteriorated post Diwali in 2017 unlike what was experienced in 2016.</li>
<li>On the above lines, the Ministry has initiated the similar campaign, but this year the campaign has been extended Pan-India. The <strong>&ldquo;Harit Diwali-Swasth Diwali&rdquo;</strong> campaign is now merged with <strong>&ldquo;Green Good Deed&rdquo; movement</strong> that has been initiated as a social mobilization for conservation and protection of environment. The Ministry encourages all schools and colleges to be part of this campaign.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Green Good Deed Movement</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Green Good Deeds, the societal movement was launched by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to protect environment and promote good living in the country.</li>
<li>It urges people to perform at least one Green Good Deed every day which includes planting trees, saving energy, conserving water, use of public transport and promoting carpool etc.</li>
<li>It has found acceptance by the global community. The BRICS Ministerial on Environment at Durban, South Africa, has agreed to include &ldquo;Green Good Deeds&rdquo; in its official agenda in the next Ministerial in Brazil.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/harit-diwali-swasth-diwali-campaign'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Tiger Attacks',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently a tigress shifted to Satkosia Tiger Reserve (STR) claimed another human life.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tigress was brought from&nbsp;Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh to Odisha&rsquo;s Satkosia Tiger Reserve (STR) as part of a tiger re-introduction programme.</li>
<li>The programme is being implemented by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forest and its statutory body National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). It aims to shift six tigers &mdash; three males and three females.</li>
<li>In 2004, Satkosia had 11 tigers, including four adult males and six adult females. The number went down to eight in 2010 and to two in 2014.</li>
<li>
<p>Tiger conservationists say it is critical to identify and mitigate factors responsible for a decline in tiger population before trying to introduce new tigers in the area. Emphasis should be on protecting the forest, curbing illegal hunting, increasing prey numbers.</p>
</li>
<li>The recent attacks in Odisha comes in the backdrop of an ongoing intensive operation to catch or shoot tigress T1 and catch her two cubs alive in Ralegaon area of Yavatmal district of Maharashtra, where 13 people have died in tiger attacks since June 2016.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for Attacks</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The depleting forest cover and growing human presence, in around 650 wildlife zones in the country. Reports by the Forest Survey of India since early 1990s indicate that around one-third of the dense forest cover has been lost and half the traditional wildlife corridors have disappeared, bringing animals and people dangerously close.</li>
<li>Densely packed tiger forests often lead to young and old tigers wandering outside. Such wandering tigers are more likely to come into conflict with people.&nbsp;</li>
<li>Many of these attacks on people are accidental. A tigress with cubs, a tiger protecting its kill, or a tiger startled by the appearance of people are prone to charge in self-defence.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why Save Tigers?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A 2015 report of National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) titled: &ldquo;Economic Evaluation of Tiger Reserves in India: A VALUE+ Approach&rdquo; highlights why &ldquo;large&rdquo; areas are reserved for preserving fierce animals like the tiger, when we need more land for human use.</li>
<li>It says that tigers are &ldquo;umbrella&rdquo; species. And by saving tigers, everything beneath their ecological umbrella - everything connected to them - including the world's last great forests, whose carbon storage mitigates climate change are saved.</li>
<li>NTCA&rsquo;s recent paper called the &ldquo;Making the Hidden Visible: Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves in India&rdquo; lists the benefits rising from tiger reserves. They include employment generation, agriculture, fishing, fuel wood, fodder and grazing, carbon storage and sequestration, water and its purification by filtering organic wastes, soil conservation, nutrient cycling, and moderation of extreme events such as cyclone storms, flash floods.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Project Tiger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Project Tiger is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change launched in 1973 to provide central assistance to the tiger States for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves in India.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Killing a Man-Eater Tiger</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Conservation is about saving the species and not defending individual animals at the cost of the species. Letting a man-eater continue in the wild results in more attacks, turning locals against the Forest Department and making every tiger in the vicinity a potential target of reprisal.</li>
<li>In the era of mass media, callous handling of conflict can shape the public perception of the tiger across the land and affect every community that lives in and around tiger forests.&nbsp;&nbsp;Prompt action sends the right message to local communities.</li>
<li>Although, the 2013 Standard Operating Procedure of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) says an &ldquo;aberrant tiger&rdquo; (man-eater) must be caught and &ldquo;sent to the nearest recognised zoo and NOT released in the wild&rdquo;, the conditions and circumstances makes trapping and tranquillisation difficult.</li>
<li>Seasonal abundance of forest undergrowth may not allow clear vision or approach required for darting within a range of 15-25 metres. If live capture is not possible, the only option is to gun down the animal.</li>
<li>
<p>Moreover, it does not make a difference to conservation whether a tiger is send to a zoo or killed. In both cases, it is one tiger less in the wild.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Public outcry over a spate of human killings should neither provoke forest officials to hastily declare a tiger a man-eater nor come in the way of promptly removing an identified man-eater.</li>
<li>It is very important to find solutions that lead to mutually beneficial co-existence of animals and the local human communities.</li>
<li>Ensuring that both humans and animals have the space by protecting key areas for wildlife, creating buffer zones and investing in alternative land uses are some of the solutions.</li>
<li>
<p>Losing a handful of tigers that have become, for no fault of their own, a threat to local communities will not risk the future of the species. In fact, it will help the tiger retain local goodwill.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Likewise, fighting poor communities and the disempowered forest departments on sporadic shoot-on-sight orders will not secure the big cat&rsquo;s future as well. That time and energy may be better spent saving the tiger against the powers of mindless development.</p>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-attacks'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts for Prelims (22nd October 2018)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>BEPICOLOMBO: Mission to Mercury</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)</strong> sent two probes on a joint mission called BepiColombo to Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun.</li>
<li>The spacecraft is named after Italian scientist Giuseppe &ldquo;Bepi&rdquo; Colombo (1920-1984) who played an instrumental role in making NASA Mariner 10 mission (1973) to Mercury successful.</li>
<li>The spacecraft will reach the Mercury by 2025.</li>
<li>It is the first mission by the European and Japanese Space agency to Mercury.</li>
<li>It is also the first mission to send two spacecraft to make complementary measurements of the planet and its environment at the same time.</li>
<li>The spacecraft are ESA&rsquo;s Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and JAXA&rsquo;s Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO, or &lsquo;Mio&rsquo;).</li>
<li>The ESA-built Mercury Transfer Module (MTM) will carry the orbiters to Mercury using a combination of solar electric propulsion and gravity assisted flybys.</li>
<li>The two orbiters will also collect data at Venus.</li>
<li>The challenges to the mission include:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Sun&rsquo;s gravity makes it difficult to place a spacecraft into a stable orbit around the mercury.</li>
<li>The spacecraft also have to face extreme temperatures and solar radiations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With this mission researchers are hoping to learn about the formation of planets and the solar system.</li>
<li>Past Missions to Mercury:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mariner 10</strong> - NASA Flyby Mission (Flyby is a path spacecraft follows past a planet or other body in space) to Venus and Mercury (1973)</li>
<li><strong>MESSENGER</strong> - NASA Orbiter to Mercury (2004)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Kumbh Mela</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Kumbh Mela is the largest peaceful congregation of pilgrims on earth, during which participants bathe or take a dip in a sacred river.</li>
<li><strong>Kumbh Mela comes under the UNESCO's Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.</strong></li>
<li>The festival is held at <strong>Prayagraj&nbsp;</strong>(at the<strong> confluence of Ganga, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati</strong>), <strong>Haridwar</strong> (on the <strong>Ganges</strong>), <strong>Ujjain</strong> (on the <strong>Shipra</strong>) and <strong>Nasik</strong> (on the <strong>Godavari</strong>) every four years by rotation and is attended by millions of people irrespective of caste, creed or gender.</li>
<li>As it is held in four different cities in India, it involves different social and cultural activities, making this a culturally diverse festival.</li>
<li>The event encapsulates the science of astronomy, astrology, spirituality, ritualistic traditions, and social and cultural customs and practices, making it extremely rich in knowledge.</li>
<li>Knowledge and skills related to the tradition are transmitted through ancient religious manuscripts, oral traditions, historical travelogues and texts produced by eminent historians.</li>
<li>The teacher-student relationship of the sadhus in the ashrams and <g class="gr_ gr_67 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling" id="67" data-gr-id="67">akhadas</g> remains the most important method of imparting and safeguarding knowledge and skills relating to Kumbh Mela.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Green Climate Fund</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A Green Climate Fund has approved more than $1 billion for 19 new projects.</li>
<li>Green Climate Fund was set up under the UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention for Climate Change) at <strong>Conference of Parties (COP-16) in Cancun, Mexico 2010.</strong></li>
<li>The aim of GCF is to support developing countries in limiting or reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change impacts with resources to be generated from funding by developed countries and various public and private sources.</li>
<li><strong>National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) </strong>and <strong>Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) </strong>act as<strong> National Implementing Entity (NIE) </strong>of India for Green Climate Fund (GCF).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Similipal National Park</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Similipal National Park in <strong>Mayurbhanj district of Odisha</strong> will be reopened for tourists after remaining closed for three months due to monsoon.</li>
<li>Similipal National Park is also a Tiger Reserve. It is part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserve since 2009.</li>
<li>It is part of the<strong> Similipal-Kuldiha-Hadgarh Elephant Reserve </strong>popularly known as Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve, which includes 3 protected areas i.e.<strong> Similipal Tiger Reserve, Hadgarh Wildlife sanctuary and Kuldiha wildlife sanctuary.</strong></li>
<li>Similipal National Park derives its name from the abundance of Semul or red silk cotton trees that bloom abundantly in the locality.</li>
<li>It was formally designated a tiger reserve in 1956 and brought under Project Tiger in the year of 1973. The Government of Odisha declared Similipal as a wildlife sanctuary in 1979.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-22nd-october-2018'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'An Innovative Method For Boosting Nutrition',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;An innovative method for boosting nutrition&rdquo; which appeared in Livemint on 22nd October 2018. It analyses the problem of hidden hunger in India.)</strong></p>
</div>
<p>Almost every country in the world now faces a stern nutrition-related challenge, whether arising from under-nutrition or obesity. India is also striving hard to fight the problem of hidden hunger.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hidden Hunger</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Hidden hunger is a lack of vitamins and minerals. Hidden hunger occurs when the quality of food people eat does not meet the nutrient requirements, so the food is deficient in micronutrients such as the vitamins and minerals that need for their growth and development.</li>
</ul>
<strong>Importance of Nutrition</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Essential nutrients are compounds that the body can&rsquo;t make or can&rsquo;t make in sufficient quantity. According to the World Health Organization, these nutrients must come from food, and they&rsquo;re vital for disease prevention, growth, and good health.</li>
<li>Despite this there is a decline in the percentage of the number of women and children suffering from <g class="gr_ gr_136 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="136" data-gr-id="136">anaemia</g> in the past few years, the high absolute numbers are worrying. Incidentally, <g class="gr_ gr_137 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="137" data-gr-id="137">anaemia</g> accounts for 20% of the maternal deaths that take place in the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Status of Nutrition in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Iron deficiency and <g class="gr_ gr_128 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="128" data-gr-id="128">anaemia</g> are well-recognized and persistent problems in India.<a href="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/597Capture.PNG" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://drishtiias.com/images/uploads/597Capture.PNG" style="float: right;" width="451" height="300" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>Poor dietary habits during adolescence,(which is a period of rapid growth) leads to undernutrition.</li>
<li>A 2016 survey of around 8,000 adolescents, conducted by the Population Council in two Indian states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, found that 55% of younger girls (10-14 years), 65% of older girls (15-19 years), 34% of younger boys, and 29% of older boys were anemic.</li>
<li>Iron deficiency is thought to be the most common cause of <g class="gr_ gr_123 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="123" data-gr-id="123">anaemia</g> globally, accounting for between 25-50% of <g class="gr_ gr_124 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="124" data-gr-id="124">anaemia</g> cases.</li>
<li>Global Nutrition Report 2017 (by World Health Organisation) also shows that India is facing a serious burden of undernutrition, that more than half the women of reproductive age in the country suffer from <g class="gr_ gr_127 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="127" data-gr-id="127">anaemia</g>.<br />Latest figures show that 38% of children under five are affected by stunting &ndash; (children too short for their age due to lack of nutrients), suffering irreversible damage to brain capacity. About 21% of children under 5 are defined as &lsquo;wasted&rsquo; or &lsquo;severely wasted&rsquo;. And 16% of adult men and 22% of adult women are overweight.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Change in nutrition practices</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While the calorific value of the food distribution to reduce poverty and manage hunger is being taken care of by various measures, a shift can be seen in the focus on nutrition intake. It has shifted from quantity to quality. Biofortification can be one of the measures to address the problem of &lsquo;hidden hunger&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Biofortification?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Biofortification is the process by which the nutritional quality of food crops is improved through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding, or modern biotechnology.</li>
<li>Biofortification can be done using non-genetically-modified methods as well. Biofortification using traditional method involves crossing varieties over successive generations to eventually yield a plant with high nutrient content along with other favorable traits.</li>
<li>Examples of biofortification projects include:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Iron-biofortification of rice, beans, sweet potato, cassava, and legumes.</li>
<li>Zinc-biofortification of wheat, rice, beans, sweet potato, and maize.</li>
<li>Provitamin A carotenoid-biofortification of sweet potato, maize and cassava.</li>
<li>Amino acid and protein-biofortification of sorghum and cassava.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of Biofortification</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Biofortified crops are rich in iron and have the potential to improve iron status and cognition. That helps in improving the overall health of human.</li>
<li>Biofortified crops are also often more resilient to pests, diseases, higher temperatures, drought and provide a high yield.</li>
<li>Biofortification fills an important gap as it provides a food-based, sustainable and low-dose alternative to iron supplementation. It does not require behavior change, can reach the poorest sections of the society, and supports local farmers.</li>
<li>After the initial investment to develop the biofortified seed, it can be replicated and distributed without any reduction in the micronutrient concentration. This makes it highly cost-effective and sustainable.</li>
<li>Considering the various implementation barriers faced by genetically modified crops in India, biofortification which can be done through non-genetically-modified methods as well can be a better alternative.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges for Biofortification in India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lack of consumer acceptance due to color changes (e.g. golden rice) and last mile reach of fortified food remains a big challenge.</li>
<li>Adoption of farmers and cost involved in the process of fortification also poses a challenge for biofortification in India.</li>
<li>Though biofortification can be done using non-genetically-modified methods it is a slower process than genetic modification.</li>
<li>The existence of an effective seed and rural extension system for multiplication and dissemination of new varieties will also pose a challenge.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Because of the prevalence of diverse food practices in the country, biofortification will need to achieve high rates of adoption and consumption in geographically distinct areas.</li>
<li>Strategies for delivery of biofortified crops must be tailored to the local context for each crop&ndash;nutrient pair.</li>
<li>Biofortification needs to identify more cost-effective delivery strategies in order to offer an alternative to supplementation and commercial fortification.</li>
<li>Increasing Maternal Health Literacy, ending societal discrimination faced by women and adolescent girls, making healthcare and proper sanitation accessible will also help in eradicating malnutrition.</li>
<li>The government should facilitate public-private partnerships. Private sector engagement can leverage technological solutions for scaling up food fortification initiatives, and complement the government&rsquo;s outreach efforts through mass awareness and education campaigns in communities.</li>
<li>The lack of nutrition is not only a denial of a fundamental human right, but it is also poor economics. Biofortification is a partial solution, which must go hand in hand with efforts to reduce poverty, food insecurity, disease, poor sanitation, social and gender inequality.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Government Measures</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) by Women and Child Development Ministry which provides a package of six services namely supplementary nutrition, pre-school non-formal education, nutrition &amp; health education, immunization, health check-up <g class="gr_ gr_113 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="113" data-gr-id="113">and</g> referral services.</li>
<li>National Health Mission (NHM), Mid-Day Meal Scheme, Rajiv Gandhi Schemes for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) namely SABLA, Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) for <g class="gr_ gr_112 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="112" data-gr-id="112">direct</g> targeted interventions.</li>
<li>Under National Health Mission of Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare, the remedial steps taken are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Promotion of appropriate infant and young child feeding practices that include early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding till 6 months of age and appropriate complementary feeding after 6 months of age.</li>
<li>Management of malnutrition and common neonatal and childhood illnesses at community and facility level by training service providers in IMCI (Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses) training.</li>
<li>Treatment of children with severe acute malnutrition at special units called the Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres (NRCs), set up at public health facilities. Presently 875 such <g class="gr_ gr_116 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="116" data-gr-id="116">centres</g> are functional all over the country.</li>
<li>Specific program to prevent and combat micronutrient deficiencies of Vitamin A and Iron &amp; Folic Acid (IFA) in under-five children, children of 5 to 10 years of age, and adolescents.</li>
<li>Village Health and Nutrition Days and Mother and Child Protection Card are the joint initiatives of the Ministries of Health &amp; Family Welfare and the Ministry of Woman and Child for addressing the nutrition concerns in children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Kishori Shakti Yojana aimed at breaking the intergenerational life-cycle of nutritional and gender disadvantage and providing a supportive environment for self-development.</li>
<li>The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has rolled out the Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) Program in 2012-13 to meet the challenge of high prevalence and incidence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among adolescent girls and boys.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/an-innovative-method-for-boosting-nutrition'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'The Petroglyphs of Ratnagiri',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Different sites with petroglyphs in Ratnagiri and Rajapur districts have been found over the last two or three years.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The way the petroglyphs have been drawn, and their similarity to those found in other parts of the world, have led experts to believe that they were created in prehistoric times and are possibly among the oldest ever discovered.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Petroglyph</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A petroglyph is usually a prehistoric carving in a rock. Prehistory refers to the period of time before civilization and writing. There are only archeological sources available for prehistoric period which includes stone and bone tools, rock arts etc.</li>
<li>The term rock art includes pictographs (paintings on rocks) and petroglyphs which are carved into the flat, open rock surface gives them a scale and look that is unique.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Features of these Petroglyphs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The working theory around these petroglyphs is that they date back to about 10,000 BCE, placing them in the Mesolithic Period, which comes between the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic period, characterised by chipped stone tools, and the New Stone Age or Neolithic period, associated with smaller, more polished tools.</li>
<li>The variety of the rock carvings are stunning as animals, birds, human figures and geometrical designs are all depicted.</li>
<li>The images appear to have been created by hunter-gatherer communities as they depict hunted animals and detailing of animal forms.</li>
<li>Prominent petroglyph and rock art sites in India that could be contemporary to this period are the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh, rock carvings in Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, petroglyphs from the Tindivanam and Villupuram districts in Tamil Nadu and Unakoti in Tripura.</li>
<li>The carvings on laterite stone make the petroglyphs in Ratnagiri region unique, as the carvings discovered in other sites around India are on granite and sandstone.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the medieval age, the Konkan coast was lined with important port towns. It has been reconstructed from epigraphs and contemporaneous records that it has a history of trade and contact with Europe, and even with the Roman Empire. But there was a big void regarding what went on here in prehistoric times. The findings of these petroglyphs can fill a huge gap in the history of the Konkan region.</li>
<li>Petroglyphs in Ratnagiri region are not yet the evidence of a civilisation, as there is no evidence of writing, agricultural or economic activity, or of living arrangements or settlements which are the essential attributes of a civilization.</li>
<li>In Maharashtra&rsquo;s cultural records, there is no evidence of any art being practised until about 3,000 BCE, which is when the first mention of painted pots and clay figurines are found. That&rsquo;s why these petroglyphs are a significant find for a better understanding of the history of this region and its artistic traditions.</li>
<li>Some of the carvings depict rhinoceroses and hippos, two species that were never thought to be prevalent in this part of India. This carvings, however, suggest that the Konkan may have once been a lot like the rainforests where these animals are typically found.</li>
<li>Most of the art from the later medieval period is religious in nature it is quite likely that such a significant investment in art points to some form of religious belief or religious system.</li>
<li>Some of the more complex reliefs, etched deep into the ground, may have been done using metal tools rather than stone. If his theory is proven right, then as in sites like Bhimbetka, where art has been dated from prehistoric times right down to the medieval period could point to a continuous habitation of this region, across millennia, possibly by various nomadic tribes.</li>
<li>The discovery of these sites marks the commencement of a long project as there's still need to look for more evidence of stone tools and evidence of settlements around these sites so that more accurate dating can be obtained.</li>
<li>Maharashtra tourism department has shown interest in developing some of these sites and incorporating them into the tourist circuit of a region that attracts lot of travellers, drawn to it by the beaches and temples.</li>
</ul>',
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'The Anatomy Of Banking Frauds',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong><em>(The editorial is based on the article &ldquo;The anatomy of banking frauds&rdquo; which appeared in Livemint on 19th October 2018. It analyses the nature of banking frauds.</em>)</strong></p>
</div>
<p>In the present-day economic system, banks play a very important role in the economic development of the country. Nowadays, banks have diversified their activities and are getting into new schemes and services that create opportunities for financial inclusion. As the banking sector is flourishing, it is getting plagued by some operational problems such as frauds etc</p>
<p>Financial Stability Report of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) shows, that the Indian banking system reported about 6,500 instances of fraud involving over ₹30,000 crore in 2017-18.</p>
<p>Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) <g class="gr_ gr_75 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="75" data-gr-id="75">analysed</g> the top 100 banking frauds in different sectors and has also suggested some measures that will help avoid such unethical activities in the future.</p>
<p>Banking frauds attracted national attention when the Punjab National Bank reported earlier this year that it had been defrauded by companies related to jeweler Nirav Modi and Mehul Choksi. Several other cases of large banking frauds were reported subsequently, which raised questions about the ability of banks to contain them.</p>
<p>Here are some of the biggest scams that disturbed the country's banking system:</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 2011, investigative agency CBI revealed that executives of certain banks such as the Bank of Maharashtra, Oriental Bank of Commerce and IDBI created almost 10,000 fictitious accounts, and <g class="gr_ gr_78 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="78" data-gr-id="78">an amount</g> of Rs 1,500 crore worth loans were transferred.</li>
<li>Another scam that was unfolded in 2014 was the bribe-for-loan scam involving ex-chairman and MD of Syndicate Bank SK Jain for involvement in sanctioning Rs Rs 8,000 crore.</li>
<li>In 2014, Vijay Mallya was also declared a willful defaulter by Union Bank of India, following which other banks such as SBI and PNB followed suit.</li>
<li>In 2015, another fraud that raised eyebrows involved employees of Jain Infraprojects, who defrauded Central Bank of India to the tune of over Rs 2,000 crore.</li>
<li>One of the biggest banking frauds of 2016 is the one involving Syndicate Bank, where almost 380 accounts were opened by four people, who defrauded the bank of Rs 10 billion using fake cheques, Letter of Undertakings (<g class="gr_ gr_68 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="68" data-gr-id="68">LoUs</g>) and LIC policies.</li>
<li>The fresh bank fraud to the tune of Rs 11,450 crore involving diamond merchant Nirav Modi. It has come to light that the company, in connivance with retired employees of PNB, got at least 150 <g class="gr_ gr_69 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="69" data-gr-id="69">LoUs</g>, allowing Nirav Modi Group to defraud the bank and many other banks who gave loans to him.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>The reason behind these frauds</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most frauds show that banks did not observe due diligence, both before and after disbursing loans.</li>
<li>Poor level of checks and balances in the banking system is also one of the reason.</li>
<li>Lack of technology and fraud monitoring agencies to detect frauds makes the problem more complex.</li>
<li>There is an absence of an effective mechanism to monitor the credit flow.</li>
<li>Flawed risk-mitigation design, which creates an excessive focus on credit or market risks, but focuses less on operational risks also leading to more breaches.</li>
<li>Excessive dependence on manual supervision, at both external and internal levels makes it impossible to manually control and supervise the sheer volume of transactions.</li>
<li>The disintegrating moral <g class="gr_ gr_90 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="90" data-gr-id="90">fibre</g> of Indian businessmen, bankers and other white-collar professionals, nepotism in internal committees of banks, unnecessary political interventions lead to increased frauds.</li>
<li>The political pulls and pressures on investigating agencies, and long-drawn processes of legal system act less as a deterrent.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is important that banks should take help of technology to detect frauds and improve the sharing of information.</li>
<li>Law enforcement agencies should work in such a way that they don&rsquo;t end up creating an environment of fear, affecting the flow of credit to productive sectors.</li>
<li>Apart from improving capabilities in the banking system, accountability of third-party service providers such as auditors and lawyers should also be fixed.</li>
<li>Assessment of working capital limit should be done before the flow of credit.</li>
<li>Awareness should be created about loopholes, consequences of bypassing procedural aspects and benchmarks should be provided for evaluating genuineness of various essential documents.</li>
<li>The investigation should be done to find out the trail of diversion of funds and whether any money has been remitted abroad.</li>
<li>The Banks should pay the required attention to the area of internal control system and the fraud prevention measures to ensure compliance of instructions issued by them<br />from time to time.</li>
<li>The status of the borrower should be more critically <g class="gr_ gr_77 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="77" data-gr-id="77">analysed</g> by credit rating agencies to put a check on bad debts.</li>
<li>The bank should set up centralized loan processing hubs which will help in streamlining the selection of borrowers with enhanced due diligence, assessment of proposal etc,<br />thus delinking the sanction process from the branch heads.</li>
</ul>
<p>Indian banks need significant improvements in operation and governance standards to work in an effective manner, by constantly working on the loopholes so that the banking sector can contribute more to the growth of the economy.</p>',
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