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Financial Stability Report : RBI

The Reserve Bank of India has released the 19th issue of the Financial Stability Report (FSR). The report assessed that India’s financial...

28 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Agreement with the World Bank to Eliminate TB

The Government of India and the World Bank have signed a loan agreement of $400 million for the Program Towards Elimination of Tuberculosis...

28 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Tightened Norms on Mutual Funds Investments

The markets regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has tightened norms on investments by mutual funds (MFs). MF schemes can now...

28 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Trans-Boundary Water Conflicts

Context With about 4% of the water resources of the world, India should have been a water-adequate nation. However, in 2011 India turned into a...

28 Jun 2019 Paper 2
Vespersaurus paranaensis

The researchers have found the fossil of a previously unknown dinosaur species named Vespersaurus paranaensis, that lived 90 million years ago in...

28 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Need for Strategic Balancing by India

This article is based on editorial “Negotiating the forks in the road of diplomacy” which appeared in The Hindu on 27th June 2019. It...

27 Jun 2019 News Editorials
Married Women Out of Labour Force

The UN report on “Progress of The World’s Women, 2019-2020”, has stated that more than half the married women (aged 25-54) didn't...

27 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Evidence of Supernova Remnants

A team of Indian astronomers has found significant evidence of a supernova explosion in a star-forming region called G351.7–1.2. The...

27 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Most Innovative Universities in the Asia-Pacific

The Reuters' list of the most innovative universities in Asia Pacific includes the Indian Institute of Technology (IITs) from India. The universities...

27 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Beekeeping Development Committee

Bibek Debroy led beekeeping development committee under the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister has made recommendations to enhance the...

27 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Buddhist Relic Unearthed in Andhra Pradesh

A Buddhist relic has been unearthed in Andhra Pradesh. It is a limestone pillar, which is carved with half lotus medallions at the centre and top...

27 Jun 2019 News Analysis
In Depth – Melting Himalayas

Ice protects the Earth and oceans by reflecting excess heat back into space. However, human activity, especially since the industrial revolution...

27 Jun 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Prison Reforms and Way Forward

This article is based on the editorial “The state of Indian prisons” which appeared in The Hindu on 26 June 2019. It talks about the...

26 Jun 2019 News Editorials
Agricultural Distress in India

26 Jun 2019 Paper 3
Manouria impressa: Arunachal Pradesh

A tortoise named ‘Manouria impressa’ has been discovered in Arunachal Pradesh. Manouria is a genus of tortoises. Manouria impressa is...

26 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Joint Effort to Conserve Wildlife at Bandipur

National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has convened an inter-state meeting of senior forest personnel from Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala...

26 Jun 2019 News Analysis
NITI Aayog's Health Index

NITI Aayog in its annual health index has named Kerala, as the top performer among larger states for overall performance on health...

26 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

A recent study has found that the normalized difference vegetation index does not yield a reliable estimate of food abundance for elephants in...

26 Jun 2019 News Analysis
National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis

According to the National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis report, malnutrition amongst children in India is projected to remain high, despite...

26 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Lunar Evacuation System

Under the preparations for NASA’s 2024 Moon mission, a device called Lunar Evacuation System Assembly (LESA) has been tested. LESA developed...

26 Jun 2019 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Financial Stability Report : RBI',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a> has released the 19th issue of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/financial-stability-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Financial Stability Report (FSR).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report assessed that India&rsquo;s financial system remains stable in the backdrop of improving resilience of the banking sector. However, the emerging trends in the global economy and geopolitical environment pose challenges.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Global and Domestic Macro-Financial Risks</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lower global growth forecast by international institutions like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-bank-global-economic-prospects" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-outlook-2019-growth-slowdown-precarious-recovery-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IMF.</strong></a></li>
<li>Adverse geopolitical developments and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unctad-report-on-trade-wars" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> trade tensions.</strong></a></li>
<li>Eased monetary policy stance undertaken by the central banks of Advanced economies&rsquo; (AEs) and the need for emerging and developing economies to adjust to it.</li>
<li>Subdued new investment.</li>
<li>A widening <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cad-to-widen-to-2.5-of-gdp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>current account deficit.</strong></a></li>
<li>The challenge of reviving private investment demand while being vigilant about the spillover from global financial markets.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Financial Institutions: Performance and Risks</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Credit growth of scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) picked up, with public sector banks (PSBs) registering near double digit growth.</li>
<li>Capital adequacy of the SCBs improved after the recapitalisation of PSBs. <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/solving-the-npa-crisis-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The non-performing asset (NPA) cycle</a></strong> seems to have turned around.</li>
<li><strong>Provision coverage ratio (PCR)</strong> of all SCBs rose sharply to 60.6% in March 2019 from 52.4% in September 2018, increasing the resilience of the banking sector.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Provision coverage ratio (PCR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Provisioning Coverage Ratio is the percentage of bad assets that the bank has to provide for from their own funds. In other words, it is the ability of banks to service its debt and meet its financial obligations such as interest payments or dividends.</li>
<li>The higher the coverage ratio, the easier it is to make interest payments on debt or pay dividends.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-panel-s-recommendations-on-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>developments in the Non-banking financial companies (NBFC)</strong></a> sector have brought the sector under greater market discipline.</li>
<li>There is need for greater surveillance over large <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Housing Finance Companies (HFCs)</strong></a> or NBFCs, as the failure of such companies can cause losses comparable to those caused by the big banks.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Financial Sector: Regulation and Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to finetune the supervisory mechanism for the banks, the Reserve Bank has recently reviewed the structure of supervision in the context of the growing diversity, complexities and interconnectedness within the Indian financial sector.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbis-debt-resolution-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>revised prudential framework on stressed assets</strong></a> issued by the Reserve Bank further incentivize early adoption of a resolution plan.</li>
<li>To further <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/issues-related-to-credit-rating-agencies-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>enhance the quality of disclosures made by Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs)</strong></a> and strengthen the rating framework, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong></a> has introduced Guidelines for Enhanced Disclosures by CRAs.</li>
<li>To provide flexibility to pension funds to improve fund performance depending on market conditions, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/streamlining-of-national-pension-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)</strong></a> amended the investment guidelines.</li>
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)</strong></a> is showing steady progress in the resolution of stressed assets.</li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Agreement with the World Bank to Eliminate TB',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Government of India and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> have signed a loan agreement of <strong>$400 million</strong> for the <strong>Program Towards Elimination of Tuberculosis</strong> (TB).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The program builds on a partnership between the Government of India and the World Bank that has spanned more than 20 years. The <strong>World Bank supported programs</strong> have helped <strong>treat more than 20 million people since 1998</strong> and averted 3.5 million deaths.</li>
<li>The loan has a 19-year maturity including a 5-year grace period.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Program Towards Elimination of Tuberculosis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The program aims to <strong>improve the coverage and quality of TB control</strong> interventions in nine states: <strong>Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal, Assam and Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>support the Government of India&rsquo;s (GoI) National Strategic Plan to end TB in India by 2025.</strong> It will do so by helping improve and strengthen diagnostics and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis and increase the capacity of public institutions engaged in monitoring and treating TB in the country.</li>
<li>The Program will <strong>provide financial incentives to private sector care providers</strong> for reporting cases of TB and ensuring that their patients complete the treatment regimen.</li>
<li>It will also provide <strong>Direct Benefit Transfers to patients</strong> for acquiring the critical nutrition needed during treatment.</li>
<li>The Program will even help the GoI <strong>strengthen</strong> the monitoring and implementation of <strong>Nikshay -</strong> a web-based TB case monitoring system introduced by the government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need behind the Program</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>TB kills approximately half a million people in India every year.</li>
<li>Drug resistant TB is a major public health threat in the country.</li>
<li>Despite a growing number of TB cases being notified, India has more than a million <strong>missing cases</strong> every year with most of them being either undiagnosed or inadequately diagnosed and treated in the private sector.</li>
<li>Other <strong>challenges</strong> that India face while eliminating TB in its region are: <strong>delayed care-seeking by suspected TB patients,</strong> low adherence to treatment, and fragmented health care service providers, including <strong>an unregulated private sector</strong> which is treating more than half of TB cases in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Strategic Plan (NSP) to end TB</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It encapsulates the bold and innovative steps required to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lancet-building-a-tuberculosis-free-world" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>eliminate TB in India</strong></a> by the <strong>year 2025.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective</strong> (Detect-Treat-Prevent-Build)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Detect:</strong> Find all Drug Sensitive TB and Drug Resistant TB cases with an emphasis on reaching TB patients seeking care from private providers and undiagnosed TB in high-risk populations.</li>
<li><strong>Treat:</strong> Initiate and sustain all patients on appropriate anti-TB treatment wherever they seek care, with patient friendly systems and social support.</li>
<li><strong>Prevent</strong> the emergence of TB in susceptible populations.</li>
<li><strong>Build</strong> and strengthen enabling policies, empowered institutions, additional human resources with enhanced capacities, and provide adequate financial resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tuberculosis (TB)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>TB is caused by <strong>bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)</strong> that most often <strong>affect the lungs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Transmission:</strong> TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air.</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> Cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats.</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong> TB is treatable and curable disease.It is treated with a standard 6 month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs that are provided with information, supervision and support to the patient by a health worker or trained volunteer.</li>
<li>Anti-TB medicines have been used for decades and strains that are resistant to 1 or more of the medicines have been documented in every country surveyed.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)</strong> is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, the 2 most powerful, first-line anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB is treatable and curable by using second-line drugs.</li>
<li><strong>Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB)</strong> is a more serious form of MDR-TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to the most effective second-line anti-TB drugs, often leaving patients without any further treatment options.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Global Burden</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the year 2017, the largest number of new TB cases occurred in the South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions, with 62% of new cases, followed by the African region, with 25% of new cases.</li>
<li>Also, <strong>eight countries</strong> accounted for <strong>two thirds of the new TB cases: India,China,Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa.</strong></li>
<li>According to the WHO&rsquo;s 2018 Global TB Report, nearly half of the world's MDR-TB cases are in India (24 %), China (13 %), and Russia (10 %).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Global Actions Against TB</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ending the TB epidemic by 2030</strong> is among the health targets of the newly adopted <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong> </a></li>
<li><strong>The WHO End TB Strategy</strong> outlines global impact targets to reduce TB deaths by 90%, to cut new cases by 80% between the years 2015 and 2030, and to ensure that no family is burdened with catastrophic costs due to TB.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Tightened Norms on Mutual Funds Investments',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The markets regulator <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong></a> has tightened <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/side-pocketing-in-mutual-funds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>norms on investments by mutual funds</strong></a> (MFs).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MF schemes <strong>can now invest only in listed debt or equity.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Valuation of securities in debt funds</strong> will now be on <strong>mark-to-market basis</strong> instead of the earlier practice of considering it on an amortisation basis.</li>
<li><strong>Liquid funds</strong> can now invest <strong>a maximum of 20% of their assets in a single sector</strong> as against the current cap of 25%, and must keep aside at least a fifth of their assets in cash equivalents to meet sudden redemption pressures.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mutual Fund:</strong> A mutual fund collects money from investors and invests the money, on their behalf, in securities (debt, equity or both). It charges a small fee for managing the money.</p>
<p><strong>Liquid Funds:</strong> These are debt mutual funds that invest in securities up to a maturity of 91 days.</p>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Trans-Boundary Water Conflicts',
			'catname' => 'Paper 2',
			'desc' => '<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With about 4% of the water resources of the world, India should have been a water-adequate nation. However, in 2011 India turned into a <strong>water-stressed nation</strong>.</li>
<li>India is currently <strong>ranked 120</strong> among 122 countries on the <strong>Water Quality Index, as per a report by NITI Aayog</strong>.</li>
<li>It uses the largest amount of groundwater - 24% of the global total, more than that of China and the US combined.</li>
<li>UN reports estimates that by 2030, <strong>water demand in India will grow to almost 1.5 trillion cubic metres</strong> from approximately 740 billion cubic metres (2010 estimate).</li>
<li>This situation is <strong>further aggravated</strong> by the India&rsquo;s water disputes with its neighbours and inter-state river water disputes in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Water Disputes with its Neighbours</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water remains a <strong>politically contested issue</strong> in much of South Asia. The region is facing water shortage and agrarian difficulties, and it will continue to face increasing demands on energy and water with rapid industrialisation.</li>
<li><strong>Over-extraction of groundwater</strong> is of particular concern, with an estimated 23 million pumps in use across Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan.</li>
<li>Moreover, <strong>salinity and arsenic contamination</strong> affects over 60% of groundwater in the Indo-Gangetic plain.</li>
<li>Combine these factors with the <strong>impact of climate change</strong> that&rsquo;s reducing the amount of water in the Brahmaputra basin and changing the patterns of water flow.</li>
<li>Under such circumstances, the increasing need for power and stable water levels could prompt <strong>reconsideration in bilateral water-sharing treaties</strong> in future.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India-China Water Dispute</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both Brahmaputra and the glaciers that feed Ganga originate in China. As an <strong>upstream riparian region,</strong> China maintains an advantageous position and can build infrastructure to intentionally prevent water from flowing downstream.</li>
<li>Owing to previous tendencies where the Chinese have been reluctant to provide details of its <strong>hydro-power projects,</strong> there is a <strong>trust deficit</strong> between the two neighbours.</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s <strong>dam-building and water division plans along the Brahmaputra</strong> (called Yarlung Zangbo in China) is a source of tension between the two neighbours, despite the two having signed several MoUs on strengthening communication and strategic trust.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578477677_image48.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578477677_image48.jpg" caption="false" width="600" height="386" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As lower riparian countries, India and Bangladesh rely on the Brahmaputra&rsquo;s water for agriculture.</li>
<li>China has now plans to build four <strong>more dams on the Brahmaputra in Tibet</strong>. Both India and Bangladesh worry that these dams will give Beijing the ability to divert or store water in times of <strong>political crisis</strong>.</li>
<li>India, for its part, has built dams on the <strong>Teesta River,</strong> a tributary of the Brahmaputra, to utilise the flow of the Teesta during the dry season.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&ndash;Bangladesh</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sharing the waters of the <strong>Teesta river,</strong> which originates in the Himalayas and flows through Sikkim and West Bengal to merge with the Brahmaputra in Assam and (Jamuna in Bangladesh), is perhaps the <strong>most contentious issue</strong> between two friendly neighbours, India and Bangladesh.</li>
<li>The river covers nearly the entire floodplains of Sikkim, while <strong>draining 2,800 sq km of Bangladesh,</strong> governing the lives of hundreds of thousands of people.</li>
<li>For West Bengal, Teesta is equally important, considered the <strong>lifeline</strong> of half-a-dozen districts in North Bengal.</li>
<li>Bangladesh has sought an <strong>&ldquo;equitable&rdquo; distribution</strong> of Teesta waters from India, on the lines of the <strong>Ganga Water Treaty of 1996</strong> (an agreement to share surface waters at the Farakka Barrage near their mutual border), but to no avail.</li>
<li>In 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi&rsquo;s visit to Dhaka has generated some expectations to take forward the previous issues on fair and equitable water sharing agreement.</li>
<li>But Teesta <strong>remains an unfinished project,</strong> as in India individual states have significant influence over transboundary agreements. This arrangement sometimes impedes the policymaking process. For example, one of the key stakeholders of the Teesta agreement, West Bengal is yet to endorse the deal.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578477752_image31.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578477752_image31.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&ndash;Nepal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water cooperation between Nepal and India have been <strong>agreements signed on major rivers like Kosi, Gandaki, Karnali or Mahakali,</strong> essentially for large hydroelectric and irrigation projects by building dams or barrages.</li>
<li>No project except the Kosi barrage has been completed yet. <strong>Smaller rivers have also been ignored.</strong></li>
<li>Since <strong>1954, when the Kosi Agreement</strong> was signed between India and Nepal, talks between the two governments have stalled and water rights issues have not been addressed.</li>
<li>There have been various disputes over this agreement fuelled by<strong> floods in the Kosi region</strong>.</li>
<li>India and Nepal have also had disputes over the <strong>issue of compensation</strong> of the Kosi dam.</li>
<li>Moreover, Nepal had considered India&rsquo;s construction as an <strong>encroachment</strong> on Nepal&rsquo;s territorial sovereignty.</li>
<li>The problem with the Kosi River is its <strong>high level of sedimentation and embankments</strong> have proven to be ineffective to tackle the sedimentation.</li>
<li>The only available option in this case is <strong>storage tanks</strong> and these cannot be set up without the cooperation of Nepal.</li>
<li>India and Nepal have traditionally disagreed over the interpretation of the <strong>Sugauli Treaty signed in 1816</strong> between the British East India Company and Nepal, which delimited the boundary along the <strong>Maha Kali River in Nepal</strong>.</li>
<li>India and Nepal differ as to which stream constitutes the source of the river.</li>
<li>The dispute between India and Nepal might seem minor but it gains <strong>strategic importance,</strong> because the disputed area lies near the Sino‐Indian border.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India&ndash;Pakistan Water Dispute</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both India and Pakistan since partition have experienced <strong>friction</strong> over various water conflicts.</li>
<li>The countries early leaders <strong>anticipated</strong> this fierce rivalry over the waters that connect their volatile border.</li>
<li>As a result, after numerous dialogues and through careful negotiations, both countries signed an accord called the <strong>Indus Waters Treaty in 1960,</strong> which clearly determined how the region&rsquo;s rivers are to be divided.</li>
<li>In this treaty, control over three <strong>eastern rivers</strong> of the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej was given to India, while Pakistan got the control over western rivers of the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum.</li>
<li>The Indus Waters Treaty has been widely hailed as a success, having <strong>survived three post-independence wars</strong> between the two hostile neighbours.</li>
<li>However, the situation for Pakistan has changed significantly from 1960s till the present moment, as it is now on the <strong>brink of water scarcity</strong>.</li>
<li>The source or flow of all of the Pakistan&rsquo;s rivers pass through India first, so this naturally provides India with an <strong>upper hand</strong> in controlling the outflow of these rivers.</li>
<li>The Indian Government has <strong>more than 40 projects</strong> that are either already completed or in the proposal stage on the western rivers. The carrying of such activities within the western rivers has irked Pakistan.</li>
<li>On the other hand, India keeps dismissing these accusations of Pakistan as baseless and <strong>without any scientific backing</strong>.</li>
<li>In 2005, Pakistan challenged India&rsquo;s 450 MW <strong>Baglihar dam project</strong> on the Chenab river before the World Bank, but lost the case in the end.</li>
<li>In 2011, both countries went head to head again at the International Court of Arbitration (ICA) over India&rsquo;s 330 MW project in <strong>Kishanganga project</strong> in Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>The latest dispute is over hydroelectric projects that India is building along the <strong>Chenab River</strong>. According to Pakistan, these projects violate the treaty and will impact its water supply.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578477788_image27.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578477788_image27.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="367" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&ndash;Bhutan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Bhutan <strong>hydro-electric power cooperation</strong> started more than five decades ago.</li>
<li>Initially, the cooperation was based on the development of <strong>small-scale hydro projects such as Tala, Chukha and Kurichu</strong>.</li>
<li>Bhutan has the potential to generate <strong>30,000 MW</strong> of hydro-power.</li>
<li>In 2006, both countries inked a <strong>Power Purchase Agreement for thirty five</strong> years that would allow India to generate and import 5000 MW of hydro-power from Bhutan, the quantum of which increased to <strong>10,000 MW in 2008</strong>.</li>
<li>On the other hand, the<strong> people of Bhutan raised objections</strong> to such projects on their long run effects in the country.</li>
<li>For instance, if Bhutan ever decides to <strong>construct storage projects,</strong> issues will get intense and more problematic when it comes to dealing with India.</li>
<li>The internal challenge in Bhutan is <strong>water accessibility</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Everyday policy concerns like water sharing and usage often receive less attention, are combined with larger security or border concerns, or are dealt with only when natural disasters occur. Yet water politics has far-reaching consequences for the prosperity and security of countries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While this transboundary issue is integral to the national development policies of these countries, it needs better analysis and understanding on the part of the countries involved in transboundary water sharing agreements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The water disputes in South Asian subcontinent deal with the <strong>complex orientation of the rivers of the region</strong> that cut across some countries in the region complemented by a <strong>tense and uncompromising geo-political situation</strong> amongst the fellow riparian countries brings out the <strong>strategic role played by water</strong> in the region.</li>
<li>Through some <strong>critical debates</strong> on these agreements and by the <strong>active participation</strong> of regional organization and mutual understanding among shareholders, these issues could be addressed in the light of experience.</li>
<li>Near-term hydro diplomacy in south asia could start with less sensitive areas like<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>managing flooding by sharing forecasting data</li>
<li>collaborating on navigation, electricity generation, and water quality</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If successful, these types of less formal cooperation might eventually make countries more willing to consider an official multilateral forum, which (despite some limitations) could help them further build trust, resolve grievances, and manage shared waterways.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/trans-boundary-water-conflicts'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Vespersaurus paranaensis',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The researchers have found the fossil of a previously unknown dinosaur species named Vespersaurus paranaensis, that lived 90 million years ago in the <strong>Cruzeiro do Oeste</strong> municipality of <strong>Parana state</strong> in <strong>southern Brazil.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/126image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/126image2.jpg" width="419" height="364" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>The fossil remains of the Vespersaurus paranaensis is over a metre and a half in length. It was a <strong>desert-based carnivorous dinosaur</strong> that used claws to capture small prey in the region.</li>
<li>The Vespersaurus was a theropod, a group of two-footed, meat-eating dinosaurs that included the better known <strong>Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The northeastern region of Parana was once a desert and the dinosaur&rsquo;s remains suggest that the Vespersaurus was well adapted to that type of climate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vespersaurus-paranaensis'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Need for Strategic Balancing by India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/negotiating-the-forks-in-the-road-of-diplomacy/article28159380.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Negotiating the forks in the road of diplomacy&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Hindu on 27th June 2019. It describes the geopolitical tussle going between US and Russia-China. It also prescribes direction Indian foreign policy needs to follow.</p>
</div>
<p>Global geopolitics today represents the case of a tug of war and India finds itself in the middle of it. This has made difficult for India to carve a middle path for <strong>balancing its strategic interests between the U.S and the Russia-China axis.</strong></p>
<p><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G-20</a></strong> summit in Osaka (June 28-29) depicts the perfect setting of this tug of war, where Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi will hold bilateral meetings with U.S. President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin. Along with that India will participate in two parallel tri-laterals i.e the Russia-India-China (RIC) and Japan-U.S.-India (JAI). Also, in June, Indian PM held a bilateral meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping on the sidelines of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</strong></a> summit in Bishkek.</p>
<h3>What are the outstanding issues that pose the challenge to India's foreign policy?</h3>
<p>This tug of war can broadly be divided into <strong>trade concerns, energy, communications &amp; connectivity and transformed geopolitical alignment.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Trade concerns</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US&rsquo; trade war with China was favourable for India, considering its long-standing concerns about China&rsquo;s unfair trade practices. On the other hand, the withdrawal of GSP benefits posed a fresh set of challenges for it.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations is another issue of contention for India as the trade grouping that has taken centre stage after the U.S. walked out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership.</li>
<li>Further, at G-20 summit, PM Modi seeks to attend the RIC trilateral meet and leaders of BRICS meet, both of which will focus on countering the U.S.&rsquo;s &ldquo;unilateralism&rdquo; on trade under America's first policy.</li>
<li>All these issues stage India against the U.S which is India&rsquo;s largest trading partner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy &amp; Connectivity</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>US pulling out of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-cuts-iranian-oil-imports-ahead-of-us-sanctions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)</strong></a> nuclear agreement in May 2018 and subsequent imposition of sanctions under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bigger-picture-of-usas-action-against-iran" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CAATSA</strong> </a>hurt India&rsquo;s intake of cheaper, better Iranian crude. Though the USA has granted a waiver for Chabahar, banks, shipping and insurance companies have declined to support India-Afghan trade through the Iranian port for fear of sanctions affecting their other businesses, creating a major roadblock for India&rsquo;s connectivity issues.</li>
<li>It can hurt India&rsquo;s investments and its plans of larger connectivity via Chabahar and the Russian-led International North-South Transport Corridor, which may get even worse in the event of a full-scale confrontation between the U.S. and Iran.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Communications</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is set to launch the 5G network. The U.S. however, expects India to exclude the Chinese telecom company, Huawei (over security concerns) from the 5G communications control If not done the U.S. has threatened to withhold intelligence and security cooperation with India</li>
<li>The U.S. has also threatened to invoke sanctions and close its high-tech and advanced aircraft deals with India over India-Russia S-400 missile system deal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Connectivity</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The maritime dispute between the U.S. and China in the South China Sea has further intensified in South Asia through the Indo-Pacific.</li>
<li>India has always strongly expressed its disapproval of China&rsquo;s encroachment in the Indian ocean. Though the signing of an updated Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) between the US and Sri Lanka has been put off, it might make India apprehensive of other&rsquo;s military build-up in South Asia including the USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is the Status of forces agreement (SOFA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>status of forces agreement (SOFA)</strong> is an agreement between a host country and a foreign nation stationing military forces in that country.</li>
<li>SOFAs are often included, along with other types of military agreements, as part of a comprehensive security arrangement.</li>
<li>It establishes the rights and privileges of foreign personnel present in a host country in support of the larger security arrangement.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Transformed Geopolitical Alignment</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The tussle between the U.S. and Russia-China is not new and India has negotiated these in the past few decades with considerable success. However, the present geopolitical condition is different.</li>
<li>USA's National Defense Strategy 2018 had marked out revisionist Russia and China as its central challenge and the growing convergence of strategic interest between Russia and China today makes the strategic balancing difficult for India.</li>
<li>In this scenario, India&rsquo;s foreign policy of Multi-alignment or issue-based alignment (Transformed from Non-alignment) has become unsustainable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What should be the course of action for Indian foreign policy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs a three-pronged strategy to sail its course in this geopolitical storm:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India must take lead in integrating the South Asian region as it has become a formidable force at any international forum.</li>
<li>India needs a clear set of framework and expectations in the context of big powers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The recent success with listing Masood Azhar as a globally designated terrorist is an example of how focussed persistence and quiet diplomacy pays off.</li>
<li>India needs to move beyond Pakistan-centric foreign policy at international forums or constant demand for more visas for Indians and focus on projecting its long-term strategic needs</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India needs to re-embrace the policy of non-alignment as it was envisioned, in order to maintain a balance between these geopolitical power centres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Though Tactical transactionalism that has become the currency of international politics, but for a more idealistic view of the world that India wishes to shape in the future, India's foreign policy must have not to be based on a zero-sum game.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #f2a7a7;">
<td style="width: 571.111px; background-color: #d3edf2;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em><br />The contemporary global scenario represents a tug of war between the US and the Russia-China axis, steering Indian foreign policy will be a challenging task in this geopolitical storm. Comment</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/need-for-strategic-balancing-by-india'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Married Women Out of Labour Force',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The UN report on<strong> &ldquo;Progress of The World&rsquo;s Women, 2019-2020&rdquo;</strong>, has stated that more than half the married women (aged 25-54) didn't participate in the global labour force. The report has cited data from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organization.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Findings of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While families assume a central role in care provision, other institutions and actors like paid domestic workers, a care home for older people run by a municipality or a community childcare centre also play a part in financing and delivering care.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When these care services are inaccessible or of poor quality, much of the work falls back on women and girls when needs are not met.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global performance:&nbsp;</strong>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-divide-in-unemployment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>labour force participation rate</strong></a> for women who are married or in a union is particularly low in the Central and Southern Asia region (29.1 per cent), compared to the much higher rates in Sub-Saharan Africa (73.8 per cent), Europe and Northern America (78.2 per cent) and Latin America and the Caribbean (60.3 per cent) .<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sub-Saharan Africa</strong> stands out as the only region where women who are married or in a union have a higher labour force participation rate than single/never married women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender division:</strong> With the women with young children (under age 6), the labour force participation reduces by 5.9 percentage points worldwide, while among men it increased by 3.4 percentage points.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The disparate outcomes are the product of traditional gender norms that classify childcare and domestic work (cooking, cleaning, etc) as maternal responsibilities and breadwinning as a paternal duty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In low-income countries,</strong> motherhood did not shrink women&rsquo;s labour force participation in low-income countries as compared to middle-and high-income countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It could be because in poor countries poverty compels women to join or remain in the labour force to support their families even when young children are present.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In developing economies:</strong> Despite witnessing an increase in economic growth, India and China have seen a significant decline in women&rsquo;s labour force participation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women&rsquo;s labour force fell by 6.9 percentage points in India, during the period 1997&ndash;2018, which is one of the largest globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>In the context of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>This story has distinct geographical features:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-to-boost-womens-workforce-participation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>women&rsquo;s labour force participation</strong></a> has stagnated in urban areas since the late 1980s and has seen a concentrated decline among younger (aged 25&ndash;40) married women in rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Quality of work:</strong> The poor quality of the paid work that is available to women, often on top of long hours of arduous unpaid domestic chores, it is not implausible that some improvements in household income levels could have eased the pressure on women to seek outside employment.</li>
<li>26% of women according to the <strong>Demographic and Health Survey</strong> and 17% of women according to the <strong>National sample survey organisation</strong> aged between 15&ndash;49, receives a wage or income of their own. The majority of women are financially dependent on their spouses, fathers, in-laws and other extended kin.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recommendations to Bring Equality at Home</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National care system:</strong> In developing countries, in particular, the existing care infrastructure, including professional care providers, is insufficient to meet existing care needs. In recognition of care as a &lsquo;public good&rsquo; and to more <strong>equitably redistribute care responsibilities</strong> between women and men, and between families and other institutions, national care systems need to be built.</li>
<li><strong>The policy components</strong> that aim to provide families with time, money and services to support care work. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Time can be provided in the form of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/maternity-benefits-and-workplace-equality-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>paid maternity</strong> </a>and <strong>parental leave</strong> for parents with young children and <strong>cash benefits</strong> that enable self-employed workers in the informal economy to take time off.</li>
<li>Time and money should also be provided to those caring for <strong>older family members</strong> or those living with a disability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Greater public investment:</strong> It is needed in professional care-related services including early childhood education and care, long-term care for people living with disabilities and older persons.</li>
<li><strong>Basic infrastructure</strong> to reduce the drudgery of care work. These investments have significant pay-offs:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They build children&rsquo;s human capabilities.</li>
<li>Safeguard the dignity and human rights of people living with disabilities and older persons.</li>
<li>Create decent employment opportunities for women and men in the care sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/married-women-out-of-labour-force'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Evidence of Supernova Remnants',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A team of Indian astronomers has found significant evidence of a supernova explosion in a star-forming region called G351.7&ndash;1.2.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The evidence of explosion is in the form of a high-velocity jet of atomic hydrogen.</li>
<li>The explosion should have resulted in a compact stellar object such as a neutron star or a pulsar or a black hole. However, there is no trace of either yet.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-telescope-spots-distant-radio-galaxy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT),</strong></a> operated by the National Centre of Radio Astrophysics in Pune was used in observation.</li>
<li>A large number of gas clouds of bubble-shaped, which is usual for a supernova remnant were observed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The high-velocity jets of atomic hydrogen extending to about 20 light years racing at a speed of about 50 km per second in opposite directions in the neighbourhood.</li>
<li>It is evidence of a supernova explosion but could not find the leftover of the massive star.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Black Holes-&nbsp;</strong>The term &lsquo;black hole&rsquo; was coined in the mid-1960s by American Physicist John Archibald Wheeler. It refers to a point in space where the matter is so compressed as to create a gravity field from which even light cannot escape. Black-holes were theorized by Albert Einstein in 1915.</p>
<p><strong>Supernova-</strong> A supernova is the explosion of a star. It is the largest explosion that takes place in space. A supernova happens where there is a change in the core, or centre, of a star. A change can occur in two different ways, with both resulting in a supernova.</p>
<p><strong>Neutron stars-</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Neutron stars comprise one of the possible evolutionary end-points of high mass stars.</li>
<li>Once the core of the star has completely burned to iron, energy production stops and the core rapidly collapses, squeezing electrons and protons together to form neutrons and neutrinos.</li>
<li>A star supported by neutron degeneracy pressure is known as a &lsquo;neutron star&rsquo;, which may be seen as a pulsar if its magnetic field is favourably aligned with its spin axis.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Big Bang-</strong> The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began. At its simplest, it says the universe as we know, started with a small singularity, then inflated over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos that we know today.</p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/evidence-of-supernova-remnants'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Most Innovative Universities in the Asia-Pacific',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Reuters' list</strong> of the most innovative universities in Asia Pacific <strong>includes the Indian Institute of Technology (IITs) from India.</strong> The universities are <strong>ranked on the basis of innovation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Compared to <strong>last year,</strong> IITs have <strong>slipped four places</strong> to finish last in the list of 75 institutions dominated by China and topped by South Korea.</li>
<li>Despite boasting the world&rsquo;s second-largest population and being one of the largest economies,<strong> only one Indian university makes it to the list</strong> i.e. IIT&rsquo;s.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>IIT</strong> is a network of <strong>23 universities</strong> which <strong>centralizes its patent administration,</strong> so it&rsquo;s not always possible to identify which constituent university was responsible for what research. As a result, Reuters ranked the entire system as opposed to individual universities.</li>
<li>World-class campuses like IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay may have ranked much higher on the list if they weren&rsquo;t grouped in with smaller and newer institutes like IIT Tirupati and IIT Palakkad.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/most-innovative-universities-in-the-asia-pacific'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Beekeeping Development Committee',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Bibek Debroy</strong> led beekeeping development committee under the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister has made recommendations to enhance the contribution of the beekeeping sector for achieving the target of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/doubling-farmers-income-a-promise-to-be-fulfilled-by-2022" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>doubling of farmer incomes by 2022.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The committee was set up to identify <strong>ways of advancing beekeeping</strong> in India that can help in improving:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Agricultural productivity.</strong></li>
<li>Enhancing <strong>employment</strong> generation.</li>
<li>Augmenting <strong>nutritional security.</strong></li>
<li>Sustaining <strong>biodiversity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Institutionalize</strong> the National Bee Board and rename it as the <strong>Honey and Pollinators Board of India</strong> under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare as it will help in advancing beekeeping through multiple mechanisms such as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Setting up of new <strong>integrated bee development centers</strong> and strengthening the existing ones.</li>
<li>Creating a honey <strong>price stabilization fund.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Collection of data</strong> on important aspects of apiculture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Simplifying procedures and specify clear standards for <strong>ease of exporting honey</strong> and other bee products.</li>
<li>Beekeeping should not be restricted to honey and wax only instead marketing of bee products such as <strong>pollen, propolis, royal jelly, and bee venom</strong> can contribute to the income of Indian farmers.</li>
<li>Recognize honeybees as <strong>inputs to agriculture</strong> and consider landless beekeepers as farmers.</li>
<li><strong>Training and development</strong> of beekeepers should be provided by state governments.</li>
<li><strong>National and regional infrastructure</strong> should be developed for storage, processing, and marketing of honey and other bee products.</li>
<li>Plantation of<strong> bee-friendly flora</strong> at appropriate places and engaging women <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>self-help groups</strong></a> in managing such plantations.</li>
<li>Recognition of <strong>apiculture as a subject</strong> for advanced research under the aegis of <strong>Indian Council for Agricultural Research.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Honey Bee Industry in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food and Agricultural Organization</a></strong> database, Indian ranked <strong>eighth</strong> in 2017-18 in the world in terms of honey production while China stood first.</li>
<li>India has a potential of about <strong>200 million bee colonies</strong> as against 3.4 million bee colonies today.</li>
<li>Increasing the number of <strong>bee colonies</strong> will not only increase the production of bee-related products but will boost overall <strong>agricultural</strong> and <strong>horticultural productivity.</strong></li>
<li>As per the National Bee Board and Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&rsquo; Welfare India&rsquo;s <strong>honey exports</strong> have jumped from 29.6 to 51.5 thousand tonnes between 2014-15 and 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>National Bee Board (NBB)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Small Farmers' Agri-Business Consortium (SFAC) registered National Bee Board as a society under the societies registration Act, 1860 in 2000.</li>
<li>National Bee Board (NBB)was reconstituted (with the secretary as chairman) in June 2006.</li>
<li>The main objective of the National Bee Board (NBB) is the overall development of beekeeping by promoting scientific beekeeping in India to increase the productivity of crops through pollination and increase the honey production for increasing the income of the Beekeepers/ Farmers.</li>
<li>Presently NBB is implementing National horticulture mission (NHM) and Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan State (HMNEM).</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beekeeping-development-committee'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Buddhist Relic Unearthed in Andhra Pradesh',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A Buddhist relic has been unearthed in Andhra Pradesh. It is a limestone pillar, which is carved with half lotus medallions at the centre and top portions on all four sides.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It belongs to the Amaravati school of Art of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-30th-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ikshvaku times</a>.</li>
<li>Buddhist monastery of which this pillar might be part of a Shilamandapa where Buddhist teachers offer regular discourses on the Dhamma of the Buddha.</li>
<li>The exploration was undertaken under &lsquo;Preserve Heritage for Posterity&rsquo;, an awareness campaign launched by the Cultural Centre of Vijayawada and Amaravati (CCVA), to bring to limelight artefact which remained in neglect in different parts of Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Amaravati School of Art</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amaravati school of art evolved and flourished for nearly six centuries commencing from 200-100 BC in India itself, i.e. it has no outside influence.</li>
<li>It was patronized first by the Satavahanas and later by the Ikshvakus.</li>
<li>The material used is a distinctive white marble and Amaravati sculptures have a sense of movement and energy with profound and quiet naturalism in human, animal and floral forms.</li>
<li>Both religious (mainly Buddhist) and secular images were present in this style.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/buddhist-relic-unearthed-in-andhra-pradesh'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'In Depth – Melting Himalayas',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JwVM5RjBkJ4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Ice protects the Earth and oceans by reflecting excess heat back into space. However, human activity, especially since the industrial revolution has led to rapid global warming and consequently climate change. This human-caused climate change is already being seen around the world, in the form of extreme weather, shifting wildlife populations and habitats, extinction of a large number of species from the planet and a range of other impacts.</p>
<p><strong>One of the most dramatic evidence that Earth's climate is warming rapidly is the dwindling disappearance of mountain glaciers around the world.</strong> Scientists have observed that glaciers in two parts of the world - Antarctica and Asia - have been impacted to a large extent by rising temperatures.</p>
<p>A recent study has revealed that Himalayan glaciers are melting twice as fast now as they were before the turn of the century. The figure is double the amount of melting that took place from 1975 to 2000. <strong>Scientists have warned that even if the world significantly curbs emissions in the coming decades, more than a third of the world&rsquo;s remaining glaciers will melt before the year 2100.</strong></p>
<h3>Himalayan Glaciers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Himalayan Mountains are the<strong> third largest deposits of ice</strong> and snow in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic.</li>
<li><strong>Spanning 2,000 Kms and with 600 billion tonnes of ice,</strong> the Himalayan glaciers supply 800 million people with water for irrigation, hydropower and drinking.</li>
<li>More than 750 million people in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh get their water from rivers that originate from the Himalayan glaciers, that is more than twice the population of the United States getting its water from a singular source.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Gangotri glacier,</strong> one of the largest in the Himalayan mountains, is the <strong>source of the river Ganga,</strong> the most important source of freshwater and electricity in India and Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Monsoon and Indian Glaciers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Glaciers depend on heavy precipitation to replenish ice on an annual basis,</strong> but, if <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monsoons</strong></a> are disrupted, ice is depleted. As the glaciers melt, rivers flood, with the flooding of rivers, people, crops and livestock get drowned and hydroelectric plants are disrupted.</li>
<li>Also, <strong>weaker monsoons</strong> mean less rainfall for the country as a whole that invariably leads to <strong>drought and desertification of land.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Present Situation of Himalayan Glaciers</h3>
<p>The latest study published in the Journal Science Advances, is the latest indication that climate change is eating up the Himalayan Glaciers. Authors of the study analyzed four decades of ice lost for 650 glaciers in the Himalayas and they found that :</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Between the years 1975 to 2000, an average of four billion tonnes of ice were being lost each year and between the years <strong>2000 to 2016</strong>, glaciers melted approximately twice as fast implying that Himalayan glaciers <strong>lost about 8 billion tonnes of ice each year</strong> on an average during this period.</li>
<li>Since the <strong>year 2000</strong>, glaciers have been <strong>shrinking at an average of 0.5 meters per year.</strong></li>
<li>Of the total ice mass present in the year 1975, about 87% remained in the year 2000 and 72% remained in the year 2016.</li>
<li>The study also asserted that <strong>rising temperatures are responsible</strong> for the accelerated loss of ice and thus is threatening the water supplies of hundreds of millions of people downstream across much of Asia.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The temperature in the region has risen 1 degree celsius higher than those from 1975 to 2000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other factors are <strong>changes in rainfall</strong> with reductions tending to reduce ice cover and the <strong>burning of fossil fuels</strong> which lead to a clog over snowy glaciers absorbing sunlight and dramatically increasing the melting rate of ice.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for the Melting of Glaciers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since the early 1900s, many glaciers around the world have been rapidly melting. <strong>Human activity is at the root of this phenomenon.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since the industrial revolution, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co2-level-hit-record-high" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>carbon dioxide</strong></a> <strong>and other greenhouse emissions</strong> have raised temperatures even at the poles.</li>
<li>Scientists project that if emissions continue to rise unchecked, the Arctic could be ice free in the summer by the year 2040.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The primary reason for melting glaciers is <strong>climate change,</strong> especially global warming.</li>
<li><strong>Local air pollution as well as infrastructure building in the mountains</strong> also has a small contribution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In recent years the temperature has been rising in the Himalayas because of the land use.</li>
<li>Many concrete buildings have been erected on hill stations, vehicles are going in the hill stations, these factors have disturbed the ambience of the glaciers and this has caused the melting to be faster than what it was earlier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Human activities that have led to melting of ice glaciers are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Burning of fossil fuels</strong> that result in the buildup of greenhouse gases thus influencing the warming trend because they trap heat in the atmosphere.</li>
<li><strong>Oil and gas drilling</strong> that emits methane. Methane is more damaging to the environment than carbon dioxide, locking in heat more efficiently and escalating global warming.</li>
<li><strong>Deforestation</strong> has a lot of negative effects like rise in sea levels.</li>
<li><strong>Ice breaking ships</strong> that head to the north in the Arctic ocean during summer. The broken ice has lesser ability to reflect back the sun rays, which means that water takes in more heat, this results in hotter water and consequently more ice melting.</li>
<li><strong>Anything that uses energy</strong> like industries, power plants, transport system and emits carbon dioxide, contribute to climate change or glacial melt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Climate Change due to Global Warming</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Several decades ago in the year 1975, <strong>an economist Dr. William Nordhaus</strong> saw the warming planet as a threat to the global economy. He said an increase in the global average temperature of 2 degree celsius caused by man made carbon dioxide would change the world climate in ways not seen in several thousand years and over the decades the world has indeed witnessed rapid changes resulting from global warming.</li>
<li>According to a temperature analysis conducted by scientists at NASA&rsquo;s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, <strong>the average global temperature on the Earth has increased about by 0.8 degree celsius since the year 1880</strong>, the earliest year for which reliable instrumental records are available worldwide.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15 to 0.20 degree celsius per decade.</li>
<li><strong>The year 2015 was the first year in which the global annual average surface temperature reached 1 degree celsius above the pre industrial level.</strong> Each year, since then, the global average has however close to or above the one degree celsius mark.</li>
<li>The temperature rise may appear small in number but it has brought about vast changes in the world climate. Even the one degree global change is significant because it takes a vast amount of heat to warm all the oceans, atmosphere and land by that much.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Scientists believe that the increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouses released by the <strong>burning of fossil fuels, land clearing and agriculture and other human activities are the primary sources of global warming</strong> that has occurred over the past 50 years and by the year 2100, it is predicted that average global temperature could increase between 1.4 and 5.8 degree celsius.</li>
<li>The decade from the years 2014 to 2023 has also been predicted to be the warmest in more than 150 years of record keeping.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Impact of Climate Change and Global Warming</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the North and the South Poles.</strong> This includes mountain glaciers and ice sheets covering Antarctica and Greenland and the Arctic Sea ice. For example, in Montana&rsquo;s Glacier National Park, the number of glaciers has declined to fewer than 30 from more than 150 in the year 1910.</li>
<li><strong>The melting ice contributes to rise in sea level.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists say that global sea levels are rising 0.13 inches every year.</li>
<li>The rise has been rapid in recent years and has threatened low-lying islands and coastal cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rising temperatures are affecting wildlife and habitats.</strong> Melting glaciers and vanishing ice has made survival of certain species difficult pushing them towards extinction.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists say that oceans have absorbed most of the extra heat and carbon dioxide even more than the earth, making the seas both warmer and more acidic.</li>
<li>Warmer waters are bleaching coral reefs and driving stronger storms.</li>
<li><strong>Rising ocean acidity threatens shellfish, including the tiny crustaceans without which marine food chains would collapse.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The world is witnessing <strong>more frequent and extreme weather events</strong> like bushfire, cyclones, droughts and floods.</li>
<li>Climate change is a <strong>major threat to agriculture.</strong> Where, how and when farmers grow food is vitally connected to climate&rsquo;s normal pattern.
<ul>
<li>Farm yields are more likely to face attacks from weeds, diseases and pests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A warmer atmosphere is also increasing the <strong>formation of ground level ozone, also known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Smog</a> in polluted regions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>What if rising temperatures are not contained?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sea levels could rise between 10 or 32 inches or higher by the end of the century.</li>
<li>Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger, floods and drought will become more common and the world faces risk of decades long mega drought by the year 2100.</li>
<li>Less fresh water will be available since glaciers store about three quarters of the world&rsquo;s freshwater.</li>
<li><strong>Waterborne diseases</strong> will spread to vast areas and there could be a resurgence of Zika Virus.</li>
<li>Ecosystems will continue to change, some species may venture farther more while some others who are unable to adapt could become extinct.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Step Taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations signed the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Paris Agreement</a> in 2016</strong>, an international treaty designed to keep the average global temperature well below 2 degree celsius above pre-industrial levels.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Importance of Glaciers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Glacial till or unsorted glacial sediment <strong>provides fertile soil</strong> for growing crops.</li>
<li>Deposits of sand and gravel are used to make concrete and asphalt.</li>
<li>The most important resource provided by glaciers is <strong>freshwater</strong>. Many rivers are fed by the melting ice of glaciers.</li>
<li>Glacials are also responsible for <strong>digging basins for most of the world&rsquo;s lakes</strong> and carve much of the <strong>earth&rsquo;s mountain scenery.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dramatic diverse landscape of Yosemite Valley, California was sculpted entirely by glaciers during the last ice age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ice acts like a protective cover over the Earth and oceans.</strong> It reflects excess heat back into the space and keeps the planet cooler.</li>
<li>Glaciers can range from several hundred to several thousand years old and thus <strong>provide a scientific record of how climate has changed overtime.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of Melting of Glaciers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extreme flooding,</strong> resulting in an abrupt rise in water input to other water bodies like rivers, lakes and seas.</li>
<li>Melting glaciers are causing a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-biodiversity-warning-bells" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>loss of biodiversity</strong></a> and also animals are losing homes.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rising water temperatures and water levels affect fish and aquatic plants which in turn affects birds that rely on them.</li>
<li>Coral reefs that need sunlight for photosynthesis are also affected when water levels increase and block sunlight from reaching them.</li>
<li>Fish species that depend on corals for food are killed due to loss of their food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Absence of glaciers will lead to drought and desertification of land.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Recontamination of the environment:</strong> A lot of chemical pollutants and pesticides that become airborne get deposited in chilly places with glaciers. The rapid melting of glaciers is now discharging them back into water bodies.</li>
<li><strong>Economic costs</strong> of melting glaciers affect the whole world. Each continent is experiencing flooding and other glacial related disasters that require huge intervention and financial capital to mitigate.</li>
<li>Reducing glaciers is also causing a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/water-leaving-no-one-behind" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>scarcity of freshwater</strong></a> that is worsening with <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-population-boon-or-bane-rajya-sabha-lok-sabha-debate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rising population</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Rapid glacial melt in Antarctica and Greenland <strong>influences ocean currents.</strong> A massive amount of very cold glacial melt water entering warmer oceans water slows down ocean currents.</li>
<li>If glaciers melt, fixed deposit of snow goes down, thus causing <strong>drying of the springs.</strong></li>
<li>Lastly, the melting glaciers is <strong>accelerating global warming</strong> as other formations on the Earth are not able to deflect as much heat as glaciers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Solutions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to stop the temperature from rising, the only solution is to<strong> cool the planet</strong> as advised by the scientists. For this, the world not only needs to <strong>slow down greenhouse gas emissions but also reverse them.</strong></li>
<li>There are 1,98,000 glaciers in the world and India alone has about 9,000 of them. However, all of these glaciers are mostly unexplored. <strong>More detailed research is required to fully understand the state of glaciers and the risk their loss poses.</strong></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-melting-himalayas'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Prison Reforms and Way Forward',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-state-of-indian-prisons/article28138352.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;The state of Indian prisons&rdquo;</a> which appeared in The Hindu on 26 June 2019. It talks about the present condition of Indian prisons and reforms that must be taken to resolve the issue.</p>
</div>
<p>The Prison Statistics India 2016, published by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) in 2019 highlights the plight of prisoners in India. The data, with its set of advantages and limitations, can guide policy framework towards better prison reforms in India.</p>
<p>Prisons are expected to undertake human engineering, influencing and modifying perceptions, attitudes and behaviour of those who come into their charge, but Indian prisons have become workshops of crime and atrocities.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Prisons'/persons detained therein' is a State subject under Entry 4 of List II of the Seventh Schedule</strong> to the Constitution of India. So administration and management of prisons is the responsibility of respective State Governments.</p>
</div>
<p><strong>Some of the key findings of the report are:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s under-trial population remains among the highest in the world and more than half of all undertrials were detained for less than six months in 2016.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report highlights that at the end of 2016, there were 4,33,033 people in prison; of them 68% were undertrials.</li>
<li>This suggests that the high proportion of undertrials in the overall prison population may be the result of <strong>unnecessary arrests and ineffective legal aid</strong> during remand hearings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Who are undertrials?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Undertrials are the people who are yet to be found guilty of the crimes they have been accused of.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is the rise in the number of people held under administrative (or &lsquo;prevention&rsquo;) detention laws in Jammu and Kashmir. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A 300% increase, with 431 detainees in 2016, compared to 90 in 2015.</li>
<li>Administrative, or &lsquo;preventive&rsquo;, detention is used by authorities to unfairly detain persons without charge or trial and circumvent regular criminal justice procedures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is Preventive Detention?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The imprisonment of a person with the aim of preventing them from committing further offences or of maintaining public order.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a <strong>gap between the number of prisoners eligible to be released and actually released,</strong> under Section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Section 436A allows undertrials to be released on a personal bond if they have undergone half of the maximum term of imprisonment they would have faced if convicted.</li>
<li>In 2016, out of 1,557 undertrials found eligible for release under Section 436A, only 929 were released.</li>
<li>Also, research by Amnesty India has found that prison officials are frequently unaware of this section and unwilling to apply it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>number of &ldquo;unnatural&rdquo; deaths in prisons has doubled</strong> between 2015 and 2016, from 115 to 231. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rate of suicide among prisoners also increased by 28%, from 77 suicides in 2015 to 102 in 2016.</li>
<li>The National Human Rights Commission in 2014 had stated that on average, a person is one-and-a-half times more likely to commit suicide in prison than outside. This is a possible indicator of the magnitude of mental health concerns within Indian prisons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There was only <strong>one mental health professional for every 21,650 prisoners in 2016,</strong> with only six States and one Union Territory having psychologists /psychiatrists.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, the NCRB had said that about 6,013 individuals with mental illness were in jail in 2016.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per the Prison Act, 1894 and Prisoner Act, 1900, <strong>there should be a welfare officer and a law officer in each jail but recruitment of these officers is still pending</strong>. This state explains the low political and budgetary priority which prisons have received during the preceding century.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Limitations of the Data</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The data <strong>does not include demographic details of religion and the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe status of prisoners,</strong> which are crucial to understanding India&rsquo;s prison population.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This information was consistently published for the last 20 years and <strong>instrumental in revealing the problematic overrepresentation</strong> of Muslims, Dalits and Adivasis among under-trials in prisons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The data <strong>does not include the number of prison visits by official and non-official visitors</strong> which typically include district magistrates and judges, social workers and researchers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is essential to uncover torture and other forms of ill-treatment, increase transparency and balance the power asymmetry in prisons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The data on the mental well-being of the prisoners does not provide information on <strong>whether these prisoners were diagnosed with mental illness before entering prison</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This makes it difficult to determine whether prison conditions worsened their plight.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What should the prison reform scheme look like?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pre-trial detention has become the particular source of injustice in the Indian justice system, this is majorly because of lack of legal services to the undertrials. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is high time that <strong>the access to legal aid</strong> (which is a directive principle to state policy under Article 39A) <strong>should be made a fundamental right</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Undertrials should be released on Bail:</strong> In 2017, the Law Commission of India had recommended that undertrials who have completed a third of their maximum sentence for offences attracting up to seven years of imprisonment be released on bail.</li>
<li><strong>Unified prison management system:</strong> There should be a unified prison management system that has records of all inmates so they don&rsquo;t have to run from pillar to post for copies of documents like court orders. The project has been recommended by NALSA as well. Also, this project has worked well in Delhi&rsquo;s Tihar jail.</li>
<li><strong>Capacity building of prison staff:</strong> It is of paramount importance that the prison staff is trained in how to treat and deal with inmates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court, in September 2017, has directed that there should be proper training manuals for senior staff.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post-release financial security for prisoners:</strong> Wages that are paid to prisoners who are serving sentences should be increased and should be on par with global benchmarks. So that when they come out, they have some better finances.</li>
<li><strong>Skill development of the prisoners:</strong> The major role prisons should play is of reformation and making sure that, once out, inmates are properly integrated into society. That is possible when more skill development programs are introduced in the jails to enhance their chances of earning.</li>
<li>Open prisons should be encouraged.</li>
<li>Implementations of recommendations of All India Jail Reforms Committee (Mulla committee) must be done as soon as possible.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The data can provide a strong base for the prison reform policy in the country. Its limitations should be analysed by the policymakers to bring out a strong, humane and transparent reform structure.</li>
<li>The reform policy should deal with both, the problem of paucity of resources and the mindset that those in jail do not deserve better.</li>
<li>Overcrowding, brutality, a lack of sanitation and unacceptable standards of health care should be taken into serious consideration. Growing aggressive nature of public discourse on the treatment of offenders should also be acknowledged and debate should be reinitiated keeping in mind the human rights concerns.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>India is the champion of human rights causes</strong> all across the world, but the dismal condition of Indian prison reflects the paradox that exists in the Indian criminal justice system. So prison reforms need to see the light of the day, but it <strong>must be accompanied by the judicial system reforms and police reforms, as trio forms the pillars of the criminal justice system</strong>.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #fcfbc7; border-color: #8a8700; border-style: dotted;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><span style="color: #8a8700;"><em>Drishti input:</em></span><br />India&rsquo;s prison reflects the misery of human rights, in this scenario discuss the steps that must be taken by the government in the direction of prison reforms?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/prison-reforms-and-way-forward'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Agricultural Distress in India',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/985Drishti_ias_Agricultural_Distress_in_India.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/985Drishti_ias_Agricultural_Distress_in_India.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/agricultural-distress-in-india-mind-map'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Manouria impressa: Arunachal Pradesh',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A tortoise named &lsquo;Manouria impressa&rsquo; has been discovered in Arunachal Pradesh. Manouria is a genus of tortoises.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/578image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/578image1.jpg" width="339" height="147" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Manouria impressa is one of the only fourth species of forest-dwelling tortoise occurring in Southeast Asia. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the smaller of two species of the genus Manouria (Manouria oyamai and Manouria punjabiensis), the other being the larger Asian Giant Tortoise (Manouria emys).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Previously, the tortoise was believed to be restricted to western Myanmar, along with pockets of habitat in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and southern China, and south through Peninsular Malaysia. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The species was last found in Gwa in Myanmar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The species is <strong>threatened by poaching</strong> primarily for traditional medicine and pet trade.</li>
<li>It is <strong>listed on CITES Appendix II,</strong> and has been classified as <strong>Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Asian Forest Tortoise</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Asian forest tortoise (Manouria emys), also known as Asian brown tortoise, is a species of tortoise found in India (Assam), Bangladesh, Burma (or Myanmar), Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo).</li>
<li>It is the largest tortoise in mainland Asia.</li>
<li>This is a relatively rare turtle, listed on CITES Appendix II, and classified as Endangered by the IUCN Red List.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Joint Effort to Conserve Wildlife at Bandipur',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/407image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/407image4.jpg" width="629" height="427" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a> has convened an inter-state meeting of senior forest personnel from<strong> Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala</strong> at Bandipur in Karnataka.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has decided to make a concerted effort to conserve wildlife in the region. The joint effort would primarily focus:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To eradicate <strong>invasive plants</strong> such as <strong>Senna Spectabilis</strong> which caused a major threat to the wildlife habitat in the <strong>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.</strong></li>
<li>To ensure inter-state coordination in conserving the endangered <strong>vulture population</strong> in the region.</li>
<li>To mitigate increasing human-wildlife conflict on the forest fringes of the region. As part of it,<strong> information regarding radio-collared animals and their movements would be exchanged</strong> among the department staff.</li>
<li>To stop <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fire-in-bandipur-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>forest fire</strong></a> and information on such incidents would be handed over to the officials in the adjacent sanctuaries and tiger reserves.</li>
<li>Information on accused in forest cases would also be exchanged each other to avert <strong>wildlife-related crimes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bandipur Tiger Reserve</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bandipur Tiger Reserve came into being in 2007. The name is derived from a village called Bandipur where the administrative unit of the Tiger Reserve is located.</li>
<li><strong>It the largest protected area in southern India and the largest habitat of wild elephants in South Asia,</strong> together with the adjoining <strong>Nagarhole National Park, Mudumalai National Park</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-8th-january-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></a>. It is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.</li>
<li>The <strong>Moyar River</strong> originating from the Nilgiri Mountain Range near Pykara, meandering through the Reserve over a length of more than 20 Km. It is the major water source for the wildlife and people living in and around the Reserve.</li>
<li>The Tiger Reserve is situated is a distinctive landmass located at the tri-junction area of the States of <strong>Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'NITI Aayog's Health Index',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> in its <strong>annual health index</strong> has named <strong>Kerala,</strong> as the top performer among larger states for <strong>overall performance</strong> on health indicators.</p>
<h3>Health Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The second edition of NITI Aayog&rsquo;s report focuses on measuring the overall <strong>performance</strong> and <strong>incremental improvement</strong> in the states and union territories (UTs) over <strong>two year</strong> period (2016-17 and 2017-18 with <strong>2015-16</strong> as the <strong>base year</strong> and <strong>2017-18</strong> as the <strong>reference year</strong>.</li>
<li>The health index has been developed by <strong>NITI Aayog,</strong> with technical assistance from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a>, in consultation with the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</strong></li>
<li>Health index is based on 23 health indicators with major weightage given to <strong>mortality rate, total fertility rate,</strong> and <strong>sex ratio.</strong></li>
<li>The ranking was done under three categories <strong>larger states, smaller states</strong> and <strong>Union territories</strong> (UTs) to ensure comparison among similar entities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/379image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/379image6.jpg" width="218" height="438" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>overall performance, Kerala</strong> followed by Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, are top performers.</li>
<li>Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have shown no improvement in health status.</li>
<li>In <strong>incremental performance, Haryana,</strong> Rajasthan, and Jharkhand are at the top while Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttarakhand have been shown as the worst performers.</li>
<li>The report highlighted a <strong>decline</strong> in the <strong>overall health index score</strong> of the five empowered action group (EAG) states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha.</li>
<li>Among the <strong>Union Territories (UTs), Chandigarh</strong> ranked first in overall performance, while Dadra and Nagar Haveli have shown significant improvement.</li>
<li>Among the <strong>smaller states, Mizoram</strong> ranked first in <strong>overall performance,</strong> while Tripura and Manipur were the top two states in terms of <strong>incremental performance.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overall health index scores have decreased the most for Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Normalized Difference Vegetation Index',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A recent study has found that the normalized difference vegetation index does not yield a reliable estimate of <strong>food abundance</strong> for <strong>elephants</strong> in tropical forests.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) estimates the <strong>density of vegetation</strong> and amount of <strong>food abundance</strong> available for herbivorous animals, for example, elephants.</li>
<li>This index has a <strong>negative correlation</strong> with graminoids (grassy food &ndash; grasses, sedges, and rushes &ndash; preferentially consumed by elephants) in tropical forests. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Negative correlation implies grass density is low in areas with a high value of NDVI (which indicates healthier vegetation).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Normalized Difference Vegetation Index<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/793image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/793image7.jpg" width="332" height="369" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NDVI calculates the difference between the <strong>red and near infrared components</strong> of light reflected by objects (like satellite).</li>
<li>Since healthy vegetation strongly <strong>absorbs red</strong> and <strong>reflects near-infrared light,</strong> this difference can indicate the presence of healthy vegetation and can be mapped into a <strong>colour code</strong> (green and red).</li>
<li><strong>High NDVI value</strong> (bright green) indicates healthier vegetation whereas <strong>low value</strong> (red) indicates less or no vegetation.</li>
<li>Data obtained from satellites (like Sentinel-2, Landsat and SPOT) that produce red and near-infrared images are used for estimating NDVI.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Agriculture:</strong> farmers use NDVI for <strong>precision farming</strong> and to <strong>measure biomass.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Forestry:</strong> foresters use NDVI <strong>to quantify forest supply</strong> and <strong>leaf area index.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Environment:</strong> NDVI is used to <strong>inform the ecology of various species,</strong> from elephants and red deer to mosquitoes and birds.</li>
<li><strong>Drought:</strong> NASA states that NDVI is a <strong>good indicator of drought</strong> when water limits vegetation growth, it has a lower relative NDVI and density of vegetation.</li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the <strong>National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis report,</strong> malnutrition amongst children in India is projected to remain high, despite all the progress made in food security.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis report, was developed in partnership between the <strong>World Food Programme (WFP)</strong> and the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Findings of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The slow decline of child stunting:</strong> Over the last decade, child stunting has reduced at a rate of about 1% per year, the slowest decline among emerging economies. At this rate, 31.4% of children will still be stunted by the 2022 deadline. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Almost one in three Indian children under five years will still be stunted by 2022</strong> going by current trends.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Access to nutritious food has not increased:</strong> Foodgrain yields have risen 33% over the last two decades, but are still only half of 2030 target yields<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The consumer&rsquo;s access to rice, wheat and other cereals has not increased at the same rate, due to <strong>population growth, inequality, food wastage and losses, and exports.</strong></li>
<li>As a result, the average per capita consumption of energy among the poorest 30% of the population is 1811 kilocalories, much lower than the norm of 2155 kilocalories per day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Under and overnutrition:</strong> For several decades India was dealing with only one form of malnutrition- undernutrition. However, in the last decade, the double burden which includes both over- and undernutrition, is becoming more prominent and poses a new challenge for India.</li>
<li>Despite positive trends and patterns in improving food security, the prevalence of malnutrition in India remains high, with many people, especially <strong>women and children, suffering from micronutrient deficiency.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Performance of States:</strong> In Bihar and Uttar Pradesh the stunting rate is around 48% and 46% respectively. It shows that in these states almost every 2<sup>nd</sup> child is stunted.</li>
<li>Whereas in Kerala and Goa, it is only one in five children.</li>
<li><strong>The most vulnerable:</strong> There are high rates of stunting among children in the poorest wealth quintile is (51.4%), Scheduled Tribes (43.6%) and Scheduled Castes (42.5%), and children born to mothers with no education (51%).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stunting:</strong> It is the impaired growth and development that children experience from poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. Children are defined as stunted if their<strong> height-for-age</strong> is more than two standard deviations below the WHO Child Growth Standards median.</li>
<li>According to UNICEF, <strong>38% of children younger than five years of age in India are</strong> stunted, a manifestation of chronic undernutrition. Stunting and other forms of under-nutrition are thought to be responsible for nearly half of all child deaths globally.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<p>Recommendations are grouped by the three pillars of food security: availability, access and utilisation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farmers should be encouraged and incentivised for <strong>agricultural diversification.</strong></li>
<li>Innovative and low-cost farming technologies, increase in the irrigation coverage and enhancing knowledge of farmers in areas such as appropriate use of land and water should be encouraged to <strong>improve the sustainability of food productivity.</strong></li>
<li>The government should improve policy support for <strong>improving agricultural produce of traditional crops</strong> in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Storage capacity should be improved</strong> to prevent post-harvest losses.</li>
<li>The <strong>targeting efficiency of all food safety nets should be improved,</strong> especially that of the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), to ensure that the poorest are included. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In addition, <strong>fortification of government-approved commodities</strong> within the social safety net programmes can improve nutritional outcomes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child feeding practices should be improved</strong> in the country, especially at the critical ages when solid foods are introduced to the diet. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fortification, diversification and supplementation</strong> may be used as simultaneous strategies to address micro and macronutrient deficiencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need for more robust measures that can take cognizance of all aspects of SDG 2.</li>
<li>All the major welfare programmes need to be gender sensitive.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)- 2</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Goal 2</strong> of the 2030 Sustainable Development agenda seeks to <strong>end hunger and all forms of malnutrition</strong> and double agricultural productivity in the next 15 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensuring this sustainable access to nutritious food universally will require sustainable food production and agricultural practices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Target 2.1:</strong> By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular, the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round.</li>
<li><strong>Target 2.2:</strong> By 2030, end-all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Food Programme (WFP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the food assistance branch of the United Nations and the world's largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security.</li>
<li>Its <strong>headquarters are in Rome</strong> and it works to help people who cannot produce or obtain enough food for themselves and their families.</li>
<li>The WFP was <strong>formally established in 1963 by the FAO and the United Nations General Assembly</strong> on a three-year experimental basis. In 1965, the programme was extended to a continuing basis.</li>
<li>It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its executive committee.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Lunar Evacuation System',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Under the preparations for <strong>NASA&rsquo;s 2024 Moon mission,</strong> a device called <strong>Lunar Evacuation System Assembly</strong> (LESA) has been tested.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LESA developed by the <strong>European Space Agency</strong> (ESA), is a pyramid-like structure used for rescuing an <strong>injured astronaut</strong> on the lunar surface.</li>
<li>Astronauts could not carry their fallen crewmate over their shoulder while wearing a <strong>heavy extravehicular activity</strong> (EVA) <strong>suit.</strong></li>
<li>LESA enables an astronaut to lift their crewmate onto a <strong>mobile stretcher</strong> in less than 10 minutes, before carrying them to the safety of a nearby pressurized lander.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.</li>
<li>Headquartered in <strong>Washington, D.C, United States.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>NASA&rsquo;s 2024 Moon mission or Artemis' program</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/576image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/576image8.jpg" width="690" height="388" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ARTEMIS stands for <strong>'Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics</strong> of the Moon's interaction with the Sun.</li>
<li>Artemis program that will return astronauts to the Moon for the first time (including the <strong>first woman</strong> and the next man) in half a century, including eight scheduled launches and a <strong>mini-station in lunar orbit</strong> by 2024.</li>
<li>As a result of Artemis, NASA will be able to establish a <strong>sustainable human presence on the Moon by 2028</strong> to uncover new scientific discoveries, demonstrate new technological advancements, and lay the foundation for private companies to build a lunar economy.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Financial Stability Report : RBI',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a> has released the 19th issue of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/financial-stability-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Financial Stability Report (FSR).</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The report assessed that India&rsquo;s financial system remains stable in the backdrop of improving resilience of the banking sector. However, the emerging trends in the global economy and geopolitical environment pose challenges.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Global and Domestic Macro-Financial Risks</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Lower global growth forecast by international institutions like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-bank-global-economic-prospects" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-economic-outlook-2019-growth-slowdown-precarious-recovery-imf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IMF.</strong></a></li>
<li>Adverse geopolitical developments and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unctad-report-on-trade-wars" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> trade tensions.</strong></a></li>
<li>Eased monetary policy stance undertaken by the central banks of Advanced economies&rsquo; (AEs) and the need for emerging and developing economies to adjust to it.</li>
<li>Subdued new investment.</li>
<li>A widening <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cad-to-widen-to-2.5-of-gdp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>current account deficit.</strong></a></li>
<li>The challenge of reviving private investment demand while being vigilant about the spillover from global financial markets.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Financial Institutions: Performance and Risks</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Credit growth of scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) picked up, with public sector banks (PSBs) registering near double digit growth.</li>
<li>Capital adequacy of the SCBs improved after the recapitalisation of PSBs. <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/solving-the-npa-crisis-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The non-performing asset (NPA) cycle</a></strong> seems to have turned around.</li>
<li><strong>Provision coverage ratio (PCR)</strong> of all SCBs rose sharply to 60.6% in March 2019 from 52.4% in September 2018, increasing the resilience of the banking sector.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Provision coverage ratio (PCR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Provisioning Coverage Ratio is the percentage of bad assets that the bank has to provide for from their own funds. In other words, it is the ability of banks to service its debt and meet its financial obligations such as interest payments or dividends.</li>
<li>The higher the coverage ratio, the easier it is to make interest payments on debt or pay dividends.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbi-panel-s-recommendations-on-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>developments in the Non-banking financial companies (NBFC)</strong></a> sector have brought the sector under greater market discipline.</li>
<li>There is need for greater surveillance over large <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Housing Finance Companies (HFCs)</strong></a> or NBFCs, as the failure of such companies can cause losses comparable to those caused by the big banks.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Financial Sector: Regulation and Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to finetune the supervisory mechanism for the banks, the Reserve Bank has recently reviewed the structure of supervision in the context of the growing diversity, complexities and interconnectedness within the Indian financial sector.</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rbis-debt-resolution-norms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>revised prudential framework on stressed assets</strong></a> issued by the Reserve Bank further incentivize early adoption of a resolution plan.</li>
<li>To further <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/issues-related-to-credit-rating-agencies-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>enhance the quality of disclosures made by Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs)</strong></a> and strengthen the rating framework, the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong></a> has introduced Guidelines for Enhanced Disclosures by CRAs.</li>
<li>To provide flexibility to pension funds to improve fund performance depending on market conditions, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/streamlining-of-national-pension-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)</strong></a> amended the investment guidelines.</li>
<li>The <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)</strong></a> is showing steady progress in the resolution of stressed assets.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/financial-stability-report-rbi'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Agreement with the World Bank to Eliminate TB',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Government of India and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a> have signed a loan agreement of <strong>$400 million</strong> for the <strong>Program Towards Elimination of Tuberculosis</strong> (TB).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The program builds on a partnership between the Government of India and the World Bank that has spanned more than 20 years. The <strong>World Bank supported programs</strong> have helped <strong>treat more than 20 million people since 1998</strong> and averted 3.5 million deaths.</li>
<li>The loan has a 19-year maturity including a 5-year grace period.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Program Towards Elimination of Tuberculosis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The program aims to <strong>improve the coverage and quality of TB control</strong> interventions in nine states: <strong>Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal, Assam and Tamil Nadu.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>support the Government of India&rsquo;s (GoI) National Strategic Plan to end TB in India by 2025.</strong> It will do so by helping improve and strengthen diagnostics and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis and increase the capacity of public institutions engaged in monitoring and treating TB in the country.</li>
<li>The Program will <strong>provide financial incentives to private sector care providers</strong> for reporting cases of TB and ensuring that their patients complete the treatment regimen.</li>
<li>It will also provide <strong>Direct Benefit Transfers to patients</strong> for acquiring the critical nutrition needed during treatment.</li>
<li>The Program will even help the GoI <strong>strengthen</strong> the monitoring and implementation of <strong>Nikshay -</strong> a web-based TB case monitoring system introduced by the government.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need behind the Program</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>TB kills approximately half a million people in India every year.</li>
<li>Drug resistant TB is a major public health threat in the country.</li>
<li>Despite a growing number of TB cases being notified, India has more than a million <strong>missing cases</strong> every year with most of them being either undiagnosed or inadequately diagnosed and treated in the private sector.</li>
<li>Other <strong>challenges</strong> that India face while eliminating TB in its region are: <strong>delayed care-seeking by suspected TB patients,</strong> low adherence to treatment, and fragmented health care service providers, including <strong>an unregulated private sector</strong> which is treating more than half of TB cases in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>National Strategic Plan (NSP) to end TB</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It encapsulates the bold and innovative steps required to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lancet-building-a-tuberculosis-free-world" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>eliminate TB in India</strong></a> by the <strong>year 2025.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Objective</strong> (Detect-Treat-Prevent-Build)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Detect:</strong> Find all Drug Sensitive TB and Drug Resistant TB cases with an emphasis on reaching TB patients seeking care from private providers and undiagnosed TB in high-risk populations.</li>
<li><strong>Treat:</strong> Initiate and sustain all patients on appropriate anti-TB treatment wherever they seek care, with patient friendly systems and social support.</li>
<li><strong>Prevent</strong> the emergence of TB in susceptible populations.</li>
<li><strong>Build</strong> and strengthen enabling policies, empowered institutions, additional human resources with enhanced capacities, and provide adequate financial resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Tuberculosis (TB)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>TB is caused by <strong>bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)</strong> that most often <strong>affect the lungs.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Transmission:</strong> TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air.</li>
<li><strong>Symptoms:</strong> Cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats.</li>
<li><strong>Treatment:</strong> TB is treatable and curable disease.It is treated with a standard 6 month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs that are provided with information, supervision and support to the patient by a health worker or trained volunteer.</li>
<li>Anti-TB medicines have been used for decades and strains that are resistant to 1 or more of the medicines have been documented in every country surveyed.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)</strong> is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, the 2 most powerful, first-line anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB is treatable and curable by using second-line drugs.</li>
<li><strong>Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB)</strong> is a more serious form of MDR-TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to the most effective second-line anti-TB drugs, often leaving patients without any further treatment options.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Global Burden</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the year 2017, the largest number of new TB cases occurred in the South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions, with 62% of new cases, followed by the African region, with 25% of new cases.</li>
<li>Also, <strong>eight countries</strong> accounted for <strong>two thirds of the new TB cases: India,China,Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa.</strong></li>
<li>According to the WHO&rsquo;s 2018 Global TB Report, nearly half of the world's MDR-TB cases are in India (24 %), China (13 %), and Russia (10 %).</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Global Actions Against TB</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ending the TB epidemic by 2030</strong> is among the health targets of the newly adopted <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals.</strong> </a></li>
<li><strong>The WHO End TB Strategy</strong> outlines global impact targets to reduce TB deaths by 90%, to cut new cases by 80% between the years 2015 and 2030, and to ensure that no family is burdened with catastrophic costs due to TB.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/agreement-with-the-world-bank-to-eliminate-tb'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Tightened Norms on Mutual Funds Investments',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The markets regulator <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong></a> has tightened <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/side-pocketing-in-mutual-funds" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>norms on investments by mutual funds</strong></a> (MFs).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MF schemes <strong>can now invest only in listed debt or equity.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Valuation of securities in debt funds</strong> will now be on <strong>mark-to-market basis</strong> instead of the earlier practice of considering it on an amortisation basis.</li>
<li><strong>Liquid funds</strong> can now invest <strong>a maximum of 20% of their assets in a single sector</strong> as against the current cap of 25%, and must keep aside at least a fifth of their assets in cash equivalents to meet sudden redemption pressures.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mutual Fund:</strong> A mutual fund collects money from investors and invests the money, on their behalf, in securities (debt, equity or both). It charges a small fee for managing the money.</p>
<p><strong>Liquid Funds:</strong> These are debt mutual funds that invest in securities up to a maturity of 91 days.</p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tightened-norms-on-mutual-funds-investments'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Trans-Boundary Water Conflicts',
		'catname' => 'Paper 2',
		'desc' => '<h3>Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>With about 4% of the water resources of the world, India should have been a water-adequate nation. However, in 2011 India turned into a <strong>water-stressed nation</strong>.</li>
<li>India is currently <strong>ranked 120</strong> among 122 countries on the <strong>Water Quality Index, as per a report by NITI Aayog</strong>.</li>
<li>It uses the largest amount of groundwater - 24% of the global total, more than that of China and the US combined.</li>
<li>UN reports estimates that by 2030, <strong>water demand in India will grow to almost 1.5 trillion cubic metres</strong> from approximately 740 billion cubic metres (2010 estimate).</li>
<li>This situation is <strong>further aggravated</strong> by the India&rsquo;s water disputes with its neighbours and inter-state river water disputes in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&rsquo;s Water Disputes with its Neighbours</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water remains a <strong>politically contested issue</strong> in much of South Asia. The region is facing water shortage and agrarian difficulties, and it will continue to face increasing demands on energy and water with rapid industrialisation.</li>
<li><strong>Over-extraction of groundwater</strong> is of particular concern, with an estimated 23 million pumps in use across Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan.</li>
<li>Moreover, <strong>salinity and arsenic contamination</strong> affects over 60% of groundwater in the Indo-Gangetic plain.</li>
<li>Combine these factors with the <strong>impact of climate change</strong> that&rsquo;s reducing the amount of water in the Brahmaputra basin and changing the patterns of water flow.</li>
<li>Under such circumstances, the increasing need for power and stable water levels could prompt <strong>reconsideration in bilateral water-sharing treaties</strong> in future.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India-China Water Dispute</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both Brahmaputra and the glaciers that feed Ganga originate in China. As an <strong>upstream riparian region,</strong> China maintains an advantageous position and can build infrastructure to intentionally prevent water from flowing downstream.</li>
<li>Owing to previous tendencies where the Chinese have been reluctant to provide details of its <strong>hydro-power projects,</strong> there is a <strong>trust deficit</strong> between the two neighbours.</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s <strong>dam-building and water division plans along the Brahmaputra</strong> (called Yarlung Zangbo in China) is a source of tension between the two neighbours, despite the two having signed several MoUs on strengthening communication and strategic trust.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578477677_image48.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578477677_image48.jpg" caption="false" width="600" height="386" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As lower riparian countries, India and Bangladesh rely on the Brahmaputra&rsquo;s water for agriculture.</li>
<li>China has now plans to build four <strong>more dams on the Brahmaputra in Tibet</strong>. Both India and Bangladesh worry that these dams will give Beijing the ability to divert or store water in times of <strong>political crisis</strong>.</li>
<li>India, for its part, has built dams on the <strong>Teesta River,</strong> a tributary of the Brahmaputra, to utilise the flow of the Teesta during the dry season.</li>
</ul>
<h3>India&ndash;Bangladesh</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sharing the waters of the <strong>Teesta river,</strong> which originates in the Himalayas and flows through Sikkim and West Bengal to merge with the Brahmaputra in Assam and (Jamuna in Bangladesh), is perhaps the <strong>most contentious issue</strong> between two friendly neighbours, India and Bangladesh.</li>
<li>The river covers nearly the entire floodplains of Sikkim, while <strong>draining 2,800 sq km of Bangladesh,</strong> governing the lives of hundreds of thousands of people.</li>
<li>For West Bengal, Teesta is equally important, considered the <strong>lifeline</strong> of half-a-dozen districts in North Bengal.</li>
<li>Bangladesh has sought an <strong>&ldquo;equitable&rdquo; distribution</strong> of Teesta waters from India, on the lines of the <strong>Ganga Water Treaty of 1996</strong> (an agreement to share surface waters at the Farakka Barrage near their mutual border), but to no avail.</li>
<li>In 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi&rsquo;s visit to Dhaka has generated some expectations to take forward the previous issues on fair and equitable water sharing agreement.</li>
<li>But Teesta <strong>remains an unfinished project,</strong> as in India individual states have significant influence over transboundary agreements. This arrangement sometimes impedes the policymaking process. For example, one of the key stakeholders of the Teesta agreement, West Bengal is yet to endorse the deal.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578477752_image31.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578477752_image31.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&ndash;Nepal</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Water cooperation between Nepal and India have been <strong>agreements signed on major rivers like Kosi, Gandaki, Karnali or Mahakali,</strong> essentially for large hydroelectric and irrigation projects by building dams or barrages.</li>
<li>No project except the Kosi barrage has been completed yet. <strong>Smaller rivers have also been ignored.</strong></li>
<li>Since <strong>1954, when the Kosi Agreement</strong> was signed between India and Nepal, talks between the two governments have stalled and water rights issues have not been addressed.</li>
<li>There have been various disputes over this agreement fuelled by<strong> floods in the Kosi region</strong>.</li>
<li>India and Nepal have also had disputes over the <strong>issue of compensation</strong> of the Kosi dam.</li>
<li>Moreover, Nepal had considered India&rsquo;s construction as an <strong>encroachment</strong> on Nepal&rsquo;s territorial sovereignty.</li>
<li>The problem with the Kosi River is its <strong>high level of sedimentation and embankments</strong> have proven to be ineffective to tackle the sedimentation.</li>
<li>The only available option in this case is <strong>storage tanks</strong> and these cannot be set up without the cooperation of Nepal.</li>
<li>India and Nepal have traditionally disagreed over the interpretation of the <strong>Sugauli Treaty signed in 1816</strong> between the British East India Company and Nepal, which delimited the boundary along the <strong>Maha Kali River in Nepal</strong>.</li>
<li>India and Nepal differ as to which stream constitutes the source of the river.</li>
<li>The dispute between India and Nepal might seem minor but it gains <strong>strategic importance,</strong> because the disputed area lies near the Sino‐Indian border.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>India&ndash;Pakistan Water Dispute</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Both India and Pakistan since partition have experienced <strong>friction</strong> over various water conflicts.</li>
<li>The countries early leaders <strong>anticipated</strong> this fierce rivalry over the waters that connect their volatile border.</li>
<li>As a result, after numerous dialogues and through careful negotiations, both countries signed an accord called the <strong>Indus Waters Treaty in 1960,</strong> which clearly determined how the region&rsquo;s rivers are to be divided.</li>
<li>In this treaty, control over three <strong>eastern rivers</strong> of the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej was given to India, while Pakistan got the control over western rivers of the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum.</li>
<li>The Indus Waters Treaty has been widely hailed as a success, having <strong>survived three post-independence wars</strong> between the two hostile neighbours.</li>
<li>However, the situation for Pakistan has changed significantly from 1960s till the present moment, as it is now on the <strong>brink of water scarcity</strong>.</li>
<li>The source or flow of all of the Pakistan&rsquo;s rivers pass through India first, so this naturally provides India with an <strong>upper hand</strong> in controlling the outflow of these rivers.</li>
<li>The Indian Government has <strong>more than 40 projects</strong> that are either already completed or in the proposal stage on the western rivers. The carrying of such activities within the western rivers has irked Pakistan.</li>
<li>On the other hand, India keeps dismissing these accusations of Pakistan as baseless and <strong>without any scientific backing</strong>.</li>
<li>In 2005, Pakistan challenged India&rsquo;s 450 MW <strong>Baglihar dam project</strong> on the Chenab river before the World Bank, but lost the case in the end.</li>
<li>In 2011, both countries went head to head again at the International Court of Arbitration (ICA) over India&rsquo;s 330 MW project in <strong>Kishanganga project</strong> in Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li>The latest dispute is over hydroelectric projects that India is building along the <strong>Chenab River</strong>. According to Pakistan, these projects violate the treaty and will impact its water supply.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578477788_image27.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578477788_image27.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="367" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India&ndash;Bhutan</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Bhutan <strong>hydro-electric power cooperation</strong> started more than five decades ago.</li>
<li>Initially, the cooperation was based on the development of <strong>small-scale hydro projects such as Tala, Chukha and Kurichu</strong>.</li>
<li>Bhutan has the potential to generate <strong>30,000 MW</strong> of hydro-power.</li>
<li>In 2006, both countries inked a <strong>Power Purchase Agreement for thirty five</strong> years that would allow India to generate and import 5000 MW of hydro-power from Bhutan, the quantum of which increased to <strong>10,000 MW in 2008</strong>.</li>
<li>On the other hand, the<strong> people of Bhutan raised objections</strong> to such projects on their long run effects in the country.</li>
<li>For instance, if Bhutan ever decides to <strong>construct storage projects,</strong> issues will get intense and more problematic when it comes to dealing with India.</li>
<li>The internal challenge in Bhutan is <strong>water accessibility</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Everyday policy concerns like water sharing and usage often receive less attention, are combined with larger security or border concerns, or are dealt with only when natural disasters occur. Yet water politics has far-reaching consequences for the prosperity and security of countries. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While this transboundary issue is integral to the national development policies of these countries, it needs better analysis and understanding on the part of the countries involved in transboundary water sharing agreements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The water disputes in South Asian subcontinent deal with the <strong>complex orientation of the rivers of the region</strong> that cut across some countries in the region complemented by a <strong>tense and uncompromising geo-political situation</strong> amongst the fellow riparian countries brings out the <strong>strategic role played by water</strong> in the region.</li>
<li>Through some <strong>critical debates</strong> on these agreements and by the <strong>active participation</strong> of regional organization and mutual understanding among shareholders, these issues could be addressed in the light of experience.</li>
<li>Near-term hydro diplomacy in south asia could start with less sensitive areas like<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>managing flooding by sharing forecasting data</li>
<li>collaborating on navigation, electricity generation, and water quality</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If successful, these types of less formal cooperation might eventually make countries more willing to consider an official multilateral forum, which (despite some limitations) could help them further build trust, resolve grievances, and manage shared waterways.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/trans-boundary-water-conflicts'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Vespersaurus paranaensis',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The researchers have found the fossil of a previously unknown dinosaur species named Vespersaurus paranaensis, that lived 90 million years ago in the <strong>Cruzeiro do Oeste</strong> municipality of <strong>Parana state</strong> in <strong>southern Brazil.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/126image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/126image2.jpg" width="419" height="364" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>The fossil remains of the Vespersaurus paranaensis is over a metre and a half in length. It was a <strong>desert-based carnivorous dinosaur</strong> that used claws to capture small prey in the region.</li>
<li>The Vespersaurus was a theropod, a group of two-footed, meat-eating dinosaurs that included the better known <strong>Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The northeastern region of Parana was once a desert and the dinosaur&rsquo;s remains suggest that the Vespersaurus was well adapted to that type of climate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/vespersaurus-paranaensis'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Need for Strategic Balancing by India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/negotiating-the-forks-in-the-road-of-diplomacy/article28159380.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Negotiating the forks in the road of diplomacy&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Hindu on 27th June 2019. It describes the geopolitical tussle going between US and Russia-China. It also prescribes direction Indian foreign policy needs to follow.</p>
</div>
<p>Global geopolitics today represents the case of a tug of war and India finds itself in the middle of it. This has made difficult for India to carve a middle path for <strong>balancing its strategic interests between the U.S and the Russia-China axis.</strong></p>
<p><strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">G-20</a></strong> summit in Osaka (June 28-29) depicts the perfect setting of this tug of war, where Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi will hold bilateral meetings with U.S. President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin. Along with that India will participate in two parallel tri-laterals i.e the Russia-India-China (RIC) and Japan-U.S.-India (JAI). Also, in June, Indian PM held a bilateral meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping on the sidelines of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-international-institutions-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</strong></a> summit in Bishkek.</p>
<h3>What are the outstanding issues that pose the challenge to India's foreign policy?</h3>
<p>This tug of war can broadly be divided into <strong>trade concerns, energy, communications &amp; connectivity and transformed geopolitical alignment.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Trade concerns</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The US&rsquo; trade war with China was favourable for India, considering its long-standing concerns about China&rsquo;s unfair trade practices. On the other hand, the withdrawal of GSP benefits posed a fresh set of challenges for it.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations is another issue of contention for India as the trade grouping that has taken centre stage after the U.S. walked out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership.</li>
<li>Further, at G-20 summit, PM Modi seeks to attend the RIC trilateral meet and leaders of BRICS meet, both of which will focus on countering the U.S.&rsquo;s &ldquo;unilateralism&rdquo; on trade under America's first policy.</li>
<li>All these issues stage India against the U.S which is India&rsquo;s largest trading partner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Energy &amp; Connectivity</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>US pulling out of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-cuts-iranian-oil-imports-ahead-of-us-sanctions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)</strong></a> nuclear agreement in May 2018 and subsequent imposition of sanctions under <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/bigger-picture-of-usas-action-against-iran" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CAATSA</strong> </a>hurt India&rsquo;s intake of cheaper, better Iranian crude. Though the USA has granted a waiver for Chabahar, banks, shipping and insurance companies have declined to support India-Afghan trade through the Iranian port for fear of sanctions affecting their other businesses, creating a major roadblock for India&rsquo;s connectivity issues.</li>
<li>It can hurt India&rsquo;s investments and its plans of larger connectivity via Chabahar and the Russian-led International North-South Transport Corridor, which may get even worse in the event of a full-scale confrontation between the U.S. and Iran.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Communications</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is set to launch the 5G network. The U.S. however, expects India to exclude the Chinese telecom company, Huawei (over security concerns) from the 5G communications control If not done the U.S. has threatened to withhold intelligence and security cooperation with India</li>
<li>The U.S. has also threatened to invoke sanctions and close its high-tech and advanced aircraft deals with India over India-Russia S-400 missile system deal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Connectivity</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The maritime dispute between the U.S. and China in the South China Sea has further intensified in South Asia through the Indo-Pacific.</li>
<li>India has always strongly expressed its disapproval of China&rsquo;s encroachment in the Indian ocean. Though the signing of an updated Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) between the US and Sri Lanka has been put off, it might make India apprehensive of other&rsquo;s military build-up in South Asia including the USA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is the Status of forces agreement (SOFA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>status of forces agreement (SOFA)</strong> is an agreement between a host country and a foreign nation stationing military forces in that country.</li>
<li>SOFAs are often included, along with other types of military agreements, as part of a comprehensive security arrangement.</li>
<li>It establishes the rights and privileges of foreign personnel present in a host country in support of the larger security arrangement.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Transformed Geopolitical Alignment</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The tussle between the U.S. and Russia-China is not new and India has negotiated these in the past few decades with considerable success. However, the present geopolitical condition is different.</li>
<li>USA's National Defense Strategy 2018 had marked out revisionist Russia and China as its central challenge and the growing convergence of strategic interest between Russia and China today makes the strategic balancing difficult for India.</li>
<li>In this scenario, India&rsquo;s foreign policy of Multi-alignment or issue-based alignment (Transformed from Non-alignment) has become unsustainable.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What should be the course of action for Indian foreign policy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs a three-pronged strategy to sail its course in this geopolitical storm:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India must take lead in integrating the South Asian region as it has become a formidable force at any international forum.</li>
<li>India needs a clear set of framework and expectations in the context of big powers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The recent success with listing Masood Azhar as a globally designated terrorist is an example of how focussed persistence and quiet diplomacy pays off.</li>
<li>India needs to move beyond Pakistan-centric foreign policy at international forums or constant demand for more visas for Indians and focus on projecting its long-term strategic needs</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India needs to re-embrace the policy of non-alignment as it was envisioned, in order to maintain a balance between these geopolitical power centres.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Though Tactical transactionalism that has become the currency of international politics, but for a more idealistic view of the world that India wishes to shape in the future, India's foreign policy must have not to be based on a zero-sum game.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #f2a7a7;">
<td style="width: 571.111px; background-color: #d3edf2;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em><br />The contemporary global scenario represents a tug of war between the US and the Russia-China axis, steering Indian foreign policy will be a challenging task in this geopolitical storm. Comment</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/need-for-strategic-balancing-by-india'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Married Women Out of Labour Force',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The UN report on<strong> &ldquo;Progress of The World&rsquo;s Women, 2019-2020&rdquo;</strong>, has stated that more than half the married women (aged 25-54) didn't participate in the global labour force. The report has cited data from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organization.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Findings of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While families assume a central role in care provision, other institutions and actors like paid domestic workers, a care home for older people run by a municipality or a community childcare centre also play a part in financing and delivering care.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When these care services are inaccessible or of poor quality, much of the work falls back on women and girls when needs are not met.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Global performance:&nbsp;</strong>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/state-divide-in-unemployment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>labour force participation rate</strong></a> for women who are married or in a union is particularly low in the Central and Southern Asia region (29.1 per cent), compared to the much higher rates in Sub-Saharan Africa (73.8 per cent), Europe and Northern America (78.2 per cent) and Latin America and the Caribbean (60.3 per cent) .<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sub-Saharan Africa</strong> stands out as the only region where women who are married or in a union have a higher labour force participation rate than single/never married women.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gender division:</strong> With the women with young children (under age 6), the labour force participation reduces by 5.9 percentage points worldwide, while among men it increased by 3.4 percentage points.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The disparate outcomes are the product of traditional gender norms that classify childcare and domestic work (cooking, cleaning, etc) as maternal responsibilities and breadwinning as a paternal duty.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In low-income countries,</strong> motherhood did not shrink women&rsquo;s labour force participation in low-income countries as compared to middle-and high-income countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It could be because in poor countries poverty compels women to join or remain in the labour force to support their families even when young children are present.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In developing economies:</strong> Despite witnessing an increase in economic growth, India and China have seen a significant decline in women&rsquo;s labour force participation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Women&rsquo;s labour force fell by 6.9 percentage points in India, during the period 1997&ndash;2018, which is one of the largest globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>In the context of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>This story has distinct geographical features:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/how-to-boost-womens-workforce-participation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>women&rsquo;s labour force participation</strong></a> has stagnated in urban areas since the late 1980s and has seen a concentrated decline among younger (aged 25&ndash;40) married women in rural areas.</li>
<li><strong>Quality of work:</strong> The poor quality of the paid work that is available to women, often on top of long hours of arduous unpaid domestic chores, it is not implausible that some improvements in household income levels could have eased the pressure on women to seek outside employment.</li>
<li>26% of women according to the <strong>Demographic and Health Survey</strong> and 17% of women according to the <strong>National sample survey organisation</strong> aged between 15&ndash;49, receives a wage or income of their own. The majority of women are financially dependent on their spouses, fathers, in-laws and other extended kin.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Recommendations to Bring Equality at Home</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National care system:</strong> In developing countries, in particular, the existing care infrastructure, including professional care providers, is insufficient to meet existing care needs. In recognition of care as a &lsquo;public good&rsquo; and to more <strong>equitably redistribute care responsibilities</strong> between women and men, and between families and other institutions, national care systems need to be built.</li>
<li><strong>The policy components</strong> that aim to provide families with time, money and services to support care work. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Time can be provided in the form of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/maternity-benefits-and-workplace-equality-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>paid maternity</strong> </a>and <strong>parental leave</strong> for parents with young children and <strong>cash benefits</strong> that enable self-employed workers in the informal economy to take time off.</li>
<li>Time and money should also be provided to those caring for <strong>older family members</strong> or those living with a disability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Greater public investment:</strong> It is needed in professional care-related services including early childhood education and care, long-term care for people living with disabilities and older persons.</li>
<li><strong>Basic infrastructure</strong> to reduce the drudgery of care work. These investments have significant pay-offs:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They build children&rsquo;s human capabilities.</li>
<li>Safeguard the dignity and human rights of people living with disabilities and older persons.</li>
<li>Create decent employment opportunities for women and men in the care sector.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/married-women-out-of-labour-force'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Evidence of Supernova Remnants',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A team of Indian astronomers has found significant evidence of a supernova explosion in a star-forming region called G351.7&ndash;1.2.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The evidence of explosion is in the form of a high-velocity jet of atomic hydrogen.</li>
<li>The explosion should have resulted in a compact stellar object such as a neutron star or a pulsar or a black hole. However, there is no trace of either yet.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-telescope-spots-distant-radio-galaxy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT),</strong></a> operated by the National Centre of Radio Astrophysics in Pune was used in observation.</li>
<li>A large number of gas clouds of bubble-shaped, which is usual for a supernova remnant were observed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The high-velocity jets of atomic hydrogen extending to about 20 light years racing at a speed of about 50 km per second in opposite directions in the neighbourhood.</li>
<li>It is evidence of a supernova explosion but could not find the leftover of the massive star.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Black Holes-&nbsp;</strong>The term &lsquo;black hole&rsquo; was coined in the mid-1960s by American Physicist John Archibald Wheeler. It refers to a point in space where the matter is so compressed as to create a gravity field from which even light cannot escape. Black-holes were theorized by Albert Einstein in 1915.</p>
<p><strong>Supernova-</strong> A supernova is the explosion of a star. It is the largest explosion that takes place in space. A supernova happens where there is a change in the core, or centre, of a star. A change can occur in two different ways, with both resulting in a supernova.</p>
<p><strong>Neutron stars-</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Neutron stars comprise one of the possible evolutionary end-points of high mass stars.</li>
<li>Once the core of the star has completely burned to iron, energy production stops and the core rapidly collapses, squeezing electrons and protons together to form neutrons and neutrinos.</li>
<li>A star supported by neutron degeneracy pressure is known as a &lsquo;neutron star&rsquo;, which may be seen as a pulsar if its magnetic field is favourably aligned with its spin axis.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Big Bang-</strong> The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began. At its simplest, it says the universe as we know, started with a small singularity, then inflated over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos that we know today.</p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/evidence-of-supernova-remnants'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Most Innovative Universities in the Asia-Pacific',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Reuters' list</strong> of the most innovative universities in Asia Pacific <strong>includes the Indian Institute of Technology (IITs) from India.</strong> The universities are <strong>ranked on the basis of innovation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Compared to <strong>last year,</strong> IITs have <strong>slipped four places</strong> to finish last in the list of 75 institutions dominated by China and topped by South Korea.</li>
<li>Despite boasting the world&rsquo;s second-largest population and being one of the largest economies,<strong> only one Indian university makes it to the list</strong> i.e. IIT&rsquo;s.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>IIT</strong> is a network of <strong>23 universities</strong> which <strong>centralizes its patent administration,</strong> so it&rsquo;s not always possible to identify which constituent university was responsible for what research. As a result, Reuters ranked the entire system as opposed to individual universities.</li>
<li>World-class campuses like IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay may have ranked much higher on the list if they weren&rsquo;t grouped in with smaller and newer institutes like IIT Tirupati and IIT Palakkad.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/most-innovative-universities-in-the-asia-pacific'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Beekeeping Development Committee',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Bibek Debroy</strong> led beekeeping development committee under the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister has made recommendations to enhance the contribution of the beekeeping sector for achieving the target of <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/doubling-farmers-income-a-promise-to-be-fulfilled-by-2022" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>doubling of farmer incomes by 2022.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The committee was set up to identify <strong>ways of advancing beekeeping</strong> in India that can help in improving:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Agricultural productivity.</strong></li>
<li>Enhancing <strong>employment</strong> generation.</li>
<li>Augmenting <strong>nutritional security.</strong></li>
<li>Sustaining <strong>biodiversity.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Institutionalize</strong> the National Bee Board and rename it as the <strong>Honey and Pollinators Board of India</strong> under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&rsquo; Welfare as it will help in advancing beekeeping through multiple mechanisms such as:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Setting up of new <strong>integrated bee development centers</strong> and strengthening the existing ones.</li>
<li>Creating a honey <strong>price stabilization fund.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Collection of data</strong> on important aspects of apiculture.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Simplifying procedures and specify clear standards for <strong>ease of exporting honey</strong> and other bee products.</li>
<li>Beekeeping should not be restricted to honey and wax only instead marketing of bee products such as <strong>pollen, propolis, royal jelly, and bee venom</strong> can contribute to the income of Indian farmers.</li>
<li>Recognize honeybees as <strong>inputs to agriculture</strong> and consider landless beekeepers as farmers.</li>
<li><strong>Training and development</strong> of beekeepers should be provided by state governments.</li>
<li><strong>National and regional infrastructure</strong> should be developed for storage, processing, and marketing of honey and other bee products.</li>
<li>Plantation of<strong> bee-friendly flora</strong> at appropriate places and engaging women <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/self-help-groups-shgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>self-help groups</strong></a> in managing such plantations.</li>
<li>Recognition of <strong>apiculture as a subject</strong> for advanced research under the aegis of <strong>Indian Council for Agricultural Research.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Honey Bee Industry in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Food and Agricultural Organization</a></strong> database, Indian ranked <strong>eighth</strong> in 2017-18 in the world in terms of honey production while China stood first.</li>
<li>India has a potential of about <strong>200 million bee colonies</strong> as against 3.4 million bee colonies today.</li>
<li>Increasing the number of <strong>bee colonies</strong> will not only increase the production of bee-related products but will boost overall <strong>agricultural</strong> and <strong>horticultural productivity.</strong></li>
<li>As per the National Bee Board and Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&rsquo; Welfare India&rsquo;s <strong>honey exports</strong> have jumped from 29.6 to 51.5 thousand tonnes between 2014-15 and 2017-18.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>National Bee Board (NBB)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Small Farmers' Agri-Business Consortium (SFAC) registered National Bee Board as a society under the societies registration Act, 1860 in 2000.</li>
<li>National Bee Board (NBB)was reconstituted (with the secretary as chairman) in June 2006.</li>
<li>The main objective of the National Bee Board (NBB) is the overall development of beekeeping by promoting scientific beekeeping in India to increase the productivity of crops through pollination and increase the honey production for increasing the income of the Beekeepers/ Farmers.</li>
<li>Presently NBB is implementing National horticulture mission (NHM) and Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan State (HMNEM).</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beekeeping-development-committee'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Buddhist Relic Unearthed in Andhra Pradesh',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A Buddhist relic has been unearthed in Andhra Pradesh. It is a limestone pillar, which is carved with half lotus medallions at the centre and top portions on all four sides.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It belongs to the Amaravati school of Art of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-30th-april-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ikshvaku times</a>.</li>
<li>Buddhist monastery of which this pillar might be part of a Shilamandapa where Buddhist teachers offer regular discourses on the Dhamma of the Buddha.</li>
<li>The exploration was undertaken under &lsquo;Preserve Heritage for Posterity&rsquo;, an awareness campaign launched by the Cultural Centre of Vijayawada and Amaravati (CCVA), to bring to limelight artefact which remained in neglect in different parts of Andhra Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Amaravati School of Art</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Amaravati school of art evolved and flourished for nearly six centuries commencing from 200-100 BC in India itself, i.e. it has no outside influence.</li>
<li>It was patronized first by the Satavahanas and later by the Ikshvakus.</li>
<li>The material used is a distinctive white marble and Amaravati sculptures have a sense of movement and energy with profound and quiet naturalism in human, animal and floral forms.</li>
<li>Both religious (mainly Buddhist) and secular images were present in this style.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/buddhist-relic-unearthed-in-andhra-pradesh'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'In Depth – Melting Himalayas',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JwVM5RjBkJ4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>Ice protects the Earth and oceans by reflecting excess heat back into space. However, human activity, especially since the industrial revolution has led to rapid global warming and consequently climate change. This human-caused climate change is already being seen around the world, in the form of extreme weather, shifting wildlife populations and habitats, extinction of a large number of species from the planet and a range of other impacts.</p>
<p><strong>One of the most dramatic evidence that Earth's climate is warming rapidly is the dwindling disappearance of mountain glaciers around the world.</strong> Scientists have observed that glaciers in two parts of the world - Antarctica and Asia - have been impacted to a large extent by rising temperatures.</p>
<p>A recent study has revealed that Himalayan glaciers are melting twice as fast now as they were before the turn of the century. The figure is double the amount of melting that took place from 1975 to 2000. <strong>Scientists have warned that even if the world significantly curbs emissions in the coming decades, more than a third of the world&rsquo;s remaining glaciers will melt before the year 2100.</strong></p>
<h3>Himalayan Glaciers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Himalayan Mountains are the<strong> third largest deposits of ice</strong> and snow in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic.</li>
<li><strong>Spanning 2,000 Kms and with 600 billion tonnes of ice,</strong> the Himalayan glaciers supply 800 million people with water for irrigation, hydropower and drinking.</li>
<li>More than 750 million people in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh get their water from rivers that originate from the Himalayan glaciers, that is more than twice the population of the United States getting its water from a singular source.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Gangotri glacier,</strong> one of the largest in the Himalayan mountains, is the <strong>source of the river Ganga,</strong> the most important source of freshwater and electricity in India and Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Monsoon and Indian Glaciers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Glaciers depend on heavy precipitation to replenish ice on an annual basis,</strong> but, if <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/monsoon-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>monsoons</strong></a> are disrupted, ice is depleted. As the glaciers melt, rivers flood, with the flooding of rivers, people, crops and livestock get drowned and hydroelectric plants are disrupted.</li>
<li>Also, <strong>weaker monsoons</strong> mean less rainfall for the country as a whole that invariably leads to <strong>drought and desertification of land.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Present Situation of Himalayan Glaciers</h3>
<p>The latest study published in the Journal Science Advances, is the latest indication that climate change is eating up the Himalayan Glaciers. Authors of the study analyzed four decades of ice lost for 650 glaciers in the Himalayas and they found that :</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Between the years 1975 to 2000, an average of four billion tonnes of ice were being lost each year and between the years <strong>2000 to 2016</strong>, glaciers melted approximately twice as fast implying that Himalayan glaciers <strong>lost about 8 billion tonnes of ice each year</strong> on an average during this period.</li>
<li>Since the <strong>year 2000</strong>, glaciers have been <strong>shrinking at an average of 0.5 meters per year.</strong></li>
<li>Of the total ice mass present in the year 1975, about 87% remained in the year 2000 and 72% remained in the year 2016.</li>
<li>The study also asserted that <strong>rising temperatures are responsible</strong> for the accelerated loss of ice and thus is threatening the water supplies of hundreds of millions of people downstream across much of Asia.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The temperature in the region has risen 1 degree celsius higher than those from 1975 to 2000.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other factors are <strong>changes in rainfall</strong> with reductions tending to reduce ice cover and the <strong>burning of fossil fuels</strong> which lead to a clog over snowy glaciers absorbing sunlight and dramatically increasing the melting rate of ice.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Reasons for the Melting of Glaciers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since the early 1900s, many glaciers around the world have been rapidly melting. <strong>Human activity is at the root of this phenomenon.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since the industrial revolution, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co2-level-hit-record-high" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>carbon dioxide</strong></a> <strong>and other greenhouse emissions</strong> have raised temperatures even at the poles.</li>
<li>Scientists project that if emissions continue to rise unchecked, the Arctic could be ice free in the summer by the year 2040.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The primary reason for melting glaciers is <strong>climate change,</strong> especially global warming.</li>
<li><strong>Local air pollution as well as infrastructure building in the mountains</strong> also has a small contribution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In recent years the temperature has been rising in the Himalayas because of the land use.</li>
<li>Many concrete buildings have been erected on hill stations, vehicles are going in the hill stations, these factors have disturbed the ambience of the glaciers and this has caused the melting to be faster than what it was earlier.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Human activities that have led to melting of ice glaciers are:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Burning of fossil fuels</strong> that result in the buildup of greenhouse gases thus influencing the warming trend because they trap heat in the atmosphere.</li>
<li><strong>Oil and gas drilling</strong> that emits methane. Methane is more damaging to the environment than carbon dioxide, locking in heat more efficiently and escalating global warming.</li>
<li><strong>Deforestation</strong> has a lot of negative effects like rise in sea levels.</li>
<li><strong>Ice breaking ships</strong> that head to the north in the Arctic ocean during summer. The broken ice has lesser ability to reflect back the sun rays, which means that water takes in more heat, this results in hotter water and consequently more ice melting.</li>
<li><strong>Anything that uses energy</strong> like industries, power plants, transport system and emits carbon dioxide, contribute to climate change or glacial melt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Climate Change due to Global Warming</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Several decades ago in the year 1975, <strong>an economist Dr. William Nordhaus</strong> saw the warming planet as a threat to the global economy. He said an increase in the global average temperature of 2 degree celsius caused by man made carbon dioxide would change the world climate in ways not seen in several thousand years and over the decades the world has indeed witnessed rapid changes resulting from global warming.</li>
<li>According to a temperature analysis conducted by scientists at NASA&rsquo;s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, <strong>the average global temperature on the Earth has increased about by 0.8 degree celsius since the year 1880</strong>, the earliest year for which reliable instrumental records are available worldwide.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15 to 0.20 degree celsius per decade.</li>
<li><strong>The year 2015 was the first year in which the global annual average surface temperature reached 1 degree celsius above the pre industrial level.</strong> Each year, since then, the global average has however close to or above the one degree celsius mark.</li>
<li>The temperature rise may appear small in number but it has brought about vast changes in the world climate. Even the one degree global change is significant because it takes a vast amount of heat to warm all the oceans, atmosphere and land by that much.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Scientists believe that the increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouses released by the <strong>burning of fossil fuels, land clearing and agriculture and other human activities are the primary sources of global warming</strong> that has occurred over the past 50 years and by the year 2100, it is predicted that average global temperature could increase between 1.4 and 5.8 degree celsius.</li>
<li>The decade from the years 2014 to 2023 has also been predicted to be the warmest in more than 150 years of record keeping.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Impact of Climate Change and Global Warming</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the North and the South Poles.</strong> This includes mountain glaciers and ice sheets covering Antarctica and Greenland and the Arctic Sea ice. For example, in Montana&rsquo;s Glacier National Park, the number of glaciers has declined to fewer than 30 from more than 150 in the year 1910.</li>
<li><strong>The melting ice contributes to rise in sea level.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists say that global sea levels are rising 0.13 inches every year.</li>
<li>The rise has been rapid in recent years and has threatened low-lying islands and coastal cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Rising temperatures are affecting wildlife and habitats.</strong> Melting glaciers and vanishing ice has made survival of certain species difficult pushing them towards extinction.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Scientists say that oceans have absorbed most of the extra heat and carbon dioxide even more than the earth, making the seas both warmer and more acidic.</li>
<li>Warmer waters are bleaching coral reefs and driving stronger storms.</li>
<li><strong>Rising ocean acidity threatens shellfish, including the tiny crustaceans without which marine food chains would collapse.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The world is witnessing <strong>more frequent and extreme weather events</strong> like bushfire, cyclones, droughts and floods.</li>
<li>Climate change is a <strong>major threat to agriculture.</strong> Where, how and when farmers grow food is vitally connected to climate&rsquo;s normal pattern.
<ul>
<li>Farm yields are more likely to face attacks from weeds, diseases and pests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A warmer atmosphere is also increasing the <strong>formation of ground level ozone, also known as <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Smog</a> in polluted regions.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>What if rising temperatures are not contained?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sea levels could rise between 10 or 32 inches or higher by the end of the century.</li>
<li>Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger, floods and drought will become more common and the world faces risk of decades long mega drought by the year 2100.</li>
<li>Less fresh water will be available since glaciers store about three quarters of the world&rsquo;s freshwater.</li>
<li><strong>Waterborne diseases</strong> will spread to vast areas and there could be a resurgence of Zika Virus.</li>
<li>Ecosystems will continue to change, some species may venture farther more while some others who are unable to adapt could become extinct.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Step Taken</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations signed the <strong><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/unfccc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Paris Agreement</a> in 2016</strong>, an international treaty designed to keep the average global temperature well below 2 degree celsius above pre-industrial levels.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Importance of Glaciers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Glacial till or unsorted glacial sediment <strong>provides fertile soil</strong> for growing crops.</li>
<li>Deposits of sand and gravel are used to make concrete and asphalt.</li>
<li>The most important resource provided by glaciers is <strong>freshwater</strong>. Many rivers are fed by the melting ice of glaciers.</li>
<li>Glacials are also responsible for <strong>digging basins for most of the world&rsquo;s lakes</strong> and carve much of the <strong>earth&rsquo;s mountain scenery.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The dramatic diverse landscape of Yosemite Valley, California was sculpted entirely by glaciers during the last ice age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ice acts like a protective cover over the Earth and oceans.</strong> It reflects excess heat back into the space and keeps the planet cooler.</li>
<li>Glaciers can range from several hundred to several thousand years old and thus <strong>provide a scientific record of how climate has changed overtime.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of Melting of Glaciers</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Extreme flooding,</strong> resulting in an abrupt rise in water input to other water bodies like rivers, lakes and seas.</li>
<li>Melting glaciers are causing a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-biodiversity-warning-bells" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>loss of biodiversity</strong></a> and also animals are losing homes.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Rising water temperatures and water levels affect fish and aquatic plants which in turn affects birds that rely on them.</li>
<li>Coral reefs that need sunlight for photosynthesis are also affected when water levels increase and block sunlight from reaching them.</li>
<li>Fish species that depend on corals for food are killed due to loss of their food.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Absence of glaciers will lead to drought and desertification of land.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Recontamination of the environment:</strong> A lot of chemical pollutants and pesticides that become airborne get deposited in chilly places with glaciers. The rapid melting of glaciers is now discharging them back into water bodies.</li>
<li><strong>Economic costs</strong> of melting glaciers affect the whole world. Each continent is experiencing flooding and other glacial related disasters that require huge intervention and financial capital to mitigate.</li>
<li>Reducing glaciers is also causing a <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/water-leaving-no-one-behind" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>scarcity of freshwater</strong></a> that is worsening with <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-population-boon-or-bane-rajya-sabha-lok-sabha-debate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rising population</strong></a>.</li>
<li>Rapid glacial melt in Antarctica and Greenland <strong>influences ocean currents.</strong> A massive amount of very cold glacial melt water entering warmer oceans water slows down ocean currents.</li>
<li>If glaciers melt, fixed deposit of snow goes down, thus causing <strong>drying of the springs.</strong></li>
<li>Lastly, the melting glaciers is <strong>accelerating global warming</strong> as other formations on the Earth are not able to deflect as much heat as glaciers.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Solutions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In order to stop the temperature from rising, the only solution is to<strong> cool the planet</strong> as advised by the scientists. For this, the world not only needs to <strong>slow down greenhouse gas emissions but also reverse them.</strong></li>
<li>There are 1,98,000 glaciers in the world and India alone has about 9,000 of them. However, all of these glaciers are mostly unexplored. <strong>More detailed research is required to fully understand the state of glaciers and the risk their loss poses.</strong></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-melting-himalayas'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Prison Reforms and Way Forward',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-state-of-indian-prisons/article28138352.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;The state of Indian prisons&rdquo;</a> which appeared in The Hindu on 26 June 2019. It talks about the present condition of Indian prisons and reforms that must be taken to resolve the issue.</p>
</div>
<p>The Prison Statistics India 2016, published by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) in 2019 highlights the plight of prisoners in India. The data, with its set of advantages and limitations, can guide policy framework towards better prison reforms in India.</p>
<p>Prisons are expected to undertake human engineering, influencing and modifying perceptions, attitudes and behaviour of those who come into their charge, but Indian prisons have become workshops of crime and atrocities.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Prisons'/persons detained therein' is a State subject under Entry 4 of List II of the Seventh Schedule</strong> to the Constitution of India. So administration and management of prisons is the responsibility of respective State Governments.</p>
</div>
<p><strong>Some of the key findings of the report are:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India&rsquo;s under-trial population remains among the highest in the world and more than half of all undertrials were detained for less than six months in 2016.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The report highlights that at the end of 2016, there were 4,33,033 people in prison; of them 68% were undertrials.</li>
<li>This suggests that the high proportion of undertrials in the overall prison population may be the result of <strong>unnecessary arrests and ineffective legal aid</strong> during remand hearings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Who are undertrials?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Undertrials are the people who are yet to be found guilty of the crimes they have been accused of.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is the rise in the number of people held under administrative (or &lsquo;prevention&rsquo;) detention laws in Jammu and Kashmir. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A 300% increase, with 431 detainees in 2016, compared to 90 in 2015.</li>
<li>Administrative, or &lsquo;preventive&rsquo;, detention is used by authorities to unfairly detain persons without charge or trial and circumvent regular criminal justice procedures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is Preventive Detention?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The imprisonment of a person with the aim of preventing them from committing further offences or of maintaining public order.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There is a <strong>gap between the number of prisoners eligible to be released and actually released,</strong> under Section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Section 436A allows undertrials to be released on a personal bond if they have undergone half of the maximum term of imprisonment they would have faced if convicted.</li>
<li>In 2016, out of 1,557 undertrials found eligible for release under Section 436A, only 929 were released.</li>
<li>Also, research by Amnesty India has found that prison officials are frequently unaware of this section and unwilling to apply it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>number of &ldquo;unnatural&rdquo; deaths in prisons has doubled</strong> between 2015 and 2016, from 115 to 231. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rate of suicide among prisoners also increased by 28%, from 77 suicides in 2015 to 102 in 2016.</li>
<li>The National Human Rights Commission in 2014 had stated that on average, a person is one-and-a-half times more likely to commit suicide in prison than outside. This is a possible indicator of the magnitude of mental health concerns within Indian prisons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There was only <strong>one mental health professional for every 21,650 prisoners in 2016,</strong> with only six States and one Union Territory having psychologists /psychiatrists.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, the NCRB had said that about 6,013 individuals with mental illness were in jail in 2016.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per the Prison Act, 1894 and Prisoner Act, 1900, <strong>there should be a welfare officer and a law officer in each jail but recruitment of these officers is still pending</strong>. This state explains the low political and budgetary priority which prisons have received during the preceding century.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Limitations of the Data</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The data <strong>does not include demographic details of religion and the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe status of prisoners,</strong> which are crucial to understanding India&rsquo;s prison population.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This information was consistently published for the last 20 years and <strong>instrumental in revealing the problematic overrepresentation</strong> of Muslims, Dalits and Adivasis among under-trials in prisons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The data <strong>does not include the number of prison visits by official and non-official visitors</strong> which typically include district magistrates and judges, social workers and researchers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is essential to uncover torture and other forms of ill-treatment, increase transparency and balance the power asymmetry in prisons.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The data on the mental well-being of the prisoners does not provide information on <strong>whether these prisoners were diagnosed with mental illness before entering prison</strong>.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This makes it difficult to determine whether prison conditions worsened their plight.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What should the prison reform scheme look like?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Pre-trial detention has become the particular source of injustice in the Indian justice system, this is majorly because of lack of legal services to the undertrials. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is high time that <strong>the access to legal aid</strong> (which is a directive principle to state policy under Article 39A) <strong>should be made a fundamental right</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Undertrials should be released on Bail:</strong> In 2017, the Law Commission of India had recommended that undertrials who have completed a third of their maximum sentence for offences attracting up to seven years of imprisonment be released on bail.</li>
<li><strong>Unified prison management system:</strong> There should be a unified prison management system that has records of all inmates so they don&rsquo;t have to run from pillar to post for copies of documents like court orders. The project has been recommended by NALSA as well. Also, this project has worked well in Delhi&rsquo;s Tihar jail.</li>
<li><strong>Capacity building of prison staff:</strong> It is of paramount importance that the prison staff is trained in how to treat and deal with inmates.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court, in September 2017, has directed that there should be proper training manuals for senior staff.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Post-release financial security for prisoners:</strong> Wages that are paid to prisoners who are serving sentences should be increased and should be on par with global benchmarks. So that when they come out, they have some better finances.</li>
<li><strong>Skill development of the prisoners:</strong> The major role prisons should play is of reformation and making sure that, once out, inmates are properly integrated into society. That is possible when more skill development programs are introduced in the jails to enhance their chances of earning.</li>
<li>Open prisons should be encouraged.</li>
<li>Implementations of recommendations of All India Jail Reforms Committee (Mulla committee) must be done as soon as possible.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The data can provide a strong base for the prison reform policy in the country. Its limitations should be analysed by the policymakers to bring out a strong, humane and transparent reform structure.</li>
<li>The reform policy should deal with both, the problem of paucity of resources and the mindset that those in jail do not deserve better.</li>
<li>Overcrowding, brutality, a lack of sanitation and unacceptable standards of health care should be taken into serious consideration. Growing aggressive nature of public discourse on the treatment of offenders should also be acknowledged and debate should be reinitiated keeping in mind the human rights concerns.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>India is the champion of human rights causes</strong> all across the world, but the dismal condition of Indian prison reflects the paradox that exists in the Indian criminal justice system. So prison reforms need to see the light of the day, but it <strong>must be accompanied by the judicial system reforms and police reforms, as trio forms the pillars of the criminal justice system</strong>.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #fcfbc7; border-color: #8a8700; border-style: dotted;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1256px;"><span style="color: #8a8700;"><em>Drishti input:</em></span><br />India&rsquo;s prison reflects the misery of human rights, in this scenario discuss the steps that must be taken by the government in the direction of prison reforms?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/prison-reforms-and-way-forward'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Agricultural Distress in India',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/985Drishti_ias_Agricultural_Distress_in_India.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/985Drishti_ias_Agricultural_Distress_in_India.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/agricultural-distress-in-india-mind-map'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Manouria impressa: Arunachal Pradesh',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A tortoise named &lsquo;Manouria impressa&rsquo; has been discovered in Arunachal Pradesh. Manouria is a genus of tortoises.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/578image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/578image1.jpg" width="339" height="147" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Manouria impressa is one of the only fourth species of forest-dwelling tortoise occurring in Southeast Asia. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is the smaller of two species of the genus Manouria (Manouria oyamai and Manouria punjabiensis), the other being the larger Asian Giant Tortoise (Manouria emys).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Previously, the tortoise was believed to be restricted to western Myanmar, along with pockets of habitat in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and southern China, and south through Peninsular Malaysia. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The species was last found in Gwa in Myanmar.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The species is <strong>threatened by poaching</strong> primarily for traditional medicine and pet trade.</li>
<li>It is <strong>listed on CITES Appendix II,</strong> and has been classified as <strong>Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Asian Forest Tortoise</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Asian forest tortoise (Manouria emys), also known as Asian brown tortoise, is a species of tortoise found in India (Assam), Bangladesh, Burma (or Myanmar), Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo).</li>
<li>It is the largest tortoise in mainland Asia.</li>
<li>This is a relatively rare turtle, listed on CITES Appendix II, and classified as Endangered by the IUCN Red List.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/manouria-impressa-arunachal-pradesh'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Joint Effort to Conserve Wildlife at Bandipur',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/407image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/407image4.jpg" width="629" height="427" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a> has convened an inter-state meeting of senior forest personnel from<strong> Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala</strong> at Bandipur in Karnataka.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has decided to make a concerted effort to conserve wildlife in the region. The joint effort would primarily focus:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To eradicate <strong>invasive plants</strong> such as <strong>Senna Spectabilis</strong> which caused a major threat to the wildlife habitat in the <strong>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.</strong></li>
<li>To ensure inter-state coordination in conserving the endangered <strong>vulture population</strong> in the region.</li>
<li>To mitigate increasing human-wildlife conflict on the forest fringes of the region. As part of it,<strong> information regarding radio-collared animals and their movements would be exchanged</strong> among the department staff.</li>
<li>To stop <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fire-in-bandipur-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>forest fire</strong></a> and information on such incidents would be handed over to the officials in the adjacent sanctuaries and tiger reserves.</li>
<li>Information on accused in forest cases would also be exchanged each other to avert <strong>wildlife-related crimes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bandipur Tiger Reserve</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bandipur Tiger Reserve came into being in 2007. The name is derived from a village called Bandipur where the administrative unit of the Tiger Reserve is located.</li>
<li><strong>It the largest protected area in southern India and the largest habitat of wild elephants in South Asia,</strong> together with the adjoining <strong>Nagarhole National Park, Mudumalai National Park</strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-8th-january-2019-" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></a>. It is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.</li>
<li>The <strong>Moyar River</strong> originating from the Nilgiri Mountain Range near Pykara, meandering through the Reserve over a length of more than 20 Km. It is the major water source for the wildlife and people living in and around the Reserve.</li>
<li>The Tiger Reserve is situated is a distinctive landmass located at the tri-junction area of the States of <strong>Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/joint-effort-to-conserve-wildlife-at-bandipur'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'NITI Aayog's Health Index',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/niti-aayog-national-institution-for-transforming-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NITI Aayog</strong></a> in its <strong>annual health index</strong> has named <strong>Kerala,</strong> as the top performer among larger states for <strong>overall performance</strong> on health indicators.</p>
<h3>Health Index</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The second edition of NITI Aayog&rsquo;s report focuses on measuring the overall <strong>performance</strong> and <strong>incremental improvement</strong> in the states and union territories (UTs) over <strong>two year</strong> period (2016-17 and 2017-18 with <strong>2015-16</strong> as the <strong>base year</strong> and <strong>2017-18</strong> as the <strong>reference year</strong>.</li>
<li>The health index has been developed by <strong>NITI Aayog,</strong> with technical assistance from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a>, in consultation with the <strong>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</strong></li>
<li>Health index is based on 23 health indicators with major weightage given to <strong>mortality rate, total fertility rate,</strong> and <strong>sex ratio.</strong></li>
<li>The ranking was done under three categories <strong>larger states, smaller states</strong> and <strong>Union territories</strong> (UTs) to ensure comparison among similar entities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/379image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/379image6.jpg" width="218" height="438" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>overall performance, Kerala</strong> followed by Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, are top performers.</li>
<li>Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have shown no improvement in health status.</li>
<li>In <strong>incremental performance, Haryana,</strong> Rajasthan, and Jharkhand are at the top while Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttarakhand have been shown as the worst performers.</li>
<li>The report highlighted a <strong>decline</strong> in the <strong>overall health index score</strong> of the five empowered action group (EAG) states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha.</li>
<li>Among the <strong>Union Territories (UTs), Chandigarh</strong> ranked first in overall performance, while Dadra and Nagar Haveli have shown significant improvement.</li>
<li>Among the <strong>smaller states, Mizoram</strong> ranked first in <strong>overall performance,</strong> while Tripura and Manipur were the top two states in terms of <strong>incremental performance.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overall health index scores have decreased the most for Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/niti-aayog-s-health-index'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Normalized Difference Vegetation Index',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A recent study has found that the normalized difference vegetation index does not yield a reliable estimate of <strong>food abundance</strong> for <strong>elephants</strong> in tropical forests.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) estimates the <strong>density of vegetation</strong> and amount of <strong>food abundance</strong> available for herbivorous animals, for example, elephants.</li>
<li>This index has a <strong>negative correlation</strong> with graminoids (grassy food &ndash; grasses, sedges, and rushes &ndash; preferentially consumed by elephants) in tropical forests. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Negative correlation implies grass density is low in areas with a high value of NDVI (which indicates healthier vegetation).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Normalized Difference Vegetation Index<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/793image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/793image7.jpg" width="332" height="369" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NDVI calculates the difference between the <strong>red and near infrared components</strong> of light reflected by objects (like satellite).</li>
<li>Since healthy vegetation strongly <strong>absorbs red</strong> and <strong>reflects near-infrared light,</strong> this difference can indicate the presence of healthy vegetation and can be mapped into a <strong>colour code</strong> (green and red).</li>
<li><strong>High NDVI value</strong> (bright green) indicates healthier vegetation whereas <strong>low value</strong> (red) indicates less or no vegetation.</li>
<li>Data obtained from satellites (like Sentinel-2, Landsat and SPOT) that produce red and near-infrared images are used for estimating NDVI.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Agriculture:</strong> farmers use NDVI for <strong>precision farming</strong> and to <strong>measure biomass.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Forestry:</strong> foresters use NDVI <strong>to quantify forest supply</strong> and <strong>leaf area index.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Environment:</strong> NDVI is used to <strong>inform the ecology of various species,</strong> from elephants and red deer to mosquitoes and birds.</li>
<li><strong>Drought:</strong> NASA states that NDVI is a <strong>good indicator of drought</strong> when water limits vegetation growth, it has a lower relative NDVI and density of vegetation.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the <strong>National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis report,</strong> malnutrition amongst children in India is projected to remain high, despite all the progress made in food security.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Food and Nutrition Security Analysis report, was developed in partnership between the <strong>World Food Programme (WFP)</strong> and the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Findings of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The slow decline of child stunting:</strong> Over the last decade, child stunting has reduced at a rate of about 1% per year, the slowest decline among emerging economies. At this rate, 31.4% of children will still be stunted by the 2022 deadline. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Almost one in three Indian children under five years will still be stunted by 2022</strong> going by current trends.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Access to nutritious food has not increased:</strong> Foodgrain yields have risen 33% over the last two decades, but are still only half of 2030 target yields<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The consumer&rsquo;s access to rice, wheat and other cereals has not increased at the same rate, due to <strong>population growth, inequality, food wastage and losses, and exports.</strong></li>
<li>As a result, the average per capita consumption of energy among the poorest 30% of the population is 1811 kilocalories, much lower than the norm of 2155 kilocalories per day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Under and overnutrition:</strong> For several decades India was dealing with only one form of malnutrition- undernutrition. However, in the last decade, the double burden which includes both over- and undernutrition, is becoming more prominent and poses a new challenge for India.</li>
<li>Despite positive trends and patterns in improving food security, the prevalence of malnutrition in India remains high, with many people, especially <strong>women and children, suffering from micronutrient deficiency.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Performance of States:</strong> In Bihar and Uttar Pradesh the stunting rate is around 48% and 46% respectively. It shows that in these states almost every 2<sup>nd</sup> child is stunted.</li>
<li>Whereas in Kerala and Goa, it is only one in five children.</li>
<li><strong>The most vulnerable:</strong> There are high rates of stunting among children in the poorest wealth quintile is (51.4%), Scheduled Tribes (43.6%) and Scheduled Castes (42.5%), and children born to mothers with no education (51%).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stunting:</strong> It is the impaired growth and development that children experience from poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. Children are defined as stunted if their<strong> height-for-age</strong> is more than two standard deviations below the WHO Child Growth Standards median.</li>
<li>According to UNICEF, <strong>38% of children younger than five years of age in India are</strong> stunted, a manifestation of chronic undernutrition. Stunting and other forms of under-nutrition are thought to be responsible for nearly half of all child deaths globally.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Recommendations</h3>
<p>Recommendations are grouped by the three pillars of food security: availability, access and utilisation.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farmers should be encouraged and incentivised for <strong>agricultural diversification.</strong></li>
<li>Innovative and low-cost farming technologies, increase in the irrigation coverage and enhancing knowledge of farmers in areas such as appropriate use of land and water should be encouraged to <strong>improve the sustainability of food productivity.</strong></li>
<li>The government should improve policy support for <strong>improving agricultural produce of traditional crops</strong> in the country.</li>
<li><strong>Storage capacity should be improved</strong> to prevent post-harvest losses.</li>
<li>The <strong>targeting efficiency of all food safety nets should be improved,</strong> especially that of the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), to ensure that the poorest are included. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In addition, <strong>fortification of government-approved commodities</strong> within the social safety net programmes can improve nutritional outcomes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Child feeding practices should be improved</strong> in the country, especially at the critical ages when solid foods are introduced to the diet. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fortification, diversification and supplementation</strong> may be used as simultaneous strategies to address micro and macronutrient deficiencies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a need for more robust measures that can take cognizance of all aspects of SDG 2.</li>
<li>All the major welfare programmes need to be gender sensitive.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)- 2</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Goal 2</strong> of the 2030 Sustainable Development agenda seeks to <strong>end hunger and all forms of malnutrition</strong> and double agricultural productivity in the next 15 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensuring this sustainable access to nutritious food universally will require sustainable food production and agricultural practices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Target 2.1:</strong> By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular, the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round.</li>
<li><strong>Target 2.2:</strong> By 2030, end-all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>World Food Programme (WFP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the food assistance branch of the United Nations and the world's largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security.</li>
<li>Its <strong>headquarters are in Rome</strong> and it works to help people who cannot produce or obtain enough food for themselves and their families.</li>
<li>The WFP was <strong>formally established in 1963 by the FAO and the United Nations General Assembly</strong> on a three-year experimental basis. In 1965, the programme was extended to a continuing basis.</li>
<li>It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its executive committee.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-food-and-nutrition-security-analysis'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Lunar Evacuation System',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Under the preparations for <strong>NASA&rsquo;s 2024 Moon mission,</strong> a device called <strong>Lunar Evacuation System Assembly</strong> (LESA) has been tested.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>LESA developed by the <strong>European Space Agency</strong> (ESA), is a pyramid-like structure used for rescuing an <strong>injured astronaut</strong> on the lunar surface.</li>
<li>Astronauts could not carry their fallen crewmate over their shoulder while wearing a <strong>heavy extravehicular activity</strong> (EVA) <strong>suit.</strong></li>
<li>LESA enables an astronaut to lift their crewmate onto a <strong>mobile stretcher</strong> in less than 10 minutes, before carrying them to the safety of a nearby pressurized lander.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.</li>
<li>Headquartered in <strong>Washington, D.C, United States.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>NASA&rsquo;s 2024 Moon mission or Artemis' program</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/576image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/576image8.jpg" width="690" height="388" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ARTEMIS stands for <strong>'Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics</strong> of the Moon's interaction with the Sun.</li>
<li>Artemis program that will return astronauts to the Moon for the first time (including the <strong>first woman</strong> and the next man) in half a century, including eight scheduled launches and a <strong>mini-station in lunar orbit</strong> by 2024.</li>
<li>As a result of Artemis, NASA will be able to establish a <strong>sustainable human presence on the Moon by 2028</strong> to uncover new scientific discoveries, demonstrate new technological advancements, and lay the foundation for private companies to build a lunar economy.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/lunar-evacuation-system'
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