Search

Search list matched with tags “class”

Country-by-Country Reports

India and the US can now exchange country-by-country (CbC) reports filed by the ultimate parent corporations based in either of the...

16 Mar 2019 News Analysis
Important Facts For Prelims (16th March 2019)

FINE-2019 Festival of Innovation and Entrepreneurship(FINE) is a unique initiative of the Office of the President of India to recognise, respect...

16 Mar 2019 News Analysis
A Vote On National Security

(This editorial is based on the article "A Vote On National Security" which appeared in "The Indian Express" on 15th March 2019. The article talks...

15 Mar 2019 News Editorials
Important Facts For Prelims (15th March 2019)

Bannerghatta National Park The Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) Expert Committee of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), has recommended the...

15 Mar 2019 News Analysis
Emotional Intelligence

15 Mar 2019 Paper 4
FSDC Panel on Credit Ratings

Recently the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) panel has discussed ways to address challenges pertaining to the quality of credit...

15 Mar 2019 News Analysis
Emotional Intelligence

"Anybody can become angry, that is easy; but to be angry with the right person, and to the right degree, and at the right time, and for the right...

15 Mar 2019 Paper 4
Important Facts For Prelims (14th March 2019)

First TIR shipment via Chabahar Port The first shipment under the United Nations ‘Transports Internationaux Routiers’ (TIR) convention...

14 Mar 2019 News Analysis
Swaraj To The Kisan

(This editorial is based on the article "Swaraj To The Kisan" which appeared in "The Indian Express" on 14th March 2019. The article talks about...

14 Mar 2019 News Editorials
Global Environment Outlook

United Nation Environment Program (UNEP) has recently released the 6th edition of the Global Environment Outlook Report (GEO). It outlines the...

14 Mar 2019 News Analysis
Cabinet Approves Proposal to Align with Global Trademark System

Union Cabinet has approved the proposal for the accession of India to: The Nice Agreement on the International classification of goods and...

14 Mar 2019 News Analysis
The Big Picture – Bridging Gender Gap

Every year on March 8, the world observes International Women’s Day. The purpose is to reflect on the progress made by women in...

14 Mar 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)

13 Mar 2019 Paper 2
Secrets Are Not Sacred

(This editorial is based on the article “Secrets are not sacred” which appeared in ‘’The Indian Express’’ on...

13 Mar 2019 News Editorials
60 steps to prelims

Download Schedule Learning is an art. Preparing for the UPSC Civil Services Exam is also no less an art. It takes months of...

13 Mar 2019 Prelims
Day Light Saving

Daylight Saving Time (DST) is the practice of turning the clock ahead as warmer weather approaches and back as it becomes colder again. The...

13 Mar 2019 News Analysis
Important Facts For Prelims (13th March 2019)

Exchange Traded Fund The government is considering selling a fresh tranche of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSE) Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) to...

13 Mar 2019 News Analysis
Astrobatrachus Kurichiyana Frog

Recently a starry dwarf frog, named after constellation-like markings on it and Wayanad’s Kurichiya tribe, has been discovered in Wayanad...

13 Mar 2019 News Analysis
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)

As defined by the World Bank NGOs refers to not-for-profit organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the...

13 Mar 2019 Paper 2
How To Prepare For The Upcoming UPSC Preliminary Exam, 2020?

Always believe in healthy competition: giving one's best is better than trying to beat the competition Prelims 2020 is around the corner. Most...

12 Mar 2019 GS Prelims Strategy

Warning (2): count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable [ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100]

Code Context


<?php if(count($updates)>0){?>
  <div class="updates">

$viewFile = '/var/www/drishtiias.com/public_html/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'progress' => [],
	'bookmarks' => [],
	'notes' => [],
	'mynote' => [],
	'topdata' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'searchdata' => [],
	'searchlist' => [
		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Country-by-Country Reports',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India and the US can now exchange <strong>country-by-country (CbC) reports</strong> filed by the ultimate parent corporations based in either of the countries.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>That is, the Companies headquartered in the US but having operations and taxability in India<strong> now need not file country-by-country (CbC) reports in India.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For such international companies, <strong>filing CbC reports in the US would be sufficient.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This will <strong>reduce the compliance burden</strong> on their subsidiaries operating out of these countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Income-tax Act requires Indian subsidiaries of multinational companies to provide details of key financial statements from other jurisdictions where they operate.</li>
<li>This provides the I-T Department with better operational view of such companies, primarily with regards to revenue and income tax paid.</li>
<li>The provision was a <strong>part of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)</strong> action plan, and<strong> later incorporated in I-T Act also</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BEPS is a term used to describe<strong> tax planning strategies</strong> that <strong>exploit mismatches and gaps that exist between the tax rules of different jurisdictions.</strong></li>
<li>It is done to <strong>minimise the corporation tax</strong> that is payable overall, by either making tax profits &lsquo;disappear&rsquo; or s<strong>hift profits to low tax jurisdictions where there is little or no genuine activity.</strong></li>
<li>In general BEPS strategies <strong>are not illegal; rather they take advantage of different tax rules operating in different jurisdictions.</strong></li>
<li>BEPS is of major significance for developing countries due to their heavy reliance on corporate income tax, particularly from multinational enterprises (MNEs).</li>
<li>The BEPS initiative is an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>OECD</strong></a> initiative, approved by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g20-summit-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> G20</strong></a>, to identify ways of providing more standardised tax rules globally.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/country-by-country-reports'
		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (16th March 2019)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>FINE-2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Festival of Innovation and Entrepreneurship(FINE) is a unique initiative of the <strong>Office of the President of India</strong> to recognise, respect and reward grassroots innovations and foster a supportive ecosystem.</li>
<li>This Festival is a <strong>celebration of creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>organised by National Innovation Foundation(NIF)</strong> and the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.</li>
<li>It was <strong>started in 2015.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Objective</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FINE would provide an excellent platform to the <strong>innovators for building the linkages</strong> with potential stakeholders whose support can improve their prospects in coming years for the larger social good.</li>
<li>It will also help in <strong>promoting lateral learning and linkages</strong> among the innovators to enrich the ecosystem for new India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NIF</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>established in year 2000</strong>, with the assistance of Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.</li>
<li>Contributed to strengthen the grassroots technological innovations and outstanding traditional knowledge in the country.</li>
<li>NIF has <strong>created a huge database of ideas, innovations</strong> and traditional knowledge practices from all over the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>SBI launches &lsquo;YONO Cash&rsquo;</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>State Bank of India recently launched &lsquo;YONO Cash&rsquo; <strong>for cardless withdrawal of cash at SBI ATMs across the country</strong>.</li>
<li>YONO app is designed to help its <strong>users withdraw cash without a physical debit card.</strong></li>
<li>Customers can initiate the cash withdrawal process on the YONO app and set <strong>a six-digit YONO Cash pin</strong> for the transaction.</li>
<li>It will generate <strong>six digit reference number for the transaction</strong> and send on their registered mobile number via SMS.</li>
<li>The cash withdrawal has to be completed within the next 30 minutes at the nearest ATMs using both PIN and the reference number received.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Neolithic Era</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to a recent research,<strong> changes to the human diet prompted by Neolithic advances</strong> in <strong>agriculture played a role in human jaw evolution that allowed people to pronounce the consonants &lsquo;f&rsquo; and &lsquo;v&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The study indicates that language is <strong>not merely a random product of history</strong> but was also linked to <strong>biological changes at the time.</strong></li>
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/andhra-pradeshs-second-largest-petroglyph-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Neolithic era</strong></a>, from<strong> 6,000 B.C. to 2,100 B.C.,</strong> was when wheat and barley-based farming took root and animals such as goats, sheep and cows were domesticated.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fourth Session of the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-4)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the <strong>fourth session of the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-4)</strong> took place in<strong> Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>theme of UNEA-4</strong> was <strong>&lsquo;Innovative Solutions for Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Consumption and Production&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>During the assembly Nations agreed that they have to speed up moves towards a new model of development in order to respect the vision laid out in the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.</li>
<li>Nations unanimously agreed to significantly cut down on single-use plastic products like cups, cutlery, and bags by 2030.</li>
<li>Along with the summit, United Nation Environment Program has also launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-environment-outlook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Environment Outlook Report.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Environment Assembly is the <strong>governing body of UN Environment Program</strong>.</li>
<li>The United Nations Environment Assembly is the <strong>world&rsquo;s highest-level decision-making body on the environment. </strong></li>
<li>It addresses the <strong>critical environmental challenges</strong> facing the world today.</li>
<li>The Environment Assembly meets biennially to set priorities for global environmental policies and develop international environmental law.</li>
<li>The<strong> United Nations Environment Assembly was created in June 2012, during the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, also referred to as RIO+20.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>UNlocking NATional Energy Efficiency potential (UNNATEE)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government has launched the <strong>National Energy Efficiency Strategy Plan 2031 &ndash; UNNATEE (UNlocking NATional Energy Efficiency potential). </strong></li>
<li>Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has developed a national strategy document for accelerating energy efficiency in India.</li>
<li>The strategy document titled UNNATEE describes a plain framework and implementation strategy to establish a clear linkage between energy supply-demand scenarios and energy efficiency opportunities.</li>
<li>The document offers a comprehensive roadmap to address India&rsquo;s environmental and climate change mitigation action through energy efficiency measures.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-16th-march-2019'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'A Vote On National Security',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>(This editorial is based on the article <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pulwama-attack-uri-national-security-elections-5627048/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"A Vote On National Security"</a> which appeared in "The Indian Express" on 15<sup>th</sup> March 2019. The article talks about recent attacks on Indian soil and the need for a comprehensive policy on national security.)</p>
</div>
<p>In the wake of Pulwama and Balakot attack, national security has become major public preoccupation. It becomes important to draw attention to persistent loopholes in our governance systems, and the continued failure to address serious gaps identified by expert committees.</p>
<p>The nation has also suffered from a lack of accountability apparent in the recent failure of acting upon the available Intel on terrorist attacks.</p>
<p>Thus making it incumbent upon the government to acknowledge India&rsquo;s national security challenges and its various dimensions and design practical steps to make our nation safe from external and domestic threats.</p>
<h3>Framework to Deal with Security Threats</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India formed a National Security Council (NSC) in 1999, where all aspects of national security are deliberated upon by it. NSC acts as the apex body, headed by the Prime Minister.</strong></li>
<li>The Ministers of Home Affairs, Defence, External Affairs and Finance are its members and the National Security Adviser acts as its Secretary.</li>
<li><strong>NSC comprises of the three tier structure- Strategic Policy Group (SPG), the National Security Advisory Board (NSAB) and the National Security Council Secretariat.</strong></li>
<li>The SPG chaired by the Cabinet Secretary is the principal forum for inter-ministerial coordination and integration of the relevant inputs. The NSAB undertakes long-term analysis and provides perspectives on issues of national security.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Faced by India</h3>
<p>The world is changing very fast which has resulted in new security challenges. In the absence of a coherent strategy, the government&rsquo;s responses are often responsive in nature and partial which can prove costly at times and can inflict further damage in times to come.</p>
<p>India has one of the lowest police to population ratios at 125 per 1, 00,000. At the ground level, there is virtually no policing of the kind which is trained at repelling any form of coordinated terrorists or moist attack.</p>
<p>India suffers from regular smuggling from across the sea and land borders which remain an open secret. Terrorists slip through using these smuggling routes often relying upon corrupted elements in security forces.</p>
<p><strong>Any security system is as good and efficient as its junior-most foot soldier. The recruitment of police personnel at these levels is plagued by corrupt practices. They lack basic training. Some, being virtually illiterate, are not even trainable.</strong></p>
<p>There is inordinate stress on the personal security of political personages and senior officials at the expense of public security. This not only acts against the spirit of democracy and egalitarian society, but also impacts adversely on the state&rsquo;s ability to ensure public security and law and order without which terrorist threats cannot be addressed.</p>
<h3>The Need for Policy on Nation Security</h3>
<p>Despite India having a national security council since 1999, it lacks a comprehensive coordinated policy on national security.</p>
<p>India suffers from the crucial issue of coordination required to formulate and address the issues of national security in the absence of political consensus in the country on national security issues as how to treat challenges from Pakistan and China.</p>
<p>There are <strong>multiple departments looking at security and intelligence interests and it becomes difficult to synchronise them</strong>. There is no common understanding among various segments of the government of what national security constitutes.</p>
<p><strong>Issues related to national security can only be addressed through efficient and accountable institutions and not through individual bravery or brilliance.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Citizens have the right to hold their political leaders and governing institutions accountable and that is only possible if there is transparency mandated by law, not left to the discretion of a government requiring a clearly stated policy.</strong></p>
<h3>Voices for Changes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kargil Review Committee</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kargil Review Committee (KRC) was set up by the Government of India on 29 July 1999, after the Indian Army announced complete eviction of Pakistani intruders from Kargil, officially bringing the Kargil War to an end.</li>
<li>The committee was set up to examine the sequence of events and make recommendations for the future.</li>
<li>The committee pointed out loopholes in Intelligence, Counter-terrorist operations, Border Management, Defence Budget and Modernisation, National Security Management and Apex Decision Making.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Naresh Chandra Task Force</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2011, Government of India announced setting up a high-powered task force.</li>
<li>It was directed to review the defence management in the country and make suggestions for implementation of major defence projects.</li>
<li>The task force was mandated to review the implementations of Kargil Review Committee&rsquo;s recommendation.</li>
<li>It observed that the linkages between the ministry of external affairs and the Ministry of Defence &ldquo;were untouched&rdquo;, and &ldquo;deficiencies remain in critical areas of defence procurement&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>There is a <strong>need to create a policy which should be based on clearly spelling out the real trade-off between security and the space to enjoy democratic values</strong> and fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution.</p>
<p><strong>A national security doctrine will make sense only if it is placed in the framework of India&rsquo;s Constitution and conveys a sense of where India wishes to be as a country and society in the coming future.</strong></p>
<p>It is important to update the reports of the Kargil Review Committee and the Naresh Chandra Task Force on National Security. The reports not only contain a diagnosis of our national security challenge but valuable recommendations to address it.</p>
<p><em>In order to realise the dream of a robust and secure nation, the government needs to draw lessons from past successes and failures and avoid ad hoc responses and instead create a strong national security policy.</em></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-vote-on-national-security'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (15th March 2019)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Bannerghatta National Park</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/eco-sensitive-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Eco-Sensitive Zone</strong> </a>(ESZ) Expert Committee of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), has recommended the <strong>reduction of nearly 100 sq. km in the ESZ</strong> of <strong>Bannerghatta National Park.</strong></li>
<li>ESZ provides a<strong> regulated buffer zone</strong> around protected areas.</li>
<li>The fear is that this reduction would lead to more quarrying in the area.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, there is a <strong>Supreme Court ruling prohibiting quarrying and mining activities</strong> within <strong>1km of protected areas irrespective of the ESZ distance.</strong></li>
<li>Therefore, <strong>the &lsquo;safe zone&rsquo; of 1 km</strong> around protected areas is already in place across the country.</li>
<li>Other &lsquo;<strong>development&rsquo; activities</strong> apart from mining and quarrying can take place, which can have an <strong>adverse impact on forests.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bannerghatta National Park</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bannerghatta National Park is located near <strong>Bangalore in Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>Wildlife such as elephants, gaur, leopard, jackal, fox, wild boar, sloth bear, Sambar, Chital, spotted deer, barking deer, common langur, bonnet macaque, porcupine, and hares are found in abundance.</li>
<li>The Bannerghatta Biological Park has been an integral part of Bannerghatta National Park.</li>
<li>It emerged out as an <strong>independent establishment during the year 2002.</strong></li>
<li>Bannerghatta Biological Park is one among the few places in the world where wilderness is preserved so close to a big city. It is having different units such as Zoo, Safari, Butterfly Park and Rescue Center (Conservation of captive animals).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>West Nile Virus</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Union health ministry has sent a disease surveillance team to Kerala to investigate a case of West Nile fever.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>West Nile Virus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>West Nile virus can cause a fatal <strong>neurological disease in humans.</strong></li>
<li>However, approximately 80% of people who are infected <strong>do not show any symptoms.</strong></li>
<li>West Nile virus is mainly transmitted to people through the bites of <strong>infected mosquitoes.</strong></li>
<li>The virus can cause <strong>severe disease and death in horses.</strong></li>
<li>Vaccines are available for use in horses but not yet available for people.</li>
<li>It does not have specific treatment either.</li>
<li><strong>Birds are the natural hosts of West Nile virus.</strong> It spreads to human by<strong> Culex mosquitoes.</strong> Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds.</li>
<li>WNV was first isolated from a patient from the <strong>West Nile district of Northern Uganda in 1937.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Cases in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WNV is <strong>very uncommon in India.</strong> However, WNV infections have been reported from Vellore and Kolar districts during 1977, 1978 and 1981.</li>
<li>During an outbreak of<strong> Acute Encephalitis Syndrome</strong> (AES) in Kerala, in May 2011, the presence of WNV was confirmed in clinical specimens.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-15th-march-2019'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Emotional Intelligence',
			'catname' => 'Paper 4',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/745Drishti_ias_Emotional-Intelligence.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/745Drishti_ias_Emotional-Intelligence.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper4/emotional-intelligence-mind-map'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'FSDC Panel on Credit Ratings',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently the <strong>Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC)</strong> panel has discussed ways to address challenges pertaining to the quality of credit ratings.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It expressed concerns over the inability of rating agencies&rsquo; to assess credit risk and take timely rating actions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong> Example:</strong> Recent IL&amp;FS defaults crisis which had AAA rating just before it started defaulting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FSDC is a <strong>non-statutory apex council</strong> under<strong> Ministry of Finance</strong> constituted by Executive Order of Union Govt in 2010.</li>
<li>The Chairman of the Council is the Finance Minister and its members include the heads of financial sector Regulators (RBI, SEBI, PFRDA, IRDA), Finance Secretary and/or Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Secretary, Department of Financial Services, and Chief Economic Adviser.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In May, 2018 government reconstituted FSDC to include the Minister of State responsible for the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Secretary of Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Chairperson of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)</a> and the Revenue Secretary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It aims strengthening and institutionalizing the mechanism of financial stability and development.</li>
<li>It will monitor macro-prudential supervision of the economy. It will assess the functioning of the large financial conglomerates.</li>
<li>It will address intra regulatory coordination issues.</li>
<li>The Raghuram Rajan committee (2008) on financial sector reforms recommended for the creation of FSDC.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Credit Rating Agencies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A credit rating agency (CRA) is a company that assigns credit ratings, which rate a debtor's ability to pay back debt by making timely principal and interest payments and the likelihood of default.</li>
<li>The assessed entities may be companies, special purpose entities, state governments, local governmental bodies, non-profit organisations and even countries.</li>
<li>There are six credit rating agencies registered under SEBI namely, CRISIL, ICRA, CARE, SMERA, Fitch India and Brickwork Ratings.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fsdc-panel-on-credit-ratings'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Emotional Intelligence',
			'catname' => 'Paper 4',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><em>"Anybody can become angry, that is easy; but to be angry with the right person, and to the right degree, and at the right time, and for the right purpose, and in the right way, that is not within everybody&rsquo;s power, that is not easy." &mdash;Aristotle</em></p>
</div>
<h3>Emotional Intelligence (EI)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term was coined by two researchers &ndash; Peter Salovey and John Mayer in 1990 but got popular in 1996 from Dan Goleman&rsquo;s book &lsquo;Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Emotional intelligence refers to &lsquo;the ability to identify one&rsquo;s own emotions and those of others, harness and apply them to tasks, and to regulate and manage them&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Emotional Quotient (EQ) is a measure of one&rsquo;s EI i.e. through a standardized test, one&rsquo;s awareness of emotions in relation to self and others is known.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Elements of EI (as given by Daniel Goleman)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Self-Awareness:</strong> It is the skill of being aware of and understanding one&rsquo;s emotions as they occur and as they evolve.</li>
<li><strong>Self-Regulation:</strong> It is about controlling one&rsquo;s emotions i.e. instead of reacting quickly; one can reign in one&rsquo;s emotions and thus will think before responding.</li>
<li><strong>Internal Motivation:</strong> It includes one&rsquo;s personal drive to improve and achieve commitment to one&rsquo;s goals, initiative, or readiness to act on opportunities, and optimism and resilience.</li>
<li><strong>Empathy:</strong> It is an awareness of the needs and feelings of others both individually and in groups, and being able to see things from the point of view of others.</li>
<li><strong>Social Skills:</strong> It is applying empathy and balancing the wants and requirements of others with one&rsquo;s. It includes building good rapport with others.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Four Different Areas of EI (Mayer &amp; Salovey Ability Model)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ability to perceive emotions in oneself and others accurately.</li>
<li>The ability to use emotions to facilitate thinking.</li>
<li>The ability to understand emotions, emotional language, and the signals conveyed by emotions.</li>
<li>The ability to manage emotions so as to attain specific goals.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Emotional Quotient (EQ) vs. Intelligent Quotient (IQ)</h3>
<div class="border">
<p><em>"What really matters for success, character, happiness and lifelong achievements is a definite set of emotional skills &ndash; your EQ &mdash; not just purely cognitive abilities that are measured by conventional IQ tests." &mdash;Daniel Goleman</em></p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>EQ is a measure of a person's level of emotional intelligence.</strong> It refers to a person's ability to perceive, control, evaluate, and express emotions.</li>
<li><strong>IQ is a score derived from one of several standardized tests designed to assess an individual's intelligence.</strong> It is used to determine academic abilities and identify individuals with off-the-chart intelligence or mental challenges.</li>
<li><strong>EQ is centred on abilities such as</strong> identifying emotions, evaluating how others feel, controlling one's own emotions, perceiving how others feel, using emotions to facilitate social communication and relating to others.</li>
<li><strong>IQ represents abilities such as</strong> visual and spatial processing, knowledge of the world, fluid reasoning, working memory and short-term memory and quantitative reasoning.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of EI in Civil Services</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>For Targeting Policies better:</strong> Bureaucrats need to know emotions, moods and drives of persons at whom public policy is targeted for better acquaintance with the nature of problems in society and their possible solutions.</li>
<li><strong>For motivating subordinates:</strong> EI helps a person in comprehending emotions of others, thus an emotionally intelligent civil servant can motivate his/her subordinates towards a particular goal.</li>
<li><strong>Stress Management:</strong> EI enables one to manage emotions in anxiety-provoking situations and thus helps one in maintaining one&rsquo;s physical and mental well being.</li>
<li><strong>For change:</strong> An Emotionally Intelligent person is more likely to try new things, take risks and face new challenges without fear. This will help in finding innovative solutions to different problems.</li>
<li><strong>For Decision making:</strong> EI helps in recognizing such emotions that are unrelated to any specific problem and not allowing them to be influential to the final result.</li>
<li><strong>For Better Communication:</strong> An Emotionally Intelligent civil servant will be able to communicate policies better. Also, the person will be able to foster a healthy relationship with subordinates.</li>
<li><strong>For maintaining balance in life:</strong> EI helps a civil servant in managing his/her personal life as well as professional life.</li>
<li><strong>On personal front,</strong> EI makes one more flexible, empathetic and clear in expression.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance of EI in Civil Services</h3>
<p>Civil Servants today face numerous problems in the work environment such as:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Increasing regional, economic and digital divide.</li>
<li>Widespread application of IT.</li>
<li>Demand for improved governance.</li>
<li>Issues getting politicized easily.</li>
<li>Political Pressure and Rampant Corruption.</li>
<li>Decentralisation of governance to grassroot levels thereby increasing responsibilities.</li>
<li>Issues of globalisation, migration, terrorism, cybercrimes, information technology etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Improving Emotional Intelligence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By self-evaluating oneself, one can know one&rsquo;s emotions and reactions to different situations.</li>
<li>By observing others, one can comprehend feelings of others.</li>
<li>By improving one&rsquo;s expression, one can communicate better.</li>
<li>By analyzing the impact of one&rsquo;s action over others, one can fine tune the actions.</li>
</ul>
<p>Now-a-days, organizations take initiative to improve Emotional Intelligence among its employees through different group activities, exercises, seminars and tests. However, EI also improves with age (maturity) due to one&rsquo;s experiences in life.</p>
<div class="border">
<p><em>Rule Your Feelings, Lest Your Feelings Rule You.&nbsp; &mdash; Publilius Syrus</em></p>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/672Drishti_ias_Emotional-Intelligence.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/672Drishti_ias_Emotional-Intelligence.png" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper4/emotional-intelligence'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (14th March 2019)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>First TIR shipment via Chabahar Port</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The first shipment under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-firm-takes-over-chabahar-port-operations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> United Nations &lsquo;Transports Internationaux Routiers&rsquo; (TIR) convention</a> has arrived in India from Afghanistan through Iran&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-25th-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chabahar Port</a>.</strong></li>
<li>India joined the TIR Convention (the United Nations Customs Convention on International Transport of Goods under cover of TIR Carnets) on 15th June 2017.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>TIR is a multilateral treaty that allows goods to be outlined in a TIR carnet and sealed in load compartments.</strong></li>
<li>Customs officials verify the carnet and check the seals, with no need for physical checking of the contents, enabling shipments to pass through countries without being opened at borders.</li>
<li>More than 34,000 operators are authorized to use the TIR system and in 2017, around 1.2 million TIR Carnets were issued worldwide.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-asean-expo-and-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FICCI</a> has been appointed by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes &amp; Customs (CBIC), Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Government of India as National Issuing &amp; Guaranteeing Association for its operation in India.</strong></li>
<li>The system worldwide is managed by the International Road Transport Union (IRU), Geneva and overseen by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Road Transport Union (IRU)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>world road transport organization,</strong> which upholds the interests of bus, coach, taxi and truck operators to ensure economic growth and prosperity via the sustainable mobility of people and goods by road worldwide.</li>
<li>It was founded on 23 March 1948 and has its <strong>headquarter at Geneva, Switzerland</strong>.</li>
<li>Its work spans more than 100 countries and has <strong>regional offices in Brussels, Moscow, Istanbul, and New York.</strong></li>
<li>It is an independent democratic organization whose member meet, debate and vote twice a year at the General Assembly and two Transport Councils.</li>
<li>It also works closely with business, governments, the UN and international organizations.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Pink Tax</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>It refers to the extra cost that women have to pay on products designed and marketed specifically to them, as compared to other generic or male equivalent same products.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For e.g., most salons charge more for women&rsquo;s haircut than men&rsquo;s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to a recent study by the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs, hair care products for women were 48% more expensive than the same products for men. Even toys for girls are priced higher than those for boys.</li>
<li><strong>It&rsquo;s a double whammy for women</strong> as on one hand, they get less pay in comparison to men for the same level of work and on the other hand, have to spend more on generic products specifically marketed to them.</li>
<li>Some argue that that women&rsquo;s garments and accessories require minute detailings and thus are priced high.</li>
<li>While some others argue that the expectations that are placed on women&rsquo;s appearance increase the price of the products specifically designed for them.</li>
<li>To avoid Pink Tax, generic versions of products can be bought if the difference in quality is not much.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the army has decided to remove sharp iron spikes cemented on the ground to keep elephants off its Narengi Cantonment in Guwahati bordering the Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary.</li>
<li><strong>The Amchang Wildlife sanctuary is situated in the eastern fringe of the Guwahati, Assam.</strong></li>
<li>It is flanked by the<strong> three Reserve forests-Khanapara, Amchang, and the South Amchang.</strong></li>
<li>It extends from the river Brahmaputra on the north to the hilly forests of Meghalaya on the south forming a continuous forest belt through Maradakdola Reserve Forests and the Mylleiem Reserve Forests of Meghalaya.</li>
<li><strong>Species Diversity at Glance</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mammals</strong> &ndash; Chinese pangolin, Flying fox, Slow loris, Assamese macaque, Rhesus macaque, Hoolock gibbon, Porcupine.</li>
<li><strong>Tree yellow butterflies (gancana harina)</strong> are found at the Amchang wildlife sanctuary which <g class="gr_ gr_125 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="125" data-gr-id="125">are</g> indigenous to Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore <g class="gr_ gr_130 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="130" data-gr-id="130">and</g> northeast India.</li>
<li><strong>Birds</strong>: Lesser Adjutant, Greater Adjutant, White-backed Vulture, Slender-billed Vulture, Khaleej Pheasant Green Imperial Pigeon, Lesser Pied Hornbill etc.</li>
<li><strong>Reptiles</strong>: Python, Monitor Lizard, Indian Cobra etc.</li>
<li><strong>Forest Types</strong>: Khasi Hill Sal Forests, East Himalayan Mixed Deciduous Forest, Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-evergreen Forests and East Himalayan Sal Forests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Foreign Exchange Swaps</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RBI has decided to <strong>inject rupee liquidity into the system through long-term foreign exchange buy/sell swap.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Under the Swap, a bank would sell US dollars to the RBI and simultaneously agree to buy the same amount of US dollars at the end of the swap period.</strong></li>
<li>The RBI would conduct dollar-rupee buy/sell swap auction of $5 billion for a three-year tenor.</li>
<li>It aims to augment liquidity management and inject rupee liquidity.</li>
<li>It will lower the dependence on open market operations which have been a significant amount of the overall borrowing as higher open market operations distort the interest rates curve.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Quality of Living Rankings -2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mercer has recently released<strong> Quality of Living Rankings -2019.</strong></li>
<li>Conducted annually, the Mercer survey analyses the living standards of cities, as is perceived internationally, to enable multinational companies and other organizations to suitably compensate their staff on international assignments.</li>
<li>Globally,<strong> Vienna, Austria has topped the ranking followed by Zurich, Switzerland</strong>.</li>
<li>In India,&nbsp;<strong>Hyderabad &amp;, Pune has topped the survey and ranked at 143.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mercer</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mercer is a global consulting leader in advancing health, wealth and careers.</li>
<li>It releases its<strong> Quality of Living ranking.</strong></li>
<li>The survey identifies those cities with the highest personal safety ranking based upon internal stability, crime, the effectiveness of law enforcement and relationships with other countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Small Finance Banks (SFBs)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently<strong> Investment Information and Credit Agency (ICRA)</strong> reported that SFBs are likely to grow at 25-30% over the medium term.</li>
<li><strong>Small Financial Banks(SFBs)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Banks are aimed at ensuring the financial inclusion through the supply of credit to small business units; small and marginal farmers; micro and small industries; and other unorganized sector entities, through high technology-low cost operations.</li>
<li>The minimum paid-up equity capital for small finance banks is Rs. 100 crore.</li>
<li>These Banks perform basic banking activities of acceptance of deposits and lending.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>&nbsp;Investment Information and Credit Agency (ICRA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an Indian independent and professional investment information and credit rating agency set up in 1991 by leading financial/investment institutions, commercial banks.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Pink bollworm</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Virulent attack of the pest Pink bollworm is<strong> destroying the fiber crop across India,</strong> particularly in the West, Central and Southern parts.</li>
<li><strong>Pink bollworm has developed resistance</strong> to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab (or Bollgard-II) &mdash; the two biotech solutions currently available in India to tackle pink bollworm</li>
<li>Researchers have suggested ways to deal with Pink Bollworm like<strong> shortening cotton season, destroying crop residues, deep summer plowing, crop rotation, mating disruption, insecticides.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pink bollworm</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>It is an insect known for being a pest in cotton farming.</strong> The pink bollworm is<strong> native to Asia</strong> but has become an invasive species in most of the world's cotton-growing regions.</li>
<li>The <strong>female moth lays eggs in a cotton boll, and when the larvae emerge from the eggs, they inflict damage through feeding.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-14th-march-2019'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Swaraj To The Kisan',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>(This editorial is based on the article <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/agrarian-crisis-lok-sabha-elections-bjp-farmers-suicides-rural-distress-swaraj-to-the-kisan-5625197/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"Swaraj To The Kisan"</a> which appeared in "The Indian Express" on 14<sup>th</sup> March 2019. The article talks about farmer&rsquo;s problems that has resulted from the government&rsquo;s inclination towards urban consumers and excesses of Essential Commodities Act 1955.)</p>
</div>
<p>Indian agriculture is confronted with high price volatility, climate risks and indebtedness. Since majority of farmers are small and marginal with declining and fragmenting landholdings, these uncertainties make them even more vulnerable and risk-prone.</p>
<p>Until recently the fragmented voices of farmers went unheard but this has changed considerably in recent times, people have begun to see problems from the agriculturist perspective, acknowledging their hardships.</p>
<p>However government tends to see farmers from a very narrow perspective and are driven from urban consumers&rsquo; motive and often brings law that are at times detrimental to farmers. One such law is Essential Commodities Act, (ECA) 1955.</p>
<h3>Knowing the ECA</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ECA was enacted in 1955. The act provides for the control of production, supply, distribution, trade and commerce in any farm good deemed &ldquo;essential&rdquo; and &ldquo;in the interest of the general public&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The list of items under the Act includes drugs, fertilisers, pulses and edible oils, and petroleum and petroleum products.</li>
<li>The Centre under the Act has the power to include new commodities as and when the need arises, and can take them off the list once the situation improves (in view of public interest).</li>
<li>Once a notification is issued, anybody trading or dealing in a commodity, be it wholesalers, retailers or even importers are prevented from stockpiling it beyond a certain quantity.</li>
<li>It protects consumers against irrational spikes in prices of essential commodities. The Government has invoked the Act numerous times to ensure adequate supplies. It cracks down on hoarders and black-marketers of such commodities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Farmer&rsquo;s Distress</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governments often confuse interests of &ldquo;general public&rdquo; with urban consumers&rsquo; and have a huge tendency of putting their interest above everybody else which often stands in conflict with the interests of farmers.</li>
<li>Governments by bringing any commodity in ECA or banning export through fixing a minimum price below which shipments couldn&rsquo;t take place infringes upon the commercial freedom of farmers and agri-businesses.</li>
<li><strong>Indian agriculture today suffers from domestic investment in processing as well as backend procurement, grading, warehousing, cold storage and transport infrastructure.</strong> These problems can only be solved by increasing farmers&rsquo; household income.</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s constant manoeuvring with supply side management creates an unstable environment for foreign investors.</strong></li>
<li>Export ban measures makes India an unreliable and unpopular partner amongst its global peers, as policies here are governed more on public sentiment then on real economic grounds. Foreign markets are important as they serve as an alternative source of buyers for Indian farmers by providing better and competitive prices in case of an unfavourable domestic demand.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Misplaced Orientations</h3>
<p>The pro-consumer bias which is built into official policy-making has been seriously called into question by the spectacle of farm distress over a long period.</p>
<p>These policies are pro-consumers and look at controlling prices from the general public perspective of controlling food inflation; however it results in restricted income and poor price realisation for farmers.</p>
<p>Prices play a key role in affecting the incomes of farmers, in the last two years inflation in agriculture has been much lower than overall inflation. The consumer price index (CPI) also shows that the rise in prices for agriculture has been much lower than general inflation in recent years.</p>
<p>Market prices for several agricultural commodities have been lower than those of minimum support prices (MSP) which reflects the unfavourable terms of trade against agriculture in the last two years.</p>
<p><strong>Any pro-farmer initiative does not deter governments to build buffer stock of any "essential" commodity, whether for the public distribution system or for market intervention operations as long as it does not impinge upon the rights and the welfare of farmers.</strong></p>
<p>The government should trust the ability of farmers to increase production when prices go up, as the situation has vastly improved as compared to earlier periods.</p>
<p>Better seeds, agronomic practices, crop protection chemicals, machinery, and also rural roads, electricity, irrigation and communication infrastructure have reduced the supply response time to just the next season in most crops.</p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farmers should be given ample <strong>rights to sell any quantity of their produce to anybody, both domestic and international and at any time</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>The Essential Commodities Act,</strong> which has proven a disincentive to large investment in agricultural technology and infrastructure, should <strong>be replaced with a modern statute that balances the interests of farmers and consumers</strong>.</li>
<li>A law should be formulated that restricts the powers of the Department Of Consumer Affairs or Director-General of Foreign Trade to impose curbs on any agricultural commodity at the slightest instance of price rise.</li>
<li><strong>Only the Parliament should have the right to impose curbs on agricultural commodities</strong> that too under exceptional circumstances of war or nationwide calamity as opposed to executive orders issued in "public interest".</li>
<li>It is important to understand that the gains to individual producers who sell in tonnes/quintals far outweigh any losses to consumers buying in kilos and therefore there is a need to create balance between consumers and farmers.</li>
<li><strong>Therefore, if the nation wants to uplift farmer&rsquo;s condition, it is important to give them the economic independence they deserve.</strong></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/swaraj-to-the-kisan'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Global Environment Outlook',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>United Nation Environment Program (UNEP) has recently released the 6<sup>th</sup> edition of the Global Environment Outlook Report (GEO).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It outlines the current state of the environment illustrates possible future environmental trends and analyses the effectiveness of policies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>About GEO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Global Environment Outlook is often referred to as<strong> UN Environment&rsquo;s flagship environmental assessment.</strong></li>
<li>UN Environment launched the<strong> first Global Environment Outlook in 1997.</strong></li>
<li>It is a flagship report because<strong> it fulfills the core functions of the UNEP.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3dyhAcGyd20" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Key Findings of the GEO-6 report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise amid<strong> an increased risk of droughts, floods and superstorms made worse by climbing sea levels, there is a growing political consensus that climate change poses a future risk to billions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>A quarter of all premature deaths and diseases worldwide are due to manmade pollution</strong> and environmental damage - around 9 million deaths in 2015 alone.</li>
<li>Lacking access to clean drinking supplies,<strong> 1.4 million people die each year from preventable diseases such as diarrhea and parasites</strong> linked to pathogen-riddled water and poor sanitation.</li>
<li><strong>Chemicals pumped into the seas cause &ldquo;potentially multi-generational&rdquo; adverse health effects.</strong></li>
<li>Land degradation through mega-farming and deforestation occurs in areas home to 3.2 billion people.</li>
<li>The report<strong> called for a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and pesticide use</strong> to improve air and water quality.</li>
<li>Food waste for instance, which accounts for 9% of global greenhouse gas emissions, could be slashed.</li>
<li>The world currently throws away a third of all food produced. In richer nations, 56% goes to waste.</li>
<li>The<strong> report advises adopting less-meat intensive diets and reducing food waste in both developed and developing countries.</strong></li>
<li>This would reduce the need to increase food production by 50% to feed the projected 9-10 billion people on the planet in 2050.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nation Environment Program</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),<strong> was established in 1972</strong> to<strong> guide and coordinate environmental activities within the United Nations (UN) system.</strong></li>
<li>UNEP <strong>promotes international cooperation on environmental issues, provides guidance to UN organizations.</strong></li>
<li>Through its scientific advisory groups, UNEP encourages the international scientific community to participate in formulating policy for many of the UN&rsquo;s environmental projects.</li>
<li>UNEP is<strong> headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
<li>The organization also encourages participation by the private sector to promote the sustainable use of the world&rsquo;s natural resources.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-environment-outlook'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Cabinet Approves Proposal to Align with Global Trademark System',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Union Cabinet has approved the proposal for the accession of India to:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Nice Agreement</strong> on the<strong> International classification of goods and services for the purposes of registration of trademarks.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Vienna Agreement</strong> for setting up an <strong>International classification of the figurative elements of trademarks.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Locarno Agreement</strong> for establishing an <strong>International classification for industrial designs.</strong></li>
<li>All three agreements are administered by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institutions-international-world-intellectual-property-organisation-wipo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Intellectual Property Organization.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits of the Accession</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Accession to the Nice, Vienna and Locarno Agreements will help the Intellectual Property (IP) Office in India to harmonize the classification systems for examination of trademark and design applications, in line with the classification systems, followed globally.</li>
<li>It would give an opportunity to include Indian designs, figurative elements, and goods in the international classification systems.</li>
<li>The accession is expected to instill confidence in foreign investors in relation to the protection of IPs in India.</li>
<li>The accession would also facilitate in exercising rights in decision-making processes regarding review and revision of the classifications under the agreement.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong> World Intellectual Property Organization.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WIPO is one of the <strong>oldest specialized agencies of the United Nations.</strong></li>
<li>WIPO was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world".</li>
<li><strong>WIPO currently administers 26 international treaties.</strong></li>
<li>It is headquartered in<strong> Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>Every year<strong> World Intellectual Property Day is being celebrated on 26th April.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Intellectual Property</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect, and primarily encompasses copyrights, patents, and trademarks.</li>
<li>It also includes other types of rights, such as trade secrets, publicity rights, moral rights, and rights against unfair competition.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-proposal-to-align-with-global-trademark-system'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture – Bridging Gender Gap',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/tk5HS6xo-pg" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></span></p>
<p>Every year on <strong>March 8</strong>, the world observes <strong>International Women&rsquo;s Day.</strong> &nbsp;The purpose is to reflect on the progress made by women in different fields, to celebrate the acts of courage and determination by ordinary women who have played an extraordinary role in the history and to call for action to bring about the necessary change towards gender equality. This year, theme is: <strong>&ldquo;Think equal, build smart, innovate for change&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drishti Input:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Key Findings From International Labour Organisation&rsquo;s (ILO) Report, 2019: </strong></p>
<p>(A Quantum leap for gender equality: For a better future of work for all)</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>1.3 billion women were in work in 2018 as compared to 2 billion men &ndash; <strong>a less than two per cent improvement</strong> in last 27 years.</li>
<li>Women&rsquo;s <strong>pay is 20 per cent lower</strong> than men&rsquo;s, as a global average.</li>
<li>Women <strong>remain underrepresented at the top</strong>, a situation that has changed very little in the last 30 years. Less than one-third of managers are women.</li>
<li>This is despite the fact that women are likely to be better educated than their male counterparts. Education is not the main reason for lower employment rates and lower pay of women, but rather women do not receive the same dividends for education as men.</li>
<li><strong>Motherhood Leadership Penalty:</strong> Only 25 percent of managers with children under six years of age are women. Women's share rises to 31 per cent for managers without young children.</li>
<li>In India, women make up about <strong>10.2 percent of managers</strong> with children under the age of six and 16.3 percent with no children.&nbsp;</li>
<li>In contrast, 89.8 percent managers with children under six years of age are men while this percentage is 83.7 for men with no children.</li>
<li>In the last 20 years, the amount of time that women spent on <strong>unpaid care</strong> and domestic work has hardly fallen, and that of men's has increased by just eight minutes a day. At this pace of change, it will take more than 200 years to achieve equality in time spent in unpaid care work.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Reasons For Persistent Gender Gap</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Primary responsibility</strong> of taking care of family and bringing up the child is still on the women.</li>
<li>Now-a-days, quiet a number of women can be seen in<strong> &lsquo;Arts&rsquo; Field</strong> but even the same number is missing in<strong> &lsquo;Science&rsquo; field.</strong> The reason is that girls are not conditioned for mathematics, physics and chemistry.</li>
<li>The women are mostly deemed fit for <strong>&ldquo;pink collar jobs</strong>&rdquo; only, such as teachers, nurses, receptionist, baby sitter, lecturer etc. which have been stereotyped for women. This denies them opportunities in other fields.</li>
<li>Many women due to<strong> family pressures</strong> have to retreat from work force.</li>
<li>Companies are interested in hiring more number of young women because it has been generally seen that the work and the <strong>family environment, marriage and maternity</strong> generally forces a married woman for resignation.</li>
<li>Women receive <strong>lower amount of wages</strong> compared to men for the same work.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions To Bridge Gender Gap</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apart from providing education to women, they need to be provided with all kinds of <strong>opportunities and skills</strong> without any discrimination or stereotyping.</li>
<li>
<p>The <strong>health and safety</strong> of women should be given priority to enable them to participate in public life efficiently.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <strong>disparity in pay structure</strong> for women for same work and skill set needs to be closed at all levels.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Women should be given the <strong>right to decide the size of their family</strong> i.e. number of and spacing between children. Further, all women need to be made aware about contraception.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Support</strong> from the society, family and corporate is required to create a soothing working environment for a woman.</p>
</li>
<li>A working couple needs to spend part of their income on domestic arrangements; otherwise the woman will get marginalized.</li>
<li>The family of a woman needs to understand that she is pursuing a particular job as her passion, not just to earn some income.</li>
<li>Also, life of the child needs to be planned by couple in advance so that s/he does not suffer.</li>
<li>Now-a-days, companies do not want to lose their efficient employees. They are generally ready to provide much necessary break (maternity leave) to women.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Countries need to work with society and its adolescent population to identify gaps which are limiting women&rsquo;s access in any field and should try to bridge those gaps.</li>
<li>Evidence shows that women make better decisions. Therefore, their participation in top decision making bodies at corporate as well as at democratic level needs to be boosted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Change in the mindset is required to bridge the gaps in gender equality. Apart from family and workplace support, use of technology is required to maintain work-life balance.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>For further reading see the link below:</em></p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-gender-gap-report-2018"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Global Gender Gap Report-2018</span></a></p>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/gender-gap-women-issues-problems-solution-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-discussion'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)',
			'catname' => 'Paper 2',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/421Drishti_ias_NGOs.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/421Drishti_ias_NGOs.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos-mindmap'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Secrets Are Not Sacred',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>(This editorial is based on the article <a href="http://epaper.indianexpress.com/2066639/Delhi/March-13-2019#clip/37545069/b4ccf410-b376-4891-95d9-bc267bbbf261/565.3333333333334:1439.433962264151" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Secrets are not sacred&rdquo;</a> which appeared in &lsquo;&rsquo;The Indian Express&rsquo;&rsquo; on 13th March 2019. The article talks about the Official Secrets Act of 1923 and looks into the act which is against the spirit of democracy.)</p>
</div>
<p>Recently secret documents related to Rafael deal went missing resulting in a widespread public attention. Attorney General for the day denied providing information on the deal as it could not be disclosed for national security reasons, cautioning judicial restraint, simultaneously threatening a media house for publishing the &lsquo;secret&rsquo; information that was already in the public domain.</p>
<p>The constitutional freedom to use and publicise information is directly affected by the provisions of the Official Secrets Act, 1923.</p>
<p>The Official Secrets Act of 1923 (OSA) is one of many laws in Indian statute that is inherently colonial in nature and has no place in a free society like India. The law challenges the basic right of information, promoting the culture of secrecy and creating grounds for corruption.</p>
<h3>Official Secrets Act: The Act We Know Today</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>OSA has its roots in the British colonial era and was originally known as The Indian Official Secrets Act (Act XIV), 1889.</li>
<li>The act was primarily mandated to gag the voice of a large number of newspapers that came up in several languages, and were opposing the Raj&rsquo;s policies, building political consciousness and facing police crackdowns and prison terms.</li>
<li>The act was amended and made more stringent in the form of The Indian Official Secrets Act, 1904, during Lord Curzon&rsquo;s tenure as Viceroy of India.</li>
<li>In 1923, a newer version was notified. The Indian Official Secrets Act (Act No XIX of 1923) was extended to all matters of secrecy and confidentiality in governance in the country.</li>
<li>It was further amended after India got independence in 1951 and 1967. The act in its present form deals with two aspects &mdash; spying or espionage and disclosure of other secret information of the government.</li>
<li>Secret information can be any official code, password, sketch, plan, model, article, note, document or information. Under the act both the person communicating the information, and the person receiving the information, can be punished.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Blindfolding The Democracy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Official Secrets Act which was intended to protect the British Empire from its enemies has been used as a way for silencing questioning citizens.</strong></li>
<li>The law continues to remain in the statute book and finds inroads in every government irrespective of the political party in power, reinforcing the parent-child relationship between the state and its subjects.</li>
<li>The idea that every information needs to flow from government to public with government getting to keep certain information away from the public domain in the name of national security, finds contradiction in the very idea of democracy where a true democracy stands to work for the people.</li>
<li>The law also finds itself in the crossroads of Article 19 (1) which gives every citizen the fundamental right of freedom of speech and expression.</li>
<li>The act does not clearly gives definition of &ldquo;secret&rdquo; documents or information, thus the Act can be misused with government authorities branding information or documents as official secrets as the government deems fit.</li>
<li>The OSA has often been arbitrarily used against media houses and journalist who are found opposing the action of the government and questioning its policies.</li>
<li>The law contradicts the Right to Information (RTI) Act that came into effect in 2005 and creates ample ground for corruption.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Voices Against The Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1971, the Law Commission became the first official body to make an observation regarding OSA. It observed that &ldquo;just because a circular is marked secret or confidential, it should not attract the provisions of the Act&rsquo;&rsquo;. The Law Commission, however, did not recommend any changes to the Act.</li>
<li><strong>In 2006, the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommended that OSA be repealed, and replaced with a chapter in the National Security Act containing provisions relating to official secrets, calling OSA incongruous with the regime of transparency in a democratic society&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>In 2015, a committee was formed to look into provisions of the OSA in light of the RTI Act. It submitted its report to the Cabinet Secretariat on June 16, 2017, recommending that OSA be made more transparent and in line with the RTI Act.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for Transparency: Step Towards Good Governance</h3>
<p><strong>Transparency and accountability are essential tools at the disposal of public opinion in order to ensure that the requirements of secrecy are not over-stated and people are not misled.</strong></p>
<p>Public welfare can best be served through the ability of the citizens to regularly question the policy and the intent behind its formulation.</p>
<p>Questions of Economic welfare, social reform, public justice and individual liberty cannot be solely left to the state whose foremost goal is the consolidation of power.</p>
<p>The media in today&rsquo;s time acts as the champion of freedom and it is important that it remains independent from any type of coercion and must serve the governed, not those who govern.</p>
<p>Information availability is not only a right of the people but an obligation on the part of the government to keep the people well informed.</p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Any law that favours the goals of few and work against the majority indicates the simplistic contradiction between the interests of the state and those of public welfare and is detrimental to good governance. Hence any such law should be repealed in the larger interest of the public.</strong></li>
<li>The modern trend in today&rsquo;s world is towards less secrecy and more information and India too should act in the same manner.</li>
<li>In his famous Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln described good governance as &ldquo;of the people, by the people and for the people&rdquo;. In order to achieve the third paradigm of his definition, the state needs to start acknowledging the importance of informed public and the role that it plays in the country&rsquo;s development as a nation.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/secrets-are-not-sacred'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => '60 steps to prelims',
			'catname' => 'Prelims',
			'desc' => '<div>
<p class="clear" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/pdf/60Steps-To-Prelims-2021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582975551_60 steps banner.png" /></a></p>
<p class="clear" style="text-align: right;"><a href="/pdf/60Steps-To-Prelims-2021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><span style="font-size: 24px; background-color: #db701f;"></span></strong></a><strong><a href="/pdf/60Steps-To-Prelims-2021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="background-color: #db701f;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><em>Download Schedule</em></span>&nbsp;</span></a></strong></p>
<p class="clear" style="text-align: left;"><strong>Learning is an art.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>Preparing for the UPSC Civil Services Exam is also no less an art. It takes months of perseverance, hard work and discipline to clear this exam. It also takes strength and courage to commit oneself solely to one goal. That is why support from family and friends during the time of preparation is very crucial. Though there cannot be a better support system than family and friends, we can still say that support from teachers, mentors and colleagues cannot be ignored.</p>
<p>Drishti IAS&rsquo;s vision here is to provide a similar support system to aspirants - one that not only helps at the coaching level but also helps at the community and personal levels.</p>
<p>We believe that every aspirant who will follow these 60 Steps will be able to walk with confidence into the exam hall on 31<sup>st</sup> May because they will have covered their bases and attempted the most UPSC relevant current affairs topics there is.</p>
<p>The 60 Steps To Prelims, combined with the interpersonal guidance that aspirants will receive, would be one of a kind program for Drishti IAS, and a very beneficial program for aspirants this year.</p>
<h2 style="text-align: center; padding-right: 0;"><a href="/quiz/quizlist/60-days-prelims-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Drishti IAS - 60 Steps To Prelims</a></h2>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Why follow our program?</strong></p>
<ul class="ticklist">
<li>The program that we have developed has its genesis in our Current Affairs Books &amp; Magazines, Prelims Test Series and the Drishti IAS Web portal. We have created strict mechanisms for maintaining quality over what we publish. Our aim is to pick only those topics from current affairs which have a high probability of appearing in the Prelims GS paper this year.</li>
<li>We have worked thoroughly on which would work best - a 50 or a 60 or a <g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="93" data-gr-id="93">70 day</g> programme, and based on opinions from many experts (and aspirants of course), we have decided on a <g class="gr_ gr_94 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="94" data-gr-id="94">two month</g> program. This is the ideal, if not the best period of study required for the Prelims. During these two <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="92" data-gr-id="92">months</g> the sole focus should be to clear the Prelims and nothing else.</li>
<li>Our program also comes bundled with three free full-mock tests. These tests will help aspirants following our program, consolidate their preparation.</li>
<li>Last but most importantly, we are also going to provide academic counselling and support to aspirants who sign up for this program via the comments section or via email &amp; Social Media. One may ask any number of his or her doubts and we will do our best to address these within a very specific period of time.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>How can 60 Steps To Prelims help?</strong></p>
<ul class="ticklist">
<li>This program is meant to supplement an aspirant&rsquo;s regular Prelims preparation and not replace it. Please keep this in mind.</li>
<li>The program follows its own routine and it is advised that aspirants should devise their own routines in such a way that it becomes possible to follow both without much friction.</li>
<li>The ratio for static topics to dynamic topics is 60:40 which means that out of every 100 questions, 40 will be from current affairs.</li>
<li>In addition to the above list, it is advised that aspirants look up topics that appear in 60 Steps To Prelims. We will provide explanations and solutions to every question asked but it will greatly benefit aspirants if they do some extra reading on their own. The <g class="gr_ gr_101 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="101" data-gr-id="101">above mentioned</g> book list will come in handy here.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Method for the program:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>We have identified static portions of the syllabus keeping in mind the previous year&rsquo;s Prelims questions. Based on this, we have carefully selected static questions to cover not only probable questions but also basic questions that will help build a strong foundation.</li>
<li>For questions from current affairs, we have consulted extensively with our own team of experts to come up with a pool of questions that can have a high probability of being asked by the UPSC.</li>
<li>We believe that our method of selecting topics and picking questions is one among the best in India and we have great faith that every question you will attempt will be within the bracket of UPSC relevance.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Recommended Study Material Guide</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCERT books are the foundation of Prelims preparation. These are easily available in the market, or downloadable from our website here:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NCERT books should be your first line of reference and should be consulted whenever you come across a difficult question in the 60 Steps program.</li>
<li>You will also need a good atlas, preferably the latest. When needed, consult this atlas for any <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="81" data-gr-id="81">geography related</g> questions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The book list for reference that we are providing has been meticulously selected. We do not want to overburden you with unnecessary books and therefore the list is short.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All of the books mentioned in the reference list need not be read cover to cover - unless you already have - and can be kept solely for review and reference purposes.</li>
<li>The exceptions to the above recommendation are - Indian Polity by Laxmikanth &amp; Spectrum Brief History of Modern India - revising these books thoroughly can prove to be greatly beneficial for the Prelims.</li>
<li>Where ever we are asking you to refer to websites for further reading, be assured that the content on these websites (including ours) is trustworthy and of high quality.</li>
<li>In addition to the above, we are also referring our own publications for the 60 Steps program because we have great faith in the quality of our material. A lot of aspirants have benefited from our books and magazines and we are happy to recommend these whenever we can.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 24px; background-color: #db701f;"><a href="/quiz/quizlist/60-days-prelims-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="background-color: #db701f;"><strong>&nbsp;<span style="color: #ffffff;">Attempt 60 Steps To Prelims&nbsp;</span></strong></a></span></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/prelims/60-steps-to-prelims'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Day Light Saving',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Daylight Saving Time (DST) is the <strong>practice of turning the clock ahead as warmer weather approaches and back as it becomes colder again.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The purpose of doing so is that people will have one more hour of daylight in the afternoon and evening during the warmer season of the year.</li>
<li><strong>The daylight saving time is followed in over 70 countries on various dates.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India does not follow daylight saving time;</strong> countries near the Equator do not experience high variations in daytime hours between seasons.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DRQcW9ODoP4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>History of Day Light Saving</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Initially, it was followed by a group of Canadians on July 1, 1908, when residents of Port Arthur, Ontario, turned their clocks forward by an hour. Other locations in Canada soon followed suit.</li>
<li>However, <strong>globally Germany and Austria introduced DST on April 30, 1916, the rationale being to minimize the use of artificial lighting to save fuel during World War I.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Does Daylight Saving Time actually save energy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A century ago, when DST was introduced, more daylight did mean less use of artificial light. <strong>But modern society uses so many energy-consuming appliances all day long that the amount of energy saved is negligible.</strong></li>
<li><strong>There is also a disadvantage of DST which includes disruption of the body clock or circadian rhythm.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Circadian Rhythm</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Circadian rhythm is the 24-hour cycle that tells our bodies when to sleep, rise, and eat&mdash;regulating many physiological processes.</strong></li>
<li>Internal body clock is affected by environmental cues, like sunlight and temperature, and determines whether one feels wide-awake and energized or tired.</li>
<li>Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young, who studied the molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm, were awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in the category of physiology or medicine.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/day-light-saving'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (13th March 2019)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Exchange Traded Fund</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government is considering selling a fresh tranche of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSE) Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) to <strong>raise Rs 4,000-5,000 crore in disinvestment.</strong></li>
<li>Till now, the government's disinvestment proceeds have reached Rs 56,473 crore so far <strong>against the full year Budget target of Rs 80,000 crore.</strong></li>
<li><strong>CPSE ETF,</strong> which functions like a mutual fund scheme, comprises scrips of <strong>10 PSUs -- ONGC, Coal India, IOC, GAIL (India), Oil India, PFC, Bharat Electronics, REC, Engineers India and Container Corporation of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Exchange Traded Funds (ETF)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ETFs are index funds that are <strong>listed and traded on stock exchanges just like regular shares.</strong></li>
<li>They are a basket of stocks with assigned weights that reflect the composition of an index.</li>
<li>The ETFs trading value is based on the net asset value of the underlying stocks that it represents.</li>
<li>They enable investors to gain broad exposure to entire stock markets in different countries and specific sectors with relative ease, on a real-time basis and at a lower cost than many other forms of investing.</li>
<li>The ETF is aimed at helping speed up the government&rsquo;s disinvestment programme.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bharat 22 ETF</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bharat 22 ETF comprises of stocks of<strong> 22 Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs), Public Sector Banks (PSBs) and Specified Undertaking of Unit Trust of India (SUUTI).</strong></li>
<li>Bharat 22 ETF is managed by<strong> ICICI Prudential Mutual Fund.</strong></li>
<li>The foundation of Bharat 22 ETF was laid by the government in the<strong> Union Budget 2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Early Harappan Artefacts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Artefacts believed to be around 5,000 years old, dating back to the early <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-and-the-decline-of-indus-valley-civilisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Harappan phase,</strong></a> have been unearthed during an excavation jointly being held by archaeologists from the University of Kerala and Kachchh University in Khatiya village of Kutch in Gujarat.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Findings</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rectangular graves, each of varying dimensions and assembled using stones, contained skeletons that were placed in a specific manner.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They were <strong>oriented east-west with the heads positioned on the eastern side.</strong></li>
<li>Next to the legs on the western side, the archaeologists found earthen pots and pottery shards and other artefacts, including conch-shell bangles, beads made of stones and terracotta, numerous lithic tools and grinding stones.</li>
<li>The burial of<strong> belongings next to the corpse could possibly suggest the prevalence of the concept of afterlife.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of <strong>animal skeletons along with those of humans</strong> were also recorded in a few graves.</li>
<li>The <strong>mode of burial</strong> was found to be <strong>non-uniform.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Instances of primary burial and <strong>secondary burial (when the remains of the primary burial are exhumed and moved to another grave)</strong> were found.</li>
<li>The remains of those who were possibly cremated were also found in a few graves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These artefacts bore similarities with the ones unearthed from ancient settlements in Harappan sites, including Kot Diji and Amri of Pakistan, and Nagwada, Santhali, Moti Pipli, Datrana, Surkotada, and Dhaneti in North Gujarat.</li>
<li>This will shed light on the burial rituals and other customs prevalent in the Harappan civilisation during its early phase from 3300 BCE to 2600 BCE.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-13th-march-2019-'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'Astrobatrachus Kurichiyana Frog',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently a <strong>starry dwarf frog, named after constellation-like markings</strong> on it and <strong>Wayanad&rsquo;s Kurichiya tribe</strong>, has been discovered in <strong>Wayanad district, Kerala.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features</strong> of the Frog<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577093961_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577093961_image5.png" width="250" height="154" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is about <strong>2cm to 3cm long</strong> and is the <strong>sole member of an ancient lineage</strong>, a long branch on the frog tree of life that researchers have classified as a <strong>new subfamily, Astrobatrachinae.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Dark brown with a bright orange underbelly</strong> and speckled with<strong> pale blue dots</strong>, the frog camouflages well in wet leaf litter.</li>
<li>It is <strong>Nocturnal.</strong></li>
<li>Scans of its skeletons showed it to be completely different from any other similar-sized frog seen in Wayanad, some of its physical characteristics (such as its triangular finger- and toe tips) closely resembled frogs in South America and Africa.</li>
<li>However, Genetic studies revealed that its closest relatives are the Nycibatrachinae group of frogs that dwell in the streams of Western Ghats, and the Lankanectinae frogs of Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Researchers still do not know its life cycle, the sound of its call or whether the species is threatened or endangered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kurichiya Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tribe is also known as <strong>Malai Brahmins</strong> or <strong>Hill Brahmins.</strong></li>
<li>They are the <strong>second largest adivasi community in Wayanad district</strong>. They stand at the top of the caste hierarchy among the hill tribes of Wayanad.</li>
<li>The community was named<strong> Kurichiya by the Kottayam Raja for the community&rsquo;s expertise in archery</strong>. The name is derived from the phrase <strong>&lsquo;kuri vechavan&rsquo;, </strong>which means <strong>&lsquo;he who took aim&rsquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also said that the name `Kurichiya&rsquo; is derived from the <strong>kuri or the sandalwood paste</strong> that they apply on their foreheads and chests as a custom.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They are <strong>land-owning communities</strong>, and follow a <strong>matrilineal household system.</strong></li>
<li>They followed <strong>slash and burn (shifting) cultivation</strong> known as <strong>Punam cultivation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nellukuthu Pattu</strong> is their art form.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India, once part of Africa, split from Madagascar about 89 million years ago and drifted northeast. Its long isolation as an island <strong>provided fertile ground for the evolution of new life forms</strong> and may have sheltered species that disappeared elsewhere.</li>
<li>Finding ancient lineages like Astrobatrachinae <strong>can help fill in in the region's distant biological past</strong> and may answer the perennial question that whether peninsular India's frogs are the descendants of African ancestors or they first originated in Asia and then moved south.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/astrobatrachus-kurichiyana-frog'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)',
			'catname' => 'Paper 2',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As defined by the World Bank NGOs refers to not-for-profit organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development.</li>
<li>These organisations are not a part of the governement, have a legal status and are registered under the specific Act (<span>Societies Registration Act, 1860 in India)</span> of the government.</li>
<li>The term NGO in India denotes wide spectrum of organisations which may be non-governmental, quasi or semi governmental, voluntary or non-voluntary etc.</li>
</ul>
<p>In India, based on the law under which they operate and the kind of activities they take up, civil society groups can be classified into following broad categories:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Registered Societies formed for specific purposes</li>
<li>Charitable Organizations and Trusts</li>
<li>Local Stakeholders Groups, Microcredit and Thrift Enterprises, Self Help Groups</li>
<li>Professional Self-Regulatory Bodies</li>
<li>Cooperatives</li>
<li>Bodies without having any formal organizational structure</li>
<li>Government promoted Third Sector Organizations</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for NGOs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since independence, India has achieved phenomenal economic growth in education, healthcare, poverty alleviation and overall standard of living.</li>
<li>Issues of exclusion of women, children and marginalized communities in the development process however remains.</li>
<li>Other adverse consequences of inequitable growth include the spread of Naxalism, recurrent violence for reservations and ever increasing cases of farmer suicides.</li>
<li><strong>India ranks 130<sup>th</sup> in the 2018 Human Development Index rankings. The Global Hunger Index for 2018 indicates that 38.4% of children under five in India are stunted. </strong></li>
<li>In such an environment civil society plays a key role in raising the concerns of people and ensuring that minorities are not neglected.</li>
<li>The state requires the constructive and collaborative engagement of the civil society in its various developmental activities and programs.</li>
<li>Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) acts as the operational arm of the civil society and thus have an important role in the development processes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Legislations regulating the finances of NGOs</h3>
<p><strong>Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foreign funding of voluntary organizations in India is regulated under FCRA act and is implemented by Ministry of Home Affairs.</li>
<li>The acts ensure that the recipients of foreign contributions adhere to the stated purpose for which such contribution has been obtained.</li>
<li>Under the act organisations require to register themselves every five years.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foreign Exchange Management Act (1999) aims to consolidate and amend the law relating to foreign exchange with objective of facilitating external trade and payments and for promoting the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.</li>
<li>A transaction under FEMA is called a fee or a salary while the same under FCRA is called a grant or a contribution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2016, the powers of Ministry of Finance to monitor NGOs were placed under the FEMA. The idea was to bring all NGOs, which receive foreign contributions, under one umbrella for better monitoring and regulations. The step was taken to that ensure only one custodian monitors flow of foreign funds to these organisations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions for NGOs in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 19(1)(c)</strong> on the right to form associations;</li>
<li><strong>Article 43</strong> which highlights the State&rsquo;s having an endeavor to promote cooperatives in rural areas;</li>
<li><strong>Concurrent List in Entry 28 mentions about &ndash;</strong> Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religious endowments and religious institutions&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Role of Non-Governmental Organisations</h3>
<p><strong>The Advocacy/Social Safety-Valve Role</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Non-profit organisations play vital role in mobilizing public attention to societal problems and needs.</li>
<li>They are the principal vehicle through which communities can give voice to their concerns.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Improving government performance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NGOs can broaden government&rsquo;s accountability by ensuring government is responsive to citizens at large rather than to narrow sectarian interests.</li>
<li>They also induce innovation and flexibility in policymaking by bringing their own independent expertise and research teams.</li>
<li>They enhance the efficiency of delivery of many services at the local level through involvement of residents.</li>
<li>They also improve policy monitoring and evaluation as Comptroller and auditor general (CAG) takes cognizance of reports and <strong>social audits</strong> by NGOs while preparing its reports.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Service Role</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The non-profit sector acts as a flexible mechanism through which people concerned about a social or economic problem can begin to respond.</li>
<li>It also caters to groups of the population who desire a range of public goods that exceeds what the government or society is willing to support.</li>
<li>NGOs help in constructive conflict resolution. In the international arena Track II diplomacy (involving non-governmental bodies) plays a crucial role in creating an environment of trust and confidence.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Building Community Participation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The non-profit organisations offer alternative perspectives; and most importantly, the capacity to conduct a meaningful dialogue with communities, particularly those that are disadvantaged.</li>
<li>They foster pluralism, diversity and freedom. Many NGOs work to preserve and promote India&rsquo;s diverse culture. For example SPIC MACAY is a society for promoting Indian classical music and culture amongst youth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Activities undertaken by NGOs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Advocacy, Analysis and Awareness Raising &ndash;</strong> acting as a voice for people both on a representative and self-appointed basis; researching, analyzing and informing the public about issues; mobilizing citizen action through media campaigns and other forms of activism; and lobbying business leaders and policymakers.</li>
<li><strong>Brokerage &ndash;</strong> acting as an intermediary between different sectors and groups.</li>
<li><strong>Conflict resolution &ndash;</strong> acting as a mediator and facilitator.</li>
<li><strong>Capacity Building &ndash;</strong> providing education, training and information.</li>
<li><strong>Delivery of services &ndash;</strong> operational delivery of essential humanitarian, development and/or social services.</li>
<li><strong>Evaluation and Monitoring &ndash;</strong> serving as a &lsquo;watchdog&rsquo; or third party / independent &lsquo;auditor&rsquo;, invited and uninvited, of government and corporate performance, accountability and transparency.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues with NGOs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Accreditation remains a big challenge as it is very difficult to distinguish whether an organization wants to work for the cause or has been set up only for the purpose of receiving government grants.</li>
<li>Over dependence on funds from the government dilutes the willingness of NGOs to speak out against the government.</li>
<li>NGOs have acted as a cover for organized crime in past and are often seen as fronts for fundamentalist causes. Foreign funded NGOs have been responsible for organising agitations and scuttling development projects in India.</li>
<li>NGOs are often seen as encroaching on centuries-old tradition and culture of the people, and lead to mass protest at times. Ban of Jallikattu, after the PIL by PETA is one such example.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>National Accreditation Council</strong> consisting of academicians, activist, retired bureaucrats should be made to ensure compliance by NGOs.</li>
<li>There should be better coordination between Ministries of Home Affairs and Finance in terms of monitoring and regulating illicit and unaccounted funds.</li>
<li>A regulatory mechanism to keep a watch on the financial activities of NGOs and voluntary organizations is the need of the hour.</li>
<li>Citizens today are keen to play an active role in processes that shape their lives and it is important that their participation in democracy go beyond the ritual of voting and should include promotion of social justice, gender equity, inclusion etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/664Drishti_ias_NGOs.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/664Drishti_ias_NGOs.png" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos'
		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'How To Prepare For The Upcoming UPSC Preliminary Exam, 2020?',
			'catname' => 'GS Prelims Strategy',
			'desc' => '<p><span style="color: #005fa8;"><em>Always believe in healthy competition: giving one's best is better than trying to beat the competition</em></span></p>
<p>Prelims 2020 is around the corner. Most aspirants are by now in the preparation mode - reading books and newspapers, making notes, taking classes, attempting mock tests and most importantly preparing themselves psychologically for this exam. Drishti IAS, which has been one of the foremost UPSC coaching institutes in India since 1999, would like to share some advice garnered from its years of experience helping thousands of aspirants.</p>
<p>The first place to look, whether one is a beginner or a third attempter, is always the previous years question papers. The goal here is to familiarise with the pattern of questions - what the UPSC wants the candidate to know and what information is relevant for this exam. This perspective will assist aspirants whenever they are preparing from any reading material and more importantly will help them overcome doubts regarding what the UPSC might or might not ask from any given topic.</p>
<p>After an aspirant is fairly familiar with the previous years pattern of questions, he or she may proceed with covering or revising the NCERT books. If time does not permit a full reading of these books, the aspirant may solve Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) based on the NCERT books and make notes from the solutions to these questions.</p>
<p>The third place where an aspirant must go is the daily newspaper. Reading a newspaper everyday is very important - it helps with current affairs and general knowledge, with understanding various nuances of any given topic, and most importantly reading the newspaper daily creates and sustains the habit of reading.</p>
<p><span style="color: #005fa8;"><em>&nbsp;</em></span><strong>Three formulas one can follow while preparing for Prelims:</strong></p>
<div class="border">
<ol>
<li>Cover as widely as possible - revise regularly what has been covered</li>
<li>Maintain a proper balance between memorisation and understanding - both are needed</li>
<li>Quality of coverage is more important than the quantity of material covered</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p>A question that frequently pops up here is whether to continue preparing the Optional once one has entered the month of March. There are two ways to look at this. For beginners, or first attempters, the foremost goal should be to clear the Prelims. Clearing the Prelims provides a great boost to a new aspirant's civil service journey. Thus, if preparing the Optional hampers the preparation for Prelims, then beginners should absolutely stop preparing it at once. However, for those who have already cleared the Prelims in earlier attempts and want to excel in the Mains examination, the advice here is to continue preparing the Optional, giving it at least 10 to 20 per cent of the total preparation time (or writing one answer daily at the least). For such aspirants, dedicating only the months of April and May for Prelims should suffice.</p>
<p>Another advice here is to follow a Mock Test Series. This helps in three ways - first, it instills punctuality or a routine in those who are in need of it; second, if the mock tests are taken in the classroom, it helps in simulating what the actual exam could be like; finally, well developed mock test papers cover topics very closely to what might be asked in the Prelims and therefore attempting them could actually better the chances of getting answers correct on the day of exam.</p>
<p>In conclusion, Drishti would like to share three very important points. One is to cut down on screen time - phones, TVs, computers - use these as far as possible, only to prepare for the exam. The next is to learn how to unitask - doing one thing at a time with full concentration is better for this exam. The last point here is perhaps the most important - learning to enjoy the process of preparing for the UPSC. It is well known that if someone enjoys doing something, the rate of success increases exponentially, and for any aspirant who enjoys the process of preparing for the UPSC Civil Service, the probability for success is very high.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.businesstoday.in/prnewswire/?rkey=20190308enIN201903087424_indiapublic&amp;filter=2418" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Business Today</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.ptinews.com/pressrelease/34191_press-subDrishti-IAS-Shares-Tips-on-Preparing-for-Upcoming-UPSC-Prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Press Trust Of India</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/how-to-crack-upsc-civil-services-prelims-drishti-ias-shares-tips-to-clear-the-exam/story-ABM6v2X2WC1QRwQzUmayKM.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hindustan Times</a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/prelims/gs-prelims-strategy/how-to-prepare-for-the-upcoming-upsc-preliminary-exam-2020'
		]
	],
	'updates' => object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

		'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
		'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
		'params' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'defaultTypes' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'decorators' => (int) 0,
		'executed' => false,
		'hydrate' => true,
		'buffered' => true,
		'formatters' => (int) 0,
		'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
		'contain' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'matching' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'extraOptions' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}
	
	},
	'page' => (int) 237,
	'search' => 'class',
	'totalPages' => (float) 303,
	'title' => 'Search'
]
$progress = []
$bookmarks = []
$notes = []
$mynote = []
$topdata = [
	(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/images/pdf/UPSC_Press%20Release_19042021%20Drishti%20IAS.pdf',
		'title' => 'UPSC Press Release April 2021',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	},
	(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/estore/english-books/all-english-books/Indian-and-World-Geography',
		'title' => 'New book release: Indian and World Geography - Prelims Practice Series (PPS)',
		'type' => (int) 1,
		'date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
	}
]
$searchdata = []
$searchlist = [
	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Country-by-Country Reports',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India and the US can now exchange <strong>country-by-country (CbC) reports</strong> filed by the ultimate parent corporations based in either of the countries.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>That is, the Companies headquartered in the US but having operations and taxability in India<strong> now need not file country-by-country (CbC) reports in India.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For such international companies, <strong>filing CbC reports in the US would be sufficient.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This will <strong>reduce the compliance burden</strong> on their subsidiaries operating out of these countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Income-tax Act requires Indian subsidiaries of multinational companies to provide details of key financial statements from other jurisdictions where they operate.</li>
<li>This provides the I-T Department with better operational view of such companies, primarily with regards to revenue and income tax paid.</li>
<li>The provision was a <strong>part of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)</strong> action plan, and<strong> later incorporated in I-T Act also</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BEPS is a term used to describe<strong> tax planning strategies</strong> that <strong>exploit mismatches and gaps that exist between the tax rules of different jurisdictions.</strong></li>
<li>It is done to <strong>minimise the corporation tax</strong> that is payable overall, by either making tax profits &lsquo;disappear&rsquo; or s<strong>hift profits to low tax jurisdictions where there is little or no genuine activity.</strong></li>
<li>In general BEPS strategies <strong>are not illegal; rather they take advantage of different tax rules operating in different jurisdictions.</strong></li>
<li>BEPS is of major significance for developing countries due to their heavy reliance on corporate income tax, particularly from multinational enterprises (MNEs).</li>
<li>The BEPS initiative is an <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/oecds-forecast-for-global-economy-in-2060" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>OECD</strong></a> initiative, approved by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/g20-summit-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> G20</strong></a>, to identify ways of providing more standardised tax rules globally.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/country-by-country-reports'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (16th March 2019)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>FINE-2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Festival of Innovation and Entrepreneurship(FINE) is a unique initiative of the <strong>Office of the President of India</strong> to recognise, respect and reward grassroots innovations and foster a supportive ecosystem.</li>
<li>This Festival is a <strong>celebration of creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>organised by National Innovation Foundation(NIF)</strong> and the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.</li>
<li>It was <strong>started in 2015.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Objective</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FINE would provide an excellent platform to the <strong>innovators for building the linkages</strong> with potential stakeholders whose support can improve their prospects in coming years for the larger social good.</li>
<li>It will also help in <strong>promoting lateral learning and linkages</strong> among the innovators to enrich the ecosystem for new India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NIF</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>established in year 2000</strong>, with the assistance of Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.</li>
<li>Contributed to strengthen the grassroots technological innovations and outstanding traditional knowledge in the country.</li>
<li>NIF has <strong>created a huge database of ideas, innovations</strong> and traditional knowledge practices from all over the country.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>SBI launches &lsquo;YONO Cash&rsquo;</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>State Bank of India recently launched &lsquo;YONO Cash&rsquo; <strong>for cardless withdrawal of cash at SBI ATMs across the country</strong>.</li>
<li>YONO app is designed to help its <strong>users withdraw cash without a physical debit card.</strong></li>
<li>Customers can initiate the cash withdrawal process on the YONO app and set <strong>a six-digit YONO Cash pin</strong> for the transaction.</li>
<li>It will generate <strong>six digit reference number for the transaction</strong> and send on their registered mobile number via SMS.</li>
<li>The cash withdrawal has to be completed within the next 30 minutes at the nearest ATMs using both PIN and the reference number received.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Neolithic Era</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to a recent research,<strong> changes to the human diet prompted by Neolithic advances</strong> in <strong>agriculture played a role in human jaw evolution that allowed people to pronounce the consonants &lsquo;f&rsquo; and &lsquo;v&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The study indicates that language is <strong>not merely a random product of history</strong> but was also linked to <strong>biological changes at the time.</strong></li>
<li>The<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/andhra-pradeshs-second-largest-petroglyph-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Neolithic era</strong></a>, from<strong> 6,000 B.C. to 2,100 B.C.,</strong> was when wheat and barley-based farming took root and animals such as goats, sheep and cows were domesticated.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Fourth Session of the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-4)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the <strong>fourth session of the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-4)</strong> took place in<strong> Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>theme of UNEA-4</strong> was <strong>&lsquo;Innovative Solutions for Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Consumption and Production&rsquo;.</strong></li>
<li>During the assembly Nations agreed that they have to speed up moves towards a new model of development in order to respect the vision laid out in the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.</li>
<li>Nations unanimously agreed to significantly cut down on single-use plastic products like cups, cutlery, and bags by 2030.</li>
<li>Along with the summit, United Nation Environment Program has also launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-environment-outlook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Global Environment Outlook Report.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The United Nations Environment Assembly is the <strong>governing body of UN Environment Program</strong>.</li>
<li>The United Nations Environment Assembly is the <strong>world&rsquo;s highest-level decision-making body on the environment. </strong></li>
<li>It addresses the <strong>critical environmental challenges</strong> facing the world today.</li>
<li>The Environment Assembly meets biennially to set priorities for global environmental policies and develop international environmental law.</li>
<li>The<strong> United Nations Environment Assembly was created in June 2012, during the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, also referred to as RIO+20.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>UNlocking NATional Energy Efficiency potential (UNNATEE)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government has launched the <strong>National Energy Efficiency Strategy Plan 2031 &ndash; UNNATEE (UNlocking NATional Energy Efficiency potential). </strong></li>
<li>Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has developed a national strategy document for accelerating energy efficiency in India.</li>
<li>The strategy document titled UNNATEE describes a plain framework and implementation strategy to establish a clear linkage between energy supply-demand scenarios and energy efficiency opportunities.</li>
<li>The document offers a comprehensive roadmap to address India&rsquo;s environmental and climate change mitigation action through energy efficiency measures.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-16th-march-2019'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'A Vote On National Security',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>(This editorial is based on the article <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pulwama-attack-uri-national-security-elections-5627048/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"A Vote On National Security"</a> which appeared in "The Indian Express" on 15<sup>th</sup> March 2019. The article talks about recent attacks on Indian soil and the need for a comprehensive policy on national security.)</p>
</div>
<p>In the wake of Pulwama and Balakot attack, national security has become major public preoccupation. It becomes important to draw attention to persistent loopholes in our governance systems, and the continued failure to address serious gaps identified by expert committees.</p>
<p>The nation has also suffered from a lack of accountability apparent in the recent failure of acting upon the available Intel on terrorist attacks.</p>
<p>Thus making it incumbent upon the government to acknowledge India&rsquo;s national security challenges and its various dimensions and design practical steps to make our nation safe from external and domestic threats.</p>
<h3>Framework to Deal with Security Threats</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India formed a National Security Council (NSC) in 1999, where all aspects of national security are deliberated upon by it. NSC acts as the apex body, headed by the Prime Minister.</strong></li>
<li>The Ministers of Home Affairs, Defence, External Affairs and Finance are its members and the National Security Adviser acts as its Secretary.</li>
<li><strong>NSC comprises of the three tier structure- Strategic Policy Group (SPG), the National Security Advisory Board (NSAB) and the National Security Council Secretariat.</strong></li>
<li>The SPG chaired by the Cabinet Secretary is the principal forum for inter-ministerial coordination and integration of the relevant inputs. The NSAB undertakes long-term analysis and provides perspectives on issues of national security.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges Faced by India</h3>
<p>The world is changing very fast which has resulted in new security challenges. In the absence of a coherent strategy, the government&rsquo;s responses are often responsive in nature and partial which can prove costly at times and can inflict further damage in times to come.</p>
<p>India has one of the lowest police to population ratios at 125 per 1, 00,000. At the ground level, there is virtually no policing of the kind which is trained at repelling any form of coordinated terrorists or moist attack.</p>
<p>India suffers from regular smuggling from across the sea and land borders which remain an open secret. Terrorists slip through using these smuggling routes often relying upon corrupted elements in security forces.</p>
<p><strong>Any security system is as good and efficient as its junior-most foot soldier. The recruitment of police personnel at these levels is plagued by corrupt practices. They lack basic training. Some, being virtually illiterate, are not even trainable.</strong></p>
<p>There is inordinate stress on the personal security of political personages and senior officials at the expense of public security. This not only acts against the spirit of democracy and egalitarian society, but also impacts adversely on the state&rsquo;s ability to ensure public security and law and order without which terrorist threats cannot be addressed.</p>
<h3>The Need for Policy on Nation Security</h3>
<p>Despite India having a national security council since 1999, it lacks a comprehensive coordinated policy on national security.</p>
<p>India suffers from the crucial issue of coordination required to formulate and address the issues of national security in the absence of political consensus in the country on national security issues as how to treat challenges from Pakistan and China.</p>
<p>There are <strong>multiple departments looking at security and intelligence interests and it becomes difficult to synchronise them</strong>. There is no common understanding among various segments of the government of what national security constitutes.</p>
<p><strong>Issues related to national security can only be addressed through efficient and accountable institutions and not through individual bravery or brilliance.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Citizens have the right to hold their political leaders and governing institutions accountable and that is only possible if there is transparency mandated by law, not left to the discretion of a government requiring a clearly stated policy.</strong></p>
<h3>Voices for Changes</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kargil Review Committee</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Kargil Review Committee (KRC) was set up by the Government of India on 29 July 1999, after the Indian Army announced complete eviction of Pakistani intruders from Kargil, officially bringing the Kargil War to an end.</li>
<li>The committee was set up to examine the sequence of events and make recommendations for the future.</li>
<li>The committee pointed out loopholes in Intelligence, Counter-terrorist operations, Border Management, Defence Budget and Modernisation, National Security Management and Apex Decision Making.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Naresh Chandra Task Force</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2011, Government of India announced setting up a high-powered task force.</li>
<li>It was directed to review the defence management in the country and make suggestions for implementation of major defence projects.</li>
<li>The task force was mandated to review the implementations of Kargil Review Committee&rsquo;s recommendation.</li>
<li>It observed that the linkages between the ministry of external affairs and the Ministry of Defence &ldquo;were untouched&rdquo;, and &ldquo;deficiencies remain in critical areas of defence procurement&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>There is a <strong>need to create a policy which should be based on clearly spelling out the real trade-off between security and the space to enjoy democratic values</strong> and fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution.</p>
<p><strong>A national security doctrine will make sense only if it is placed in the framework of India&rsquo;s Constitution and conveys a sense of where India wishes to be as a country and society in the coming future.</strong></p>
<p>It is important to update the reports of the Kargil Review Committee and the Naresh Chandra Task Force on National Security. The reports not only contain a diagnosis of our national security challenge but valuable recommendations to address it.</p>
<p><em>In order to realise the dream of a robust and secure nation, the government needs to draw lessons from past successes and failures and avoid ad hoc responses and instead create a strong national security policy.</em></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/a-vote-on-national-security'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (15th March 2019)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Bannerghatta National Park</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/eco-sensitive-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Eco-Sensitive Zone</strong> </a>(ESZ) Expert Committee of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), has recommended the <strong>reduction of nearly 100 sq. km in the ESZ</strong> of <strong>Bannerghatta National Park.</strong></li>
<li>ESZ provides a<strong> regulated buffer zone</strong> around protected areas.</li>
<li>The fear is that this reduction would lead to more quarrying in the area.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, there is a <strong>Supreme Court ruling prohibiting quarrying and mining activities</strong> within <strong>1km of protected areas irrespective of the ESZ distance.</strong></li>
<li>Therefore, <strong>the &lsquo;safe zone&rsquo; of 1 km</strong> around protected areas is already in place across the country.</li>
<li>Other &lsquo;<strong>development&rsquo; activities</strong> apart from mining and quarrying can take place, which can have an <strong>adverse impact on forests.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bannerghatta National Park</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bannerghatta National Park is located near <strong>Bangalore in Karnataka.</strong></li>
<li>Wildlife such as elephants, gaur, leopard, jackal, fox, wild boar, sloth bear, Sambar, Chital, spotted deer, barking deer, common langur, bonnet macaque, porcupine, and hares are found in abundance.</li>
<li>The Bannerghatta Biological Park has been an integral part of Bannerghatta National Park.</li>
<li>It emerged out as an <strong>independent establishment during the year 2002.</strong></li>
<li>Bannerghatta Biological Park is one among the few places in the world where wilderness is preserved so close to a big city. It is having different units such as Zoo, Safari, Butterfly Park and Rescue Center (Conservation of captive animals).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>West Nile Virus</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Union health ministry has sent a disease surveillance team to Kerala to investigate a case of West Nile fever.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>West Nile Virus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>West Nile virus can cause a fatal <strong>neurological disease in humans.</strong></li>
<li>However, approximately 80% of people who are infected <strong>do not show any symptoms.</strong></li>
<li>West Nile virus is mainly transmitted to people through the bites of <strong>infected mosquitoes.</strong></li>
<li>The virus can cause <strong>severe disease and death in horses.</strong></li>
<li>Vaccines are available for use in horses but not yet available for people.</li>
<li>It does not have specific treatment either.</li>
<li><strong>Birds are the natural hosts of West Nile virus.</strong> It spreads to human by<strong> Culex mosquitoes.</strong> Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds.</li>
<li>WNV was first isolated from a patient from the <strong>West Nile district of Northern Uganda in 1937.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Cases in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WNV is <strong>very uncommon in India.</strong> However, WNV infections have been reported from Vellore and Kolar districts during 1977, 1978 and 1981.</li>
<li>During an outbreak of<strong> Acute Encephalitis Syndrome</strong> (AES) in Kerala, in May 2011, the presence of WNV was confirmed in clinical specimens.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-15th-march-2019'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Emotional Intelligence',
		'catname' => 'Paper 4',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/745Drishti_ias_Emotional-Intelligence.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/745Drishti_ias_Emotional-Intelligence.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper4/emotional-intelligence-mind-map'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'FSDC Panel on Credit Ratings',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently the <strong>Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC)</strong> panel has discussed ways to address challenges pertaining to the quality of credit ratings.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It expressed concerns over the inability of rating agencies&rsquo; to assess credit risk and take timely rating actions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong> Example:</strong> Recent IL&amp;FS defaults crisis which had AAA rating just before it started defaulting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>FSDC is a <strong>non-statutory apex council</strong> under<strong> Ministry of Finance</strong> constituted by Executive Order of Union Govt in 2010.</li>
<li>The Chairman of the Council is the Finance Minister and its members include the heads of financial sector Regulators (RBI, SEBI, PFRDA, IRDA), Finance Secretary and/or Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Secretary, Department of Financial Services, and Chief Economic Adviser.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In May, 2018 government reconstituted FSDC to include the Minister of State responsible for the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Secretary of Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Chairperson of the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)</a> and the Revenue Secretary.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It aims strengthening and institutionalizing the mechanism of financial stability and development.</li>
<li>It will monitor macro-prudential supervision of the economy. It will assess the functioning of the large financial conglomerates.</li>
<li>It will address intra regulatory coordination issues.</li>
<li>The Raghuram Rajan committee (2008) on financial sector reforms recommended for the creation of FSDC.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Credit Rating Agencies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A credit rating agency (CRA) is a company that assigns credit ratings, which rate a debtor's ability to pay back debt by making timely principal and interest payments and the likelihood of default.</li>
<li>The assessed entities may be companies, special purpose entities, state governments, local governmental bodies, non-profit organisations and even countries.</li>
<li>There are six credit rating agencies registered under SEBI namely, CRISIL, ICRA, CARE, SMERA, Fitch India and Brickwork Ratings.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fsdc-panel-on-credit-ratings'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Emotional Intelligence',
		'catname' => 'Paper 4',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><em>"Anybody can become angry, that is easy; but to be angry with the right person, and to the right degree, and at the right time, and for the right purpose, and in the right way, that is not within everybody&rsquo;s power, that is not easy." &mdash;Aristotle</em></p>
</div>
<h3>Emotional Intelligence (EI)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The term was coined by two researchers &ndash; Peter Salovey and John Mayer in 1990 but got popular in 1996 from Dan Goleman&rsquo;s book &lsquo;Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Emotional intelligence refers to &lsquo;the ability to identify one&rsquo;s own emotions and those of others, harness and apply them to tasks, and to regulate and manage them&rsquo;.</li>
<li>Emotional Quotient (EQ) is a measure of one&rsquo;s EI i.e. through a standardized test, one&rsquo;s awareness of emotions in relation to self and others is known.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Elements of EI (as given by Daniel Goleman)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Self-Awareness:</strong> It is the skill of being aware of and understanding one&rsquo;s emotions as they occur and as they evolve.</li>
<li><strong>Self-Regulation:</strong> It is about controlling one&rsquo;s emotions i.e. instead of reacting quickly; one can reign in one&rsquo;s emotions and thus will think before responding.</li>
<li><strong>Internal Motivation:</strong> It includes one&rsquo;s personal drive to improve and achieve commitment to one&rsquo;s goals, initiative, or readiness to act on opportunities, and optimism and resilience.</li>
<li><strong>Empathy:</strong> It is an awareness of the needs and feelings of others both individually and in groups, and being able to see things from the point of view of others.</li>
<li><strong>Social Skills:</strong> It is applying empathy and balancing the wants and requirements of others with one&rsquo;s. It includes building good rapport with others.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Four Different Areas of EI (Mayer &amp; Salovey Ability Model)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ability to perceive emotions in oneself and others accurately.</li>
<li>The ability to use emotions to facilitate thinking.</li>
<li>The ability to understand emotions, emotional language, and the signals conveyed by emotions.</li>
<li>The ability to manage emotions so as to attain specific goals.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Emotional Quotient (EQ) vs. Intelligent Quotient (IQ)</h3>
<div class="border">
<p><em>"What really matters for success, character, happiness and lifelong achievements is a definite set of emotional skills &ndash; your EQ &mdash; not just purely cognitive abilities that are measured by conventional IQ tests." &mdash;Daniel Goleman</em></p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>EQ is a measure of a person's level of emotional intelligence.</strong> It refers to a person's ability to perceive, control, evaluate, and express emotions.</li>
<li><strong>IQ is a score derived from one of several standardized tests designed to assess an individual's intelligence.</strong> It is used to determine academic abilities and identify individuals with off-the-chart intelligence or mental challenges.</li>
<li><strong>EQ is centred on abilities such as</strong> identifying emotions, evaluating how others feel, controlling one's own emotions, perceiving how others feel, using emotions to facilitate social communication and relating to others.</li>
<li><strong>IQ represents abilities such as</strong> visual and spatial processing, knowledge of the world, fluid reasoning, working memory and short-term memory and quantitative reasoning.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Importance of EI in Civil Services</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>For Targeting Policies better:</strong> Bureaucrats need to know emotions, moods and drives of persons at whom public policy is targeted for better acquaintance with the nature of problems in society and their possible solutions.</li>
<li><strong>For motivating subordinates:</strong> EI helps a person in comprehending emotions of others, thus an emotionally intelligent civil servant can motivate his/her subordinates towards a particular goal.</li>
<li><strong>Stress Management:</strong> EI enables one to manage emotions in anxiety-provoking situations and thus helps one in maintaining one&rsquo;s physical and mental well being.</li>
<li><strong>For change:</strong> An Emotionally Intelligent person is more likely to try new things, take risks and face new challenges without fear. This will help in finding innovative solutions to different problems.</li>
<li><strong>For Decision making:</strong> EI helps in recognizing such emotions that are unrelated to any specific problem and not allowing them to be influential to the final result.</li>
<li><strong>For Better Communication:</strong> An Emotionally Intelligent civil servant will be able to communicate policies better. Also, the person will be able to foster a healthy relationship with subordinates.</li>
<li><strong>For maintaining balance in life:</strong> EI helps a civil servant in managing his/her personal life as well as professional life.</li>
<li><strong>On personal front,</strong> EI makes one more flexible, empathetic and clear in expression.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance of EI in Civil Services</h3>
<p>Civil Servants today face numerous problems in the work environment such as:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Increasing regional, economic and digital divide.</li>
<li>Widespread application of IT.</li>
<li>Demand for improved governance.</li>
<li>Issues getting politicized easily.</li>
<li>Political Pressure and Rampant Corruption.</li>
<li>Decentralisation of governance to grassroot levels thereby increasing responsibilities.</li>
<li>Issues of globalisation, migration, terrorism, cybercrimes, information technology etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Improving Emotional Intelligence</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>By self-evaluating oneself, one can know one&rsquo;s emotions and reactions to different situations.</li>
<li>By observing others, one can comprehend feelings of others.</li>
<li>By improving one&rsquo;s expression, one can communicate better.</li>
<li>By analyzing the impact of one&rsquo;s action over others, one can fine tune the actions.</li>
</ul>
<p>Now-a-days, organizations take initiative to improve Emotional Intelligence among its employees through different group activities, exercises, seminars and tests. However, EI also improves with age (maturity) due to one&rsquo;s experiences in life.</p>
<div class="border">
<p><em>Rule Your Feelings, Lest Your Feelings Rule You.&nbsp; &mdash; Publilius Syrus</em></p>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/672Drishti_ias_Emotional-Intelligence.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/672Drishti_ias_Emotional-Intelligence.png" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper4/emotional-intelligence'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (14th March 2019)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>First TIR shipment via Chabahar Port</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The first shipment under the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/indian-firm-takes-over-chabahar-port-operations" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> United Nations &lsquo;Transports Internationaux Routiers&rsquo; (TIR) convention</a> has arrived in India from Afghanistan through Iran&rsquo;s <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-fact-for-prelims-25th-february-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chabahar Port</a>.</strong></li>
<li>India joined the TIR Convention (the United Nations Customs Convention on International Transport of Goods under cover of TIR Carnets) on 15th June 2017.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>TIR is a multilateral treaty that allows goods to be outlined in a TIR carnet and sealed in load compartments.</strong></li>
<li>Customs officials verify the carnet and check the seals, with no need for physical checking of the contents, enabling shipments to pass through countries without being opened at borders.</li>
<li>More than 34,000 operators are authorized to use the TIR system and in 2017, around 1.2 million TIR Carnets were issued worldwide.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-asean-expo-and-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FICCI</a> has been appointed by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes &amp; Customs (CBIC), Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, Government of India as National Issuing &amp; Guaranteeing Association for its operation in India.</strong></li>
<li>The system worldwide is managed by the International Road Transport Union (IRU), Geneva and overseen by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Road Transport Union (IRU)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>world road transport organization,</strong> which upholds the interests of bus, coach, taxi and truck operators to ensure economic growth and prosperity via the sustainable mobility of people and goods by road worldwide.</li>
<li>It was founded on 23 March 1948 and has its <strong>headquarter at Geneva, Switzerland</strong>.</li>
<li>Its work spans more than 100 countries and has <strong>regional offices in Brussels, Moscow, Istanbul, and New York.</strong></li>
<li>It is an independent democratic organization whose member meet, debate and vote twice a year at the General Assembly and two Transport Councils.</li>
<li>It also works closely with business, governments, the UN and international organizations.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Pink Tax</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>It refers to the extra cost that women have to pay on products designed and marketed specifically to them, as compared to other generic or male equivalent same products.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For e.g., most salons charge more for women&rsquo;s haircut than men&rsquo;s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>According to a recent study by the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs, hair care products for women were 48% more expensive than the same products for men. Even toys for girls are priced higher than those for boys.</li>
<li><strong>It&rsquo;s a double whammy for women</strong> as on one hand, they get less pay in comparison to men for the same level of work and on the other hand, have to spend more on generic products specifically marketed to them.</li>
<li>Some argue that that women&rsquo;s garments and accessories require minute detailings and thus are priced high.</li>
<li>While some others argue that the expectations that are placed on women&rsquo;s appearance increase the price of the products specifically designed for them.</li>
<li>To avoid Pink Tax, generic versions of products can be bought if the difference in quality is not much.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently, the army has decided to remove sharp iron spikes cemented on the ground to keep elephants off its Narengi Cantonment in Guwahati bordering the Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary.</li>
<li><strong>The Amchang Wildlife sanctuary is situated in the eastern fringe of the Guwahati, Assam.</strong></li>
<li>It is flanked by the<strong> three Reserve forests-Khanapara, Amchang, and the South Amchang.</strong></li>
<li>It extends from the river Brahmaputra on the north to the hilly forests of Meghalaya on the south forming a continuous forest belt through Maradakdola Reserve Forests and the Mylleiem Reserve Forests of Meghalaya.</li>
<li><strong>Species Diversity at Glance</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Mammals</strong> &ndash; Chinese pangolin, Flying fox, Slow loris, Assamese macaque, Rhesus macaque, Hoolock gibbon, Porcupine.</li>
<li><strong>Tree yellow butterflies (gancana harina)</strong> are found at the Amchang wildlife sanctuary which <g class="gr_ gr_125 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Grammar multiReplace" id="125" data-gr-id="125">are</g> indigenous to Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore <g class="gr_ gr_130 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="130" data-gr-id="130">and</g> northeast India.</li>
<li><strong>Birds</strong>: Lesser Adjutant, Greater Adjutant, White-backed Vulture, Slender-billed Vulture, Khaleej Pheasant Green Imperial Pigeon, Lesser Pied Hornbill etc.</li>
<li><strong>Reptiles</strong>: Python, Monitor Lizard, Indian Cobra etc.</li>
<li><strong>Forest Types</strong>: Khasi Hill Sal Forests, East Himalayan Mixed Deciduous Forest, Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-evergreen Forests and East Himalayan Sal Forests.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Foreign Exchange Swaps</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>RBI has decided to <strong>inject rupee liquidity into the system through long-term foreign exchange buy/sell swap.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Under the Swap, a bank would sell US dollars to the RBI and simultaneously agree to buy the same amount of US dollars at the end of the swap period.</strong></li>
<li>The RBI would conduct dollar-rupee buy/sell swap auction of $5 billion for a three-year tenor.</li>
<li>It aims to augment liquidity management and inject rupee liquidity.</li>
<li>It will lower the dependence on open market operations which have been a significant amount of the overall borrowing as higher open market operations distort the interest rates curve.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Quality of Living Rankings -2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mercer has recently released<strong> Quality of Living Rankings -2019.</strong></li>
<li>Conducted annually, the Mercer survey analyses the living standards of cities, as is perceived internationally, to enable multinational companies and other organizations to suitably compensate their staff on international assignments.</li>
<li>Globally,<strong> Vienna, Austria has topped the ranking followed by Zurich, Switzerland</strong>.</li>
<li>In India,&nbsp;<strong>Hyderabad &amp;, Pune has topped the survey and ranked at 143.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mercer</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mercer is a global consulting leader in advancing health, wealth and careers.</li>
<li>It releases its<strong> Quality of Living ranking.</strong></li>
<li>The survey identifies those cities with the highest personal safety ranking based upon internal stability, crime, the effectiveness of law enforcement and relationships with other countries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Small Finance Banks (SFBs)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recently<strong> Investment Information and Credit Agency (ICRA)</strong> reported that SFBs are likely to grow at 25-30% over the medium term.</li>
<li><strong>Small Financial Banks(SFBs)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Banks are aimed at ensuring the financial inclusion through the supply of credit to small business units; small and marginal farmers; micro and small industries; and other unorganized sector entities, through high technology-low cost operations.</li>
<li>The minimum paid-up equity capital for small finance banks is Rs. 100 crore.</li>
<li>These Banks perform basic banking activities of acceptance of deposits and lending.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>&nbsp;Investment Information and Credit Agency (ICRA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an Indian independent and professional investment information and credit rating agency set up in 1991 by leading financial/investment institutions, commercial banks.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Pink bollworm</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Virulent attack of the pest Pink bollworm is<strong> destroying the fiber crop across India,</strong> particularly in the West, Central and Southern parts.</li>
<li><strong>Pink bollworm has developed resistance</strong> to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab (or Bollgard-II) &mdash; the two biotech solutions currently available in India to tackle pink bollworm</li>
<li>Researchers have suggested ways to deal with Pink Bollworm like<strong> shortening cotton season, destroying crop residues, deep summer plowing, crop rotation, mating disruption, insecticides.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Pink bollworm</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>It is an insect known for being a pest in cotton farming.</strong> The pink bollworm is<strong> native to Asia</strong> but has become an invasive species in most of the world's cotton-growing regions.</li>
<li>The <strong>female moth lays eggs in a cotton boll, and when the larvae emerge from the eggs, they inflict damage through feeding.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-14th-march-2019'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Swaraj To The Kisan',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>(This editorial is based on the article <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/agrarian-crisis-lok-sabha-elections-bjp-farmers-suicides-rural-distress-swaraj-to-the-kisan-5625197/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"Swaraj To The Kisan"</a> which appeared in "The Indian Express" on 14<sup>th</sup> March 2019. The article talks about farmer&rsquo;s problems that has resulted from the government&rsquo;s inclination towards urban consumers and excesses of Essential Commodities Act 1955.)</p>
</div>
<p>Indian agriculture is confronted with high price volatility, climate risks and indebtedness. Since majority of farmers are small and marginal with declining and fragmenting landholdings, these uncertainties make them even more vulnerable and risk-prone.</p>
<p>Until recently the fragmented voices of farmers went unheard but this has changed considerably in recent times, people have begun to see problems from the agriculturist perspective, acknowledging their hardships.</p>
<p>However government tends to see farmers from a very narrow perspective and are driven from urban consumers&rsquo; motive and often brings law that are at times detrimental to farmers. One such law is Essential Commodities Act, (ECA) 1955.</p>
<h3>Knowing the ECA</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ECA was enacted in 1955. The act provides for the control of production, supply, distribution, trade and commerce in any farm good deemed &ldquo;essential&rdquo; and &ldquo;in the interest of the general public&rdquo;.</li>
<li>The list of items under the Act includes drugs, fertilisers, pulses and edible oils, and petroleum and petroleum products.</li>
<li>The Centre under the Act has the power to include new commodities as and when the need arises, and can take them off the list once the situation improves (in view of public interest).</li>
<li>Once a notification is issued, anybody trading or dealing in a commodity, be it wholesalers, retailers or even importers are prevented from stockpiling it beyond a certain quantity.</li>
<li>It protects consumers against irrational spikes in prices of essential commodities. The Government has invoked the Act numerous times to ensure adequate supplies. It cracks down on hoarders and black-marketers of such commodities.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Farmer&rsquo;s Distress</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Governments often confuse interests of &ldquo;general public&rdquo; with urban consumers&rsquo; and have a huge tendency of putting their interest above everybody else which often stands in conflict with the interests of farmers.</li>
<li>Governments by bringing any commodity in ECA or banning export through fixing a minimum price below which shipments couldn&rsquo;t take place infringes upon the commercial freedom of farmers and agri-businesses.</li>
<li><strong>Indian agriculture today suffers from domestic investment in processing as well as backend procurement, grading, warehousing, cold storage and transport infrastructure.</strong> These problems can only be solved by increasing farmers&rsquo; household income.</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s constant manoeuvring with supply side management creates an unstable environment for foreign investors.</strong></li>
<li>Export ban measures makes India an unreliable and unpopular partner amongst its global peers, as policies here are governed more on public sentiment then on real economic grounds. Foreign markets are important as they serve as an alternative source of buyers for Indian farmers by providing better and competitive prices in case of an unfavourable domestic demand.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Misplaced Orientations</h3>
<p>The pro-consumer bias which is built into official policy-making has been seriously called into question by the spectacle of farm distress over a long period.</p>
<p>These policies are pro-consumers and look at controlling prices from the general public perspective of controlling food inflation; however it results in restricted income and poor price realisation for farmers.</p>
<p>Prices play a key role in affecting the incomes of farmers, in the last two years inflation in agriculture has been much lower than overall inflation. The consumer price index (CPI) also shows that the rise in prices for agriculture has been much lower than general inflation in recent years.</p>
<p>Market prices for several agricultural commodities have been lower than those of minimum support prices (MSP) which reflects the unfavourable terms of trade against agriculture in the last two years.</p>
<p><strong>Any pro-farmer initiative does not deter governments to build buffer stock of any "essential" commodity, whether for the public distribution system or for market intervention operations as long as it does not impinge upon the rights and the welfare of farmers.</strong></p>
<p>The government should trust the ability of farmers to increase production when prices go up, as the situation has vastly improved as compared to earlier periods.</p>
<p>Better seeds, agronomic practices, crop protection chemicals, machinery, and also rural roads, electricity, irrigation and communication infrastructure have reduced the supply response time to just the next season in most crops.</p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Farmers should be given ample <strong>rights to sell any quantity of their produce to anybody, both domestic and international and at any time</strong>.</li>
<li><strong>The Essential Commodities Act,</strong> which has proven a disincentive to large investment in agricultural technology and infrastructure, should <strong>be replaced with a modern statute that balances the interests of farmers and consumers</strong>.</li>
<li>A law should be formulated that restricts the powers of the Department Of Consumer Affairs or Director-General of Foreign Trade to impose curbs on any agricultural commodity at the slightest instance of price rise.</li>
<li><strong>Only the Parliament should have the right to impose curbs on agricultural commodities</strong> that too under exceptional circumstances of war or nationwide calamity as opposed to executive orders issued in "public interest".</li>
<li>It is important to understand that the gains to individual producers who sell in tonnes/quintals far outweigh any losses to consumers buying in kilos and therefore there is a need to create balance between consumers and farmers.</li>
<li><strong>Therefore, if the nation wants to uplift farmer&rsquo;s condition, it is important to give them the economic independence they deserve.</strong></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/swaraj-to-the-kisan'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Global Environment Outlook',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>United Nation Environment Program (UNEP) has recently released the 6<sup>th</sup> edition of the Global Environment Outlook Report (GEO).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It outlines the current state of the environment illustrates possible future environmental trends and analyses the effectiveness of policies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>About GEO</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Global Environment Outlook is often referred to as<strong> UN Environment&rsquo;s flagship environmental assessment.</strong></li>
<li>UN Environment launched the<strong> first Global Environment Outlook in 1997.</strong></li>
<li>It is a flagship report because<strong> it fulfills the core functions of the UNEP.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3dyhAcGyd20" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>Key Findings of the GEO-6 report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise amid<strong> an increased risk of droughts, floods and superstorms made worse by climbing sea levels, there is a growing political consensus that climate change poses a future risk to billions.</strong></li>
<li><strong>A quarter of all premature deaths and diseases worldwide are due to manmade pollution</strong> and environmental damage - around 9 million deaths in 2015 alone.</li>
<li>Lacking access to clean drinking supplies,<strong> 1.4 million people die each year from preventable diseases such as diarrhea and parasites</strong> linked to pathogen-riddled water and poor sanitation.</li>
<li><strong>Chemicals pumped into the seas cause &ldquo;potentially multi-generational&rdquo; adverse health effects.</strong></li>
<li>Land degradation through mega-farming and deforestation occurs in areas home to 3.2 billion people.</li>
<li>The report<strong> called for a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and pesticide use</strong> to improve air and water quality.</li>
<li>Food waste for instance, which accounts for 9% of global greenhouse gas emissions, could be slashed.</li>
<li>The world currently throws away a third of all food produced. In richer nations, 56% goes to waste.</li>
<li>The<strong> report advises adopting less-meat intensive diets and reducing food waste in both developed and developing countries.</strong></li>
<li>This would reduce the need to increase food production by 50% to feed the projected 9-10 billion people on the planet in 2050.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>United Nation Environment Program</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),<strong> was established in 1972</strong> to<strong> guide and coordinate environmental activities within the United Nations (UN) system.</strong></li>
<li>UNEP <strong>promotes international cooperation on environmental issues, provides guidance to UN organizations.</strong></li>
<li>Through its scientific advisory groups, UNEP encourages the international scientific community to participate in formulating policy for many of the UN&rsquo;s environmental projects.</li>
<li>UNEP is<strong> headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya.</strong></li>
<li>The organization also encourages participation by the private sector to promote the sustainable use of the world&rsquo;s natural resources.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-environment-outlook'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Cabinet Approves Proposal to Align with Global Trademark System',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Union Cabinet has approved the proposal for the accession of India to:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Nice Agreement</strong> on the<strong> International classification of goods and services for the purposes of registration of trademarks.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Vienna Agreement</strong> for setting up an <strong>International classification of the figurative elements of trademarks.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> Locarno Agreement</strong> for establishing an <strong>International classification for industrial designs.</strong></li>
<li>All three agreements are administered by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/important-institutions-international-world-intellectual-property-organisation-wipo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Intellectual Property Organization.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits of the Accession</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Accession to the Nice, Vienna and Locarno Agreements will help the Intellectual Property (IP) Office in India to harmonize the classification systems for examination of trademark and design applications, in line with the classification systems, followed globally.</li>
<li>It would give an opportunity to include Indian designs, figurative elements, and goods in the international classification systems.</li>
<li>The accession is expected to instill confidence in foreign investors in relation to the protection of IPs in India.</li>
<li>The accession would also facilitate in exercising rights in decision-making processes regarding review and revision of the classifications under the agreement.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong> World Intellectual Property Organization.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>WIPO is one of the <strong>oldest specialized agencies of the United Nations.</strong></li>
<li>WIPO was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world".</li>
<li><strong>WIPO currently administers 26 international treaties.</strong></li>
<li>It is headquartered in<strong> Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>Every year<strong> World Intellectual Property Day is being celebrated on 26th April.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Intellectual Property</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect, and primarily encompasses copyrights, patents, and trademarks.</li>
<li>It also includes other types of rights, such as trade secrets, publicity rights, moral rights, and rights against unfair competition.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-proposal-to-align-with-global-trademark-system'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture – Bridging Gender Gap',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/tk5HS6xo-pg" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></span></p>
<p>Every year on <strong>March 8</strong>, the world observes <strong>International Women&rsquo;s Day.</strong> &nbsp;The purpose is to reflect on the progress made by women in different fields, to celebrate the acts of courage and determination by ordinary women who have played an extraordinary role in the history and to call for action to bring about the necessary change towards gender equality. This year, theme is: <strong>&ldquo;Think equal, build smart, innovate for change&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Drishti Input:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Key Findings From International Labour Organisation&rsquo;s (ILO) Report, 2019: </strong></p>
<p>(A Quantum leap for gender equality: For a better future of work for all)</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>1.3 billion women were in work in 2018 as compared to 2 billion men &ndash; <strong>a less than two per cent improvement</strong> in last 27 years.</li>
<li>Women&rsquo;s <strong>pay is 20 per cent lower</strong> than men&rsquo;s, as a global average.</li>
<li>Women <strong>remain underrepresented at the top</strong>, a situation that has changed very little in the last 30 years. Less than one-third of managers are women.</li>
<li>This is despite the fact that women are likely to be better educated than their male counterparts. Education is not the main reason for lower employment rates and lower pay of women, but rather women do not receive the same dividends for education as men.</li>
<li><strong>Motherhood Leadership Penalty:</strong> Only 25 percent of managers with children under six years of age are women. Women's share rises to 31 per cent for managers without young children.</li>
<li>In India, women make up about <strong>10.2 percent of managers</strong> with children under the age of six and 16.3 percent with no children.&nbsp;</li>
<li>In contrast, 89.8 percent managers with children under six years of age are men while this percentage is 83.7 for men with no children.</li>
<li>In the last 20 years, the amount of time that women spent on <strong>unpaid care</strong> and domestic work has hardly fallen, and that of men's has increased by just eight minutes a day. At this pace of change, it will take more than 200 years to achieve equality in time spent in unpaid care work.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Reasons For Persistent Gender Gap</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Primary responsibility</strong> of taking care of family and bringing up the child is still on the women.</li>
<li>Now-a-days, quiet a number of women can be seen in<strong> &lsquo;Arts&rsquo; Field</strong> but even the same number is missing in<strong> &lsquo;Science&rsquo; field.</strong> The reason is that girls are not conditioned for mathematics, physics and chemistry.</li>
<li>The women are mostly deemed fit for <strong>&ldquo;pink collar jobs</strong>&rdquo; only, such as teachers, nurses, receptionist, baby sitter, lecturer etc. which have been stereotyped for women. This denies them opportunities in other fields.</li>
<li>Many women due to<strong> family pressures</strong> have to retreat from work force.</li>
<li>Companies are interested in hiring more number of young women because it has been generally seen that the work and the <strong>family environment, marriage and maternity</strong> generally forces a married woman for resignation.</li>
<li>Women receive <strong>lower amount of wages</strong> compared to men for the same work.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions To Bridge Gender Gap</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Apart from providing education to women, they need to be provided with all kinds of <strong>opportunities and skills</strong> without any discrimination or stereotyping.</li>
<li>
<p>The <strong>health and safety</strong> of women should be given priority to enable them to participate in public life efficiently.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <strong>disparity in pay structure</strong> for women for same work and skill set needs to be closed at all levels.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Women should be given the <strong>right to decide the size of their family</strong> i.e. number of and spacing between children. Further, all women need to be made aware about contraception.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Support</strong> from the society, family and corporate is required to create a soothing working environment for a woman.</p>
</li>
<li>A working couple needs to spend part of their income on domestic arrangements; otherwise the woman will get marginalized.</li>
<li>The family of a woman needs to understand that she is pursuing a particular job as her passion, not just to earn some income.</li>
<li>Also, life of the child needs to be planned by couple in advance so that s/he does not suffer.</li>
<li>Now-a-days, companies do not want to lose their efficient employees. They are generally ready to provide much necessary break (maternity leave) to women.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Countries need to work with society and its adolescent population to identify gaps which are limiting women&rsquo;s access in any field and should try to bridge those gaps.</li>
<li>Evidence shows that women make better decisions. Therefore, their participation in top decision making bodies at corporate as well as at democratic level needs to be boosted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Change in the mindset is required to bridge the gaps in gender equality. Apart from family and workplace support, use of technology is required to maintain work-life balance.</li>
</ul>
<p><em>For further reading see the link below:</em></p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-gender-gap-report-2018"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Global Gender Gap Report-2018</span></a></p>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/gender-gap-women-issues-problems-solution-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-discussion'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)',
		'catname' => 'Paper 2',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/421Drishti_ias_NGOs.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/421Drishti_ias_NGOs.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos-mindmap'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Secrets Are Not Sacred',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>(This editorial is based on the article <a href="http://epaper.indianexpress.com/2066639/Delhi/March-13-2019#clip/37545069/b4ccf410-b376-4891-95d9-bc267bbbf261/565.3333333333334:1439.433962264151" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Secrets are not sacred&rdquo;</a> which appeared in &lsquo;&rsquo;The Indian Express&rsquo;&rsquo; on 13th March 2019. The article talks about the Official Secrets Act of 1923 and looks into the act which is against the spirit of democracy.)</p>
</div>
<p>Recently secret documents related to Rafael deal went missing resulting in a widespread public attention. Attorney General for the day denied providing information on the deal as it could not be disclosed for national security reasons, cautioning judicial restraint, simultaneously threatening a media house for publishing the &lsquo;secret&rsquo; information that was already in the public domain.</p>
<p>The constitutional freedom to use and publicise information is directly affected by the provisions of the Official Secrets Act, 1923.</p>
<p>The Official Secrets Act of 1923 (OSA) is one of many laws in Indian statute that is inherently colonial in nature and has no place in a free society like India. The law challenges the basic right of information, promoting the culture of secrecy and creating grounds for corruption.</p>
<h3>Official Secrets Act: The Act We Know Today</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>OSA has its roots in the British colonial era and was originally known as The Indian Official Secrets Act (Act XIV), 1889.</li>
<li>The act was primarily mandated to gag the voice of a large number of newspapers that came up in several languages, and were opposing the Raj&rsquo;s policies, building political consciousness and facing police crackdowns and prison terms.</li>
<li>The act was amended and made more stringent in the form of The Indian Official Secrets Act, 1904, during Lord Curzon&rsquo;s tenure as Viceroy of India.</li>
<li>In 1923, a newer version was notified. The Indian Official Secrets Act (Act No XIX of 1923) was extended to all matters of secrecy and confidentiality in governance in the country.</li>
<li>It was further amended after India got independence in 1951 and 1967. The act in its present form deals with two aspects &mdash; spying or espionage and disclosure of other secret information of the government.</li>
<li>Secret information can be any official code, password, sketch, plan, model, article, note, document or information. Under the act both the person communicating the information, and the person receiving the information, can be punished.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Blindfolding The Democracy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Official Secrets Act which was intended to protect the British Empire from its enemies has been used as a way for silencing questioning citizens.</strong></li>
<li>The law continues to remain in the statute book and finds inroads in every government irrespective of the political party in power, reinforcing the parent-child relationship between the state and its subjects.</li>
<li>The idea that every information needs to flow from government to public with government getting to keep certain information away from the public domain in the name of national security, finds contradiction in the very idea of democracy where a true democracy stands to work for the people.</li>
<li>The law also finds itself in the crossroads of Article 19 (1) which gives every citizen the fundamental right of freedom of speech and expression.</li>
<li>The act does not clearly gives definition of &ldquo;secret&rdquo; documents or information, thus the Act can be misused with government authorities branding information or documents as official secrets as the government deems fit.</li>
<li>The OSA has often been arbitrarily used against media houses and journalist who are found opposing the action of the government and questioning its policies.</li>
<li>The law contradicts the Right to Information (RTI) Act that came into effect in 2005 and creates ample ground for corruption.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Voices Against The Act</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1971, the Law Commission became the first official body to make an observation regarding OSA. It observed that &ldquo;just because a circular is marked secret or confidential, it should not attract the provisions of the Act&rsquo;&rsquo;. The Law Commission, however, did not recommend any changes to the Act.</li>
<li><strong>In 2006, the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommended that OSA be repealed, and replaced with a chapter in the National Security Act containing provisions relating to official secrets, calling OSA incongruous with the regime of transparency in a democratic society&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>In 2015, a committee was formed to look into provisions of the OSA in light of the RTI Act. It submitted its report to the Cabinet Secretariat on June 16, 2017, recommending that OSA be made more transparent and in line with the RTI Act.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for Transparency: Step Towards Good Governance</h3>
<p><strong>Transparency and accountability are essential tools at the disposal of public opinion in order to ensure that the requirements of secrecy are not over-stated and people are not misled.</strong></p>
<p>Public welfare can best be served through the ability of the citizens to regularly question the policy and the intent behind its formulation.</p>
<p>Questions of Economic welfare, social reform, public justice and individual liberty cannot be solely left to the state whose foremost goal is the consolidation of power.</p>
<p>The media in today&rsquo;s time acts as the champion of freedom and it is important that it remains independent from any type of coercion and must serve the governed, not those who govern.</p>
<p>Information availability is not only a right of the people but an obligation on the part of the government to keep the people well informed.</p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Any law that favours the goals of few and work against the majority indicates the simplistic contradiction between the interests of the state and those of public welfare and is detrimental to good governance. Hence any such law should be repealed in the larger interest of the public.</strong></li>
<li>The modern trend in today&rsquo;s world is towards less secrecy and more information and India too should act in the same manner.</li>
<li>In his famous Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln described good governance as &ldquo;of the people, by the people and for the people&rdquo;. In order to achieve the third paradigm of his definition, the state needs to start acknowledging the importance of informed public and the role that it plays in the country&rsquo;s development as a nation.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/secrets-are-not-sacred'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => '60 steps to prelims',
		'catname' => 'Prelims',
		'desc' => '<div>
<p class="clear" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/pdf/60Steps-To-Prelims-2021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1582975551_60 steps banner.png" /></a></p>
<p class="clear" style="text-align: right;"><a href="/pdf/60Steps-To-Prelims-2021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><span style="font-size: 24px; background-color: #db701f;"></span></strong></a><strong><a href="/pdf/60Steps-To-Prelims-2021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="background-color: #db701f;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><em>Download Schedule</em></span>&nbsp;</span></a></strong></p>
<p class="clear" style="text-align: left;"><strong>Learning is an art.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>Preparing for the UPSC Civil Services Exam is also no less an art. It takes months of perseverance, hard work and discipline to clear this exam. It also takes strength and courage to commit oneself solely to one goal. That is why support from family and friends during the time of preparation is very crucial. Though there cannot be a better support system than family and friends, we can still say that support from teachers, mentors and colleagues cannot be ignored.</p>
<p>Drishti IAS&rsquo;s vision here is to provide a similar support system to aspirants - one that not only helps at the coaching level but also helps at the community and personal levels.</p>
<p>We believe that every aspirant who will follow these 60 Steps will be able to walk with confidence into the exam hall on 31<sup>st</sup> May because they will have covered their bases and attempted the most UPSC relevant current affairs topics there is.</p>
<p>The 60 Steps To Prelims, combined with the interpersonal guidance that aspirants will receive, would be one of a kind program for Drishti IAS, and a very beneficial program for aspirants this year.</p>
<h2 style="text-align: center; padding-right: 0;"><a href="/quiz/quizlist/60-days-prelims-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Drishti IAS - 60 Steps To Prelims</a></h2>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Why follow our program?</strong></p>
<ul class="ticklist">
<li>The program that we have developed has its genesis in our Current Affairs Books &amp; Magazines, Prelims Test Series and the Drishti IAS Web portal. We have created strict mechanisms for maintaining quality over what we publish. Our aim is to pick only those topics from current affairs which have a high probability of appearing in the Prelims GS paper this year.</li>
<li>We have worked thoroughly on which would work best - a 50 or a 60 or a <g class="gr_ gr_93 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="93" data-gr-id="93">70 day</g> programme, and based on opinions from many experts (and aspirants of course), we have decided on a <g class="gr_ gr_94 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="94" data-gr-id="94">two month</g> program. This is the ideal, if not the best period of study required for the Prelims. During these two <g class="gr_ gr_92 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-ins replaceWithoutSep" id="92" data-gr-id="92">months</g> the sole focus should be to clear the Prelims and nothing else.</li>
<li>Our program also comes bundled with three free full-mock tests. These tests will help aspirants following our program, consolidate their preparation.</li>
<li>Last but most importantly, we are also going to provide academic counselling and support to aspirants who sign up for this program via the comments section or via email &amp; Social Media. One may ask any number of his or her doubts and we will do our best to address these within a very specific period of time.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>How can 60 Steps To Prelims help?</strong></p>
<ul class="ticklist">
<li>This program is meant to supplement an aspirant&rsquo;s regular Prelims preparation and not replace it. Please keep this in mind.</li>
<li>The program follows its own routine and it is advised that aspirants should devise their own routines in such a way that it becomes possible to follow both without much friction.</li>
<li>The ratio for static topics to dynamic topics is 60:40 which means that out of every 100 questions, 40 will be from current affairs.</li>
<li>In addition to the above list, it is advised that aspirants look up topics that appear in 60 Steps To Prelims. We will provide explanations and solutions to every question asked but it will greatly benefit aspirants if they do some extra reading on their own. The <g class="gr_ gr_101 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling multiReplace" id="101" data-gr-id="101">above mentioned</g> book list will come in handy here.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Method for the program:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>We have identified static portions of the syllabus keeping in mind the previous year&rsquo;s Prelims questions. Based on this, we have carefully selected static questions to cover not only probable questions but also basic questions that will help build a strong foundation.</li>
<li>For questions from current affairs, we have consulted extensively with our own team of experts to come up with a pool of questions that can have a high probability of being asked by the UPSC.</li>
<li>We believe that our method of selecting topics and picking questions is one among the best in India and we have great faith that every question you will attempt will be within the bracket of UPSC relevance.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Recommended Study Material Guide</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NCERT books are the foundation of Prelims preparation. These are easily available in the market, or downloadable from our website here:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The NCERT books should be your first line of reference and should be consulted whenever you come across a difficult question in the 60 Steps program.</li>
<li>You will also need a good atlas, preferably the latest. When needed, consult this atlas for any <g class="gr_ gr_81 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace" id="81" data-gr-id="81">geography related</g> questions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The book list for reference that we are providing has been meticulously selected. We do not want to overburden you with unnecessary books and therefore the list is short.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All of the books mentioned in the reference list need not be read cover to cover - unless you already have - and can be kept solely for review and reference purposes.</li>
<li>The exceptions to the above recommendation are - Indian Polity by Laxmikanth &amp; Spectrum Brief History of Modern India - revising these books thoroughly can prove to be greatly beneficial for the Prelims.</li>
<li>Where ever we are asking you to refer to websites for further reading, be assured that the content on these websites (including ours) is trustworthy and of high quality.</li>
<li>In addition to the above, we are also referring our own publications for the 60 Steps program because we have great faith in the quality of our material. A lot of aspirants have benefited from our books and magazines and we are happy to recommend these whenever we can.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 24px; background-color: #db701f;"><a href="/quiz/quizlist/60-days-prelims-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="background-color: #db701f;"><strong>&nbsp;<span style="color: #ffffff;">Attempt 60 Steps To Prelims&nbsp;</span></strong></a></span></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/prelims/60-steps-to-prelims'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Day Light Saving',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Daylight Saving Time (DST) is the <strong>practice of turning the clock ahead as warmer weather approaches and back as it becomes colder again.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The purpose of doing so is that people will have one more hour of daylight in the afternoon and evening during the warmer season of the year.</li>
<li><strong>The daylight saving time is followed in over 70 countries on various dates.</strong></li>
<li><strong>India does not follow daylight saving time;</strong> countries near the Equator do not experience high variations in daytime hours between seasons.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DRQcW9ODoP4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<h3>History of Day Light Saving</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Initially, it was followed by a group of Canadians on July 1, 1908, when residents of Port Arthur, Ontario, turned their clocks forward by an hour. Other locations in Canada soon followed suit.</li>
<li>However, <strong>globally Germany and Austria introduced DST on April 30, 1916, the rationale being to minimize the use of artificial lighting to save fuel during World War I.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Does Daylight Saving Time actually save energy?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A century ago, when DST was introduced, more daylight did mean less use of artificial light. <strong>But modern society uses so many energy-consuming appliances all day long that the amount of energy saved is negligible.</strong></li>
<li><strong>There is also a disadvantage of DST which includes disruption of the body clock or circadian rhythm.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Circadian Rhythm</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Circadian rhythm is the 24-hour cycle that tells our bodies when to sleep, rise, and eat&mdash;regulating many physiological processes.</strong></li>
<li>Internal body clock is affected by environmental cues, like sunlight and temperature, and determines whether one feels wide-awake and energized or tired.</li>
<li>Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young, who studied the molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm, were awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in the category of physiology or medicine.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/day-light-saving'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Important Facts For Prelims (13th March 2019)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Exchange Traded Fund</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government is considering selling a fresh tranche of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSE) Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) to <strong>raise Rs 4,000-5,000 crore in disinvestment.</strong></li>
<li>Till now, the government's disinvestment proceeds have reached Rs 56,473 crore so far <strong>against the full year Budget target of Rs 80,000 crore.</strong></li>
<li><strong>CPSE ETF,</strong> which functions like a mutual fund scheme, comprises scrips of <strong>10 PSUs -- ONGC, Coal India, IOC, GAIL (India), Oil India, PFC, Bharat Electronics, REC, Engineers India and Container Corporation of India.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Exchange Traded Funds (ETF)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ETFs are index funds that are <strong>listed and traded on stock exchanges just like regular shares.</strong></li>
<li>They are a basket of stocks with assigned weights that reflect the composition of an index.</li>
<li>The ETFs trading value is based on the net asset value of the underlying stocks that it represents.</li>
<li>They enable investors to gain broad exposure to entire stock markets in different countries and specific sectors with relative ease, on a real-time basis and at a lower cost than many other forms of investing.</li>
<li>The ETF is aimed at helping speed up the government&rsquo;s disinvestment programme.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bharat 22 ETF</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bharat 22 ETF comprises of stocks of<strong> 22 Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs), Public Sector Banks (PSBs) and Specified Undertaking of Unit Trust of India (SUUTI).</strong></li>
<li>Bharat 22 ETF is managed by<strong> ICICI Prudential Mutual Fund.</strong></li>
<li>The foundation of Bharat 22 ETF was laid by the government in the<strong> Union Budget 2017.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Early Harappan Artefacts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Artefacts believed to be around 5,000 years old, dating back to the early <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-and-the-decline-of-indus-valley-civilisation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Harappan phase,</strong></a> have been unearthed during an excavation jointly being held by archaeologists from the University of Kerala and Kachchh University in Khatiya village of Kutch in Gujarat.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Findings</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rectangular graves, each of varying dimensions and assembled using stones, contained skeletons that were placed in a specific manner.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They were <strong>oriented east-west with the heads positioned on the eastern side.</strong></li>
<li>Next to the legs on the western side, the archaeologists found earthen pots and pottery shards and other artefacts, including conch-shell bangles, beads made of stones and terracotta, numerous lithic tools and grinding stones.</li>
<li>The burial of<strong> belongings next to the corpse could possibly suggest the prevalence of the concept of afterlife.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The presence of <strong>animal skeletons along with those of humans</strong> were also recorded in a few graves.</li>
<li>The <strong>mode of burial</strong> was found to be <strong>non-uniform.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Instances of primary burial and <strong>secondary burial (when the remains of the primary burial are exhumed and moved to another grave)</strong> were found.</li>
<li>The remains of those who were possibly cremated were also found in a few graves.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These artefacts bore similarities with the ones unearthed from ancient settlements in Harappan sites, including Kot Diji and Amri of Pakistan, and Nagwada, Santhali, Moti Pipli, Datrana, Surkotada, and Dhaneti in North Gujarat.</li>
<li>This will shed light on the burial rituals and other customs prevalent in the Harappan civilisation during its early phase from 3300 BCE to 2600 BCE.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-13th-march-2019-'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'Astrobatrachus Kurichiyana Frog',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently a <strong>starry dwarf frog, named after constellation-like markings</strong> on it and <strong>Wayanad&rsquo;s Kurichiya tribe</strong>, has been discovered in <strong>Wayanad district, Kerala.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Features</strong> of the Frog<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577093961_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577093961_image5.png" width="250" height="154" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is about <strong>2cm to 3cm long</strong> and is the <strong>sole member of an ancient lineage</strong>, a long branch on the frog tree of life that researchers have classified as a <strong>new subfamily, Astrobatrachinae.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Dark brown with a bright orange underbelly</strong> and speckled with<strong> pale blue dots</strong>, the frog camouflages well in wet leaf litter.</li>
<li>It is <strong>Nocturnal.</strong></li>
<li>Scans of its skeletons showed it to be completely different from any other similar-sized frog seen in Wayanad, some of its physical characteristics (such as its triangular finger- and toe tips) closely resembled frogs in South America and Africa.</li>
<li>However, Genetic studies revealed that its closest relatives are the Nycibatrachinae group of frogs that dwell in the streams of Western Ghats, and the Lankanectinae frogs of Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Researchers still do not know its life cycle, the sound of its call or whether the species is threatened or endangered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Kurichiya Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tribe is also known as <strong>Malai Brahmins</strong> or <strong>Hill Brahmins.</strong></li>
<li>They are the <strong>second largest adivasi community in Wayanad district</strong>. They stand at the top of the caste hierarchy among the hill tribes of Wayanad.</li>
<li>The community was named<strong> Kurichiya by the Kottayam Raja for the community&rsquo;s expertise in archery</strong>. The name is derived from the phrase <strong>&lsquo;kuri vechavan&rsquo;, </strong>which means <strong>&lsquo;he who took aim&rsquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is also said that the name `Kurichiya&rsquo; is derived from the <strong>kuri or the sandalwood paste</strong> that they apply on their foreheads and chests as a custom.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>They are <strong>land-owning communities</strong>, and follow a <strong>matrilineal household system.</strong></li>
<li>They followed <strong>slash and burn (shifting) cultivation</strong> known as <strong>Punam cultivation.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nellukuthu Pattu</strong> is their art form.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Significance</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India, once part of Africa, split from Madagascar about 89 million years ago and drifted northeast. Its long isolation as an island <strong>provided fertile ground for the evolution of new life forms</strong> and may have sheltered species that disappeared elsewhere.</li>
<li>Finding ancient lineages like Astrobatrachinae <strong>can help fill in in the region's distant biological past</strong> and may answer the perennial question that whether peninsular India's frogs are the descendants of African ancestors or they first originated in Asia and then moved south.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/astrobatrachus-kurichiyana-frog'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)',
		'catname' => 'Paper 2',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As defined by the World Bank NGOs refers to not-for-profit organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development.</li>
<li>These organisations are not a part of the governement, have a legal status and are registered under the specific Act (<span>Societies Registration Act, 1860 in India)</span> of the government.</li>
<li>The term NGO in India denotes wide spectrum of organisations which may be non-governmental, quasi or semi governmental, voluntary or non-voluntary etc.</li>
</ul>
<p>In India, based on the law under which they operate and the kind of activities they take up, civil society groups can be classified into following broad categories:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Registered Societies formed for specific purposes</li>
<li>Charitable Organizations and Trusts</li>
<li>Local Stakeholders Groups, Microcredit and Thrift Enterprises, Self Help Groups</li>
<li>Professional Self-Regulatory Bodies</li>
<li>Cooperatives</li>
<li>Bodies without having any formal organizational structure</li>
<li>Government promoted Third Sector Organizations</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need for NGOs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since independence, India has achieved phenomenal economic growth in education, healthcare, poverty alleviation and overall standard of living.</li>
<li>Issues of exclusion of women, children and marginalized communities in the development process however remains.</li>
<li>Other adverse consequences of inequitable growth include the spread of Naxalism, recurrent violence for reservations and ever increasing cases of farmer suicides.</li>
<li><strong>India ranks 130<sup>th</sup> in the 2018 Human Development Index rankings. The Global Hunger Index for 2018 indicates that 38.4% of children under five in India are stunted. </strong></li>
<li>In such an environment civil society plays a key role in raising the concerns of people and ensuring that minorities are not neglected.</li>
<li>The state requires the constructive and collaborative engagement of the civil society in its various developmental activities and programs.</li>
<li>Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) acts as the operational arm of the civil society and thus have an important role in the development processes.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Legislations regulating the finances of NGOs</h3>
<p><strong>Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foreign funding of voluntary organizations in India is regulated under FCRA act and is implemented by Ministry of Home Affairs.</li>
<li>The acts ensure that the recipients of foreign contributions adhere to the stated purpose for which such contribution has been obtained.</li>
<li>Under the act organisations require to register themselves every five years.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Foreign Exchange Management Act (1999) aims to consolidate and amend the law relating to foreign exchange with objective of facilitating external trade and payments and for promoting the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.</li>
<li>A transaction under FEMA is called a fee or a salary while the same under FCRA is called a grant or a contribution.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2016, the powers of Ministry of Finance to monitor NGOs were placed under the FEMA. The idea was to bring all NGOs, which receive foreign contributions, under one umbrella for better monitoring and regulations. The step was taken to that ensure only one custodian monitors flow of foreign funds to these organisations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions for NGOs in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 19(1)(c)</strong> on the right to form associations;</li>
<li><strong>Article 43</strong> which highlights the State&rsquo;s having an endeavor to promote cooperatives in rural areas;</li>
<li><strong>Concurrent List in Entry 28 mentions about &ndash;</strong> Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religious endowments and religious institutions&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Role of Non-Governmental Organisations</h3>
<p><strong>The Advocacy/Social Safety-Valve Role</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Non-profit organisations play vital role in mobilizing public attention to societal problems and needs.</li>
<li>They are the principal vehicle through which communities can give voice to their concerns.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Improving government performance</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NGOs can broaden government&rsquo;s accountability by ensuring government is responsive to citizens at large rather than to narrow sectarian interests.</li>
<li>They also induce innovation and flexibility in policymaking by bringing their own independent expertise and research teams.</li>
<li>They enhance the efficiency of delivery of many services at the local level through involvement of residents.</li>
<li>They also improve policy monitoring and evaluation as Comptroller and auditor general (CAG) takes cognizance of reports and <strong>social audits</strong> by NGOs while preparing its reports.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Service Role</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The non-profit sector acts as a flexible mechanism through which people concerned about a social or economic problem can begin to respond.</li>
<li>It also caters to groups of the population who desire a range of public goods that exceeds what the government or society is willing to support.</li>
<li>NGOs help in constructive conflict resolution. In the international arena Track II diplomacy (involving non-governmental bodies) plays a crucial role in creating an environment of trust and confidence.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Building Community Participation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The non-profit organisations offer alternative perspectives; and most importantly, the capacity to conduct a meaningful dialogue with communities, particularly those that are disadvantaged.</li>
<li>They foster pluralism, diversity and freedom. Many NGOs work to preserve and promote India&rsquo;s diverse culture. For example SPIC MACAY is a society for promoting Indian classical music and culture amongst youth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Activities undertaken by NGOs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Advocacy, Analysis and Awareness Raising &ndash;</strong> acting as a voice for people both on a representative and self-appointed basis; researching, analyzing and informing the public about issues; mobilizing citizen action through media campaigns and other forms of activism; and lobbying business leaders and policymakers.</li>
<li><strong>Brokerage &ndash;</strong> acting as an intermediary between different sectors and groups.</li>
<li><strong>Conflict resolution &ndash;</strong> acting as a mediator and facilitator.</li>
<li><strong>Capacity Building &ndash;</strong> providing education, training and information.</li>
<li><strong>Delivery of services &ndash;</strong> operational delivery of essential humanitarian, development and/or social services.</li>
<li><strong>Evaluation and Monitoring &ndash;</strong> serving as a &lsquo;watchdog&rsquo; or third party / independent &lsquo;auditor&rsquo;, invited and uninvited, of government and corporate performance, accountability and transparency.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues with NGOs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Accreditation remains a big challenge as it is very difficult to distinguish whether an organization wants to work for the cause or has been set up only for the purpose of receiving government grants.</li>
<li>Over dependence on funds from the government dilutes the willingness of NGOs to speak out against the government.</li>
<li>NGOs have acted as a cover for organized crime in past and are often seen as fronts for fundamentalist causes. Foreign funded NGOs have been responsible for organising agitations and scuttling development projects in India.</li>
<li>NGOs are often seen as encroaching on centuries-old tradition and culture of the people, and lead to mass protest at times. Ban of Jallikattu, after the PIL by PETA is one such example.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A <strong>National Accreditation Council</strong> consisting of academicians, activist, retired bureaucrats should be made to ensure compliance by NGOs.</li>
<li>There should be better coordination between Ministries of Home Affairs and Finance in terms of monitoring and regulating illicit and unaccounted funds.</li>
<li>A regulatory mechanism to keep a watch on the financial activities of NGOs and voluntary organizations is the need of the hour.</li>
<li>Citizens today are keen to play an active role in processes that shape their lives and it is important that their participation in democracy go beyond the ritual of voting and should include promotion of social justice, gender equity, inclusion etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/664Drishti_ias_NGOs.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/664Drishti_ias_NGOs.png" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/non-governmental-organizations-ngos'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'How To Prepare For The Upcoming UPSC Preliminary Exam, 2020?',
		'catname' => 'GS Prelims Strategy',
		'desc' => '<p><span style="color: #005fa8;"><em>Always believe in healthy competition: giving one's best is better than trying to beat the competition</em></span></p>
<p>Prelims 2020 is around the corner. Most aspirants are by now in the preparation mode - reading books and newspapers, making notes, taking classes, attempting mock tests and most importantly preparing themselves psychologically for this exam. Drishti IAS, which has been one of the foremost UPSC coaching institutes in India since 1999, would like to share some advice garnered from its years of experience helping thousands of aspirants.</p>
<p>The first place to look, whether one is a beginner or a third attempter, is always the previous years question papers. The goal here is to familiarise with the pattern of questions - what the UPSC wants the candidate to know and what information is relevant for this exam. This perspective will assist aspirants whenever they are preparing from any reading material and more importantly will help them overcome doubts regarding what the UPSC might or might not ask from any given topic.</p>
<p>After an aspirant is fairly familiar with the previous years pattern of questions, he or she may proceed with covering or revising the NCERT books. If time does not permit a full reading of these books, the aspirant may solve Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) based on the NCERT books and make notes from the solutions to these questions.</p>
<p>The third place where an aspirant must go is the daily newspaper. Reading a newspaper everyday is very important - it helps with current affairs and general knowledge, with understanding various nuances of any given topic, and most importantly reading the newspaper daily creates and sustains the habit of reading.</p>
<p><span style="color: #005fa8;"><em>&nbsp;</em></span><strong>Three formulas one can follow while preparing for Prelims:</strong></p>
<div class="border">
<ol>
<li>Cover as widely as possible - revise regularly what has been covered</li>
<li>Maintain a proper balance between memorisation and understanding - both are needed</li>
<li>Quality of coverage is more important than the quantity of material covered</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p>A question that frequently pops up here is whether to continue preparing the Optional once one has entered the month of March. There are two ways to look at this. For beginners, or first attempters, the foremost goal should be to clear the Prelims. Clearing the Prelims provides a great boost to a new aspirant's civil service journey. Thus, if preparing the Optional hampers the preparation for Prelims, then beginners should absolutely stop preparing it at once. However, for those who have already cleared the Prelims in earlier attempts and want to excel in the Mains examination, the advice here is to continue preparing the Optional, giving it at least 10 to 20 per cent of the total preparation time (or writing one answer daily at the least). For such aspirants, dedicating only the months of April and May for Prelims should suffice.</p>
<p>Another advice here is to follow a Mock Test Series. This helps in three ways - first, it instills punctuality or a routine in those who are in need of it; second, if the mock tests are taken in the classroom, it helps in simulating what the actual exam could be like; finally, well developed mock test papers cover topics very closely to what might be asked in the Prelims and therefore attempting them could actually better the chances of getting answers correct on the day of exam.</p>
<p>In conclusion, Drishti would like to share three very important points. One is to cut down on screen time - phones, TVs, computers - use these as far as possible, only to prepare for the exam. The next is to learn how to unitask - doing one thing at a time with full concentration is better for this exam. The last point here is perhaps the most important - learning to enjoy the process of preparing for the UPSC. It is well known that if someone enjoys doing something, the rate of success increases exponentially, and for any aspirant who enjoys the process of preparing for the UPSC Civil Service, the probability for success is very high.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.businesstoday.in/prnewswire/?rkey=20190308enIN201903087424_indiapublic&amp;filter=2418" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Business Today</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.ptinews.com/pressrelease/34191_press-subDrishti-IAS-Shares-Tips-on-Preparing-for-Upcoming-UPSC-Prelims" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Press Trust Of India</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/how-to-crack-upsc-civil-services-prelims-drishti-ias-shares-tips-to-clear-the-exam/story-ABM6v2X2WC1QRwQzUmayKM.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hindustan Times</a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/prelims/gs-prelims-strategy/how-to-prepare-for-the-upcoming-upsc-preliminary-exam-2020'
	]
]
$updates = object(Cake\ORM\Query) {

	'(help)' => 'This is a Query object, to get the results execute or iterate it.',
	'sql' => 'SELECT articles.article_id AS `articles__article_id`, articles.category_id AS `articles__category_id`, articles.title AS `articles__title`, articles.description AS `articles__description`, articles.shortdescription AS `articles__shortdescription`, articles.featuredimage AS `articles__featuredimage`, articles.tag_id AS `articles__tag_id`, articles.secondary_tag AS `articles__secondary_tag`, articles.type AS `articles__type`, articles.publishon AS `articles__publishon`, articles.posturl AS `articles__posturl`, articles.metatitle AS `articles__metatitle`, articles.metadescription AS `articles__metadescription`, articles.metakeyword AS `articles__metakeyword`, articles.status AS `articles__status`, articles.sort_order AS `articles__sort_order`, articles.addedby AS `articles__addedby`, articles.updatedby AS `articles__updatedby`, articles.added AS `articles__added`, articles.modified AS `articles__modified`, articles.whatsnewid AS `articles__whatsnewid`, articles.display_printpdf AS `articles__display_printpdf`, articles.display_comments AS `articles__display_comments`, articles.pdf_name AS `articles__pdf_name`, articles.display_archive AS `articles__display_archive` FROM articles articles WHERE status = :c0 ORDER BY publishon desc LIMIT 10',
	'params' => [
		':c0' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'defaultTypes' => [
		'articles__article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.article_id' => 'integer',
		'article_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.category_id' => 'integer',
		'category_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__title' => 'string',
		'articles.title' => 'string',
		'title' => 'string',
		'articles__description' => 'text',
		'articles.description' => 'text',
		'description' => 'text',
		'articles__shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles.shortdescription' => 'string',
		'shortdescription' => 'string',
		'articles__featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles.featuredimage' => 'string',
		'featuredimage' => 'string',
		'articles__tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles.tag_id' => 'integer',
		'tag_id' => 'integer',
		'articles__secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles.secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'secondary_tag' => 'text',
		'articles__type' => 'integer',
		'articles.type' => 'integer',
		'type' => 'integer',
		'articles__publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles.publishon' => 'datetime',
		'publishon' => 'datetime',
		'articles__posturl' => 'string',
		'articles.posturl' => 'string',
		'posturl' => 'string',
		'articles__metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles.metatitle' => 'string',
		'metatitle' => 'string',
		'articles__metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles.metadescription' => 'string',
		'metadescription' => 'string',
		'articles__metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles.metakeyword' => 'text',
		'metakeyword' => 'text',
		'articles__status' => 'integer',
		'articles.status' => 'integer',
		'status' => 'integer',
		'articles__sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles.sort_order' => 'integer',
		'sort_order' => 'integer',
		'articles__addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.addedby' => 'integer',
		'addedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles.updatedby' => 'integer',
		'updatedby' => 'integer',
		'articles__added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.added' => 'timestamp',
		'added' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles.modified' => 'timestamp',
		'modified' => 'timestamp',
		'articles__whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles.whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'whatsnewid' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'display_printpdf' => 'integer',
		'articles__display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_comments' => 'integer',
		'display_comments' => 'integer',
		'articles__pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles.pdf_name' => 'string',
		'pdf_name' => 'string',
		'articles__display_archive' => 'integer',
		'articles.display_archive' => 'integer',
		'display_archive' => 'integer'
	],
	'decorators' => (int) 0,
	'executed' => false,
	'hydrate' => true,
	'buffered' => true,
	'formatters' => (int) 0,
	'mapReducers' => (int) 0,
	'contain' => [],
	'matching' => [],
	'extraOptions' => [],
	'repository' => object(App\Model\Table\ArticlesTable) {}

}
$page = (int) 237
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 303
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

Achievers Corner

Prelims

Mains & Interview

Current Affairs

Drishti Specials

Free Downloads

Test Series

Videos

Search

Search list matched with tags “class”