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Wild Yak (Bos grunniens)

Researchers analysed yak dung to understand the vegetation and climate of the past and the connections they have to extinct the woolly rhino and...

24 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Population Crisis: Challenges and Way forward

This article is based on the editorial “A stable planet: on World Population Prospects 2019 report”, that appeared in The Hindu on 22nd...

22 Jun 2019 News Editorials
Report on Epilepsy

A report “Epilepsy, a public health imperative” has been released by the World Health Organization and leading non-governmental...

22 Jun 2019 News Analysis
New Injection for Type 2 Diabetes

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Victoza (liraglutide) injection for treatment of pediatric patients 10 years or older with type 2...

22 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Trafficking in Persons Report

The U.S. State Department has released the Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report for 2019. India continued to be placed in Tier-2 on the country...

22 Jun 2019 News Analysis
India’s Food Processing Industry

The Union Minister of State for Food Processing Industries has stated that Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana (PMKSY) envisages creation of direct...

22 Jun 2019 News Analysis
The Big Picture – Population: Boon or Bane?

According to estimates in a recently released United Nations report, India is expected to add 273 million people by the year 2050. The report...

22 Jun 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Technology and Doubling Farmers’ Income

The Government has constituted an Inter-Ministerial Committee to examine issues relating to doubling of farmers’ income and recommend adoption...

22 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Rashtriya Gokul Mission

Government has sanctioned funds under Rashtriya Gokul Mission for setting up of 21 Gokul Grams as Integrated Cattle Development Centres. As of...

22 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Panel for Coordination among Ministries

The Union government has set up a panel for better coordination among the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG), the Ministry of...

22 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Anaemia in Women

According to National Family Health Survey (NFHS)–IV (2015-16), the prevalence of anaemia among women aged 15 to 49 years is 53% and among...

22 Jun 2019 News Analysis
National Health Mission and Janani Suraksha Yojana

Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) is a safe motherhood intervention under the National Health Mission (NHM). The Yojana was launched on 12th April 2005....

22 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Crisis in Health Sector

This article is based on editorial “Missing remedies: on West Bengal doctors' strike” which appeared in The Hindu on 17th June 2019. It...

21 Jun 2019 News Editorials
Membrane to Clean Toxic Effluents

Recently the scientists at Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST) have developed...

21 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Kaleshwaram Project

The Kaleshwaram lift irrigation project is aimed to make Telangana drought proof by harnessing the flood waters of the Godavari. The project is an...

21 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Kutiyattam

Kapila Venu recently played a composition “Parvati Viraham”, part of the age-old repertoire of Kutiyattam, at Jawaharlal Nehru University...

21 Jun 2019 News Analysis
Climate Change Impacting Small Island Developing States

The United Nation (UN) in its report on World Population Prospects 2019 has warned that many Small Island Developing States (SIDS) may fail to...

21 Jun 2019 News Analysis
President Addresses Joint Sitting of Parliament

President of India recently addressed the joint sitting of both the houses of Parliament. It was the first time he addressed the newly elected 17th...

21 Jun 2019 News Analysis
India - Sri Lanka Relations

Background The relationship between India and Sri Lanka is more than 2,500 years old. Both countries have a legacy of intellectual, cultural,...

21 Jun 2019 Paper 2
International Equivalence for Personnel Certification

India’s national accreditation body, the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB), has secured international equivalence...

21 Jun 2019 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Wild Yak (Bos grunniens)',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Researchers analysed yak dung to understand the vegetation and climate of the past and the connections they have to extinct the woolly rhino and mammoth.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The researchers found that the yak preferred a variety of food. A good diversity of pollen, spores and phytoliths (silica bodies found in plants) were observed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This also indicated that the yak was able to modify its diet according to the climatic change of the past.</li>
<li>On the other hand, giant mammoth and woolly rhino which used to live with the yak about 18,000-20,000 years ago were not able to adapt to these changes and thus went extinct.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The yak dung analysis also helped to map out the different plants and trees in that area, thus, generating modern botanical analogue of higher Himalayas.</li>
<li>These animals mostly depend on the regional flora and studies can throw light on the past vegetation of an area,</li>
<li>Across the globe, many researchers are working on fossilized dung of extinct animals. A comparison of the present results with the extinct ones can help understand more about ancestor climatic factors and other adaptation strategies of mega herbivores.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wild Yak</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Yak (Bos grunniens) is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and the adjacent high-altitude regions.</li>
<li>Yaks belong to the Bovini tribe, which also includes bisons, buffaloes, and cattle.</li>
<li>It can tolerate temperatures as low as -40 degrees Celsius</li>
<li>IUCN Red list status: Vulnerable</li>
<li>Listed under Appendix I of CITES</li>
<li>Indian WildLife (Protection) Act of 1972: Schedule II</li>
<li>The most serious threat to the Wild Yak&rsquo;s survival is casual and market hunting. The Yak is hunted for its meat, horns, and other materials.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Population Crisis: Challenges and Way forward',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>This article is based on the editorial &ldquo;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-stable-planet/article28102991.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A stable planet: on World Population Prospects 2019 report</a>&rdquo;, that appeared in The Hindu on 22nd June 2019. It talks about the Challenges of population growth and suggests a way forward.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>According to <strong>the</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-world-population-prospects" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN&rsquo;s</strong><em><strong> World Population Prospects 2019</strong></em></a> report, India is projected to become the most populous country by <strong>2027</strong> surpassing China and host 1.64 billion people by 2050.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, <strong>India will have a vast number of young people and insufficient natural resources left for exploitation</strong> so, with the rising population, India will have to face a herculean task of providing basic amenities of life to its people like food, shelter, healthcare, and education.</p>
<h3>Population Crisis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Highlights.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong> (UN) report</a> the number of children born per woman in the country still lies in the range of 2.1-4. This puts India in the intermediate-fertility group of countries in which around 40% of the world population lives.</li>
<li>India is expected to add nearly 273 million people between 2019 and <strong>2050.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stabilizing Population:</strong> Reduction in <strong>fertility rate</strong> is one of the prerequisites for stabilizing the population growth and it would be a challenge to achieve optimal fertility rate in states such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh &mdash; which have higher fertility rate as per Sample Registration System data.</li>
<li><strong>Quality of Life:</strong> India will need to invest in augmenting its <strong>education</strong> and <strong>healthcare system</strong>, grow more <strong>food</strong>, provide more <strong>housing</strong>, sharply increase its <strong>drinking water supply</strong> and add capacity to <strong>basic infrastructures</strong>, such as roads, transport, electricity, and sewage to provide a <strong>minimum quality of life</strong> to every citizen.</li>
<li><strong>Heavy Expenditure</strong> is required in order to fund the basic needs and augment the social infrastructure of India for accommodating the rising population, for that India will have to raise resources through taxation and other means. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even if less than five million people are entering the workforce every year, employing them at a decent wage is a complex task.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Malthusian fears:</strong> Malthus argued that because there will be a higher population than the availability of food, many people will die from the shortage of food.</li>
<li><strong>Demographic dividend:</strong> In order to reap the benefits from the rising demographic dividend India needs to develop a strong base of human capital that can contribute significantly to the growth of the economy but India&rsquo;s low literacy rate (about 74% - leaving a quarter of the population without basic reading and writing skills) will turn demographic dividend into the burden.</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Urban Growth:</strong> UN report suggests that by 2050, the urban population will be increased to 87.7 million and the number of urban agglomerations consisting more than a million people is also expected to be doubled by 2035. Thereby creating the need for improvisation of urban facilities with an emphasis on access to good, affordable housing and mobility.</li>
<li><strong>Ageing of Population:</strong> As per India Ageing Report 2017 by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) the share of the population over the age of 60 could increase from 8% in 2015 to 19% in 2050. Thereby <strong>twin challenges of rising population</strong> and <strong>old age dependents</strong> will add to India&rsquo;s troubles of providing jobs, education, health along with geriatric care.</li>
<li><strong>Inequitable income distribution:</strong> In the face of an increasing population, unequal distribution of income and inequalities within the country would be a possible outcome.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Making agriculture remunerative (actualizing dream of doubling the income of farmers by 2022) and keeping food prices stable is crucial to ensure nutrition for all.</li>
<li>Implementing a <strong>&lsquo;universal basic income&rsquo;</strong> as a social safety valve will help in providing employment opportunities to a large number of unemployed youth.</li>
<li>Managing forest and water resources for future generations and willful implementation of sustainable development goals must assume center stage in policy-making.</li>
<li>India needs to find ways to contain the growth of the population without the use of coercion.</li>
<li>The poor, populous northern States must make concerted advances in women&rsquo;s literacy, health, and participation in the workforce, emulating the achievements of the southern States.</li>
<li>Progress in poverty reduction, greater equality, better nutrition, universal education, and health care, needs state support and strong civil society institutions.</li>
<li>Rising life expectancy and growing population of older adults opens up prospects for employment in many new services catering to them.</li>
<li>Effective and efficient implementation of schemes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AMRUT</a>, SMART cities, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/piped-water-connection-by-2024" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Piped water for all</a>, Make India India and Sustainable development goals framework will certainly help in augmenting the social infrastructure and will help India in reaping the benefits of its demographic dividend.</li>
</ul>
<p>The Government of India, politicians, policymakers and Civil societies should initiate a bold population policy and initiatives so that the economic growth of the country can keep pace with the demands of a growing population.</p>
<p></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1108.89px; border-color: #; background-color: #f5ceda;">
<p><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></p>
<p>India is projected to surpass China as the world&rsquo;s most populous country by 2027. Discuss the challenges of rising population and suggest a way forward. 250 words.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Report on Epilepsy',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A report &ldquo;Epilepsy, a public health imperative&rdquo; has been released by the World Health Organization and leading non-governmental organizations for epilepsy, the International League Against Epilepsy and the International Bureau for Epilepsy.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In low- and middle-income countries, early death among people with epilepsy is significantly higher than in high-income countries.</li>
<li>More than 75 percent of people with epilepsy in low-income countries are at risk of premature death, due to lack of access to anti-seizure medicines.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The reasons include possible lack of access to health facilities when seizures are long-lasting or occur close together without recovery in between, and preventable causes such as drowning, head injuries and burns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report states that the treatment gap for epilepsy is unacceptably high, when 70 percent of people with the condition can be seizure-free when they have access to medicines that can cost as little as $5 per year and can be delivered through primary health systems.</li>
<li>Roughly half of adults with epilepsy have at least one other health condition. The most common are depression and anxiety.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Around 23 percent of adults with epilepsy will experience clinical depression during their lifetime and 20 per cent will have anxiety.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Mental health conditions such as these can make seizures worse and reduce the quality of life.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Development and learning difficulties are experienced by 30-40 percent of children with epilepsy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Stigma also prevents people from taking treatment.</li>
<li>The Report states that &ldquo;political will&rdquo; facilitates the integration of diagnosis and treatment for epilepsy into the primary health services.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Epilepsy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness.</li>
<li>Anyone can develop epilepsy. It affects both males and females of all races, ethnic backgrounds and ages.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
</div>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-epilepsy'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'New Injection for Type 2 Diabetes',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved <strong>Victoza (liraglutide) injection</strong> for treatment of pediatric <strong>patients 10 years or older with type 2 diabetes.</strong></li>
<li>Victoza is the <strong>first non-insulin drug approved to treat type 2 diabetes</strong> in pediatric patients since <strong>metformin</strong> was approved for pediatric use in 2000.</li>
<li><strong>Victoza</strong> has been approved to treat <strong>adult patients with type 2 diabetes since 2010.</strong></li>
<li>It has now been shown to improve blood sugar control in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The expanded indication</strong> provides an additional treatment option at a time <strong>when an increasing number of children are being diagnosed with this disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Although type 2 diabetes primarily occurs in patients over the age of 45, the prevalence rate among younger patients has been rising dramatically over the past couple of decades.</li>
<li>Victoza improves blood sugar levels by creating the same effects in the body as the glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor protein in the pancreas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GLP-1 is often found in insufficient levels in type 2 diabetes patients.</li>
<li>Like GLP-1, Victoza slows digestion, prevents the liver from making too much glucose (a simple sugar), and helps the pancreas produce more insulin when needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Victoza is not a substitute for insulin and is not indicated for patients with type 1</strong> diabetes or those with diabetic ketoacidosis, a condition associated with diabetes where the body breaks down fat too quickly because there is inadequate insulin or none at all.</li>
<li>The patients who have had, or have family members who have ever had <strong>Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC)</strong> should not use Victoza.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MTC) is a distinct thyroid carcinoma that originates in the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Diabetes</strong></p>
<p>Diabetes is a condition that impairs the body's ability to process blood glucose, otherwise known as blood sugar.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Type I diabetes:</strong> Also known as juvenile diabetes, this type occurs when the body fails to produce insulin. People with type I diabetes are insulin-dependent, which means they must take artificial insulin daily to stay alive.</li>
<li><strong>Type 2 diabetes:</strong> It affects the way the body uses insulin. While the body still makes insulin, unlike in type I, the cells in the body do not respond to it as effectively as they once did.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is the most common type of diabetes and it has strong links with obesity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gestational diabetes:</strong> This type occurs in women during pregnancy when the body can become less sensitive to insulin. Gestational diabetes does not occur in all women and usually resolves after giving birth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
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		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Trafficking in Persons Report',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The U.S. State Department has released the <strong>Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report</strong> for 2019. India continued to be placed in Tier-2 on the country trafficking scale.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The U.S. State Department report has used the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Labour Organisation (ILO)</a> data.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Finding of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are 25 million adults and children suffering from labour and sex trafficking all over the world. In 77% of the cases, victims are trafficked within their own countries of residence, rather than across borders.</li>
<li>The number of victims trafficked domestically was high compared to foreign victims being trafficked in all regions of the world except Western and Central Europe, the Middle East, and certain East Asian countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Victims of sex trafficking were more likely to be trafficked across borders while victims of forced labour were typically exploited within their own countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report stresses on the implementation of the Palermo Protocol. The countries need building <strong>legal frameworks</strong> to prosecute traffickers and provide care for survivors.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Palermo protocols</strong></p>
<p>The Palermo protocols are three protocols that were adopted by the United Nations to supplement the 2000 Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (the Palermo Convention). These protocols and convention fall within the jurisdiction of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.</p>
<p>They are:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children; and</li>
<li>The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.</li>
<li>The Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Categorisation of Countries</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The categorisation is based not on the magnitude of a country&rsquo;s trafficking problem but on efforts to meet minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking.</li>
<li>The report contains country narratives and category designations for all countries, including the U.S.</li>
<li>The countries are designated on the three-tier system:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tier 1 countries</strong> are those countries whose governments fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) minimum standards.</li>
<li><strong>Tier 2 countries are</strong> those countries whose governments do not fully comply with a TVPA&rsquo;s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards.</li>
<li><strong>Tier 2 watchlist countries</strong> are those countries, whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA&rsquo;s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards and:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing; or</li>
<li>There is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or</li>
<li>The determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over the next year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tier 3 countries</strong> whose governments do not fully comply with the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so.</li>
<li>There are also a few<strong> "Special Cases"</strong> such as Yemen, where the civil conflict and humanitarian crisis make gaining information difficult, and Sint Maarten where the devastation caused by Hurricane Irma has made reporting difficult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India's Position</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India is placed in Tier 2:</strong> The government demonstrated overall increasing efforts compared to the previous reporting period. The report highlights efforts by the government to crack down on trafficking and convicting traffickers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government took some action following reports of government complicity in forced labour and sex trafficking, although the <strong>systemic failure to address forced labour and sex trafficking</strong> in government-run and government-funded shelter homes remained a serious problem. The report also highlighted the government&rsquo;s failures in this regard.</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations for India:</strong> It includes amending the definition of trafficking in Section 370 of the Penal Code to <strong>include forced labour trafficking and ensure that force, fraud, or coercion are not required to prove a child sex trafficking offence,</strong></li>
<li>To establish <strong>Anti-Human Trafficking Units</strong> in all districts with dedicated funding and clear mandates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trafficking-in-persons-report'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'India’s Food Processing Industry',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union Minister of State for Food Processing Industries has stated that <strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana (PMKSY)</strong> envisages <strong>creation of direct and indirect employment</strong> for 5,30,500 persons by 2020.</p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the year 2016, the Ministry of Food Processing and Industries (MoFPI) had introduced an umbrella Scheme Called &ldquo;Agro-Marine Processing and Development of Agro-Processing Clusters&rdquo; or <strong>SAMPADA,</strong> which was proposed to be implemented with an allocation of Rs 6,000 crore for the period of 2016-20.</li>
<li>In the year 2017, the government renamed SAMPADA scheme as <strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of PMKSY is to supplement agriculture, modernize processing and decrease Agri-Waste.</li>
<li>The PMKSY has seven component schemes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mega Food Parks,</li>
<li>Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure,</li>
<li>Infrastructure for Agro-Processing Clusters,</li>
<li>Creation of Backward and Forward Linkages,</li>
<li>Creation/Expansion of Food Processing &amp; Preservation Capacities,</li>
<li>Food Safety and Quality Assurance Infrastructure, and</li>
<li>Human Resources and Institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under PMKSY, capital subsidy in the form of <strong>grants-in-aid ranging from 35% to 75%</strong> of the eligible project cost subject to a maximum specified limit is provided to investors under the various schemes for undertaking infrastructure, logistic projects and setting up of food processing units in the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other steps taken in the Food Processing Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong> through automatic route in <strong>manufacturing of food products</strong> and 100% FDI under Government approval route for retail trading, including through e-commerce, in respect of food products produced and/or manufactured in India has been permitted.</li>
<li><strong>A special fund of Rs.2000 crore</strong> has been created with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)</a> to provide affordable credit to food processing projects/units.</li>
<li>Food &amp; agro-based processing units and cold chain infrastructure has been classified as agriculture activity for <strong>Priority Sector Lending (PSL).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Fiscal measures</strong> like 100% exemption of Income Tax on profit for new food processing units, 100 % income tax exemption from profit derived by Farmers Producers Organizations (FPOs) having annual turnover of Rs.100 crore have been allowed for activities such as post-harvest value addition to agriculture.</li>
<li><strong>Lower Goods &amp; Service Tax (GST) rates</strong> for the majority of food products have been fixed.</li>
<li>A new Central Sector Scheme<strong> &ldquo;Operation Greens&rsquo;&rsquo;</strong> for integrated development of Tomato, Onion and Potato (TOP) crops value chain, with an outlay of Rs.500 Crore. to promote FPOs, agri-logistics, processing facilities, has been launched.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'The Big Picture – Population: Boon or Bane?',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="314" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/IRp6ZAb5060" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>According to estimates in a recently released <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> report, India is expected to add 273 million people by the year 2050. The report stated that in the year 2019, India has an estimated population of 1.37 billion and China, 1.43 billion and by the year 2027, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-world-population-prospects" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India&rsquo;s population is projected to surpass China&rsquo;s, making India the most populous nation in the world</a>.</p>
<p>30 years down the line, the <strong>global population is projected to increase by another 2 billion people by the year 2050,</strong> (from 7.7 billion in 2019 to 9.7 billion). The report has highlighted higher fertility rates, growing older population and migration as few reasons behind projections of the population growth.</p>
<p>Health economists claim that the major implications of population growth will be for the young population that will face a situation of lack of resources in the future.</p>
<h3>Implications of Population Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India is not growing uniformly.</strong> The latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS) indicates that the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) varies significantly across various wealth quintiles:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poorest wealth quintile has a TFR of 3.2 children per woman.</li>
<li>The second lowest wealth quintile has a TFR of 2.5 children per woman.</li>
<li>The richest wealth quintile has a TFR of 1.5 children per woman.</li>
<li>This shows that <strong>population growth is more concentrated in economically weaker sections of society</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Population growth acts as a hurdle in addressing effectively the problem of poverty, hunger and malnutrition and also in providing the better quality of health and education.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SDGs</a> 1, 2, 3 and 4</strong> are going to be affected adversely because of India&rsquo;s existing pattern of growth in the population.</li>
<li><strong>Presently, India is producing around 25 million job seekers in the country, however, the country is able to provide jobs only to 7 million.</strong> This gap of 18 million is increasing the burden of unemployment and underemployment in the country, turning a demographic dividend into a demographic disaster.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s population growth is not sustainable.</strong> India is only about 35-40% of China&rsquo;s landmass.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the 19th century, when Europe had a demographic explosion, it had occupied America, Australia etc. India does not have another landmass to occupy and the available landmass cannot take this population growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Demographic Dividend</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has many young people who are unskilled, unemployable, burden on services and facilities with the minimal contribution.</li>
<li><strong>In a country, young population is a demographic dividend if the youth is skilled, employable and contributing to the economy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>As per NFHS-4, in 2015-16, India&rsquo;s TFR was 3.2.</strong> It is likely that in the year 2019, India will achieve a replacement level fertility.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Total fertility rate (TFR)</strong> in simple terms refers to the total number of children born or likely to be born to a woman in her lifetime if she were subject to the prevailing rate of age-specific fertility in the population.</li>
<li><strong>TFR of about 2.1 children per woman is called Replacement-level fertility.</strong> This value represents the average number of children a woman would need to have to reproduce herself by bearing a daughter who survives to childbearing age.</li>
<li>If replacement level fertility is sustained over a sufficiently long period, each generation will exactly replace itself without any need for the country to balance its population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The challenge is not about how to contain the population but about <strong>how the government exploits the population growth to its best economic advantages</strong> i.e. how the government trains this large young population to make it productive, effective, competent and contributing to the economic growth.</li>
<li>The challenge in the next 15 years for the Indian government is <strong>to raise the economic status of India from being a low middle income country to at least a high middle income country.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this, the government needs to take necessary steps in creating the economic growth momentum by ensuring that investments are adequately made in key infrastructure areas, particularly social infrastructure like education, water and health so that a demographic dividend does not become a demographic liability or disaster.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The requirement of creating so many jobs will not be a challenge if the economy starts growing at a faster rate.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s real challenge is <strong>Quality of Life.</strong> 21% of 60+ population is suffering from one or other chronic morbidities and India is also the second highest in terms of dementia and Alzheimers. Around 4 million cases are reported in 104 million elderly population. That is why<strong> there is a need of strong social protection schemes.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently the government has launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ayushman-bharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ayushman Bharat scheme</a>.</li>
<li>The Prime Minister has also set a target of raising the economy&rsquo;s size to 5 trillion dollar by the year 2024. This is necessary to mitigate the negative impact of this kind of population growth where the share of older people is rising pretty rapidly.</li>
<li><strong>The growth for older people is 370% from 2019 to 2050</strong>, whereas the total population is growing only by 56%. Therefore, the burden of older people in the economy needs to be contained.</li>
<li>The countries like <strong>China and Japan who have been able to control their population through various measures</strong> are able to manage people in the older age through enough social security provisions for such people, enabling old aged people for managing on their own.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At the population level, different states are growing at different pace, thus each of them show different signs of population stress. It needs to be seen that why states in the South are better off in containing population than states in the North and east.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Is containing population a solution?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Containing the population has its own set of problems. <strong>China which had the One Child Policy has witnessed an increase in the population of old aged people.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China went about containing its population growth in a coercive way. India tried to experiment the same during the emergency period.</li>
<li>The experiment faced negative reaction and has not been taken up by any government thereafter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>There has been an improvement in bringing down the child mortality, infant mortality ratio and in increasing the life expectancy of the people in the country.</strong> On the one hand, if the total fertility ratio does not decrease and on the other hand, there remains improvement in healthcare and other benefits, India will have a population explosion leading to a demographic disaster.</li>
<li><strong>Women in India want fewer children so desired fertility rates are much lower than the actual fertility rates.</strong> There is a 13% unwanted fertility in India. Women not having access to family planning services for different reasons including lack of education etc are some of the factors behind this. If India is able to address this 13% unmet need by 2030, it will witness 30 million lesser population growth.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been seen that <strong>women have more children than what their bodies can actually bear.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is becoming <strong>very expensive</strong> for the poor and even the middle class to have more than one child or two children.</li>
<li>India still has a <strong>high maternal mortality rate and child mortality rate</strong> (especially amongst the poorest).</li>
<li>However, <strong>aspirations of the younger generation have changed</strong>, they want fewer children.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to invest more in the health sector. India invests only 1.3% of its GDP. The family planning budget is only 4% of the entire health budget and within that India spends only 1.5% on birth spacing methods.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Investments should be made particularly for the old people because by the year 2050, India&rsquo;s population of old people is going to grow almost 10 times more.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Education is very important, not only for empowering women but for fertility to decline.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Education should be made free for women till college-level.</li>
<li>Better education will help women in better decision making for family planning.</li>
<li>Unless women are part of the workforce, no society can bring down fertility rates with progress. Therefore, policies must look at the whole issue of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/declining-female-labour-force-participation-editorial-upsc-ias-economy-gender-inequality-gktoday" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> declining workforce participation by women.</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India needs to focus on some areas which are socially, culturally, economically depressed. I<strong>dentification of 140 high focussed districts is the right step by the government</strong> in this direction. However, it needs to work in the whole of Bihar, U.P., Madhya Pradesh and Assam.</li>
<li>India <strong>needs to give huge stress on declining sex ratios</strong> and the <strong>discrimination towards girls</strong> so that people don&rsquo;t have a high number of children in the hope of having a boy.</li>
<li><strong>India can achieve a number of SDGs if it links them with family planning.</strong> Family planning is a promotive and preventive method for bringing down maternal mortality and child mortality.&nbsp;</li>
<li>It is important to see the issue of population growth not only from the national perspective but also from the state&rsquo;s point of view i.e. different states need to be encouraged to take necessary steps for containing the population.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-population-boon-or-bane-rajya-sabha-lok-sabha-debate'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Technology and Doubling Farmers’ Income',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Government has constituted an Inter-Ministerial Committee to examine issues relating to doubling of farmers&rsquo; income and recommend adoption and role of technology to achieve <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/doubling-farmers-income-a-promise-to-be-fulfilled-by-2022" target="_blank" rel="noopener">doubling of farmers&rsquo; income in real terms by the year 2022.</a></p>
<p>The technologies include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/artificial-intelligence-and-deepfakes-misuse-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial Intelligence</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/all-things-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Big Data Analytics</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-24-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Block chain Technology</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet of Things</a>, etc.</p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>Major Technology Interventions Include</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kisan Suvidha Mobile Application-</strong> The app facilitates dissemination of information to farmers on the critical parameters viz., Weather; Market Prices; Plant Protection; input dealers (Seed, Pesticide, Fertilizer) Farm Machinery; etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This helps farmers make informed decisions to sell produce at the right price and right time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR)</strong> has compiled mobile apps developed by ICAR, State Agricultural Universities and Krishi Vigyan Kendras. Developed in the areas of crops, horticulture, veterinary, etc., these apps offer valuable information to the farmers.</li>
<li><strong>mKisan Portal (www.mkisan.gov.in)</strong> for sending advisories on various crop related matter to the registered farmers through SMSs.</li>
<li>Launching of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-agri-business-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-National Agriculture Market</strong></a> initiative to provide farmers an electronic online trading platform.</li>
<li>Implementation of <strong>Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure,</strong> sub-scheme of Integrated Scheme of Agricultural Marketing, in order to improve/create scientific storage capacity for storing farm produce, processed farm produce and to reduce post-harvest storage loss.</li>
<li>Introduction of <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-soil-health-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Soil Health Card Scheme</a></strong> to assist State Governments in providing Soil Health Cards to all farmers across the country once in a cycle of 2 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Soil health card provides information to the farmers on nutrient status of their soil along with recommendations on appropriate dosage of nutrients to be applied for improving crop productivity and soil fertility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Providing subsidies under <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/green-revolution-krishonnati-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Mission</strong></a> (Oil Seeds and Oil Palm) to farmers on seed components, transfer of technologies, production inputs and water carrying devices.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Financial assistance is also being provided under this scheme for block demonstration, frontline demonstration, farmers training to educate farmers to adopt modern techniques of farming to yield good crop economically.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Use of<strong> space technology</strong> for various programmes/ areas such as Forecasting Agricultural Output using Space, Agro-meteorology and Land-based Observations project, National Agricultural Drought Assessment and Monitoring System, Rice-Fallow Area Mapping and intensification, geo tagging of infrastructure and assets created under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, and Crop Insurance.</li>
<li>Using <strong>machine learning process</strong> along with different computer algorithm for crop classification and area estimation.</li>
<li>Setting up of <strong>Krishi Vigyan Kendras and Agricultural Technology Management Agencies</strong> at district level for dissemination of technologies among farm community. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In addition, farmers are provided information through Focused Publicity Campaigns, Kisan Call Centres, Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres of entrepreneurs, Agri Fairs and exhibitions, Kisan SMS Portal, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/technology-and-doubling-farmers-income'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Rashtriya Gokul Mission',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Government has sanctioned funds under <strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</strong> for setting up of 21 <strong>Gokul Grams</strong> as Integrated Cattle Development Centres.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As of now, 4 Gokul grams (Varanasi, Mathura, Patiala, and Phora) have been completed and work is under progress in remaining 17 Gokul grams.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rashtriya Gokul Mission comprises of two components namely:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The national program for bovine breeding and National mission for bovine productivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Underlying objectives of the Mission:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Development and conservation</strong> of indigenous breeds in a focused and scientific manner.</li>
<li>Undertake <strong>breed improvement</strong> program for indigenous cattle breeds so as to improve the genetic makeup and increase the stock.</li>
<li>Enhance <strong>milk production and productivity</strong>.</li>
<li>Distribute <strong>disease free</strong> high genetic merit bulls for natural service.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Significant initiatives under Rashtriya Gokul Mission:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Awards for encouraging farmers/breeder societies to rear Indigenous breeds of bovines:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gopal Ratna awards:</strong> for farmers maintaining the best herd of Indigenous Breed and practicing best management practices.</li>
<li><strong>Kamdhenu awards:</strong> for best managed Indigenous herd by Institutions/Trusts/ NGOs/ Gaushalas or best-managed Breeders&rsquo; societies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gokul Gram:</strong> The Rashtriya Gokul Mission envisages the establishment of <strong>integrated cattle development centers,</strong> &lsquo;Gokul Grams&rsquo; to develop indigenous breeds including up to 40% nondescript breeds (belonging or appearing to belong to no particular class or kind) with objectives to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Promote <strong>indigenous cattle rearing</strong> and conservation in a scientific manner.</li>
<li>Propagate high <strong>genetic merit bulls</strong> of indigenous breeds.</li>
<li>Optimize modern <strong>Farm Management practices</strong> and promote Common Resource Management.</li>
<li>Utilize <strong>animal waste</strong> in an economical way i.e. Cow Dung, Cow Urine</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Kamdhenu Breeding Centre:&nbsp;</strong>(NKBC) is being established as a Centre of Excellence to develop and conserve Indigenous Breeds in a holistic and scientific manner.</li>
<li><strong>&ldquo;E-Pashu Haat&rdquo;- Nakul Prajnan Bazaar:</strong> An e-market portal connecting breeders and farmers, for quality- disease-free bovine germplasm.</li>
<li><strong>Pashu Sanjivni:</strong> An animal wellness program encompassing the provision of <strong>animal health cards</strong> (&lsquo;Nakul Swasthya Patra&rsquo;) along with UID identification and uploading data on National DataBase.</li>
<li><strong>Advanced Reproductive Technology:</strong> Including Assisted Reproductive Technique- In-vitro Fertilization (IVF)/ Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) and sex-sorted semen technique to improve the availability of disease-free female bovines.</li>
<li><strong>National Bovine Genomic Center</strong> for Indigenous Breeds (NBGC-IB) will be established for selection of breeding bulls of high genetic merit at a young age using highly precise gene-based technology.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implementing Agency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rashtriya Gokul Mission will be <strong>implemented through the &ldquo;State Implementing Agency (SIA viz Livestock Development Boards).</strong></li>
<li>State Gauseva Ayogs will be given the mandate to sponsor proposals to the SIA&rsquo;s (LDB&rsquo;s) and monitor implementation of the sponsored proposal.</li>
<li>All Agencies having a role in indigenous cattle development will be the &ldquo;Participating Agencies&rdquo; like ICAR, Universities, Colleges, NGO&rsquo;s, Cooperative Societies and Gaushalas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why conservation of Indigenous breeds is the need of the hour?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indigenous bovines are <strong>robust and resilient</strong> and are particularly suited to the climate and environment of their respective breeding tracts and productivity of indigenous breeds is less likely to be impacted by the adversities of <strong>climate change.</strong></li>
<li>The milk of indigenous animals is high in <strong>fat and SNF content</strong> (The substances in <strong>milk</strong> other than butterfat and water in the form of casein, lactose, vitamins, and minerals which contribute significantly to the nutritive value of <strong>milk</strong>).</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-gokul-mission'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Panel for Coordination among Ministries',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Union government has set up a panel for better coordination among the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG), the Ministry of Environment and Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), and the state governments.</li>
<li>The panel will assist in speeding up hydrocarbon exploration-related clearances.</li>
<li>It will help in resolving the following issues: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are differences among MoPNG and MoEF on whether &ldquo;exploration&rdquo; should be treated as &ldquo;mining&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Many onshore and offshore blocks under the <strong>Discovered Small Fields (DSF) and Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OLAP)</strong> rounds also stuck with the MoEFCC.</li>
<li>Another issue is the companies involved in exploration state that exploration activities be considered as a temporary &ldquo;vegetation change&rdquo; which is objected by MoEF.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The panel has <strong>Cabinet Secretary P K Sinha as chairman,</strong> and secretaries of home, petroleum and environment will be members.</li>
<li>It will also have a representative from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/niti-aayog-reconstituted" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NITI Aayog</a> and chief secretaries of petroleum-producing states like Assam, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Telangana and Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Discovered Small Field Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Union government launched the <strong>Discovered Small Field policy in 2015</strong> with a prime objective to bring Discovered Small Fields to production at the earliest so as to increase the domestic production.</li>
<li>It provides for <strong>single uniform license for producing all kinds of hydrocarbon</strong>, no cess on the oil production, moderate royalty structure, customs duty exemptions and complete marketing and pricing freedom for the sale of produced crude oil and natural gas.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OLAP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The OLAP was declared by the union government in June, 2017.</li>
<li>Under it, <strong>the potential investors choose the exact areas they are interested in,</strong> convey their interest to the government, which then places just those blocks up for bidding.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panel-for-coordination-among-ministries'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Anaemia in Women',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to National Family Health Survey (NFHS)&ndash;IV (2015-16), the prevalence of anaemia among women aged 15 to 49 years is 53% and among adolescent girls aged 15-19 years is 54%.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Anaemia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiologic needs, which vary by age, sex, altitude, smoking, and pregnancy status.</li>
<li>Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia, although other conditions, such as folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin A deficiencies, chronic inflammation, parasitic infections, and inherited disorders can all cause anaemia.</li>
<li>In its severe form, it is associated with fatigue, weakness, dizziness and drowsiness. Pregnant women and children are particularly vulnerable.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Under the National Health Mission (NHM), the steps taken to tackle anaemia are:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Anaemia Mukt Bharat(AMB):</strong> It has been launched in the year 2018 as part of Intensified National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI) Program for accelerating the annual rate of decline of anaemia from one to three percentage points. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The target groups for AMB are Children 6-59 months, 5-9 years, Adolescent Girls &amp; Boys of 10-19 years, Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 years), Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS):</strong> This Programme is being implemented to meet the challenge of high prevalence and incidence of anaemia amongst adolescent girls and boys. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The intervention under WIFS includes supervised weekly ingestion of <strong>Iron Folic Acid (IFA)</strong> tablet.</li>
<li>To control worm infestation biannual deworming with <strong>Albendazole</strong> is provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health management information system &amp; Mother Child tracking system</strong> is being implemented for reporting and tracking the cases of anaemic and severely anaemic pregnant women.</li>
<li><strong>Universal screening</strong> of pregnant women for anaemia is a part of ante-natal care and all pregnant women are provided iron and folic acid tablets during their ante-natal visits through the existing network of sub-centres and primary health centres and other health facilities as well as through outreach activities at Village Health &amp; Nutrition Days (VHNDs).</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA):</strong> It has been launched to focus on conducting special ANC check up on 9th of every month with the help of Medical officers/ OBGYN to detect and treat cases of anaemia.</li>
<li><strong>Operationalization of Blood Bank:</strong> in District Hospitals and Blood Storage Unit in subdistrict facilities such as Sub-Divisional Hospital/ Community Health Centers is being taken to tackle complications due to severe anaemia.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India.</li>
<li>All National Family Health Surveys have been conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, with the International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, serving as the nodal agency.</li>
<li>ICF International (formerly Macro International), Maryland, USA, provided technical assistance for all four surveys conducted as on date.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'National Health Mission and Janani Suraksha Yojana',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)</strong> is a safe motherhood intervention under the <strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong>. The Yojana was launched on 12th April 2005. It is being implemented in all states and UTs with special focus on low performing states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>JSY is a <strong>100 % <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">centrally sponsored scheme</a></strong> and it integrates <strong>cash assistance with delivery and post-delivery care</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> It was Launched for reducing <strong>maternal and neonatal mortality</strong>, to promote institutional delivery among pregnant women especially with <strong>weak socio-economic status</strong> i.e. women from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and BPL households.</li>
<li><strong>Cash assistance:</strong> Under the JSY, eligible pregnant women are entitled to cash assistance irrespective of the age of mother and number of children for giving birth in a government or accredited private health facility.</li>
<li><strong>Area of Focus:</strong> The scheme focuses on poor pregnant woman with special dispensation for states that have low institutional delivery rates, namely, the states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Rajasthan, Odisha, and Jammu and Kashmir.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While these States have been named <strong>Low Performing States (LPS)</strong> under the scheme, the remaining States/UTs have been named <strong>High Performing States (HPS).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scheme also provides performance-based incentives to women health volunteers known as <strong>ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist)</strong> for promoting institutional delivery among pregnant women.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ASHA is a trained female community health activist. Selected from the community itself and accountable to it, the ASHA will be trained to work as an interface between the community and the public health system.</li>
<li>The role of an ASHA is that of a community level care provider. This includes a mix of tasks: facilitating access to health care services, building awareness about health care entitlements especially amongst the poor and marginalized, promoting healthy behaviours and mobilizing for collective action for better health outcomes and meeting curative care needs as appropriate to the organization of service delivery in that area and compatible with her training and skills.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>National Health Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Health Mission (NHM) was launched by the government of India in 2013 subsuming the <strong>National Rural Health Mission</strong> and the <strong>National Urban Health Mission.</strong> It was further extended in March 2018, to continue till March 2020.</li>
<li>The main programmatic components include Health System Strengthening in rural and urban areas for - <strong>Reproductive-Maternal- Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A)</strong>, and <strong>Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases.</strong> The NHM envisages achievement of universal access to equitable, affordable &amp; quality health care services that are accountable and responsive to people's needs.</li>
<li>The National Health Mission seeks to ensure the achievement of the following indicators: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reduce <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-best-practice-in-the-world-bmj" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Maternal Mortality Rate</a> (MMR) to 1/1000 live births</li>
<li>Reduce Infant Mortality rate (IMR) to 25/1000 live births</li>
<li>Reduce Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 2.1</li>
<li>Prevention and reduction of anaemia in women aged 15&ndash;49 years</li>
<li>Prevent and reduce mortality &amp; morbidity from communicable, non- communicable; injuries and emerging diseases</li>
<li>Reduce household out-of-pocket expenditure on total health care expenditure</li>
<li>Reduce annual incidence and mortality from Tuberculosis by half</li>
<li>Reduce the prevalence of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/why-leprosy-has-resurfaced-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Leprosy</a> to &lt;1/10000 population and incidence to zero in all districts</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-malaria-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Annual Malaria</a> Incidence to be &lt;1/1000</li>
<li>Less than 1 per cent microfilaria prevalence in all districts</li>
<li>Kala-azar Elimination by 2015, &lt;1 case per 10000 population in all blocks</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Crisis in Health Sector',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/missing-remedies/article27957822.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Missing remedies: on West Bengal doctors' strike&rdquo;</a> which appeared in The Hindu on 17th June 2019. It talks about, inadequacies in India&rsquo;s healthcare system and suggests a way forward in this context.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>The nationwide strike by doctors, which has been triggered by a brutal assault on a resident doctor in West Bengal, indicates a widespread problem of <strong>violence against doctors</strong> that requires urgent redressal.</p>
<p>Such violence is invariably the result of <strong>systemic problems</strong> in the healthcare sector in the form of <strong>expensive and unaffordable treatment</strong>, poor infrastructure, overburdened doctors and poor doctor patient ratio that adversely affects <strong>optimal attention</strong> to patients which in turn creates trust deficit in doctor patient relationship and paves the way for violence against doctors.</p>
<h3>Inadequacies in India&rsquo;s Healthcare System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ailing Public health sector:</strong> meagre healthcare budget, overcrowding, long waiting time and the need for multiple visits for investigations and consultations frustrate patients on a daily basis.</li>
<li><strong>Paucity of Resources:</strong> Doctors work in extreme conditions ranging from overcrowded out-patient departments, inadequate staff, medicines and infrastructure.</li>
<li><strong>Expensive Private Medical Education:</strong> increasingly high cost of medical education in the private sector is forcing many students in India to look for cheaper destinations abroad.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Countries such as China, Russia, Ukraine, Philippines and Nepal have become popular destinations for aspiring doctors as the cost can be less than half of what private institutes charge in India.</li>
<li>Expensive medical studies are responsible for dearth of doctors in India as after acquiring studies from abroad they do not prefer to practice their profession in India because of the necessity to clear the exam conducted by the Medical Council of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overburdened Doctors:</strong> Owing to disproportionate Doctor Patient ratio, limited number of doctors, nurses and medical staff have to cater to a large number of patients.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Doctor Patient Ratio</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Studies and Survey reveal that in India, there is one government doctor for every 10,189 people (the World Health Organisation recommends a ratio of 1:1,000) implying a deficit of 6,00,000 doctors.</li>
<li>The nurse:patient ratio is 1:483, implying a shortage of two million nurses.</li>
<li>India today needs twice as many doctors as are available, three times as many nurses and four times as many paramedics.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unaffordable Treatments:</strong> More than 17% of Indian population spends at least 10% of household budgets for health services. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Catastrophic healthcare related expenditure pushes families into <strong>debt,</strong> more than 24% households in rural India and 18% of the population in urban areas have met their healthcare expenses through some sort of borrowings.</li>
<li><strong>Competition Commission of India</strong> report on affordability stated that 50 to 65% of Indians did not have regular access to <strong>essential medicines.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Doctor Patient Relation:</strong> The highlighting of errors by doctors, medical staff, and hospitals, as well as corruption among doctors, has further eroded the trust patients have in the medical facilities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Trust deficit</strong> between doctors and patients is also gradually becoming a concern, with rising violence against doctors.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>Indian Medical Association</strong> (IMA) nearly <strong>75%</strong> of doctors in India have faced some form of violence or threat at some point in their careers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Medical Association</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Medical Association is the only representative, national voluntary organisation of Doctors of Modern Scientific System of Medicine, which looks after the interest of doctors as well as the well being of the community at large.</li>
<li>Indian Medical Association is founding member of World Medical Association.</li>
<li>IMA hosted the III World Conference on Medical Education under the joint auspices of W.M.A. and I.M.A. in New Delhi in 1966.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ineffective Implementation of Laws:</strong> Inspite of having the laws that envisage imprisonment besides recovery of compensation from perpetrators for loss or damage to Medical professionals and property, states are lacking in its effective implementation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example West Bengal has also enacted a law for protection of doctors but due to its poor implementation it has failed to curb the ongoing doctor-patient crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Doctors&rsquo; Protection Act in India</strong></p>
<p>At least 19 states &mdash; including West Bengal, the epicentre of the protests &mdash; have passed what is called the Protection Of Medicare Service Persons And Medicare Service Institutions (Prevention Of Violence And Damage To Property) Act, also known as the Medical Protection Act (MPA).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Any damage or act of violence against Medicare professionals is an act punishable by law.</li>
<li>Any damage to the property or the Institution of Medicare service is prohibited.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Destruction of hospital beds, burning of ambulances, smashing medical stores is punishable by law</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Imprisonment to lawbreakers for a minimum period of 3 years and fine amount of INR 50,000 to be imposed if found guilty.</li>
<li>Offenders of medical professionals/medical colleges can be cognizable or non cognizable crime depending upon the offences committed.</li>
<li>Damage to any medical devices and equipment is a punishable offence and offenders are liable to pay twice the amount of the damaged equipment&rsquo;s cost.</li>
</ul>
<p>The Act, however, fails to really protect doctors because it features neither in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) nor in the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). This makes it difficult for victims to approach the police for help or the latter to file a complaint against suspects.</p>
</div>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Legal protection:</strong> Protection provided by the state to doctors needs to be strictly implemented and a Central law to enforce protection should be enacted at the earliest. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There must be a <strong>comprehensive law</strong> to deal with violence against healthcare personnel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Security Deployment:</strong> Medical establishments need to deploy <strong>security</strong> at their clinics and hospitals. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Deploy CCTV cameras mandatorily in all emergency areas and record all conversation between doctors and relatives in high-risk medical areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ethics and Morality:</strong> Medical colleges also need to redefine their teaching in terms of knowledge, skill and behaviour by incorporating modules on <strong>humanitarian conduct</strong>, including <strong>etiquette and ethics.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Unreasonable Expectations:</strong> As per an IMA study:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>90% of patients want doctors to listen to them in great detail during the first consultation.</li>
<li>80.4% patients want the doctor to explain in detail about the drugs, investigations and the treatment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Indian Medical Association</strong> (IMA) should help arrive at a solution that can address the concerns of both doctors and patients by instituting better systems to counsel patients and remove unreasonable expectations about treatment outcomes.</li>
<li><strong>Structural Change:</strong> National Health Policy, which commits to raise public expenditure on health to <strong>2.5%</strong> of <strong>GDP</strong>, must pay as much attention to scaling up <strong>infrastructure</strong> and the <strong>capabilities</strong> of government hospitals.</li>
<li><strong>Training and Standard operating procedure:</strong> Training resident doctors in effective communication and alternative methods of resolving conflicts and institutionalising standard operating procedure in medical establishments (explaining do&rsquo;s and don&rsquo;ts in cases of violence) can help in addressing the issue of violence.</li>
<li><strong>Destressing Sessions:</strong> must be conducted on regular basis in the form of meditation and spiritual activities. As these can help medical staff in coping up with the situations of extreme stress.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What hospitals can do</strong></p>
<p>A standard operating procedure may be developed for such situations like <strong>Code Purple</strong>, used worldwide to alert medical staff to potential violence. It includes the following measures:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An announcement on the hospital&rsquo;s public address system, giving the exact location of violence to disseminate information.</li>
<li>Security staff to respond immediately and assist, if needed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All staff, except that of ICU and OTs, to come to aid and form a human chain around professional under threat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Senior member of staff not involved in treatment may try to communicate with the patient&rsquo;s relatives and try de-escalating the situation.</li>
<li>Drill should be done every month in all medical establishments.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>While providing better safety and <strong>security is important,</strong> we should also address the underlying factors such as overcrowding, lack of resources, behaviour of frontline service providers and how they should handle cases sympathetically.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ff0000;">
<td style="width: 564.444px; background-color: #b7e8c6; border-color: #b7e8c6;">
<p><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></p>
<p>Nationwide strike by doctors over the issue of violence against doctors reflects inadequacies in health care system. Comment</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crisis-in-health-sector'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Membrane to Clean Toxic Effluents',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently the scientists at <strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST)</strong> have developed a ceramic membrane with the help of a mixture of potter&rsquo;s clay, stone dust and tea waste which can clean toxic effluents.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The membrane was tested on effluents from a textile unit. It could remove adsorptive dyes from wastewater.</li>
<li>The study was funded by the <strong>Department of Science and Technology (DST).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Applications</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These filters are especially useful in petrochemical processing, where it is not possible to use organic membranes.</li>
<li>It is capable of discolouring two commonly used dyes - <strong>methylene blue</strong> and <strong>Congo red</strong> -from water.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Methylene blue is a toxic dye, while Congo red is a known cancer-causing agent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ceramic filters and membranes are commonly used in several sectors like food and beverage, drugs and chemicals, waste recovery and recycling industries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Properties</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ceramic membranes can withstand frequent cleaning, harsh operating environments and situations that require continuous flows of material.</li>
<li>They can also be regenerated over many cycles and used for separation of both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions.</li>
<li>The newly developed membrane has good thermal and chemical stability.</li>
<li>The used membrane could also be regenerated by heating at 400 degrees for 30 minutes, without much loss of efficiency.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSIR is an autonomous research and development body established by the <strong>Government of India in 1942.</strong></li>
<li>It covers a wide spectrum of science and technology &ndash;from radio and space physics, oceanography, geophysics, chemicals, drugs, genomics, biotechnology and nanotechnology to mining, aeronautics, instrumentation, environmental engineering and information technology.</li>
<li>It provides significant technological intervention in many areas with regard to societal efforts which include environment, health, drinking water, food, housing, energy, farm and non-farm sectors.</li>
<li><strong>CSIR Firsts</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>First to introduce DNA fingerprinting in India.</li>
<li>Designed &amp; developed India&rsquo;s first all-composite aircraft Hansa.</li>
<li>Designed and developed India&rsquo;s first 14-seater plane &lsquo;SARAS&rsquo;.</li>
<li>First to produce baby food from buffalo milk by the name of Amulspray.</li>
<li>First to produce the indelible ink used in elections in the country.</li>
<li>Completed the first Complete<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-sequencing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>Genome Sequencing</strong></a> of an Indian.</li>
<li>First indigenous &ldquo;Electronic Nose&rdquo; to detect toxic fumes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/membrane-to-clean-toxic-effluents'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Kaleshwaram Project',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Kaleshwaram lift irrigation project is aimed to make Telangana drought proof by harnessing the flood waters of the Godavari. The project is an under-construction multi-purpose irrigation project on the <strong>Godavari River in Kaleshwaram, Bhoopalpally, Telangana.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project starts at the <strong>confluence point of Pranahita River and Godavari River.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pranahita river</strong> is a confluence of various other smaller tributaries like Wardha, Penganga and Wainganga Rivers.</li>
<li><strong>The Godavari</strong> is India's second longest river after the Ganga. Its source is in <strong>Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra.</strong> It flows east for 1,465 kilometres, draining the states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Karnataka, ultimately emptying into the Bay of Bengal through its extensive network of tributaries.</li>
<li>The <strong>major tributaries</strong> of the river are classified as the left bank tributaries which include the <strong>Purna, Pranhita, Indravati and Sabari river</strong> and the right bank tributaries are <strong>Pravara, Manjira, Manair.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Waters of the Godavari will be tapped by reverse pumping and storage, thereby facilitating agriculture on over 38 lakh acres, helping rejuvenate thousands of tanks, providing water for industries, and supplying drinking water to Hyderabad and Secunderabad by creating a series of storage tanks and a network of pipelines.</li>
<li>Barrages have been constructed at<strong> Medigadda, Annaram, and Sundilla</strong>, from which water will be moved to fill <strong>Yellampalli and Sriram Sagar Projects.</strong></li>
<li>The Kaleshwaram project will support <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/selected-best-practices-In-water-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Kakatiya</strong></a> and Mission Bhagiratha schemes designed to provide drinking water to many villages and improve the capacities of tanks.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mission Kakatiya</strong></p>
<p>It is a flagship programme launched by the Government of Telangana which aims at rejuvenation of water tanks and other water storage structures to provide assistance and help to the small and marginal farmers of the state.</p>
<p><strong>Mission Bhagiratha</strong></p>
<p>It is a project for safe drinking water for every village and city household in Telangana State. It aims is to provide piped water to 2.32 crore people in 20 lakh households in urban and 60 lakhs in rural areas of Telangana. The ambitious project will supply clean drinking water to all households in the state through water sourced from River Godavari and River Krishna.</p>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaleshwaram-project'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Kutiyattam',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Kapila Venu</strong> recently played a composition <strong>&ldquo;Parvati Viraham</strong>&rdquo;, <strong>part of</strong> the age-old repertoire of <strong>Kutiyattam,</strong> at Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kutiyattam</strong> is one of the oldest traditional <strong>theatre forms of Kerala</strong> and is based on <strong>Sanskrit</strong> theatre traditions.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/352image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/352image1.jpg" width="342" height="285" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>The word <strong>&ldquo;kuti</strong>&rdquo; in Malayalam language primarily means <strong>&ldquo;combined&rdquo;</strong> or &ldquo;together&rdquo;, and <strong>&ldquo;attam&rdquo;</strong> means <strong>&ldquo;acting&rdquo;</strong>: therefore, the word<strong> &ldquo;kutiyattam&rdquo;</strong> means <strong>&ldquo;combined acting".</strong></li>
<li>In its stylized and codified theatrical language, netra abhinaya <strong>(eye expression)</strong> and hasta abhinaya (<strong>the language of gestures</strong>) are prominent. They focus on the thoughts and feelings of the main character.</li>
<li>It is traditionally performed in theatres called<strong> Kuttampalams</strong>, which are located in the Hindu temples.</li>
<li>Kutiyattam is performed by a community of <strong>male actors</strong> called <strong>Chakyars</strong> and <strong>female</strong> performers called <strong>Nangiars</strong>, assisted by <strong>drummers</strong> called <strong>Nambiars.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pakarnattam</strong> is an aspect of Kutiyattam that involves embodying and emoting male and female roles. Switching between the masculine and feminine and interpreting multiple roles at the same time is considered a challenging skill within the repertoire.</li>
<li><strong>Nangiar Koothu</strong> is the solo section of female performance in Kutiyattam.</li>
<li>Kutiyattam includes the plays of almost all the major <strong>playwrights in Sanskrit</strong>, including Bhasa, Harsha, Saktibhadra, Kulasekhara, Neelakantha, Bodhayana and Mahendravikramavarman. However, notable exceptions are Kalidasa and Bhavabhuti, whose plays are not traditionally part of its repertoire.</li>
<li>Kutiyattam has been <strong>declared as among the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kutiyattam'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Climate Change Impacting Small Island Developing States',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>United Nation (UN)</strong> in its report on <strong>World Population Prospects 2019</strong> has warned that many Small Island Developing States (SIDS) may fail to achieve several <strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030</strong> because of increasing population and climate change risks.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Small Island Developing States</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are islands of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.</li>
<li>The SIDS were recognized as a distinct group of developing countries in June 1992, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development. Total number of SIDS are 39.</li>
<li>SIDS&rsquo; unique and particular vulnerabilities are highlighted in &ldquo;The Future We Want&rdquo;, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (also known as Rio+20) that took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 2012</li>
<li>Their small size, remoteness, narrow resource and export base, and exposure to global environmental challenges and external economic shocks, including to a large range of impacts from climate change and potentially more frequent and intense natural disasters SIDS continue to address those structural and external challenges to achieve their sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Reasons for missing SDGs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Population:</strong> Several SIDS, including Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, are experiencing a sharper population growth, higher than the global average rate of 1.07 per cent.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The total population of these countries is only 71 million, but growing fast: said to increase to 78 million by 2030 and 87 million by 2050, added the report.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate change:</strong> The challenge is bigger for these small countries because of their vulnerability to climate change, climate variability and sea-level rise.</li>
<li><strong>Geographical reasons:</strong> One-third of the entire population of SIDS lives on lands that are less than five metres below the sea level. This makes them highly vulnerable to sea-level rise, storm surge and coastal destruction.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Impact of Climate Change on SIDS</strong></p>
<p>These countries contribute only 1 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and yet are among the first to experience the worst impacts of climate change.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Agricultural production, fisheries, and related sectors</strong> are declining as the climate changes, threatening livelihoods and economic growth.</li>
<li>In addition, extreme weather spawned by climate change is destroying SIDS <strong>land, real estate and infrastructure,</strong> with economically catastrophic effects, highlighted UN Environment Programme in a report.</li>
<li><strong>Tourism</strong> forms the foundation of many SIDS economies, and climate change is impacting it. Tourists are being discouraged from travelling to SIDS in the fear of violent and life-threatening storms.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-impacting-small-island-developing-states'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'President Addresses Joint Sitting of Parliament',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>President of India recently addressed the joint sitting of both the houses of Parliament. It was the first time he addressed the newly elected 17th Loksabha.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>All <strong>executive power</strong> is vested in the President of India. The Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister aids and advises the President who exercises his powers in accordance with such advice.</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision</strong>: <strong>Article 87</strong> of the constitution provides two instances when the President specially addresses both Houses of Parliament.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>President of India addresses</strong> both the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha at the beginning of the<strong> first Session</strong> after <strong>each general election</strong> when the reconstituted lower house meets for the first time.</li>
<li>The President also addresses both the houses at the<strong> beginning of the first session</strong> of each year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President&rsquo;s speech essentially highlights the government&rsquo;s policy priorities and plans for the upcoming year. The address provides a broad framework of the government&rsquo;s agenda and direction.</li>
<li>The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951: Article 87 was amended. In article 87 of the Constitution:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In clause (1), for the words <strong>"every session"</strong>, the words<strong> "the first session after each general election to the House of the People and at the commencement of the first session of each year"</strong> is substituted. In clause (2), the words "and for <strong>the precedence of such discussion over other business of the House"</strong> is omitted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Apart from this, the joint sitting of both the houses is also held to resolve the deadlock over the passing of key legislation. Not all bills can be referred to a joint sitting of Parliament. There are two exceptions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Money bill under <strong>Article 110</strong>.</li>
<li>Constitution amendment bill under <strong>Article 368.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 108</strong>: Article 108 of the Indian Constitution of India provides for Joint sitting of both the Houses. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.</li>
<li>The Chairman doesn't preside over the joint session at any means/cost.</li>
<li><strong>Summons to members</strong>: The Secretary-General shall issue summons to each member specifying the time and place for a joint sitting.</li>
<li><strong>Time of sitting</strong>: The duration and adjournment of the joint sitting shall be determined by the Speaker.</li>
<li><strong>Quorum</strong>: The quorum to constitute a joint sitting shall be one-tenth of the total number of members of the Houses.</li>
<li><strong>Procedure</strong>: The procedures of joint sessions are subject to modifications and variations as the Speaker may consider necessary or appropriate.</li>
</ul>
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'India - Sri Lanka Relations ',
			'catname' => 'Paper 2',
			'desc' => '<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The relationship between India and Sri Lanka is more than 2,500 years old.</li>
<li>Both countries have a legacy of <strong>intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic interaction.</strong></li>
<li>In recent years, the relationship has been marked by close contacts at all levels. <strong>Trade and investment have grown</strong> and there is cooperation in the fields of infrastructure development, education, culture and defence.</li>
<li>In recent years, significant progress in implementation of <strong>developmental assistance projects</strong> has further cemented the bonds of friendship between the two countries.</li>
<li>The nearly three-decade long armed conflict between the Sri Lankan forces and the LTTE came to an end in May 2009. During the course of the conflict, India supported the right of the Sri Lankan Government to act against terrorist forces.</li>
<li>India's consistent position has been in favour of a negotiated political settlement, which is acceptable to all communities within the framework of a united Sri Lanka and is consistent with democracy, pluralism and respect for human rights.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Geopolitical Significance of Sri Lanka</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka&rsquo;s location in the Indian Ocean region as an island State has been of <strong>strategic geopolitical relevance to several major powers.</strong></li>
<li>Some examples that highlight Western interests in Sri Lanka&rsquo;s strategic location are the British Defence and External Affairs Agreement of 1948, and the Maritime Agreement with USSR of 1962.</li>
<li>Even during the J.R Jayewardene (1978-1989) and Ranasinghe Premadasa (1989-1993) tenures, Sri Lanka was chosen to build the Voice of America transmitting station (suspected of being used for intelligence gathering purposes and electronic surveillance of the Indian Ocean).</li>
<li>It was the massive Chinese involvement during the Rajapaksa tenure that garnered the deepest controversy in recent years.</li>
<li>China is building state of the art gigantic modern ports all along the Indian Ocean to the south of it, in Gwadar (Pakistan), Chittagong (Bangladesh, Kyauk Phru (Myanmar) and Hambantota (Sri Lanka).</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s string of pearl&rsquo;s strategy is aimed at encircling India to establish dominance in the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>Post 2015, <strong>Sri Lanka still relies heavily on China</strong> for Port city project and for continuation of Chinese funded infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Although the Hambantota harbour is reportedly making losses, it too has potential for development due to its strategic location.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka has a list of highly strategic ports located among busiest sea lanes of communication.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka&rsquo;s Colombo Port is the 25th busiest container port in the world and the natural deep water harbor at Trincomalee is the fifth largest natural harbour in the world.</li>
<li>Port city of Trincomalee was the main base for Eastern Fleet and British Royal Navy during the Second World War.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka&rsquo;s location can thus serve both commercial and industrial purposes and be used as a military base.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578478010_image23.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578478010_image23.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Political Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As a country that emerged from a civil war facing human rights allegations; the domestic politics and international relations of Sri Lanka are heavily geopolitical with foreign powers having vested interests.</li>
<li>Political relations between India and Sri Lanka have been marked by high-level exchanges of visits at regular intervals.</li>
<li>In February 2015, Sri Lanka&rsquo;s newly elected President Maithripala Sirisena undertook his first official visit to India, and Modi paid a return visit to Colombo in March 2015. He was the first Indian prime minister to do a stand-alone visit to Sri Lanka in 28 years.</li>
<li>In June 2019, the first overseas visit of Indian Prime Minister to Sri Lanka, in his second term, is an important symbolic gesture reflective of the special relationship between the countries.</li>
<li><strong>Sri Lanka is a member of regional groupings like BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) and SAARC in which India plays a leading role.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, India has invited leaders of BIMSTEC member countries to attend the swearing-in of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his council of ministers. This is in line with the government&rsquo;s focus on its &lsquo;Neighbourhood First&rsquo; policy.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka has long been in India&rsquo;s geopolitical orbit, but its relationship with China has strengthened in recent years.</li>
<li>Former President Rajapaksa took Sri Lanka closer to China and sidelining Indian concerns including over the rehabilitation of Tamils displaced by the long-running Sri Lankan civil war.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>History of Civil War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka has been mired in ethnic conflict since the country, formerly known as Ceylon, became independent from British rule in 1948.</li>
<li>A 2001 government census says Sri Lanka&rsquo;s main ethnic populations are the Sinhalese (82%), Tamil (9.4%), and Sri Lanka Moor (7.9%).</li>
<li>In the years following independence, the Sinhalese, who resented British favoritism toward Tamils during the colonial period, disenfranchised Tamil migrant plantation workers from India and made Sinhala the official language.</li>
<li>In 1972, the Sinhalese changed the country&rsquo;s name from Ceylon to Sri Lanka and made Buddhism the nation&rsquo;s primary religion.</li>
<li>As ethnic tension grew, in 1976, the LTTE was formed under the leadership of Velupillai Prabhakaran, and it began to campaign for a Tamil homeland in northern and eastern Sri Lanka, where most of the island&rsquo;s Tamils reside.</li>
<li>In 1983, the LTTE ambushed an army convoy, killing thirteen soldiers and triggering riots in which 2,500 Tamils died.</li>
<li>As Ethnic ties have bound southern India and Sri Lanka for more than two millennia. India is a home to more than 60 million of the world&rsquo;s 77 million Tamils, while about 4 million live in Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>The Palk Strait, about 40 km (25 miles) wide at its narrowest point, separates the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu and northern Sri Lanka, traditionally the main Tamil area of the Indian Ocean island.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When war between Sri Lankan Tamils and the Sinhalese majority erupted in 1983, India took an active role.</li>
<li>Indo-Sri Lankan Accord was signed in 1987 to provide a political solution to Sri Lanka&rsquo;s conflict.</li>
<li>It proposed the establishment of provincial council system and devolution of power for nine provinces in Sri Lanka (also known as <strong>The Thirteenth Amendment)</strong>.</li>
<li>India deployed Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka under <strong>Operation Pawan</strong> to disarm the different militant group.</li>
<li>IPKF was later withdrawn after three years amidst escalating violence.</li>
<li>The violent conflict was ended in 2009 and at that point of India has agreed to reconstruct the war-torn areas and started many rehabilitation programs.</li>
<li>India voted against Sri Lanka in 2009, 2012 and 2013 at the US-sponsored UNHRC resolution to investigate alleged human rights violations in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Commercial Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka has long been a priority destination for direct investment from India.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka is one of India&rsquo;s largest trading partners among the SAARC countries. <strong>India in turn is Sri Lanka&rsquo;s largest trade partner globally.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s exports to Sri Lanka amounted to $5.3 billion in 2015-17 whereas its imports from the country were at $743 million.</li>
<li>Trade between the two countries grew particularly rapidly after the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement which came into force in March 2000.</li>
<li>While Sri Lankan exports to India have increased substantially during the past several years since 2000 when ISFTA came into force.</li>
<li>However, there has been a high growth in India&rsquo;s exports to Sri Lanka, resulting in a widening of the balance of trade. This is largely because of the lack of export capacity from Sri Lanka to service Indian requirement and also due to increase in imports from India because of competitiveness of our exports.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main framework for bilateral trade has been provided by the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) that was signed in 1998 and entered into force in March 2000.</li>
<li>The basic premise in signing the ISFTA was asymmetries between the two economies, local socio-economic sensitivities, safeguard measures to protect domestic interests, and revenue implications so as not to impact high revenue generating tariff lines in the short term.</li>
<li>In a nutshell, India sought to do more without insisting on strict reciprocity from Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>This is reflected in the respective obligations of the two countries under the ISFTA where India agreed to open more tariff lines upfront and within a shorter time span of three years as against smaller and more staggered openings by Sri Lanka which was provided a longer time of eight years.</li>
<li>In order to receive ISFTA benefits, the merchandise exported between India and Sri Lanka should comply with the Rules of Origin criteria.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The agreement <strong>CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) which is yet to be signed between the countries,</strong> seeks to build on the momentum generated by the FTA and take the two economies beyond trade in goods towards greater integration and impart renewed impetus and synergy to bilateral economic interaction.</li>
<li>The investments are in diverse areas including petroleum retail, IT, financial services, real estate, telecommunication, hospitality &amp; tourism, banking and food processing (tea &amp; fruit juices), metal industries, tires, cement, glass manufacturing, and infrastructure development (railway, power, water supply).</li>
<li>The last few years have also witnessed an increasing trend of Sri Lankan investments into India.</li>
<li>Tourism also forms an important link between India and Sri Lanka and India is the largest source market for Sri Lankan tourism. In tourism, India is the largest contributor with every fifth tourist being from India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cultural and Educational Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Cultural Cooperation Agreement</strong> signed by the two Governments on 29 November, 1977, forms the basis for periodic Cultural Exchange Programmes between the two countries.</li>
<li>The<strong> Indian Cultural Centre in Colombo</strong> actively promotes awareness of Indian culture by offering classes in Indian music, dance, Hindi and Yoga. Every year, cultural troupes from both countries exchange visits.</li>
<li><strong>India and Sri Lanka commemorated the 2600th year of the attainment of enlightenment by Lord Buddha (Sambuddhathva Jayanthi) through joint activities.</strong></li>
<li>The two Governments also celebrated the 150th Anniversary of Anagarika Dharmapala in 2014.</li>
<li>The <strong>India-Sri Lanka Foundation,</strong> set up in December 1998 as an intergovernmental initiative, also aims towards enhancement of scientific, technical, educational and cultural cooperation through civil society exchanges and enhancing contact between the younger generations of the two countries.</li>
<li>Education is an important area of cooperation. India now offers about 290 scholarship slots annually to Sri Lankan students.</li>
<li>In addition, under the <strong>Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Scheme and the Colombo Plan</strong>, India offers 370 slots annually to Sri Lankan nationals.</li>
<li>Government of India formally launched the <strong>e-Tourist Visa (eTV) scheme</strong> for Sri Lankan tourists on 14 April 2015 to increase the people to people contact.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Subsequently, in a goodwill gesture, the visa fee for eTV was sharply reduced.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Community</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The People of Indian Origin (PIOs) comprise Sindhis, Borahs, Gujaratis, Memons, Parsis, Malayalis and Telugu speaking persons who have settled down in Sri Lanka (most of them after partition) and are engaged in various business ventures.</li>
<li>Though their numbers are much lesser as compared to Indian Origin Tamils (IOTs), they are economically prosperous and are well placed.</li>
<li>Each of these communities has their organization which organizes festivals and cultural events.</li>
<li>The IOTs are mostly employed in either tea or rubber plantations in Central, Uva and Sabaragamuwa Provinces though during the last decade, the younger generation has been migrating to Colombo in search of employment.</li>
<li>A fair number of IOTs living in Colombo are engaged in business. According to Government census figures (2011), the population of IOTs is about 1.6 million.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Defence and Security Cooperation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka and New Delhi have long history of security cooperation. In recent years, the two sides have steadily increased their military-to-military relationship.</li>
<li>India and Sri Lanka conducts joint Military ( 'Mitra Shakti') and Naval exercise (SLINEX).</li>
<li>India also provides defence training to Sri Lankan forces.</li>
<li>A trilateral maritime security cooperation agreement was signed by India, Sri Lanka and the Maldives to improve surveillance, anti-piracy operations and reducing maritime pollution in Indian Ocean Region.</li>
<li>In April 2019, India and Sri Lanka also concluded agreement on countering Drug and Human trafficking.</li>
<li>In the aftermath of the horrific Easter bombings, Sri Lankan Prime Minister thanked the Indian government for all the &ldquo;help&rdquo; given.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The alerts issued by Indian agencies before the attacks had warned specifically about the use of radicalised suicide bombers attacking churches and the Indian High Commission in Colombo.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues and Conflicts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In recent years, China has extended billions of dollars of loans to the Sri Lankan government for new infrastructure projects, which is not good for India&rsquo;s strategic depth in Indian Ocean Region.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka also handed over the strategic port of Hambantota, which is expected to play a key role in China&rsquo;s Belt and Road Initiative, to China on a 99-year lease.</li>
<li>The opposition parties and trade unions in Sri Lanka have already dubbed the port deal as a sellout of their country&rsquo;s national assets to China.</li>
<li>China has also supplied arms as well as provide huge loans to Sri Lanka for its development.</li>
<li>China also invested sufficiently in the infrastructure of Sri Lanka, which included building of Colombo international container terminal by China Harbor Corporation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the relation between Sri Lanka and India are improving. In order to allay Indian concerns that the Hambantota port will not be used for military purposes, the Sri Lankan government has sought to limit China&rsquo;s role to running commercial operations at the port while it retains oversight of security operations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The two countries have signed civil nuclear cooperation agreement which is Sri Lanka&rsquo;s first nuclear partnership with any country.</li>
<li>India is also investing into Sri Lanka&rsquo;s infrastructure development in the Northern and Eastern provinces.</li>
<li>India is also planning to build Trincomalee Port to counterweight the Chinese developments at Hambantota Port.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Fishermen issue</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Given the proximity of the territorial waters of both countries, especially in the Palk Straits and the Gulf of Mannar, incidents of straying of fishermen are common.</li>
<li>Indian boats have been fishing in the troubled waters for centuries and had a free run of the Bay of Bengal, Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar until 1974 and 1976 when treaties were signed between the two countries to demarcate International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL).</li>
<li>However, the treaties failed to factor in the hardship of thousands of traditional fishermen who were forced to restrict themselves to a meagre area in their fishing forays.</li>
<li>The small islet of Katchatheevu, hitherto used by them for sorting their catch and drying their nets, fell on the other side of the IMBL.</li>
<li>Fishermen often risk their lives and cross the IMBL rather than return empty-handed, but the Sri Lankan Navy is on alert, and have either arrested or destroyed fishing nets and vessels of those who have crossed the line.</li>
<li>Both countries have agreed on certain practical arrangements to deal with the issue of bona fide fishermen of either side crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line.</li>
<li>Through these arrangements, it has been possible to deal with the issue of detention of fishermen in a humane manner.</li>
<li>India and Sri Lanka have agreed to set up a Joint Working Group (JWG) on Fisheries between the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare of India and Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development of Sri Lanka as the mechanism to help find a permanent solution to the fishermen issue.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As both countries have a democratic setup there is scope for broadening and deepening the ties.</li>
<li>Both countries should try to work out a permanent solution to the issue of fishermen through bilateral engagements.</li>
<li>Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) must be signed to improve the economic cooperation between both countries .</li>
<li>India needs to focus more on its traditional and cultural ties to improve relations with Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Starting of ferry services between India and Sri Lanka can improve people to people linkages.</li>
<li>Mutual recognition of each other's concerns and interests can improve the relationship between both countries.</li>
</ul>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'International Equivalence for Personnel Certification',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India&rsquo;s <strong>national accreditation body,</strong> the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies <strong>(NABCB)</strong>, has <strong>secured international equivalence for its accreditation programme for personnel certification bodies</strong> in the annual meeting of the <strong>Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation</strong> in Singapore on 20th June, 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NABCB signed the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) of the Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (APAC) based on the international standard, ISO/IEC 17024.</li>
<li><strong>ISO/IEC 17024</strong> specifies criteria for the operation of a Personnel Certification Bodies (also known as a certification body for persons). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Personnel Certification Bodies</strong> are the one which confirm the competence of an individual to perform a specified service ( of electrician, welder etc.) or duty through an issue of a certificate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With this recognition, NABCB hopes to <strong>facilitate export of Indian services and skills</strong> into the world market by attesting that persons are certified following international standards by the certifying bodies.</li>
<li>This would support many professionals in India, especially those who do not have formal education or certificate programme. <strong>Any person carrying ISO/IEC 17024 certificate with NABCB logo will be recognized internationally.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NABCB</strong></p>
<p>NABCB, <strong>a constituent board of</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jodhpur-tops-railway-cleanliness-survey-conducted-by-the-quality-council-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quality Council of India</strong></a>, an autonomous body attached to the <strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry</strong>, is responsible for <strong>accreditation of certification/inspection bodies</strong> as per applicable international standards under an international system of equivalence.</p>
<p><strong>Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (APAC) was established on <strong>1<sup>st</sup> January 2019.</strong></li>
<li>Its primary role is to manage and expand a mutual recognition arrangement (MRA) among accreditation bodies in the Asia Pacific region.</li>
<li>The MRA <strong>facilitates the acceptance of conformity assessment results</strong> (e.g. test reports, test certificates, inspection reports, and certification) across the region and with other regions around the world.</li>
<li>APAC is <strong>recognized by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apec-fails-to-reach-consensus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></strong> as one of four APEC Specialist Regional Bodies (SRBs) that support the work of the APEC Sub-Committee on Standards and Conformance.</li>
</ul>
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Wild Yak (Bos grunniens)',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Researchers analysed yak dung to understand the vegetation and climate of the past and the connections they have to extinct the woolly rhino and mammoth.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The researchers found that the yak preferred a variety of food. A good diversity of pollen, spores and phytoliths (silica bodies found in plants) were observed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This also indicated that the yak was able to modify its diet according to the climatic change of the past.</li>
<li>On the other hand, giant mammoth and woolly rhino which used to live with the yak about 18,000-20,000 years ago were not able to adapt to these changes and thus went extinct.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The yak dung analysis also helped to map out the different plants and trees in that area, thus, generating modern botanical analogue of higher Himalayas.</li>
<li>These animals mostly depend on the regional flora and studies can throw light on the past vegetation of an area,</li>
<li>Across the globe, many researchers are working on fossilized dung of extinct animals. A comparison of the present results with the extinct ones can help understand more about ancestor climatic factors and other adaptation strategies of mega herbivores.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wild Yak</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Yak (Bos grunniens) is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and the adjacent high-altitude regions.</li>
<li>Yaks belong to the Bovini tribe, which also includes bisons, buffaloes, and cattle.</li>
<li>It can tolerate temperatures as low as -40 degrees Celsius</li>
<li>IUCN Red list status: Vulnerable</li>
<li>Listed under Appendix I of CITES</li>
<li>Indian WildLife (Protection) Act of 1972: Schedule II</li>
<li>The most serious threat to the Wild Yak&rsquo;s survival is casual and market hunting. The Yak is hunted for its meat, horns, and other materials.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-yak-bos-grunniens'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Population Crisis: Challenges and Way forward',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>This article is based on the editorial &ldquo;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-stable-planet/article28102991.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A stable planet: on World Population Prospects 2019 report</a>&rdquo;, that appeared in The Hindu on 22nd June 2019. It talks about the Challenges of population growth and suggests a way forward.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>According to <strong>the</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-world-population-prospects" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UN&rsquo;s</strong><em><strong> World Population Prospects 2019</strong></em></a> report, India is projected to become the most populous country by <strong>2027</strong> surpassing China and host 1.64 billion people by 2050.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, <strong>India will have a vast number of young people and insufficient natural resources left for exploitation</strong> so, with the rising population, India will have to face a herculean task of providing basic amenities of life to its people like food, shelter, healthcare, and education.</p>
<h3>Population Crisis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the <a href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Highlights.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations</strong> (UN) report</a> the number of children born per woman in the country still lies in the range of 2.1-4. This puts India in the intermediate-fertility group of countries in which around 40% of the world population lives.</li>
<li>India is expected to add nearly 273 million people between 2019 and <strong>2050.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Stabilizing Population:</strong> Reduction in <strong>fertility rate</strong> is one of the prerequisites for stabilizing the population growth and it would be a challenge to achieve optimal fertility rate in states such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh &mdash; which have higher fertility rate as per Sample Registration System data.</li>
<li><strong>Quality of Life:</strong> India will need to invest in augmenting its <strong>education</strong> and <strong>healthcare system</strong>, grow more <strong>food</strong>, provide more <strong>housing</strong>, sharply increase its <strong>drinking water supply</strong> and add capacity to <strong>basic infrastructures</strong>, such as roads, transport, electricity, and sewage to provide a <strong>minimum quality of life</strong> to every citizen.</li>
<li><strong>Heavy Expenditure</strong> is required in order to fund the basic needs and augment the social infrastructure of India for accommodating the rising population, for that India will have to raise resources through taxation and other means. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even if less than five million people are entering the workforce every year, employing them at a decent wage is a complex task.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Malthusian fears:</strong> Malthus argued that because there will be a higher population than the availability of food, many people will die from the shortage of food.</li>
<li><strong>Demographic dividend:</strong> In order to reap the benefits from the rising demographic dividend India needs to develop a strong base of human capital that can contribute significantly to the growth of the economy but India&rsquo;s low literacy rate (about 74% - leaving a quarter of the population without basic reading and writing skills) will turn demographic dividend into the burden.</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable Urban Growth:</strong> UN report suggests that by 2050, the urban population will be increased to 87.7 million and the number of urban agglomerations consisting more than a million people is also expected to be doubled by 2035. Thereby creating the need for improvisation of urban facilities with an emphasis on access to good, affordable housing and mobility.</li>
<li><strong>Ageing of Population:</strong> As per India Ageing Report 2017 by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) the share of the population over the age of 60 could increase from 8% in 2015 to 19% in 2050. Thereby <strong>twin challenges of rising population</strong> and <strong>old age dependents</strong> will add to India&rsquo;s troubles of providing jobs, education, health along with geriatric care.</li>
<li><strong>Inequitable income distribution:</strong> In the face of an increasing population, unequal distribution of income and inequalities within the country would be a possible outcome.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Making agriculture remunerative (actualizing dream of doubling the income of farmers by 2022) and keeping food prices stable is crucial to ensure nutrition for all.</li>
<li>Implementing a <strong>&lsquo;universal basic income&rsquo;</strong> as a social safety valve will help in providing employment opportunities to a large number of unemployed youth.</li>
<li>Managing forest and water resources for future generations and willful implementation of sustainable development goals must assume center stage in policy-making.</li>
<li>India needs to find ways to contain the growth of the population without the use of coercion.</li>
<li>The poor, populous northern States must make concerted advances in women&rsquo;s literacy, health, and participation in the workforce, emulating the achievements of the southern States.</li>
<li>Progress in poverty reduction, greater equality, better nutrition, universal education, and health care, needs state support and strong civil society institutions.</li>
<li>Rising life expectancy and growing population of older adults opens up prospects for employment in many new services catering to them.</li>
<li>Effective and efficient implementation of schemes like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AMRUT</a>, SMART cities, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/piped-water-connection-by-2024" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Piped water for all</a>, Make India India and Sustainable development goals framework will certainly help in augmenting the social infrastructure and will help India in reaping the benefits of its demographic dividend.</li>
</ul>
<p>The Government of India, politicians, policymakers and Civil societies should initiate a bold population policy and initiatives so that the economic growth of the country can keep pace with the demands of a growing population.</p>
<p></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1108.89px; border-color: #; background-color: #f5ceda;">
<p><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></p>
<p>India is projected to surpass China as the world&rsquo;s most populous country by 2027. Discuss the challenges of rising population and suggest a way forward. 250 words.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/population-crisis-challenges-and-way-forward'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Report on Epilepsy',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A report &ldquo;Epilepsy, a public health imperative&rdquo; has been released by the World Health Organization and leading non-governmental organizations for epilepsy, the International League Against Epilepsy and the International Bureau for Epilepsy.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In low- and middle-income countries, early death among people with epilepsy is significantly higher than in high-income countries.</li>
<li>More than 75 percent of people with epilepsy in low-income countries are at risk of premature death, due to lack of access to anti-seizure medicines.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The reasons include possible lack of access to health facilities when seizures are long-lasting or occur close together without recovery in between, and preventable causes such as drowning, head injuries and burns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report states that the treatment gap for epilepsy is unacceptably high, when 70 percent of people with the condition can be seizure-free when they have access to medicines that can cost as little as $5 per year and can be delivered through primary health systems.</li>
<li>Roughly half of adults with epilepsy have at least one other health condition. The most common are depression and anxiety.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Around 23 percent of adults with epilepsy will experience clinical depression during their lifetime and 20 per cent will have anxiety.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Mental health conditions such as these can make seizures worse and reduce the quality of life.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Development and learning difficulties are experienced by 30-40 percent of children with epilepsy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Stigma also prevents people from taking treatment.</li>
<li>The Report states that &ldquo;political will&rdquo; facilitates the integration of diagnosis and treatment for epilepsy into the primary health services.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Epilepsy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness.</li>
<li>Anyone can develop epilepsy. It affects both males and females of all races, ethnic backgrounds and ages.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/report-on-epilepsy'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'New Injection for Type 2 Diabetes',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved <strong>Victoza (liraglutide) injection</strong> for treatment of pediatric <strong>patients 10 years or older with type 2 diabetes.</strong></li>
<li>Victoza is the <strong>first non-insulin drug approved to treat type 2 diabetes</strong> in pediatric patients since <strong>metformin</strong> was approved for pediatric use in 2000.</li>
<li><strong>Victoza</strong> has been approved to treat <strong>adult patients with type 2 diabetes since 2010.</strong></li>
<li>It has now been shown to improve blood sugar control in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The expanded indication</strong> provides an additional treatment option at a time <strong>when an increasing number of children are being diagnosed with this disease.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Although type 2 diabetes primarily occurs in patients over the age of 45, the prevalence rate among younger patients has been rising dramatically over the past couple of decades.</li>
<li>Victoza improves blood sugar levels by creating the same effects in the body as the glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor protein in the pancreas. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GLP-1 is often found in insufficient levels in type 2 diabetes patients.</li>
<li>Like GLP-1, Victoza slows digestion, prevents the liver from making too much glucose (a simple sugar), and helps the pancreas produce more insulin when needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Victoza is not a substitute for insulin and is not indicated for patients with type 1</strong> diabetes or those with diabetic ketoacidosis, a condition associated with diabetes where the body breaks down fat too quickly because there is inadequate insulin or none at all.</li>
<li>The patients who have had, or have family members who have ever had <strong>Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC)</strong> should not use Victoza.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MTC) is a distinct thyroid carcinoma that originates in the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Diabetes</strong></p>
<p>Diabetes is a condition that impairs the body's ability to process blood glucose, otherwise known as blood sugar.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Types<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Type I diabetes:</strong> Also known as juvenile diabetes, this type occurs when the body fails to produce insulin. People with type I diabetes are insulin-dependent, which means they must take artificial insulin daily to stay alive.</li>
<li><strong>Type 2 diabetes:</strong> It affects the way the body uses insulin. While the body still makes insulin, unlike in type I, the cells in the body do not respond to it as effectively as they once did.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This is the most common type of diabetes and it has strong links with obesity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gestational diabetes:</strong> This type occurs in women during pregnancy when the body can become less sensitive to insulin. Gestational diabetes does not occur in all women and usually resolves after giving birth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-injection-for-type-2-diabetes'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Trafficking in Persons Report',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The U.S. State Department has released the <strong>Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report</strong> for 2019. India continued to be placed in Tier-2 on the country trafficking scale.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The U.S. State Department report has used the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">International Labour Organisation (ILO)</a> data.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Finding of the Report</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>There are 25 million adults and children suffering from labour and sex trafficking all over the world. In 77% of the cases, victims are trafficked within their own countries of residence, rather than across borders.</li>
<li>The number of victims trafficked domestically was high compared to foreign victims being trafficked in all regions of the world except Western and Central Europe, the Middle East, and certain East Asian countries.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Victims of sex trafficking were more likely to be trafficked across borders while victims of forced labour were typically exploited within their own countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The report stresses on the implementation of the Palermo Protocol. The countries need building <strong>legal frameworks</strong> to prosecute traffickers and provide care for survivors.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Palermo protocols</strong></p>
<p>The Palermo protocols are three protocols that were adopted by the United Nations to supplement the 2000 Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (the Palermo Convention). These protocols and convention fall within the jurisdiction of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.</p>
<p>They are:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children; and</li>
<li>The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.</li>
<li>The Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Categorisation of Countries</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The categorisation is based not on the magnitude of a country&rsquo;s trafficking problem but on efforts to meet minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking.</li>
<li>The report contains country narratives and category designations for all countries, including the U.S.</li>
<li>The countries are designated on the three-tier system:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Tier 1 countries</strong> are those countries whose governments fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) minimum standards.</li>
<li><strong>Tier 2 countries are</strong> those countries whose governments do not fully comply with a TVPA&rsquo;s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards.</li>
<li><strong>Tier 2 watchlist countries</strong> are those countries, whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA&rsquo;s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards and:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing; or</li>
<li>There is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or</li>
<li>The determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over the next year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tier 3 countries</strong> whose governments do not fully comply with the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so.</li>
<li>There are also a few<strong> "Special Cases"</strong> such as Yemen, where the civil conflict and humanitarian crisis make gaining information difficult, and Sint Maarten where the devastation caused by Hurricane Irma has made reporting difficult.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>India's Position</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India is placed in Tier 2:</strong> The government demonstrated overall increasing efforts compared to the previous reporting period. The report highlights efforts by the government to crack down on trafficking and convicting traffickers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The government took some action following reports of government complicity in forced labour and sex trafficking, although the <strong>systemic failure to address forced labour and sex trafficking</strong> in government-run and government-funded shelter homes remained a serious problem. The report also highlighted the government&rsquo;s failures in this regard.</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations for India:</strong> It includes amending the definition of trafficking in Section 370 of the Penal Code to <strong>include forced labour trafficking and ensure that force, fraud, or coercion are not required to prove a child sex trafficking offence,</strong></li>
<li>To establish <strong>Anti-Human Trafficking Units</strong> in all districts with dedicated funding and clear mandates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/trafficking-in-persons-report'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'India’s Food Processing Industry',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union Minister of State for Food Processing Industries has stated that <strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana (PMKSY)</strong> envisages <strong>creation of direct and indirect employment</strong> for 5,30,500 persons by 2020.</p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the year 2016, the Ministry of Food Processing and Industries (MoFPI) had introduced an umbrella Scheme Called &ldquo;Agro-Marine Processing and Development of Agro-Processing Clusters&rdquo; or <strong>SAMPADA,</strong> which was proposed to be implemented with an allocation of Rs 6,000 crore for the period of 2016-20.</li>
<li>In the year 2017, the government renamed SAMPADA scheme as <strong>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of PMKSY is to supplement agriculture, modernize processing and decrease Agri-Waste.</li>
<li>The PMKSY has seven component schemes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Mega Food Parks,</li>
<li>Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure,</li>
<li>Infrastructure for Agro-Processing Clusters,</li>
<li>Creation of Backward and Forward Linkages,</li>
<li>Creation/Expansion of Food Processing &amp; Preservation Capacities,</li>
<li>Food Safety and Quality Assurance Infrastructure, and</li>
<li>Human Resources and Institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Under PMKSY, capital subsidy in the form of <strong>grants-in-aid ranging from 35% to 75%</strong> of the eligible project cost subject to a maximum specified limit is provided to investors under the various schemes for undertaking infrastructure, logistic projects and setting up of food processing units in the country.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Other steps taken in the Food Processing Sector</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</strong> through automatic route in <strong>manufacturing of food products</strong> and 100% FDI under Government approval route for retail trading, including through e-commerce, in respect of food products produced and/or manufactured in India has been permitted.</li>
<li><strong>A special fund of Rs.2000 crore</strong> has been created with the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)</a> to provide affordable credit to food processing projects/units.</li>
<li>Food &amp; agro-based processing units and cold chain infrastructure has been classified as agriculture activity for <strong>Priority Sector Lending (PSL).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Fiscal measures</strong> like 100% exemption of Income Tax on profit for new food processing units, 100 % income tax exemption from profit derived by Farmers Producers Organizations (FPOs) having annual turnover of Rs.100 crore have been allowed for activities such as post-harvest value addition to agriculture.</li>
<li><strong>Lower Goods &amp; Service Tax (GST) rates</strong> for the majority of food products have been fixed.</li>
<li>A new Central Sector Scheme<strong> &ldquo;Operation Greens&rsquo;&rsquo;</strong> for integrated development of Tomato, Onion and Potato (TOP) crops value chain, with an outlay of Rs.500 Crore. to promote FPOs, agri-logistics, processing facilities, has been launched.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-s-food-processing-industry'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'The Big Picture – Population: Boon or Bane?',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="314" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/IRp6ZAb5060" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>According to estimates in a recently released <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations</a> report, India is expected to add 273 million people by the year 2050. The report stated that in the year 2019, India has an estimated population of 1.37 billion and China, 1.43 billion and by the year 2027, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/the-world-population-prospects" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India&rsquo;s population is projected to surpass China&rsquo;s, making India the most populous nation in the world</a>.</p>
<p>30 years down the line, the <strong>global population is projected to increase by another 2 billion people by the year 2050,</strong> (from 7.7 billion in 2019 to 9.7 billion). The report has highlighted higher fertility rates, growing older population and migration as few reasons behind projections of the population growth.</p>
<p>Health economists claim that the major implications of population growth will be for the young population that will face a situation of lack of resources in the future.</p>
<h3>Implications of Population Growth</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India is not growing uniformly.</strong> The latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS) indicates that the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) varies significantly across various wealth quintiles:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The poorest wealth quintile has a TFR of 3.2 children per woman.</li>
<li>The second lowest wealth quintile has a TFR of 2.5 children per woman.</li>
<li>The richest wealth quintile has a TFR of 1.5 children per woman.</li>
<li>This shows that <strong>population growth is more concentrated in economically weaker sections of society</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Population growth acts as a hurdle in addressing effectively the problem of poverty, hunger and malnutrition and also in providing the better quality of health and education.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SDGs</a> 1, 2, 3 and 4</strong> are going to be affected adversely because of India&rsquo;s existing pattern of growth in the population.</li>
<li><strong>Presently, India is producing around 25 million job seekers in the country, however, the country is able to provide jobs only to 7 million.</strong> This gap of 18 million is increasing the burden of unemployment and underemployment in the country, turning a demographic dividend into a demographic disaster.</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s population growth is not sustainable.</strong> India is only about 35-40% of China&rsquo;s landmass.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the 19th century, when Europe had a demographic explosion, it had occupied America, Australia etc. India does not have another landmass to occupy and the available landmass cannot take this population growth.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Demographic Dividend</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India has many young people who are unskilled, unemployable, burden on services and facilities with the minimal contribution.</li>
<li><strong>In a country, young population is a demographic dividend if the youth is skilled, employable and contributing to the economy.</strong></li>
<li><strong>As per NFHS-4, in 2015-16, India&rsquo;s TFR was 3.2.</strong> It is likely that in the year 2019, India will achieve a replacement level fertility.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Total fertility rate (TFR)</strong> in simple terms refers to the total number of children born or likely to be born to a woman in her lifetime if she were subject to the prevailing rate of age-specific fertility in the population.</li>
<li><strong>TFR of about 2.1 children per woman is called Replacement-level fertility.</strong> This value represents the average number of children a woman would need to have to reproduce herself by bearing a daughter who survives to childbearing age.</li>
<li>If replacement level fertility is sustained over a sufficiently long period, each generation will exactly replace itself without any need for the country to balance its population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The challenge is not about how to contain the population but about <strong>how the government exploits the population growth to its best economic advantages</strong> i.e. how the government trains this large young population to make it productive, effective, competent and contributing to the economic growth.</li>
<li>The challenge in the next 15 years for the Indian government is <strong>to raise the economic status of India from being a low middle income country to at least a high middle income country.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For this, the government needs to take necessary steps in creating the economic growth momentum by ensuring that investments are adequately made in key infrastructure areas, particularly social infrastructure like education, water and health so that a demographic dividend does not become a demographic liability or disaster.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The requirement of creating so many jobs will not be a challenge if the economy starts growing at a faster rate.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s real challenge is <strong>Quality of Life.</strong> 21% of 60+ population is suffering from one or other chronic morbidities and India is also the second highest in terms of dementia and Alzheimers. Around 4 million cases are reported in 104 million elderly population. That is why<strong> there is a need of strong social protection schemes.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Recently the government has launched the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ayushman-bharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ayushman Bharat scheme</a>.</li>
<li>The Prime Minister has also set a target of raising the economy&rsquo;s size to 5 trillion dollar by the year 2024. This is necessary to mitigate the negative impact of this kind of population growth where the share of older people is rising pretty rapidly.</li>
<li><strong>The growth for older people is 370% from 2019 to 2050</strong>, whereas the total population is growing only by 56%. Therefore, the burden of older people in the economy needs to be contained.</li>
<li>The countries like <strong>China and Japan who have been able to control their population through various measures</strong> are able to manage people in the older age through enough social security provisions for such people, enabling old aged people for managing on their own.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>At the population level, different states are growing at different pace, thus each of them show different signs of population stress. It needs to be seen that why states in the South are better off in containing population than states in the North and east.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Is containing population a solution?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Containing the population has its own set of problems. <strong>China which had the One Child Policy has witnessed an increase in the population of old aged people.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>China went about containing its population growth in a coercive way. India tried to experiment the same during the emergency period.</li>
<li>The experiment faced negative reaction and has not been taken up by any government thereafter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>There has been an improvement in bringing down the child mortality, infant mortality ratio and in increasing the life expectancy of the people in the country.</strong> On the one hand, if the total fertility ratio does not decrease and on the other hand, there remains improvement in healthcare and other benefits, India will have a population explosion leading to a demographic disaster.</li>
<li><strong>Women in India want fewer children so desired fertility rates are much lower than the actual fertility rates.</strong> There is a 13% unwanted fertility in India. Women not having access to family planning services for different reasons including lack of education etc are some of the factors behind this. If India is able to address this 13% unmet need by 2030, it will witness 30 million lesser population growth.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It has been seen that <strong>women have more children than what their bodies can actually bear.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is becoming <strong>very expensive</strong> for the poor and even the middle class to have more than one child or two children.</li>
<li>India still has a <strong>high maternal mortality rate and child mortality rate</strong> (especially amongst the poorest).</li>
<li>However, <strong>aspirations of the younger generation have changed</strong>, they want fewer children.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India needs to invest more in the health sector. India invests only 1.3% of its GDP. The family planning budget is only 4% of the entire health budget and within that India spends only 1.5% on birth spacing methods.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Investments should be made particularly for the old people because by the year 2050, India&rsquo;s population of old people is going to grow almost 10 times more.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Education is very important, not only for empowering women but for fertility to decline.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Education should be made free for women till college-level.</li>
<li>Better education will help women in better decision making for family planning.</li>
<li>Unless women are part of the workforce, no society can bring down fertility rates with progress. Therefore, policies must look at the whole issue of<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/declining-female-labour-force-participation-editorial-upsc-ias-economy-gender-inequality-gktoday" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> declining workforce participation by women.</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India needs to focus on some areas which are socially, culturally, economically depressed. I<strong>dentification of 140 high focussed districts is the right step by the government</strong> in this direction. However, it needs to work in the whole of Bihar, U.P., Madhya Pradesh and Assam.</li>
<li>India <strong>needs to give huge stress on declining sex ratios</strong> and the <strong>discrimination towards girls</strong> so that people don&rsquo;t have a high number of children in the hope of having a boy.</li>
<li><strong>India can achieve a number of SDGs if it links them with family planning.</strong> Family planning is a promotive and preventive method for bringing down maternal mortality and child mortality.&nbsp;</li>
<li>It is important to see the issue of population growth not only from the national perspective but also from the state&rsquo;s point of view i.e. different states need to be encouraged to take necessary steps for containing the population.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-population-boon-or-bane-rajya-sabha-lok-sabha-debate'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Technology and Doubling Farmers’ Income',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Government has constituted an Inter-Ministerial Committee to examine issues relating to doubling of farmers&rsquo; income and recommend adoption and role of technology to achieve <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/doubling-farmers-income-a-promise-to-be-fulfilled-by-2022" target="_blank" rel="noopener">doubling of farmers&rsquo; income in real terms by the year 2022.</a></p>
<p>The technologies include <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/artificial-intelligence-and-deepfakes-misuse-and-way-forward" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial Intelligence</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/all-things-internet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Big Data Analytics</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-24-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Block chain Technology</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-must-get-on-the-iot-highway-fast" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Internet of Things</a>, etc.</p>
<h3></h3>
<h3>Major Technology Interventions Include</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kisan Suvidha Mobile Application-</strong> The app facilitates dissemination of information to farmers on the critical parameters viz., Weather; Market Prices; Plant Protection; input dealers (Seed, Pesticide, Fertilizer) Farm Machinery; etc.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This helps farmers make informed decisions to sell produce at the right price and right time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR)</strong> has compiled mobile apps developed by ICAR, State Agricultural Universities and Krishi Vigyan Kendras. Developed in the areas of crops, horticulture, veterinary, etc., these apps offer valuable information to the farmers.</li>
<li><strong>mKisan Portal (www.mkisan.gov.in)</strong> for sending advisories on various crop related matter to the registered farmers through SMSs.</li>
<li>Launching of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-doing-agri-business-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>e-National Agriculture Market</strong></a> initiative to provide farmers an electronic online trading platform.</li>
<li>Implementation of <strong>Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure,</strong> sub-scheme of Integrated Scheme of Agricultural Marketing, in order to improve/create scientific storage capacity for storing farm produce, processed farm produce and to reduce post-harvest storage loss.</li>
<li>Introduction of <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-soil-health-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Soil Health Card Scheme</a></strong> to assist State Governments in providing Soil Health Cards to all farmers across the country once in a cycle of 2 years.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Soil health card provides information to the farmers on nutrient status of their soil along with recommendations on appropriate dosage of nutrients to be applied for improving crop productivity and soil fertility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Providing subsidies under <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/green-revolution-krishonnati-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Food Security Mission</strong></a> (Oil Seeds and Oil Palm) to farmers on seed components, transfer of technologies, production inputs and water carrying devices.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Financial assistance is also being provided under this scheme for block demonstration, frontline demonstration, farmers training to educate farmers to adopt modern techniques of farming to yield good crop economically.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Use of<strong> space technology</strong> for various programmes/ areas such as Forecasting Agricultural Output using Space, Agro-meteorology and Land-based Observations project, National Agricultural Drought Assessment and Monitoring System, Rice-Fallow Area Mapping and intensification, geo tagging of infrastructure and assets created under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, and Crop Insurance.</li>
<li>Using <strong>machine learning process</strong> along with different computer algorithm for crop classification and area estimation.</li>
<li>Setting up of <strong>Krishi Vigyan Kendras and Agricultural Technology Management Agencies</strong> at district level for dissemination of technologies among farm community. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In addition, farmers are provided information through Focused Publicity Campaigns, Kisan Call Centres, Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres of entrepreneurs, Agri Fairs and exhibitions, Kisan SMS Portal, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/technology-and-doubling-farmers-income'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Rashtriya Gokul Mission',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Government has sanctioned funds under <strong>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</strong> for setting up of 21 <strong>Gokul Grams</strong> as Integrated Cattle Development Centres.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As of now, 4 Gokul grams (Varanasi, Mathura, Patiala, and Phora) have been completed and work is under progress in remaining 17 Gokul grams.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Rashtriya Gokul Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rashtriya Gokul Mission comprises of two components namely:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The national program for bovine breeding and National mission for bovine productivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Underlying objectives of the Mission:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Development and conservation</strong> of indigenous breeds in a focused and scientific manner.</li>
<li>Undertake <strong>breed improvement</strong> program for indigenous cattle breeds so as to improve the genetic makeup and increase the stock.</li>
<li>Enhance <strong>milk production and productivity</strong>.</li>
<li>Distribute <strong>disease free</strong> high genetic merit bulls for natural service.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Significant initiatives under Rashtriya Gokul Mission:</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Awards for encouraging farmers/breeder societies to rear Indigenous breeds of bovines:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Gopal Ratna awards:</strong> for farmers maintaining the best herd of Indigenous Breed and practicing best management practices.</li>
<li><strong>Kamdhenu awards:</strong> for best managed Indigenous herd by Institutions/Trusts/ NGOs/ Gaushalas or best-managed Breeders&rsquo; societies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Gokul Gram:</strong> The Rashtriya Gokul Mission envisages the establishment of <strong>integrated cattle development centers,</strong> &lsquo;Gokul Grams&rsquo; to develop indigenous breeds including up to 40% nondescript breeds (belonging or appearing to belong to no particular class or kind) with objectives to:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Promote <strong>indigenous cattle rearing</strong> and conservation in a scientific manner.</li>
<li>Propagate high <strong>genetic merit bulls</strong> of indigenous breeds.</li>
<li>Optimize modern <strong>Farm Management practices</strong> and promote Common Resource Management.</li>
<li>Utilize <strong>animal waste</strong> in an economical way i.e. Cow Dung, Cow Urine</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Kamdhenu Breeding Centre:&nbsp;</strong>(NKBC) is being established as a Centre of Excellence to develop and conserve Indigenous Breeds in a holistic and scientific manner.</li>
<li><strong>&ldquo;E-Pashu Haat&rdquo;- Nakul Prajnan Bazaar:</strong> An e-market portal connecting breeders and farmers, for quality- disease-free bovine germplasm.</li>
<li><strong>Pashu Sanjivni:</strong> An animal wellness program encompassing the provision of <strong>animal health cards</strong> (&lsquo;Nakul Swasthya Patra&rsquo;) along with UID identification and uploading data on National DataBase.</li>
<li><strong>Advanced Reproductive Technology:</strong> Including Assisted Reproductive Technique- In-vitro Fertilization (IVF)/ Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) and sex-sorted semen technique to improve the availability of disease-free female bovines.</li>
<li><strong>National Bovine Genomic Center</strong> for Indigenous Breeds (NBGC-IB) will be established for selection of breeding bulls of high genetic merit at a young age using highly precise gene-based technology.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Implementing Agency</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rashtriya Gokul Mission will be <strong>implemented through the &ldquo;State Implementing Agency (SIA viz Livestock Development Boards).</strong></li>
<li>State Gauseva Ayogs will be given the mandate to sponsor proposals to the SIA&rsquo;s (LDB&rsquo;s) and monitor implementation of the sponsored proposal.</li>
<li>All Agencies having a role in indigenous cattle development will be the &ldquo;Participating Agencies&rdquo; like ICAR, Universities, Colleges, NGO&rsquo;s, Cooperative Societies and Gaushalas.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why conservation of Indigenous breeds is the need of the hour?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indigenous bovines are <strong>robust and resilient</strong> and are particularly suited to the climate and environment of their respective breeding tracts and productivity of indigenous breeds is less likely to be impacted by the adversities of <strong>climate change.</strong></li>
<li>The milk of indigenous animals is high in <strong>fat and SNF content</strong> (The substances in <strong>milk</strong> other than butterfat and water in the form of casein, lactose, vitamins, and minerals which contribute significantly to the nutritive value of <strong>milk</strong>).</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rashtriya-gokul-mission'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Panel for Coordination among Ministries',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Union government has set up a panel for better coordination among the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG), the Ministry of Environment and Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), and the state governments.</li>
<li>The panel will assist in speeding up hydrocarbon exploration-related clearances.</li>
<li>It will help in resolving the following issues: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are differences among MoPNG and MoEF on whether &ldquo;exploration&rdquo; should be treated as &ldquo;mining&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Many onshore and offshore blocks under the <strong>Discovered Small Fields (DSF) and Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OLAP)</strong> rounds also stuck with the MoEFCC.</li>
<li>Another issue is the companies involved in exploration state that exploration activities be considered as a temporary &ldquo;vegetation change&rdquo; which is objected by MoEF.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The panel has <strong>Cabinet Secretary P K Sinha as chairman,</strong> and secretaries of home, petroleum and environment will be members.</li>
<li>It will also have a representative from the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/niti-aayog-reconstituted" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NITI Aayog</a> and chief secretaries of petroleum-producing states like Assam, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Telangana and Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Discovered Small Field Policy</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Union government launched the <strong>Discovered Small Field policy in 2015</strong> with a prime objective to bring Discovered Small Fields to production at the earliest so as to increase the domestic production.</li>
<li>It provides for <strong>single uniform license for producing all kinds of hydrocarbon</strong>, no cess on the oil production, moderate royalty structure, customs duty exemptions and complete marketing and pricing freedom for the sale of produced crude oil and natural gas.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OLAP)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The OLAP was declared by the union government in June, 2017.</li>
<li>Under it, <strong>the potential investors choose the exact areas they are interested in,</strong> convey their interest to the government, which then places just those blocks up for bidding.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panel-for-coordination-among-ministries'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Anaemia in Women',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to National Family Health Survey (NFHS)&ndash;IV (2015-16), the prevalence of anaemia among women aged 15 to 49 years is 53% and among adolescent girls aged 15-19 years is 54%.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Anaemia</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiologic needs, which vary by age, sex, altitude, smoking, and pregnancy status.</li>
<li>Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia, although other conditions, such as folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin A deficiencies, chronic inflammation, parasitic infections, and inherited disorders can all cause anaemia.</li>
<li>In its severe form, it is associated with fatigue, weakness, dizziness and drowsiness. Pregnant women and children are particularly vulnerable.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Under the National Health Mission (NHM), the steps taken to tackle anaemia are:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Anaemia Mukt Bharat(AMB):</strong> It has been launched in the year 2018 as part of Intensified National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI) Program for accelerating the annual rate of decline of anaemia from one to three percentage points. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The target groups for AMB are Children 6-59 months, 5-9 years, Adolescent Girls &amp; Boys of 10-19 years, Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 years), Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS):</strong> This Programme is being implemented to meet the challenge of high prevalence and incidence of anaemia amongst adolescent girls and boys. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The intervention under WIFS includes supervised weekly ingestion of <strong>Iron Folic Acid (IFA)</strong> tablet.</li>
<li>To control worm infestation biannual deworming with <strong>Albendazole</strong> is provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Health management information system &amp; Mother Child tracking system</strong> is being implemented for reporting and tracking the cases of anaemic and severely anaemic pregnant women.</li>
<li><strong>Universal screening</strong> of pregnant women for anaemia is a part of ante-natal care and all pregnant women are provided iron and folic acid tablets during their ante-natal visits through the existing network of sub-centres and primary health centres and other health facilities as well as through outreach activities at Village Health &amp; Nutrition Days (VHNDs).</li>
<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA):</strong> It has been launched to focus on conducting special ANC check up on 9th of every month with the help of Medical officers/ OBGYN to detect and treat cases of anaemia.</li>
<li><strong>Operationalization of Blood Bank:</strong> in District Hospitals and Blood Storage Unit in subdistrict facilities such as Sub-Divisional Hospital/ Community Health Centers is being taken to tackle complications due to severe anaemia.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India.</li>
<li>All National Family Health Surveys have been conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, with the International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, serving as the nodal agency.</li>
<li>ICF International (formerly Macro International), Maryland, USA, provided technical assistance for all four surveys conducted as on date.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'National Health Mission and Janani Suraksha Yojana',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)</strong> is a safe motherhood intervention under the <strong>National Health Mission (NHM)</strong>. The Yojana was launched on 12th April 2005. It is being implemented in all states and UTs with special focus on low performing states. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>JSY is a <strong>100 % <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">centrally sponsored scheme</a></strong> and it integrates <strong>cash assistance with delivery and post-delivery care</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objectives:</strong> It was Launched for reducing <strong>maternal and neonatal mortality</strong>, to promote institutional delivery among pregnant women especially with <strong>weak socio-economic status</strong> i.e. women from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and BPL households.</li>
<li><strong>Cash assistance:</strong> Under the JSY, eligible pregnant women are entitled to cash assistance irrespective of the age of mother and number of children for giving birth in a government or accredited private health facility.</li>
<li><strong>Area of Focus:</strong> The scheme focuses on poor pregnant woman with special dispensation for states that have low institutional delivery rates, namely, the states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Rajasthan, Odisha, and Jammu and Kashmir.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>While these States have been named <strong>Low Performing States (LPS)</strong> under the scheme, the remaining States/UTs have been named <strong>High Performing States (HPS).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The scheme also provides performance-based incentives to women health volunteers known as <strong>ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist)</strong> for promoting institutional delivery among pregnant women.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ASHA is a trained female community health activist. Selected from the community itself and accountable to it, the ASHA will be trained to work as an interface between the community and the public health system.</li>
<li>The role of an ASHA is that of a community level care provider. This includes a mix of tasks: facilitating access to health care services, building awareness about health care entitlements especially amongst the poor and marginalized, promoting healthy behaviours and mobilizing for collective action for better health outcomes and meeting curative care needs as appropriate to the organization of service delivery in that area and compatible with her training and skills.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>National Health Mission</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>National Health Mission (NHM) was launched by the government of India in 2013 subsuming the <strong>National Rural Health Mission</strong> and the <strong>National Urban Health Mission.</strong> It was further extended in March 2018, to continue till March 2020.</li>
<li>The main programmatic components include Health System Strengthening in rural and urban areas for - <strong>Reproductive-Maternal- Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A)</strong>, and <strong>Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases.</strong> The NHM envisages achievement of universal access to equitable, affordable &amp; quality health care services that are accountable and responsive to people's needs.</li>
<li>The National Health Mission seeks to ensure the achievement of the following indicators: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Reduce <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/intensified-mission-indradhanush-best-practice-in-the-world-bmj" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Maternal Mortality Rate</a> (MMR) to 1/1000 live births</li>
<li>Reduce Infant Mortality rate (IMR) to 25/1000 live births</li>
<li>Reduce Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 2.1</li>
<li>Prevention and reduction of anaemia in women aged 15&ndash;49 years</li>
<li>Prevent and reduce mortality &amp; morbidity from communicable, non- communicable; injuries and emerging diseases</li>
<li>Reduce household out-of-pocket expenditure on total health care expenditure</li>
<li>Reduce annual incidence and mortality from Tuberculosis by half</li>
<li>Reduce the prevalence of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/why-leprosy-has-resurfaced-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Leprosy</a> to &lt;1/10000 population and incidence to zero in all districts</li>
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-malaria-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Annual Malaria</a> Incidence to be &lt;1/1000</li>
<li>Less than 1 per cent microfilaria prevalence in all districts</li>
<li>Kala-azar Elimination by 2015, &lt;1 case per 10000 population in all blocks</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-health-mission-and-janani-suraksha-yojana'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Crisis in Health Sector',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/missing-remedies/article27957822.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Missing remedies: on West Bengal doctors' strike&rdquo;</a> which appeared in The Hindu on 17th June 2019. It talks about, inadequacies in India&rsquo;s healthcare system and suggests a way forward in this context.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>The nationwide strike by doctors, which has been triggered by a brutal assault on a resident doctor in West Bengal, indicates a widespread problem of <strong>violence against doctors</strong> that requires urgent redressal.</p>
<p>Such violence is invariably the result of <strong>systemic problems</strong> in the healthcare sector in the form of <strong>expensive and unaffordable treatment</strong>, poor infrastructure, overburdened doctors and poor doctor patient ratio that adversely affects <strong>optimal attention</strong> to patients which in turn creates trust deficit in doctor patient relationship and paves the way for violence against doctors.</p>
<h3>Inadequacies in India&rsquo;s Healthcare System</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ailing Public health sector:</strong> meagre healthcare budget, overcrowding, long waiting time and the need for multiple visits for investigations and consultations frustrate patients on a daily basis.</li>
<li><strong>Paucity of Resources:</strong> Doctors work in extreme conditions ranging from overcrowded out-patient departments, inadequate staff, medicines and infrastructure.</li>
<li><strong>Expensive Private Medical Education:</strong> increasingly high cost of medical education in the private sector is forcing many students in India to look for cheaper destinations abroad.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Countries such as China, Russia, Ukraine, Philippines and Nepal have become popular destinations for aspiring doctors as the cost can be less than half of what private institutes charge in India.</li>
<li>Expensive medical studies are responsible for dearth of doctors in India as after acquiring studies from abroad they do not prefer to practice their profession in India because of the necessity to clear the exam conducted by the Medical Council of India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Overburdened Doctors:</strong> Owing to disproportionate Doctor Patient ratio, limited number of doctors, nurses and medical staff have to cater to a large number of patients.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Doctor Patient Ratio</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Studies and Survey reveal that in India, there is one government doctor for every 10,189 people (the World Health Organisation recommends a ratio of 1:1,000) implying a deficit of 6,00,000 doctors.</li>
<li>The nurse:patient ratio is 1:483, implying a shortage of two million nurses.</li>
<li>India today needs twice as many doctors as are available, three times as many nurses and four times as many paramedics.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Unaffordable Treatments:</strong> More than 17% of Indian population spends at least 10% of household budgets for health services. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Catastrophic healthcare related expenditure pushes families into <strong>debt,</strong> more than 24% households in rural India and 18% of the population in urban areas have met their healthcare expenses through some sort of borrowings.</li>
<li><strong>Competition Commission of India</strong> report on affordability stated that 50 to 65% of Indians did not have regular access to <strong>essential medicines.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Doctor Patient Relation:</strong> The highlighting of errors by doctors, medical staff, and hospitals, as well as corruption among doctors, has further eroded the trust patients have in the medical facilities. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Trust deficit</strong> between doctors and patients is also gradually becoming a concern, with rising violence against doctors.</li>
<li>According to the <strong>Indian Medical Association</strong> (IMA) nearly <strong>75%</strong> of doctors in India have faced some form of violence or threat at some point in their careers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian Medical Association</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Indian Medical Association is the only representative, national voluntary organisation of Doctors of Modern Scientific System of Medicine, which looks after the interest of doctors as well as the well being of the community at large.</li>
<li>Indian Medical Association is founding member of World Medical Association.</li>
<li>IMA hosted the III World Conference on Medical Education under the joint auspices of W.M.A. and I.M.A. in New Delhi in 1966.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ineffective Implementation of Laws:</strong> Inspite of having the laws that envisage imprisonment besides recovery of compensation from perpetrators for loss or damage to Medical professionals and property, states are lacking in its effective implementation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For example West Bengal has also enacted a law for protection of doctors but due to its poor implementation it has failed to curb the ongoing doctor-patient crisis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Doctors&rsquo; Protection Act in India</strong></p>
<p>At least 19 states &mdash; including West Bengal, the epicentre of the protests &mdash; have passed what is called the Protection Of Medicare Service Persons And Medicare Service Institutions (Prevention Of Violence And Damage To Property) Act, also known as the Medical Protection Act (MPA).</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Any damage or act of violence against Medicare professionals is an act punishable by law.</li>
<li>Any damage to the property or the Institution of Medicare service is prohibited.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Destruction of hospital beds, burning of ambulances, smashing medical stores is punishable by law</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Imprisonment to lawbreakers for a minimum period of 3 years and fine amount of INR 50,000 to be imposed if found guilty.</li>
<li>Offenders of medical professionals/medical colleges can be cognizable or non cognizable crime depending upon the offences committed.</li>
<li>Damage to any medical devices and equipment is a punishable offence and offenders are liable to pay twice the amount of the damaged equipment&rsquo;s cost.</li>
</ul>
<p>The Act, however, fails to really protect doctors because it features neither in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) nor in the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). This makes it difficult for victims to approach the police for help or the latter to file a complaint against suspects.</p>
</div>
<h3>Way forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Legal protection:</strong> Protection provided by the state to doctors needs to be strictly implemented and a Central law to enforce protection should be enacted at the earliest. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There must be a <strong>comprehensive law</strong> to deal with violence against healthcare personnel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Security Deployment:</strong> Medical establishments need to deploy <strong>security</strong> at their clinics and hospitals. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Deploy CCTV cameras mandatorily in all emergency areas and record all conversation between doctors and relatives in high-risk medical areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ethics and Morality:</strong> Medical colleges also need to redefine their teaching in terms of knowledge, skill and behaviour by incorporating modules on <strong>humanitarian conduct</strong>, including <strong>etiquette and ethics.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Unreasonable Expectations:</strong> As per an IMA study:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>90% of patients want doctors to listen to them in great detail during the first consultation.</li>
<li>80.4% patients want the doctor to explain in detail about the drugs, investigations and the treatment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Indian Medical Association</strong> (IMA) should help arrive at a solution that can address the concerns of both doctors and patients by instituting better systems to counsel patients and remove unreasonable expectations about treatment outcomes.</li>
<li><strong>Structural Change:</strong> National Health Policy, which commits to raise public expenditure on health to <strong>2.5%</strong> of <strong>GDP</strong>, must pay as much attention to scaling up <strong>infrastructure</strong> and the <strong>capabilities</strong> of government hospitals.</li>
<li><strong>Training and Standard operating procedure:</strong> Training resident doctors in effective communication and alternative methods of resolving conflicts and institutionalising standard operating procedure in medical establishments (explaining do&rsquo;s and don&rsquo;ts in cases of violence) can help in addressing the issue of violence.</li>
<li><strong>Destressing Sessions:</strong> must be conducted on regular basis in the form of meditation and spiritual activities. As these can help medical staff in coping up with the situations of extreme stress.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What hospitals can do</strong></p>
<p>A standard operating procedure may be developed for such situations like <strong>Code Purple</strong>, used worldwide to alert medical staff to potential violence. It includes the following measures:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>An announcement on the hospital&rsquo;s public address system, giving the exact location of violence to disseminate information.</li>
<li>Security staff to respond immediately and assist, if needed. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All staff, except that of ICU and OTs, to come to aid and form a human chain around professional under threat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Senior member of staff not involved in treatment may try to communicate with the patient&rsquo;s relatives and try de-escalating the situation.</li>
<li>Drill should be done every month in all medical establishments.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>While providing better safety and <strong>security is important,</strong> we should also address the underlying factors such as overcrowding, lack of resources, behaviour of frontline service providers and how they should handle cases sympathetically.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ff0000;">
<td style="width: 564.444px; background-color: #b7e8c6; border-color: #b7e8c6;">
<p><em><strong>Drishti Input</strong></em></p>
<p>Nationwide strike by doctors over the issue of violence against doctors reflects inadequacies in health care system. Comment</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/crisis-in-health-sector'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Membrane to Clean Toxic Effluents',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently the scientists at <strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST)</strong> have developed a ceramic membrane with the help of a mixture of potter&rsquo;s clay, stone dust and tea waste which can clean toxic effluents.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The membrane was tested on effluents from a textile unit. It could remove adsorptive dyes from wastewater.</li>
<li>The study was funded by the <strong>Department of Science and Technology (DST).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Applications</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These filters are especially useful in petrochemical processing, where it is not possible to use organic membranes.</li>
<li>It is capable of discolouring two commonly used dyes - <strong>methylene blue</strong> and <strong>Congo red</strong> -from water.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Methylene blue is a toxic dye, while Congo red is a known cancer-causing agent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ceramic filters and membranes are commonly used in several sectors like food and beverage, drugs and chemicals, waste recovery and recycling industries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Properties</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ceramic membranes can withstand frequent cleaning, harsh operating environments and situations that require continuous flows of material.</li>
<li>They can also be regenerated over many cycles and used for separation of both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions.</li>
<li>The newly developed membrane has good thermal and chemical stability.</li>
<li>The used membrane could also be regenerated by heating at 400 degrees for 30 minutes, without much loss of efficiency.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSIR is an autonomous research and development body established by the <strong>Government of India in 1942.</strong></li>
<li>It covers a wide spectrum of science and technology &ndash;from radio and space physics, oceanography, geophysics, chemicals, drugs, genomics, biotechnology and nanotechnology to mining, aeronautics, instrumentation, environmental engineering and information technology.</li>
<li>It provides significant technological intervention in many areas with regard to societal efforts which include environment, health, drinking water, food, housing, energy, farm and non-farm sectors.</li>
<li><strong>CSIR Firsts</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>First to introduce DNA fingerprinting in India.</li>
<li>Designed &amp; developed India&rsquo;s first all-composite aircraft Hansa.</li>
<li>Designed and developed India&rsquo;s first 14-seater plane &lsquo;SARAS&rsquo;.</li>
<li>First to produce baby food from buffalo milk by the name of Amulspray.</li>
<li>First to produce the indelible ink used in elections in the country.</li>
<li>Completed the first Complete<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/genome-sequencing-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <strong>Genome Sequencing</strong></a> of an Indian.</li>
<li>First indigenous &ldquo;Electronic Nose&rdquo; to detect toxic fumes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/membrane-to-clean-toxic-effluents'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Kaleshwaram Project',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Kaleshwaram lift irrigation project is aimed to make Telangana drought proof by harnessing the flood waters of the Godavari. The project is an under-construction multi-purpose irrigation project on the <strong>Godavari River in Kaleshwaram, Bhoopalpally, Telangana.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The project starts at the <strong>confluence point of Pranahita River and Godavari River.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Pranahita river</strong> is a confluence of various other smaller tributaries like Wardha, Penganga and Wainganga Rivers.</li>
<li><strong>The Godavari</strong> is India's second longest river after the Ganga. Its source is in <strong>Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra.</strong> It flows east for 1,465 kilometres, draining the states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Karnataka, ultimately emptying into the Bay of Bengal through its extensive network of tributaries.</li>
<li>The <strong>major tributaries</strong> of the river are classified as the left bank tributaries which include the <strong>Purna, Pranhita, Indravati and Sabari river</strong> and the right bank tributaries are <strong>Pravara, Manjira, Manair.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Waters of the Godavari will be tapped by reverse pumping and storage, thereby facilitating agriculture on over 38 lakh acres, helping rejuvenate thousands of tanks, providing water for industries, and supplying drinking water to Hyderabad and Secunderabad by creating a series of storage tanks and a network of pipelines.</li>
<li>Barrages have been constructed at<strong> Medigadda, Annaram, and Sundilla</strong>, from which water will be moved to fill <strong>Yellampalli and Sriram Sagar Projects.</strong></li>
<li>The Kaleshwaram project will support <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/selected-best-practices-In-water-management" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mission Kakatiya</strong></a> and Mission Bhagiratha schemes designed to provide drinking water to many villages and improve the capacities of tanks.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Mission Kakatiya</strong></p>
<p>It is a flagship programme launched by the Government of Telangana which aims at rejuvenation of water tanks and other water storage structures to provide assistance and help to the small and marginal farmers of the state.</p>
<p><strong>Mission Bhagiratha</strong></p>
<p>It is a project for safe drinking water for every village and city household in Telangana State. It aims is to provide piped water to 2.32 crore people in 20 lakh households in urban and 60 lakhs in rural areas of Telangana. The ambitious project will supply clean drinking water to all households in the state through water sourced from River Godavari and River Krishna.</p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kaleshwaram-project'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Kutiyattam',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Kapila Venu</strong> recently played a composition <strong>&ldquo;Parvati Viraham</strong>&rdquo;, <strong>part of</strong> the age-old repertoire of <strong>Kutiyattam,</strong> at Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kutiyattam</strong> is one of the oldest traditional <strong>theatre forms of Kerala</strong> and is based on <strong>Sanskrit</strong> theatre traditions.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/352image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/352image1.jpg" width="342" height="285" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>The word <strong>&ldquo;kuti</strong>&rdquo; in Malayalam language primarily means <strong>&ldquo;combined&rdquo;</strong> or &ldquo;together&rdquo;, and <strong>&ldquo;attam&rdquo;</strong> means <strong>&ldquo;acting&rdquo;</strong>: therefore, the word<strong> &ldquo;kutiyattam&rdquo;</strong> means <strong>&ldquo;combined acting".</strong></li>
<li>In its stylized and codified theatrical language, netra abhinaya <strong>(eye expression)</strong> and hasta abhinaya (<strong>the language of gestures</strong>) are prominent. They focus on the thoughts and feelings of the main character.</li>
<li>It is traditionally performed in theatres called<strong> Kuttampalams</strong>, which are located in the Hindu temples.</li>
<li>Kutiyattam is performed by a community of <strong>male actors</strong> called <strong>Chakyars</strong> and <strong>female</strong> performers called <strong>Nangiars</strong>, assisted by <strong>drummers</strong> called <strong>Nambiars.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pakarnattam</strong> is an aspect of Kutiyattam that involves embodying and emoting male and female roles. Switching between the masculine and feminine and interpreting multiple roles at the same time is considered a challenging skill within the repertoire.</li>
<li><strong>Nangiar Koothu</strong> is the solo section of female performance in Kutiyattam.</li>
<li>Kutiyattam includes the plays of almost all the major <strong>playwrights in Sanskrit</strong>, including Bhasa, Harsha, Saktibhadra, Kulasekhara, Neelakantha, Bodhayana and Mahendravikramavarman. However, notable exceptions are Kalidasa and Bhavabhuti, whose plays are not traditionally part of its repertoire.</li>
<li>Kutiyattam has been <strong>declared as among the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UNESCO</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kutiyattam'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Climate Change Impacting Small Island Developing States',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>United Nation (UN)</strong> in its report on <strong>World Population Prospects 2019</strong> has warned that many Small Island Developing States (SIDS) may fail to achieve several <strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030</strong> because of increasing population and climate change risks.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Small Island Developing States</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are islands of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.</li>
<li>The SIDS were recognized as a distinct group of developing countries in June 1992, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development. Total number of SIDS are 39.</li>
<li>SIDS&rsquo; unique and particular vulnerabilities are highlighted in &ldquo;The Future We Want&rdquo;, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (also known as Rio+20) that took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 2012</li>
<li>Their small size, remoteness, narrow resource and export base, and exposure to global environmental challenges and external economic shocks, including to a large range of impacts from climate change and potentially more frequent and intense natural disasters SIDS continue to address those structural and external challenges to achieve their sustainable development.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Reasons for missing SDGs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Population:</strong> Several SIDS, including Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, are experiencing a sharper population growth, higher than the global average rate of 1.07 per cent.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The total population of these countries is only 71 million, but growing fast: said to increase to 78 million by 2030 and 87 million by 2050, added the report.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Climate change:</strong> The challenge is bigger for these small countries because of their vulnerability to climate change, climate variability and sea-level rise.</li>
<li><strong>Geographical reasons:</strong> One-third of the entire population of SIDS lives on lands that are less than five metres below the sea level. This makes them highly vulnerable to sea-level rise, storm surge and coastal destruction.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Impact of Climate Change on SIDS</strong></p>
<p>These countries contribute only 1 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and yet are among the first to experience the worst impacts of climate change.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Agricultural production, fisheries, and related sectors</strong> are declining as the climate changes, threatening livelihoods and economic growth.</li>
<li>In addition, extreme weather spawned by climate change is destroying SIDS <strong>land, real estate and infrastructure,</strong> with economically catastrophic effects, highlighted UN Environment Programme in a report.</li>
<li><strong>Tourism</strong> forms the foundation of many SIDS economies, and climate change is impacting it. Tourists are being discouraged from travelling to SIDS in the fear of violent and life-threatening storms.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/climate-change-impacting-small-island-developing-states'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'President Addresses Joint Sitting of Parliament',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>President of India recently addressed the joint sitting of both the houses of Parliament. It was the first time he addressed the newly elected 17th Loksabha.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>All <strong>executive power</strong> is vested in the President of India. The Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister aids and advises the President who exercises his powers in accordance with such advice.</li>
<li><strong>Constitutional Provision</strong>: <strong>Article 87</strong> of the constitution provides two instances when the President specially addresses both Houses of Parliament.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>President of India addresses</strong> both the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha at the beginning of the<strong> first Session</strong> after <strong>each general election</strong> when the reconstituted lower house meets for the first time.</li>
<li>The President also addresses both the houses at the<strong> beginning of the first session</strong> of each year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The President&rsquo;s speech essentially highlights the government&rsquo;s policy priorities and plans for the upcoming year. The address provides a broad framework of the government&rsquo;s agenda and direction.</li>
<li>The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951: Article 87 was amended. In article 87 of the Constitution:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In clause (1), for the words <strong>"every session"</strong>, the words<strong> "the first session after each general election to the House of the People and at the commencement of the first session of each year"</strong> is substituted. In clause (2), the words "and for <strong>the precedence of such discussion over other business of the House"</strong> is omitted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Apart from this, the joint sitting of both the houses is also held to resolve the deadlock over the passing of key legislation. Not all bills can be referred to a joint sitting of Parliament. There are two exceptions.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Money bill under <strong>Article 110</strong>.</li>
<li>Constitution amendment bill under <strong>Article 368.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 108</strong>: Article 108 of the Indian Constitution of India provides for Joint sitting of both the Houses. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.</li>
<li>The Chairman doesn't preside over the joint session at any means/cost.</li>
<li><strong>Summons to members</strong>: The Secretary-General shall issue summons to each member specifying the time and place for a joint sitting.</li>
<li><strong>Time of sitting</strong>: The duration and adjournment of the joint sitting shall be determined by the Speaker.</li>
<li><strong>Quorum</strong>: The quorum to constitute a joint sitting shall be one-tenth of the total number of members of the Houses.</li>
<li><strong>Procedure</strong>: The procedures of joint sessions are subject to modifications and variations as the Speaker may consider necessary or appropriate.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/president-addresses-joint-sitting-of-parliament'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'India - Sri Lanka Relations ',
		'catname' => 'Paper 2',
		'desc' => '<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The relationship between India and Sri Lanka is more than 2,500 years old.</li>
<li>Both countries have a legacy of <strong>intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic interaction.</strong></li>
<li>In recent years, the relationship has been marked by close contacts at all levels. <strong>Trade and investment have grown</strong> and there is cooperation in the fields of infrastructure development, education, culture and defence.</li>
<li>In recent years, significant progress in implementation of <strong>developmental assistance projects</strong> has further cemented the bonds of friendship between the two countries.</li>
<li>The nearly three-decade long armed conflict between the Sri Lankan forces and the LTTE came to an end in May 2009. During the course of the conflict, India supported the right of the Sri Lankan Government to act against terrorist forces.</li>
<li>India's consistent position has been in favour of a negotiated political settlement, which is acceptable to all communities within the framework of a united Sri Lanka and is consistent with democracy, pluralism and respect for human rights.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Geopolitical Significance of Sri Lanka</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka&rsquo;s location in the Indian Ocean region as an island State has been of <strong>strategic geopolitical relevance to several major powers.</strong></li>
<li>Some examples that highlight Western interests in Sri Lanka&rsquo;s strategic location are the British Defence and External Affairs Agreement of 1948, and the Maritime Agreement with USSR of 1962.</li>
<li>Even during the J.R Jayewardene (1978-1989) and Ranasinghe Premadasa (1989-1993) tenures, Sri Lanka was chosen to build the Voice of America transmitting station (suspected of being used for intelligence gathering purposes and electronic surveillance of the Indian Ocean).</li>
<li>It was the massive Chinese involvement during the Rajapaksa tenure that garnered the deepest controversy in recent years.</li>
<li>China is building state of the art gigantic modern ports all along the Indian Ocean to the south of it, in Gwadar (Pakistan), Chittagong (Bangladesh, Kyauk Phru (Myanmar) and Hambantota (Sri Lanka).</li>
<li>China&rsquo;s string of pearl&rsquo;s strategy is aimed at encircling India to establish dominance in the Indian Ocean.</li>
<li>Post 2015, <strong>Sri Lanka still relies heavily on China</strong> for Port city project and for continuation of Chinese funded infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Although the Hambantota harbour is reportedly making losses, it too has potential for development due to its strategic location.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka has a list of highly strategic ports located among busiest sea lanes of communication.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka&rsquo;s Colombo Port is the 25th busiest container port in the world and the natural deep water harbor at Trincomalee is the fifth largest natural harbour in the world.</li>
<li>Port city of Trincomalee was the main base for Eastern Fleet and British Royal Navy during the Second World War.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka&rsquo;s location can thus serve both commercial and industrial purposes and be used as a military base.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578478010_image23.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578478010_image23.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="600" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Political Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As a country that emerged from a civil war facing human rights allegations; the domestic politics and international relations of Sri Lanka are heavily geopolitical with foreign powers having vested interests.</li>
<li>Political relations between India and Sri Lanka have been marked by high-level exchanges of visits at regular intervals.</li>
<li>In February 2015, Sri Lanka&rsquo;s newly elected President Maithripala Sirisena undertook his first official visit to India, and Modi paid a return visit to Colombo in March 2015. He was the first Indian prime minister to do a stand-alone visit to Sri Lanka in 28 years.</li>
<li>In June 2019, the first overseas visit of Indian Prime Minister to Sri Lanka, in his second term, is an important symbolic gesture reflective of the special relationship between the countries.</li>
<li><strong>Sri Lanka is a member of regional groupings like BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) and SAARC in which India plays a leading role.</strong></li>
<li>Recently, India has invited leaders of BIMSTEC member countries to attend the swearing-in of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his council of ministers. This is in line with the government&rsquo;s focus on its &lsquo;Neighbourhood First&rsquo; policy.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka has long been in India&rsquo;s geopolitical orbit, but its relationship with China has strengthened in recent years.</li>
<li>Former President Rajapaksa took Sri Lanka closer to China and sidelining Indian concerns including over the rehabilitation of Tamils displaced by the long-running Sri Lankan civil war.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>History of Civil War</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka has been mired in ethnic conflict since the country, formerly known as Ceylon, became independent from British rule in 1948.</li>
<li>A 2001 government census says Sri Lanka&rsquo;s main ethnic populations are the Sinhalese (82%), Tamil (9.4%), and Sri Lanka Moor (7.9%).</li>
<li>In the years following independence, the Sinhalese, who resented British favoritism toward Tamils during the colonial period, disenfranchised Tamil migrant plantation workers from India and made Sinhala the official language.</li>
<li>In 1972, the Sinhalese changed the country&rsquo;s name from Ceylon to Sri Lanka and made Buddhism the nation&rsquo;s primary religion.</li>
<li>As ethnic tension grew, in 1976, the LTTE was formed under the leadership of Velupillai Prabhakaran, and it began to campaign for a Tamil homeland in northern and eastern Sri Lanka, where most of the island&rsquo;s Tamils reside.</li>
<li>In 1983, the LTTE ambushed an army convoy, killing thirteen soldiers and triggering riots in which 2,500 Tamils died.</li>
<li>As Ethnic ties have bound southern India and Sri Lanka for more than two millennia. India is a home to more than 60 million of the world&rsquo;s 77 million Tamils, while about 4 million live in Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>The Palk Strait, about 40 km (25 miles) wide at its narrowest point, separates the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu and northern Sri Lanka, traditionally the main Tamil area of the Indian Ocean island.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When war between Sri Lankan Tamils and the Sinhalese majority erupted in 1983, India took an active role.</li>
<li>Indo-Sri Lankan Accord was signed in 1987 to provide a political solution to Sri Lanka&rsquo;s conflict.</li>
<li>It proposed the establishment of provincial council system and devolution of power for nine provinces in Sri Lanka (also known as <strong>The Thirteenth Amendment)</strong>.</li>
<li>India deployed Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka under <strong>Operation Pawan</strong> to disarm the different militant group.</li>
<li>IPKF was later withdrawn after three years amidst escalating violence.</li>
<li>The violent conflict was ended in 2009 and at that point of India has agreed to reconstruct the war-torn areas and started many rehabilitation programs.</li>
<li>India voted against Sri Lanka in 2009, 2012 and 2013 at the US-sponsored UNHRC resolution to investigate alleged human rights violations in Sri Lanka.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Commercial Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka has long been a priority destination for direct investment from India.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka is one of India&rsquo;s largest trading partners among the SAARC countries. <strong>India in turn is Sri Lanka&rsquo;s largest trade partner globally.</strong></li>
<li>India&rsquo;s exports to Sri Lanka amounted to $5.3 billion in 2015-17 whereas its imports from the country were at $743 million.</li>
<li>Trade between the two countries grew particularly rapidly after the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement which came into force in March 2000.</li>
<li>While Sri Lankan exports to India have increased substantially during the past several years since 2000 when ISFTA came into force.</li>
<li>However, there has been a high growth in India&rsquo;s exports to Sri Lanka, resulting in a widening of the balance of trade. This is largely because of the lack of export capacity from Sri Lanka to service Indian requirement and also due to increase in imports from India because of competitiveness of our exports.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The main framework for bilateral trade has been provided by the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) that was signed in 1998 and entered into force in March 2000.</li>
<li>The basic premise in signing the ISFTA was asymmetries between the two economies, local socio-economic sensitivities, safeguard measures to protect domestic interests, and revenue implications so as not to impact high revenue generating tariff lines in the short term.</li>
<li>In a nutshell, India sought to do more without insisting on strict reciprocity from Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>This is reflected in the respective obligations of the two countries under the ISFTA where India agreed to open more tariff lines upfront and within a shorter time span of three years as against smaller and more staggered openings by Sri Lanka which was provided a longer time of eight years.</li>
<li>In order to receive ISFTA benefits, the merchandise exported between India and Sri Lanka should comply with the Rules of Origin criteria.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The agreement <strong>CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) which is yet to be signed between the countries,</strong> seeks to build on the momentum generated by the FTA and take the two economies beyond trade in goods towards greater integration and impart renewed impetus and synergy to bilateral economic interaction.</li>
<li>The investments are in diverse areas including petroleum retail, IT, financial services, real estate, telecommunication, hospitality &amp; tourism, banking and food processing (tea &amp; fruit juices), metal industries, tires, cement, glass manufacturing, and infrastructure development (railway, power, water supply).</li>
<li>The last few years have also witnessed an increasing trend of Sri Lankan investments into India.</li>
<li>Tourism also forms an important link between India and Sri Lanka and India is the largest source market for Sri Lankan tourism. In tourism, India is the largest contributor with every fifth tourist being from India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cultural and Educational Relations</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Cultural Cooperation Agreement</strong> signed by the two Governments on 29 November, 1977, forms the basis for periodic Cultural Exchange Programmes between the two countries.</li>
<li>The<strong> Indian Cultural Centre in Colombo</strong> actively promotes awareness of Indian culture by offering classes in Indian music, dance, Hindi and Yoga. Every year, cultural troupes from both countries exchange visits.</li>
<li><strong>India and Sri Lanka commemorated the 2600th year of the attainment of enlightenment by Lord Buddha (Sambuddhathva Jayanthi) through joint activities.</strong></li>
<li>The two Governments also celebrated the 150th Anniversary of Anagarika Dharmapala in 2014.</li>
<li>The <strong>India-Sri Lanka Foundation,</strong> set up in December 1998 as an intergovernmental initiative, also aims towards enhancement of scientific, technical, educational and cultural cooperation through civil society exchanges and enhancing contact between the younger generations of the two countries.</li>
<li>Education is an important area of cooperation. India now offers about 290 scholarship slots annually to Sri Lankan students.</li>
<li>In addition, under the <strong>Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Scheme and the Colombo Plan</strong>, India offers 370 slots annually to Sri Lankan nationals.</li>
<li>Government of India formally launched the <strong>e-Tourist Visa (eTV) scheme</strong> for Sri Lankan tourists on 14 April 2015 to increase the people to people contact.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Subsequently, in a goodwill gesture, the visa fee for eTV was sharply reduced.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Indian Community</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The People of Indian Origin (PIOs) comprise Sindhis, Borahs, Gujaratis, Memons, Parsis, Malayalis and Telugu speaking persons who have settled down in Sri Lanka (most of them after partition) and are engaged in various business ventures.</li>
<li>Though their numbers are much lesser as compared to Indian Origin Tamils (IOTs), they are economically prosperous and are well placed.</li>
<li>Each of these communities has their organization which organizes festivals and cultural events.</li>
<li>The IOTs are mostly employed in either tea or rubber plantations in Central, Uva and Sabaragamuwa Provinces though during the last decade, the younger generation has been migrating to Colombo in search of employment.</li>
<li>A fair number of IOTs living in Colombo are engaged in business. According to Government census figures (2011), the population of IOTs is about 1.6 million.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Defence and Security Cooperation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sri Lanka and New Delhi have long history of security cooperation. In recent years, the two sides have steadily increased their military-to-military relationship.</li>
<li>India and Sri Lanka conducts joint Military ( 'Mitra Shakti') and Naval exercise (SLINEX).</li>
<li>India also provides defence training to Sri Lankan forces.</li>
<li>A trilateral maritime security cooperation agreement was signed by India, Sri Lanka and the Maldives to improve surveillance, anti-piracy operations and reducing maritime pollution in Indian Ocean Region.</li>
<li>In April 2019, India and Sri Lanka also concluded agreement on countering Drug and Human trafficking.</li>
<li>In the aftermath of the horrific Easter bombings, Sri Lankan Prime Minister thanked the Indian government for all the &ldquo;help&rdquo; given.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The alerts issued by Indian agencies before the attacks had warned specifically about the use of radicalised suicide bombers attacking churches and the Indian High Commission in Colombo.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issues and Conflicts</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In recent years, China has extended billions of dollars of loans to the Sri Lankan government for new infrastructure projects, which is not good for India&rsquo;s strategic depth in Indian Ocean Region.</li>
<li>Sri Lanka also handed over the strategic port of Hambantota, which is expected to play a key role in China&rsquo;s Belt and Road Initiative, to China on a 99-year lease.</li>
<li>The opposition parties and trade unions in Sri Lanka have already dubbed the port deal as a sellout of their country&rsquo;s national assets to China.</li>
<li>China has also supplied arms as well as provide huge loans to Sri Lanka for its development.</li>
<li>China also invested sufficiently in the infrastructure of Sri Lanka, which included building of Colombo international container terminal by China Harbor Corporation.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the relation between Sri Lanka and India are improving. In order to allay Indian concerns that the Hambantota port will not be used for military purposes, the Sri Lankan government has sought to limit China&rsquo;s role to running commercial operations at the port while it retains oversight of security operations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The two countries have signed civil nuclear cooperation agreement which is Sri Lanka&rsquo;s first nuclear partnership with any country.</li>
<li>India is also investing into Sri Lanka&rsquo;s infrastructure development in the Northern and Eastern provinces.</li>
<li>India is also planning to build Trincomalee Port to counterweight the Chinese developments at Hambantota Port.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Fishermen issue</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Given the proximity of the territorial waters of both countries, especially in the Palk Straits and the Gulf of Mannar, incidents of straying of fishermen are common.</li>
<li>Indian boats have been fishing in the troubled waters for centuries and had a free run of the Bay of Bengal, Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar until 1974 and 1976 when treaties were signed between the two countries to demarcate International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL).</li>
<li>However, the treaties failed to factor in the hardship of thousands of traditional fishermen who were forced to restrict themselves to a meagre area in their fishing forays.</li>
<li>The small islet of Katchatheevu, hitherto used by them for sorting their catch and drying their nets, fell on the other side of the IMBL.</li>
<li>Fishermen often risk their lives and cross the IMBL rather than return empty-handed, but the Sri Lankan Navy is on alert, and have either arrested or destroyed fishing nets and vessels of those who have crossed the line.</li>
<li>Both countries have agreed on certain practical arrangements to deal with the issue of bona fide fishermen of either side crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line.</li>
<li>Through these arrangements, it has been possible to deal with the issue of detention of fishermen in a humane manner.</li>
<li>India and Sri Lanka have agreed to set up a Joint Working Group (JWG) on Fisheries between the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare of India and Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development of Sri Lanka as the mechanism to help find a permanent solution to the fishermen issue.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As both countries have a democratic setup there is scope for broadening and deepening the ties.</li>
<li>Both countries should try to work out a permanent solution to the issue of fishermen through bilateral engagements.</li>
<li>Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) must be signed to improve the economic cooperation between both countries .</li>
<li>India needs to focus more on its traditional and cultural ties to improve relations with Sri Lanka.</li>
<li>Starting of ferry services between India and Sri Lanka can improve people to people linkages.</li>
<li>Mutual recognition of each other's concerns and interests can improve the relationship between both countries.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/india-sri-lanka-relations'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'International Equivalence for Personnel Certification',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India&rsquo;s <strong>national accreditation body,</strong> the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies <strong>(NABCB)</strong>, has <strong>secured international equivalence for its accreditation programme for personnel certification bodies</strong> in the annual meeting of the <strong>Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation</strong> in Singapore on 20th June, 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>NABCB signed the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) of the Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (APAC) based on the international standard, ISO/IEC 17024.</li>
<li><strong>ISO/IEC 17024</strong> specifies criteria for the operation of a Personnel Certification Bodies (also known as a certification body for persons). <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Personnel Certification Bodies</strong> are the one which confirm the competence of an individual to perform a specified service ( of electrician, welder etc.) or duty through an issue of a certificate.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With this recognition, NABCB hopes to <strong>facilitate export of Indian services and skills</strong> into the world market by attesting that persons are certified following international standards by the certifying bodies.</li>
<li>This would support many professionals in India, especially those who do not have formal education or certificate programme. <strong>Any person carrying ISO/IEC 17024 certificate with NABCB logo will be recognized internationally.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>NABCB</strong></p>
<p>NABCB, <strong>a constituent board of</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jodhpur-tops-railway-cleanliness-survey-conducted-by-the-quality-council-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Quality Council of India</strong></a>, an autonomous body attached to the <strong>Ministry of Commerce and Industry</strong>, is responsible for <strong>accreditation of certification/inspection bodies</strong> as per applicable international standards under an international system of equivalence.</p>
<p><strong>Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (APAC) was established on <strong>1<sup>st</sup> January 2019.</strong></li>
<li>Its primary role is to manage and expand a mutual recognition arrangement (MRA) among accreditation bodies in the Asia Pacific region.</li>
<li>The MRA <strong>facilitates the acceptance of conformity assessment results</strong> (e.g. test reports, test certificates, inspection reports, and certification) across the region and with other regions around the world.</li>
<li>APAC is <strong>recognized by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/apec-fails-to-reach-consensus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></strong> as one of four APEC Specialist Regional Bodies (SRBs) that support the work of the APEC Sub-Committee on Standards and Conformance.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-equivalence-for-personnel-certification'
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