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Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme- DHRUV

Recently, the Union Human Resource Development Minister has launched the Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme named...

10 Oct 2019 News Analysis
WHO India Country Cooperation Strategy 2019–2023

Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare has launched ‘the World Health Organisation (WHO) India Country Cooperation Strategy...

10 Oct 2019 News Analysis
GEMINI Device

The Union Minister of Earth Sciences has recently launched the Gagan Enabled Mariner’s Instrument for Navigation and Information (GEMINI)...

10 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Green Wall of India

The Centre is mulling an ambitious plan to create a 1,400km long and 5km wide green belt from Gujarat to the Delhi-Haryana border. The plan is...

10 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Slum Dwellers

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09 Oct 2019 GS Paper II
Aspirational Districts

Download...

09 Oct 2019 GS Paper II
India-Bangladesh Relationship

This article is based on Be Neighbourly which was published in The Indian Express on 8/10/2019, Good going and A triangular affair which were...

09 Oct 2019 News Editorials
Hindu-Kush-Himalayan Region

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) will collaborate with meteorological agencies in China and Pakistan, among others, to provide climate...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Meghalayan Minor Tribes Exclusion

Recently, the Government of Meghalaya has decided to exclude ‘unrepresented tribes’ from the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Saturn: Planet with Most Moons

Recently the discovery of 20 new moons of Saturn has made Saturn the planet with the highest number of moons (82) against 79 moons of Jupiter. The...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Information Fusion Centre- Sharing Maritime Data

The Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) that was set up last year (in 2018) has started functioning as an...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
UNHRC’s UPR

The government is forming a task force to prepare a National Action Plan on Human Rights (NAPHR) as mandated under the UN Human Rights...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
National Nutrition Survey

The first-ever comprehensive National Nutrition Survey has been conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the United Nations...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Ganga Aamantran

The Ganga Aamantran Abhiyan is an exploratory open-water rafting and kayaking expedition on the Ganga River that is to be held between 10th October...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
87th Air Force Day

The Defence Minister of India formally received the first Rafale fighter jet (RB-001) built for the Indian Air Force (IAF) in France on 8th October,...

09 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Sedition Law

This article is based on “Criticism is not sedition” which was published in The Hindu on 7/10/2019. It talks about the relevance of...

07 Oct 2019 News Editorials
Donimalai : Iron Mining

National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) is set to restart mining at Donimalai in Bellari district of Karnataka. The iron ore supply is...

07 Oct 2019 News Analysis
MOSAiC: An Arctic Observatory

The Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) is an international research expedition to study the physical,...

07 Oct 2019 News Analysis
World Cotton Day

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is hosting the event at the request of Cotton-4 (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali) to celebrate their official...

07 Oct 2019 News Analysis
Geotail

Recently, an instrument on Chandrayaan-2 named CLASS (Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer) has detected charged particles present on the...

07 Oct 2019 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme- DHRUV ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Union Human Resource Development Minister has launched the Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme named <strong>&lsquo;DHRUV&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of the Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme is to encourage talented students to realize their full potential and henceforth, contribute to society.</li>
<li>The programme is named DHRUV after the <strong>Pole Star</strong> with the same name. Every student selected under this programme will be called as &lsquo;Dhruv Tara&rsquo;. The students will thus both shine through their achievements and light a path for others to follow.</li>
<li>The programme will cover two areas namely, <strong>Science and Performing Arts.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overall 60 students will be selected (30 from each area) from across the country.</li>
<li>The students will be broadly from classes 9 to 12 from all schools including government and private.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193699" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'WHO India Country Cooperation Strategy 2019–2023',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Union Minister for Health &amp; Family Welfare has launched <strong>&lsquo;the World Health Organisation (WHO) India Country Cooperation Strategy 2019&ndash;2023: A Time of Transition&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS)</strong> is a <strong>medium-term</strong> vision for WHO&rsquo;s cooperation with a given Member State.</li>
<li>The CCS provides a <strong>strategic roadmap</strong> for the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO</strong></a> to work with India towards <strong>achieving its health sector goals.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>four areas</strong> for <strong>strategic cooperation of WHO with India</strong> include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Universal Health Coverage (UHC).</li>
<li>Health and wellness by addressing the determinants of health.</li>
<li>Protection against health emergencies.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s global leadership in health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The India CCS<strong> fully aligns itself</strong> with <strong>WHO 'triple billion' targets,</strong> <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-regional-committee-for-south-east-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO South-East Asia Region&rsquo;s eight Flagship Priorities.</strong></a></li>
<li>It urges to address <strong>emerging health scenario</strong> of the country like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>non-communicable diseases,</strong></a> <strong>antimicrobial resistance, and air pollution, etc.</strong></li>
<li>The India CCS also connects with India&rsquo;s<strong> National Health Policy 2017,</strong> and other initiatives like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat,</strong></a> National Viral Hepatitis programme,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-for-eliminating-industrially-produced-trans-fats-by-2023" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Eat Right India movement,</strong></a> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fit-india-movement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fit India movement</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Poshan Abhiyaan</strong></a> that have collectively engaged with the people and enhanced the awareness about crucial health areas.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>WHO 'Triple Billion' targets</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a strategic plan for the next <strong>five years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>It aims for</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One billion more people to be benefitted from <strong>Universal Health Coverage (UHC)</strong></li>
<li>One billion more people to be <strong>protected from health emergencies</strong></li>
<li>One billion more people to be covered for <strong>better health and well-being.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Health Policy, 2017</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to achieve universal access to good quality health care services without anyone having to face financial hardship as a consequence.</li>
<li>It intends to gradually increase public health expenditure to 2.5% of the GDP.</li>
<li>It proposes free drugs, free diagnostics, and free emergency and essential healthcare services in public hospitals.</li>
<li>The policy advocates allocating two-thirds of resources to primary care.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1587543" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'GEMINI Device',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union Minister of Earth Sciences has recently launched the <strong>Gagan Enabled Mariner&rsquo;s Instrument for Navigation and Information (GEMINI)</strong> device.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The device is developed for effective dissemination of emergency information and communication on <strong>Ocean States Forecast</strong> and mapping of <strong>Potential Fishing Zones</strong> (PFZ) to fishermen. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ocean States Forecast</strong> provides the accurate state of the ocean that includes the forecasts related to winds, waves, ocean currents, water temperature, etc.</li>
<li>PFZ provide information about the probable locations of fish aggregation in the seas to the fishermen, while</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>GEMINI is a <strong>portable receiver</strong> that is linked to ISRO-satellites. With this device, the fishermen outside the signal range of their phone companies (i.e. 10-12 km) can also access warnings and alerts, as the device can send signals up to 300 nautical miles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will facilitate satellite-based communication that will be highly useful while dealing with cyclones, high waves, and tsunamis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong> in collaboration with the <strong>Airports Authority of India (AAI)</strong> utilized the <strong>GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation)</strong> satellite while developing the GEMINI device. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GAGAN was developed by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)</strong></a> <strong>and the Airports Authority of India.</strong> It is India's first satellite-based global positioning system that relies on ISRO&rsquo;s <strong>GSAT satellites.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The drawback of this device is that it only allows <strong>one-way communication,</strong> i.e, it can&rsquo;t be used by fishermen to make calls.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, it is <strong>relatively expensive</strong> for the average fisherman (priced at ₹9,000 per device). The attempts are being made to subsidize it by as much as 90%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INCOIS is an <strong>autonomous organization</strong> under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).</li>
<li>It is located in <strong>Hyderabad</strong> &amp; was established in <strong>1999</strong> under the MoES and is a unit of the Earth System Science Organization (ESSO).</li>
<li>It is mandated to provide the best possible ocean information and advisory services to society, industry, government agencies and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvement through systematic and focused research.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193703" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Green Wall of India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Centre is mulling an ambitious plan to create a 1,400km long and 5km wide <strong>green belt from Gujarat to the Delhi-Haryana border.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The plan is <strong>inspired by Africa&rsquo;s &lsquo;Great Green Wall&rsquo; project,</strong> running from Senegal (West) to Djibouti (East), which came into effect in 2007.</li>
<li>The overarching <strong>objective</strong> of India&rsquo;s Green Wall will be to <strong>address the rising rates of land degradation and the eastward expansion of the Thar desert.</strong></li>
<li>The green belt being planned from <strong>Porbandar to Panipat</strong> will help in restoring degraded land through <strong>afforestation along the Aravali hill range.</strong> It will also act as a barrier for dust coming from the deserts in western India and Pakistan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Aravali</strong> has been identified as <strong>one of the key degraded zones</strong> to be taken up for greening <strong>under</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-degradation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s target to restore 26 million hectares (mha) of its land.</strong></a></li>
<li>A 2016 report from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong></a> had also indicated that Delhi, Gujarat and Rajasthan had already degraded over 50% of their land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692913_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692913_image2.jpg" width="391" height="226" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Great Green Wall of Africa</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to <strong>restore Africa&rsquo;s degraded landscapes</strong> and transform millions of lives in one of the world&rsquo;s poorest regions, the <strong>Sahel.</strong></li>
<li>The African initiative is <strong>still only 15% complete.</strong></li>
<li>Once fully completed, the <strong>Wall will be the largest living structure on the planet &ndash;</strong> an <strong>8,000 km</strong> natural wonder of the world stretching across the entire width of the continent.</li>
<li>African countries during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-convention-to-combat-desertification-cop-14" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNCCCD COP14</strong></a> sought global support in terms of finance to make the Wall a reality in the continent&rsquo;s Sahel region by 2030.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sahel is a semiarid region</strong> of western and north-central Africa extending from Senegal eastward to Sudan.</li>
<li>It forms a transitional zone between the arid Sahara (desert) to the north and the belt of humid savannas to the south.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692878_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692878_image1.jpg" width="697" height="475" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Aravali Mountain Range</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Aravallis, is the <strong>oldest fold mountains on Earth.</strong> Geological studies show its age as three billion years.</li>
<li>It spans over <strong>800km from Gujarat to Delhi (through Rajasthan and Haryana).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>highest peak</strong> in the Aravalli Range is <strong>Guru Peak on Mount Abu.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Influences Climate:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Aravallis have an impact upon the climate of northwest India and beyond.</li>
<li>During monsoons, the mountain range gently guides the monsoon clouds eastwards towards Shimla and Nainital, thus <strong>helping nurture the sub-Himalayan rivers and feeding the north Indian plains.</strong></li>
<li>In the winter months, it <strong>protects</strong> the fertile alluvial river valleys (the para-Indus and Gangetic) <strong>from the assault of cold westerly winds from Central Asia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Aravalli range, which separates western India&rsquo;s Thar desert from the relatively green plains to its east, has <strong>lost so much green cover</strong> that it is losing its ability to act as a natural barrier against the heat and dust that blows in from the west. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Thar desert&rsquo;s expansion could threaten the &ldquo;granary of India"&mdash;</strong>the fertile belts of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and the Malwa region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unauthorized mining</strong> for minerals and building materials has vanished some hills in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Thar Desert</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Thar Desert also called the <strong>Great Indian desert</strong> lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills.</li>
<li>It is an undulating sandy plain covered with <strong>sand dunes (mainly Barchans).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Barchans are crescent-shaped sand dune always facing the wind. It is formed when a lot of sand is present in the desert. A steady wind from one direction is also needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The region receives very low <strong>rainfall below 150 mm per year.</strong></li>
<li>It has an arid climate with low vegetation cover.</li>
<li><strong>Luni</strong> is the only large river in this region.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-plans-1400km-long-great-green-wall-of-india/articleshow/71496260.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Slum Dwellers',
			'catname' => 'GS Paper II',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/images/uploads/1571394455_Slum%20Dwellers.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571394455_Slum%20Dwellers.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/infographics/info-paper2/slum-dwellers'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Aspirational Districts',
			'catname' => 'GS Paper II',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/pdf/aspirational-districts.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/pdf/aspirational-districts.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
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		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'India-Bangladesh Relationship',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-bangladesh-relations-shiekh-hasina-narendra-modi-6058161/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Be Neighbourly</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 8/10/2019, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/sheikh-hasina-modi-meeting-delhi-dhaka-6056781/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good going</strong></a> and <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/narendra-modi-sheikh-hasina-xi-jinping-india-china-bangladesh-6059631/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A triangular affair</strong></a> which were published in The Indian Express on 9/10/2019 and <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/best-friends-for-now/article29611768.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Best friends for now: On New Delhi Dhaka ties</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 7/10/2019. It talks about India-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-bangladesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bangladesh relationship</strong></a>.</p>
</div>
<p><strong>Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina&rsquo;s</strong> four day<strong> official visit to India</strong> from<strong> October 3 to 6,</strong> highlights India&rsquo;s deepening <strong>bilateral relationship and growing interdependence</strong> with <strong>Bangladesh.</strong> She addressed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wef-india-economic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Economic Summit of the World Economic Forum.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India</strong> enabled Bangladesh&rsquo;s liberation in <strong>December 1971</strong> when it <strong>militarily assisted the erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)</strong> to acquire freedom from its oppressive western wing which unleashed a massive genocide of its own citizens of Bangla ethnicity. More than 10 million persecuted citizens of East Pakistan fled to India.</li>
<li>In the 1971 war, the <strong>US and China,</strong> which had begun their own rapprochement, <strong>supported Pakistan,</strong> and were <strong>opposed to Indian assistance to the East Pakistan.</strong></li>
<li>With tacit support from Moscow, India achieved a spectacular military victory and liberated Dhaka, handing over power to <strong>Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</strong> who symbolised political leadership.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Visit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agreements on <strong>expanding connectivity and transit, easing travel across the border, strengthening trade and investment ties, boosting development cooperation, putting the fledgling defence cooperation on a firmer basis and promoting regional cooperation</strong> were taken up.</li>
<li>Commitments to <strong>upgrade port facilities, implement India&rsquo;s under-utilised Lines of Credit, a coastal surveillance system, and fulfilment of the regional trilateral energy sharing arrangement with Bhutan</strong> were made.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s foreign relations with Bangladesh are very good in general and the best, when viewed in comparison with other neighbours.</li>
<li>Sheikh Hasina articulated points critical for the future welfare of South Asia and <strong>suggested to move beyond the majority-minority mindset and other issues</strong> hindering the growth of bilateral relations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Line of Credit:</strong> It is a &lsquo;soft loan&rsquo; provided on concessional interest rates to developing countries, which has to be repaid by the borrowing governments. The projects under LOCs are spread over different sectors like agriculture, infrastructure, telecom, railway, transmission/power, renewable energy, etc.</p>
</div>
<h3>Areas of Concern</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Failed <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">river water sharing agreements</a></strong> between India and Bangladesh despite many efforts. Chief among them is the <strong>Teesta agreement</strong> which was inked in 2011 but has not moved forward because of tensions between the Central and West Bengal governments.</li>
<li>Pending upgradation of the <strong>Ganga-Padma barrage project,</strong> the <strong>draft framework of interim sharing agreements</strong> for six rivers- <strong>Manu, Muhuri, Khowai, Gumti, Dharla &amp; Dudhkumar</strong> and the draft framework of interim sharing agreement of the Feni river.</li>
<li><strong>Growing concerns</strong> in Bangladesh over the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Register of Citizens (NRC)</strong></a> in Assam and about its conflicting explanations by the Indian government. The problem in Assam is part of the tragic legacy of the Indian subcontinent&rsquo;s partition in 1947 and the movement of people across the new frontiers in the east since then.</li>
<li><strong>Anti-market orientation in Delhi&rsquo;s economic policy</strong> poses serious problems even if India&rsquo;s national strategy calls for regional integration. It shows the insensitivity of Indian economic policy makers towards the logic of interdependence and the headache generated in Bangladesh by Delhi&rsquo;s economic decisions. For example, beef is a staple food in Bangladesh yet India does not export it which in turn increases the illegal animal trafficking at the border areas.</li>
<li>Continuous delay in implementation of <strong>Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal Initiative (BBIN).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hate mongering and incidents of lynching of Muslims</strong> in India affect public perceptions in Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal Initiative</strong></p>
<p>It is an initiative to kick-start a smaller &lsquo;Eastern&rsquo; sub-regional grouping with the potential to act as a link between South and Southeast Asia. Reasons for India's willingness are threefold:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To strengthen trade relations with the Eastern (Bangladesh) and North Eastern (Bhutan and Nepal) neighbouring countries.</li>
<li>To improve the sub-regional connectivity in order to realise regional connectivity goals with Southeast Asia.</li>
<li>To develop the North Eastern Region of India through cross-border cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tasks of <strong>river water management must be taken seriously</strong> between two countries which share <strong>54 transboundary rivers,</strong> and which is <strong>key to prosperity,</strong> and often a source of tensions and humanitarian disasters.</li>
<li>As India rises and integrates with Bangladesh which is now one of the world&rsquo;s fastest growing economies, Delhi must get its economic bureaucrats to<strong> integrate the regional dimension into their national policy</strong> thinking.</li>
<li>The leaders of both nations must <strong>try to develop a long-term joint strategy</strong> that will facilitate <strong>national identification</strong> and <strong>generate a system of work-permits</strong> for legitimate movement of labour.</li>
<li><strong>The Land and Maritime Boundary Agreements,</strong> should be approached by different means so that they can be of <strong>mutual benefit.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Chinese Perspective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sheikh Hasina referred to the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/05-10-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second Informal Summit between India-China</strong></a> and highlighted how the strategic ties between India and China have evolved and how <strong>Bangladesh-India-China triangle</strong> is often obscured by the high visibility accorded to Pakistan in the uneasy relationship between the two Asian giants.</li>
<li><strong>Post Bangladesh liberation, China&rsquo;s strategic and security concerns over India&rsquo;s growing involvement</strong> in the geopolitics of the region <strong>led to its investment in Pakistan,</strong> which <strong>emboldened Rawalpindi</strong> (Pakistan army headquarter) to embark upon a <strong>proxy war against India</strong> (with terrorism as a tool) which began in 1990 and continues till now.</li>
<li>Hence, <strong>India&rsquo;s abiding regional strategic objective should be to ensure that Bangladesh does not morph into another Pakistan,</strong> either by way of being compelled into choosing Beijing over Delhi or nurturing radical Islamic ideologies domestically.</li>
<li>Currently, Bangladesh is an active partner of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a> that Delhi has not signed up to. In the <strong>security sector, Bangladesh is also a major recipient</strong> of Chinese military inventory, including submarines.</li>
<li>India needs to recognise <strong>evolving regional strategic calculus enabled by China&rsquo;s economic-trade-fiscal policies</strong> and <strong>shape its own ties</strong> with Dhaka which also has robust ties with Beijing and if this triangular relationship is managed with integrity and little diplomacy, it can unleash the positive potential of the player countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Bangladesh must manage their <strong>geo-political realities through friendship and collaborations.</strong> They should <strong>appreciate and balance regional political realities</strong> for the interest of the people and <strong>should not trade off long-term interests for short-term gains.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pluralism has been the strength of the Indian subcontinent</strong> so that should be kept in mind to be able to celebrate South Asia&rsquo;s diversities in religion, ethnicity and language.</li>
<li>India and Bangladesh share a <strong>great relationship, areas of concern remain</strong> which need to be looked into holistically and ratified as soon as possible so that<strong> &ldquo;best of the best&rdquo; of ties</strong> between the two neighbours can be sustained forever.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ff0000; border-style: dotted; background-color: #fdffe6;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Highlight the areas of concern in India-Bangladesh relationship and suggest measures to improve them.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-bangladesh-relationship'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Hindu-Kush-Himalayan Region',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong> will <strong>collaborate with</strong> meteorological agencies in <strong>China and Pakistan, among others,</strong> to provide<strong> climate forecast services</strong> to countries in the <strong>Hindu-Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>World Meteorological Organisation (WMO)</strong> has proposed for establishment of regional climate centres in Islamabad, Delhi and Beijing. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These centres are expected to provide forecasting services and climate analyses.</li>
<li>They would also provide data sharing services, training and capacity-building, research and development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Hindu-Kush-Himalayan (HKH) Region<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570611005_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570611005_image4.jpg" width="405" height="312" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The HKH region <strong>spans</strong> Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.</li>
<li>It traverses about 5 million square kilometres and hosts a large and culturally diverse population.</li>
<li>It is considered the <strong>Third Pole</strong> (after the North and South Poles), and has significant implications for climate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It contains vast cryospheric zones and is also the world&rsquo;s largest store of snow and ice outside the polar region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A recent report by the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-report-on-climate-change-ipcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></strong> has highlighted the t<strong>hreat to the HKH region from global warming.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Floods would become more frequent and severe in the mountainous and downstream areas of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins, because of an increase in extreme precipitation events.</li>
<li>Also, the severity of floods is expected to more than double towards the end of the century.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>principal agency under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES),</strong> Government of India responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology.</li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in Delhi</strong> and operates hundreds of observation stations across India and Antarctica.</li>
<li>It is also one of the <strong>six Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres of the World Meteorological Organization.</strong></li>
<li>It also has the responsibility for forecasting, naming and distribution of warnings for tropical cyclones in the Northern Indian Ocean region, including the Malacca Straits, the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Meteorological Organization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an <strong>intergovernmental organization</strong> with a membership of 193 Member States and Territories.</li>
<li>Established by the ratification of the WMO Convention on 23 March 1950, WMO became the <strong>specialized agency of the United Nations for meteorology</strong> (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/india-to-work-with-china-pakistan-to-gauge-impact-of-climate-change/article29620759.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hindu-kush-himalayan-region'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Meghalayan Minor Tribes Exclusion',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Government of Meghalaya has decided to exclude <strong>&lsquo;unrepresented tribes&rsquo;</strong> from the provisions of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ladakh-under-sixth-schedule" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sixth Schedule</strong></a> of the Constitution.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The five minor tribes namely, <strong>Bodo-Kachari, Hajong, Koch, Mann, and Rabha</strong> are clubbed together as <strong>&lsquo;unrepresented tribes&rsquo;</strong> for nomination in Meghalaya&rsquo;s autonomous tribal councils.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These minor tribes are<strong> indigenous to Meghalaya</strong> and have been living in the state much before its creation in 1972.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These tribal councils are in the names of <strong>Garo, Jaintia, and Khasi</strong> district councils, that form the State&rsquo;s three major autonomous councils (predominantly the <strong>matrilineal communities).</strong></li>
<li>On September 26, 2019, a sub-committee constituted by the State government had decided to recommend to the <strong>Standing Committee of Parliament</strong> for the removal of the word &lsquo;unrepresented tribes&rsquo; from the Sixth Schedule. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move has excluded 5 minor tribes in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Sixth Schedule makes special provisions for the welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes and the tribal areas residing in the parts or the whole of the four northeastern states namely, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proposed amendment will deprive some of these Scheduled Tribes of their <strong>constitutional rights to be represented</strong> in the autonomous district councils as of now, it will not be possible for them to get elected on the basis of adult suffrage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hajong Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Hajong are tribal people native to the Indian subcontinent mostly in the northeast <strong>Indian states and Bangladesh.</strong> The majority of them are settled in India.</li>
<li>Hajongs are predominantly the <strong>rice farmers</strong> and perform <strong>endogamy.</strong></li>
<li>The Hajongs are <strong>Hindus</strong> and observe Hindu rites and customs.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rabha Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are indigenous Mongoloid community of Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Assam, Meghalaya and West Bengal.</li>
<li>The language/dialect spoken by the <strong>Rabha</strong> people is mostly Rabha as well as Assamese.</li>
<li>In Meghalaya, Rabhas are mostly found in Garo Hills districts.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Koch Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are a Tibeto-Burman ethnolinguistic group of Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal, and Bangladesh.</li>
<li>Their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group.</li>
<li>According to the census of 1881, Koch belong to a group of Bodo-Kachari people.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bodo-Kachari</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a generic term applied to a number of ethnic groups that are predominantly living in the Northeast Indian state of Assam.</li>
<li>They generally speak Assamese and other Tibeto-Burman languages and have a shared ancestry.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/stop-exclusion-from-sixth-schedule-meghalaya-tribes/article29623291.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/meghalayan-minor-tribes-exclusion'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Saturn: Planet with Most Moons',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently the discovery of<strong> 20 new moons</strong> of <strong>Saturn</strong> has made <strong>Saturn the planet with the highest number of moons (82)</strong> against 79 moons of Jupiter.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The discovered moons of planet Saturn may have once comprised a larger moon that was broken apart in the distant past.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570610228_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570610228_image3.jpg" width="350" height="169" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The newly discovered moons are able to continue orbiting Saturn after their parent moons broke apart indicates that these collisions occurred after the planet-formation process was mostly complete.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These moons are the remnants of the objects that helped for planet formations thus studying the remnants might reveal the origin of the planet.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, studying the orbits of these moons can reveal their origins, as well as information about the conditions surrounding Saturn at the time of its formation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The research related new moons of the planet Saturn have been released by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asteroid-named-after-pandit-jasraj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the International Astronomical Union&rsquo;s Minor Planet Centre.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/saturn-beats-jupiter-as-planet-with-most-moons/article29617167.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saturn-planet-with-most-moons'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Information Fusion Centre- Sharing Maritime Data',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR)</strong></a> that was set up last year (in 2018) has started functioning as an <strong>information-sharing hub</strong> of maritime data.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The centre will set up a line of action for incident responses to maritime security situations through a collaborative approach.</li>
<li>The centre is administering a <strong>website</strong> to undertake the collection and dissemination of information on a daily basis and host the <strong>Monthly Maritime Security Update</strong> (MMSU) highlighting analysis on incidents, warnings, and advisories issued in the IOR.</li>
<li>It is actively interacting with the maritime community and has already built linkages with <strong>18 countries and 15 multinational/maritime security centres.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All countries which have signed <strong>white shipping</strong> (commercial shipping information about the movement of cargo ships) <strong>information exchange agreements</strong> with India are IFC partners.</li>
<li>Several <strong>Indian Ocean littoral states</strong> that have joined the coastal radar chain network include Maldives, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, and Seychelles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609979_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609979_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="466" height="447" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-starts-sharing-maritime-data/article29611936.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-sharing-maritime-data'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'UNHRC’s UPR',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The government is forming a task force to prepare a <strong>National Action Plan on Human Rights (NAPHR)</strong> as <strong>mandated</strong> under the UN Human Rights Council&rsquo;s <strong>(UNHRC) Universal Periodic Review (UPR).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The task force will involve the<strong> Union Home Ministry and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-human-rights-commission-nhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)</a></strong> and have representatives from ministries such as social justice and health.</li>
<li><strong>UPR</strong> is a <strong>state-driven process under UNHRC&rsquo;s</strong> auspices and provides <strong>opportunities to member states to declare what actions they have taken to improve human rights</strong> and to fulfil their obligations.</li>
<li><strong>A review cycle lasts four-and-half years,</strong> during which records of member states are reviewed.</li>
<li>Earlier in 2017, India <strong>accepted 152 out of 250 recommendations</strong> on human rights. These <strong>pertain to sustainable development goals</strong> related to eliminating poverty, access to safe drinking water, sanitation and improving protection for women and children.</li>
<li>However, India &ldquo;noted&rdquo; and <strong>refused to accept</strong> some recommendations, including those related to the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/afspa-in-nagaland-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Armed Forces Special Powers Act</strong> </a>and the <strong>Foreign Contribution Regulation Act.</strong></li>
<li>Also, earlier, <strong>the UN had already recommended that India should have NAPHR</strong> covering issues such as the rights to health, education, food security, and housing; aspects related to custodial justice; and measures against the trafficking of women and children.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NAPHR, once implemented, will help mitigate the criticism India faces at international level when it comes to its human rights record as well as strengthen the social justice system.</li>
<li>It will also lead to <strong>stronger administration of justice, strengthening of human rights institutions,</strong> and <strong>linking of rights with development.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UN Human Rights Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>inter-governmental body</strong> within the United Nations system <strong>responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe</strong> and for addressing situations of human rights violations and make recommendations on them.</li>
<li>It was created by the United Nations General Assembly on <strong>15<sup>th</sup> March 2006 and replaced the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.</strong></li>
<li>It meets at the UN Office at <strong>Geneva.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/task-force-to-improve-india-s-rights-record/story-YsnYnBZvhWLbYrt8btCWpM.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unhrc-s-upr'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'National Nutrition Survey',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The first-ever comprehensive National Nutrition Survey has been conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)</strong></a> to measure the level of malnutrition in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey</strong></a> is the<strong> largest</strong> micronutrient survey implemented <strong>globally</strong> to assess nutrient deficiency among children for the <strong>first time in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609160_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609160_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="615" height="305" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Breastfeeding:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>83% of children between 12 and 15 months continued to be breastfed in the country.</li>
<li><strong>A higher proportion of children (12-15 months) residing in rural areas are breastfed (85%) compared to children in urban areas (76%).</strong></li>
<li>Breastfeeding is<strong> inversely proportional</strong> to <strong>household wealth.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>rural children receive meals more frequently</strong> (44%) as compared to 37% of urban children.</li>
<li><strong>Higher proportion of children residing in urban</strong> areas (26.9%) are <strong>fed an adequately diverse diet</strong> as compared to those in rural areas (19%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Iron Deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul>
<li>Children and adolescents <strong>residing in urban areas</strong> have a <strong>higher</strong> (40.6%)<strong> prevalence of iron deficiency</strong> compared to their rural counterparts (29%) due to a better performance of the government&rsquo;s health programmes in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vitamin D Deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Higher deficiency of Vitamin D in urban areas (19%) is observed compared to rural areas (12%). This is despite 74% of children living in cities consume dairy products as compared to 58% in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Zinc deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>rural children lag</strong> in the intake of zinc which causes diarrhea, growth retardation, loss of appetite and impaired immune function.</li>
<li>Among children aged <strong>1-4 years, zinc deficiency is more common in rural areas</strong> (20%) compared to urban areas (16%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Obesity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>14.5% of children in the age group of 5 to 9 years in urban areas have higher <strong>Subscapular Skinfold Thickness (SSFT)</strong> than 5.3% in rural areas.</li>
<li>Whereas 10.4% of adolescents surveyed in urban areas in the age group of 10-19 had higher SSFT than 4.3% in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Subscapular Skinfold Thickness (SSFT)</strong> measurement is a reliable, cheap, simple, noninvasive method of body fat estimation at all ages including the neonatal period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stunting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overall 35 % of Indian children aged 0-4 years were stunted.</li>
<li>Rural areas witnesses a higher prevalence of <strong>stunting</strong> (37% ) versus 27% in urban areas.</li>
<li>Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh have a high (37-42 % ) stunting prevalence.</li>
<li>The lowest prevalence of stunting (16-21 %) was found in Goa and Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Severe Acute Malnutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>34.7% in rural areas for children in 5-9 years versus 23.7% in urban areas.</li>
<li>32.4%in rural areas for adolescents in 10-19 years versus 27.4% in urban areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Considering the overall scenario the<strong> rural parts of the country</strong> face a higher percentage of children suffering from stunting, underweight and wasting compared to urban parts of the country.</li>
<li>The survey also reveals that <strong>Indian children are facing the double burden of malnutrition </strong>and<strong> rising risk of non-communicable diseases</strong> including diabetes, high cholesterol, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rural-children-breastfed-more-survey/article29621019.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey-1'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Ganga Aamantran',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Ganga Aamantran Abhiyan is an exploratory <strong>open-water rafting and kayaking expedition</strong> on the Ganga River that is to be held between 10<sup>th</sup> October 2019 to 11<sup>th</sup> November 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The expedition will start at <strong>Devprayag</strong> (Uttarakhand) and will culminate at <strong>Ganga Sagar</strong> (West Bengal) covering the entire stretch of the Ganga River.</li>
<li>This is the first-ever effort by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/15-point-directive-to-clean-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Mission for Clean Ganga</strong></a> to raft across the entire stretch of the river.</li>
<li>The expedition is expected to draw focused attention to the ecological challenges being faced by Ganga.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>longest ever social campaign</strong> undertaken through an adventure sporting activity to spread the message of <strong>river rejuvenation and water conservation</strong> on a massive scale.</li>
<li><strong>A nine-member team</strong> of swimmers and rafters from the three services of the <strong>Indian Armed Forces</strong> will organize mass cleaning drives, interact with students of the village/city and will further spread the message of river conservation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Apart from the awareness campaign, the team from <strong>CSIR&ndash;Indian Institute of Toxicology Research</strong> will collect water samples from across diverse ranges of the river for the purpose of water testing, while members of the <strong>Wildlife Institute of India</strong> will undertake <strong>flora and fauna census</strong> for the year 2019.</li>
<li>The expedition will encompass the five Ganga basin states that includes, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, and West Bengal.</li>
<li>Ganga Aamantran also aims to connect various Ganga&rsquo;s stakeholders in order to <strong>improve its water quality.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR- IITR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSIR-IITR is a leading laboratory of CSIR in toxicology research that aims to mitigate the problems associated with human health and the environment.</li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1965</strong> and is based in <strong>Lucknow, UP.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Wildlife Institute of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is an<strong> autonomous institution</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate change.</strong></li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1982.</strong></li>
<li>It is based in <strong>Dehradun, Uttarakhand.</strong></li>
<li>It offers training programs, academic courses, and advisory in wildlife research and management.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193671" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ganga-aamantran'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => '87th Air Force Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Defence Minister of India formally received the <strong>first Rafale fighter jet (RB-001)</strong> built for the Indian Air Force (IAF) in France on 8<sup>th</sup> October, 2019, <strong>coinciding with 87<sup>th</sup> Air Force Day.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>September 2016,</strong> India and France signed a &euro;7.87 billion <strong>Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA)</strong> for 36 Rafale multi-role fighter jets in fly-away condition.</li>
<li>As per IGA, deliveries have to begin 36 months from signing of contract and will be completed in 67 months.</li>
<li>It is expected that India will receive all aircraft by April-May 2022.</li>
<li>The<strong> RB</strong> in the aircraft designation stands for <strong>IAF Chief Marshal R.K.S. Bhadauria</strong> who as then Deputy Chief of IAF led the Indian negotiation team and had a <strong>major role in the contract negotiations.</strong></li>
<li><strong>About Rafale:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> twin-jet fighter aircraft</strong> able to operate from both an aircraft carrier and a shore base.</li>
<li>It is a fully versatile aircraft which can carry out all combat aviation missions to achieve air superiority and air defence, close air support, in-depth strikes, reconnaissance, anti-ship strikes and nuclear deterrence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Preparation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IAF has already completed preparations, including required infrastructure and training of pilots.</li>
<li>The aircraft will be deployed at <strong>Ambala air force station,</strong> considered one of the most strategically located bases of the IAF. The Indo-Pak border is around 220 km from there.</li>
<li>The <strong>second squadron</strong> of Rafale will be stationed at <strong>Hasimara base in West Bengal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>87<sup>th</sup> Air Force Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Air Force was officially <strong>established on 8<sup>th</sup> October 1932.</strong></li>
<li>With around 1, 70,000 personnel and 1,500 aircraft, IAF is the <strong>fourth largest air force</strong> in the world after the US, Russia and China.</li>
<li><strong>Every year,</strong> the Air Force Day is <strong>celebrated at Hindon base</strong> in the presence of the IAF chief and senior officials of the three armed forces.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IAF's Hindon Air Force Station, situated near Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh) is the <strong>largest in Asia</strong> and <strong>8<sup>th</sup> largest in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This year the event saw IAF&rsquo;s newest acquisitions&mdash;US-made <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chinook heavy-lift helicopters</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-apache-helicopter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Apache attack helicopters&mdash;</strong></a>in the customary flypast.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Air Chief Marshal also made a reference to the<strong> Balakot Strikes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-receives-first-rafale-fighter-jet-from-france/article29618964.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Sedition Law',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/criticism-is-not-sedition/article29611491.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Criticism is not sedition&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 7/10/2019. It talks about the relevance of Sedition law.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, a lower court in Bihar directed the <strong>filing of an FIR under section 124A (Sedition) of IPC against 49 eminent persons</strong> who signed an <strong>open letter</strong> to the Prime Minister of India expressing concerns over mob lynching.</p>
<p>This court decision warrants an urgent and fresh debate on the need to repeal the sedition law.</p>
<h3>Historical Background of Sedition Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sedition laws were enacted in <strong>17<sup>th</sup> century England</strong> when lawmakers believed that <strong>only good opinions of the government should survive,</strong> as bad opinions were detrimental to the government and monarchy.</li>
<li>This sentiment (and law) was borrowed and inserted into the <strong>Section 124A of IPC in 1870, by the British.</strong></li>
<li>British used Sedition law to <strong>convict and sentence freedom fighters.</strong> It was <strong>first used to prosecute Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1897.</strong></li>
<li>Mahatama Gandhi, too, was later tried for sedition for his articles in Young India.</li>
<li>The<strong> Constituent Assembly</strong> debated to include sedition as a ground for restricting free speech. However, this was successfully opposed for fear that it would be used to <strong>crush political dissent.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court highlighted these debates in 1950 in its decisions in <strong>Brij Bhushan v the State of Delhi and Romesh Thappar v. the State of Madras.</strong></li>
<li>In these cases, the court held that a law which restricted speech on the ground that it would disturb public order was unconstitutional.</li>
<li>It also held that disturbing the public order will mean nothing less than endangering the foundations of the State or threatening its overthrow.</li>
<li>Thus, these decisions prompted the <strong>First Constitution Amendment,</strong> where Article 19(2) was rewritten to <strong>replace &ldquo;undermining the security of the State&rdquo; with &ldquo;in the interest of public order&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Analysis of Bihar Court Judgment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1962, the Supreme Court decided on the constitutionality of Section 124A in <strong>Kedar Nath Singh v State of Bihar.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>It upheld the constitutionality</strong> of sedition, but limited its application to &ldquo;acts involving <strong>intention or tendency to create disorder, or disturbance of law and order, or incitement to violence&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It distinguished these from &ldquo;very strong speech&rdquo; or the use of &ldquo;vigorous words&rdquo; strongly critical of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1995, the Supreme Court, in<strong> Balwant Singh v State of Punjab,</strong> held that mere sloganeering which evoked no public response did not amount to sedition.</li>
<li>However, the Bihar lower court ignored these judgments of the Supreme Court.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even if the letter is considered hateful of the government, if it did not incite violence, it is not seditious.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance of Sedition Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Freedom of speech often poses difficult questions, like the extent to which the State can regulate individual conduct.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since an <strong>individual&lsquo;s autonomy is the foundation of this freedom;</strong> any restriction on it is subject to great scrutiny.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The constitution of India prescribes <strong>reasonable restrictions that</strong> can always be imposed on this right in order to ensure its responsible exercise and to ensure that it is equally available to all citizens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>These restrictions are mentioned under Article 19(2)</strong> of the Constitution of India i.e. interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sedition law helps the government to <strong>curb secessionist movement</strong> and other atrocity propaganda.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why sedition law should be repealed?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sedition leads to a sort of <strong>unauthorised self-censorship, for it produces a chilling effect on free speech.</strong></li>
<li>It suppresses what every citizen ought to do in a democracy &mdash; raise questions, debate, disagree and challenge the government's decisions.</li>
<li>Sedition systematically <strong>destroys the soul of Gandhi&rsquo;s philosophy that is, right to dissent.</strong></li>
<li>Jawaharlal Nehru, in Parliament, clarified that the related penal provision of Section 124A was &ldquo;highly objectionable and obnoxious and the sooner we get rid of it the better&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Even the <strong>UK,</strong> where the law originated, has already repealed it.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The higher judiciary should use its <strong>supervisory powers</strong> to sensitize the magistracy and police to the constitutional provisions protecting free speech.</li>
<li>The <strong>definition of sedition should be narrowed down,</strong> to include only the issues pertaining to the territorial integrity of India as well as the sovereignty of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Civil society</strong> must take the lead to raise awareness about the arbitrary use of Sedition law.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #e7ffe3;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Main Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Sedition leads to a sort of unauthorised self-censorship, for it produces a chilling effect on free speech. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Donimalai : Iron Mining',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) is set to <strong>restart mining at Donimalai</strong> in Bellari district of <strong>Karnataka.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The iron ore supply is bound to increase and bring down prices particularly when many sponge iron and pellet manufacturers in the State have shut operations due to rise in cost and weak demand.</li>
<li>NMDC, which owned Donimalai mine since 1968, suspended operations in November 2018 after the Karnataka government sought 80% premium on iron mined to renew its lease for another 20 years.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570440240_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570440240_image7.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="566" height="527" /></a></p>
<h3>National Mineral Development Corporation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Incorporated in 1958 as a Government of India fully owned public enterprise, NMDC is under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Steel, Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>Since inception involved in the exploration of a wide range of minerals including iron ore, copper, rock phosphate, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, bentonite, magnesite, diamond, tin, tungsten, graphite, beach sands etc.</li>
<li>NMDC is <strong>India's single largest iron ore producer,</strong> presently producing about 35 million tonnes of iron ore.</li>
<li>The company has been categorized by the Department of Public Enterprises as <strong>"Navratna"</strong> Public Sector Enterprise in 2008.</li>
<li>Its corporate office is located in <strong>Hyderabad.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/commodities/donimalai-effect-iron-ore-price-in-karnataka-set-to-fall-by-600tonne/article29611369.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HBL</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/donimalai-iron-mining'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'MOSAiC: An Arctic Observatory',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC)</strong> is an international research expedition to study the physical, chemical, and biological processes that coupled the Arctic atmosphere, sea ice, ocean, and ecosystem.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MOSAiC is the <strong>first year-round expedition</strong> into the <strong>central Arctic exploring the Arctic climate system.</strong></li>
<li>During the <strong>year-round operation of research,</strong> the distributed regional network of observational sites will be set up on the sea ice surrounding the ship<strong> icebreaker RV Polarstern.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The icebreaker RV Polarstern is a German Research Vessel which is mainly used for research in the Arctic and Antarctica.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The results of MOSAiC will contribute to enhance understanding of the regional and global consequences of Arctic climate change and sea-ice loss and improve weather and climate predictions.</li>
<li>The project has been designed by an international consortium of leading polar research institutions, under the umbrella of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Arctic Science Committee</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) is a non-governmental, international scientific organization</li>
<li>IASC promotes and supports leading-edge interdisciplinary research in order to foster a greater scientific understanding of the Arctic region and its role in the Earth system.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indias-vishnu-nandan-among-300-researchers-to-join-largest-ever-arctic-expedition/article29612285.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mosaic-an-arctic-observatory'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'World Cotton Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is hosting the event at the request of <strong>Cotton-4 (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali)</strong> to celebrate their official application for recognition of October 7 as World Cotton Day by the United Nations.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is organizing World Cotton Day event in collaboration with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To give exposure and recognition to cotton and all its stakeholders in production, transformation and trade,</li>
<li>To engage donors and beneficiaries and strengthen development assistance for cotton,</li>
<li>To seek new collaborations with the private sector and investors for the cotton related industries and production in developing countries and promote technological advances, as well as further research and development on cotton.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cotton</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cotton is a kharif crop which requires 6 to 8 months to mature. Its time of sowing and harvesting differs in different parts of the country depending upon the climatic conditions.</li>
<li>Cotton is the crop of tropical and sub-tropical areas and requires uniformly high temperature varying between 21&deg;C and 30&deg;C. The growth of cotton is retarded when the temperature falls below 20&deg;C.</li>
<li>Cotton is a drought &ndash; resistant crop ideal for arid climates and requires an average annual rainfall of 50- 100 cm.</li>
<li>It requires at least 210 frost free days in a year.</li>
<li>It occupies just 2.1 % of the world&rsquo;s arable land, yet it meets 27% of the world&rsquo;s textiles need. In addition to its fibre used in textiles and apparel, food products are also derived from cotton like edible oil and animal feed from the seed.</li>
<li>India is the <strong>second largest</strong> producer of cotton in the world after China.</li>
<li>Between 2011 and 2018, India implemented a <strong>Cotton Technical Assistance Programme (Cotton TAP-I)</strong> for seven African countries namely <strong>Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Chad and also Uganda, Malawi and Nigeria.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The technical assistance focused on improving the competitiveness of the cotton and cotton-based textiles and apparel industry in these countries through a series of interventions which had significant outcomes leading to a demand for a follow on project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cotton Corporation of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CCI was established on 31<sup>st</sup> July 1970 under the administrative control of Ministry of Textiles, Government of India as a Public Sector Undertaking under the Companies Act 1956.</li>
<li>CCI is having pan India presence through headquarters at <strong>Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra)</strong> to safeguard the economic interest of cotton farmers in all the cotton growing regions and to ensure smooth supply of good quality cotton to the textile industry in India.</li>
<li>The major role of the CCI is to undertake price support operations, whenever the market prices of cotton falls below the minimum support prices (MSP).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1587220" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		],
		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'Geotail',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, an instrument on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chandrayaan-2-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chandrayaan-2</strong></a> named <strong>CLASS (Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer)</strong> has detected charged particles present on the moon soil during the orbiter&rsquo;s passage through the &ldquo;Geotail&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to ISRO, the intensity of these charged particles (believed to be mostly electrons) changed as much as ten times the levels outside the Geotail.</li>
<li>The detection of these charged particles on the surface of the moon can <strong>help understand the complex interaction of these particles with the magnetic field.</strong></li>
<li>It will also help to <strong>measure the fluxes, energy spectra, and charge types of charged particles bombarding the lunar surface</strong> and to investigate the interaction of these particles and other forms of radiation with the lunar surface.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570435231_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570435231_image4.jpg" width="558" height="312" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Geotail region exists as a result of the <strong>interactions between the Sun and Earth.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sun emits the solar wind, which is a continuous stream of charged particles.</li>
<li>These particles are embedded in the extended magnetic field of the Sun.</li>
<li>Since the Earth has a magnetic field, it obstructs the solar wind plasma.</li>
<li>This interaction results in the formation of a magnetic envelope around Earth.</li>
<li>On the Earth side facing the Sun, the envelope is compressed into a region that is approximately three to four times the Earth's radius.</li>
<li>On the opposite side, the envelope is stretched into a long tail, which extends beyond the orbit of the Moon called the<strong> Geotail.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Once every 29 days,</strong> the Moon traverses the Geotail <strong>for about six days.</strong></li>
<li>The G<strong>eotail region</strong> allows the <strong>best scientific observations.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The objective of CLASS is to map the abundance of major <strong>rock-forming elements</strong> on the lunar surface using the <strong>technique of X-ray fluorescence</strong> during <strong>solar flare events.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The solar flare provides a rich source of X-rays to illuminate the surface.</li>
<li>Secondary X-ray emission resulting from this can be detected by CLASS to directly detect the presence of key elements like Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Aluminium (Al), Iron (Fe), etc. on the lunar surface.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-geotail-chandrayaan-isro-6056753/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
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		'[repository]' => 'news'
	
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]
$searchdata = []
$searchlist = [
	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme- DHRUV ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Union Human Resource Development Minister has launched the Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme named <strong>&lsquo;DHRUV&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>objective</strong> of the Pradhan Mantri Innovative Learning Programme is to encourage talented students to realize their full potential and henceforth, contribute to society.</li>
<li>The programme is named DHRUV after the <strong>Pole Star</strong> with the same name. Every student selected under this programme will be called as &lsquo;Dhruv Tara&rsquo;. The students will thus both shine through their achievements and light a path for others to follow.</li>
<li>The programme will cover two areas namely, <strong>Science and Performing Arts.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overall 60 students will be selected (30 from each area) from across the country.</li>
<li>The students will be broadly from classes 9 to 12 from all schools including government and private.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193699" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-innovative-learning-programme-dhruv'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'WHO India Country Cooperation Strategy 2019–2023',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Union Minister for Health &amp; Family Welfare has launched <strong>&lsquo;the World Health Organisation (WHO) India Country Cooperation Strategy 2019&ndash;2023: A Time of Transition&rsquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS)</strong> is a <strong>medium-term</strong> vision for WHO&rsquo;s cooperation with a given Member State.</li>
<li>The CCS provides a <strong>strategic roadmap</strong> for the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO</strong></a> to work with India towards <strong>achieving its health sector goals.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>four areas</strong> for <strong>strategic cooperation of WHO with India</strong> include:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Universal Health Coverage (UHC).</li>
<li>Health and wellness by addressing the determinants of health.</li>
<li>Protection against health emergencies.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s global leadership in health.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The India CCS<strong> fully aligns itself</strong> with <strong>WHO 'triple billion' targets,</strong> <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-regional-committee-for-south-east-asia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO South-East Asia Region&rsquo;s eight Flagship Priorities.</strong></a></li>
<li>It urges to address <strong>emerging health scenario</strong> of the country like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>non-communicable diseases,</strong></a> <strong>antimicrobial resistance, and air pollution, etc.</strong></li>
<li>The India CCS also connects with India&rsquo;s<strong> National Health Policy 2017,</strong> and other initiatives like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/ayushmanbharat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Ayushman Bharat,</strong></a> National Viral Hepatitis programme,<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-for-eliminating-industrially-produced-trans-fats-by-2023" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Eat Right India movement,</strong></a> the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/fit-india-movement" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fit India movement</strong> </a>and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Poshan Abhiyaan</strong></a> that have collectively engaged with the people and enhanced the awareness about crucial health areas.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>WHO 'Triple Billion' targets</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a strategic plan for the next <strong>five years.</strong></li>
<li><strong>It aims for</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One billion more people to be benefitted from <strong>Universal Health Coverage (UHC)</strong></li>
<li>One billion more people to be <strong>protected from health emergencies</strong></li>
<li>One billion more people to be covered for <strong>better health and well-being.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>National Health Policy, 2017</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to achieve universal access to good quality health care services without anyone having to face financial hardship as a consequence.</li>
<li>It intends to gradually increase public health expenditure to 2.5% of the GDP.</li>
<li>It proposes free drugs, free diagnostics, and free emergency and essential healthcare services in public hospitals.</li>
<li>The policy advocates allocating two-thirds of resources to primary care.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1587543" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/who-india-country-cooperation-strategy-2019-2023'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'GEMINI Device',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union Minister of Earth Sciences has recently launched the <strong>Gagan Enabled Mariner&rsquo;s Instrument for Navigation and Information (GEMINI)</strong> device.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The device is developed for effective dissemination of emergency information and communication on <strong>Ocean States Forecast</strong> and mapping of <strong>Potential Fishing Zones</strong> (PFZ) to fishermen. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Ocean States Forecast</strong> provides the accurate state of the ocean that includes the forecasts related to winds, waves, ocean currents, water temperature, etc.</li>
<li>PFZ provide information about the probable locations of fish aggregation in the seas to the fishermen, while</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>GEMINI is a <strong>portable receiver</strong> that is linked to ISRO-satellites. With this device, the fishermen outside the signal range of their phone companies (i.e. 10-12 km) can also access warnings and alerts, as the device can send signals up to 300 nautical miles.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will facilitate satellite-based communication that will be highly useful while dealing with cyclones, high waves, and tsunamis.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong> in collaboration with the <strong>Airports Authority of India (AAI)</strong> utilized the <strong>GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation)</strong> satellite while developing the GEMINI device. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>GAGAN was developed by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)</strong></a> <strong>and the Airports Authority of India.</strong> It is India's first satellite-based global positioning system that relies on ISRO&rsquo;s <strong>GSAT satellites.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The drawback of this device is that it only allows <strong>one-way communication,</strong> i.e, it can&rsquo;t be used by fishermen to make calls.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, it is <strong>relatively expensive</strong> for the average fisherman (priced at ₹9,000 per device). The attempts are being made to subsidize it by as much as 90%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>INCOIS is an <strong>autonomous organization</strong> under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).</li>
<li>It is located in <strong>Hyderabad</strong> &amp; was established in <strong>1999</strong> under the MoES and is a unit of the Earth System Science Organization (ESSO).</li>
<li>It is mandated to provide the best possible ocean information and advisory services to society, industry, government agencies and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvement through systematic and focused research.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193703" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gemini-device'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Green Wall of India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Centre is mulling an ambitious plan to create a 1,400km long and 5km wide <strong>green belt from Gujarat to the Delhi-Haryana border.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The plan is <strong>inspired by Africa&rsquo;s &lsquo;Great Green Wall&rsquo; project,</strong> running from Senegal (West) to Djibouti (East), which came into effect in 2007.</li>
<li>The overarching <strong>objective</strong> of India&rsquo;s Green Wall will be to <strong>address the rising rates of land degradation and the eastward expansion of the Thar desert.</strong></li>
<li>The green belt being planned from <strong>Porbandar to Panipat</strong> will help in restoring degraded land through <strong>afforestation along the Aravali hill range.</strong> It will also act as a barrier for dust coming from the deserts in western India and Pakistan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Aravali</strong> has been identified as <strong>one of the key degraded zones</strong> to be taken up for greening <strong>under</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/land-degradation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India&rsquo;s target to restore 26 million hectares (mha) of its land.</strong></a></li>
<li>A 2016 report from the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</strong></a> had also indicated that Delhi, Gujarat and Rajasthan had already degraded over 50% of their land.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692913_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692913_image2.jpg" width="391" height="226" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Great Green Wall of Africa</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It aims to <strong>restore Africa&rsquo;s degraded landscapes</strong> and transform millions of lives in one of the world&rsquo;s poorest regions, the <strong>Sahel.</strong></li>
<li>The African initiative is <strong>still only 15% complete.</strong></li>
<li>Once fully completed, the <strong>Wall will be the largest living structure on the planet &ndash;</strong> an <strong>8,000 km</strong> natural wonder of the world stretching across the entire width of the continent.</li>
<li>African countries during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-convention-to-combat-desertification-cop-14" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UNCCCD COP14</strong></a> sought global support in terms of finance to make the Wall a reality in the continent&rsquo;s Sahel region by 2030.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sahel is a semiarid region</strong> of western and north-central Africa extending from Senegal eastward to Sudan.</li>
<li>It forms a transitional zone between the arid Sahara (desert) to the north and the belt of humid savannas to the south.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692878_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570692878_image1.jpg" width="697" height="475" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<h3>Aravali Mountain Range</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Aravallis, is the <strong>oldest fold mountains on Earth.</strong> Geological studies show its age as three billion years.</li>
<li>It spans over <strong>800km from Gujarat to Delhi (through Rajasthan and Haryana).</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>highest peak</strong> in the Aravalli Range is <strong>Guru Peak on Mount Abu.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Influences Climate:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Aravallis have an impact upon the climate of northwest India and beyond.</li>
<li>During monsoons, the mountain range gently guides the monsoon clouds eastwards towards Shimla and Nainital, thus <strong>helping nurture the sub-Himalayan rivers and feeding the north Indian plains.</strong></li>
<li>In the winter months, it <strong>protects</strong> the fertile alluvial river valleys (the para-Indus and Gangetic) <strong>from the assault of cold westerly winds from Central Asia.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concerns:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Aravalli range, which separates western India&rsquo;s Thar desert from the relatively green plains to its east, has <strong>lost so much green cover</strong> that it is losing its ability to act as a natural barrier against the heat and dust that blows in from the west. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>Thar desert&rsquo;s expansion could threaten the &ldquo;granary of India"&mdash;</strong>the fertile belts of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and the Malwa region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Unauthorized mining</strong> for minerals and building materials has vanished some hills in the region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Thar Desert</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Thar Desert also called the <strong>Great Indian desert</strong> lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills.</li>
<li>It is an undulating sandy plain covered with <strong>sand dunes (mainly Barchans).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Barchans are crescent-shaped sand dune always facing the wind. It is formed when a lot of sand is present in the desert. A steady wind from one direction is also needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The region receives very low <strong>rainfall below 150 mm per year.</strong></li>
<li>It has an arid climate with low vegetation cover.</li>
<li><strong>Luni</strong> is the only large river in this region.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-plans-1400km-long-great-green-wall-of-india/articleshow/71496260.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/green-wall-of-india'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Slum Dwellers',
		'catname' => 'GS Paper II',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/images/uploads/1571394455_Slum%20Dwellers.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1571394455_Slum%20Dwellers.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/infographics/info-paper2/slum-dwellers'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Aspirational Districts',
		'catname' => 'GS Paper II',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/pdf/aspirational-districts.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/pdf/aspirational-districts.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/infographics/info-paper2/aspirational-districts-2'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'India-Bangladesh Relationship',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-bangladesh-relations-shiekh-hasina-narendra-modi-6058161/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Be Neighbourly</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 8/10/2019, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/sheikh-hasina-modi-meeting-delhi-dhaka-6056781/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good going</strong></a> and <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/narendra-modi-sheikh-hasina-xi-jinping-india-china-bangladesh-6059631/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A triangular affair</strong></a> which were published in The Indian Express on 9/10/2019 and <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/best-friends-for-now/article29611768.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Best friends for now: On New Delhi Dhaka ties</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 7/10/2019. It talks about India-<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-bangladesh" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bangladesh relationship</strong></a>.</p>
</div>
<p><strong>Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina&rsquo;s</strong> four day<strong> official visit to India</strong> from<strong> October 3 to 6,</strong> highlights India&rsquo;s deepening <strong>bilateral relationship and growing interdependence</strong> with <strong>Bangladesh.</strong> She addressed the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wef-india-economic-summit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>India Economic Summit of the World Economic Forum.</strong></a></p>
<h3>Historical Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>India</strong> enabled Bangladesh&rsquo;s liberation in <strong>December 1971</strong> when it <strong>militarily assisted the erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)</strong> to acquire freedom from its oppressive western wing which unleashed a massive genocide of its own citizens of Bangla ethnicity. More than 10 million persecuted citizens of East Pakistan fled to India.</li>
<li>In the 1971 war, the <strong>US and China,</strong> which had begun their own rapprochement, <strong>supported Pakistan,</strong> and were <strong>opposed to Indian assistance to the East Pakistan.</strong></li>
<li>With tacit support from Moscow, India achieved a spectacular military victory and liberated Dhaka, handing over power to <strong>Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</strong> who symbolised political leadership.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Visit</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Agreements on <strong>expanding connectivity and transit, easing travel across the border, strengthening trade and investment ties, boosting development cooperation, putting the fledgling defence cooperation on a firmer basis and promoting regional cooperation</strong> were taken up.</li>
<li>Commitments to <strong>upgrade port facilities, implement India&rsquo;s under-utilised Lines of Credit, a coastal surveillance system, and fulfilment of the regional trilateral energy sharing arrangement with Bhutan</strong> were made.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s foreign relations with Bangladesh are very good in general and the best, when viewed in comparison with other neighbours.</li>
<li>Sheikh Hasina articulated points critical for the future welfare of South Asia and <strong>suggested to move beyond the majority-minority mindset and other issues</strong> hindering the growth of bilateral relations.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Line of Credit:</strong> It is a &lsquo;soft loan&rsquo; provided on concessional interest rates to developing countries, which has to be repaid by the borrowing governments. The projects under LOCs are spread over different sectors like agriculture, infrastructure, telecom, railway, transmission/power, renewable energy, etc.</p>
</div>
<h3>Areas of Concern</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Failed <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">river water sharing agreements</a></strong> between India and Bangladesh despite many efforts. Chief among them is the <strong>Teesta agreement</strong> which was inked in 2011 but has not moved forward because of tensions between the Central and West Bengal governments.</li>
<li>Pending upgradation of the <strong>Ganga-Padma barrage project,</strong> the <strong>draft framework of interim sharing agreements</strong> for six rivers- <strong>Manu, Muhuri, Khowai, Gumti, Dharla &amp; Dudhkumar</strong> and the draft framework of interim sharing agreement of the Feni river.</li>
<li><strong>Growing concerns</strong> in Bangladesh over the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-paper-2-national-register-of-citizens-nrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Register of Citizens (NRC)</strong></a> in Assam and about its conflicting explanations by the Indian government. The problem in Assam is part of the tragic legacy of the Indian subcontinent&rsquo;s partition in 1947 and the movement of people across the new frontiers in the east since then.</li>
<li><strong>Anti-market orientation in Delhi&rsquo;s economic policy</strong> poses serious problems even if India&rsquo;s national strategy calls for regional integration. It shows the insensitivity of Indian economic policy makers towards the logic of interdependence and the headache generated in Bangladesh by Delhi&rsquo;s economic decisions. For example, beef is a staple food in Bangladesh yet India does not export it which in turn increases the illegal animal trafficking at the border areas.</li>
<li>Continuous delay in implementation of <strong>Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal Initiative (BBIN).</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hate mongering and incidents of lynching of Muslims</strong> in India affect public perceptions in Bangladesh.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal Initiative</strong></p>
<p>It is an initiative to kick-start a smaller &lsquo;Eastern&rsquo; sub-regional grouping with the potential to act as a link between South and Southeast Asia. Reasons for India's willingness are threefold:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To strengthen trade relations with the Eastern (Bangladesh) and North Eastern (Bhutan and Nepal) neighbouring countries.</li>
<li>To improve the sub-regional connectivity in order to realise regional connectivity goals with Southeast Asia.</li>
<li>To develop the North Eastern Region of India through cross-border cooperation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The tasks of <strong>river water management must be taken seriously</strong> between two countries which share <strong>54 transboundary rivers,</strong> and which is <strong>key to prosperity,</strong> and often a source of tensions and humanitarian disasters.</li>
<li>As India rises and integrates with Bangladesh which is now one of the world&rsquo;s fastest growing economies, Delhi must get its economic bureaucrats to<strong> integrate the regional dimension into their national policy</strong> thinking.</li>
<li>The leaders of both nations must <strong>try to develop a long-term joint strategy</strong> that will facilitate <strong>national identification</strong> and <strong>generate a system of work-permits</strong> for legitimate movement of labour.</li>
<li><strong>The Land and Maritime Boundary Agreements,</strong> should be approached by different means so that they can be of <strong>mutual benefit.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Chinese Perspective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sheikh Hasina referred to the <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-editorials/05-10-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Second Informal Summit between India-China</strong></a> and highlighted how the strategic ties between India and China have evolved and how <strong>Bangladesh-India-China triangle</strong> is often obscured by the high visibility accorded to Pakistan in the uneasy relationship between the two Asian giants.</li>
<li><strong>Post Bangladesh liberation, China&rsquo;s strategic and security concerns over India&rsquo;s growing involvement</strong> in the geopolitics of the region <strong>led to its investment in Pakistan,</strong> which <strong>emboldened Rawalpindi</strong> (Pakistan army headquarter) to embark upon a <strong>proxy war against India</strong> (with terrorism as a tool) which began in 1990 and continues till now.</li>
<li>Hence, <strong>India&rsquo;s abiding regional strategic objective should be to ensure that Bangladesh does not morph into another Pakistan,</strong> either by way of being compelled into choosing Beijing over Delhi or nurturing radical Islamic ideologies domestically.</li>
<li>Currently, Bangladesh is an active partner of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/belt-and-road-initiative-perspectives-from-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</strong></a> that Delhi has not signed up to. In the <strong>security sector, Bangladesh is also a major recipient</strong> of Chinese military inventory, including submarines.</li>
<li>India needs to recognise <strong>evolving regional strategic calculus enabled by China&rsquo;s economic-trade-fiscal policies</strong> and <strong>shape its own ties</strong> with Dhaka which also has robust ties with Beijing and if this triangular relationship is managed with integrity and little diplomacy, it can unleash the positive potential of the player countries.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>India and Bangladesh must manage their <strong>geo-political realities through friendship and collaborations.</strong> They should <strong>appreciate and balance regional political realities</strong> for the interest of the people and <strong>should not trade off long-term interests for short-term gains.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pluralism has been the strength of the Indian subcontinent</strong> so that should be kept in mind to be able to celebrate South Asia&rsquo;s diversities in religion, ethnicity and language.</li>
<li>India and Bangladesh share a <strong>great relationship, areas of concern remain</strong> which need to be looked into holistically and ratified as soon as possible so that<strong> &ldquo;best of the best&rdquo; of ties</strong> between the two neighbours can be sustained forever.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ff0000; border-style: dotted; background-color: #fdffe6;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Mains Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Highlight the areas of concern in India-Bangladesh relationship and suggest measures to improve them.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/india-bangladesh-relationship'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Hindu-Kush-Himalayan Region',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>India Meteorological Department (IMD)</strong> will <strong>collaborate with</strong> meteorological agencies in <strong>China and Pakistan, among others,</strong> to provide<strong> climate forecast services</strong> to countries in the <strong>Hindu-Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>World Meteorological Organisation (WMO)</strong> has proposed for establishment of regional climate centres in Islamabad, Delhi and Beijing. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These centres are expected to provide forecasting services and climate analyses.</li>
<li>They would also provide data sharing services, training and capacity-building, research and development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Hindu-Kush-Himalayan (HKH) Region<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570611005_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570611005_image4.jpg" width="405" height="312" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The HKH region <strong>spans</strong> Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.</li>
<li>It traverses about 5 million square kilometres and hosts a large and culturally diverse population.</li>
<li>It is considered the <strong>Third Pole</strong> (after the North and South Poles), and has significant implications for climate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It contains vast cryospheric zones and is also the world&rsquo;s largest store of snow and ice outside the polar region.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A recent report by the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-report-on-climate-change-ipcc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></strong> has highlighted the t<strong>hreat to the HKH region from global warming.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Floods would become more frequent and severe in the mountainous and downstream areas of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins, because of an increase in extreme precipitation events.</li>
<li>Also, the severity of floods is expected to more than double towards the end of the century.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>India Meteorological Department</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the <strong>principal agency under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES),</strong> Government of India responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology.</li>
<li>It is <strong>headquartered in Delhi</strong> and operates hundreds of observation stations across India and Antarctica.</li>
<li>It is also one of the <strong>six Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres of the World Meteorological Organization.</strong></li>
<li>It also has the responsibility for forecasting, naming and distribution of warnings for tropical cyclones in the Northern Indian Ocean region, including the Malacca Straits, the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>World Meteorological Organization</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an <strong>intergovernmental organization</strong> with a membership of 193 Member States and Territories.</li>
<li>Established by the ratification of the WMO Convention on 23 March 1950, WMO became the <strong>specialized agency of the United Nations for meteorology</strong> (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Geneva, Switzerland.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/india-to-work-with-china-pakistan-to-gauge-impact-of-climate-change/article29620759.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/hindu-kush-himalayan-region'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Meghalayan Minor Tribes Exclusion',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Government of Meghalaya has decided to exclude <strong>&lsquo;unrepresented tribes&rsquo;</strong> from the provisions of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ladakh-under-sixth-schedule" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sixth Schedule</strong></a> of the Constitution.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The five minor tribes namely, <strong>Bodo-Kachari, Hajong, Koch, Mann, and Rabha</strong> are clubbed together as <strong>&lsquo;unrepresented tribes&rsquo;</strong> for nomination in Meghalaya&rsquo;s autonomous tribal councils.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These minor tribes are<strong> indigenous to Meghalaya</strong> and have been living in the state much before its creation in 1972.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These tribal councils are in the names of <strong>Garo, Jaintia, and Khasi</strong> district councils, that form the State&rsquo;s three major autonomous councils (predominantly the <strong>matrilineal communities).</strong></li>
<li>On September 26, 2019, a sub-committee constituted by the State government had decided to recommend to the <strong>Standing Committee of Parliament</strong> for the removal of the word &lsquo;unrepresented tribes&rsquo; from the Sixth Schedule. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This move has excluded 5 minor tribes in the State.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Sixth Schedule makes special provisions for the welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes and the tribal areas residing in the parts or the whole of the four northeastern states namely, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proposed amendment will deprive some of these Scheduled Tribes of their <strong>constitutional rights to be represented</strong> in the autonomous district councils as of now, it will not be possible for them to get elected on the basis of adult suffrage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Hajong Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Hajong are tribal people native to the Indian subcontinent mostly in the northeast <strong>Indian states and Bangladesh.</strong> The majority of them are settled in India.</li>
<li>Hajongs are predominantly the <strong>rice farmers</strong> and perform <strong>endogamy.</strong></li>
<li>The Hajongs are <strong>Hindus</strong> and observe Hindu rites and customs.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rabha Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are indigenous Mongoloid community of Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Assam, Meghalaya and West Bengal.</li>
<li>The language/dialect spoken by the <strong>Rabha</strong> people is mostly Rabha as well as Assamese.</li>
<li>In Meghalaya, Rabhas are mostly found in Garo Hills districts.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Koch Tribe</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>They are a Tibeto-Burman ethnolinguistic group of Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal, and Bangladesh.</li>
<li>Their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group.</li>
<li>According to the census of 1881, Koch belong to a group of Bodo-Kachari people.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bodo-Kachari</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a generic term applied to a number of ethnic groups that are predominantly living in the Northeast Indian state of Assam.</li>
<li>They generally speak Assamese and other Tibeto-Burman languages and have a shared ancestry.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/stop-exclusion-from-sixth-schedule-meghalaya-tribes/article29623291.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/meghalayan-minor-tribes-exclusion'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Saturn: Planet with Most Moons',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently the discovery of<strong> 20 new moons</strong> of <strong>Saturn</strong> has made <strong>Saturn the planet with the highest number of moons (82)</strong> against 79 moons of Jupiter.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The discovered moons of planet Saturn may have once comprised a larger moon that was broken apart in the distant past.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570610228_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570610228_image3.jpg" width="350" height="169" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The newly discovered moons are able to continue orbiting Saturn after their parent moons broke apart indicates that these collisions occurred after the planet-formation process was mostly complete.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These moons are the remnants of the objects that helped for planet formations thus studying the remnants might reveal the origin of the planet.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Also, studying the orbits of these moons can reveal their origins, as well as information about the conditions surrounding Saturn at the time of its formation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The research related new moons of the planet Saturn have been released by <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/asteroid-named-after-pandit-jasraj" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the International Astronomical Union&rsquo;s Minor Planet Centre.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/saturn-beats-jupiter-as-planet-with-most-moons/article29617167.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/saturn-planet-with-most-moons'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Information Fusion Centre- Sharing Maritime Data',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-of-indian-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR)</strong></a> that was set up last year (in 2018) has started functioning as an <strong>information-sharing hub</strong> of maritime data.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The centre will set up a line of action for incident responses to maritime security situations through a collaborative approach.</li>
<li>The centre is administering a <strong>website</strong> to undertake the collection and dissemination of information on a daily basis and host the <strong>Monthly Maritime Security Update</strong> (MMSU) highlighting analysis on incidents, warnings, and advisories issued in the IOR.</li>
<li>It is actively interacting with the maritime community and has already built linkages with <strong>18 countries and 15 multinational/maritime security centres.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>All countries which have signed <strong>white shipping</strong> (commercial shipping information about the movement of cargo ships) <strong>information exchange agreements</strong> with India are IFC partners.</li>
<li>Several <strong>Indian Ocean littoral states</strong> that have joined the coastal radar chain network include Maldives, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, and Seychelles.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609979_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609979_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="466" height="447" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-starts-sharing-maritime-data/article29611936.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/information-fusion-centre-sharing-maritime-data'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'UNHRC’s UPR',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The government is forming a task force to prepare a <strong>National Action Plan on Human Rights (NAPHR)</strong> as <strong>mandated</strong> under the UN Human Rights Council&rsquo;s <strong>(UNHRC) Universal Periodic Review (UPR).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The task force will involve the<strong> Union Home Ministry and the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-human-rights-commission-nhrc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)</a></strong> and have representatives from ministries such as social justice and health.</li>
<li><strong>UPR</strong> is a <strong>state-driven process under UNHRC&rsquo;s</strong> auspices and provides <strong>opportunities to member states to declare what actions they have taken to improve human rights</strong> and to fulfil their obligations.</li>
<li><strong>A review cycle lasts four-and-half years,</strong> during which records of member states are reviewed.</li>
<li>Earlier in 2017, India <strong>accepted 152 out of 250 recommendations</strong> on human rights. These <strong>pertain to sustainable development goals</strong> related to eliminating poverty, access to safe drinking water, sanitation and improving protection for women and children.</li>
<li>However, India &ldquo;noted&rdquo; and <strong>refused to accept</strong> some recommendations, including those related to the <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/afspa-in-nagaland-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Armed Forces Special Powers Act</strong> </a>and the <strong>Foreign Contribution Regulation Act.</strong></li>
<li>Also, earlier, <strong>the UN had already recommended that India should have NAPHR</strong> covering issues such as the rights to health, education, food security, and housing; aspects related to custodial justice; and measures against the trafficking of women and children.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NAPHR, once implemented, will help mitigate the criticism India faces at international level when it comes to its human rights record as well as strengthen the social justice system.</li>
<li>It will also lead to <strong>stronger administration of justice, strengthening of human rights institutions,</strong> and <strong>linking of rights with development.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UN Human Rights Council</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an <strong>inter-governmental body</strong> within the United Nations system <strong>responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe</strong> and for addressing situations of human rights violations and make recommendations on them.</li>
<li>It was created by the United Nations General Assembly on <strong>15<sup>th</sup> March 2006 and replaced the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.</strong></li>
<li>It meets at the UN Office at <strong>Geneva.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/task-force-to-improve-india-s-rights-record/story-YsnYnBZvhWLbYrt8btCWpM.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HT</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unhrc-s-upr'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'National Nutrition Survey',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The first-ever comprehensive National Nutrition Survey has been conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)</strong></a> to measure the level of malnutrition in India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey</strong></a> is the<strong> largest</strong> micronutrient survey implemented <strong>globally</strong> to assess nutrient deficiency among children for the <strong>first time in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Findings</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609160_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570609160_image2.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="615" height="305" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Breastfeeding:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>83% of children between 12 and 15 months continued to be breastfed in the country.</li>
<li><strong>A higher proportion of children (12-15 months) residing in rural areas are breastfed (85%) compared to children in urban areas (76%).</strong></li>
<li>Breastfeeding is<strong> inversely proportional</strong> to <strong>household wealth.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>rural children receive meals more frequently</strong> (44%) as compared to 37% of urban children.</li>
<li><strong>Higher proportion of children residing in urban</strong> areas (26.9%) are <strong>fed an adequately diverse diet</strong> as compared to those in rural areas (19%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Iron Deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul>
<li>Children and adolescents <strong>residing in urban areas</strong> have a <strong>higher</strong> (40.6%)<strong> prevalence of iron deficiency</strong> compared to their rural counterparts (29%) due to a better performance of the government&rsquo;s health programmes in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vitamin D Deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Higher deficiency of Vitamin D in urban areas (19%) is observed compared to rural areas (12%). This is despite 74% of children living in cities consume dairy products as compared to 58% in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Zinc deficiency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>rural children lag</strong> in the intake of zinc which causes diarrhea, growth retardation, loss of appetite and impaired immune function.</li>
<li>Among children aged <strong>1-4 years, zinc deficiency is more common in rural areas</strong> (20%) compared to urban areas (16%).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Obesity:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>14.5% of children in the age group of 5 to 9 years in urban areas have higher <strong>Subscapular Skinfold Thickness (SSFT)</strong> than 5.3% in rural areas.</li>
<li>Whereas 10.4% of adolescents surveyed in urban areas in the age group of 10-19 had higher SSFT than 4.3% in rural areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Subscapular Skinfold Thickness (SSFT)</strong> measurement is a reliable, cheap, simple, noninvasive method of body fat estimation at all ages including the neonatal period.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Stunting:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Overall 35 % of Indian children aged 0-4 years were stunted.</li>
<li>Rural areas witnesses a higher prevalence of <strong>stunting</strong> (37% ) versus 27% in urban areas.</li>
<li>Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh have a high (37-42 % ) stunting prevalence.</li>
<li>The lowest prevalence of stunting (16-21 %) was found in Goa and Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Severe Acute Malnutrition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>34.7% in rural areas for children in 5-9 years versus 23.7% in urban areas.</li>
<li>32.4%in rural areas for adolescents in 10-19 years versus 27.4% in urban areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Considering the overall scenario the<strong> rural parts of the country</strong> face a higher percentage of children suffering from stunting, underweight and wasting compared to urban parts of the country.</li>
<li>The survey also reveals that <strong>Indian children are facing the double burden of malnutrition </strong>and<strong> rising risk of non-communicable diseases</strong> including diabetes, high cholesterol, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rural-children-breastfed-more-survey/article29621019.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-nutrition-survey-1'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Ganga Aamantran',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Ganga Aamantran Abhiyan is an exploratory <strong>open-water rafting and kayaking expedition</strong> on the Ganga River that is to be held between 10<sup>th</sup> October 2019 to 11<sup>th</sup> November 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The expedition will start at <strong>Devprayag</strong> (Uttarakhand) and will culminate at <strong>Ganga Sagar</strong> (West Bengal) covering the entire stretch of the Ganga River.</li>
<li>This is the first-ever effort by<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/15-point-directive-to-clean-ganga" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> National Mission for Clean Ganga</strong></a> to raft across the entire stretch of the river.</li>
<li>The expedition is expected to draw focused attention to the ecological challenges being faced by Ganga.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is the <strong>longest ever social campaign</strong> undertaken through an adventure sporting activity to spread the message of <strong>river rejuvenation and water conservation</strong> on a massive scale.</li>
<li><strong>A nine-member team</strong> of swimmers and rafters from the three services of the <strong>Indian Armed Forces</strong> will organize mass cleaning drives, interact with students of the village/city and will further spread the message of river conservation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Apart from the awareness campaign, the team from <strong>CSIR&ndash;Indian Institute of Toxicology Research</strong> will collect water samples from across diverse ranges of the river for the purpose of water testing, while members of the <strong>Wildlife Institute of India</strong> will undertake <strong>flora and fauna census</strong> for the year 2019.</li>
<li>The expedition will encompass the five Ganga basin states that includes, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, and West Bengal.</li>
<li>Ganga Aamantran also aims to connect various Ganga&rsquo;s stakeholders in order to <strong>improve its water quality.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR- IITR)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CSIR-IITR is a leading laboratory of CSIR in toxicology research that aims to mitigate the problems associated with human health and the environment.</li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1965</strong> and is based in <strong>Lucknow, UP.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Wildlife Institute of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is an<strong> autonomous institution</strong> under the <strong>Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate change.</strong></li>
<li>It was established in <strong>1982.</strong></li>
<li>It is based in <strong>Dehradun, Uttarakhand.</strong></li>
<li>It offers training programs, academic courses, and advisory in wildlife research and management.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193671" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ganga-aamantran'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => '87th Air Force Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Defence Minister of India formally received the <strong>first Rafale fighter jet (RB-001)</strong> built for the Indian Air Force (IAF) in France on 8<sup>th</sup> October, 2019, <strong>coinciding with 87<sup>th</sup> Air Force Day.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In <strong>September 2016,</strong> India and France signed a &euro;7.87 billion <strong>Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA)</strong> for 36 Rafale multi-role fighter jets in fly-away condition.</li>
<li>As per IGA, deliveries have to begin 36 months from signing of contract and will be completed in 67 months.</li>
<li>It is expected that India will receive all aircraft by April-May 2022.</li>
<li>The<strong> RB</strong> in the aircraft designation stands for <strong>IAF Chief Marshal R.K.S. Bhadauria</strong> who as then Deputy Chief of IAF led the Indian negotiation team and had a <strong>major role in the contract negotiations.</strong></li>
<li><strong>About Rafale:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a<strong> twin-jet fighter aircraft</strong> able to operate from both an aircraft carrier and a shore base.</li>
<li>It is a fully versatile aircraft which can carry out all combat aviation missions to achieve air superiority and air defence, close air support, in-depth strikes, reconnaissance, anti-ship strikes and nuclear deterrence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Preparation:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The IAF has already completed preparations, including required infrastructure and training of pilots.</li>
<li>The aircraft will be deployed at <strong>Ambala air force station,</strong> considered one of the most strategically located bases of the IAF. The Indo-Pak border is around 220 km from there.</li>
<li>The <strong>second squadron</strong> of Rafale will be stationed at <strong>Hasimara base in West Bengal.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>87<sup>th</sup> Air Force Day</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indian Air Force was officially <strong>established on 8<sup>th</sup> October 1932.</strong></li>
<li>With around 1, 70,000 personnel and 1,500 aircraft, IAF is the <strong>fourth largest air force</strong> in the world after the US, Russia and China.</li>
<li><strong>Every year,</strong> the Air Force Day is <strong>celebrated at Hindon base</strong> in the presence of the IAF chief and senior officials of the three armed forces.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>IAF's Hindon Air Force Station, situated near Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh) is the <strong>largest in Asia</strong> and <strong>8<sup>th</sup> largest in the world.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This year the event saw IAF&rsquo;s newest acquisitions&mdash;US-made <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-26th-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chinook heavy-lift helicopters</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/induction-of-apache-helicopter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Apache attack helicopters&mdash;</strong></a>in the customary flypast.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Air Chief Marshal also made a reference to the<strong> Balakot Strikes.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-receives-first-rafale-fighter-jet-from-france/article29618964.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Sedition Law',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/criticism-is-not-sedition/article29611491.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Criticism is not sedition&rdquo;</strong></a> which was published in The Hindu on 7/10/2019. It talks about the relevance of Sedition law.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, a lower court in Bihar directed the <strong>filing of an FIR under section 124A (Sedition) of IPC against 49 eminent persons</strong> who signed an <strong>open letter</strong> to the Prime Minister of India expressing concerns over mob lynching.</p>
<p>This court decision warrants an urgent and fresh debate on the need to repeal the sedition law.</p>
<h3>Historical Background of Sedition Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sedition laws were enacted in <strong>17<sup>th</sup> century England</strong> when lawmakers believed that <strong>only good opinions of the government should survive,</strong> as bad opinions were detrimental to the government and monarchy.</li>
<li>This sentiment (and law) was borrowed and inserted into the <strong>Section 124A of IPC in 1870, by the British.</strong></li>
<li>British used Sedition law to <strong>convict and sentence freedom fighters.</strong> It was <strong>first used to prosecute Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1897.</strong></li>
<li>Mahatama Gandhi, too, was later tried for sedition for his articles in Young India.</li>
<li>The<strong> Constituent Assembly</strong> debated to include sedition as a ground for restricting free speech. However, this was successfully opposed for fear that it would be used to <strong>crush political dissent.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Supreme Court highlighted these debates in 1950 in its decisions in <strong>Brij Bhushan v the State of Delhi and Romesh Thappar v. the State of Madras.</strong></li>
<li>In these cases, the court held that a law which restricted speech on the ground that it would disturb public order was unconstitutional.</li>
<li>It also held that disturbing the public order will mean nothing less than endangering the foundations of the State or threatening its overthrow.</li>
<li>Thus, these decisions prompted the <strong>First Constitution Amendment,</strong> where Article 19(2) was rewritten to <strong>replace &ldquo;undermining the security of the State&rdquo; with &ldquo;in the interest of public order&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Analysis of Bihar Court Judgment</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In 1962, the Supreme Court decided on the constitutionality of Section 124A in <strong>Kedar Nath Singh v State of Bihar.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>It upheld the constitutionality</strong> of sedition, but limited its application to &ldquo;acts involving <strong>intention or tendency to create disorder, or disturbance of law and order, or incitement to violence&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>It distinguished these from &ldquo;very strong speech&rdquo; or the use of &ldquo;vigorous words&rdquo; strongly critical of the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 1995, the Supreme Court, in<strong> Balwant Singh v State of Punjab,</strong> held that mere sloganeering which evoked no public response did not amount to sedition.</li>
<li>However, the Bihar lower court ignored these judgments of the Supreme Court.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even if the letter is considered hateful of the government, if it did not incite violence, it is not seditious.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance of Sedition Law</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Freedom of speech often poses difficult questions, like the extent to which the State can regulate individual conduct.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Since an <strong>individual&lsquo;s autonomy is the foundation of this freedom;</strong> any restriction on it is subject to great scrutiny.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The constitution of India prescribes <strong>reasonable restrictions that</strong> can always be imposed on this right in order to ensure its responsible exercise and to ensure that it is equally available to all citizens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>These restrictions are mentioned under Article 19(2)</strong> of the Constitution of India i.e. interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sedition law helps the government to <strong>curb secessionist movement</strong> and other atrocity propaganda.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why sedition law should be repealed?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Sedition leads to a sort of <strong>unauthorised self-censorship, for it produces a chilling effect on free speech.</strong></li>
<li>It suppresses what every citizen ought to do in a democracy &mdash; raise questions, debate, disagree and challenge the government's decisions.</li>
<li>Sedition systematically <strong>destroys the soul of Gandhi&rsquo;s philosophy that is, right to dissent.</strong></li>
<li>Jawaharlal Nehru, in Parliament, clarified that the related penal provision of Section 124A was &ldquo;highly objectionable and obnoxious and the sooner we get rid of it the better&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Even the <strong>UK,</strong> where the law originated, has already repealed it.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The higher judiciary should use its <strong>supervisory powers</strong> to sensitize the magistracy and police to the constitutional provisions protecting free speech.</li>
<li>The <strong>definition of sedition should be narrowed down,</strong> to include only the issues pertaining to the territorial integrity of India as well as the sovereignty of the country.</li>
<li><strong>Civil society</strong> must take the lead to raise awareness about the arbitrary use of Sedition law.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #e7ffe3;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti Main Question</strong></em></span><br /><br />Sedition leads to a sort of unauthorised self-censorship, for it produces a chilling effect on free speech. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Donimalai : Iron Mining',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) is set to <strong>restart mining at Donimalai</strong> in Bellari district of <strong>Karnataka.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The iron ore supply is bound to increase and bring down prices particularly when many sponge iron and pellet manufacturers in the State have shut operations due to rise in cost and weak demand.</li>
<li>NMDC, which owned Donimalai mine since 1968, suspended operations in November 2018 after the Karnataka government sought 80% premium on iron mined to renew its lease for another 20 years.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570440240_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570440240_image7.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="566" height="527" /></a></p>
<h3>National Mineral Development Corporation</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Incorporated in 1958 as a Government of India fully owned public enterprise, NMDC is under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Steel, Government of India.</strong></li>
<li>Since inception involved in the exploration of a wide range of minerals including iron ore, copper, rock phosphate, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, bentonite, magnesite, diamond, tin, tungsten, graphite, beach sands etc.</li>
<li>NMDC is <strong>India's single largest iron ore producer,</strong> presently producing about 35 million tonnes of iron ore.</li>
<li>The company has been categorized by the Department of Public Enterprises as <strong>"Navratna"</strong> Public Sector Enterprise in 2008.</li>
<li>Its corporate office is located in <strong>Hyderabad.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/commodities/donimalai-effect-iron-ore-price-in-karnataka-set-to-fall-by-600tonne/article29611369.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: HBL</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/donimalai-iron-mining'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'MOSAiC: An Arctic Observatory',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <strong>Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC)</strong> is an international research expedition to study the physical, chemical, and biological processes that coupled the Arctic atmosphere, sea ice, ocean, and ecosystem.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>MOSAiC is the <strong>first year-round expedition</strong> into the <strong>central Arctic exploring the Arctic climate system.</strong></li>
<li>During the <strong>year-round operation of research,</strong> the distributed regional network of observational sites will be set up on the sea ice surrounding the ship<strong> icebreaker RV Polarstern.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The icebreaker RV Polarstern is a German Research Vessel which is mainly used for research in the Arctic and Antarctica.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The results of MOSAiC will contribute to enhance understanding of the regional and global consequences of Arctic climate change and sea-ice loss and improve weather and climate predictions.</li>
<li>The project has been designed by an international consortium of leading polar research institutions, under the umbrella of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Arctic Science Committee</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) is a non-governmental, international scientific organization</li>
<li>IASC promotes and supports leading-edge interdisciplinary research in order to foster a greater scientific understanding of the Arctic region and its role in the Earth system.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indias-vishnu-nandan-among-300-researchers-to-join-largest-ever-arctic-expedition/article29612285.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mosaic-an-arctic-observatory'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'World Cotton Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is hosting the event at the request of <strong>Cotton-4 (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali)</strong> to celebrate their official application for recognition of October 7 as World Cotton Day by the United Nations.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is organizing World Cotton Day event in collaboration with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objective</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To give exposure and recognition to cotton and all its stakeholders in production, transformation and trade,</li>
<li>To engage donors and beneficiaries and strengthen development assistance for cotton,</li>
<li>To seek new collaborations with the private sector and investors for the cotton related industries and production in developing countries and promote technological advances, as well as further research and development on cotton.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cotton</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cotton is a kharif crop which requires 6 to 8 months to mature. Its time of sowing and harvesting differs in different parts of the country depending upon the climatic conditions.</li>
<li>Cotton is the crop of tropical and sub-tropical areas and requires uniformly high temperature varying between 21&deg;C and 30&deg;C. The growth of cotton is retarded when the temperature falls below 20&deg;C.</li>
<li>Cotton is a drought &ndash; resistant crop ideal for arid climates and requires an average annual rainfall of 50- 100 cm.</li>
<li>It requires at least 210 frost free days in a year.</li>
<li>It occupies just 2.1 % of the world&rsquo;s arable land, yet it meets 27% of the world&rsquo;s textiles need. In addition to its fibre used in textiles and apparel, food products are also derived from cotton like edible oil and animal feed from the seed.</li>
<li>India is the <strong>second largest</strong> producer of cotton in the world after China.</li>
<li>Between 2011 and 2018, India implemented a <strong>Cotton Technical Assistance Programme (Cotton TAP-I)</strong> for seven African countries namely <strong>Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Chad and also Uganda, Malawi and Nigeria.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The technical assistance focused on improving the competitiveness of the cotton and cotton-based textiles and apparel industry in these countries through a series of interventions which had significant outcomes leading to a demand for a follow on project.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cotton Corporation of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>CCI was established on 31<sup>st</sup> July 1970 under the administrative control of Ministry of Textiles, Government of India as a Public Sector Undertaking under the Companies Act 1956.</li>
<li>CCI is having pan India presence through headquarters at <strong>Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra)</strong> to safeguard the economic interest of cotton farmers in all the cotton growing regions and to ensure smooth supply of good quality cotton to the textile industry in India.</li>
<li>The major role of the CCI is to undertake price support operations, whenever the market prices of cotton falls below the minimum support prices (MSP).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1587220" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source:PIB</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'Geotail',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, an instrument on <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/chandrayaan-2-mission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chandrayaan-2</strong></a> named <strong>CLASS (Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer)</strong> has detected charged particles present on the moon soil during the orbiter&rsquo;s passage through the &ldquo;Geotail&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to ISRO, the intensity of these charged particles (believed to be mostly electrons) changed as much as ten times the levels outside the Geotail.</li>
<li>The detection of these charged particles on the surface of the moon can <strong>help understand the complex interaction of these particles with the magnetic field.</strong></li>
<li>It will also help to <strong>measure the fluxes, energy spectra, and charge types of charged particles bombarding the lunar surface</strong> and to investigate the interaction of these particles and other forms of radiation with the lunar surface.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570435231_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1570435231_image4.jpg" width="558" height="312" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Geotail region exists as a result of the <strong>interactions between the Sun and Earth.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sun emits the solar wind, which is a continuous stream of charged particles.</li>
<li>These particles are embedded in the extended magnetic field of the Sun.</li>
<li>Since the Earth has a magnetic field, it obstructs the solar wind plasma.</li>
<li>This interaction results in the formation of a magnetic envelope around Earth.</li>
<li>On the Earth side facing the Sun, the envelope is compressed into a region that is approximately three to four times the Earth's radius.</li>
<li>On the opposite side, the envelope is stretched into a long tail, which extends beyond the orbit of the Moon called the<strong> Geotail.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Once every 29 days,</strong> the Moon traverses the Geotail <strong>for about six days.</strong></li>
<li>The G<strong>eotail region</strong> allows the <strong>best scientific observations.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS)</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The objective of CLASS is to map the abundance of major <strong>rock-forming elements</strong> on the lunar surface using the <strong>technique of X-ray fluorescence</strong> during <strong>solar flare events.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The solar flare provides a rich source of X-rays to illuminate the surface.</li>
<li>Secondary X-ray emission resulting from this can be detected by CLASS to directly detect the presence of key elements like Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Aluminium (Al), Iron (Fe), etc. on the lunar surface.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-geotail-chandrayaan-isro-6056753/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
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$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/articlebox.ctp, line 5
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Search/index.ctp, line 85
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93

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