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Trauma Care Centres for Road Accident Victims

The Government of India has taken initiatives towards setting up of Trauma Care Facilities along National Highways, under the scheme “Capacity...

23 Jul 2019 News Analysis
South Asians at Higher Health Risks

According to a study published in Nature Scientific Reports,South Asians, even those who move to other countries, are at a higher risk of diabetes...

23 Jul 2019 News Analysis
RTI Amendment Bill 2019

This article is based on “The tremor of unwelcome amendments to the RTI Act” which appeared in The Hindu on 22nd July 2019. It...

22 Jul 2019 News Editorials
Reforms in Army

Government has approved major reforms in the Indian Army which will begin with the restructuring of Army Headquarters. The Army headquarters had...

22 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Governance Reforms in Jammu and Kashmir

The Parliament has extended the President Rule In Jammu & Kashmir for another six months. Governance Issues in J&K The Central government...

22 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System

The Election Commission of India’s Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System has recorded a highest service voter turnout ratio...

22 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Rocket Fuel

The fuel that will power the core (or the middle unit of the lower part) of the GSLV Mk-III, the rocket to be used in the Chandrayaan-2 mission is...

22 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Bhabha Kavach

India’s lightest and cheapest bullet proof jacket ‘Bhabha Kavach’ was displayed at the International Police Expo 2019 held at...

22 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Producing New Antibiotics Through Robotics

Researchers have produced a new class of antibiotics, known as class II Polyketides, by using robotics to engineer Escherichia coli (E. coli), a...

22 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Temple Architecture

Introduction Most of the architectural remains that survive from Ancient and Medieval India are religious in nature. In different parts of the...

22 Jul 2019 Paper 1
Politics of Defection

This article is based on the “Does the anti-defection law serves any purpose?”. It talks about the desirability of Anti-defection law in...

20 Jul 2019 News Editorials
Protection of Human Right (Amendment) Bill, 2019

To make the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) more inclusive and efficient, Lok Sabha passes the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Bill,...

20 Jul 2019 News Analysis
One Stop Centre Scheme

One stop centre is a centrally sponsored scheme of Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD), for addressing the problem of violence against...

20 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Declining Hangul Population

The Hangul (or Kashmiri Stag) population monitoring exercise has revealed an alarming decline in the fawn-hind and stag-hind ratio of the hangul...

20 Jul 2019 News Analysis
IUCN Red List

The latest update to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species shows that more and more species...

20 Jul 2019 News Analysis
East Asian Model for India

This article is based on editorial “Inappropriate template for a legitimate target” which appeared in The Hindu on 19th July 2019. It...

19 Jul 2019 News Editorials
Cannabis Debate

Recently a cannabis advocacy group has filed a petition regarding decriminalizing cannabis in Delhi High Court. Cannabis is a generic term used to...

19 Jul 2019 News Analysis
West Antarctic Ice Sheet

A recent study has revealed that the giant West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is destabilising and is on the verge of a complete collapse. The...

19 Jul 2019 News Analysis
Rhesus Macaque Declared Vermin

The Union Environment Ministry has declared Monkeys (Rhesus Macaque) as ‘vermin’ in Himachal Pradesh. It will allow local authorities...

19 Jul 2019 News Analysis
SAGAR MAITRI

Oceanographic research vessel of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), INS Sagardhwani, embarked on a two-month-long SAGAR MAITRI...

19 Jul 2019 News Analysis

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		(int) 0 => [
			'title' => 'Trauma Care Centres for Road Accident Victims',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Government of India has taken initiatives towards setting up of Trauma Care Facilities along National Highways, under the scheme &ldquo;Capacity Building for Developing Trauma Care Facilities on National Highways&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The overall objective of the scheme is to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-status-report-on-road-safety-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bring down preventable deaths due to road accidents</strong></a> by developing a pan-India trauma care network.</li>
<li>The scheme provides for setting up a designated trauma center at every 100 km on NHs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>WHO&rsquo;s Global Burden of Disease Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to this project, road traffic accidents (RTA) cause over 1.27 million deaths a year.</li>
<li>Road Traffic injuries are consistently one of the top three causes of death for people aged 5 to 44 years.</li>
<li>It is estimated that unless immediate actions are taken road deaths will be the fifth leading cause of death by 2030, leading to an estimated 2.4 million deaths per year.</li>
<li>Over 90% of the world&rsquo;s fatalities on the roads occur in low-income and middle-income countries, which have only 48% of the world&rsquo;s vehicles.</li>
<li>In India, accidental injury is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity.</li>
<li>India has just one per cent of total vehicles in the world but accounts for six per cent of total road accidents.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.pib.nic.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1579798" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></strong></p>',
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		],
		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'South Asians at Higher Health Risks',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to a study published in Nature Scientific Reports,South Asians, even those who move to other countries, are at a <strong>higher risk of diabetes than people of most other ethnicities, the reason for this is their relatively low lean mass.</strong></p>
<h3>Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mesolithic hunter-gatherer ancestors of South Asians were much taller, but low lean mass has characterised South Asians for at least 11,000 years, putting them at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-injection-for-type-2-diabetes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>higher risk of type-2 diabetes</strong></a> <strong>and other <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-communicable diseases (NCDs)</a></strong> such as heart disease, according to the study which analysed 197 archaeological and recent South Asian adult skeletons.</li>
<li>Height decreased by 8.5cm in men and 7.7cm in women when South Asians transitioned from hunting and gathering to farming around 9,000 years ago, but their <strong>lean mass (organ and muscle mass) has remained unchanged</strong> over the past 11,000 years, the study said.</li>
<li>The study suggests that while height is determined by nutritional factors, physique (bone breadth and lean mass) reflects ecological pressures.</li>
<li>The ancient origins of low lean mass in South Asians would be most consistent with long-term adaptation to ecological pressures, rather than more recent dietary change or the impact of 19<sup>th</sup>-20<sup>th</sup> century famines exacerbated by British colonial policy.</li>
<li>Low lean mass is present at birth in South Asian babies compared with European babies. Even after South Asian families migrate to other parts of the world, such as the UK, their children, after several generations still have low lean mass compared with children of European ancestry.</li>
<li>People of South Asian ancestry are at a higher risk of diabetes, compared to their European counterparts, even after considering the risks like unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyles and obesity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Projection</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since changes in lean mass are unlikely over the next four to five generations, making <strong>lifestyle interventions are crucial to containing NCDs,</strong> which account for 60% of all deaths in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The implications of the study are that <strong>low lean mass is a very ancient characteristic,</strong> so it is unlikely to change much in the coming generations.</li>
<li>This means that other interventions, especially the <strong>promotion of healthy lifestyles,</strong> are particularly critical to manage the growing health and economic burden of chronic diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Building muscle mass and high fitness levels</strong> have the potential for averting diabetes, and even heart disease.</li>
<li>South Asians need to build lean muscle mass from an early age, so sports should be an integral part of school curriculum, along with muscle-building exercises and <strong>enhanced protein intake.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Diabetes</strong> is defined as a condition that occurs when the body cannot efficiently make use of glucose that serves as a source of energy for body cells. A hormone called Insulin controls blood sugar levels.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Diabetes is either caused by insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas or if the body cells not effectively responds to the <strong>insulin</strong> produced.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Diabetes Mellitus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the inability of the body to effectively use or respond to the insulin produced by the body, and as a result, blood sugar levels cannot be regulated effectively. It is further classified into two types,</li>
<li><strong>Type 1 Diabetes:</strong> It occurs when the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin.</li>
<li><strong>Type 2 Diabetes:</strong> Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. In this condition body does not use insulin properly. This is called insulin resistance.The main reason for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes is due to obesity and lack of exercise.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/low-lean-mass-puts-south-asians-at-higher-health-risks-research/story-xwLJEllnN9ZCGKDpGEo30L.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: HT</a></strong></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/south-asians-at-higher-health-risks'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'RTI Amendment Bill 2019',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-tremor-of-unwelcome-amendments/article28628537.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>&ldquo;The tremor of unwelcome amendments to the RTI Act&rdquo;</strong></em></a> which appeared in The Hindu on 22<sup>nd</sup> July 2019. It critically analyses the proposed amendments in the RTI Act.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, Right to Information (Amendment) Bill has been tabled in the parliament, which seeks to amend the status, salary and tenure of the Central Information Commissioners (CICs) and State Information Commissioners.</p>
<p>However, the Right to Information (Amendment) Bill is seen as a twin attack on accountability and the idea of federalism.</p>
<h3>What are the proposed amendments?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Right to Information (Amendment) Bill, 2019, seeks to amend Sections 13, 16, and 27 of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RTI Act.</strong></a></li>
<li>Section 13 of the original Act:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It sets the term of the central Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners at five years (or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier)</li>
<li>It states that salaries, allowances and other terms of service of &ldquo;the Chief Information Commissioner shall be the same as that of the Chief Election Commissioner&rdquo;, and those of an Information Commissioner shall be the same as that of an Election Commissioner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Proposed amendments:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The appointment will be &ldquo;for such <strong>term as may be prescribed by the Central Government&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The salaries, allowances and other terms of service of the Chief Information Commissioner and the Information Commissioners &ldquo;shall be such as <strong>may be prescribed by the Central Government&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Section 16 of the original Act deals with state-level Chief Information Commissioners and Information Commissioners.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proposed amendment allows the Central government to control through rules, the terms and conditions of appointment of Commissioners in the States.</li>
<li><strong>This is an assault on the idea of federalism.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, the status of the Central Information Commissioners (CICs) has been brought on par with the Election Commissioners and the status of State Information Commissioners with the Chief Secretary in the States so that they can function in an independent and effective manner.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However the amendment has neglected the recommendation of the parliamentary standing committee that the Information Commissioner and CIC were to be made on par with the Election Commissioner and the CEC, respectively.</li>
<li>The amendment empowers the Central government to unilaterally decide the tenure, salary, allowances and other terms of service of Information Commissioners, both at the Centre and the States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/389image1.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/389image1.webp" width="502" height="440" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>What are the issues in the proposed amendment?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The RTI law has been a breakthrough in creating mechanisms and platforms for the practice of continual public vigilance that are fundamental to democratic citizenship.</li>
<li>It has always been a constant challenge to the misuse of power, a threat to arbitrariness, privilege, and corrupt governance.</li>
<li>The RTI has been used to question every public institution on matters of public interest like the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a>, the Finance Ministry, on demonetisation, non-performing assets, the Rafale fighter aircraft deal, electoral bonds, unemployment figures, the appointment of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-vigilance-commission-cvc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Vigilance Commissioner</strong></a> (CVC) etc.</li>
<li>Importance of RTI can be ascertained from the fact that <strong>nearly 60 lakh RTI applications are being filed every year.</strong></li>
<li>The information related to decision-making at the highest level has in most cases eventually been accessed <strong>because of the independence and high status of the Information Commission.</strong></li>
<li>It has been acknowledged that one of the most important structural constituents of any independent oversight institution, i.e. the CVC, the Election Commissioners (CEC), the Lokpal, and the CIC is a basic guarantee of tenure.</li>
<li><strong>Thus, these amendments will lead to the dismantling of transparency architecture as they empower the Central government to unilaterally decide tenure, salary, allowances and other terms of service of Information Commissioners (both at the Centre and the States).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Commission which is vested by law with status, independence and authority, will now function as a department of the Central government.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These amendments fundamentally weaken an important part of the RTI architecture.</li>
<li>They violate the constitutional principles of federalism, undermine the independence of Information Commissions, and thereby significantly dilute the widely used framework for transparency in India.</li>
<li>It was because of these reasons that MP Shashi Tharoor called this bill as an &ldquo;RTI elimination Bill&rdquo; that removes the organisation&rsquo;s independence.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Independent structures set up to regulate and monitor the government are vital to a democratic state committed to deliver justice and constitutional guarantees.</li>
<li>The separation of powers is a concept which underscores this independence and is vital to our democratic <strong>checks and balances.</strong></li>
<li>So when power is centralised, the freedom of expression is threatened which can lead to the decline of democracy.<br /><br /></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #2b00ff; background-color: #4000ff;">
<td style="width: 505px; background-color: #cdf7e4; border-style: dotted;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />The Right to Information (Amendment) Bill 2019 is seen as a twin attack on accountability and the idea of federalism. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rti-amendment-bill-2019'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Reforms in Army ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Government has approved major reforms in the Indian Army which will begin with the restructuring of Army Headquarters.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Army headquarters had instituted 4 studies with an overall aim to enhance the operational and functional efficiency of the force, optimize budget expenditure, facilitate modernization and address aspirations.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Re-organisation and right-sizing of the Indian Army&rsquo;</strong> which focuses on operational structures to make the force efficient and future-ready by taking into account the operational situation on western and northern borders.</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Re-organisation of the Army Headquarters&rsquo;</strong> with an aim to bring in "integration and preclude the redundancies.</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Cadre review of officers'</strong> whose focus was to recommend how to carry out reorganization and restructuring to meet the aspirations of the officers' cadre.</li>
<li><strong>'Review of terms of engagement of rank and file'</strong> which was aimed at harnessing the higher life expectancy and ensuring the younger profile of key commands and motivation of the personnel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/362image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/362image2.jpg" width="481" height="491" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Shekatkar Committee</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ministry of Defence under the chairmanship of Lt. Gen (Retd) DB Shekatkar had constituted a committee to recommend measures to enhance combat capability and rebalance defence expenditure of the armed forces in 2015.</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Closure of Military Farms and Army Postal Establishments in peace locations.</li>
<li>Enhancement in standards for recruitment of clerical staff and drivers in the Army.</li>
<li>Improving the efficiency of the National Cadet Corps.</li>
<li>Recommended a roll-on defence budget to have enough capital expenditure available for modernisation as against the present practice of surrendering unspent capital budget at the end of each financial year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/revamp-of-army-headquarters-to-get-under-way-by-end-of-july/article28628974.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reforms-in-army'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Governance Reforms in Jammu and Kashmir',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Parliament has extended the President Rule In <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu &amp; Kashmir</strong></a> for another six months.</p>
<h3>Governance Issues in J&amp;K</h3>
<p>The Central government has extended its rule in the state while promoting grassroot democracy which seems contradictory and violation of spirit of federalism. Other issues involved are:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Poor economic development.</li>
<li>Failure to deliver even basic facilities.</li>
<li>Widespread corruption among government employees.</li>
<li>Human Rights Abuse.</li>
<li>Unemployment among youth.</li>
<li>Security threat from Cross border infiltration.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives Taken to address governance issues in J&amp;K</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/942image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/942image3.jpg" width="492" height="418" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ladakh-gets-divisional-status" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Divisional Status to Ladakh</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Back to Villages&rsquo;</strong> program under which government officers visit villages to redress grievances of people at their doorsteps.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>President's Rule in J&amp;K</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In case of breakdown of Constitutional machinery in the state, there are two prescriptions <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Governor's Rule under J&amp;K Constitution</li>
<li>Presidential Rule under the Indian Constitution (Article 356)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governor's rule </strong>is<strong> first</strong> imposed for six months in the state with the approval of the President. In case, the constitutional crisis is not resolved within 6-months, <strong>President's Rule</strong> is extended to the state under article<strong> 356 of Indian Constitution</strong> for a maximum period of 3-years with Parliamentary approval after every 6 months.</li>
<li>President's Rule is extended to other states in case of breakdown of constitutional machinery under Art. 356 and under Art. 365 in case of failure of state govt to comply with orders of Central Govt. However, there is <strong>no</strong> such provision of <strong>Governor's Rule</strong> in other states.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centres-jammu-and-kashmir-playbook-goes-down-to-the-grassroots/article28628765.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governance-reforms-in-jammu-and-kashmir'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission of India&rsquo;s</strong></a> Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System has recorded a highest&nbsp;<strong>service voter turnout</strong> ratio during Lok sabha election 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ETPBS enables the entitled service voters to cast their vote (on <strong>electronically received postal ballot</strong>) from their preferred location, which is outside their originally assigned voting constituency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Service voters:</strong> Individuals working in <strong>central forces</strong> under arms act and <strong>government officials</strong> deployed in embassies outside the country are classified as service voters and are provisioned for online enrolment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>&nbsp;It is developed by the Election Commission of India with the help of Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), for the use of the service voters.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Eligibility</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Classified service voters,</strong> other than those who opt for proxy voting.</li>
<li>The <strong>wife of a service voter</strong> who ordinarily resides with him.</li>
<li><strong>Overseas voters</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Flexibility:</strong> Service voters can avail this service from anywhere outside their assigned constituency.</li>
<li><strong>Database:</strong> System facilitates creation of service voter electoral roll data.</li>
<li><strong>Secure:&nbsp;</strong>It is a secure system, having two layer of security:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OTP (one time password) is required to download encrypted electronically transmitted postal ballot file.</li>
<li>PIN is required to decrypt, print and deliver ETPB.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Less time consuming:</strong> Time constraint involved in dispatch of postal ballot has been addressed using this system, as it sends postal ballots electronically to eligible service voters.</li>
<li><strong>No duplication:</strong> Secrecy is maintained and no duplication of casted ETPB is possible due to the unique quick response code.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192031" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electronically-transmitted-postal-ballot-system'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Rocket Fuel',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The fuel that will power the core (or the middle unit of the lower part) of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-2nd-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GSLV Mk-III,</strong></a> the rocket to be used in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-chandrayaan-II-postponed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chandrayaan-2 mission</strong></a> is UDMH (Unsymmetrical Di-Methyl Hydrazine).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/403image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/403image1.jpg" width="273" height="267" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO)</strong></a> is using the highly toxic and corrosive fuel UDMH <strong>(Unsymmetrical Di-Methyl Hydrazine),</strong> along with the oxidiser nitrogen Tetroxide. This is called a <strong>&ldquo;dirty combination&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Elsewhere in the world, space programmes have moved to a cleaner and greener fuel &mdash; liquid methane or kerosene.</li>
<li>Shifting to liquid methane would mean bringing in cryogenic engine because any gas would need to be kept in extremely low temperatures to stay liquefied.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-2nd-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GSLV Mk III</strong></a> is a three-stage heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by ISRO. The vehicle has two solid strap-ons, a core liquid booster and a cryogenic upper stage.</li>
<li>GSLV Mk III is designed to carry 4 ton class of satellites into <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gsat-29-satellite-launched-1-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)</strong></a> or about 10 tons to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-shakti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Low Earth Orbit (LEO)</strong></a>, which is about twice the capability of GSLV Mk II.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Propellant Used in Rocket</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The propellant is the chemical mixture burned to produce thrust in rockets and consists of a<strong> fuel and an oxidizer.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fuel</strong> is a substance that burns when combined with oxidiser for propulsion.</li>
<li><strong>The oxidizer</strong> is an agent that releases oxygen for combination with a fuel. The ratio of oxidizer to fuel is called the mixture ratio.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Propellants are classified according to their state - <strong>liquid, solid, or hybrid.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Liquid Propellants:</strong> In a liquid propellant rocket, the fuel and oxidizer are stored in separate tanks and are fed through a system of pipes, valves, and turbopumps to a combustion chamber where they are combined and burned to produce thrust.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong> Liquid propellant engines are more complex than their solid propellant counterparts, however, they offer several advantages. By controlling the flow of propellant to the combustion chamber, the engine can be throttled, stopped, or restarted.</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages:</strong> The main difficulties with liquid propellants are with oxidizers. Storable oxidizers, such as nitric acid and nitrogen tetroxide are extremely toxic and highly reactive, while cryogenic propellants being stored at low temperature and can also have reactivity/toxicity issues.</li>
<li>Liquid propellants used in rocketry can be classified into three types: <strong>petroleum, cryogens, and hypergolic.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Petroleum fuels</strong> are those refined from crude oil and are a mixture of complex hydrocarbons, i.e. organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. The petroleum used as rocket fuel is a type of highly refined kerosene.</li>
<li><strong>Cryogenic propellants</strong> are liquefied gases stored at very low temperatures, most frequently liquid hydrogen (LH2) as the fuel and liquid oxygen (LO2 or LOX) as the oxidizer. Hydrogen remains liquid at temperatures of -253 oC (-423 oF) and oxygen remains in a liquid state at temperatures of -183 oC (-297 oF).</li>
<li><strong>Hypergolic propellants</strong> and oxidizers that ignite spontaneously on contact with each other and require no ignition source. The easy start and restart capability of hypergolic make them ideal for spacecraft manoeuvring systems. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since hypergolic remain liquid at normal temperatures, they do not pose the storage problems like cryogenic propellants. Hypergolic are highly toxic and must be handled with extreme care. Hypergolic fuels commonly include hydrazine, monomethyl-hydrazine (MMH) and unsymmetrical dimethyl-hydrazine (UDMH).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solid propellant:</strong> These are the simplest of all rocket designs. They consist of a casing, usually steel, filled with a mixture of solid compounds (fuel and oxidizer) that burn at a rapid rate, expelling hot gases from a nozzle to produce thrust. When ignited, a solid propellant burns from the centre out towards the sides of the casing.&nbsp;</li>
<li>There are two families of solids propellants: <strong>homogeneous and composite.</strong> Both types are dense, stable at ordinary temperatures, and easily storable.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Composites</strong> are composed mostly of a mixture of granules of solid oxidizers, such as <strong>ammonium nitrate, ammonium dinitramide, ammonium perchlorate, or potassium nitrate</strong> in a polymer binding agent.</li>
<li>Single-, double-, or triple-bases (depending on the number of primary ingredients) are <strong>homogeneous mixtures</strong> of one to three primary ingredients.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong> Solid propellant rockets are much easier to store and handle than liquid propellant rockets. High propellant density makes for compact size as well.</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages:</strong> Unlike liquid-propellant engines, solid propellant motors cannot be shut down. Once ignited, they will burn until all the propellant is exhausted.</li>
<li><strong>Hybrid propellant:</strong> These engines represent an intermediate group between solid and liquid propellant engines. One of the substances is solid, usually the fuel, while the other, usually the oxidizer, is liquid. The liquid is injected into the solid, whose fuel reservoir also serves as the combustion chamber. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>main advantage</strong> of such engines is that they have high performance, similar to that of solid propellants, but the combustion can be moderated, stopped, or even restarted. It is difficult to make use of this concept for very large thrusts, and thus, hybrid propellant engines are rarely built.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cryogenic Rocket</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses a cryogenic fuel or oxidizer, that is, its fuel or oxidizer (or both) are <strong>gases liquefied and stored at very low temperature.</strong></li>
<li>A Cryogenic rocket stage is more efficient and provides more thrust for every kilogram of propellant it burns compared to solid and earth-storable liquid propellant rocket stages. <strong>Specific impulse</strong> achievable with cryogenic propellants (liquid Hydrogen and liquid Oxygen) is much higher compared to earth storable liquid and solid propellants, giving it a substantial payload advantage.</li>
<li>Oxygen liquefies at -183 deg C and Hydrogen at -253 deg C also entails complex ground support systems like propellant storage and filling systems, cryo engine and stage test facilities, transportation and handling of cryo fluids and related safety aspects.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Specific Impulse</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The gauge for rating the efficiency of rocket propellants is <strong>specific impulse</strong>, stated in seconds. Specific impulse indicates how many pounds (or kilograms) of thrust are obtained by the consumption of one pound (or kilogram) of propellant in one second.</li>
<li>Specific impulse is characteristic of the type of propellant, however, its exact value will vary to some extent with the operating conditions and design of the rocket engine.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/isros-dirty-fuel-dilemma/article28628087.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: THBL</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rocket-fuel'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Bhabha Kavach',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>India&rsquo;s <strong>lightest</strong> and <strong>cheapest bullet proof jacket</strong> &lsquo;Bhabha Kavach&rsquo; was displayed at the <strong>International Police Expo 2019</strong> held at Pragati Maidan<strong> in New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The expo was organised by <strong>Nexgen Exhibitions</strong> (Asia&rsquo;s leading and established trade fair, exhibition and conference organizer).</li>
<li>The bullet proof jacket weighs just <strong>6.6 kg</strong> (in comparison to traditional jackets which weigh around 17-kg).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Production and Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhabha Kavach was <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>developed indigenously</strong></a> by Defence organizations like <strong>Ordnance Factory Board</strong> and <strong>Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited</strong> (MIDHANI) with transfer of carbon-nanomaterial technology from <strong>Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</strong> (BARC).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>MIDHANI,</strong> is a (public sector undertaking) specialized metals and metal alloys manufacturing facility in India, located in <strong>Hyderabad, Telangana.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ordnance Factory Board</strong> is an industrial organisation, functioning under the Department of Defence Production , Ministry of Defence (headquartered in Kolkata).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Manufacturing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhabha Kavach is built from layers of<strong> high-density, high-tenacity polyethylene,</strong> which are fused together at <strong>high temperatures</strong> to form a thick, hard armour plate, which is then sprayed with BARC&rsquo;s <strong>carbon nanomaterial.</strong></li>
<li>The material used in the jacket are <strong>hard boron carbide ceramics, carbon nano-tubes</strong> and <strong>composite polymer</strong> (polymer made up of two or other types of polymer).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BARC is India&rsquo;s premier <strong>nuclear research</strong> facility based in Mumbai, Maharashtra.</li>
<li>It is a multi-disciplinary research center with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development.</li>
<li>Its core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power generation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the backdrop of several terrorist attacks ( like Uri , Pulwama), Indian security forces are in the dire need to develop an advanced, efficient and cost-effective security system which can potentially deal with the fast changing threats of the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</li>
<li>Central Armed Police Forces like Central Reserve Police Force, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bold-qit-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Border Security Force,</strong></a> Indo-Tibet Border Police, and Sashastra Seema Bal, which secure our border areas are more exposed to security threats and hence, Bhabha Kavach has been designed to protect Indian defence forces against:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>AK-47 rifle:</strong> 7.62mm hard steel core or bullets fired from an AK-47 rifle.</li>
<li><strong>INSAS bullet:</strong> 5.56mm Indian Small Arms System (INSAS) bullet.</li>
<li><strong>SLR:</strong> 7.65mm bullet of self-loading rifle (SLR).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bhabha-kavach-to-block-7-62-mm-ak-47-bullets-for-paramilitary-forces-119072200026_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: Business Standard</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhabha-kavach'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Producing New Antibiotics Through Robotics',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Researchers have produced a new class of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-drug-resistance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antibiotics</strong></a>, known as <strong>class II Polyketides, </strong>by<strong> using robotics to engineer Escherichia coli (E. coli),</strong> a common gut bacterium.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These antibiotics are also naturally produced by soil bacteria and <strong>have antimicrobial properties</strong> which are vital in the modern pharmaceutical industry to combat infectious diseases and cancer.</li>
<li>The naturally produced Escherichia coli bacteria are difficult to work with as they grow in dense clumps that are incompatible with the automated robotic systems used for modern biotechnology research.</li>
<li>By transferring the production machinery from the soil bacteria into E. coli, the researchers have made this class of antibiotics <strong>accessible for much more rapid exploration.</strong></li>
<li>This breakthrough could be vital for the ongoing <strong>combat against</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antimicrobial resistance,</strong></a> as recently developed automated robotics systems can now be used to create new antibiotics in a fast and efficient way.</li>
<li>It will now be possible to explore and engineer polyketides using robotic systems to develop new and diversified polyketides in an automated, rapid and versatile fashion.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Antibiotics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antibiotics are chemical substances, which are produced by some microbes and can kill or retard the growth of other (disease-causing) microbes.</li>
<li>Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered. This antibiotic was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/robots-help-produce-new-class-of-antibiotics/articleshow/70323447.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TOI</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/producing-new-antibiotics-through-robotics'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Temple Architecture',
			'catname' => 'Paper 1',
			'desc' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the architectural remains that survive from Ancient and Medieval India are religious in nature.</li>
<li>In different parts of the country, distinct architectural style of temples was result of geographical, ethnic and historical diversities.</li>
<li>Two broad orders of temples in the country are known as <strong>Nagara in the north and Dravida in the south.</strong></li>
<li>At times, the <strong>Vesara style</strong> of temples is also found as an independent style, created through the selective mixing of the Nagara and Dravida orders.</li>
<li>As temples grew more complex, more surfaces were created for sculpture by adding more and more rhythmically projecting, symmetrical walls and niches, without breaking away from the fundamental plan of the shrine.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Basic Features of the Hindu Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The basic form of the Hindu temple comprises the following:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sanctum (garbhagriha</strong> literally &lsquo;womb-house&rsquo;)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a small cubicle with a single entrance which grew into a larger chamber in time.</li>
<li>The garbhagriha is made to house the main icon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Entrance to the temple</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It may be a portico or colonnaded hall that incorporates space for a large number of worshippers and is known as a <strong>mandapa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Freestanding temples tend to have a <strong>mountain-like spire</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can take the shape of a curving <strong>shikhar</strong> in North India and a pyramidal tower, called a <strong>vimana</strong>, in South India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The vahan</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was mount or vehicle of the temple&rsquo;s main deity along with a standard pillar or dhvaj is placed axially before the sanctum.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many Hindu temples, feature <strong>mithun (embracing couple) sculptures,</strong> considered auspicious.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Usually, they are placed at the entrance of the temple or on an exterior wall or they may also be placed on the walls between the mandapa and the main shrine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961344_image20.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961344_image20.jpg" width="650" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Nagara or North Indian Temple Style</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In North India it is common for an entire temple to be built on a <strong>stone platform with steps leading up to it.</strong></li>
<li>Further, unlike in South India it <strong>does not usually have elaborate boundary walls</strong> or gateways.</li>
<li>While the earliest temples had just one tower, or shikhara, later temples had several.</li>
<li>The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower.</li>
<li>There are many subdivisions of nagara temples depending on the shape of the shikhara.</li>
<li>There are different names for the various parts of the temple in different parts of India; however, the most common name for the simple shikhara which is square at the base and whose walls curve or slope inward to a point on top is called the <strong>'latina'</strong> or the rekha-prasada type of shikara.</li>
<li>The second major type of architectural form in the nagara order is the <strong>phamsana,</strong> which tends to be broader and shorter than latina ones.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Their roofs are composed of several slabs that gently rise to a single point over the centre of the building, unlike the latina ones which look like sharply rising tall towers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The third main sub-type of the nagara building is generally called the <strong>valabhi type.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are rectangular buildings with a roof that rises into a vaulted chamber.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Central India Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ancient temples of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan share many traits. The most visible is that they are <strong>made of sandstone.</strong></li>
<li>Some of the oldest surviving <strong>structural temples from the Gupta Period</strong> are in Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li>The crowning elements- <strong>amalak and kalash,</strong> are to be found on all nagara temples of this period.</li>
<li>These are relatively modest-looking shrines each having four pillars that support a small mandapa which looks like a simple square porch-like extension before an equally small room that served as the garbhagriha.</li>
<li><strong>Udaigiri,</strong> which is on the outskirts of Vidisha is part of a larger Hindu complex of cave shrines, while the other one is at Sanchi, near the stupa.</li>
<li><strong>Deogarh</strong> (in Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh) was built in the early sixth century CE, is a classic example of a late Gupta Period type of temple.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This temple is in the <strong>panchayatana style of architecture</strong> where the main shrine is built on a rectangular plinth with four smaller subsidiary shrines at the four corners (making it a total number of five shrines, hence the name, panchayatana).</li>
<li>The presence of this curving latina or rekha-prasada type of shikhara also makes it clear that this is an early example of a <strong>classic nagara style of temple.</strong></li>
<li>The temple depicts Vishnu in various forms, due to which it was assumed that the four subsidiary shrines must also have housed Vishnu&rsquo;s avatars and the temple was mistaken for a dashavatara temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Predating the tenth century, <strong>Chausath Yogini temple</strong> is a temple of small, square shrines of roughly-hewn granite blocks, each dedicated to goddesses associated with the rise of Tantric worship after the seventh century.Built between 7<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> centuries, several such temples were dedicated to the cult of the yoginis across Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and even as far south as Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>There are many temples at <strong>Khajuraho,</strong> most of them devoted to Hindu gods. There are some Jain temples as well.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Khajuraho&rsquo;s temples are also known for their <strong>extensive erotic sculptures;</strong> the erotic expression is given equal importance in human experience as spiritual pursuit, and it is seen as part of a larger cosmic whole.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Lakshmana temple</strong> of Khajuraho, dedicated to Vishnu, was built in 954 by the Chandela king, Dhanga. It is a nagara temple placed on a high platform accessed by stairs.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961621_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961621_image5.jpg" width="550" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kandariya Mahadeo temple at Khajuraho</strong> is the epitome of temple architecture in Central India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961699_image16.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961699_image16.jpg" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Westen Indian Temples<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964027_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964027_image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="487" caption="false" height="451" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The temples in the north-western parts of India including Gujarat and Rajasthan, and in western Madhya Pradesh are large in numbers.</li>
<li>The stone used to build the temples ranges in colour and type.</li>
<li><strong>While sandstone is the commonest,</strong> a grey to <strong>black basalt</strong> can be seen in some of the 10<sup>th</sup> to 12<sup>th</sup> century temple sculptures.</li>
<li>The most exuberant and famed is the manipulatable <strong>soft white marble</strong> which is also seen in some of the 10<sup>th</sup>-12<sup>th</sup> century <strong>Jain temples in Mount Abu</strong> and the 15<sup>th</sup> century temple at <strong>Ranakpur</strong>.</li>
<li>Among the most important art-historical sites in the region is <strong>Samlaji in Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Sun temple at Modhera</strong> dates back to the early 11<sup>th</sup> century and was built by Raja Bhimdev I of the Solanki Dynasty in 1026.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a massive rectangular stepped tank called the surya kund in front of it, perhaps the grandest temple tank in India.</li>
<li>Every year, at the time of the equinoxes, the sun shines directly into this central shrine of the temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964082_image14.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964082_image14.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Eastern Indian temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Eastern Indian temples include those found in the <strong>North East, Bengal </strong>and<strong> Odisha.</strong></li>
<li>It appears that <strong>terracotta was the main medium</strong> of construction, and also for moulding plaques which <strong>depicted Buddhist and Hindu deities</strong> in Bengal until the 7<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li><strong>Assam:</strong> An old sixth-century sculpted door frame from <strong>Dah Parvatia near Tezpur</strong> and another few stray sculptures from <strong>Rangagora Tea Estate</strong> near Tinsukia in Assam bear witness to the import of the Gupta idiom in that region.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964154_image18.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964154_image18.jpg" style="float: right;" width="446" caption="false" height="289" /></a></li>
<li>By the 12<sup>th</sup>-14<sup>th</sup> centuries, a distinct regional style developed in Assam.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The style that came with the <strong>migration of the Tais from Upper Burma mixed with the dominant Pala style of Bengal</strong> and led to the creation of what was later known as the <strong>Ahom style</strong> in and around Guwahati.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kamakhya temple,</strong> a Shakti Peeth, is dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya and was built in the 17<sup>th</sup> century in Assam.</li>
<li><strong>Bengal:</strong> The style of the sculptures during the period between the ninth and eleventh centuries in Bengal (including Bangladesh) and Bihar is known as the <strong>Pala style,</strong> named after the ruling dynasty at the time.</li>
<li>While the style of those of the mid-eleventh to mid-thirteenth centuries is named after the <strong>Sena kings.</strong></li>
<li>While the Palas are celebrated as patrons of many Buddhist monastic sites, the temples from that region are known to express the <strong>local Vanga style.</strong></li>
<li>The 9<sup>th</sup> century <strong>Siddheshvara Mahadeva Temple in Barakar</strong> in Burdwan District, for example, shows a tall curving shikhara crowned by a large amalaka and is an example of the early Pala style.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964201_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964201_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The black to grey basalt and chlorite stone pillars and arched niches of Purlia temples heavily influenced the earliest Bengal sultanate buildings at Gaur and Pandua.</li>
<li><strong>In the Mughal period and later,</strong> scores of terracotta brick temples were built across Bengal and Bangladesh in a unique style that <strong>had elements of local building techniques seen in bamboo huts.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966110_image21.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966110_image21.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="575" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Odisha:</strong> The main architectural features of Odisha temples are classified into three orders, i.e., <strong>rekhapida, pidhadeul and khakra.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the main temple sites are located in ancient Kalinga&mdash;modern Puri District, including Bhubaneswar or ancient Tribhuvanesvara, Puri and Konark.</li>
<li>In general, the <strong>shikhara, called deul in Odisha,</strong> is vertical almost until the top when it suddenly curves sharply inwards.</li>
<li>Deuls are preceded, as usual, by <strong>mandapas called jagamohana</strong> in Odisha.</li>
<li>Odisha temples usually have boundary walls.</li>
<li>The ground plan of the main temple is almost always square, which, in the upper reaches of its superstructure becomes circular in the crowning mastaka.</li>
<li>Compartments and niches are generally square, the exterior of the temples are lavishly carved, their interiors generally quite bare.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578027815_image9.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578027815_image9.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At Konark, on the shores of the Bay of Bengal, lie the ruins of the Surya or <strong>Sun temple</strong> built in stone around 1240.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sun temple is set on a high base, its walls covered in extensive, detailed ornamental carving.</li>
<li>These include<strong> twelve pairs of enormous wheels</strong> sculpted with spokes and hubs, representing the chariot wheels of the Sun god who, in mythology, rides a chariot driven by seven horses, sculpted here at the entrance staircase.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966172_image15.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966172_image15.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="383" height="275" /></a></p>
<h3>Hill Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A unique form of architecture developed in the hills of <strong>Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal and Kashmir.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966146_image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966146_image10.jpg" style="float: right;" width="452" caption="false" height="301" /></a></strong></li>
<li>Kashmir&rsquo;s proximity to prominent Gandhara sites (such as Taxila, Peshawar and the northwest frontier) lent the region a <strong>strong Gandhara influence</strong> by the 5<sup>th</sup> century CE.</li>
<li>This began to mix with the Gupta and post-Gupta traditions that were brought to it from Sarnath, Mathura and even centres in Gujarat and Bengal.</li>
<li>Brahmin pundits and Buddhist monks frequently travelled between Kashmir, Garhwal, Kumaon and religious centres in the plains like Banaras, Nalanda and even as far south as Kanchipuram.</li>
<li>As a result both Buddhist and Hindu traditions began to intermingle and spread in the hills.</li>
<li>The hills also had their <strong>own tradition of wooden buildings with pitched roofs.</strong></li>
<li>At several places in the hills, while the main garbhagriha and shikhara are made in a <strong>rekha-prasada or latina style,</strong> the mandapa is of an older form of wooden architecture.</li>
<li>Sometimes, the temple itself takes on a <strong>pagoda shape.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Karkota period of Kashmir</strong> is the most significant in terms of architecture.</li>
<li>One of the most important temples is<strong> Pandrethan,</strong> built during the 8<sup>th</sup> and 9<sup>th</sup> centuries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In keeping with the tradition of a water tank attached to the shrine, this temple is built on a plinth built in the middle of a tank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Like the findings at Samlaji, the sculptures at Chamba also show an <strong>amalgamation of local traditions with a post Gupta style.</strong></li>
<li>The images of <strong>Mahishasuramardini and Narasimha</strong> at the Laksna-Devi Mandir are evidences of the influence of the post-Gupta tradition.</li>
<li>Of the temples in Kumaon, the ones at <strong>Jageshwar</strong> near Almora, and <strong>Champavat</strong> near Pithoragarh, are classic examples of nagara architecture in the region.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965993_image11.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965993_image11.jpg" width="650" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Dravida Or South Indian Temple Style</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Unlike the nagara temple, the dravida temple is enclosed within a <strong>compound wall.</strong></li>
<li>The front wall has an entrance gateway in its centre, which is known as a <strong>gopuram.</strong></li>
<li>The shape of the main temple tower known as <strong>vimana</strong> in Tamil Nadu, is like a stepped pyramid that rises up geometrically rather than the curving shikhara of North India.</li>
<li>It is common to find a large water reservoir, or a temple tank, enclosed within the complex.</li>
<li>Subsidiary shrines are either incorporated within the main temple tower, or located as distinct, separate small shrines beside the main temple.</li>
<li><strong>Kanchipuram, Thanjavur or Tanjore, Madurai and Kumbakonam are the most famous temple towns of Tamil Nadu,</strong> where, during the 8<sup>th</sup>-12<sup>th</sup> centuries, the role of the temple was not limited to religious matters alone.</li>
<li>Temples became rich administrative centres, controlling vast areas of land.</li>
<li>Just as there are many subdivisions of the main types of nagara temples, there are subdivisions also of dravida temples.</li>
<li>These are basically of five different shapes:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>square, usually called <strong>kuta</strong>, and also caturasra</li>
<li>rectangular or <strong>shala or ayatasra</strong></li>
<li>elliptical, called <strong>gaja-prishta</strong> or elephant backed, or also called <strong>vrittayata,</strong> deriving from wagon vaulted shapes of apsidal chaityas with a horse-shoe shaped entrance facade usually called a nasi</li>
<li>circular or <strong>vritta</strong></li>
<li>octagonal or <strong>ashtasra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Pallavas</strong> were one of the ancient South Indian dynasties. They spread their empire to various parts of the subcontinent, at times reaching the borders of Odisha, and their links with South&ndash;East Asia were also strong.</li>
<li>Although they were <strong>mostly Shaivite,</strong> several Vaishnava shrines also survived from their reign, and there is no doubt that they were influenced by the long Buddhist history of the Deccan.</li>
<li>Their early buildings, it is generally assumed, were rock cut, while the later ones were structural.</li>
<li>The early buildings are generally attributed to the reign of <strong>Mahendravarman I,</strong> a contemporary of the Chalukyan king, Pulakesin II of Karnataka.</li>
<li><strong>Narasimhavarman I,</strong> also known as Mamalla, inaugurated most of the building works at Mahabalipuram which came to be known after him as <strong>Mamallapuram.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> shore temple at Mahabalipuram</strong> was built later, probably in the reign of <strong>Narasimhavarman II,</strong> also known as Rajasimha who reigned from 700 to 728 CE.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The temple houses three shrines, two to Shiva, one facing east and the other west, and a middle one to Vishnu.</li>
<li>In the compound there is evidence of a water tank, an early example of a gopuram, and several other images.</li>
<li>Sculptures of the bull, Nandi, Shiva&rsquo;s mount, line the temple walls, and these, along with the carvings on the temple&rsquo;s lower walls have suffered severe disfiguration due to erosion by salt-water laden air over the centuries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964595_image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964595_image8.jpg" width="700" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The magnificent <strong>Shiva temple of Thanjavur, called the Rajarajeswara or Brahadeeshwarar temple,</strong> was completed around 1009 by <strong>Rajaraja Chola,</strong> and is the largest and tallest of all Indian temples.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964637_image13.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964637_image13.jpg" style="float: right;" width="500" caption="false" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is in this temple that one notices for the first time<strong> two large gopurams</strong> (gateway towers) with an elaborate sculptural programme which was conceived along with the temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Deccan Architecture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Many different styles of temple architecture influenced by both North and South Indian temples were used in regions like Karnataka.</li>
<li>By the late 7<sup>th</sup> or early 8th century, the ambitious projects at<strong> Ellora</strong> became even grander.</li>
<li>By about 750 CE, the early western Chalukya control of the Deccan was taken by the Rashtrakutas.</li>
<li>Their greatest achievement in architecture is the <strong>Kailashnath temple at Ellora,</strong> a culmination of at least a millennium-long tradition in rock-cut architecture in India.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964688_image19.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964688_image19.jpg" caption="false" width="350" height="280" style="float: right;" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a complete dravida building with a Nandi shrine&mdash;since the temple is dedicated to Shiva&mdash;a gopuram-like gateway, surrounding cloisters, subsidiary shrines, staircases and an imposing tower or vimana rising to thirty metres.</li>
<li>Importantly, all of this is carved out of living rock. One portion of the monolithic hill was carved patiently to build the <strong>Kailashnath temple.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the southern part of the Deccan, i.e., in the region of Karnataka where some of the most experimental hybrid styles of vesara architecture are to be found.</li>
<li><strong>Pulakesin I</strong> established the western Chalukya kingdom when he secured the land around Badami in 543.</li>
<li>Early Chalukyan activity also takes the form of rock-cut caves while later activity is of structural temples.</li>
<li>The earliest is probably the <strong>Ravana Phadi cave at Aihole</strong> which is known for its distinctive sculptural style.<img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578028326_image1.jpg" width="320" caption="false" style="float: right;" />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the most important sculptures at the site is of <strong>Nataraja,</strong> surrounded by larger -than-life-size depictions of the saptamatrikas: three to Shiva&rsquo;s left and four to his right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The most elaborate of all Chalukyan temples at Pattadakal made in the reign of Vikramaditya II (733-44) by his chief queen Loka Mahadevi is <strong>Virupaksha temple.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Another important temple from this site is <strong>Papnath temple,</strong> dedicated to Lord Shiva.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lad Khan temple at Aihole in Karnataka,</strong> seems to be inspired by the wooden-roofed temples of the hills, except that it is constructed out of stone.</li>
<li>The <strong>Hoysaleswara temple</strong> (Lord of the Hoysalas) at Halebid in Karnataka was built in dark schist stone by the Hoysala king in 1150.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dedicated to Shiva as Nataraja, the Halebid temple is a double building with a large hall for the mandapa to facilitate music and dance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Founded in 1336, <strong>Vijayanagara, literally &lsquo;city of victory&rsquo;,</strong> attracted a number of international travellers such as the Italian, Niccolo di Conti, the Portuguese Domingo Paes etc.who have left vivid accounts of the city.</li>
<li>In addition, various Sanskrit and Telugu works document the vibrant literary tradition of this kingdom.</li>
<li>Architecturally, Vijayanagara synthesises the centuries-old dravidian temple architecture with Islamic styles demonstrated by the neighbouring sultanates.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965842_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965842_image7.jpg" width="575" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Buddhist Architectural Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pre-eminent Buddhist site is <strong>Bodhgaya.</strong> While the bodhi tree is of immense importance, the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodhgaya is an important reminder of the brick work of that time.</li>
<li>
<p>The first shrine here, located at the base of the <strong>Bodhi tree,</strong> is said to have been constructed by King Ashoka.</p>
</li>
<li>Many of the sculptures in the niches in the temple are dated to the 8<sup>th</sup> century Pala Period. The actual Mahabodhi temple itself as it stands now is largely a colonial period reconstruction of the old 7<sup>th</sup> century design.</li>
<li>The design of the temple is unusual. It is, strictly speaking, <strong>neither dravida or nagara.</strong> It is narrow like a nagara temple, but it rises without curving, like a dravida one.</li>
<li>The<strong> monastic university of Nalanda</strong> is a mahavihara as it is a complex of several monasteries of various sizes.</li>
<li>The foundation of a monastery was laid by <strong>Kumargupta I</strong> in the 5th century CE; and this was carried forward by the later monarchs.</li>
<li>The sculptural art of Nalanda, in stucco, stone and bronze, developed out of a heavy dependence on the Buddhist Gupta art of Sarnath.</li>
<li>The <strong>Nalanda sculptures initially depict Buddhist deities of the Mahayana pantheon</strong> such as standing Buddhas, bodhisattvas such as Manjusri Kumara, Avalokiteshvara seated on a lotus and Naga-Nagarjuna.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965700_image17.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965700_image17.jpg" style="float: right;" width="375" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>During the late 11th and 12th centuries, when Nalanda emerged as an important tantric centre, the repertoire came to be dominated by Vajrayana deities such as Vajrasharada (a form of Saraswati) Khasarpana, Avalokiteshvara, etc.</li>
<li>Depictions of crowned Buddhas occur commonly only after the 10th century.</li>
<li>Later other major Buddhist monasteries developed in Odisha. <strong>Lalitagiri, Vajragiri </strong>and <strong>Ratnagiri</strong> are the most famous of them.</li>
<li>The port-town of <strong>Nagapattinam</strong> was also a major Buddhist centre right until the Chola Period.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965753_image12.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965753_image12.jpg" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Jain Architectural Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jains were prolific temple builders like the Hindus, and their sacred shrines and pilgrimage spots are to be found across the length and breadth of India <strong>except in the hills.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965626_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965626_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="230" height="299" /></a></strong></li>
<li>The oldest Jain pilgrimage sites are to be found in Bihar. In the Deccan, some of the most architecturally important Jain sites can be found in <strong>Ellora and Aihole.</strong></li>
<li>In central India, <strong>Deogarh, Khajuraho, Chanderi </strong>and<strong> Gwalior</strong> have some excellent examples of Jain temples.</li>
<li>Karnataka has a rich heritage of Jain shrines and at <strong>Shravanabelagola</strong> the famous statue of Gomateshwara.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The granite statue of Lord Bahubali which stands eighteen metres or fifty-seven feet high, is the world&rsquo;s tallest <strong>monolithic free-standing structure.</strong></li>
<li>It was commissioned by <strong>Camundaraya,</strong> the General-in-Chief and Prime Minister of the Ganga Kings of Mysore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Jain temples at Mount Abu</strong> were constructed by Vimal Shah.</li>
<li>The temple is famous for its unique patterns on every ceiling, and the graceful bracket figures along the domed ceilings.</li>
<li>The great Jain pilgrimage site in the Shatrunjay hills near Palitana in Kathiawar, Gujarat, is imposing with scores of temples clustered together.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965587_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965587_image2.jpg" width="270" caption="false" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Politics of Defection',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/does-the-anti-defection-law-serve-any-purpose/article28562644.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Does the anti-defection law serves any purpose?&rdquo;</strong></a>. It talks about the desirability of Anti-defection law in Indian democracy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court has held that it is the Speaker&rsquo;s discretion to decide on the resignations of the 15 dissident MLAs belonging to the Congress-Janata Dal (Secular) coalition government of Karnataka. The legislators have resigned saying they do not have confidence in the current government while the critics held that these resignations are rendered so to evade disqualification.</p>
<p>The Supreme Court ruled on the Karnataka incidents saying that the Speaker has the complete discretion to decide upon the resignations of the MLAs The resignation issue has raised some important questions on the working of the anti-defection law.</p>
<h3>What is the Anti Defection law?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Anti-Defection Law was <strong>passed in 1985</strong> through the <strong>52<sup>nd</sup> Amendment to the Constitution,</strong> which added the <strong>Tenth Schedule</strong> to the Indian Constitution. The main intent of the law was to combat &ldquo;the evil of political defections&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/612FireShot%20Capture 007 -  - www.prsindia.org.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/612FireShot Capture 007 -  - www.prsindia.org.webp" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>What is the issue?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under <strong>Article 190(3)</strong> of the Constitution, the Speaker has to satisfy himself that the resignations are voluntary and genuine and can reject them if he feels they are not. <strong>The Speaker has absolute discretion in this matter.</strong></li>
<li>The resignations were tendered with a view to avoid disqualification pertaining under Anti-defection law.</li>
<li>As the supreme court in G. Vishwanathan v. Speaker (Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly) 1996 case, held that once a member is expelled, he is treated as an &lsquo;unattached&rsquo; member in the house. However, he continues to be a member of the old party as per the Tenth Schedule. So if he joins a new party after being expelled, he can be said to have voluntarily given up membership of his old party.</li>
</ul>
<p>However, while deterring defections, the law also leads to the suppression of healthy intra-party debate and dissent.</p>
<h3>Should, the anti-defection law be repealed?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Edmund Burke&rsquo;s famous speech on representative democracy, the representative should think of what is good for the country and not just for his constituents.</li>
<li>Due to Anti-defection law, the parliamentary system in India is converted to a de-facto presidential system, as the head of the executive (Prime Minister) also controls the majority party in the legislature.</li>
<li>Further, while discussing the draft constitution, Dr Ambedkar held that despite the stability inherent in the presidential system, responsibility provided by the parliamentary system is more important in a country like India.</li>
<li>But anti-defection law has led to the <strong>silencing of dissent in the legislature,</strong> in this light, the anti-defection law has <strong>hallowed the deliberative aspect of representative democracy.</strong></li>
<li>Also, features like Anti-defection are generally not observed in mature democracies:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like in UK politics, including the defection of Ramsay Macdonald, the first Labour Prime Minister, in 1931, defected from his party following disagreements on policy responses to the economic crisis.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Neither Macdonald nor any of his three cabinet colleagues who defected with him resigned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the US too, Congressmen often vote against the party programme on important issues without actually defecting from the party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>On the positive side, <strong>Anti-Defection law deters the horse-trading in the parliament</strong> as was observed during the decade of 1970-80s.</p>
<p>This anti-defection law has regulated parliamentary behaviour for over the three decades now. Though it has the advantage of <strong>providing stability to governments</strong> and <strong>ensuring loyalty to party manifestos,</strong> it <strong>reduces the accountability of the government to Parliament</strong> and <strong>curbs dissent against party policies.</strong></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The words &lsquo;voluntarily giving up membership of a political party&rsquo; should be comprehensively defined.</li>
<li>According to 2<sup>nd</sup> ARC, decisions under the Tenth Schedule should be made by the President/ Governor on the binding advice of the Election Commission.</li>
<li>According to law commission, provisions which exempt splits and mergers from disqualification should be deleted.</li>
<li>Disqualification should be limited to cases where :
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>a member voluntarily gives up the membership of his political party,</li>
<li>a member abstains from voting, or votes contrary to the party whip in a motion of vote of confidence or motion of no-confidence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The vote cast by a defector to topple a government should be treated as invalid.</li>
</ul>
<p>It is not feasible to completely repeal the Anti-defection law, it should be amended appropriately, but the long term solution lies in <strong>checking the political culture</strong> and the legislators who act in unscrupulous ways should be voted out in subsequent elections, as the ultimate sovereignty lies with the people of India.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.8008%;" height="99">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ff4747;">
<td style="width: 502px; background-color: #f4f5da; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />The Anti-defection law has provided stability to governments, however, it reduces the accountability of the government to Parliament and curbs dissent against party policies. In this context discuss the viability of repealing Anti-defection law?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/politics-of-defection'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Protection of Human Right (Amendment) Bill, 2019 ',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To make the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) more inclusive and efficient, Lok Sabha passes the Protection of <strong>Human Rights (Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> which amends the Protection of Human Rights Act,1993.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Amendment proposed</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A person <strong>who has been a Judge of the Supreme Court</strong> is also made eligible to be appointed as Chairperson of the Commission in addition to the person who has been the Chief Justice of India.</li>
<li><strong>Increasing the members of the commission who have knowledge of human rights issues,</strong> from two to three, out of which one must be a woman;</li>
<li>Include <strong>Chairperson of the National Commission for Backward Classes</strong>, <strong>Chairperson of the National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities</strong> as deemed Members of the Commission;</li>
<li><strong>Reduces the term of the Chairperson</strong> and Members of the Commission and the State Commissions from <strong>five to three years</strong> and shall be eligible for re-appointment;</li>
<li>A person who has<strong> been a Judge of the High Court is also made eligible</strong> to be appointed as Chairperson of the State Commission in addition to the person who has been the Chief Justice of the High Court; and,</li>
<li><strong>Confer upon State Commissions,</strong> the functions relating to human rights being discharged by the Union territories, other than the Union territory of Delhi, which will be dealt with by the Commission.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Protection of Human Right Act, 1993</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993</strong> came into force with <strong>retrospective effect from September 28, 1993.</strong></li>
<li>It applies to the <strong>whole of India and in case of J&amp;K, it applies to matters pertaining to Union List and the Concurrent List only.</strong></li>
<li>The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 was enacted to provide for the constitution of:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Human Rights Commission (NHRC),</strong></li>
<li><strong>State Human Rights Commission (SHRC)</strong> and</li>
<li><strong>Human Rights Courts for the protection of human rights.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Human Right</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Section 2 of the act <strong>-&ldquo;Human Rights&rdquo;</strong> means the rights relating to <strong>life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International covenants and enforceable by courts in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protection-of-human-right-amendment-bill-2019'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'One Stop Centre Scheme',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>One stop centre is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>centrally sponsored scheme</strong></a> of <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development</strong> (MWCD), for addressing the problem of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>violence against women.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a subscheme of umbrella scheme for National Mission for Empowerment of Women including Indira Gandhi Mattritav Sahyaog Yojana.</li>
<li>One stop centre, will be established across the country to provide <strong>integrated support </strong>and<strong> assistance</strong> under one roof to women affected by violence, both in <strong>private </strong>and <strong>public spaces.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> The scheme is funded through <strong>Nirbhaya Fund</strong> and the central government provides <strong>100% financial assistance</strong> to the state governments /Union Territories administrations.</li>
<li><strong>Auditing:</strong> Audit will be done as per <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comptroller &amp; Auditor General of India</strong></a> norms and<strong> social audit</strong> will also be undertaken by civil society groups.</li>
<li><strong>Services:</strong> One stop centres will be integrated with women helplines to provide following services:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emergency response and rescue services.</li>
<li>Medical assistance.</li>
<li>Assistance to women in lodging the FIR.</li>
<li>Psycho- social support and counselling.</li>
<li>Legal aid and counselling.</li>
<li>Shelter</li>
<li>Video conferencing facility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Nirbhaya Fund&rsquo;</strong>&nbsp;was established for women safety pertaining to the strategic areas of prevention, protection and rehabilitation.</li>
<li>The<strong> 12<sup>th</sup> Plan Working Group</strong> on Women&rsquo;s Agency and Empowerment had recommended setting up of one stop crisis centres.</li>
<li><strong>Usha Mehra Commission,</strong> had recommended for the establishment of a &ldquo;one-stop centre&rdquo; to help victims of sexual assault and ensure speedy punishment to culprits.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nirbhaya Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Nirbhaya Fund Framework provides for a non-lapsable corpus fund for safety and security of women.</li>
<li>It is administered by the <strong>Department of Economic Affairs</strong> (DEA) of the Ministry of Finance (MoF) of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It can be utilized for projects and initiatives related to women safety.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender Based Violence</strong> (GBV) is a global health, human rights and development issue that transcends geography, class, culture, age, race and religion to affect every community and country in every corner of the world.</li>
<li>In India, gender based violence has many manifestations:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like <strong>domestic</strong> and <strong>sexual violence</strong> including rape.</li>
<li><strong>Harmful practices</strong> such as, dowry, honour killings, acid attacks, witch-hunting, sexual harassment, child sexual abuse, trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation, child marriage, sex selective abortion, sati etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is also grappling with <strong>violence due to inequities</strong> in social life more particularly in times of displacement and communal incidents.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-stop-centre-scheme'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Declining Hangul Population',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hangul</strong></a> (or Kashmiri Stag) <strong>population monitoring exercise</strong> has revealed an alarming decline in the fawn-hind and stag-hind ratio of the hangul population in <strong>Kashmir.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Exercise was conducted by the <strong>Department of Wildlife Protection,</strong> Jammu &amp; Kashmir (DWLP) in collaboration with the <strong>Wildlife Institute of India</strong> (WII).</li>
<li><strong>Fawn</strong> is a young deer in its <strong>first year</strong> and <strong>Hind</strong> is a female <strong>deer</strong>, over <strong>three years old</strong> and her counterpart, the <strong>mature male</strong>, is called a <strong>stag.</strong></li>
<li>The male-female and fawn-female ratios, is crucial for the management and conservation of deer populations.</li>
<li>Although hangul is limited to the <strong>Dachigam Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> near Srinagar, but a small population has also been witnessed in <strong>Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> in south Kashmir.</li>
<li>The Kashmir stag is the <strong>state animal</strong> of Jammu and Kashmir and is the only surviving species of <strong>red deer</strong> in India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dachigam Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dachigam (stands for &lsquo;ten villages&rsquo;) National Park is located about 22 Kilometers from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> The main animal species that Dachigam is most famous for is the hangul, or the Kashmir stag.</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong> floral wealth of the park is extremely diverse and a significant part of its ecosystem and includes walnut, apricot, apple, pear, and wild cherry, plum, chestnut, willow, oak and birch trees.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/declining-hangul-population'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'IUCN Red List',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The latest update to the International Union for Conservation of Nature <strong>(IUCN) Red List</strong> of Threatened Species shows that more and more species assessed are being threatened with extinction.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The list assessed 1,05,732 species - the <strong>largest such assessment</strong> of species, out of which 28,338 species are threatened with extinction.</li>
<li>The updated list brings out an alarming rate of decline of freshwater and deep sea species. For example, over 50 % of Japan&rsquo;s endemic freshwater fishes are under the threat of extinction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Wedgefishes and giant guitarfishes, collectively known as Rhino Rays because of their elongated snouts, have been listed as the &lsquo;most imperilled marine fish families in the world&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The main drivers of this decline are the loss of free flowing rivers and increasing agricultural and urban pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Close to 50% of the species assessed by IUCN have been put under the &lsquo;Least Concern&rsquo; category. It means the rest 50% are under various degrees of decline.</li>
<li>Of the total assessed, 873 are already extinct while 6,127 are critically endangered.</li>
<li>This Red List update <strong>confirms the findings</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-species-extinction" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IPBES Global Biodiversity Assessment.</strong></a></li>
<li>The list clearly indicates that humans are overexploiting wildlife.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/living-planet-report-2018-aiming-higher-by-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>global Strategic Plan for Biodiversity</strong></a> <strong>(2011-2020)&rsquo;s Target 12,</strong> the extinction of known threatened species has to be &lsquo;prevented&rsquo; by 2020. The target also includes an improvement in the conservation status of species.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The International Union for Conservation of Nature</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IUCN is a membership union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations.</li>
<li>Created in <strong>1948,</strong> it is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> IUCN Red List</strong> of Threatened Species, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It uses a set of quantitative criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of species. These criteria are relevant to most species and all regions of the world.</li>
<li>The IUCN Red List Categories define the extinction risk of species assessed.<strong> Nine</strong> <strong>categories</strong> extend from NE <em>(Not Evaluated)</em> to EX <em>(Extinct)</em>. Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU) species are considered to be threatened with extinction.</li>
<li>It is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.</li>
<li>It is also a key indicator for the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SDGs</strong></a> and Aichi Targets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/990image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/990image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="631" height="172" caption="false" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'East Asian Model for India',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/inappropriate-template-for-a-legitimate-target/article28563774.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Inappropriate template for a legitimate target&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Hindu on 19<sup>th</sup> July 2019. It talks about the viability of the East Asian growth model for achieving India&rsquo;s target of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25.</p>
</div>
<p>According to the economic survey, India needs a &ldquo;virtuous cycle&rdquo; of savings, investments, and exports to transform India into a $5 trillion economy in the next five years. It rightly underlines the need for India to revive private investment to become the world's third-largest economy in the near future. So for reviving India&rsquo;s floundering investment rates, the economic survey highlights the <strong>East Asian model.</strong></p>
<h3>How India can become a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To achieve the objective of becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25, India needs to sustain a real GDP growth rate of 8%.</li>
<li>International experience, especially from high-growth East Asian economies, suggests that such growth can only be sustained by a <strong>&ldquo;virtuous cycle&rdquo; of savings, investment and exports, supported by a favourable demographic phase.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The survey highlights that <strong>savings and growth</strong> are not only positively correlated but their positive correlation is even stronger than that between growth and investment. Giving examples of China and East Asia, it said these countries had high saving and investment rates that led to high growth.</li>
<li>Investment, especially <strong>private investment,</strong> is the &ldquo;key driver&rdquo; that drives demand, creates capacity, increases labour productivity, introduces new technology, allows creative destruction, and generates jobs.</li>
<li>Similarly,<strong> exports</strong> must form an integral part of the growth model</li>
<li>The above parameters will lead to <strong>job creation which will further fuel higher savings.</strong> The relation is crucial because jobs with meaningful wages become important in driving the savings rate in the economy.</li>
<li>It further said that India has got a <strong>great demographic advantage</strong> and like China, it can propel higher saving and thereby higher growth.</li>
<li>Together, these factors will create a virtuous cycle which will help in achieving the ambitious agenda of becoming a $5 trillion economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is East Asian Growth Model?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The East Asian model or<strong> state-sponsored capitalism,</strong> is an economic system where the government invests in certain sectors of the economy in order to stimulate the growth of new industries in the private sector.</li>
<li>East Asian model includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>State control of finance,</li>
<li>Direct support for state-owned enterprises in strategic sectors of the economy or the creation of privately owned national champions,</li>
<li>High dependence on the export market for growth, promoting high rate of savings and investments, high educational standards, assiduity and export-oriented policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It differs from a<strong> socialistic or centrally planned economy,</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a socialist economy, the government would mobilize its own resources to create the needed industries which would themselves end up being state-owned and operated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The East Asian model was largely a story driven by the newly industrialised economies (NIEs) of Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan, and Japan earlier.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Specifically, the prime goal in various NIEs was to raise gross savings rates. This was done by positive demographic dividend, macroeconomic stability, low inflation, lack of social safety nets and forced savings.</li>
<li>This, coupled with the fiscal discipline practised by the economies, ensured that the public sector did not crowd out private savings and, in some cases, actually added to national savings.</li>
<li>The state-owned banks were tightly regulated as financial stability was the cornerstone of overall macroeconomic stability.</li>
<li>Another goal was to ensure that the private savings were actually channelised into the formal financial system. for this Financial inclusion was encouraged.</li>
<li>While these economies were generally successful in encouraging savings, the cost of capital was rather high. To tackle this, the East Asian economies undertook financial repression.</li>
<li>What is<strong> financial repression?</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Financial repression is a term that describes measures by which governments channel funds to themselves as a form of debt reduction.</li>
<li>This concept was introduced in 1973 by Stanford economists Edward S. Shaw and Ronald I. McKinnon.</li>
<li>Financial repression can include such measures as directed lending to the government, caps on interest rates, regulation of capital movement between countries and a tighter association between government and banks. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing <strong>SLR(statutory liquidity ratio)</strong> channelizes more funds to the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When the government is loaded with public money, it increases the money supply through public investment.</li>
<li>This, in turn, increases inflation and debt of the government is decreased</li>
<li>It also leads to economic growth but savings of public gets eroded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All these accompanied by central banks of these economies maintained tight oversight, and selective capital controls ensured that the low-yielding savings did not leave their countries of origin.</li>
<li>Along with these, the governments undertook sophisticated industrial policies to promote domestic investment, much of which was export-led</li>
<li>In addition, the bureaucracies of these East Asian economies were referred to as &ldquo;embedded autonomy&rdquo;. This allowed the state to be autonomous, yet embedded within the private sector and enabled the two to work together to develop policies or change course if the policies did not work.</li>
<li>All these policies helped NIEs to escape the &lsquo;middle income trap&rsquo; and become developed economies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How India can replicate the East Asian growth model?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to political and other compulsions, India&rsquo;s reforms since 1991 have been rather haphazard and of a &lsquo;stop-and-go&rsquo; nature, which has made it much more challenging for the country to take full advantage of its demographic dividend.</li>
<li>So India needs heterodox policies and reforms that are carefully calibrated</li>
<li>Indian government needs to understand that a vertical industrial policy (economic growth&rsquo;) would not work without a sound horizontal industrial policy (dealing with labour and land reforms, bringing about basic literacy and raising women&rsquo;s participation in the labour force).</li>
<li>Though the government in the last five years has done well on ground of financial inclusion, a banking system in crisis doesn't augur well for channelization of savings into investment.</li>
<li>Measures like reducing policy uncertainty; ensuring that the fiscal expenditures do not crowd out private savings and investment; enhancing the efficiency of financial intermediation; and dealing with land acquisition and environment clearances are all essential so that investment rate can be again increased.</li>
<li>Indian bureaucracies need to be imparted embedded autonomy.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since the economies are intricately interwoven systems, it is high time for India to <strong>switch from a traditional economic model</strong> which assumes that the economy is basically in the balance until an outside shock upsets it, towards an economic model which is based on a <strong>virtuous cycle or a vicious cycle.<br /><br /></strong></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ff0000;">
<td style="width: 534px; background-color: #fcf1d4;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />India needs to follow the East Asian growth model to achieve the target of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. Substantiate?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/east-asian-model-for-india'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Cannabis Debate',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently a cannabis advocacy group has filed a petition regarding <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-study-marijuana-derived-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>decriminalizing cannabis</strong></a> in Delhi High Court.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cannabis is a generic term used to denote the several psychoactive preparations of the plant Cannabis sativa.</li>
<li>The Mexican term 'marijuana' is frequently used in referring to cannabis leaves or other crude plant material in many countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/915image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/915image4.jpg" width="479" height="474" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cannabis-debate'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'West Antarctic Ice Sheet',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A recent study has revealed that the giant West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is destabilising and is on the verge of a complete collapse.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The researchers have concluded that this can be tackled by launching a last-ditch engineering project to blanket its surface with &ldquo;artificial snow&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Artificial Snow</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scientists have proposed using 12,000 wind turbines to pump seawater 4,900 feet up to the surface, where it would be frozen into &ldquo;snow&rdquo; to weigh the WAIS down enough to stop it collapsing any further.</li>
<li>West Antarctic Ice Sheet could be stabilized by depositing a minimum of 7,400 gigatonnes of artificial snow over 10 years around the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers.</li>
<li>The snow would be compacted as ice, pushing down the glacier and stabilising it, as well as making it thicker.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/189image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/189image3.jpg" width="534" height="518" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recent studies have shown <strong>warmer ocean water</strong> is being pushed toward the huge WAIS, <strong>destabilizing it and speeding up the decline of its huge glaciers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because much of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet lies below sea level, making it a Marine Ice Sheet. Marine Ice Sheets are more vulnerable to collapse because of their exposure to warm waters.</li>
<li>West Antarctica is currently the world&rsquo;s largest marine ice sheet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, many of these glaciers have a reverse bed slope, meaning that as they retreat it exposes deeper and thicker ice to the ocean.</li>
<li>That is a very unstable position, and causes a positive feedback effect which accelerates the retreat (and hence contribution to sea level rise).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of Climate Change</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, it is more important to focus on the seriousness of the issue at the South Pole because of climate change.</li>
<li>The Antarctica as a whole lost more than 3 trillion tons of ice between 1992 and 2017. Most of that came from West Antarctica, where the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shrinking-sea-ice-extent" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rate of ice loss has tripled in the last quarter century.</strong></a></li>
<li>Scientists believe that global warming has already caused so much melting at the south pole that the WAIS is now on course to disintegrate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This would trigger an eventual global <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rising-sea-level" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sea level rise</strong></a> of at least three metres (10 feet) over the centuries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Although, full sea level rise projected to follow the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet might not unfold for hundreds of years, but this will eventually submerge low lying cities like Hamburg, Shanghai, New York and Hong Kong.</li>
<li><strong>Melting ice sheets</strong> in Greenland, the Arctic and <strong>shrinking glaciers</strong> around the world would worsen the problem and could ultimately lead to sea level rise by at least five metres (16 feet) even if countries manage to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>implement the Paris pact.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While geoengineering projects do offer some hope in theory, they could also end up damaging the planet and its ecosystem in unexpected ways.These interventions must not be used as an excuse to delay emissions cuts.</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/west-antarctic-ice-sheet'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'Rhesus Macaque Declared Vermin',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union Environment Ministry has declared <strong>Monkeys (Rhesus Macaque)</strong> as &lsquo;vermin&rsquo; in Himachal Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will allow local authorities to cull this animal in certain identified non-forest areas in Shimla for one year.</li>
<li>The state government reported harm to life and property including large-scale destruction of agriculture due to the overpopulation of this species outside forests.</li>
<li>Rhesus Macaque monkeys are protected species under Schedule II of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the law allows for it to be hunted by declaring it &lsquo;vermin&rsquo; for a specific period if it poses a danger to human life or property.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rhesus Macaques</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are familiar brown primates with red faces and rears. They have close-cropped hair on their heads, which accentuates their very expressive faces.</li>
<li>Their natural range includes Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Southeast Asia, and China. A few troops of introduced rhesus macaques now live wild in Florida.</li>
<li>It has a least concerned status in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-glaciers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN</strong></a> red list.</li>
<li>These intelligent animals can adapt to many habitats, and some can even become accustomed to living in human communities. This is most common in India, where Hindus regard the animals as sacred and usually leave them undisturbed.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Vermin Animal</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per <strong>Section 62 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act,</a> 1972</strong>, States can send a list of wild animals to the Centre requesting it to declare them vermin for selective slaughter.</li>
<li>Wildlife laws divide species into &lsquo;schedules&rsquo; ranked from I to V. Schedule I members are the best protected, in theory, with severe punishments meted out to those who hunt them.</li>
<li>Wild boars, nilgai and rhesus monkeys are Schedule II and III members, it is also protected, but can be hunted under specific conditions.</li>
</ul>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'SAGAR MAITRI',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oceanographic research vessel of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a>, <strong>INS Sagardhwani,</strong> embarked on a two-month-long <strong>SAGAR MAITRI Mission-2.</strong></li>
<li>SAGAR MAITRI is a unique initiative of DRDO with the broad objective of <strong>&ldquo;Safety And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)&rdquo;</strong> to promote closer co-operation in socio-economic aspects as well as greater scientific interaction especially in ocean research among <strong>Indian Ocean Rim (IOR)</strong> countries.</li>
<li><strong>&ldquo;MAITRI (Marine &amp; Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research Initiative)&rdquo;</strong> is the specific scientific component of DRDO.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives of SAGAR MAITRI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The prime objectives of the SAGAR MAITRI Mission are data collection from the entire North Indian Ocean, focussing on the Andaman Sea and adjoining seas and establishing a long-term collaboration with eight IOR countries in the field of ocean research and development.</li>
<li>The programme also aims at establishing long term scientific collaboration with these countries in the field of &lsquo;Ocean Research &amp; Development&rsquo; and data collection with a focus on the Andaman Sea.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The IOR countries, include Oman, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Myanmar.</p>
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'Trauma Care Centres for Road Accident Victims',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Government of India has taken initiatives towards setting up of Trauma Care Facilities along National Highways, under the scheme &ldquo;Capacity Building for Developing Trauma Care Facilities on National Highways&rdquo;.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The overall objective of the scheme is to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-status-report-on-road-safety-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bring down preventable deaths due to road accidents</strong></a> by developing a pan-India trauma care network.</li>
<li>The scheme provides for setting up a designated trauma center at every 100 km on NHs.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>WHO&rsquo;s Global Burden of Disease Project</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to this project, road traffic accidents (RTA) cause over 1.27 million deaths a year.</li>
<li>Road Traffic injuries are consistently one of the top three causes of death for people aged 5 to 44 years.</li>
<li>It is estimated that unless immediate actions are taken road deaths will be the fifth leading cause of death by 2030, leading to an estimated 2.4 million deaths per year.</li>
<li>Over 90% of the world&rsquo;s fatalities on the roads occur in low-income and middle-income countries, which have only 48% of the world&rsquo;s vehicles.</li>
<li>In India, accidental injury is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity.</li>
<li>India has just one per cent of total vehicles in the world but accounts for six per cent of total road accidents.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.pib.nic.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1579798" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></strong></p>',
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	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'South Asians at Higher Health Risks',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to a study published in Nature Scientific Reports,South Asians, even those who move to other countries, are at a <strong>higher risk of diabetes than people of most other ethnicities, the reason for this is their relatively low lean mass.</strong></p>
<h3>Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Mesolithic hunter-gatherer ancestors of South Asians were much taller, but low lean mass has characterised South Asians for at least 11,000 years, putting them at <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-injection-for-type-2-diabetes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>higher risk of type-2 diabetes</strong></a> <strong>and other <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/non-communicable-diseases-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">non-communicable diseases (NCDs)</a></strong> such as heart disease, according to the study which analysed 197 archaeological and recent South Asian adult skeletons.</li>
<li>Height decreased by 8.5cm in men and 7.7cm in women when South Asians transitioned from hunting and gathering to farming around 9,000 years ago, but their <strong>lean mass (organ and muscle mass) has remained unchanged</strong> over the past 11,000 years, the study said.</li>
<li>The study suggests that while height is determined by nutritional factors, physique (bone breadth and lean mass) reflects ecological pressures.</li>
<li>The ancient origins of low lean mass in South Asians would be most consistent with long-term adaptation to ecological pressures, rather than more recent dietary change or the impact of 19<sup>th</sup>-20<sup>th</sup> century famines exacerbated by British colonial policy.</li>
<li>Low lean mass is present at birth in South Asian babies compared with European babies. Even after South Asian families migrate to other parts of the world, such as the UK, their children, after several generations still have low lean mass compared with children of European ancestry.</li>
<li>People of South Asian ancestry are at a higher risk of diabetes, compared to their European counterparts, even after considering the risks like unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyles and obesity.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Projection</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since changes in lean mass are unlikely over the next four to five generations, making <strong>lifestyle interventions are crucial to containing NCDs,</strong> which account for 60% of all deaths in India.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The implications of the study are that <strong>low lean mass is a very ancient characteristic,</strong> so it is unlikely to change much in the coming generations.</li>
<li>This means that other interventions, especially the <strong>promotion of healthy lifestyles,</strong> are particularly critical to manage the growing health and economic burden of chronic diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Building muscle mass and high fitness levels</strong> have the potential for averting diabetes, and even heart disease.</li>
<li>South Asians need to build lean muscle mass from an early age, so sports should be an integral part of school curriculum, along with muscle-building exercises and <strong>enhanced protein intake.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Diabetes</strong> is defined as a condition that occurs when the body cannot efficiently make use of glucose that serves as a source of energy for body cells. A hormone called Insulin controls blood sugar levels.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Diabetes is either caused by insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas or if the body cells not effectively responds to the <strong>insulin</strong> produced.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Diabetes Mellitus</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the inability of the body to effectively use or respond to the insulin produced by the body, and as a result, blood sugar levels cannot be regulated effectively. It is further classified into two types,</li>
<li><strong>Type 1 Diabetes:</strong> It occurs when the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin.</li>
<li><strong>Type 2 Diabetes:</strong> Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. In this condition body does not use insulin properly. This is called insulin resistance.The main reason for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes is due to obesity and lack of exercise.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/low-lean-mass-puts-south-asians-at-higher-health-risks-research/story-xwLJEllnN9ZCGKDpGEo30L.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: HT</a></strong></p>',
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	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'RTI Amendment Bill 2019',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-tremor-of-unwelcome-amendments/article28628537.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><strong>&ldquo;The tremor of unwelcome amendments to the RTI Act&rdquo;</strong></em></a> which appeared in The Hindu on 22<sup>nd</sup> July 2019. It critically analyses the proposed amendments in the RTI Act.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, Right to Information (Amendment) Bill has been tabled in the parliament, which seeks to amend the status, salary and tenure of the Central Information Commissioners (CICs) and State Information Commissioners.</p>
<p>However, the Right to Information (Amendment) Bill is seen as a twin attack on accountability and the idea of federalism.</p>
<h3>What are the proposed amendments?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Right to Information (Amendment) Bill, 2019, seeks to amend Sections 13, 16, and 27 of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper4/right-to-information-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>RTI Act.</strong></a></li>
<li>Section 13 of the original Act:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It sets the term of the central Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners at five years (or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier)</li>
<li>It states that salaries, allowances and other terms of service of &ldquo;the Chief Information Commissioner shall be the same as that of the Chief Election Commissioner&rdquo;, and those of an Information Commissioner shall be the same as that of an Election Commissioner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Proposed amendments:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The appointment will be &ldquo;for such <strong>term as may be prescribed by the Central Government&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>The salaries, allowances and other terms of service of the Chief Information Commissioner and the Information Commissioners &ldquo;shall be such as <strong>may be prescribed by the Central Government&rdquo;.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Section 16 of the original Act deals with state-level Chief Information Commissioners and Information Commissioners.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The proposed amendment allows the Central government to control through rules, the terms and conditions of appointment of Commissioners in the States.</li>
<li><strong>This is an assault on the idea of federalism.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Also, the status of the Central Information Commissioners (CICs) has been brought on par with the Election Commissioners and the status of State Information Commissioners with the Chief Secretary in the States so that they can function in an independent and effective manner.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However the amendment has neglected the recommendation of the parliamentary standing committee that the Information Commissioner and CIC were to be made on par with the Election Commissioner and the CEC, respectively.</li>
<li>The amendment empowers the Central government to unilaterally decide the tenure, salary, allowances and other terms of service of Information Commissioners, both at the Centre and the States.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/389image1.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/389image1.webp" width="502" height="440" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>What are the issues in the proposed amendment?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The RTI law has been a breakthrough in creating mechanisms and platforms for the practice of continual public vigilance that are fundamental to democratic citizenship.</li>
<li>It has always been a constant challenge to the misuse of power, a threat to arbitrariness, privilege, and corrupt governance.</li>
<li>The RTI has been used to question every public institution on matters of public interest like the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India</strong></a>, the Finance Ministry, on demonetisation, non-performing assets, the Rafale fighter aircraft deal, electoral bonds, unemployment figures, the appointment of the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/central-vigilance-commission-cvc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Central Vigilance Commissioner</strong></a> (CVC) etc.</li>
<li>Importance of RTI can be ascertained from the fact that <strong>nearly 60 lakh RTI applications are being filed every year.</strong></li>
<li>The information related to decision-making at the highest level has in most cases eventually been accessed <strong>because of the independence and high status of the Information Commission.</strong></li>
<li>It has been acknowledged that one of the most important structural constituents of any independent oversight institution, i.e. the CVC, the Election Commissioners (CEC), the Lokpal, and the CIC is a basic guarantee of tenure.</li>
<li><strong>Thus, these amendments will lead to the dismantling of transparency architecture as they empower the Central government to unilaterally decide tenure, salary, allowances and other terms of service of Information Commissioners (both at the Centre and the States).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Commission which is vested by law with status, independence and authority, will now function as a department of the Central government.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These amendments fundamentally weaken an important part of the RTI architecture.</li>
<li>They violate the constitutional principles of federalism, undermine the independence of Information Commissions, and thereby significantly dilute the widely used framework for transparency in India.</li>
<li>It was because of these reasons that MP Shashi Tharoor called this bill as an &ldquo;RTI elimination Bill&rdquo; that removes the organisation&rsquo;s independence.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Independent structures set up to regulate and monitor the government are vital to a democratic state committed to deliver justice and constitutional guarantees.</li>
<li>The separation of powers is a concept which underscores this independence and is vital to our democratic <strong>checks and balances.</strong></li>
<li>So when power is centralised, the freedom of expression is threatened which can lead to the decline of democracy.<br /><br /></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #2b00ff; background-color: #4000ff;">
<td style="width: 505px; background-color: #cdf7e4; border-style: dotted;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />The Right to Information (Amendment) Bill 2019 is seen as a twin attack on accountability and the idea of federalism. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Reforms in Army ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Government has approved major reforms in the Indian Army which will begin with the restructuring of Army Headquarters.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Army headquarters had instituted 4 studies with an overall aim to enhance the operational and functional efficiency of the force, optimize budget expenditure, facilitate modernization and address aspirations.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Re-organisation and right-sizing of the Indian Army&rsquo;</strong> which focuses on operational structures to make the force efficient and future-ready by taking into account the operational situation on western and northern borders.</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Re-organisation of the Army Headquarters&rsquo;</strong> with an aim to bring in "integration and preclude the redundancies.</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Cadre review of officers'</strong> whose focus was to recommend how to carry out reorganization and restructuring to meet the aspirations of the officers' cadre.</li>
<li><strong>'Review of terms of engagement of rank and file'</strong> which was aimed at harnessing the higher life expectancy and ensuring the younger profile of key commands and motivation of the personnel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/362image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/362image2.jpg" width="481" height="491" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Shekatkar Committee</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ministry of Defence under the chairmanship of Lt. Gen (Retd) DB Shekatkar had constituted a committee to recommend measures to enhance combat capability and rebalance defence expenditure of the armed forces in 2015.</li>
<li><strong>Recommendations:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Closure of Military Farms and Army Postal Establishments in peace locations.</li>
<li>Enhancement in standards for recruitment of clerical staff and drivers in the Army.</li>
<li>Improving the efficiency of the National Cadet Corps.</li>
<li>Recommended a roll-on defence budget to have enough capital expenditure available for modernisation as against the present practice of surrendering unspent capital budget at the end of each financial year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/revamp-of-army-headquarters-to-get-under-way-by-end-of-july/article28628974.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reforms-in-army'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Governance Reforms in Jammu and Kashmir',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Parliament has extended the President Rule In <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-jammu-and-kashmir" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jammu &amp; Kashmir</strong></a> for another six months.</p>
<h3>Governance Issues in J&amp;K</h3>
<p>The Central government has extended its rule in the state while promoting grassroot democracy which seems contradictory and violation of spirit of federalism. Other issues involved are:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Poor economic development.</li>
<li>Failure to deliver even basic facilities.</li>
<li>Widespread corruption among government employees.</li>
<li>Human Rights Abuse.</li>
<li>Unemployment among youth.</li>
<li>Security threat from Cross border infiltration.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives Taken to address governance issues in J&amp;K</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/942image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/942image3.jpg" width="492" height="418" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ladakh-gets-divisional-status" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Divisional Status to Ladakh</strong></a></li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Back to Villages&rsquo;</strong> program under which government officers visit villages to redress grievances of people at their doorsteps.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>President's Rule in J&amp;K</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In case of breakdown of Constitutional machinery in the state, there are two prescriptions <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Governor's Rule under J&amp;K Constitution</li>
<li>Presidential Rule under the Indian Constitution (Article 356)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Governor's rule </strong>is<strong> first</strong> imposed for six months in the state with the approval of the President. In case, the constitutional crisis is not resolved within 6-months, <strong>President's Rule</strong> is extended to the state under article<strong> 356 of Indian Constitution</strong> for a maximum period of 3-years with Parliamentary approval after every 6 months.</li>
<li>President's Rule is extended to other states in case of breakdown of constitutional machinery under Art. 356 and under Art. 365 in case of failure of state govt to comply with orders of Central Govt. However, there is <strong>no</strong> such provision of <strong>Governor's Rule</strong> in other states.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centres-jammu-and-kashmir-playbook-goes-down-to-the-grassroots/article28628765.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/governance-reforms-in-jammu-and-kashmir'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/election-commission-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Election Commission of India&rsquo;s</strong></a> Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System has recorded a highest&nbsp;<strong>service voter turnout</strong> ratio during Lok sabha election 2019.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>ETPBS enables the entitled service voters to cast their vote (on <strong>electronically received postal ballot</strong>) from their preferred location, which is outside their originally assigned voting constituency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Service voters:</strong> Individuals working in <strong>central forces</strong> under arms act and <strong>government officials</strong> deployed in embassies outside the country are classified as service voters and are provisioned for online enrolment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>&nbsp;It is developed by the Election Commission of India with the help of Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), for the use of the service voters.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Eligibility</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Classified service voters,</strong> other than those who opt for proxy voting.</li>
<li>The <strong>wife of a service voter</strong> who ordinarily resides with him.</li>
<li><strong>Overseas voters</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Features</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Flexibility:</strong> Service voters can avail this service from anywhere outside their assigned constituency.</li>
<li><strong>Database:</strong> System facilitates creation of service voter electoral roll data.</li>
<li><strong>Secure:&nbsp;</strong>It is a secure system, having two layer of security:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>OTP (one time password) is required to download encrypted electronically transmitted postal ballot file.</li>
<li>PIN is required to decrypt, print and deliver ETPB.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Less time consuming:</strong> Time constraint involved in dispatch of postal ballot has been addressed using this system, as it sends postal ballots electronically to eligible service voters.</li>
<li><strong>No duplication:</strong> Secrecy is maintained and no duplication of casted ETPB is possible due to the unique quick response code.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192031" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: PIB</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/electronically-transmitted-postal-ballot-system'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Rocket Fuel',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The fuel that will power the core (or the middle unit of the lower part) of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-2nd-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GSLV Mk-III,</strong></a> the rocket to be used in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/launch-of-chandrayaan-II-postponed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chandrayaan-2 mission</strong></a> is UDMH (Unsymmetrical Di-Methyl Hydrazine).<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/403image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/403image1.jpg" width="273" height="267" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/indian-space-research-organisation-isro" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO)</strong></a> is using the highly toxic and corrosive fuel UDMH <strong>(Unsymmetrical Di-Methyl Hydrazine),</strong> along with the oxidiser nitrogen Tetroxide. This is called a <strong>&ldquo;dirty combination&rdquo;.</strong></li>
<li>Elsewhere in the world, space programmes have moved to a cleaner and greener fuel &mdash; liquid methane or kerosene.</li>
<li>Shifting to liquid methane would mean bringing in cryogenic engine because any gas would need to be kept in extremely low temperatures to stay liquefied.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-2nd-may-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>GSLV Mk III</strong></a> is a three-stage heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by ISRO. The vehicle has two solid strap-ons, a core liquid booster and a cryogenic upper stage.</li>
<li>GSLV Mk III is designed to carry 4 ton class of satellites into <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/gsat-29-satellite-launched-1-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)</strong></a> or about 10 tons to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mission-shakti" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Low Earth Orbit (LEO)</strong></a>, which is about twice the capability of GSLV Mk II.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Propellant Used in Rocket</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The propellant is the chemical mixture burned to produce thrust in rockets and consists of a<strong> fuel and an oxidizer.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fuel</strong> is a substance that burns when combined with oxidiser for propulsion.</li>
<li><strong>The oxidizer</strong> is an agent that releases oxygen for combination with a fuel. The ratio of oxidizer to fuel is called the mixture ratio.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Propellants are classified according to their state - <strong>liquid, solid, or hybrid.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Liquid Propellants:</strong> In a liquid propellant rocket, the fuel and oxidizer are stored in separate tanks and are fed through a system of pipes, valves, and turbopumps to a combustion chamber where they are combined and burned to produce thrust.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong> Liquid propellant engines are more complex than their solid propellant counterparts, however, they offer several advantages. By controlling the flow of propellant to the combustion chamber, the engine can be throttled, stopped, or restarted.</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages:</strong> The main difficulties with liquid propellants are with oxidizers. Storable oxidizers, such as nitric acid and nitrogen tetroxide are extremely toxic and highly reactive, while cryogenic propellants being stored at low temperature and can also have reactivity/toxicity issues.</li>
<li>Liquid propellants used in rocketry can be classified into three types: <strong>petroleum, cryogens, and hypergolic.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Petroleum fuels</strong> are those refined from crude oil and are a mixture of complex hydrocarbons, i.e. organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. The petroleum used as rocket fuel is a type of highly refined kerosene.</li>
<li><strong>Cryogenic propellants</strong> are liquefied gases stored at very low temperatures, most frequently liquid hydrogen (LH2) as the fuel and liquid oxygen (LO2 or LOX) as the oxidizer. Hydrogen remains liquid at temperatures of -253 oC (-423 oF) and oxygen remains in a liquid state at temperatures of -183 oC (-297 oF).</li>
<li><strong>Hypergolic propellants</strong> and oxidizers that ignite spontaneously on contact with each other and require no ignition source. The easy start and restart capability of hypergolic make them ideal for spacecraft manoeuvring systems. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Since hypergolic remain liquid at normal temperatures, they do not pose the storage problems like cryogenic propellants. Hypergolic are highly toxic and must be handled with extreme care. Hypergolic fuels commonly include hydrazine, monomethyl-hydrazine (MMH) and unsymmetrical dimethyl-hydrazine (UDMH).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Solid propellant:</strong> These are the simplest of all rocket designs. They consist of a casing, usually steel, filled with a mixture of solid compounds (fuel and oxidizer) that burn at a rapid rate, expelling hot gases from a nozzle to produce thrust. When ignited, a solid propellant burns from the centre out towards the sides of the casing.&nbsp;</li>
<li>There are two families of solids propellants: <strong>homogeneous and composite.</strong> Both types are dense, stable at ordinary temperatures, and easily storable.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Composites</strong> are composed mostly of a mixture of granules of solid oxidizers, such as <strong>ammonium nitrate, ammonium dinitramide, ammonium perchlorate, or potassium nitrate</strong> in a polymer binding agent.</li>
<li>Single-, double-, or triple-bases (depending on the number of primary ingredients) are <strong>homogeneous mixtures</strong> of one to three primary ingredients.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong> Solid propellant rockets are much easier to store and handle than liquid propellant rockets. High propellant density makes for compact size as well.</li>
<li><strong>Disadvantages:</strong> Unlike liquid-propellant engines, solid propellant motors cannot be shut down. Once ignited, they will burn until all the propellant is exhausted.</li>
<li><strong>Hybrid propellant:</strong> These engines represent an intermediate group between solid and liquid propellant engines. One of the substances is solid, usually the fuel, while the other, usually the oxidizer, is liquid. The liquid is injected into the solid, whose fuel reservoir also serves as the combustion chamber. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>main advantage</strong> of such engines is that they have high performance, similar to that of solid propellants, but the combustion can be moderated, stopped, or even restarted. It is difficult to make use of this concept for very large thrusts, and thus, hybrid propellant engines are rarely built.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cryogenic Rocket</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses a cryogenic fuel or oxidizer, that is, its fuel or oxidizer (or both) are <strong>gases liquefied and stored at very low temperature.</strong></li>
<li>A Cryogenic rocket stage is more efficient and provides more thrust for every kilogram of propellant it burns compared to solid and earth-storable liquid propellant rocket stages. <strong>Specific impulse</strong> achievable with cryogenic propellants (liquid Hydrogen and liquid Oxygen) is much higher compared to earth storable liquid and solid propellants, giving it a substantial payload advantage.</li>
<li>Oxygen liquefies at -183 deg C and Hydrogen at -253 deg C also entails complex ground support systems like propellant storage and filling systems, cryo engine and stage test facilities, transportation and handling of cryo fluids and related safety aspects.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Specific Impulse</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The gauge for rating the efficiency of rocket propellants is <strong>specific impulse</strong>, stated in seconds. Specific impulse indicates how many pounds (or kilograms) of thrust are obtained by the consumption of one pound (or kilogram) of propellant in one second.</li>
<li>Specific impulse is characteristic of the type of propellant, however, its exact value will vary to some extent with the operating conditions and design of the rocket engine.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/isros-dirty-fuel-dilemma/article28628087.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: THBL</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rocket-fuel'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Bhabha Kavach',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>India&rsquo;s <strong>lightest</strong> and <strong>cheapest bullet proof jacket</strong> &lsquo;Bhabha Kavach&rsquo; was displayed at the <strong>International Police Expo 2019</strong> held at Pragati Maidan<strong> in New Delhi.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The expo was organised by <strong>Nexgen Exhibitions</strong> (Asia&rsquo;s leading and established trade fair, exhibition and conference organizer).</li>
<li>The bullet proof jacket weighs just <strong>6.6 kg</strong> (in comparison to traditional jackets which weigh around 17-kg).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Production and Development</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhabha Kavach was <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/indigenisation-of-defence" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>developed indigenously</strong></a> by Defence organizations like <strong>Ordnance Factory Board</strong> and <strong>Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited</strong> (MIDHANI) with transfer of carbon-nanomaterial technology from <strong>Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</strong> (BARC).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>MIDHANI,</strong> is a (public sector undertaking) specialized metals and metal alloys manufacturing facility in India, located in <strong>Hyderabad, Telangana.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ordnance Factory Board</strong> is an industrial organisation, functioning under the Department of Defence Production , Ministry of Defence (headquartered in Kolkata).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Manufacturing</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Bhabha Kavach is built from layers of<strong> high-density, high-tenacity polyethylene,</strong> which are fused together at <strong>high temperatures</strong> to form a thick, hard armour plate, which is then sprayed with BARC&rsquo;s <strong>carbon nanomaterial.</strong></li>
<li>The material used in the jacket are <strong>hard boron carbide ceramics, carbon nano-tubes</strong> and <strong>composite polymer</strong> (polymer made up of two or other types of polymer).</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>BARC is India&rsquo;s premier <strong>nuclear research</strong> facility based in Mumbai, Maharashtra.</li>
<li>It is a multi-disciplinary research center with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development.</li>
<li>Its core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power generation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In the backdrop of several terrorist attacks ( like Uri , Pulwama), Indian security forces are in the dire need to develop an advanced, efficient and cost-effective security system which can potentially deal with the fast changing threats of the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</li>
<li>Central Armed Police Forces like Central Reserve Police Force, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bold-qit-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Border Security Force,</strong></a> Indo-Tibet Border Police, and Sashastra Seema Bal, which secure our border areas are more exposed to security threats and hence, Bhabha Kavach has been designed to protect Indian defence forces against:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>AK-47 rifle:</strong> 7.62mm hard steel core or bullets fired from an AK-47 rifle.</li>
<li><strong>INSAS bullet:</strong> 5.56mm Indian Small Arms System (INSAS) bullet.</li>
<li><strong>SLR:</strong> 7.65mm bullet of self-loading rifle (SLR).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bhabha-kavach-to-block-7-62-mm-ak-47-bullets-for-paramilitary-forces-119072200026_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: Business Standard</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bhabha-kavach'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Producing New Antibiotics Through Robotics',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Researchers have produced a new class of <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-drug-resistance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antibiotics</strong></a>, known as <strong>class II Polyketides, </strong>by<strong> using robotics to engineer Escherichia coli (E. coli),</strong> a common gut bacterium.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These antibiotics are also naturally produced by soil bacteria and <strong>have antimicrobial properties</strong> which are vital in the modern pharmaceutical industry to combat infectious diseases and cancer.</li>
<li>The naturally produced Escherichia coli bacteria are difficult to work with as they grow in dense clumps that are incompatible with the automated robotic systems used for modern biotechnology research.</li>
<li>By transferring the production machinery from the soil bacteria into E. coli, the researchers have made this class of antibiotics <strong>accessible for much more rapid exploration.</strong></li>
<li>This breakthrough could be vital for the ongoing <strong>combat against</strong> <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/to-the-point-paper-3-antimicrobial-resistance-amr" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>antimicrobial resistance,</strong></a> as recently developed automated robotics systems can now be used to create new antibiotics in a fast and efficient way.</li>
<li>It will now be possible to explore and engineer polyketides using robotic systems to develop new and diversified polyketides in an automated, rapid and versatile fashion.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Antibiotics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Antibiotics are chemical substances, which are produced by some microbes and can kill or retard the growth of other (disease-causing) microbes.</li>
<li>Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered. This antibiotic was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/robots-help-produce-new-class-of-antibiotics/articleshow/70323447.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TOI</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/producing-new-antibiotics-through-robotics'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Temple Architecture',
		'catname' => 'Paper 1',
		'desc' => '<h3>Introduction</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Most of the architectural remains that survive from Ancient and Medieval India are religious in nature.</li>
<li>In different parts of the country, distinct architectural style of temples was result of geographical, ethnic and historical diversities.</li>
<li>Two broad orders of temples in the country are known as <strong>Nagara in the north and Dravida in the south.</strong></li>
<li>At times, the <strong>Vesara style</strong> of temples is also found as an independent style, created through the selective mixing of the Nagara and Dravida orders.</li>
<li>As temples grew more complex, more surfaces were created for sculpture by adding more and more rhythmically projecting, symmetrical walls and niches, without breaking away from the fundamental plan of the shrine.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Basic Features of the Hindu Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The basic form of the Hindu temple comprises the following:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Sanctum (garbhagriha</strong> literally &lsquo;womb-house&rsquo;)<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was a small cubicle with a single entrance which grew into a larger chamber in time.</li>
<li>The garbhagriha is made to house the main icon.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Entrance to the temple</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It may be a portico or colonnaded hall that incorporates space for a large number of worshippers and is known as a <strong>mandapa.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Freestanding temples tend to have a <strong>mountain-like spire</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It can take the shape of a curving <strong>shikhar</strong> in North India and a pyramidal tower, called a <strong>vimana</strong>, in South India.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The vahan</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was mount or vehicle of the temple&rsquo;s main deity along with a standard pillar or dhvaj is placed axially before the sanctum.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Many Hindu temples, feature <strong>mithun (embracing couple) sculptures,</strong> considered auspicious.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Usually, they are placed at the entrance of the temple or on an exterior wall or they may also be placed on the walls between the mandapa and the main shrine.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961344_image20.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961344_image20.jpg" width="650" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Nagara or North Indian Temple Style</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In North India it is common for an entire temple to be built on a <strong>stone platform with steps leading up to it.</strong></li>
<li>Further, unlike in South India it <strong>does not usually have elaborate boundary walls</strong> or gateways.</li>
<li>While the earliest temples had just one tower, or shikhara, later temples had several.</li>
<li>The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower.</li>
<li>There are many subdivisions of nagara temples depending on the shape of the shikhara.</li>
<li>There are different names for the various parts of the temple in different parts of India; however, the most common name for the simple shikhara which is square at the base and whose walls curve or slope inward to a point on top is called the <strong>'latina'</strong> or the rekha-prasada type of shikara.</li>
<li>The second major type of architectural form in the nagara order is the <strong>phamsana,</strong> which tends to be broader and shorter than latina ones.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Their roofs are composed of several slabs that gently rise to a single point over the centre of the building, unlike the latina ones which look like sharply rising tall towers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The third main sub-type of the nagara building is generally called the <strong>valabhi type.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These are rectangular buildings with a roof that rises into a vaulted chamber.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Central India Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ancient temples of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan share many traits. The most visible is that they are <strong>made of sandstone.</strong></li>
<li>Some of the oldest surviving <strong>structural temples from the Gupta Period</strong> are in Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li>The crowning elements- <strong>amalak and kalash,</strong> are to be found on all nagara temples of this period.</li>
<li>These are relatively modest-looking shrines each having four pillars that support a small mandapa which looks like a simple square porch-like extension before an equally small room that served as the garbhagriha.</li>
<li><strong>Udaigiri,</strong> which is on the outskirts of Vidisha is part of a larger Hindu complex of cave shrines, while the other one is at Sanchi, near the stupa.</li>
<li><strong>Deogarh</strong> (in Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh) was built in the early sixth century CE, is a classic example of a late Gupta Period type of temple.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This temple is in the <strong>panchayatana style of architecture</strong> where the main shrine is built on a rectangular plinth with four smaller subsidiary shrines at the four corners (making it a total number of five shrines, hence the name, panchayatana).</li>
<li>The presence of this curving latina or rekha-prasada type of shikhara also makes it clear that this is an early example of a <strong>classic nagara style of temple.</strong></li>
<li>The temple depicts Vishnu in various forms, due to which it was assumed that the four subsidiary shrines must also have housed Vishnu&rsquo;s avatars and the temple was mistaken for a dashavatara temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Predating the tenth century, <strong>Chausath Yogini temple</strong> is a temple of small, square shrines of roughly-hewn granite blocks, each dedicated to goddesses associated with the rise of Tantric worship after the seventh century.Built between 7<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> centuries, several such temples were dedicated to the cult of the yoginis across Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and even as far south as Tamil Nadu.</li>
<li>There are many temples at <strong>Khajuraho,</strong> most of them devoted to Hindu gods. There are some Jain temples as well.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Khajuraho&rsquo;s temples are also known for their <strong>extensive erotic sculptures;</strong> the erotic expression is given equal importance in human experience as spiritual pursuit, and it is seen as part of a larger cosmic whole.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Lakshmana temple</strong> of Khajuraho, dedicated to Vishnu, was built in 954 by the Chandela king, Dhanga. It is a nagara temple placed on a high platform accessed by stairs.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961621_image5.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961621_image5.jpg" width="550" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Kandariya Mahadeo temple at Khajuraho</strong> is the epitome of temple architecture in Central India.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961699_image16.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577961699_image16.jpg" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Westen Indian Temples<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964027_image6.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964027_image6.jpg" style="float: right;" width="487" caption="false" height="451" /></a></h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The temples in the north-western parts of India including Gujarat and Rajasthan, and in western Madhya Pradesh are large in numbers.</li>
<li>The stone used to build the temples ranges in colour and type.</li>
<li><strong>While sandstone is the commonest,</strong> a grey to <strong>black basalt</strong> can be seen in some of the 10<sup>th</sup> to 12<sup>th</sup> century temple sculptures.</li>
<li>The most exuberant and famed is the manipulatable <strong>soft white marble</strong> which is also seen in some of the 10<sup>th</sup>-12<sup>th</sup> century <strong>Jain temples in Mount Abu</strong> and the 15<sup>th</sup> century temple at <strong>Ranakpur</strong>.</li>
<li>Among the most important art-historical sites in the region is <strong>Samlaji in Gujarat.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Sun temple at Modhera</strong> dates back to the early 11<sup>th</sup> century and was built by Raja Bhimdev I of the Solanki Dynasty in 1026.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is a massive rectangular stepped tank called the surya kund in front of it, perhaps the grandest temple tank in India.</li>
<li>Every year, at the time of the equinoxes, the sun shines directly into this central shrine of the temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964082_image14.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964082_image14.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Eastern Indian temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Eastern Indian temples include those found in the <strong>North East, Bengal </strong>and<strong> Odisha.</strong></li>
<li>It appears that <strong>terracotta was the main medium</strong> of construction, and also for moulding plaques which <strong>depicted Buddhist and Hindu deities</strong> in Bengal until the 7<sup>th</sup> century.</li>
<li><strong>Assam:</strong> An old sixth-century sculpted door frame from <strong>Dah Parvatia near Tezpur</strong> and another few stray sculptures from <strong>Rangagora Tea Estate</strong> near Tinsukia in Assam bear witness to the import of the Gupta idiom in that region.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964154_image18.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964154_image18.jpg" style="float: right;" width="446" caption="false" height="289" /></a></li>
<li>By the 12<sup>th</sup>-14<sup>th</sup> centuries, a distinct regional style developed in Assam.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The style that came with the <strong>migration of the Tais from Upper Burma mixed with the dominant Pala style of Bengal</strong> and led to the creation of what was later known as the <strong>Ahom style</strong> in and around Guwahati.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Kamakhya temple,</strong> a Shakti Peeth, is dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya and was built in the 17<sup>th</sup> century in Assam.</li>
<li><strong>Bengal:</strong> The style of the sculptures during the period between the ninth and eleventh centuries in Bengal (including Bangladesh) and Bihar is known as the <strong>Pala style,</strong> named after the ruling dynasty at the time.</li>
<li>While the style of those of the mid-eleventh to mid-thirteenth centuries is named after the <strong>Sena kings.</strong></li>
<li>While the Palas are celebrated as patrons of many Buddhist monastic sites, the temples from that region are known to express the <strong>local Vanga style.</strong></li>
<li>The 9<sup>th</sup> century <strong>Siddheshvara Mahadeva Temple in Barakar</strong> in Burdwan District, for example, shows a tall curving shikhara crowned by a large amalaka and is an example of the early Pala style.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964201_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964201_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The black to grey basalt and chlorite stone pillars and arched niches of Purlia temples heavily influenced the earliest Bengal sultanate buildings at Gaur and Pandua.</li>
<li><strong>In the Mughal period and later,</strong> scores of terracotta brick temples were built across Bengal and Bangladesh in a unique style that <strong>had elements of local building techniques seen in bamboo huts.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966110_image21.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966110_image21.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="575" caption="false" /></a></strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Odisha:</strong> The main architectural features of Odisha temples are classified into three orders, i.e., <strong>rekhapida, pidhadeul and khakra.</strong></li>
<li>Most of the main temple sites are located in ancient Kalinga&mdash;modern Puri District, including Bhubaneswar or ancient Tribhuvanesvara, Puri and Konark.</li>
<li>In general, the <strong>shikhara, called deul in Odisha,</strong> is vertical almost until the top when it suddenly curves sharply inwards.</li>
<li>Deuls are preceded, as usual, by <strong>mandapas called jagamohana</strong> in Odisha.</li>
<li>Odisha temples usually have boundary walls.</li>
<li>The ground plan of the main temple is almost always square, which, in the upper reaches of its superstructure becomes circular in the crowning mastaka.</li>
<li>Compartments and niches are generally square, the exterior of the temples are lavishly carved, their interiors generally quite bare.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578027815_image9.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578027815_image9.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="550" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>At Konark, on the shores of the Bay of Bengal, lie the ruins of the Surya or <strong>Sun temple</strong> built in stone around 1240.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Sun temple is set on a high base, its walls covered in extensive, detailed ornamental carving.</li>
<li>These include<strong> twelve pairs of enormous wheels</strong> sculpted with spokes and hubs, representing the chariot wheels of the Sun god who, in mythology, rides a chariot driven by seven horses, sculpted here at the entrance staircase.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966172_image15.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966172_image15.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="383" height="275" /></a></p>
<h3>Hill Temples</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A unique form of architecture developed in the hills of <strong>Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal and Kashmir.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966146_image10.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577966146_image10.jpg" style="float: right;" width="452" caption="false" height="301" /></a></strong></li>
<li>Kashmir&rsquo;s proximity to prominent Gandhara sites (such as Taxila, Peshawar and the northwest frontier) lent the region a <strong>strong Gandhara influence</strong> by the 5<sup>th</sup> century CE.</li>
<li>This began to mix with the Gupta and post-Gupta traditions that were brought to it from Sarnath, Mathura and even centres in Gujarat and Bengal.</li>
<li>Brahmin pundits and Buddhist monks frequently travelled between Kashmir, Garhwal, Kumaon and religious centres in the plains like Banaras, Nalanda and even as far south as Kanchipuram.</li>
<li>As a result both Buddhist and Hindu traditions began to intermingle and spread in the hills.</li>
<li>The hills also had their <strong>own tradition of wooden buildings with pitched roofs.</strong></li>
<li>At several places in the hills, while the main garbhagriha and shikhara are made in a <strong>rekha-prasada or latina style,</strong> the mandapa is of an older form of wooden architecture.</li>
<li>Sometimes, the temple itself takes on a <strong>pagoda shape.</strong></li>
<li>The <strong>Karkota period of Kashmir</strong> is the most significant in terms of architecture.</li>
<li>One of the most important temples is<strong> Pandrethan,</strong> built during the 8<sup>th</sup> and 9<sup>th</sup> centuries.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In keeping with the tradition of a water tank attached to the shrine, this temple is built on a plinth built in the middle of a tank.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Like the findings at Samlaji, the sculptures at Chamba also show an <strong>amalgamation of local traditions with a post Gupta style.</strong></li>
<li>The images of <strong>Mahishasuramardini and Narasimha</strong> at the Laksna-Devi Mandir are evidences of the influence of the post-Gupta tradition.</li>
<li>Of the temples in Kumaon, the ones at <strong>Jageshwar</strong> near Almora, and <strong>Champavat</strong> near Pithoragarh, are classic examples of nagara architecture in the region.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965993_image11.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965993_image11.jpg" width="650" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Dravida Or South Indian Temple Style</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Unlike the nagara temple, the dravida temple is enclosed within a <strong>compound wall.</strong></li>
<li>The front wall has an entrance gateway in its centre, which is known as a <strong>gopuram.</strong></li>
<li>The shape of the main temple tower known as <strong>vimana</strong> in Tamil Nadu, is like a stepped pyramid that rises up geometrically rather than the curving shikhara of North India.</li>
<li>It is common to find a large water reservoir, or a temple tank, enclosed within the complex.</li>
<li>Subsidiary shrines are either incorporated within the main temple tower, or located as distinct, separate small shrines beside the main temple.</li>
<li><strong>Kanchipuram, Thanjavur or Tanjore, Madurai and Kumbakonam are the most famous temple towns of Tamil Nadu,</strong> where, during the 8<sup>th</sup>-12<sup>th</sup> centuries, the role of the temple was not limited to religious matters alone.</li>
<li>Temples became rich administrative centres, controlling vast areas of land.</li>
<li>Just as there are many subdivisions of the main types of nagara temples, there are subdivisions also of dravida temples.</li>
<li>These are basically of five different shapes:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>square, usually called <strong>kuta</strong>, and also caturasra</li>
<li>rectangular or <strong>shala or ayatasra</strong></li>
<li>elliptical, called <strong>gaja-prishta</strong> or elephant backed, or also called <strong>vrittayata,</strong> deriving from wagon vaulted shapes of apsidal chaityas with a horse-shoe shaped entrance facade usually called a nasi</li>
<li>circular or <strong>vritta</strong></li>
<li>octagonal or <strong>ashtasra.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Pallavas</strong> were one of the ancient South Indian dynasties. They spread their empire to various parts of the subcontinent, at times reaching the borders of Odisha, and their links with South&ndash;East Asia were also strong.</li>
<li>Although they were <strong>mostly Shaivite,</strong> several Vaishnava shrines also survived from their reign, and there is no doubt that they were influenced by the long Buddhist history of the Deccan.</li>
<li>Their early buildings, it is generally assumed, were rock cut, while the later ones were structural.</li>
<li>The early buildings are generally attributed to the reign of <strong>Mahendravarman I,</strong> a contemporary of the Chalukyan king, Pulakesin II of Karnataka.</li>
<li><strong>Narasimhavarman I,</strong> also known as Mamalla, inaugurated most of the building works at Mahabalipuram which came to be known after him as <strong>Mamallapuram.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> shore temple at Mahabalipuram</strong> was built later, probably in the reign of <strong>Narasimhavarman II,</strong> also known as Rajasimha who reigned from 700 to 728 CE.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The temple houses three shrines, two to Shiva, one facing east and the other west, and a middle one to Vishnu.</li>
<li>In the compound there is evidence of a water tank, an early example of a gopuram, and several other images.</li>
<li>Sculptures of the bull, Nandi, Shiva&rsquo;s mount, line the temple walls, and these, along with the carvings on the temple&rsquo;s lower walls have suffered severe disfiguration due to erosion by salt-water laden air over the centuries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964595_image8.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964595_image8.jpg" width="700" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The magnificent <strong>Shiva temple of Thanjavur, called the Rajarajeswara or Brahadeeshwarar temple,</strong> was completed around 1009 by <strong>Rajaraja Chola,</strong> and is the largest and tallest of all Indian temples.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964637_image13.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964637_image13.jpg" style="float: right;" width="500" caption="false" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is in this temple that one notices for the first time<strong> two large gopurams</strong> (gateway towers) with an elaborate sculptural programme which was conceived along with the temple.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Deccan Architecture</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Many different styles of temple architecture influenced by both North and South Indian temples were used in regions like Karnataka.</li>
<li>By the late 7<sup>th</sup> or early 8th century, the ambitious projects at<strong> Ellora</strong> became even grander.</li>
<li>By about 750 CE, the early western Chalukya control of the Deccan was taken by the Rashtrakutas.</li>
<li>Their greatest achievement in architecture is the <strong>Kailashnath temple at Ellora,</strong> a culmination of at least a millennium-long tradition in rock-cut architecture in India.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964688_image19.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577964688_image19.jpg" caption="false" width="350" height="280" style="float: right;" /></a>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a complete dravida building with a Nandi shrine&mdash;since the temple is dedicated to Shiva&mdash;a gopuram-like gateway, surrounding cloisters, subsidiary shrines, staircases and an imposing tower or vimana rising to thirty metres.</li>
<li>Importantly, all of this is carved out of living rock. One portion of the monolithic hill was carved patiently to build the <strong>Kailashnath temple.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the southern part of the Deccan, i.e., in the region of Karnataka where some of the most experimental hybrid styles of vesara architecture are to be found.</li>
<li><strong>Pulakesin I</strong> established the western Chalukya kingdom when he secured the land around Badami in 543.</li>
<li>Early Chalukyan activity also takes the form of rock-cut caves while later activity is of structural temples.</li>
<li>The earliest is probably the <strong>Ravana Phadi cave at Aihole</strong> which is known for its distinctive sculptural style.<img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1578028326_image1.jpg" width="320" caption="false" style="float: right;" />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>One of the most important sculptures at the site is of <strong>Nataraja,</strong> surrounded by larger -than-life-size depictions of the saptamatrikas: three to Shiva&rsquo;s left and four to his right.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The most elaborate of all Chalukyan temples at Pattadakal made in the reign of Vikramaditya II (733-44) by his chief queen Loka Mahadevi is <strong>Virupaksha temple.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Another important temple from this site is <strong>Papnath temple,</strong> dedicated to Lord Shiva.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Lad Khan temple at Aihole in Karnataka,</strong> seems to be inspired by the wooden-roofed temples of the hills, except that it is constructed out of stone.</li>
<li>The <strong>Hoysaleswara temple</strong> (Lord of the Hoysalas) at Halebid in Karnataka was built in dark schist stone by the Hoysala king in 1150.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Dedicated to Shiva as Nataraja, the Halebid temple is a double building with a large hall for the mandapa to facilitate music and dance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Founded in 1336, <strong>Vijayanagara, literally &lsquo;city of victory&rsquo;,</strong> attracted a number of international travellers such as the Italian, Niccolo di Conti, the Portuguese Domingo Paes etc.who have left vivid accounts of the city.</li>
<li>In addition, various Sanskrit and Telugu works document the vibrant literary tradition of this kingdom.</li>
<li>Architecturally, Vijayanagara synthesises the centuries-old dravidian temple architecture with Islamic styles demonstrated by the neighbouring sultanates.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965842_image7.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965842_image7.jpg" width="575" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>Buddhist Architectural Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The pre-eminent Buddhist site is <strong>Bodhgaya.</strong> While the bodhi tree is of immense importance, the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodhgaya is an important reminder of the brick work of that time.</li>
<li>
<p>The first shrine here, located at the base of the <strong>Bodhi tree,</strong> is said to have been constructed by King Ashoka.</p>
</li>
<li>Many of the sculptures in the niches in the temple are dated to the 8<sup>th</sup> century Pala Period. The actual Mahabodhi temple itself as it stands now is largely a colonial period reconstruction of the old 7<sup>th</sup> century design.</li>
<li>The design of the temple is unusual. It is, strictly speaking, <strong>neither dravida or nagara.</strong> It is narrow like a nagara temple, but it rises without curving, like a dravida one.</li>
<li>The<strong> monastic university of Nalanda</strong> is a mahavihara as it is a complex of several monasteries of various sizes.</li>
<li>The foundation of a monastery was laid by <strong>Kumargupta I</strong> in the 5th century CE; and this was carried forward by the later monarchs.</li>
<li>The sculptural art of Nalanda, in stucco, stone and bronze, developed out of a heavy dependence on the Buddhist Gupta art of Sarnath.</li>
<li>The <strong>Nalanda sculptures initially depict Buddhist deities of the Mahayana pantheon</strong> such as standing Buddhas, bodhisattvas such as Manjusri Kumara, Avalokiteshvara seated on a lotus and Naga-Nagarjuna.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965700_image17.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965700_image17.jpg" style="float: right;" width="375" caption="false" /></a></li>
<li>During the late 11th and 12th centuries, when Nalanda emerged as an important tantric centre, the repertoire came to be dominated by Vajrayana deities such as Vajrasharada (a form of Saraswati) Khasarpana, Avalokiteshvara, etc.</li>
<li>Depictions of crowned Buddhas occur commonly only after the 10th century.</li>
<li>Later other major Buddhist monasteries developed in Odisha. <strong>Lalitagiri, Vajragiri </strong>and <strong>Ratnagiri</strong> are the most famous of them.</li>
<li>The port-town of <strong>Nagapattinam</strong> was also a major Buddhist centre right until the Chola Period.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965753_image12.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965753_image12.jpg" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Jain Architectural Developments</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Jains were prolific temple builders like the Hindus, and their sacred shrines and pilgrimage spots are to be found across the length and breadth of India <strong>except in the hills.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965626_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965626_image4.jpg" style="float: right;" caption="false" width="230" height="299" /></a></strong></li>
<li>The oldest Jain pilgrimage sites are to be found in Bihar. In the Deccan, some of the most architecturally important Jain sites can be found in <strong>Ellora and Aihole.</strong></li>
<li>In central India, <strong>Deogarh, Khajuraho, Chanderi </strong>and<strong> Gwalior</strong> have some excellent examples of Jain temples.</li>
<li>Karnataka has a rich heritage of Jain shrines and at <strong>Shravanabelagola</strong> the famous statue of Gomateshwara.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The granite statue of Lord Bahubali which stands eighteen metres or fifty-seven feet high, is the world&rsquo;s tallest <strong>monolithic free-standing structure.</strong></li>
<li>It was commissioned by <strong>Camundaraya,</strong> the General-in-Chief and Prime Minister of the Ganga Kings of Mysore.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>Jain temples at Mount Abu</strong> were constructed by Vimal Shah.</li>
<li>The temple is famous for its unique patterns on every ceiling, and the graceful bracket figures along the domed ceilings.</li>
<li>The great Jain pilgrimage site in the Shatrunjay hills near Palitana in Kathiawar, Gujarat, is imposing with scores of temples clustered together.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965587_image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1577965587_image2.jpg" width="270" caption="false" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/temple-architecture'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Politics of Defection',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on the <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/does-the-anti-defection-law-serve-any-purpose/article28562644.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Does the anti-defection law serves any purpose?&rdquo;</strong></a>. It talks about the desirability of Anti-defection law in Indian democracy.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Supreme Court has held that it is the Speaker&rsquo;s discretion to decide on the resignations of the 15 dissident MLAs belonging to the Congress-Janata Dal (Secular) coalition government of Karnataka. The legislators have resigned saying they do not have confidence in the current government while the critics held that these resignations are rendered so to evade disqualification.</p>
<p>The Supreme Court ruled on the Karnataka incidents saying that the Speaker has the complete discretion to decide upon the resignations of the MLAs The resignation issue has raised some important questions on the working of the anti-defection law.</p>
<h3>What is the Anti Defection law?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Anti-Defection Law was <strong>passed in 1985</strong> through the <strong>52<sup>nd</sup> Amendment to the Constitution,</strong> which added the <strong>Tenth Schedule</strong> to the Indian Constitution. The main intent of the law was to combat &ldquo;the evil of political defections&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/612FireShot%20Capture 007 -  - www.prsindia.org.webp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/612FireShot Capture 007 -  - www.prsindia.org.webp" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<h3>What is the issue?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Under <strong>Article 190(3)</strong> of the Constitution, the Speaker has to satisfy himself that the resignations are voluntary and genuine and can reject them if he feels they are not. <strong>The Speaker has absolute discretion in this matter.</strong></li>
<li>The resignations were tendered with a view to avoid disqualification pertaining under Anti-defection law.</li>
<li>As the supreme court in G. Vishwanathan v. Speaker (Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly) 1996 case, held that once a member is expelled, he is treated as an &lsquo;unattached&rsquo; member in the house. However, he continues to be a member of the old party as per the Tenth Schedule. So if he joins a new party after being expelled, he can be said to have voluntarily given up membership of his old party.</li>
</ul>
<p>However, while deterring defections, the law also leads to the suppression of healthy intra-party debate and dissent.</p>
<h3>Should, the anti-defection law be repealed?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Edmund Burke&rsquo;s famous speech on representative democracy, the representative should think of what is good for the country and not just for his constituents.</li>
<li>Due to Anti-defection law, the parliamentary system in India is converted to a de-facto presidential system, as the head of the executive (Prime Minister) also controls the majority party in the legislature.</li>
<li>Further, while discussing the draft constitution, Dr Ambedkar held that despite the stability inherent in the presidential system, responsibility provided by the parliamentary system is more important in a country like India.</li>
<li>But anti-defection law has led to the <strong>silencing of dissent in the legislature,</strong> in this light, the anti-defection law has <strong>hallowed the deliberative aspect of representative democracy.</strong></li>
<li>Also, features like Anti-defection are generally not observed in mature democracies:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like in UK politics, including the defection of Ramsay Macdonald, the first Labour Prime Minister, in 1931, defected from his party following disagreements on policy responses to the economic crisis.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Neither Macdonald nor any of his three cabinet colleagues who defected with him resigned.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the US too, Congressmen often vote against the party programme on important issues without actually defecting from the party.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>On the positive side, <strong>Anti-Defection law deters the horse-trading in the parliament</strong> as was observed during the decade of 1970-80s.</p>
<p>This anti-defection law has regulated parliamentary behaviour for over the three decades now. Though it has the advantage of <strong>providing stability to governments</strong> and <strong>ensuring loyalty to party manifestos,</strong> it <strong>reduces the accountability of the government to Parliament</strong> and <strong>curbs dissent against party policies.</strong></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The words &lsquo;voluntarily giving up membership of a political party&rsquo; should be comprehensively defined.</li>
<li>According to 2<sup>nd</sup> ARC, decisions under the Tenth Schedule should be made by the President/ Governor on the binding advice of the Election Commission.</li>
<li>According to law commission, provisions which exempt splits and mergers from disqualification should be deleted.</li>
<li>Disqualification should be limited to cases where :
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>a member voluntarily gives up the membership of his political party,</li>
<li>a member abstains from voting, or votes contrary to the party whip in a motion of vote of confidence or motion of no-confidence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The vote cast by a defector to topple a government should be treated as invalid.</li>
</ul>
<p>It is not feasible to completely repeal the Anti-defection law, it should be amended appropriately, but the long term solution lies in <strong>checking the political culture</strong> and the legislators who act in unscrupulous ways should be voted out in subsequent elections, as the ultimate sovereignty lies with the people of India.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.8008%;" height="99">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ff4747;">
<td style="width: 502px; background-color: #f4f5da; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />The Anti-defection law has provided stability to governments, however, it reduces the accountability of the government to Parliament and curbs dissent against party policies. In this context discuss the viability of repealing Anti-defection law?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/politics-of-defection'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Protection of Human Right (Amendment) Bill, 2019 ',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To make the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) more inclusive and efficient, Lok Sabha passes the Protection of <strong>Human Rights (Amendment) Bill, 2019</strong> which amends the Protection of Human Rights Act,1993.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Amendment proposed</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A person <strong>who has been a Judge of the Supreme Court</strong> is also made eligible to be appointed as Chairperson of the Commission in addition to the person who has been the Chief Justice of India.</li>
<li><strong>Increasing the members of the commission who have knowledge of human rights issues,</strong> from two to three, out of which one must be a woman;</li>
<li>Include <strong>Chairperson of the National Commission for Backward Classes</strong>, <strong>Chairperson of the National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities</strong> as deemed Members of the Commission;</li>
<li><strong>Reduces the term of the Chairperson</strong> and Members of the Commission and the State Commissions from <strong>five to three years</strong> and shall be eligible for re-appointment;</li>
<li>A person who has<strong> been a Judge of the High Court is also made eligible</strong> to be appointed as Chairperson of the State Commission in addition to the person who has been the Chief Justice of the High Court; and,</li>
<li><strong>Confer upon State Commissions,</strong> the functions relating to human rights being discharged by the Union territories, other than the Union territory of Delhi, which will be dealt with by the Commission.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Protection of Human Right Act, 1993</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <strong>Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993</strong> came into force with <strong>retrospective effect from September 28, 1993.</strong></li>
<li>It applies to the <strong>whole of India and in case of J&amp;K, it applies to matters pertaining to Union List and the Concurrent List only.</strong></li>
<li>The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 was enacted to provide for the constitution of:
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>National Human Rights Commission (NHRC),</strong></li>
<li><strong>State Human Rights Commission (SHRC)</strong> and</li>
<li><strong>Human Rights Courts for the protection of human rights.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Human Right</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to Section 2 of the act <strong>-&ldquo;Human Rights&rdquo;</strong> means the rights relating to <strong>life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International covenants and enforceable by courts in India.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/protection-of-human-right-amendment-bill-2019'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'One Stop Centre Scheme',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>One stop centre is a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/proposal-to-hike-monthly-pensions" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>centrally sponsored scheme</strong></a> of <strong>Ministry of Women and Child Development</strong> (MWCD), for addressing the problem of <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/violence-against-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>violence against women.</strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a subscheme of umbrella scheme for National Mission for Empowerment of Women including Indira Gandhi Mattritav Sahyaog Yojana.</li>
<li>One stop centre, will be established across the country to provide <strong>integrated support </strong>and<strong> assistance</strong> under one roof to women affected by violence, both in <strong>private </strong>and <strong>public spaces.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Funding:</strong> The scheme is funded through <strong>Nirbhaya Fund</strong> and the central government provides <strong>100% financial assistance</strong> to the state governments /Union Territories administrations.</li>
<li><strong>Auditing:</strong> Audit will be done as per <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/comptroller-and-auditor-general-of-india-cag" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Comptroller &amp; Auditor General of India</strong></a> norms and<strong> social audit</strong> will also be undertaken by civil society groups.</li>
<li><strong>Services:</strong> One stop centres will be integrated with women helplines to provide following services:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Emergency response and rescue services.</li>
<li>Medical assistance.</li>
<li>Assistance to women in lodging the FIR.</li>
<li>Psycho- social support and counselling.</li>
<li>Legal aid and counselling.</li>
<li>Shelter</li>
<li>Video conferencing facility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>&lsquo;Nirbhaya Fund&rsquo;</strong>&nbsp;was established for women safety pertaining to the strategic areas of prevention, protection and rehabilitation.</li>
<li>The<strong> 12<sup>th</sup> Plan Working Group</strong> on Women&rsquo;s Agency and Empowerment had recommended setting up of one stop crisis centres.</li>
<li><strong>Usha Mehra Commission,</strong> had recommended for the establishment of a &ldquo;one-stop centre&rdquo; to help victims of sexual assault and ensure speedy punishment to culprits.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nirbhaya Fund</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Nirbhaya Fund Framework provides for a non-lapsable corpus fund for safety and security of women.</li>
<li>It is administered by the <strong>Department of Economic Affairs</strong> (DEA) of the Ministry of Finance (MoF) of the Government of India.</li>
<li>It can be utilized for projects and initiatives related to women safety.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Gender Based Violence</strong> (GBV) is a global health, human rights and development issue that transcends geography, class, culture, age, race and religion to affect every community and country in every corner of the world.</li>
<li>In India, gender based violence has many manifestations:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Like <strong>domestic</strong> and <strong>sexual violence</strong> including rape.</li>
<li><strong>Harmful practices</strong> such as, dowry, honour killings, acid attacks, witch-hunting, sexual harassment, child sexual abuse, trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation, child marriage, sex selective abortion, sati etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India is also grappling with <strong>violence due to inequities</strong> in social life more particularly in times of displacement and communal incidents.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-stop-centre-scheme'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Declining Hangul Population',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-29th-december-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Hangul</strong></a> (or Kashmiri Stag) <strong>population monitoring exercise</strong> has revealed an alarming decline in the fawn-hind and stag-hind ratio of the hangul population in <strong>Kashmir.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Exercise was conducted by the <strong>Department of Wildlife Protection,</strong> Jammu &amp; Kashmir (DWLP) in collaboration with the <strong>Wildlife Institute of India</strong> (WII).</li>
<li><strong>Fawn</strong> is a young deer in its <strong>first year</strong> and <strong>Hind</strong> is a female <strong>deer</strong>, over <strong>three years old</strong> and her counterpart, the <strong>mature male</strong>, is called a <strong>stag.</strong></li>
<li>The male-female and fawn-female ratios, is crucial for the management and conservation of deer populations.</li>
<li>Although hangul is limited to the <strong>Dachigam Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> near Srinagar, but a small population has also been witnessed in <strong>Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> in south Kashmir.</li>
<li>The Kashmir stag is the <strong>state animal</strong> of Jammu and Kashmir and is the only surviving species of <strong>red deer</strong> in India.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Dachigam Wildlife Sanctuary</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dachigam (stands for &lsquo;ten villages&rsquo;) National Park is located about 22 Kilometers from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.</li>
<li><strong>Fauna:</strong> The main animal species that Dachigam is most famous for is the hangul, or the Kashmir stag.</li>
<li><strong>Flora:</strong> floral wealth of the park is extremely diverse and a significant part of its ecosystem and includes walnut, apricot, apple, pear, and wild cherry, plum, chestnut, willow, oak and birch trees.</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/declining-hangul-population'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'IUCN Red List',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The latest update to the International Union for Conservation of Nature <strong>(IUCN) Red List</strong> of Threatened Species shows that more and more species assessed are being threatened with extinction.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The list assessed 1,05,732 species - the <strong>largest such assessment</strong> of species, out of which 28,338 species are threatened with extinction.</li>
<li>The updated list brings out an alarming rate of decline of freshwater and deep sea species. For example, over 50 % of Japan&rsquo;s endemic freshwater fishes are under the threat of extinction.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Wedgefishes and giant guitarfishes, collectively known as Rhino Rays because of their elongated snouts, have been listed as the &lsquo;most imperilled marine fish families in the world&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The main drivers of this decline are the loss of free flowing rivers and increasing agricultural and urban pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Close to 50% of the species assessed by IUCN have been put under the &lsquo;Least Concern&rsquo; category. It means the rest 50% are under various degrees of decline.</li>
<li>Of the total assessed, 873 are already extinct while 6,127 are critically endangered.</li>
<li>This Red List update <strong>confirms the findings</strong> of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/un-report-on-species-extinction" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IPBES Global Biodiversity Assessment.</strong></a></li>
<li>The list clearly indicates that humans are overexploiting wildlife.</li>
<li>According to the <a href="/summary-of-important-reports/living-planet-report-2018-aiming-higher-by-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>global Strategic Plan for Biodiversity</strong></a> <strong>(2011-2020)&rsquo;s Target 12,</strong> the extinction of known threatened species has to be &lsquo;prevented&rsquo; by 2020. The target also includes an improvement in the conservation status of species.</li>
</ul>
<h3>The International Union for Conservation of Nature</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>IUCN is a membership union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations.</li>
<li>Created in <strong>1948,</strong> it is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.</li>
<li>It is headquartered in <strong>Switzerland.</strong></li>
<li>The<strong> IUCN Red List</strong> of Threatened Species, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It uses a set of quantitative criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of species. These criteria are relevant to most species and all regions of the world.</li>
<li>The IUCN Red List Categories define the extinction risk of species assessed.<strong> Nine</strong> <strong>categories</strong> extend from NE <em>(Not Evaluated)</em> to EX <em>(Extinct)</em>. Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU) species are considered to be threatened with extinction.</li>
<li>It is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.</li>
<li>It is also a key indicator for the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SDGs</strong></a> and Aichi Targets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/990image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/990image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="631" height="172" caption="false" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'East Asian Model for India',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on editorial <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/inappropriate-template-for-a-legitimate-target/article28563774.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Inappropriate template for a legitimate target&rdquo;</strong></a> which appeared in The Hindu on 19<sup>th</sup> July 2019. It talks about the viability of the East Asian growth model for achieving India&rsquo;s target of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25.</p>
</div>
<p>According to the economic survey, India needs a &ldquo;virtuous cycle&rdquo; of savings, investments, and exports to transform India into a $5 trillion economy in the next five years. It rightly underlines the need for India to revive private investment to become the world's third-largest economy in the near future. So for reviving India&rsquo;s floundering investment rates, the economic survey highlights the <strong>East Asian model.</strong></p>
<h3>How India can become a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To achieve the objective of becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024-25, India needs to sustain a real GDP growth rate of 8%.</li>
<li>International experience, especially from high-growth East Asian economies, suggests that such growth can only be sustained by a <strong>&ldquo;virtuous cycle&rdquo; of savings, investment and exports, supported by a favourable demographic phase.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The survey highlights that <strong>savings and growth</strong> are not only positively correlated but their positive correlation is even stronger than that between growth and investment. Giving examples of China and East Asia, it said these countries had high saving and investment rates that led to high growth.</li>
<li>Investment, especially <strong>private investment,</strong> is the &ldquo;key driver&rdquo; that drives demand, creates capacity, increases labour productivity, introduces new technology, allows creative destruction, and generates jobs.</li>
<li>Similarly,<strong> exports</strong> must form an integral part of the growth model</li>
<li>The above parameters will lead to <strong>job creation which will further fuel higher savings.</strong> The relation is crucial because jobs with meaningful wages become important in driving the savings rate in the economy.</li>
<li>It further said that India has got a <strong>great demographic advantage</strong> and like China, it can propel higher saving and thereby higher growth.</li>
<li>Together, these factors will create a virtuous cycle which will help in achieving the ambitious agenda of becoming a $5 trillion economy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is East Asian Growth Model?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The East Asian model or<strong> state-sponsored capitalism,</strong> is an economic system where the government invests in certain sectors of the economy in order to stimulate the growth of new industries in the private sector.</li>
<li>East Asian model includes:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>State control of finance,</li>
<li>Direct support for state-owned enterprises in strategic sectors of the economy or the creation of privately owned national champions,</li>
<li>High dependence on the export market for growth, promoting high rate of savings and investments, high educational standards, assiduity and export-oriented policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It differs from a<strong> socialistic or centrally planned economy,</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In a socialist economy, the government would mobilize its own resources to create the needed industries which would themselves end up being state-owned and operated.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The East Asian model was largely a story driven by the newly industrialised economies (NIEs) of Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan, and Japan earlier.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Specifically, the prime goal in various NIEs was to raise gross savings rates. This was done by positive demographic dividend, macroeconomic stability, low inflation, lack of social safety nets and forced savings.</li>
<li>This, coupled with the fiscal discipline practised by the economies, ensured that the public sector did not crowd out private savings and, in some cases, actually added to national savings.</li>
<li>The state-owned banks were tightly regulated as financial stability was the cornerstone of overall macroeconomic stability.</li>
<li>Another goal was to ensure that the private savings were actually channelised into the formal financial system. for this Financial inclusion was encouraged.</li>
<li>While these economies were generally successful in encouraging savings, the cost of capital was rather high. To tackle this, the East Asian economies undertook financial repression.</li>
<li>What is<strong> financial repression?</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Financial repression is a term that describes measures by which governments channel funds to themselves as a form of debt reduction.</li>
<li>This concept was introduced in 1973 by Stanford economists Edward S. Shaw and Ronald I. McKinnon.</li>
<li>Financial repression can include such measures as directed lending to the government, caps on interest rates, regulation of capital movement between countries and a tighter association between government and banks. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Increasing <strong>SLR(statutory liquidity ratio)</strong> channelizes more funds to the government.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When the government is loaded with public money, it increases the money supply through public investment.</li>
<li>This, in turn, increases inflation and debt of the government is decreased</li>
<li>It also leads to economic growth but savings of public gets eroded.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All these accompanied by central banks of these economies maintained tight oversight, and selective capital controls ensured that the low-yielding savings did not leave their countries of origin.</li>
<li>Along with these, the governments undertook sophisticated industrial policies to promote domestic investment, much of which was export-led</li>
<li>In addition, the bureaucracies of these East Asian economies were referred to as &ldquo;embedded autonomy&rdquo;. This allowed the state to be autonomous, yet embedded within the private sector and enabled the two to work together to develop policies or change course if the policies did not work.</li>
<li>All these policies helped NIEs to escape the &lsquo;middle income trap&rsquo; and become developed economies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How India can replicate the East Asian growth model?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Due to political and other compulsions, India&rsquo;s reforms since 1991 have been rather haphazard and of a &lsquo;stop-and-go&rsquo; nature, which has made it much more challenging for the country to take full advantage of its demographic dividend.</li>
<li>So India needs heterodox policies and reforms that are carefully calibrated</li>
<li>Indian government needs to understand that a vertical industrial policy (economic growth&rsquo;) would not work without a sound horizontal industrial policy (dealing with labour and land reforms, bringing about basic literacy and raising women&rsquo;s participation in the labour force).</li>
<li>Though the government in the last five years has done well on ground of financial inclusion, a banking system in crisis doesn't augur well for channelization of savings into investment.</li>
<li>Measures like reducing policy uncertainty; ensuring that the fiscal expenditures do not crowd out private savings and investment; enhancing the efficiency of financial intermediation; and dealing with land acquisition and environment clearances are all essential so that investment rate can be again increased.</li>
<li>Indian bureaucracies need to be imparted embedded autonomy.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since the economies are intricately interwoven systems, it is high time for India to <strong>switch from a traditional economic model</strong> which assumes that the economy is basically in the balance until an outside shock upsets it, towards an economic model which is based on a <strong>virtuous cycle or a vicious cycle.<br /><br /></strong></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ff0000;">
<td style="width: 534px; background-color: #fcf1d4;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />India needs to follow the East Asian growth model to achieve the target of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. Substantiate?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/east-asian-model-for-india'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Cannabis Debate',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently a cannabis advocacy group has filed a petition regarding <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-to-study-marijuana-derived-drugs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>decriminalizing cannabis</strong></a> in Delhi High Court.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Cannabis is a generic term used to denote the several psychoactive preparations of the plant Cannabis sativa.</li>
<li>The Mexican term 'marijuana' is frequently used in referring to cannabis leaves or other crude plant material in many countries.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/915image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/915image4.jpg" width="479" height="474" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cannabis-debate'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'West Antarctic Ice Sheet',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A recent study has revealed that the giant West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is destabilising and is on the verge of a complete collapse.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The researchers have concluded that this can be tackled by launching a last-ditch engineering project to blanket its surface with &ldquo;artificial snow&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Artificial Snow</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Scientists have proposed using 12,000 wind turbines to pump seawater 4,900 feet up to the surface, where it would be frozen into &ldquo;snow&rdquo; to weigh the WAIS down enough to stop it collapsing any further.</li>
<li>West Antarctic Ice Sheet could be stabilized by depositing a minimum of 7,400 gigatonnes of artificial snow over 10 years around the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers.</li>
<li>The snow would be compacted as ice, pushing down the glacier and stabilising it, as well as making it thicker.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/189image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/189image3.jpg" width="534" height="518" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Recent studies have shown <strong>warmer ocean water</strong> is being pushed toward the huge WAIS, <strong>destabilizing it and speeding up the decline of its huge glaciers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This is because much of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet lies below sea level, making it a Marine Ice Sheet. Marine Ice Sheets are more vulnerable to collapse because of their exposure to warm waters.</li>
<li>West Antarctica is currently the world&rsquo;s largest marine ice sheet.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Moreover, many of these glaciers have a reverse bed slope, meaning that as they retreat it exposes deeper and thicker ice to the ocean.</li>
<li>That is a very unstable position, and causes a positive feedback effect which accelerates the retreat (and hence contribution to sea level rise).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact of Climate Change</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, it is more important to focus on the seriousness of the issue at the South Pole because of climate change.</li>
<li>The Antarctica as a whole lost more than 3 trillion tons of ice between 1992 and 2017. Most of that came from West Antarctica, where the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/shrinking-sea-ice-extent" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>rate of ice loss has tripled in the last quarter century.</strong></a></li>
<li>Scientists believe that global warming has already caused so much melting at the south pole that the WAIS is now on course to disintegrate.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This would trigger an eventual global <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rising-sea-level" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sea level rise</strong></a> of at least three metres (10 feet) over the centuries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Although, full sea level rise projected to follow the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet might not unfold for hundreds of years, but this will eventually submerge low lying cities like Hamburg, Shanghai, New York and Hong Kong.</li>
<li><strong>Melting ice sheets</strong> in Greenland, the Arctic and <strong>shrinking glaciers</strong> around the world would worsen the problem and could ultimately lead to sea level rise by at least five metres (16 feet) even if countries manage to <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-climate-change-act-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>implement the Paris pact.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>While geoengineering projects do offer some hope in theory, they could also end up damaging the planet and its ecosystem in unexpected ways.These interventions must not be used as an excuse to delay emissions cuts.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/west-antarctic-ice-sheet'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'Rhesus Macaque Declared Vermin',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union Environment Ministry has declared <strong>Monkeys (Rhesus Macaque)</strong> as &lsquo;vermin&rsquo; in Himachal Pradesh.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It will allow local authorities to cull this animal in certain identified non-forest areas in Shimla for one year.</li>
<li>The state government reported harm to life and property including large-scale destruction of agriculture due to the overpopulation of this species outside forests.</li>
<li>Rhesus Macaque monkeys are protected species under Schedule II of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the law allows for it to be hunted by declaring it &lsquo;vermin&rsquo; for a specific period if it poses a danger to human life or property.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rhesus Macaques</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>These are familiar brown primates with red faces and rears. They have close-cropped hair on their heads, which accentuates their very expressive faces.</li>
<li>Their natural range includes Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Southeast Asia, and China. A few troops of introduced rhesus macaques now live wild in Florida.</li>
<li>It has a least concerned status in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-heritage-glaciers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>IUCN</strong></a> red list.</li>
<li>These intelligent animals can adapt to many habitats, and some can even become accustomed to living in human communities. This is most common in India, where Hindus regard the animals as sacred and usually leave them undisturbed.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Vermin Animal</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>As per <strong>Section 62 of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Protection Act,</a> 1972</strong>, States can send a list of wild animals to the Centre requesting it to declare them vermin for selective slaughter.</li>
<li>Wildlife laws divide species into &lsquo;schedules&rsquo; ranked from I to V. Schedule I members are the best protected, in theory, with severe punishments meted out to those who hunt them.</li>
<li>Wild boars, nilgai and rhesus monkeys are Schedule II and III members, it is also protected, but can be hunted under specific conditions.</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/rhesus-macaque-declared-vermin'
	],
	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'SAGAR MAITRI',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Oceanographic research vessel of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)</strong></a>, <strong>INS Sagardhwani,</strong> embarked on a two-month-long <strong>SAGAR MAITRI Mission-2.</strong></li>
<li>SAGAR MAITRI is a unique initiative of DRDO with the broad objective of <strong>&ldquo;Safety And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)&rdquo;</strong> to promote closer co-operation in socio-economic aspects as well as greater scientific interaction especially in ocean research among <strong>Indian Ocean Rim (IOR)</strong> countries.</li>
<li><strong>&ldquo;MAITRI (Marine &amp; Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research Initiative)&rdquo;</strong> is the specific scientific component of DRDO.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Objectives of SAGAR MAITRI</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The prime objectives of the SAGAR MAITRI Mission are data collection from the entire North Indian Ocean, focussing on the Andaman Sea and adjoining seas and establishing a long-term collaboration with eight IOR countries in the field of ocean research and development.</li>
<li>The programme also aims at establishing long term scientific collaboration with these countries in the field of &lsquo;Ocean Research &amp; Development&rsquo; and data collection with a focus on the Andaman Sea.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p>The IOR countries, include Oman, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Myanmar.</p>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sagar-maitri'
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$page = (int) 202
$search = 'class'
$totalPages = (float) 303
$title = 'Search'
$lastyear = (int) 2018
$year = '2021'
$i = (int) 2017
$selected = ''
$m = (int) 13
$month = 'December'

include - ROOT/plugins/Drishti/src/Template/Element/rightsection.ctp, line 100
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
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Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::_renderElement() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1554
Cake\View\View::element() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 668
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Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
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