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IAS Mains Courses (Pendrive Format)

IAS Mains Course (Pendrive Format) Admission Open Classes start on: August 25 Mode: Pendrive (Windows based) Course Size: Around...

01 Aug 2021 Online Courses
Credit Growth for MSMEs

Why in News According to a report from TransUnion Cibil and Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), there has been a growth in the credit...

31 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Democide: Causes And The Way Forward

This article is based on How does a democracy die? which was published in The Indian Express on 31/07/2021. It examines the causes which lead to...

31 Jul 2021 News Editorials
Operation Blue Freedom: Team CLAW

Why in News Recently, the Government of India has accorded sanction to Team CLAW to lead a team of people with disabilities to scale Siachen Glacier...

31 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Creamy Layer: OBC

Why in News Recently, some MPs have raised the issue of defining Creamy Layer in the ongoing Monsoon Session of Parliament. Further, the Justice...

31 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Severe Acute Malnutrition in India

Why in News According to the Women and Child Development Ministry, more than 9.2 lakh children (from six months to six years) in India were...

31 Jul 2021 News Analysis
36th India-Indonesia CORPAT

Why in News The 36th edition of India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (India-Indonesia CORPAT) between the Indian Navy and the Indonesian Navy is being...

31 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Menace of Manual Scavenging

Why in News Recently, the centre has claimed that no deaths due to manual scavenging have been reported in the past five years. However,...

31 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Initiatives to Promote Tribal Culture

Why in News The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is administrating the schemes of “Support of Tribal Research Institute” and “Tribal...

31 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Amagarh Fort: Rajasthan

Why in News Amagarh Fort of Jaipur, Rajasthan is at the centre of a conflict between the tribal Meena community and local Hindu groups. Members...

31 Jul 2021 News Analysis
National Education Policy And Higher Education

This article is based on How NEP can transform higher education in India which was published in The Hindustan Times on 30/07/2021. It talks about...

30 Jul 2021 News Editorials
Factoring Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2021

Why in News Recently, Rajya Sabha has passed the Factoring Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2021 to bring changes in the legislation aimed at helping...

30 Jul 2021 News Analysis
NEET’s All India Quota

Why in News Recently, the Union Health Ministry has announced 27% reservation for the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and 10% quota for the...

30 Jul 2021 News Analysis
New Initiatives for Education Sector

Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister launched multiple initiatives in the education sector at a conference, to mark the completion of one year...

30 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Near-Surface Shear Layer of the Sun

Why in News Recently, Indian astronomers from Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), and Indian Institute of Science,...

30 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Kendu Leaf

Why in News Recently, several children were seen collecting kendu (Tendu) leaves in Odisha’s Kalahandi district. Key...

30 Jul 2021 News Analysis
Sutlej River Pollution

Why in News The pollution in river Sutlej has posed serious health threats to the people living around the Indira Gandhi Canal. The National...

30 Jul 2021 News Analysis
GS Foundation Classroom Course

GS Foundation Classroom Course (Online Classes till lockdown is in place) Mode: Classroom**For now, live online classes will be provided from the...

30 Jul 2021 Prelims
International Tiger Day

Why in News Recently, at the virtual meeting celebrating International Tiger Day (29th July), Prime Minister of India reiterated India’s...

30 Jul 2021 News Analysis
AERA Amendment Bill, 2021

Why in News Recently, the Lok Sabha passed the Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India (AERA) Amendment Bill, 2021. It was first...

30 Jul 2021 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'IAS Mains Courses (Pendrive Format)',
			'catname' => 'Online Courses',
			'desc' => '<section class="article-list">
<div class="feature-text" style="padding: 0px;">
<div class="online-pendrive-course online-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="text-block">
<h2>IAS Mains Course <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; color: #00008b;">(Pendrive Format)<br /></span></h2>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Admission Open</strong></li>
<li><strong>Classes start on</strong>: August 25</li>
<li><strong>Mode</strong>: Pendrive (Windows based)</li>
<li><strong>Course Size</strong>: Around 400 Classes. Course to be covered in total 6 pendrives - initially 1 pendrive will be sent every month.</li>
<li><strong>Course Validity</strong>: Up to 2 years, unlimited viewing of each class.</li>
<li>Useful courses for IAS Mains as well as PCS examinations of several states.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>This course is designed so that the students who cannot come to Delhi can easily study from the best teachers at their home and overcome the challenge of main exam.</p>
</div>
<div class="red-block awake">
<h2>Special Discount</h2>
<p><strong>Fees : ₹ 60,000/- Fee (Inclusive of GST) with special exemption. (Standard Fee : ₹70,000/-) <br /></strong></p>
<p>For additional information related to this course, call <a href="tel:8010440440">8010440440</a> / <a href="tel:7669806814">7669806814</a>.</p>
<div class="btn-block"><a href="/ias-mains-course-gs-papers-english-registration" class="btn red" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy Now</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="why-pendrive-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="image-block"><img src="/drishti/img/online-banner2.jpeg" alt="" /></div>
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="color: #00008b;">Key Features of the Course</span></h2>
<ul style="display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 2;">
<li>Around 900 hours of classes.</li>
<li>The validity of the course is 2 years. Facility to watch each video unlimited times.</li>
<li>Q&amp;A based Mains Crash Course - AWAKE Program (Answer Writing &amp; Knowledge Enrichment Program) will be provided free of cost for 2 years - to develop answer writing skills for the main examination.</li>
<li>The following notes/books will be sent to your home free of cost as course material:
<ul>
<li>Printed Notes for all sections of Main Examination.</li>
<li>5 Books from 'Mains Capsule Series' published by Team Drishti to help you develop your understanding of Mains Exam Questions and Standard Answers.</li>
<li>Book of 'Mains Solved Papers' in which the questions asked in the Main Examination in previous years and their model answers have been given.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Facility to give total 24 tests of main exam. These will be evaluated by Team Drishti.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imporant-info">
<div class="wrapper"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">Windows Desktop/Laptop technical requirements for Pendrive course:</span>
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<li>Operating System (OS) : Windows 7 or 10 (64 bit)</li>
<li>Processor : Intel i3 or higher processor</li>
<li>RAM : 4GB or more.</li>
<li>Desktop/Laptop will require internet connectivity once a month for software update.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>If you face any technical issue during this course please call on <a href="tel:7669806811">7669806811</a> or <a href="tel:7669806812">7669806812</a>. Our technical team will help you best.</p>
</div>
</div>
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<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">Delivery of Course Material</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>Under this course, 5 books of 'Mains Capsule Series' published by Drishti Publications and one book of Mains Solved Paper will be sent to you free of cost. Also class notes of the concerned subject will be sent according to which the classes of this course are designed.</li>
<li>As soon as you pay the fee for this course, we will send the pack of books to your address by speed post or courier service within 4-5 days. (Under normal circumstances the books reach the student in 8-10 days, but at present it is taking more time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Especially, if a student lives in a containment zone or a lockdown affected state, then his pack of books may take 15-20 days to reach.)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="image-block"><img src="/hindi/drishti/img/feature-thumb-img.png" alt="" /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1REQI0jAqRA&amp;list=PLQpF--VlgguRCRkwkjnCsiVit9vTtSuLZ" class="icon-play" target="_blank" rel="noopener">play</a> <span>Demo classes available on YouTube. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="learning-program">
<div class="section-payment">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2>Payment Options</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Cash Deposit</h4>
<p>You can deposit cash at our Drishti office, Find our address below</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />13/15, Tashkand Marg, Civil Lines (Near Patrika Chauraha), Prayagraj, <br />UP-211001</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
</ul>
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<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. <br /><strong>Account No.</strong> 36726486454,<br /><strong>Bank </strong>State Bank of India,<br /><strong>IFSC Code</strong> SBIN0018166, <br /><strong>MICR Code</strong> 110002563, Branch Code 18166 , <br /><strong>Branch</strong> - Mukherjee Nagar New Delhi-110009</p>
<p><span>Contact Details:</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="phone">+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at below address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
</ul>
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Credit Growth for MSMEs',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a report from<strong> TransUnion Cibil and Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI),</strong> there has been a growth in the credit outstanding amount of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/msme-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME)</strong></a> sector to Rs 20.21 lakh crore, with a <strong>year-on-year growth rate of 6.6%.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Even according to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a>, credit growth to micro and small industries accelerated to <strong>6.4% in June 2021,</strong> compared to a contraction of <strong>2.9% in 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Small Industries Development Bank of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SIDBI set up in April 1990 under an Act of Indian Parliament, acts as the <strong>Principal Financial Institution for Promotion, Financing and Development</strong> of the MSME sector as well as for coordination of functions of institutions engaged in similar activities.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>TransUnion CIBIL Limited</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>credit information company operating in India.</strong> It maintains credit files on 600 million individuals and 32 million businesses.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Loans to MSMEs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Financial Year (FY)</strong></a> 2021, the country disbursed loans worth Rs 9.5 lakh crore to MSME sector, higher than preceding year of Rs 6.8 lakh crore in FY 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outstanding Credit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MSME credit outstanding has grown by 6.6% in March&rsquo;21, with the <strong>micro segment growing the fastest at 7.4%</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Micro segment was followed by the<strong> small segment at 6.8% and medium segment at 5.8%. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sector Wise Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Agriculture and Allied Activities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Credit to agriculture and allied activities continued to perform well, registering an <strong>accelerated growth of 11.4% in June 2021,</strong> compared to 2.4% in June 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industry:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Within industry, credit to food processing, gems &amp; jewellery, glass &amp; glassware, leather &amp; leather products, mining &amp; quarrying, paper &amp; paper products, rubber, plastic &amp; their products, and textiles registered <strong>high growth in June 2021.</strong></li>
<li>However, credit growth to all engineering, beverages &amp; tobacco, basic metal &amp; metal products, cement &amp; cement products, chemicals &amp; chemical products, construction, infrastructure, petroleum coal products &amp; nuclear fuels and vehicles, vehicle parts &amp; transport equipment <strong>decelerated or contracted.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Services:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Credit growth to the <strong>services sector decelerated to 2.9% in June 2021,</strong> from 10.7% in June 2020, mainly <strong>due to contraction in credit growth to commercial real estate, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)</a> and tourism, hotels &amp; restaurants.</strong></li>
<li>Credit to <strong>trade segment continued to perform well,</strong> registering accelerated growth of 11.1% in June 2021 as compared to 8.1% a year ago.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Growth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rise in credit offtake by MSMEs is due to a host of government initiatives like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emergency-credit-line-guarantee-scheme-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS)</strong></a> to tackle the economic downturn created by the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Covid pandemic.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>ECLGS scheme was launched as part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan package</strong></a> announced in May 2020 to mitigate the distress caused by coronavirus-induced lockdown, by providing credit to different sectors, especially MSMEs</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s <strong>objective</strong> was to support small businesses struggling to meet their operational liabilities due to the imposition of a nationwide lockdown.</li>
<li>Recently, the government has<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-emergency-credit-line-guarantee-scheme-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> widened its scope to new sectors,</strong></a> including hospitality, travel and tourism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives for MSMEs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-employment-generation-program#:~:text=Launch%3A%20The%20Government%20of%20India,as%20well%20as%20urban%20areas." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation programme (PMEGP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-of-fund-for-regeneration-of-traditional-industries" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-elixir-for-msmes-access-to-credit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A Scheme for Promoting Innovation, Rural Industry &amp; Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/pdf/support-and-outreach-initiative-for-msme-sector.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Interest Subvention Scheme for Incremental Credit to MSMEs</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pmegp-and-cgtmse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Credit Guarantee Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/champions-portal-for-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CHAMPIONS portal</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-msmes-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MSME Samadhan</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627730062_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627730062_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="800" height="200" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/eclgs-unlocks-help-msme-credit-offtake-rise-6-6-in-fy21/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Democide: Causes And The Way Forward',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/elected-governments-death-of-democracy-civil-unrest-7431013/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How does a democracy die?</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 31/07/2021. It examines the causes which lead to the death of democracy in a country.</p>
</div>
<p>The global surveys are everywhere reporting dipping confidence in democracy and marked jumps in citizens&rsquo; frustrations with government corruption and incompetence. Young people are the least satisfied with democracy &mdash; much more disaffected than previous generations at the same age.</p>
<p>In its <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/autocratisation-goes-viral-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Democracy Report 2021</a></strong>, Sweden&rsquo;s V-Dem Institute noted that India &ldquo;has almost lost its status as a democracy&rdquo;. It ranked India below Sierra Leone, Guatemala and Hungary.</p>
<p>In this context, it is important to understand the true meaning and challenges the democracy in India faces.</p>
<h3>True Meaning of Democracy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Democracy is much more than pressing a button or marking a box on a ballot paper. It goes beyond the mathematical certitude of election results and majority rule.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s not reducible to lawful rule through independent courts or attending local public meetings.</li>
<li>Democracy is a <strong>whole way of life.</strong> It is freedom from hunger, humiliation and violence.</li>
<li>Democracy is saying no to every form of <strong>human and non-human indignity.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>respect for women, tenderness with children,</strong> and<strong> access to jobs</strong> that bring satisfaction and sufficient reward to live comfortably.</li>
<li>In a healthy democracy, citizens are not forced to travel in buses and trains like livestock, wade through <strong>dirty water from overrunning sewers,</strong> or <strong>breathe poisonous air.</strong></li>
<li>Democracy is equal <strong>access to decent medical care</strong> and sympathy for those who have fallen behind.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s the <strong>rejection of the dogma</strong> that things can&rsquo;t be changed because they&rsquo;re &ldquo;naturally&rdquo; fixed in stone.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Causes For Death of Democracy (Democide)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Government Failure:</strong> Wild rumours and talk of conspiracies flourish. Street protests and outbreaks of uncontrolled violence happen. Fears of civil unrest spread. The armed forces grow agitated.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the government totters, the army moves from its barracks onto the streets to quell unrest and take control. Democracy is finally buried in a grave it slowly dug for itself.</li>
<li>The military coup d&rsquo;&eacute;tats against the elected governments of Egypt (2013), Thailand (2014), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coup-d-etat-in-myanmar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Myanmar</strong> </a>and Tunisia (2021) are some of the examples.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weak Institutions:</strong> When the judiciary becomes vulnerable to cynicism, political meddling and state capture, threat to democratic values and constitutional morals emerges.</li>
<li><strong>Social Emergencies:</strong> When social fabric weakens, the threat to democracy emerges. Democracy suffers a slow-motion social death.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When a constitution promises its citizens justice, liberty and equality, the division among and shattering of social life induce a sense of legal powerlessness among citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inequality in the Society:</strong> Massive imbalances of wealth, chronic violence, famine and unevenly distributed life chances also make a mockery of the ethical principle that in a democracy people can live as citizen partners of equal social worth.</li>
<li><strong>Unavailability of Basic Amenities:</strong> Domestic violence, rotten health care, widespread feelings of social unhappiness, and daily shortages of food and housing destroy people&rsquo;s dignity. It kills the spirit and substance of democracy.</li>
<li><strong>Vulnerable Remain Unheard:</strong> Citizens&rsquo; ability to strike back, to deliver millions of mutinies against the rich and powerful, is inherent in a democracy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But the brute fact is social indignity undermines citizens&rsquo; capacity to take an active interest in public affairs, and to check and humble the powerful.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demagoguery:</strong> When democratically elected governments cease to be held accountable by a society weakened by poor health, low morale, and joblessness, <strong>demagogues</strong> are prone to blindness and ineptitude. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They make careless, foolish, and incompetent decisions that reinforce social inequities.</li>
<li>Those who exercise power in government ministries, corporations, and public/private projects aren&rsquo;t subject to democratic rules of public accountability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Demagoguery</strong></p>
<p>It is political activity or practices that seek support by appealing to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people rather than by using rational argument.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ineffective Redistribution:</strong> In the absence of redistributive public welfare policies that guarantee sufficient food, shelter, security, education, and health care to the downtrodden, the ideal of democracy weakens among citizens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Democracy begins to resemble a fancy mask worn by wealthy political predators.</li>
<li>Society is subordinated to the state. People are expected to behave as loyal subjects, or else suffer the consequences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Renaissance:</strong> It refers to the process of <strong>constant repair and renewal of &ldquo;constitutionalism&rdquo;</strong> as a function of adjudication.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It includes the following:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Obeisance to the constitutional spirit, vision and letter.</li>
<li>The interpretation of the constitution by the judiciary in a way that glorifies its democratic spirit and reflects a &lsquo;reverence&rsquo; towards the constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Protection of &ldquo;rights of all,</strong> which means that people are true sovereign and they should not be treated as just &lsquo;subjects&rsquo; and all forms of public power should be placed at the service of constitutional ends.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/constitutional-morality#:~:text=Constitutional%20morality%20provides%20a%20principled,governing%20institutions%20and%20representatives%20accountable." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Constitutional Morality</a>:</strong> It specifies norms for institutions to survive and an expectation of behaviour that will meet not just the text but the soul of the Constitution. It also makes the governing institutions and representatives accountable.</li>
<li><strong>Purposive Interpretation:</strong> This refers to the interpretation of the constitution by the judiciary in light of the interest of the people of India and maintaining institutional integrity.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good Governance</strong></a>: The ultimate motive of constitution-related judicial articulation and government schemes and programmes should be enabling a good governance system.</li>
<li><strong>Voices Should be Heard:</strong> The Government should hear criticism rather than rejecting it outrightly. Suggestions on eroding democratic values need a thoughtful, and respectful response.</li>
<li><strong>Checks on Executive Powers:</strong> The press and the judiciary, which are considered the pillars of India&rsquo;s Democracy, require it to be independent of any executive interference to enable auditing of the</li>
<li><strong>Need For Strong Opposition:</strong> Strong democracy requires strong opposition. Without an alternative choice, the very objective of election to provide a check on arbitrary power gets defeated.</li>
<li><strong>Social Equality:</strong> If redistributive public welfare policies are effective, the inequality in the society would be reduced. Thus, it must be the priority of the government to maintain social and economic equality and inclusive growth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The institutionalization of constitutional democracy has helped the people of India realize the importance of democracy and inculcate democratic sensibilities among them. At the same time, it is important that all the government organs work in harmony to uphold the trust people of the country have held in them and ensure objectives of true democracy..</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9fff5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&lsquo;Democracy is very important for human development.&rsquo; In the light of the statement discuss the challenges democracy is facing today.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/democide-causes-and-the-way-forward'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Operation Blue Freedom: Team CLAW',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Government of India has accorded sanction to<strong> Team CLAW</strong> to lead a team of people with disabilities to scale<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/siachen-glacier" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Siachen Glacier</strong></a> and create a <strong>new world record for the largest team of people with disabilities.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the land world record expedition part of<strong> &lsquo;Operation Blue Freedom Triple World Records&rsquo;</strong> being undertaken.</li>
<li>Triple Elemental World Records is a series of world records being attempted by the team in 2021 of collectives of people with disabilities achieving great feats on land, in air and underwater.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Siachen Glacier</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Siachen Glacier is located in the <strong>Eastern Karakoram range</strong> in the Himalayas, just northeast of Point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>Second-Longest glacier</strong> in the World's Non-Polar areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fedchenko Glacier, located in Yazgulem Range, Tajikistan</strong> is the <strong>Longest glacier</strong> in the World's Non-Polar areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Siachen Glacier lies immediately south of the great drainage divide that separates the Eurasian Plate from the Indian subcontinent in the extensively glaciated portion of the Karakoram sometimes called the<strong> "Third Pole".</strong></li>
<li>The Siachen Glacier is part of Ladakh which has now been<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> converted into a Union Territory.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Siachen Glacier is the world's highest battlefield.</li>
<li>The entire Siachen Glacier has been under the administration of India since 1984 <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/siachen-glacier" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Operation Meghdoot)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627728223_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627728223_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="576" height="434" /></strong></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Expedition:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Initially, a team of <strong>20 people with disabilities</strong> would be selected to undergo training, after which the final expedition team shall be selected.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Final expedition team (including a minimum of 6 people with disabilities), who will trek from the <strong>Siachen Base Camp to Kumar Post.</strong></li>
<li>Kumar post is located at an altitude of about <strong>15,632 feet.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Team CLAW and Operation Blue Freedom:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Team CLAW:</strong> Team CLAW<strong> (Conquer Land Air Water)</strong> is a team of ex-Indian Special Forces commandos.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Generally, all are either from<strong> Indian Army Para Commandos</strong> or the Naval <strong>Marine Commandos, also known as the MARCOS.</strong></li>
<li>These veterans have <strong>multiple specialisations -</strong> not just in combat but also in other elite skills such as <strong>skydiving, scuba diving, mountaineering, emergency medical response</strong> and all-terrain survival amongst others.</li>
<li>The initiative was<strong> taken by Major Vivek Jacob,</strong> a Para (Special Forces) officer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Operation Blue Freedom:</strong> Operation Blue Freedom is a <strong>social impact venture</strong> aimed at<strong> rehabilitating people with disabilities through adaptive adventure sports.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to <strong>shatter the common perception of pity, charity and inability associated with people with disabilities</strong> and recreate it to <strong>one of dignity, freedom and ability.</strong></li>
<li>Further, their focus is to<strong> &lsquo;design and implement sustainable large-scale employment solutions&rsquo;</strong> for people with disabilities, especially in the <strong>&lsquo;Environment conservation and Sustainability&rsquo; space.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2019 by Team CLAW.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>CLAW Global:</strong> Team CLAW is in the process of<strong> setting up centres across the globe where-in Special Forces Veterans</strong> and People with Disabilities are merging in action for creating a better life experience, for not only persons with disability but the non-disabled as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Disability Problem:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Disabilities is an <strong>umbrella term,</strong> covering <strong>impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An impairment is a problem in body function or structure;</li>
<li>An activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action;</li>
<li>A participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per <strong>Census 2011,</strong> in India, out of the total population of 121 crore, <strong>about 2.68 crore persons are &lsquo;Disabled&rsquo;</strong> (2.21% of the total population).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Out of 2.68 crore, 1.5 crore are males and 1.18 crore are females.</li>
<li>Majority (69%) of the disabled population resided in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Globally there are 1 billion people with disabilities, which is 15% of the global population.</li>
<li>They face a lack of <strong>holistic rehabilitation, inadequate skilling, lack of seamless mobility and lack of suitable employment.</strong></li>
<li>These factors combined together largely confined persons with disabilities to their homes, leading to inaccurate awareness on their issues and wrong perceptions about their abilities.</li>
<li>Thus, their <strong>productive potential is largely untapped</strong> leading to global exclusion from mainstream life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Programmes/Initiatives for Disabled in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accessible India Campaign : Creation of Accessible Environment for PwDs</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DeenDayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase/fitting of Aids and Appliances (ADIP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Fellowship for Students with Disabilities (RGMF)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/differently-abled-to-attempt-record-by-trekking-siachen-glacier/article35633772.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/operation-blue-freedom-team-claw'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Creamy Layer: OBC',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, some MPs have raised the issue of defining <strong>Creamy Layer</strong> in the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monsoon-session-of-parliament-begins" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monsoon Session</strong></a> of Parliament.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/progress-report-of-commission-for-sub-categorisation-of-obcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Justice Rohini committee</strong></a> is considering the sub-categorization of OBC quota and if any particular community or group of communities are benefiting most from the OBC quota and how to iron out anomalies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Based on the recommendation of the <strong>Second Backward Classes Commission <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/30-years-of-mandal-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Mandal Commission)</a></strong>, the government in August, 1990 had notified 27% reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) in vacancies in civil posts and services that are to be filled on direct recruitment.</li>
<li>After this was challenged, the Supreme Court in November, 1992 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-review-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Indira Sawhney case)</strong></a> upheld 27% reservation for OBCs, subject to exclusion of the creamy layer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Definition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a concept that sets a threshold within which OBC reservation benefits are applicable.</li>
<li>While there is a 27% quota for OBCs in government jobs and higher educational institutions, those falling within the <strong>&ldquo;creamy layer&rdquo;</strong> (various categories based on income and parents&rsquo; rank) cannot get the benefits of this quota.</li>
<li>Other <strong>than the income limit, the current definition of the creamy layer remains the same.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories defined under Creamy Layer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Income beyond 8 lakh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For those not in government, the current threshold is an income of Rs 8 lakh per year.</li>
<li>The income threshold is supposed to be raised every three years. It was last revised in 2017 (more than three years now).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parents&rsquo; rank:</strong> For children of government employees, the threshold is based on their parents&rsquo; rank and not income. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For instance, an individual is considered to fall within the creamy layer if either of his or her parents is in a constitutional post; if either parent has been directly recruited in Group-A; or if both parents are in Group-B services.</li>
<li>If the parents enter Group-A through promotion before the age of 40, their children will be in the creamy layer.</li>
<li>Children of a Colonel or higher-ranked officer in the Army, and children of officers of similar ranks in the Navy and Air Force, too, come under the creamy layer. There are other criteria as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Proposal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A draft Cabinet note has stated that the creamy layer will be determined on all income, including salary calculated for income tax, but not agriculture income.</li>
<li>The government is considering a consensus on Rs 12 lakh, whereas Parliament Committee has recommended to raise upto 15 lakh per year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also <strong>recommended excluding salary and agricultural revenue</strong> while calculating the annual income ceiling for the creamy layer category of OBCs</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/creamy-layer-obc-reservation-quota-7430996/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/creamy-layer-obc'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'Severe Acute Malnutrition in India',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the <strong>Women and Child Development Ministry, more than 9.2 lakh children</strong> (from six months to six years) in India were <strong>&lsquo;severely acute malnourished&rsquo; </strong>till <strong>November,</strong> 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It underscores concerns that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> could exacerbate the health and nutrition crisis among the poorest of the poor.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>WHO&rsquo;s Definition:</strong> The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> defines &lsquo;severe acute malnutrition&rsquo; (SAM) by very <strong>low weight-for-height</strong> or a <strong>mid-upper arm circumference less than 115 mm,</strong> or by the presence of <strong>nutritional oedema.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Children suffering from SAM are <strong>nine times more likely to die</strong> in case of diseases due to their weakened immune system.</li>
<li><strong>Nutritional oedema: Abnormal fluid retention in the tissues</strong> (oedema) resulting especially from lack of protein in states of starvation or malnutrition. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Oedema can, however, occur in starvation even if the blood levels of albumin are not lowered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Number of SAM Children (National scenario):</strong> An estimated 9,27,606 &lsquo;severely acute malnourished&rsquo; children from six months to six years were identified across the country till November 2020.</li>
<li><strong>States with SAM Children:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>most in Uttar Pradesh (3,98,359 ) followed by Bihar</strong> (2,79,427).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are <strong>also home to the highest number of children</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maharashtra (70,665)</strong> &gt; Gujarat (45,749) &gt; Chhattisgarh (37,249) &gt; Odisha (15,595) &gt; Tamil Nadu (12,489) &gt; Jharkhand (12,059) &gt; Andhra Pradesh (11,201) &gt; Telangana (9,045) &gt; Assam (7,218) &gt; Karnataka (6,899) &gt; Kerala (6,188) &gt; Rajasthan (5,732).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>States with No Severely Malnourished Children:</strong> Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Nagaland, Manipur and Madhya Pradesh reported no severely malnourished children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Family Health Survey Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4),</strong> 2015-16 suggests that prevalence of severe acute malnutrition among children was at 7.4%.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-family-health-survey-5-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NFHS-5</strong></a> suggests that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition</strong></a> increased among children in 2019-20 from 2015-16 in 22 states and UTs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Stunted:</strong> Around 13 states and UTs out of the 22 surveyed <strong>recorded a rise in percentage of children under five years</strong> who are stunted in comparison to 2015-16.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Stunting</strong> is when a child has a low height for their age, usually due to malnutrition, repeated infections, and/or poor social stimulation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wasted:</strong> 12 states and UTs recorded <strong>a rise in the percentage</strong> of children under five years who are wasted.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Wasting</strong> is low weight for their height among children, reflecting acute undernutrition. It is a strong predictor of mortality among children under five years of age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Severely wasted and underweight:</strong> 16 states and UTs <strong>recorded a rise</strong> in the percentage of children under five years who are severely wasted and underweight in 2019-20.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Covid-19 is pushing millions into poverty, reducing incomes of many more and disproportionately affecting the economically disadvantaged, who are also most vulnerable to malnutrition and food insecurities.</li>
<li>The pandemic-prompted lockdowns disrupted essential services, such as supplementary feeding under <strong>Anganwadi centres, mid-day meals, immunisation,</strong> and <strong>micro-nutrient supplementation</strong> which exacerbated malnutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong></a>: The government of India has launched the <strong>National Nutrition Mission (NNM) </strong>or <strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong> to ensure a<strong> &ldquo;Malnutrition Free India&rdquo;</strong> by 2022.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Anemia Mukt Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>: Launched in 2018, the mission aims at accelerating the annual rate of <strong>decline of anaemia from one to three percentage points.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mid-day Meal (MDM) scheme</a>:</strong> It aims to <strong>improve nutritional levels among school children</strong> which also has a direct and positive impact on enrolment, retention and attendance in schools.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013</strong></a>: It aims to ensure food and nutrition security for the most vulnerables through its associated schemes and programmes, making access to food a legal right.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)</strong></a>: Rs.6,000 is transferred directly to the bank accounts of pregnant women for availing better facilities for their delivery.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1#:~:text=Integrated%20Child%20Development%20Services%20(ICDS)%20Scheme&amp;text=It%20provides%20a%20package%20of,check%2Dup%20and%20referral%20services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme</strong></a>: It was launched in 1975 and the scheme aims at providing food, preschool education, primary healthcare, immunization, health check-up and referral services to children under 6 years of age and their mothers.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The <strong>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 2: Zero hunger)</strong> aims to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition by 2030, making sure all people &ndash; especially children &ndash; have access to sufficient and nutritious food all year round.</p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Home Based and Facility Based Care:</strong> Covid-19 could further exacerbate the situation with <strong>shrinking food diversity</strong> and<strong> low intake combined</strong> with episodes of missing food at times. The solutions have to be both <strong>home-based care</strong> and <strong>facility-based care.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Build Linkages:</strong> The severe Acute Malnutrition has a direct connection with food availability, utilisation and awareness, the immediate task is to appropriately <strong>build linkages with the government systems</strong> to ensure families receive not just ration/food, but required education and support.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthen Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres (NRCs):</strong> The need to strengthen Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres (NRCs) which are meant to treat SAM cases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are studies that suggest that NRCs have not been very effective.</li>
<li>In many cases, it has been seen that SAM cases have been discharged early because either the centre could not continue to keep the same case for a continued period, or the caregivers could not stay for a longer duration at the facility, or there was simply not enough supervision by the higher ups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Designing Customised Menus:</strong> There is the need for designing customised menus in consultation with experts for SAM cases and formulating guidelines.</li>
<li><strong>Segregation of SAM Cases:</strong> For administrative and operational convenience, as well as for better accountability, SAM cases could be segregated into smaller units.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>responsibility to manage/coordinate and monitor smaller units</strong> could be handed over to independent entities such as medical colleges, local NGOs, women&rsquo;s collectives &ndash; under the overall guidance of the District/Block health staff.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anganwadi-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Role of Anganwadi Centres</a>:</strong> The identification of SAM children was done by over 10 lakh Anganwadi centres from across the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The anganwadis have to<strong> become much more functional</strong> and if the possibility of children reaching anganwadis is going to become hard because of lockdowns, then the anganwadis need to reach the children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/927-lakh-severely-acute-malnourished-children-identified-till-november-last-year-rti/article34743642.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/severe-acute-malnutrition-in-india'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => '36th India-Indonesia CORPAT',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>36<sup>th</sup> edition of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-indonesia-coordinated-patrol" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol</a></strong> (India-Indonesia CORPAT) between the Indian Navy and the Indonesian Navy is being conducted.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627719805_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627719805_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Naval Exercise:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To reinforce maritime links, the two navies have been carrying out CORPAT along their <strong>International Maritime Boundary Line since 2002.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Indian Naval Ship (INS) Saryu,</strong> an indigenously built Offshore Patrol Vessel is participating in the 36<sup>th</sup> edition along with Maritime Patrol Aircraft, to forge strong bonds of friendship across the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo Pacific.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensuring<strong> safety and security of shipping and international trade</strong> in the region.</li>
<li>CORPATs <strong>build up understanding and interoperability between navies</strong> and facilitate institution of measures to prevent and suppress Illegal Unreported Unregulated (IUU) fishing, drug trafficking, maritime terrorism, armed robbery and piracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In Line with SAGAR:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As part of Government of India&rsquo;s vision of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sagar-vision#:~:text=In%202015%2C%20India%20unveiled%20it%27s,in%20the%20Region%20(SAGAR).&amp;text=Through%20SAGAR%2C%20India%20seeks%20to,building%20their%20maritime%20security%20capabilities." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAGAR (Security And Growth for All in the Region)</strong></a>, the Indian Navy has been proactively engaging with countries in the Indian Ocean Region for coordinated patrols, cooperation in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)</strong> </a>surveillance, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>passage exercises</strong> </a>and bilateral/multilateral exercises.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The main<strong> objective</strong> is towards enhancing regional maritime security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Military Exercises with Indonesia:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-samudra-shakti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Samudra Shakti</a>:</strong> A bilateral maritime exercise.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-samudra-shakti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Garuda Shakti</a>:</strong> A joint military exercise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740798" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/36th-india-indonesia-corpat'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Menace of Manual Scavenging',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the centre has claimed that no deaths due to manual scavenging have been reported in the past five years.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, according to the <strong>National Convener of the Safai Karmachari Andolan,</strong> 472 manual scavenging deaths across the country were recorded between 2016 and 2020, and 26 so far in 2021.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Safai Karmachari Andolan is <strong>a movement for elimination of manual scavenging.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 21 of the Constitution</strong> guarantees <strong>&lsquo;Right to Life&rsquo; and that also with dignity.</strong> This right is available to<strong> both citizens and non-citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Manual Scavenging:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Manual scavenging is defined as &ldquo;the removal of human excrement from public streets and dry latrines, cleaning septic tanks, gutters and sewers&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for the Prevalence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indifferent Attitude:</strong> A number of independent surveys have talked about the continued reluctance on the part of state governments to admit that the practice prevails under their watch.</li>
<li><strong>Issues due to Outsourcing:</strong> Many times local bodies outsource sewer cleaning tasks to private contractors. However, many of them fly-by-night operators, do not maintain proper rolls of sanitation workers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In case after case of workers being asphyxiated to death, these contractors have denied any association with the deceased.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Issue:</strong> The practice is <strong>driven by caste, class and income divides.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is linked to India&rsquo;s caste system where so-called lower castes are expected to perform this job.</li>
<li>In <strong>1993,</strong> India<strong> banned the employment of people as manual scavengers</strong> (The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993), however, the stigma and discrimination associated with it still linger on.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This makes it difficult for liberated manual scavengers to secure alternative livelihoods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-to-eliminate-manual-scavenging" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation (Amendment) Bill, 2020</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It proposes to completely mechanise sewer cleaning, introduce ways for &lsquo;on-site&rsquo; protection and provide compensation to manual scavengers in case of sewer deaths.</li>
<li>It will be an amendment to <strong>The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>still awaiting cabinet approval.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Superseding the 1993 Act, the 2013 Act goes beyond prohibitions on dry latrines, and outlaws all manual excrement cleaning of insanitary latrines, open drains, or pits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention of Atrocities Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1989, the <strong>Prevention of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atrocities Act</a></strong> became an integrated guard for sanitation workers; more than <strong>90% people employed as manual scavengers belonged to the Scheduled Caste.</strong> This became an important landmark to free manual scavengers from designated traditional occupations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Safaimitra Suraksha Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs on<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-toilet-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> World Toilet Day</a> (19<sup>th</sup> November)</strong> in 2020.</li>
<li>The Government launched this &ldquo;challenge&rdquo; for<strong> all states to make sewer-cleaning mechanised by April 2021 &mdash;</strong> if any human needs to enter a sewer line in case of unavoidable emergency, proper gear and oxygen tanks, etc., are to be provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Swachhta Abhiyan App&rsquo;:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been developed to <strong>identify and geotag the data of insanitary latrines and manual scavengers</strong> so that the insanitary latrines can be replaced with sanitary latrines and rehabilitate all the manual scavengers to provide dignity of life to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SC Judgement:</strong> In 2014, a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> order made it <strong>mandatory</strong> for the government to <strong>identify all those who died in sewage work</strong> since 1993 and provide <strong>Rs. 10 lakh each</strong> as compensation to their families.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Proper Identification:</strong> States need to accurately enumerate the workers engaged in cleaning toxic sludge.</li>
<li><strong>Empowering Local Administration:</strong> With <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission</strong></a> identified as a top priority area by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-and-15th-finance-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission</strong> </a>and funds available for smart cities and urban development providing for a strong case to address the problem of manual scavenging.</li>
<li><strong>Social Sentisitation:</strong> To address the social sanction behind manual scavenging, it is required first to acknowledge and then understand how and why manual scavenging continues to be embedded in the caste system.</li>
<li><strong>Need For a Stringent Law:</strong> If a law creates a statutory obligation to provide sanitation services on the part of state agencies, it will create a situation in which the rights of these workers will not hang in the air.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-says-no-death-reported-due-to-manual-scavenging-activists-decry-govt-response/article35621742.ece/amp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/menace-of-manual-scavenging-1'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Initiatives to Promote Tribal Culture',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> is administrating the <strong>schemes of &ldquo;Support of Tribal Research Institute&rdquo; and &ldquo;Tribal Festival, Research, Information and Mass Education&rdquo;</strong> under which various activities to promote tribal culture have been undertaken.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The schemes aim to ensure quality and uniformity in research works, evaluation studies, training, awareness generation among tribals, showcasing of rich tribal heritage including languages, habitats and cultivation and production practices.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Highlights:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Museum for Tribal Freedom Fighters:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To acknowledge the heroic and patriotic deeds of tribal people, the Ministry has sanctioned setting up 10 Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Documentation of Indigenous Practices:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Research and documentation of Indigenous practices by tribal healers and medicinal plants, Adivasi Languages, agriculture system, dances and paintings etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Repository:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To preserve and promote rich tribal cultural heritage and also to create awareness among others, a searchable digital repository has been developed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding for Tribal Festivals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry gives funding to<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> TRIFED</strong></a> (Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India) for organizing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadi-mahotsav" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Adi Mahotsav</strong></a> festivals at National level and state level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives Related to Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiative-for-digital-transformation-of-tribal-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Digital Transformation of Tribal Schools</a>:</strong> In the first phase, 250 EMRS schools have been adopted by Microsoft, out of which 50 EMRS schools will be given intensive training and 500 master trainers would be trained.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Development of PVTGs</a>:</strong> It covers<strong> 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)</strong> for their comprehensive socio-economic development.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-tribal-affairs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana</a>:</strong> It is a market-linked tribal entrepreneurship development program for forming clusters of tribal Self Help Groups (SHGs) and strengthening them into Tribal Producer Companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>TRIFED</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>national-level apex organization</strong> functioning under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>TRIFED acts as a facilitator and service provider for tribes to sell their product.</li>
<li>TRIFED aims to empower tribal people with knowledge, tools and pool of information so that they can undertake their operations in a more systematic and scientific manner.</li>
<li>It organises <strong>Tribal Artisan Melas (TAMs)</strong> to identify new artisans and new products at the sourcing level in States/Districts/Villages for expanding the tribal producers base.</li>
<li>It is also involved in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> MSP</strong> </a>for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> MFP</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-se-siddhi-mission-van-dhan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TRIFOOD</strong></a> Schemes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740383" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-to-promote-tribal-culture'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Amagarh Fort: Rajasthan',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Amagarh Fort of Jaipur,</strong> Rajasthan is <strong>at the centre of a conflict</strong> between the tribal Meena community and local Hindu groups.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Members of the <strong>Meena community say the Amagarh Fort was built by a Meena ruler predating Rajput rule</strong> in Jaipur, and has been their holy site for centuries.</li>
<li>They accused Hindu groups of <strong>trying to appropriate tribal symbols</strong> into the Hindutva fold, and of changing the name of <strong>Amba Mata to Ambika Bhawani.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Meena Community</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Meenas, also known as the Meos, or Mewati, are a <strong>tribe and caste inhabiting parts of western and northern India.</strong></li>
<li>According to Meena tradition, the<strong> Meenas ruled most of what is now eastern Rajasthan, an area they referred to as "mind-esh"</strong> (country of the Meenas). They <strong>subsequently were replaced by Rajput clans,</strong> the most recent being the Kachhwaha Rajputs who founded the state of Amber, later known as Jaipur.</li>
<li>The community has substantial clout in Rajasthan. Of the 25 Assembly seats (out of 200) reserved for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes (ST),</strong></a> most are represented by Meena MLAs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The community is also well represented in the bureaucracy. According to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/census-2021-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Census</strong></a> 2011, STs constitute <strong>13.48% of the state&rsquo;s population.</strong></li>
<li>Due to a scattered population across the state, the <strong>community can influence election outcomes in unreserved seats, too.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The present form of the Amagarh Fort was given in the<strong> 18<sup>th</sup> century by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II,</strong> founder of Jaipur.</li>
<li>It has always been believed that<strong> there was some construction at the place before Jai Singh II built the fort.</strong></li>
<li>Prior to <strong>Rajput rule by the Kachhwaha dynasty,</strong> Jaipur and its nearby regions were <strong>ruled by Meenas,</strong> who had political control.</li>
<li>And as claimed by the Meena&rsquo;s the fort was built by a<strong> Meena Sardar from the Nadla gotra, now known as Badgoti Meenas.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sardars from the Meena community ruled large parts of Rajasthan till around 1100 AD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II (1693-1744):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was a great warrior and astronomer. He came to power at the age of II on the death of his <strong>father Maharaja Bishan Singh.</strong></li>
<li>He was feudatory of the Mughals and <strong>Aurangazab</strong> conferred the title of Sawai to Jai Singh, meaning one and a quarter, a title that all of Jai Singh&rsquo;s descendants kept.</li>
<li>He was trained by the best teachers and scholars in <strong>art, science, philosophy and military affairs.</strong></li>
<li>Jai Sing&rsquo;s lineage can be traced back to the <strong>Kucchwaha Rajput clan who came to power in the 12<sup>th</sup> century.</strong></li>
<li>He built <strong>Astronomy Observatories</strong> at Delhi, Jaipur, Varanasi, Ujjain and Mathura known as the<strong> Jantar Mantar.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Jaipur</strong> gets its name from him. Recently it has been<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/jaipurs-amagarh-fort-history-and-factors-leading-to-current-conflict-7429178/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amagarh-fort-rajasthan'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'National Education Policy And Higher Education',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/how-nep-can-transform-higher-education-in-india-101627470511761.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How NEP can transform higher education in India</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on 30/07/2021. It talks about issues with higher education institutions and how National Education Policy can be a game changer for such institutions.</p>
</div>
<p>India today has over 1,000<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/higher-education-in-india-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs)</a>,</strong> including over 150 of national importance. Over the years, it has also become a hub of scientific research. HEIs have shown a consistent growth in both the quality and the quantity of research in the past decade.</p>
<p>India currently ranks third globally in terms of the total research output, accounting for 5.31% of the total of research publications. Of three aspects &mdash; education, knowledge generation (research and development) and innovation &mdash; Indian HEIs have performed very well, in relative terms, in the first two aspects, but <strong>lack on the innovation front.</strong></p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy (NEP)</strong></a> is expected to transform the landscape of higher education in India by making HEIs work on<strong> &ldquo;solutions to the problems&rdquo; rather than &ldquo;solutions looking for a problem&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Issues With Indian HEIs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enrollment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aishe-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>All-India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) report 2019-20</strong></a>, the <strong>Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER)</strong> in Higher education in India is only <strong>27.1%,</strong> which is quite low as compared to the developed as well as, other developing countries.</li>
<li>With the increase of enrollments at the school level, the supply of higher education institutes is insufficient to meet the growing demand in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Quality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensuring quality in higher education is amongst the foremost challenges being faced in India today.</li>
<li>A large number of colleges and universities in India are unable to meet the minimum requirements laid down by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ukieri-ugc-higher-education-leadership-development-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>University Grant Commission (UGC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Interference:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increasing interference of politicians in the management of higher education jeopardises the autonomy of HEIs.</li>
<li>Also, students organise campaigns, forget their own objectives and begin to develop their careers in politics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor Infrastructure and Facilities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poor infrastructure is another challenge to the higher education system of India, particularly the institutes run by the public sector suffer from poor physical facilities and infrastructure.</li>
<li>Faculty shortages and the inability of the state educational system to attract and retain well-qualified teachers have been posing challenges to quality education for many years.</li>
<li>Large numbers of NET/PhD candidates are unemployed even though there are a lot of vacancies in higher education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Research:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is inadequate focus on research in HEIs.</li>
<li>There are insufficient resources and facilities, as well as limited numbers of quality faculty to advise students.</li>
<li>Most of the research scholars are without fellowships or not getting their fellowships on time which directly or indirectly affects their research. Moreover, Indian HEIs are poorly connected to research centres and to industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor Governance Structure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Management of Indian education faces challenges of over-centralization, bureaucratic structures and lack of accountability, transparency, and professionalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Prospects of NEP For HEIs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Research Foundation (NRF):</strong> Indian academia has traditionally been focused on R&amp;D without much emphasis on relevance and delivery. The establishment of the <strong>National Research Foundation (NRF)</strong> is expected to connect our academia with ministries and industry and fund research that is relevant to local needs. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the framework of NRF, each government ministry, be it central or state, is expected to allocate separate funds for research.</li>
<li>NRF, therefore, is expected to pose well-defined problems to the researchers, so that they can find solutions in a goal-oriented and time bound manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multi-disciplinary University:</strong> In order to unleash the technology development potential of HEIs, our institutions need to not only become<strong> multi-disciplinary</strong> in their scope and offerings, but also<strong> collaborate among themselves.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bringing &ldquo;unlike&rdquo; minds together in terms of disciplines, cultures (international programmes) and attitudes (academia-industry collaborations) is the need of the hour.</li>
<li>Multi-disciplinary universities, as envisaged in NEP, rightly emphasises on the creative potential of researchers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scaling up existing HEIs:</strong> With the goal of increasing the gross enrollment ratio (GER) from the current 27% to 50% by 2035, India needs to not only open new HEIs and universities but also scale-up existing HEIs. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This massive expansion will not only require additional financial resources but also calls for a new governance model.</li>
<li>NEP speaks of achieving graded autonomy for HEIs. Over time, independent boards will manage the HEIs with active participation from alumni and experts from academia, research and industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding For HEIs:</strong> NEP is expected to bring in significant funding. For higher education, for the first time, the government promises a <strong>budget allocation for education as a fixed percentage of Gross Domestic Product at 6%.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will be a game changer for HEIs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Right Focus:</strong> Under NEP 2020, Indian HEIs will focus on 3Is &ndash; Interdisciplinary research, Industry connect and Internationalisation, the three pillars needed to elevate our institutions to global standards.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Until now, Indian HEIs lacked international diversity and remained predominantly local; they hired only Indian faculty and trained only domestic talent.</li>
<li>The lack of international faculty and students in Indian elite institutions is one reason for the poor rankings of Indian institutions.</li>
<li>NEP has enabled mechanisms for Indian HEIs, such as IITs, to venture out and open international campuses across the world. This will not only increase their international footprint but also improve their perception globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The new National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, is a good policy as it aims at making the education system holistic, flexible, multidisciplinary, aligned to the needs of the 21st century. The intent of policy seems to be ideal in many ways but it is the implementation where lies the key to success.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fbfff7;">
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the issues faced by Higher Education Institutions in India and examine how National Education Policy would bring the transformation in Indian higher education.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-education-policy-and-higher-education'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Factoring Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2021',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/role-of-rajya-sabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rajya Sabha</strong></a> has passed the<strong> Factoring Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2021</strong> to bring changes in the legislation aimed at helping the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)</a> sector.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has incorporated many suggestions from the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-micro-small-and-medium-enterprises" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UK Sinha Committee.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Factoring business</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factoring business is a business where an entity acquires the receivables of another entity for an amount. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Note that <strong>credit facilities provided by a bank against the security of receivables</strong> are not considered as factoring business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factor</strong> can be a <strong>bank, a registered non-banking financial company or any company registered under the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-the-companies-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Companies Act.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Receivables</strong> is the total amount that is owed or yet to be paid by the customers (referred as the debtors) to the assignor for the use of any goods, services or facility.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Provisions of the Bill:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Change in the Definitions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It amends the definitions of <strong>"receivables", "assignment", and "factoring business"</strong> to bring them at par with international definitions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relaxation to NBFCs&rsquo; Factoring Threshold:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The bill <strong>seeks to amend the Factoring Regulation Act, 2011 to widen the scope of entities</strong> which can engage in factoring business.</li>
<li>The current law which gave the Reserve Bank of India authority to allow non-bank finance companies to remain in factoring business only if it was their principal business. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>That is, <strong>more than half of assets were to be deployed and income earned from factoring business.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Bill removes this threshold</strong> and opens up the opportunity in this business to more non-bank lenders at a time small businesses are facing financial stress.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TReDS to Register Charges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Bill states that where <strong>trade receivables are financed through Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS),</strong> the details regarding transactions should be filed with the <strong>Central Registry by the concerned TReDS, on behalf of the factor.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>TReDS is an <strong>electronic platform for facilitating financing of trade receivables of MSMEs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>RBI to Regulate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It empowers <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> to make<strong> regulations for granting registration certificates to a factor, filing of transaction details</strong> with the Central Registry and all other matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No time-bound Registration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It<strong> removes the 30-day time period for the factors to register the details of every transaction</strong> entered by them. The registering authority for such transactions is the Central Registry setup under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co-operative-banks-under-sarfaesi-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, 2002.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Allowing non-NBFC factors and other entities</strong> to undertake factoring is expected to <strong>increase the supply of funds</strong> available to small businesses.</li>
<li>This may<strong> result in bringing down the cost of funds and enable greater access</strong> to the credit-starved small businesses, ensuring timely payments against their receivables.</li>
<li>MSMEs will get the <strong>easier liquidity</strong> which will help in their operation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MSMEs are facing difficulty due to <strong>delay in receivables and this bill will help in ensuring smoother working capital cycle and healthier cash flow.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will <strong>liberalise the restrictive provisions in the Act</strong> and at the same time ensure that a strong regulatory/oversight mechanism is put in place through the RBI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UK Sinha Committee:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Reserve Bank had set up an eight-member expert committee under the leadership of the former chairman of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI),</strong></a> UK Sinha to review the framework for the MSME sector, in 2019.</li>
<li>It has made recommendations with regard to amendments in MSME Development Act, strengthening of financial delivery mechanism, improving marketing support, encouraging technology adoption and strengthening of cluster development support for MSMEs etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amid-din-parliament-passes-bill-to-open-up-factoring-sector-help-msmes-7429002/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/factoring-regulation-amendment-bill-2021'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'NEET’s All India Quota',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Health Ministry has announced<strong> 27% <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reservation</a> for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/progress-report-of-commission-for-sub-categorisation-of-obcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Other Backward Classes (OBCs)</a></strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-prerogative-to-provide-10-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>10% quota for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)</strong></a> in the <strong>All India Quota (AIQ) scheme</strong> for undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) medical/dental courses from 2021-22 onwards.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About All India Quota (AIQ) Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> AIQ was introduced in 1986</strong> under the directions of the Supreme Court (SC) to provide for <strong>domicile-free merit-based opportunities</strong> to students from any State to aspire to study in a medical college located in another State. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It comprises <strong>15% of UG seats and 50% of PG seats in government medical colleges.</strong></li>
<li>Remaining chunk of the seats in state medical/dental colleges is <strong>reserved for students domiciled in their respective states.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In January, 2007, in <em><strong>Abhay Nath v University of Delhi and Others,</strong></em> the SC directed that reservation of <strong>15% for Scheduled Castes</strong> and<strong> 7.5% for Scheduled Tribes</strong> be introduced in the AIQ.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Until 2007, no reservation was implemented within the All India Quota for medical admission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When the <strong>Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act became effective in 2007,</strong> providing for uniform 27% reservation to the OBCs, the scheme was implemented in all the Central Educational Institutions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, this was <strong>not extended to the AIQ seats of State medical and dental colleges.</strong></li>
<li>The 10% EWS quota under the <strong>Constitution (One Hundred And Third Amendment) Act, 2019,</strong> too, has been implemented in central educational Institutions, but not in the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) AIQ for state institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Now, after this decision, the Reservation for the OBC and EWS categories within the AIQ will be offered in medical colleges from the current academic year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This decision will help thousands of students under the given categories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627640029_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627640029_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About NEET:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-testing-agency-postpones-neet-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET)</strong></a> is the entrance examination for entry to all undergraduate and postgraduate medical and dental courses in the country.</li>
<li>Until 2016, the <strong>All India Pre-Medical Test (AIPMT)</strong> was the national-level entrance examination for medical colleges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While state governments used to hold separate entrance tests for seats that were not contested at an all-India level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2016, the Supreme Court upheld the newly inserted section<strong> 10-D of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-medical-commission-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Medical Council Act, 1956</a></strong> which provides for a uniform entrance examination to all medical educational institutions at undergraduate level and postgraduate level in Hindi, English and various other languages.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Now, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-medical-commission-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Medical Council Act, 1956</strong></a> stands repealed after it has been replaced by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-medical-commission-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Medical Commission Act, 2019</strong></a> that came into existence on 8<sup>th</sup> August 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is conducted by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-testing-agency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Testing Agency (NTA).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/education/obc-ews-quota-medical-course-modi-7428622/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/neet-s-all-india-quota'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'New Initiatives for Education Sector',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister launched<strong> multiple initiatives in the education sector</strong> at a conference, to mark the completion of one year of reforms under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy 2020</strong></a> which aims at making<strong> India a global knowledge superpower.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister also noted the role played by portals like<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classes-in-distance-mode" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-10th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM)</strong></a> in online education during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Academic Bank of Credit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>envisaged as a digital bank</strong> that holds the <strong>credit earned by a student</strong> in any course. It is <strong>a major instrument for facilitating multidisciplinary and holistic education.</strong> It will provide <strong>multiple entry and exit options</strong> for students in <strong>Higher education.</strong></li>
<li>It will make the youth <strong>future-oriented and open the way for an <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a> -driven economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Engineering in Regional Languages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>14 engineering colleges in<strong> eight States</strong> are going to start engineering studies in five Indian languages: <strong>Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi and Bangla.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This emphasis on mother tongue as the medium of instruction will<strong> instil confidence in the students from poor, rural and tribal backgrounds.</strong></li>
<li>In a recent survey, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-of-aicte" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> All India Council of Technical Education</strong></a> (AICTE) discovered that <strong>42% of the students surveyed nationally, favoured pursuing Engineering in regional languages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> AICTE</strong> is creating a <strong>database of resources to allow colleges to offer more programmes in regional languages</strong> and developed a tool to translate engineering content into<strong> 11 languages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vidya Pravesh &amp; SAFAL:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vidya Pravesh, a <strong>three month play based school preparation module for Grade 1</strong> students will be released along with<strong> SAFAL</strong> (Structured Assessment For Analyzing Learning Levels), <strong>a competency based assessment framework for Grades 3, 5 and 8 in CBSE schools.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Digital Education Architecture (NDEAR):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will help in<strong> building up a new education ecosystem that will create a digital foundation leading to self-governance</strong> of all parties involved, particularly states and the Centre.</li>
<li>It lets <strong>educationists do evaluation based on talents and abilities,</strong> helping students understand their area of specialties that can be utilised in their future profession.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Education Technology Forum (NETF):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will provide independent<strong> evidence-based advice to central and state government agencies</strong> on technology-based interventions. A <strong>special focus will be on improving technology access</strong> at the grassroot education level.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Schools will be required to <strong>have skilled professionals.</strong> In addition, <strong>schools will have to hire qualified candidates</strong> to teach emerging technological skills to students.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Once the forum is set up, <strong>school-wise information will be sought on how technology is being used</strong> for imparting academic content and what steps are being taken to enhance research.</li>
<li>It will be <strong>funded by the government</strong> but at a later stage, <strong>private funding and support from industry bodies would be invited.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NISHTHA 2.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will provide <strong>training to teachers as per their needs</strong> and they will be able to give their suggestions to the department. It will have <strong>68 modules including 12 generic and 56 subject-specific modules</strong> and will cover around <strong>10 lakh teachers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nishtha-teachers-training-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NISHTHA</strong> </a>is the largest teachers&rsquo; training programme, first of its kind in the world to motivate and equip teachers to encourage and foster critical thinking in students.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sign Language as a Subject:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian sign language,<strong> for the first time, has been accorded the status of language subject.</strong> Students will be able to study it as a language also.</li>
<li>There are more than 3 lakh students who need sign language for their education. This will give a boost to Indian sign language and will help the <strong>divyang people.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Related Previous Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-education-learning-amid-the-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rashtriya Ucchatar Shiksha Abhiyan</a> (RUSA).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-research-fellows-pmrf-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prime Minister's Research Fellowship</a> (PMRF).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-for-promotion-of-academic-and-research-collaboration-sparc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research Collaboration</a> (SPARC).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-educational-alliance-for-technology-neat-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NEAT</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PRAGYATA</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mid-day-meal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mid Day Meal Scheme</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/Implementation-of-Section-12-1c-of-the-RTE-Act-A-Progress-Report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right To Education (RTE) Act, 2009</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/performance-of-beti-bachao-beti-padhao-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Beti Bachao Beti Padhao</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740401" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-initiatives-for-education-sector'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Near-Surface Shear Layer of the Sun',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Indian astronomers</strong> from <strong>Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES),</strong> and <strong>Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,</strong> have for the<strong> first time given the theoretical explanation</strong> of the existence of a <strong>near-surface shear layer (NSSL)</strong> in the Sun.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ARIES</strong> is an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Near-Surface Shear Layer (NSSL):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from differentiation rotation between equator and poles, the helioseismology has revealed that the Sun has a <strong>Near-Surface Shear Layer (NSSL).</strong></li>
<li>The NSSL is the region very close to the visible solar surface, where there is a change in the rotation profile of the Sun.</li>
<li>This layer exists very close to the solar surface, <strong>within which the angular velocity decreases rapidly with radius.</strong></li>
<li>This NSSL is thought to play a significant role in defining the nature of large-scale convective patterns that drive the Sun's magnetism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Angular velocity:</strong> It is the time rate at which an object rotates, or revolves, about an axis, or at which the angular displacement between two bodies changes.</li>
<li><strong>Helioseismology:</strong> It is a technique of using sound waves to peek inside the Sun.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings of the Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In their study, they have used an equation called the <strong>thermal wind balance equation.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It explains how the slight difference in temperature between solar poles and equator, called <strong>thermal wind,</strong> is balanced by the <strong>centrifugal force appearing due to solar differential rotation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Understanding NSSL is crucial for the study of<strong> several solar phenomena</strong> like sunspot formation, solar cycle, and it will also help in understanding such phenomena in other stars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Differential Rotation of the Sun:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was long known that the Sun has <strong>Differential rotation,</strong> which means different parts of the Sun<strong> rotate at different speeds.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Sun<strong> rotates faster at the equator than at the poles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Over time, the Sun's differential rotation rates <strong>cause its magnetic field to become twisted and tangled.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> "tangles" in the magnetic</strong> <strong>field</strong> lines can produce very, very strong <strong>localized magnetic fields.</strong></li>
<li>These localised magnetic fields on the surface of the Sun are active regions where <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sunspots" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sunspots</strong></a> occur.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sunspots are areas that appear dark on the surface of the Sun (photosphere). They appear dark because they are cooler than other parts of the Sun&rsquo;s surface.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, these active regions often generate <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sunspots" target="_blank" rel="noopener">solar storms</a>: solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627638102_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627638102_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="309" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740238" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/near-surface-shear-layer-of-the-sun'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'Kendu Leaf',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, several children were seen collecting<strong> kendu (Tendu) leaves</strong> in Odisha&rsquo;s Kalahandi district.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627637312_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627637312_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="432" height="243" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Kendu leaf is called the <strong>green gold of Odisha.</strong> It is a nationalised product like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beema-bamboo-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bamboo</strong></a> and sal seed. It is one of the <strong>most important non-wood forest products in Odisha.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Botanical name of the Tendu (Kendu) leaf is<strong> Diospyros Melanoxylon.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The leaves are used to<strong> wrap bidis, a popular smoke among the locals. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>States Producing Kendu Leaves:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The states producing bidi leaves in India comprises mainly <strong>Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat and Maharashtra.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Odisha is the third-largest producer</strong> of kendu leaf, after Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uniqueness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Uniqueness of Odisha's Tendu (kendu) leaf is <strong>in processed form</strong> whereas the <strong>rest of the states in India produce in Phal Form.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In processed form the Kendu leafs are graded into different qualities that are <strong>Grade I to Grade IV</strong> as per the specification of <strong>color, texture, size and body condition of the leaf</strong> and packets will be done by taking Five Kilograms as a Bundle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Medicament:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Traditional medical practitioners use these tiny fruits of Kendu to<strong> treat <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-malaria-day-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">malaria</a>, diarrhoea and dysentery.</strong></li>
<li>Due to their antimicrobial properties, the leaves are applied on cuts and bruises as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Source of Livelihood:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kendu leaves are the major source for tribal villages, since it is the most prominent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/joint-communication-for-tribal-communities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minor Forest Produce</strong></a> of the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MFP includes all non-timber forest produce of plant origin and includes bamboo, canes, fodder, leaves, gums, waxes, dyes, resins and many forms of food including nuts, wild fruits, honey, lac, tusser etc.</li>
<li>They form a major portion of their food, fruits, medicines and other consumption items and also provide cash income through sales.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Part in Odisha&rsquo;s Forest Revenue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Of Odisha&rsquo;s total forest <strong>revenue of Rs 868 million in 1990-2000,</strong> kendu leaves alone <strong>account for Rs 635 million.</strong></li>
<li>The annual production of bidi leaf in Odisha is <strong>around 4.5-5 lakh a quintal,</strong> which is <strong>about 20% of the county&rsquo;s annual production.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Low Wage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Children working at kendu leaf collection centres often step in <strong>during April-May every year.</strong> They mostly engaged in plucking, drying, collecting, etc. They are paid extremely low wages for the work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploitation of Children:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Children below 14 years can not be engaged as workers and between 14-18 years can only be engaged in non hazardous sectors.</li>
<li>In such a scenario they are exploited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To free this sector from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-malaria-day-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>child labour</strong></a>, more stringent laws are needed. Parents and children need to be sensitised about child rights.</li>
<li>Besides the child protection system viz. childline, district child protection unit, child welfare committee etc. would have to be more vigil and proactive in ensuring rights to children.</li>
<li>Since the kendu leaf is a significant part of the forest economy of rural societies, there needs to be the deregulation of minor forest products so that tribal and rural people can exercise their rights on MFP.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/economy/kendu-leaf-trade-stringent-laws-needed-to-keep-children-out-78183" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kendu-leaf'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Sutlej River Pollution',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The pollution in river Sutlej has posed serious health threats to the people living around the <strong>Indira Gandhi Canal.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> has directed Punjab and Rajasthan governments to submit quarterly compliance reports to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-mantralaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Shakti ministry</strong></a> about remedial action being taken to curb the inflow of effluent discharge into the <strong>Satluj</strong> and <strong>Beas.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Source of Sutlej&rsquo;s Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Three Major Sources Polluting the Buddha Nallah: Buddha Nallah (Tributary)</strong> is a major source of pollution in the river Sutlej.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Untreated sewage waste</strong> from Ludhiana city sewage treatment plants (STP).</li>
<li>Untreated industrial effluents from <strong>dyeing units and outlets</strong> that directly release sewage and industrial waste into the stream.</li>
<li><strong>Small-scale industries</strong> like units on<strong> electroplating, hosiery, steel rolling mills,</strong> etc mainly contribute to the wastewater in the nallah.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD):</strong> Buddha Nullah contributes about 16,672 kilogram a day of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/analysis-of-water-in-ulsoor-lake" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BOD</strong></a> <strong>load</strong> and <strong>East Bein (a rivulet in Doaba in Punjab)</strong> contributes about 20,900 kg/day of BOD load.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The more organic matter there is (e.g., in sewage and polluted bodies of water), the greater the BOD; and the greater the BOD, the lower the amount of dissolved oxygen available for higher animals such as fishes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leather Industry:</strong> Another<strong> seasonal rivulet, Chitti Bein</strong> and its <strong>sub-drain, Kala Sanghian drain,</strong> in the Jalandhar district are equally responsible for high pollution in the Sutlej river.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The untreated discharge from Jalandhar&rsquo;s leather goods industry is one of the major reasons behind Chitti Bein&rsquo;s pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Component of Pollutants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Traces of<strong> chromium</strong> and<strong> arsenic</strong> can be found in the Sutlej after the confluence of Buddha Nullah.</li>
<li>Prevalence of <strong>mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium</strong> and <strong>selenium</strong> in more than permissible limits (MPL) in the groundwater and surface water in and around drains like Buddha Nallah, Chitti Bein and Kala Sanghian.</li>
<li><strong>Heavy metals</strong> and <strong>pesticides</strong> were also detected in fodder, vegetable, milk, urine and blood samples.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Indira Gandhi Canal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Indira Gandhi Canal</strong> is the<strong> longest canal</strong> in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It starts from <strong>Harike Barrage,</strong> a few kilometres below the confluence of the Satluj and Beas rivers in Punjab, flows through Ludhiana and terminates in the <strong>Thar Desert</strong> in northwest Rajasthan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The canal is a <strong>source of drinking and irrigation</strong> in the north and western Rajasthan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides water to 1.75 crore people living in 7,500 villages across eight districts in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The water in the Indira Gandhi canal has apparently turned black due to the presence of pollutants in it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The pollution has caused several health complications among people such as skin diseases, gastroenteritis, indigestion and loss of eyesight.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sutlej River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ancient name of Sutlej River is <strong>Zaradros</strong> (Ancient Greek)<strong> Shutudri or Shatadru</strong> (Sanskrit).</li>
<li>It is the longest of the five tributaries of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/60-years-of-indus-water-treaty" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus River</strong></a> that give the Punjab (meaning &ldquo;Five Rivers&rdquo;) its name. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj are main tributaries of Indus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It rises on the north slope of the Himalayas in <strong>Lake La&rsquo;nga</strong> in <strong>southwestern Tibet.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Flowing northwestward and then west-southwestward through Himalayan gorges, it enters and crosses Himachal Pradesh before beginning its flow through the Punjab plain near Nangal.</li>
<li>Continuing southwestward in a broad channel, it receives the Beas River (and forms 65 miles (105 km) of the India-Pakistan border before entering Pakistan and flowing another 220 miles (350 km) to join the Chenab River west of Bahawalpur. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sutlej River meets the Beas River in <strong>Harike in the Ferozpur district before entering Pakistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The combined rivers then form the Panjnad, the link between the Five Rivers and the Indus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/luhri-stage-i-hydro-electric-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Luhri Stage-I Hydro Electric Project</strong></a> is located on River Satluj in Shimla and Kullu districts of Himachal Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627634663_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627634663_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/amp/sutlej-river-pollution-millions-on-verge-of-health-risks-ngt-raises-alarm-78163" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sutlej-river-pollution'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'GS Foundation Classroom Course',
			'catname' => 'Prelims',
			'desc' => '<h3 style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>GS Foundation Classroom Course</strong></span></h3>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: #73a9ff;"><i>(Online Classes till lockdown is in place)</i></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Mode: Classroom*</strong><br />*For now, live online classes will be provided from the studio - till offline classes are permitted.</p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Live Online Classes will be conducted via Drishti Learning App which can be installed from the Google Play Store for free.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Daily live class on Drishti Learning App as per Batch Timings (2:30 hours class, 6 days a week)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Team: </strong>Team of best teachers led by Dr. Vikas Divyakirti.</p>
<ul>
<li>Teachers will be using Interactive Panels to make classes more engaging with the help of images, infographics, flowcharts, videos, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course Size</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>400+ classes of 1000+ hours. Coverage of complete syllabus - from basic to advanced level.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center; background-color: #d14747; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-size: 18px; color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; <span style="color: #ffff00;"><strong>Standard Fees: ₹ 1,70,000/-</strong></span> | <span style="color: #ffff00;"><strong>After Discount Fees: ₹ 1,50,000/-</strong></span> | <span style="color: #ffff00;"><strong>Installment Fees: ₹ 1,60,000/-</strong></span></span></p>
<p><strong>Course Validity : </strong>3 years from the beginning of the course.</p>
<ul>
<li>If a student misses a class (online/offline), the classes will be made available the same day on Drishti Learning App. These classes can be watched unlimited number of times, for up to 3years.</li>
</ul>
<p>Apart from classes, the following are included as a part of your Course -</p>
<ul>
<li>CSAT Classes</li>
<li>Hard copy of Study Material &ndash; home delivery of notes till the time lockdown is in place.
<ul>
<li>Booklets of notes for each subject/module</li>
<li>6 books of Prelims Practice Series - contains questions asked in previous years of various civil services related competitive examinations.</li>
<li>5 books of Mains Capsule Series &ndash; Paper-wise coverage of Entire Syllabus of Mains Examination in Question &amp; Answer Format.</li>
<li>A Handbook of Select Essays for Civil Services Examination</li>
<li>UPSC CSE (Mains) Previous Years' Solved Papers 2013-19</li>
<li>UPSC CSE Prelims Previous Years' Solved Papers</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Online Prelims Test Series for 3 years &ndash; with the option to convert it to offline tests, by visiting any of Drishti&rsquo;s 4 centres. Total 30x3=90 Tests (75 Tests of General Studies and 15 Tests of CSAT)</li>
<li>Focus on answer writing practice with 24 Mains Tests. Evaluation and feedback by team of Experts.</li>
<li>Regular Doubt Clearing Sessions &ndash; online sessions with main Faculty till the time lockdown is in place.</li>
<li>Online Current Affairs Crash Course for Prelims for 3 years</li>
<li>Online Current Affairs Crash Course for Mains for 3 years</li>
<li>Weekly Current Affairs Classes (after Prelims)</li>
<li>Drishti Current Affairs Magazine (monthly) for 3 Years - home delivery till the time lockdown is in place.</li>
<li>Personal Mentorship in any of the following modes &ndash;
<ul>
<li>At the Centre</li>
<li>Via Zoom Sessions</li>
<li>Through WhatsApp Messages</li>
<li>Over call.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Dedicated Batch Coordinator for one-stop solution for all issues related to the Course</li>
</ul>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/prelims/gs-foundation-classroom-course'
		],
		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'International Tiger Day',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, at the virtual meeting celebrating<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tiger-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Tiger Day (29<sup>th</sup> July)</strong></a>, Prime Minister of India reiterated India&rsquo;s commitment to ensuring safe habitats for its tigers and nurturing tiger-friendly eco systems.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Also, at this meeting, <strong>14 Tiger Reserves in India</strong> received the <strong>accreditation of the Global Conservation Assured|Tiger Standards (CAITS).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Conservation Status of Tiger:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</strong> </a><strong>Red List:</strong> Endangered.</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)</strong></a>: Appendix I.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Tiger Conservation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tiger conservation is a<strong> symbol of conservation of forests.</strong></li>
<li>The tiger is a unique animal which plays a <strong>pivotal role in the health and diversity of an ecosystem.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>a top predator</strong> which is at the apex of the food chain and <strong>keeps the population of wild ungulates (primarily large mammals) in check.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, Tiger helps in maintaining the <strong>balance between prey herbivores and the vegetation upon which they feed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Therefore, Tiger Conservation is not just about saving a beautiful animal. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is about making sure that<strong> we live a little longer as the forests</strong> are known to provide <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natural-capital-accounting-and-valuation-of-the-ecosystem-services-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ecological services</strong></a> <strong>like clean air, water, pollination, temperature regulation etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the significance of Tiger conservation can be reflected by the<strong> Status of Leopards, Co-predators and Megaherbivores-2018&rsquo; report.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the report, the overall leopard population in the tiger range landscape of India in 2018 was estimated at 12,852.</li>
<li>This is a <strong>significant increase</strong> from the 2014 figure that was 7,910 in forested habitats of 18 tiger bearing states of the country.</li>
<li>The report is a testimony to the fact that conservation of tigers leads to the conservation of the entire ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tiger Conservation Projects in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger 1973</strong></a>: Project Tiger is <strong>a Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong> of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) launched in 1973. It provides havens for tigers in the country&rsquo;s national parks.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a>: It is a statutory body under the MoEFCC and was established in 2005 following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Tiger Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is home to over <strong>70% of the tiger population globally.</strong></li>
<li>India is home to <strong>51 tiger reserves</strong> spread across 18 states and the last<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tiger census of 2018</strong> </a>showed a rise in the tiger population.</li>
<li>India achieved the target of doubling the tiger population <strong>four years ahead of schedule (2022)</strong> of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tiger-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> St. Petersburg Declaration</strong></a> on tiger conservation.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s strategy of tiger conservation attaches topmost importance to<strong> involving local communities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627633558_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627633558_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="630" height="584" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Conservation Assured | Tiger Standards (CA|TS):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>CA|TS</strong> has been agreed upon as an accreditation tool by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tiger-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>global coalition of Tiger Range Countries (TRCs)</strong></a> and has been developed by tiger and protected area experts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are currently <strong>13 tiger range countries -</strong> India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>CA|TS is a <strong>set of criteria</strong> which allows tiger sites to check if their management will lead to successful tiger conservation.</li>
<li>It was officially launched in 2013.</li>
<li>The <strong>Global Tiger Forum (GTF),</strong> an international NGO working on tiger conservation, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wildlife Fund India</strong> </a>are the two implementing partners of the <strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority</strong> for CATS assessment in India.</li>
<li>14 Tiger Reserves which have been accredited are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/awards-for-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Manas</a>, Kaziranga </strong>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-11-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Orang Tiger Reserve</strong></a> in Assam,</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/satpura-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Satpura</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kanha-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kanha </a></strong>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panna-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Panna Tiger Reserve</strong></a> in Madhya Pradesh,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pench-tiger-reserve-maharashtra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pench Tiger Reserve </strong></a>in Maharashtra,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/conservation-of-vultures" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Valmiki Tiger Reserve </strong></a>in Bihar,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dudhwa-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dudhwa Tiger Reserve</strong></a> in Uttar Pradesh,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sundarban-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sunderbans Tiger Reserve </strong></a>in West Bengal,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-19th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parambikulam Tiger Reserve</strong></a> in Kerala,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bandipur-tiger-reserve-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bandipur Tiger Reserve </strong></a>of Karnataka</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mudumalai-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mudumalai</a>&nbsp;</strong>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pulayar-community-and-anamalai-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Anamalai Tiger Reserve</strong></a> in Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740353" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'AERA Amendment Bill, 2021',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Lok Sabha passed the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-aera-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India</a> (AERA) Amendment Bill, 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>first introduced in March 2021</strong> and subsequently referred to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/parliamentary-committee-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>parliamentary standing committee</strong></a> <strong>on transport, tourism and culture,</strong> which approved it without any changes.</li>
<li>It seeks to amend the <strong>Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act, 2008.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627632788_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627632788_pasted image 0.png" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Provisions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It proposes to <strong>amend the definition of major airport</strong> to include a group of airports.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The 2008 Act designates an airport as a <strong>major airport if it has an annual passenger traffic of at least 35 lakh.</strong></li>
<li>The central government <strong>may also designate any airport as a major airport by a notification.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tariff:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will allow AERA to<strong> regulate tariff and other charges for aeronautical services</strong> for not just major airports with annual passenger traffic of more than 35 lakh, but also a group of airports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Profitable Clubbing:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government will be <strong>able to club profitable and non-profitable airports</strong> as a combination/package to bidders to make it a viable combination for investment under <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PPP (Public-Private Partnership)</strong></a> mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>help in expanding the air connectivity</strong> to relatively remote areas and as a result, expediting the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/udan-4-1#:~:text=About%20UDAN%20Scheme%3A,develop%20the%20regional%20Aviation%20market." target="_blank" rel="noopener">UDAN regional connectivity scheme</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>encourage development of smaller airports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concern:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lack of clarity in the bill on the <strong>criterion for deciding which airports will be clubbed together</strong> to qualify under &lsquo;a group of airports&rsquo; definition, whether it will be the passenger traffic of more than 3.5 million or some other factors too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Initially, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wings-india-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Airports Authority of India (AAI)</strong> </a>was <strong>running and managing the airports.</strong> After some time, a change was made in the civil aviation policy as some private players were also given airports to run. The reason behind this was to provide consumers with great services.</li>
<li>Typically, <strong>airports run the risk of becoming a monopoly because cities usually have one civilian airport</strong> which controls all aeronautical services in that area.</li>
<li>To <strong>ensure that private airport operators do not misuse their monopoly, the need for an independent tariff regulator</strong> in the airport sector was felt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act, 2008 (AERA Act) was passed which set up the AERA as a <strong>statutory body.</strong></li>
<li>It was set up, keeping in mind that the <strong>country needs to have an independent regulator</strong> who has transparent rules and can take care of the interests of the service providers as well as that of the consumers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The AERA <strong>regulates tariffs and other charges</strong> (development fee and passenger service fee) <strong>for aeronautical services</strong> (air traffic management, landing and parking of aircraft, ground handling services) at major airports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-proceedings-lok-sabha-passes-two-bills-without-debate/article35609874.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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	(int) 0 => [
		'title' => 'IAS Mains Courses (Pendrive Format)',
		'catname' => 'Online Courses',
		'desc' => '<section class="article-list">
<div class="feature-text" style="padding: 0px;">
<div class="online-pendrive-course online-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="text-block">
<h2>IAS Mains Course <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; color: #00008b;">(Pendrive Format)<br /></span></h2>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Admission Open</strong></li>
<li><strong>Classes start on</strong>: August 25</li>
<li><strong>Mode</strong>: Pendrive (Windows based)</li>
<li><strong>Course Size</strong>: Around 400 Classes. Course to be covered in total 6 pendrives - initially 1 pendrive will be sent every month.</li>
<li><strong>Course Validity</strong>: Up to 2 years, unlimited viewing of each class.</li>
<li>Useful courses for IAS Mains as well as PCS examinations of several states.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>This course is designed so that the students who cannot come to Delhi can easily study from the best teachers at their home and overcome the challenge of main exam.</p>
</div>
<div class="red-block awake">
<h2>Special Discount</h2>
<p><strong>Fees : ₹ 60,000/- Fee (Inclusive of GST) with special exemption. (Standard Fee : ₹70,000/-) <br /></strong></p>
<p>For additional information related to this course, call <a href="tel:8010440440">8010440440</a> / <a href="tel:7669806814">7669806814</a>.</p>
<div class="btn-block"><a href="/ias-mains-course-gs-papers-english-registration" class="btn red" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy Now</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- #end online pendrive course -->
<div class="why-pendrive-course">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="image-block"><img src="/drishti/img/online-banner2.jpeg" alt="" /></div>
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="color: #00008b;">Key Features of the Course</span></h2>
<ul style="display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 2;">
<li>Around 900 hours of classes.</li>
<li>The validity of the course is 2 years. Facility to watch each video unlimited times.</li>
<li>Q&amp;A based Mains Crash Course - AWAKE Program (Answer Writing &amp; Knowledge Enrichment Program) will be provided free of cost for 2 years - to develop answer writing skills for the main examination.</li>
<li>The following notes/books will be sent to your home free of cost as course material:
<ul>
<li>Printed Notes for all sections of Main Examination.</li>
<li>5 Books from 'Mains Capsule Series' published by Team Drishti to help you develop your understanding of Mains Exam Questions and Standard Answers.</li>
<li>Book of 'Mains Solved Papers' in which the questions asked in the Main Examination in previous years and their model answers have been given.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Facility to give total 24 tests of main exam. These will be evaluated by Team Drishti.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="imporant-info">
<div class="wrapper"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">Windows Desktop/Laptop technical requirements for Pendrive course:</span>
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="padding-top: 0px;">
<li>Operating System (OS) : Windows 7 or 10 (64 bit)</li>
<li>Processor : Intel i3 or higher processor</li>
<li>RAM : 4GB or more.</li>
<li>Desktop/Laptop will require internet connectivity once a month for software update.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>If you face any technical issue during this course please call on <a href="tel:7669806811">7669806811</a> or <a href="tel:7669806812">7669806812</a>. Our technical team will help you best.</p>
</div>
</div>
<!--<div class="imporant-info">
            <div class="wrapper" style="background-color: #f9ffe4;"><strong><span style="color: #00008b; font-size: 22px;">-->
<div class="pendrive-feature-block">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="content-block">
<h2><span style="line-height: 1.5;">Delivery of Course Material</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>Under this course, 5 books of 'Mains Capsule Series' published by Drishti Publications and one book of Mains Solved Paper will be sent to you free of cost. Also class notes of the concerned subject will be sent according to which the classes of this course are designed.</li>
<li>As soon as you pay the fee for this course, we will send the pack of books to your address by speed post or courier service within 4-5 days. (Under normal circumstances the books reach the student in 8-10 days, but at present it is taking more time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Especially, if a student lives in a containment zone or a lockdown affected state, then his pack of books may take 15-20 days to reach.)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="image-block"><img src="/hindi/drishti/img/feature-thumb-img.png" alt="" /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1REQI0jAqRA&amp;list=PLQpF--VlgguRCRkwkjnCsiVit9vTtSuLZ" class="icon-play" target="_blank" rel="noopener">play</a> <span>Demo classes available on YouTube. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="learning-program">
<div class="section-payment">
<div class="wrapper">
<h2>Payment Options</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Cash Deposit</h4>
<p>You can deposit cash at our Drishti office, Find our address below</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation,<br />13/15, Tashkand Marg, Civil Lines (Near Patrika Chauraha), Prayagraj, <br />UP-211001</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="tel:011-47532596">011-47532596</a> <br />+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Bank Transfer/Account Deposit</h4>
<p>VDK Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. <br /><strong>Account No.</strong> 36726486454,<br /><strong>Bank </strong>State Bank of India,<br /><strong>IFSC Code</strong> SBIN0018166, <br /><strong>MICR Code</strong> 110002563, Branch Code 18166 , <br /><strong>Branch</strong> - Mukherjee Nagar New Delhi-110009</p>
<p><span>Contact Details:</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="phone">+91 - 9319290700 <br />+91 - 9319290701 <br />+91 - 9319290702</li>
<li class="phone"><a href="/admin/articles/edit/1800-121-6260">1800-121-6260</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end -->
<div class="column three"><address>
<h4>Demand Draft/Cheque</h4>
<p>Send your demand draft or local cheque of fee amount by registered post/courier at below address</p>
<p><span>Office Address</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="address">Drishti The Vision Foundation, <br />641, Ist Floor, Mukherjee Nagar, <br />Delhi-110009</li>
<li class="email"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></li>
</ul>
</address></div>
<!-- #end --></div>
<!-- end row --></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>',
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	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Credit Growth for MSMEs',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to a report from<strong> TransUnion Cibil and Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI),</strong> there has been a growth in the credit outstanding amount of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/msme-sector-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME)</strong></a> sector to Rs 20.21 lakh crore, with a <strong>year-on-year growth rate of 6.6%.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Even according to the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a>, credit growth to micro and small industries accelerated to <strong>6.4% in June 2021,</strong> compared to a contraction of <strong>2.9% in 2020.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Small Industries Development Bank of India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>SIDBI set up in April 1990 under an Act of Indian Parliament, acts as the <strong>Principal Financial Institution for Promotion, Financing and Development</strong> of the MSME sector as well as for coordination of functions of institutions engaged in similar activities.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>TransUnion CIBIL Limited</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>credit information company operating in India.</strong> It maintains credit files on 600 million individuals and 32 million businesses.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Loans to MSMEs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In <a href="/current-affairs-news-analysis-editorials/news-analysis/03-02-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Financial Year (FY)</strong></a> 2021, the country disbursed loans worth Rs 9.5 lakh crore to MSME sector, higher than preceding year of Rs 6.8 lakh crore in FY 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Outstanding Credit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>MSME credit outstanding has grown by 6.6% in March&rsquo;21, with the <strong>micro segment growing the fastest at 7.4%</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Micro segment was followed by the<strong> small segment at 6.8% and medium segment at 5.8%. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sector Wise Analysis:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Agriculture and Allied Activities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Credit to agriculture and allied activities continued to perform well, registering an <strong>accelerated growth of 11.4% in June 2021,</strong> compared to 2.4% in June 2020.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Industry:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Within industry, credit to food processing, gems &amp; jewellery, glass &amp; glassware, leather &amp; leather products, mining &amp; quarrying, paper &amp; paper products, rubber, plastic &amp; their products, and textiles registered <strong>high growth in June 2021.</strong></li>
<li>However, credit growth to all engineering, beverages &amp; tobacco, basic metal &amp; metal products, cement &amp; cement products, chemicals &amp; chemical products, construction, infrastructure, petroleum coal products &amp; nuclear fuels and vehicles, vehicle parts &amp; transport equipment <strong>decelerated or contracted.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Services:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Credit growth to the <strong>services sector decelerated to 2.9% in June 2021,</strong> from 10.7% in June 2020, mainly <strong>due to contraction in credit growth to commercial real estate, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/A%20nuanced%20understanding%20of%20the%20NBFC%20sector" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)</a> and tourism, hotels &amp; restaurants.</strong></li>
<li>Credit to <strong>trade segment continued to perform well,</strong> registering accelerated growth of 11.1% in June 2021 as compared to 8.1% a year ago.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reason for Growth:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rise in credit offtake by MSMEs is due to a host of government initiatives like the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/emergency-credit-line-guarantee-scheme-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS)</strong></a> to tackle the economic downturn created by the<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Covid pandemic.</a></strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>ECLGS scheme was launched as part of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/atmanirbhar-bharat-and-economic-stimulus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan package</strong></a> announced in May 2020 to mitigate the distress caused by coronavirus-induced lockdown, by providing credit to different sectors, especially MSMEs</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s <strong>objective</strong> was to support small businesses struggling to meet their operational liabilities due to the imposition of a nationwide lockdown.</li>
<li>Recently, the government has<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/expansion-of-emergency-credit-line-guarantee-scheme-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> widened its scope to new sectors,</strong></a> including hospitality, travel and tourism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives for MSMEs:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-employment-generation-program#:~:text=Launch%3A%20The%20Government%20of%20India,as%20well%20as%20urban%20areas." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prime Minister&rsquo;s Employment Generation programme (PMEGP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-of-fund-for-regeneration-of-traditional-industries" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-elixir-for-msmes-access-to-credit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A Scheme for Promoting Innovation, Rural Industry &amp; Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/pdf/support-and-outreach-initiative-for-msme-sector.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Interest Subvention Scheme for Incremental Credit to MSMEs</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pmegp-and-cgtmse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Credit Guarantee Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/champions-portal-for-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>CHAMPIONS portal</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-msmes-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>MSME Samadhan</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627730062_image3.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627730062_image3.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="800" height="200" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/eclgs-unlocks-help-msme-credit-offtake-rise-6-6-in-fy21/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
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	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Democide: Causes And The Way Forward',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/elected-governments-death-of-democracy-civil-unrest-7431013/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How does a democracy die?</strong></a> which was published in The Indian Express on 31/07/2021. It examines the causes which lead to the death of democracy in a country.</p>
</div>
<p>The global surveys are everywhere reporting dipping confidence in democracy and marked jumps in citizens&rsquo; frustrations with government corruption and incompetence. Young people are the least satisfied with democracy &mdash; much more disaffected than previous generations at the same age.</p>
<p>In its <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/autocratisation-goes-viral-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Democracy Report 2021</a></strong>, Sweden&rsquo;s V-Dem Institute noted that India &ldquo;has almost lost its status as a democracy&rdquo;. It ranked India below Sierra Leone, Guatemala and Hungary.</p>
<p>In this context, it is important to understand the true meaning and challenges the democracy in India faces.</p>
<h3>True Meaning of Democracy</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Democracy is much more than pressing a button or marking a box on a ballot paper. It goes beyond the mathematical certitude of election results and majority rule.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s not reducible to lawful rule through independent courts or attending local public meetings.</li>
<li>Democracy is a <strong>whole way of life.</strong> It is freedom from hunger, humiliation and violence.</li>
<li>Democracy is saying no to every form of <strong>human and non-human indignity.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>respect for women, tenderness with children,</strong> and<strong> access to jobs</strong> that bring satisfaction and sufficient reward to live comfortably.</li>
<li>In a healthy democracy, citizens are not forced to travel in buses and trains like livestock, wade through <strong>dirty water from overrunning sewers,</strong> or <strong>breathe poisonous air.</strong></li>
<li>Democracy is equal <strong>access to decent medical care</strong> and sympathy for those who have fallen behind.</li>
<li>It&rsquo;s the <strong>rejection of the dogma</strong> that things can&rsquo;t be changed because they&rsquo;re &ldquo;naturally&rdquo; fixed in stone.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Causes For Death of Democracy (Democide)</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Government Failure:</strong> Wild rumours and talk of conspiracies flourish. Street protests and outbreaks of uncontrolled violence happen. Fears of civil unrest spread. The armed forces grow agitated.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As the government totters, the army moves from its barracks onto the streets to quell unrest and take control. Democracy is finally buried in a grave it slowly dug for itself.</li>
<li>The military coup d&rsquo;&eacute;tats against the elected governments of Egypt (2013), Thailand (2014), <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/coup-d-etat-in-myanmar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Myanmar</strong> </a>and Tunisia (2021) are some of the examples.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weak Institutions:</strong> When the judiciary becomes vulnerable to cynicism, political meddling and state capture, threat to democratic values and constitutional morals emerges.</li>
<li><strong>Social Emergencies:</strong> When social fabric weakens, the threat to democracy emerges. Democracy suffers a slow-motion social death.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>When a constitution promises its citizens justice, liberty and equality, the division among and shattering of social life induce a sense of legal powerlessness among citizens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inequality in the Society:</strong> Massive imbalances of wealth, chronic violence, famine and unevenly distributed life chances also make a mockery of the ethical principle that in a democracy people can live as citizen partners of equal social worth.</li>
<li><strong>Unavailability of Basic Amenities:</strong> Domestic violence, rotten health care, widespread feelings of social unhappiness, and daily shortages of food and housing destroy people&rsquo;s dignity. It kills the spirit and substance of democracy.</li>
<li><strong>Vulnerable Remain Unheard:</strong> Citizens&rsquo; ability to strike back, to deliver millions of mutinies against the rich and powerful, is inherent in a democracy. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>But the brute fact is social indignity undermines citizens&rsquo; capacity to take an active interest in public affairs, and to check and humble the powerful.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Demagoguery:</strong> When democratically elected governments cease to be held accountable by a society weakened by poor health, low morale, and joblessness, <strong>demagogues</strong> are prone to blindness and ineptitude. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>They make careless, foolish, and incompetent decisions that reinforce social inequities.</li>
<li>Those who exercise power in government ministries, corporations, and public/private projects aren&rsquo;t subject to democratic rules of public accountability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Demagoguery</strong></p>
<p>It is political activity or practices that seek support by appealing to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people rather than by using rational argument.</p>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ineffective Redistribution:</strong> In the absence of redistributive public welfare policies that guarantee sufficient food, shelter, security, education, and health care to the downtrodden, the ideal of democracy weakens among citizens.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Democracy begins to resemble a fancy mask worn by wealthy political predators.</li>
<li>Society is subordinated to the state. People are expected to behave as loyal subjects, or else suffer the consequences.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Constitutional Renaissance:</strong> It refers to the process of <strong>constant repair and renewal of &ldquo;constitutionalism&rdquo;</strong> as a function of adjudication.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It includes the following:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Obeisance to the constitutional spirit, vision and letter.</li>
<li>The interpretation of the constitution by the judiciary in a way that glorifies its democratic spirit and reflects a &lsquo;reverence&rsquo; towards the constitution.</li>
<li><strong>Protection of &ldquo;rights of all,</strong> which means that people are true sovereign and they should not be treated as just &lsquo;subjects&rsquo; and all forms of public power should be placed at the service of constitutional ends.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/constitutional-morality#:~:text=Constitutional%20morality%20provides%20a%20principled,governing%20institutions%20and%20representatives%20accountable." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Constitutional Morality</a>:</strong> It specifies norms for institutions to survive and an expectation of behaviour that will meet not just the text but the soul of the Constitution. It also makes the governing institutions and representatives accountable.</li>
<li><strong>Purposive Interpretation:</strong> This refers to the interpretation of the constitution by the judiciary in light of the interest of the people of India and maintaining institutional integrity.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/paper4/good-governance-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Good Governance</strong></a>: The ultimate motive of constitution-related judicial articulation and government schemes and programmes should be enabling a good governance system.</li>
<li><strong>Voices Should be Heard:</strong> The Government should hear criticism rather than rejecting it outrightly. Suggestions on eroding democratic values need a thoughtful, and respectful response.</li>
<li><strong>Checks on Executive Powers:</strong> The press and the judiciary, which are considered the pillars of India&rsquo;s Democracy, require it to be independent of any executive interference to enable auditing of the</li>
<li><strong>Need For Strong Opposition:</strong> Strong democracy requires strong opposition. Without an alternative choice, the very objective of election to provide a check on arbitrary power gets defeated.</li>
<li><strong>Social Equality:</strong> If redistributive public welfare policies are effective, the inequality in the society would be reduced. Thus, it must be the priority of the government to maintain social and economic equality and inclusive growth.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The institutionalization of constitutional democracy has helped the people of India realize the importance of democracy and inculcate democratic sensibilities among them. At the same time, it is important that all the government organs work in harmony to uphold the trust people of the country have held in them and ensure objectives of true democracy..</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #f9fff5;">
<p><span style="color: #000080;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>&lsquo;Democracy is very important for human development.&rsquo; In the light of the statement discuss the challenges democracy is facing today.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/democide-causes-and-the-way-forward'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Operation Blue Freedom: Team CLAW',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Government of India has accorded sanction to<strong> Team CLAW</strong> to lead a team of people with disabilities to scale<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/siachen-glacier" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Siachen Glacier</strong></a> and create a <strong>new world record for the largest team of people with disabilities.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This is the land world record expedition part of<strong> &lsquo;Operation Blue Freedom Triple World Records&rsquo;</strong> being undertaken.</li>
<li>Triple Elemental World Records is a series of world records being attempted by the team in 2021 of collectives of people with disabilities achieving great feats on land, in air and underwater.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Siachen Glacier</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Siachen Glacier is located in the <strong>Eastern Karakoram range</strong> in the Himalayas, just northeast of Point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends.</li>
<li>It is the <strong>Second-Longest glacier</strong> in the World's Non-Polar areas.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Fedchenko Glacier, located in Yazgulem Range, Tajikistan</strong> is the <strong>Longest glacier</strong> in the World's Non-Polar areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Siachen Glacier lies immediately south of the great drainage divide that separates the Eurasian Plate from the Indian subcontinent in the extensively glaciated portion of the Karakoram sometimes called the<strong> "Third Pole".</strong></li>
<li>The Siachen Glacier is part of Ladakh which has now been<a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/to-the-point-article-370" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> converted into a Union Territory.</strong></a></li>
<li>The Siachen Glacier is the world's highest battlefield.</li>
<li>The entire Siachen Glacier has been under the administration of India since 1984 <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/siachen-glacier" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Operation Meghdoot)</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627728223_image%200.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627728223_image 0.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="576" height="434" /></strong></a></p>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About the Expedition:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Initially, a team of <strong>20 people with disabilities</strong> would be selected to undergo training, after which the final expedition team shall be selected.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Final expedition team (including a minimum of 6 people with disabilities), who will trek from the <strong>Siachen Base Camp to Kumar Post.</strong></li>
<li>Kumar post is located at an altitude of about <strong>15,632 feet.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Team CLAW and Operation Blue Freedom:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Team CLAW:</strong> Team CLAW<strong> (Conquer Land Air Water)</strong> is a team of ex-Indian Special Forces commandos.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Generally, all are either from<strong> Indian Army Para Commandos</strong> or the Naval <strong>Marine Commandos, also known as the MARCOS.</strong></li>
<li>These veterans have <strong>multiple specialisations -</strong> not just in combat but also in other elite skills such as <strong>skydiving, scuba diving, mountaineering, emergency medical response</strong> and all-terrain survival amongst others.</li>
<li>The initiative was<strong> taken by Major Vivek Jacob,</strong> a Para (Special Forces) officer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Operation Blue Freedom:</strong> Operation Blue Freedom is a <strong>social impact venture</strong> aimed at<strong> rehabilitating people with disabilities through adaptive adventure sports.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It aims to <strong>shatter the common perception of pity, charity and inability associated with people with disabilities</strong> and recreate it to <strong>one of dignity, freedom and ability.</strong></li>
<li>Further, their focus is to<strong> &lsquo;design and implement sustainable large-scale employment solutions&rsquo;</strong> for people with disabilities, especially in the <strong>&lsquo;Environment conservation and Sustainability&rsquo; space.</strong></li>
<li>It was <strong>launched in 2019 by Team CLAW.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>CLAW Global:</strong> Team CLAW is in the process of<strong> setting up centres across the globe where-in Special Forces Veterans</strong> and People with Disabilities are merging in action for creating a better life experience, for not only persons with disability but the non-disabled as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Disability Problem:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Disabilities is an <strong>umbrella term,</strong> covering <strong>impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>An impairment is a problem in body function or structure;</li>
<li>An activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action;</li>
<li>A participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per <strong>Census 2011,</strong> in India, out of the total population of 121 crore, <strong>about 2.68 crore persons are &lsquo;Disabled&rsquo;</strong> (2.21% of the total population).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Out of 2.68 crore, 1.5 crore are males and 1.18 crore are females.</li>
<li>Majority (69%) of the disabled population resided in rural areas.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Globally there are 1 billion people with disabilities, which is 15% of the global population.</li>
<li>They face a lack of <strong>holistic rehabilitation, inadequate skilling, lack of seamless mobility and lack of suitable employment.</strong></li>
<li>These factors combined together largely confined persons with disabilities to their homes, leading to inaccurate awareness on their issues and wrong perceptions about their abilities.</li>
<li>Thus, their <strong>productive potential is largely untapped</strong> leading to global exclusion from mainstream life.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Programmes/Initiatives for Disabled in India</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Accessible India Campaign : Creation of Accessible Environment for PwDs</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>DeenDayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase/fitting of Aids and Appliances (ADIP)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Fellowship for Students with Disabilities (RGMF)</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/issues-related-to-persons-with-disability" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Right of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/differently-abled-to-attempt-record-by-trekking-siachen-glacier/article35633772.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/operation-blue-freedom-team-claw'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Creamy Layer: OBC',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, some MPs have raised the issue of defining <strong>Creamy Layer</strong> in the ongoing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/monsoon-session-of-parliament-begins" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Monsoon Session</strong></a> of Parliament.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Further, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/progress-report-of-commission-for-sub-categorisation-of-obcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Justice Rohini committee</strong></a> is considering the sub-categorization of OBC quota and if any particular community or group of communities are benefiting most from the OBC quota and how to iron out anomalies.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Based on the recommendation of the <strong>Second Backward Classes Commission <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/30-years-of-mandal-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(Mandal Commission)</a></strong>, the government in August, 1990 had notified 27% reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) in vacancies in civil posts and services that are to be filled on direct recruitment.</li>
<li>After this was challenged, the Supreme Court in November, 1992 <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/reservation-review-sc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>(Indira Sawhney case)</strong></a> upheld 27% reservation for OBCs, subject to exclusion of the creamy layer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Definition:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a concept that sets a threshold within which OBC reservation benefits are applicable.</li>
<li>While there is a 27% quota for OBCs in government jobs and higher educational institutions, those falling within the <strong>&ldquo;creamy layer&rdquo;</strong> (various categories based on income and parents&rsquo; rank) cannot get the benefits of this quota.</li>
<li>Other <strong>than the income limit, the current definition of the creamy layer remains the same.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Categories defined under Creamy Layer:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Income beyond 8 lakh:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For those not in government, the current threshold is an income of Rs 8 lakh per year.</li>
<li>The income threshold is supposed to be raised every three years. It was last revised in 2017 (more than three years now).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Parents&rsquo; rank:</strong> For children of government employees, the threshold is based on their parents&rsquo; rank and not income. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>For instance, an individual is considered to fall within the creamy layer if either of his or her parents is in a constitutional post; if either parent has been directly recruited in Group-A; or if both parents are in Group-B services.</li>
<li>If the parents enter Group-A through promotion before the age of 40, their children will be in the creamy layer.</li>
<li>Children of a Colonel or higher-ranked officer in the Army, and children of officers of similar ranks in the Navy and Air Force, too, come under the creamy layer. There are other criteria as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Government&rsquo;s Proposal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>A draft Cabinet note has stated that the creamy layer will be determined on all income, including salary calculated for income tax, but not agriculture income.</li>
<li>The government is considering a consensus on Rs 12 lakh, whereas Parliament Committee has recommended to raise upto 15 lakh per year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It also <strong>recommended excluding salary and agricultural revenue</strong> while calculating the annual income ceiling for the creamy layer category of OBCs</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/creamy-layer-obc-reservation-quota-7430996/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/creamy-layer-obc'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'Severe Acute Malnutrition in India',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>According to the <strong>Women and Child Development Ministry, more than 9.2 lakh children</strong> (from six months to six years) in India were <strong>&lsquo;severely acute malnourished&rsquo; </strong>till <strong>November,</strong> 2020.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It underscores concerns that the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/coronavirus-disease-named-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a> could exacerbate the health and nutrition crisis among the poorest of the poor.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) :</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>WHO&rsquo;s Definition:</strong> The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-health-organization-who" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Health Organisation (WHO)</strong></a> defines &lsquo;severe acute malnutrition&rsquo; (SAM) by very <strong>low weight-for-height</strong> or a <strong>mid-upper arm circumference less than 115 mm,</strong> or by the presence of <strong>nutritional oedema.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Children suffering from SAM are <strong>nine times more likely to die</strong> in case of diseases due to their weakened immune system.</li>
<li><strong>Nutritional oedema: Abnormal fluid retention in the tissues</strong> (oedema) resulting especially from lack of protein in states of starvation or malnutrition. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Oedema can, however, occur in starvation even if the blood levels of albumin are not lowered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Related Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Number of SAM Children (National scenario):</strong> An estimated 9,27,606 &lsquo;severely acute malnourished&rsquo; children from six months to six years were identified across the country till November 2020.</li>
<li><strong>States with SAM Children:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The <strong>most in Uttar Pradesh (3,98,359 ) followed by Bihar</strong> (2,79,427).<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are <strong>also home to the highest number of children</strong> in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maharashtra (70,665)</strong> &gt; Gujarat (45,749) &gt; Chhattisgarh (37,249) &gt; Odisha (15,595) &gt; Tamil Nadu (12,489) &gt; Jharkhand (12,059) &gt; Andhra Pradesh (11,201) &gt; Telangana (9,045) &gt; Assam (7,218) &gt; Karnataka (6,899) &gt; Kerala (6,188) &gt; Rajasthan (5,732).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>States with No Severely Malnourished Children:</strong> Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Nagaland, Manipur and Madhya Pradesh reported no severely malnourished children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Family Health Survey Findings:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4),</strong> 2015-16 suggests that prevalence of severe acute malnutrition among children was at 7.4%.</li>
<li><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/national-family-health-survey-5-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NFHS-5</strong></a> suggests that <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>malnutrition</strong></a> increased among children in 2019-20 from 2015-16 in 22 states and UTs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Stunted:</strong> Around 13 states and UTs out of the 22 surveyed <strong>recorded a rise in percentage of children under five years</strong> who are stunted in comparison to 2015-16.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Stunting</strong> is when a child has a low height for their age, usually due to malnutrition, repeated infections, and/or poor social stimulation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Wasted:</strong> 12 states and UTs recorded <strong>a rise in the percentage</strong> of children under five years who are wasted.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Wasting</strong> is low weight for their height among children, reflecting acute undernutrition. It is a strong predictor of mortality among children under five years of age.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Severely wasted and underweight:</strong> 16 states and UTs <strong>recorded a rise</strong> in the percentage of children under five years who are severely wasted and underweight in 2019-20.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact of Covid-19:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Covid-19 is pushing millions into poverty, reducing incomes of many more and disproportionately affecting the economically disadvantaged, who are also most vulnerable to malnutrition and food insecurities.</li>
<li>The pandemic-prompted lockdowns disrupted essential services, such as supplementary feeding under <strong>Anganwadi centres, mid-day meals, immunisation,</strong> and <strong>micro-nutrient supplementation</strong> which exacerbated malnutrition.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Steps Taken by Government</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/poshan-abhiyaan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong></a>: The government of India has launched the <strong>National Nutrition Mission (NNM) </strong>or <strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan</strong> to ensure a<strong> &ldquo;Malnutrition Free India&rdquo;</strong> by 2022.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anaemia-in-women" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Anemia Mukt Bharat Abhiyan</strong></a>: Launched in 2018, the mission aims at accelerating the annual rate of <strong>decline of anaemia from one to three percentage points.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/midday-meal-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mid-day Meal (MDM) scheme</a>:</strong> It aims to <strong>improve nutritional levels among school children</strong> which also has a direct and positive impact on enrolment, retention and attendance in schools.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013</strong></a>: It aims to ensure food and nutrition security for the most vulnerables through its associated schemes and programmes, making access to food a legal right.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)</strong></a>: Rs.6,000 is transferred directly to the bank accounts of pregnant women for availing better facilities for their delivery.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/malnutrition-in-india-1#:~:text=Integrated%20Child%20Development%20Services%20(ICDS)%20Scheme&amp;text=It%20provides%20a%20package%20of,check%2Dup%20and%20referral%20services" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme</strong></a>: It was launched in 1975 and the scheme aims at providing food, preschool education, primary healthcare, immunization, health check-up and referral services to children under 6 years of age and their mothers.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The <strong>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 2: Zero hunger)</strong> aims to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition by 2030, making sure all people &ndash; especially children &ndash; have access to sufficient and nutritious food all year round.</p>
</div>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Home Based and Facility Based Care:</strong> Covid-19 could further exacerbate the situation with <strong>shrinking food diversity</strong> and<strong> low intake combined</strong> with episodes of missing food at times. The solutions have to be both <strong>home-based care</strong> and <strong>facility-based care.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Build Linkages:</strong> The severe Acute Malnutrition has a direct connection with food availability, utilisation and awareness, the immediate task is to appropriately <strong>build linkages with the government systems</strong> to ensure families receive not just ration/food, but required education and support.</li>
<li><strong>Strengthen Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres (NRCs):</strong> The need to strengthen Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres (NRCs) which are meant to treat SAM cases.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There are studies that suggest that NRCs have not been very effective.</li>
<li>In many cases, it has been seen that SAM cases have been discharged early because either the centre could not continue to keep the same case for a continued period, or the caregivers could not stay for a longer duration at the facility, or there was simply not enough supervision by the higher ups.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Designing Customised Menus:</strong> There is the need for designing customised menus in consultation with experts for SAM cases and formulating guidelines.</li>
<li><strong>Segregation of SAM Cases:</strong> For administrative and operational convenience, as well as for better accountability, SAM cases could be segregated into smaller units.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>responsibility to manage/coordinate and monitor smaller units</strong> could be handed over to independent entities such as medical colleges, local NGOs, women&rsquo;s collectives &ndash; under the overall guidance of the District/Block health staff.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/anganwadi-services" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Role of Anganwadi Centres</a>:</strong> The identification of SAM children was done by over 10 lakh Anganwadi centres from across the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The anganwadis have to<strong> become much more functional</strong> and if the possibility of children reaching anganwadis is going to become hard because of lockdowns, then the anganwadis need to reach the children.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/927-lakh-severely-acute-malnourished-children-identified-till-november-last-year-rti/article34743642.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/severe-acute-malnutrition-in-india'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => '36th India-Indonesia CORPAT',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>36<sup>th</sup> edition of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-indonesia-coordinated-patrol" target="_blank" rel="noopener">India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol</a></strong> (India-Indonesia CORPAT) between the Indian Navy and the Indonesian Navy is being conducted.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627719805_image1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627719805_image1.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Naval Exercise:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>To reinforce maritime links, the two navies have been carrying out CORPAT along their <strong>International Maritime Boundary Line since 2002.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Indian Naval Ship (INS) Saryu,</strong> an indigenously built Offshore Patrol Vessel is participating in the 36<sup>th</sup> edition along with Maritime Patrol Aircraft, to forge strong bonds of friendship across the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-indo-pacific-strategic-importance" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indo Pacific.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Aim:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensuring<strong> safety and security of shipping and international trade</strong> in the region.</li>
<li>CORPATs <strong>build up understanding and interoperability between navies</strong> and facilitate institution of measures to prevent and suppress Illegal Unreported Unregulated (IUU) fishing, drug trafficking, maritime terrorism, armed robbery and piracy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In Line with SAGAR:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>As part of Government of India&rsquo;s vision of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sagar-vision#:~:text=In%202015%2C%20India%20unveiled%20it%27s,in%20the%20Region%20(SAGAR).&amp;text=Through%20SAGAR%2C%20India%20seeks%20to,building%20their%20maritime%20security%20capabilities." target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SAGAR (Security And Growth for All in the Region)</strong></a>, the Indian Navy has been proactively engaging with countries in the Indian Ocean Region for coordinated patrols, cooperation in <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)</strong> </a>surveillance, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unclos-maritime-zones" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>passage exercises</strong> </a>and bilateral/multilateral exercises.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The main<strong> objective</strong> is towards enhancing regional maritime security.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Military Exercises with Indonesia:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-samudra-shakti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Samudra Shakti</a>:</strong> A bilateral maritime exercise.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/exercise-samudra-shakti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Garuda Shakti</a>:</strong> A joint military exercise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740798" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/36th-india-indonesia-corpat'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Menace of Manual Scavenging',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the centre has claimed that no deaths due to manual scavenging have been reported in the past five years.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, according to the <strong>National Convener of the Safai Karmachari Andolan,</strong> 472 manual scavenging deaths across the country were recorded between 2016 and 2020, and 26 so far in 2021.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Safai Karmachari Andolan is <strong>a movement for elimination of manual scavenging.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Article 21 of the Constitution</strong> guarantees <strong>&lsquo;Right to Life&rsquo; and that also with dignity.</strong> This right is available to<strong> both citizens and non-citizens.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Manual Scavenging:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Manual scavenging is defined as &ldquo;the removal of human excrement from public streets and dry latrines, cleaning septic tanks, gutters and sewers&rdquo;.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Reasons for the Prevalence:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Indifferent Attitude:</strong> A number of independent surveys have talked about the continued reluctance on the part of state governments to admit that the practice prevails under their watch.</li>
<li><strong>Issues due to Outsourcing:</strong> Many times local bodies outsource sewer cleaning tasks to private contractors. However, many of them fly-by-night operators, do not maintain proper rolls of sanitation workers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In case after case of workers being asphyxiated to death, these contractors have denied any association with the deceased.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Social Issue:</strong> The practice is <strong>driven by caste, class and income divides.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is linked to India&rsquo;s caste system where so-called lower castes are expected to perform this job.</li>
<li>In <strong>1993,</strong> India<strong> banned the employment of people as manual scavengers</strong> (The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993), however, the stigma and discrimination associated with it still linger on.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This makes it difficult for liberated manual scavengers to secure alternative livelihoods.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Steps Taken:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-to-eliminate-manual-scavenging" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation (Amendment) Bill, 2020</a>:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It proposes to completely mechanise sewer cleaning, introduce ways for &lsquo;on-site&rsquo; protection and provide compensation to manual scavengers in case of sewer deaths.</li>
<li>It will be an amendment to <strong>The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>still awaiting cabinet approval.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Superseding the 1993 Act, the 2013 Act goes beyond prohibitions on dry latrines, and outlaws all manual excrement cleaning of insanitary latrines, open drains, or pits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention of Atrocities Act:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In 1989, the <strong>Prevention of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sc-upholds-changes-to-sc-st-atrocities-law" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atrocities Act</a></strong> became an integrated guard for sanitation workers; more than <strong>90% people employed as manual scavengers belonged to the Scheduled Caste.</strong> This became an important landmark to free manual scavengers from designated traditional occupations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Safaimitra Suraksha Challenge:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It was launched by the <strong>Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs on<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-toilet-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> World Toilet Day</a> (19<sup>th</sup> November)</strong> in 2020.</li>
<li>The Government launched this &ldquo;challenge&rdquo; for<strong> all states to make sewer-cleaning mechanised by April 2021 &mdash;</strong> if any human needs to enter a sewer line in case of unavoidable emergency, proper gear and oxygen tanks, etc., are to be provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>&lsquo;Swachhta Abhiyan App&rsquo;:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It has been developed to <strong>identify and geotag the data of insanitary latrines and manual scavengers</strong> so that the insanitary latrines can be replaced with sanitary latrines and rehabilitate all the manual scavengers to provide dignity of life to them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>SC Judgement:</strong> In 2014, a <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/supreme-court-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Supreme Court</strong></a> order made it <strong>mandatory</strong> for the government to <strong>identify all those who died in sewage work</strong> since 1993 and provide <strong>Rs. 10 lakh each</strong> as compensation to their families.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Proper Identification:</strong> States need to accurately enumerate the workers engaged in cleaning toxic sludge.</li>
<li><strong>Empowering Local Administration:</strong> With <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/swachh-bharat-mission-urban" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Swachh Bharat Mission</strong></a> identified as a top priority area by the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/j-k-and-15th-finance-commission" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 15<sup>th</sup> Finance Commission</strong> </a>and funds available for smart cities and urban development providing for a strong case to address the problem of manual scavenging.</li>
<li><strong>Social Sentisitation:</strong> To address the social sanction behind manual scavenging, it is required first to acknowledge and then understand how and why manual scavenging continues to be embedded in the caste system.</li>
<li><strong>Need For a Stringent Law:</strong> If a law creates a statutory obligation to provide sanitation services on the part of state agencies, it will create a situation in which the rights of these workers will not hang in the air.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-says-no-death-reported-due-to-manual-scavenging-activists-decry-govt-response/article35621742.ece/amp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/menace-of-manual-scavenging-1'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Initiatives to Promote Tribal Culture',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs</strong> is administrating the <strong>schemes of &ldquo;Support of Tribal Research Institute&rdquo; and &ldquo;Tribal Festival, Research, Information and Mass Education&rdquo;</strong> under which various activities to promote tribal culture have been undertaken.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The schemes aim to ensure quality and uniformity in research works, evaluation studies, training, awareness generation among tribals, showcasing of rich tribal heritage including languages, habitats and cultivation and production practices.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Highlights:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Museum for Tribal Freedom Fighters:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To acknowledge the heroic and patriotic deeds of tribal people, the Ministry has sanctioned setting up 10 Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Documentation of Indigenous Practices:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Research and documentation of Indigenous practices by tribal healers and medicinal plants, Adivasi Languages, agriculture system, dances and paintings etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Digital Repository:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>To preserve and promote rich tribal cultural heritage and also to create awareness among others, a searchable digital repository has been developed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding for Tribal Festivals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Ministry gives funding to<a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/apeda-trifed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> TRIFED</strong></a> (Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India) for organizing <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aadi-mahotsav" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Adi Mahotsav</strong></a> festivals at National level and state level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other Initiatives Related to Tribals:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiative-for-digital-transformation-of-tribal-schools" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Digital Transformation of Tribal Schools</a>:</strong> In the first phase, 250 EMRS schools have been adopted by Microsoft, out of which 50 EMRS schools will be given intensive training and 500 master trainers would be trained.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/particularly-vulnerable-tribal-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Development of PVTGs</a>:</strong> It covers<strong> 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)</strong> for their comprehensive socio-economic development.</li>
<li><strong><a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-tribal-affairs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana</a>:</strong> It is a market-linked tribal entrepreneurship development program for forming clusters of tribal Self Help Groups (SHGs) and strengthening them into Tribal Producer Companies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>TRIFED</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is a <strong>national-level apex organization</strong> functioning under the administrative control of the <strong>Ministry of Tribal Affairs.</strong></li>
<li>TRIFED acts as a facilitator and service provider for tribes to sell their product.</li>
<li>TRIFED aims to empower tribal people with knowledge, tools and pool of information so that they can undertake their operations in a more systematic and scientific manner.</li>
<li>It organises <strong>Tribal Artisan Melas (TAMs)</strong> to identify new artisans and new products at the sourcing level in States/Districts/Villages for expanding the tribal producers base.</li>
<li>It is also involved in<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/minimum-support-price-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> MSP</strong> </a>for<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/msp-hiked-for-minor-forest-produce" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> MFP</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sankalp-se-siddhi-mission-van-dhan" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TRIFOOD</strong></a> Schemes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740383" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-to-promote-tribal-culture'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Amagarh Fort: Rajasthan',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p><strong>Amagarh Fort of Jaipur,</strong> Rajasthan is <strong>at the centre of a conflict</strong> between the tribal Meena community and local Hindu groups.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Members of the <strong>Meena community say the Amagarh Fort was built by a Meena ruler predating Rajput rule</strong> in Jaipur, and has been their holy site for centuries.</li>
<li>They accused Hindu groups of <strong>trying to appropriate tribal symbols</strong> into the Hindutva fold, and of changing the name of <strong>Amba Mata to Ambika Bhawani.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Meena Community</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Meenas, also known as the Meos, or Mewati, are a <strong>tribe and caste inhabiting parts of western and northern India.</strong></li>
<li>According to Meena tradition, the<strong> Meenas ruled most of what is now eastern Rajasthan, an area they referred to as "mind-esh"</strong> (country of the Meenas). They <strong>subsequently were replaced by Rajput clans,</strong> the most recent being the Kachhwaha Rajputs who founded the state of Amber, later known as Jaipur.</li>
<li>The community has substantial clout in Rajasthan. Of the 25 Assembly seats (out of 200) reserved for <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-commission-for-scheduled-tribes" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scheduled Tribes (ST),</strong></a> most are represented by Meena MLAs.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The community is also well represented in the bureaucracy. According to<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/census-2021-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Census</strong></a> 2011, STs constitute <strong>13.48% of the state&rsquo;s population.</strong></li>
<li>Due to a scattered population across the state, the <strong>community can influence election outcomes in unreserved seats, too.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The present form of the Amagarh Fort was given in the<strong> 18<sup>th</sup> century by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II,</strong> founder of Jaipur.</li>
<li>It has always been believed that<strong> there was some construction at the place before Jai Singh II built the fort.</strong></li>
<li>Prior to <strong>Rajput rule by the Kachhwaha dynasty,</strong> Jaipur and its nearby regions were <strong>ruled by Meenas,</strong> who had political control.</li>
<li>And as claimed by the Meena&rsquo;s the fort was built by a<strong> Meena Sardar from the Nadla gotra, now known as Badgoti Meenas.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sardars from the Meena community ruled large parts of Rajasthan till around 1100 AD.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II (1693-1744):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>He was a great warrior and astronomer. He came to power at the age of II on the death of his <strong>father Maharaja Bishan Singh.</strong></li>
<li>He was feudatory of the Mughals and <strong>Aurangazab</strong> conferred the title of Sawai to Jai Singh, meaning one and a quarter, a title that all of Jai Singh&rsquo;s descendants kept.</li>
<li>He was trained by the best teachers and scholars in <strong>art, science, philosophy and military affairs.</strong></li>
<li>Jai Sing&rsquo;s lineage can be traced back to the <strong>Kucchwaha Rajput clan who came to power in the 12<sup>th</sup> century.</strong></li>
<li>He built <strong>Astronomy Observatories</strong> at Delhi, Jaipur, Varanasi, Ujjain and Mathura known as the<strong> Jantar Mantar.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Jaipur</strong> gets its name from him. Recently it has been<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jaipur-a-world-heritage-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/jaipurs-amagarh-fort-history-and-factors-leading-to-current-conflict-7429178/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/amagarh-fort-rajasthan'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'National Education Policy And Higher Education',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/how-nep-can-transform-higher-education-in-india-101627470511761.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How NEP can transform higher education in India</strong> </a>which was published in The Hindustan Times on 30/07/2021. It talks about issues with higher education institutions and how National Education Policy can be a game changer for such institutions.</p>
</div>
<p>India today has over 1,000<strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/higher-education-in-india-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs)</a>,</strong> including over 150 of national importance. Over the years, it has also become a hub of scientific research. HEIs have shown a consistent growth in both the quality and the quantity of research in the past decade.</p>
<p>India currently ranks third globally in terms of the total research output, accounting for 5.31% of the total of research publications. Of three aspects &mdash; education, knowledge generation (research and development) and innovation &mdash; Indian HEIs have performed very well, in relative terms, in the first two aspects, but <strong>lack on the innovation front.</strong></p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy (NEP)</strong></a> is expected to transform the landscape of higher education in India by making HEIs work on<strong> &ldquo;solutions to the problems&rdquo; rather than &ldquo;solutions looking for a problem&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<h3>Issues With Indian HEIs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Enrollment:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>According to the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/aishe-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>All-India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) report 2019-20</strong></a>, the <strong>Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER)</strong> in Higher education in India is only <strong>27.1%,</strong> which is quite low as compared to the developed as well as, other developing countries.</li>
<li>With the increase of enrollments at the school level, the supply of higher education institutes is insufficient to meet the growing demand in the country.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Quality:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Ensuring quality in higher education is amongst the foremost challenges being faced in India today.</li>
<li>A large number of colleges and universities in India are unable to meet the minimum requirements laid down by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ukieri-ugc-higher-education-leadership-development-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>University Grant Commission (UGC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Political Interference:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Increasing interference of politicians in the management of higher education jeopardises the autonomy of HEIs.</li>
<li>Also, students organise campaigns, forget their own objectives and begin to develop their careers in politics.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor Infrastructure and Facilities:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Poor infrastructure is another challenge to the higher education system of India, particularly the institutes run by the public sector suffer from poor physical facilities and infrastructure.</li>
<li>Faculty shortages and the inability of the state educational system to attract and retain well-qualified teachers have been posing challenges to quality education for many years.</li>
<li>Large numbers of NET/PhD candidates are unemployed even though there are a lot of vacancies in higher education.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Inadequate Research:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There is inadequate focus on research in HEIs.</li>
<li>There are insufficient resources and facilities, as well as limited numbers of quality faculty to advise students.</li>
<li>Most of the research scholars are without fellowships or not getting their fellowships on time which directly or indirectly affects their research. Moreover, Indian HEIs are poorly connected to research centres and to industries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Poor Governance Structure:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Management of Indian education faces challenges of over-centralization, bureaucratic structures and lack of accountability, transparency, and professionalism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Prospects of NEP For HEIs</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National Research Foundation (NRF):</strong> Indian academia has traditionally been focused on R&amp;D without much emphasis on relevance and delivery. The establishment of the <strong>National Research Foundation (NRF)</strong> is expected to connect our academia with ministries and industry and fund research that is relevant to local needs. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Under the framework of NRF, each government ministry, be it central or state, is expected to allocate separate funds for research.</li>
<li>NRF, therefore, is expected to pose well-defined problems to the researchers, so that they can find solutions in a goal-oriented and time bound manner.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Multi-disciplinary University:</strong> In order to unleash the technology development potential of HEIs, our institutions need to not only become<strong> multi-disciplinary</strong> in their scope and offerings, but also<strong> collaborate among themselves.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Bringing &ldquo;unlike&rdquo; minds together in terms of disciplines, cultures (international programmes) and attitudes (academia-industry collaborations) is the need of the hour.</li>
<li>Multi-disciplinary universities, as envisaged in NEP, rightly emphasises on the creative potential of researchers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scaling up existing HEIs:</strong> With the goal of increasing the gross enrollment ratio (GER) from the current 27% to 50% by 2035, India needs to not only open new HEIs and universities but also scale-up existing HEIs. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This massive expansion will not only require additional financial resources but also calls for a new governance model.</li>
<li>NEP speaks of achieving graded autonomy for HEIs. Over time, independent boards will manage the HEIs with active participation from alumni and experts from academia, research and industry.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Funding For HEIs:</strong> NEP is expected to bring in significant funding. For higher education, for the first time, the government promises a <strong>budget allocation for education as a fixed percentage of Gross Domestic Product at 6%.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will be a game changer for HEIs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Right Focus:</strong> Under NEP 2020, Indian HEIs will focus on 3Is &ndash; Interdisciplinary research, Industry connect and Internationalisation, the three pillars needed to elevate our institutions to global standards.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Until now, Indian HEIs lacked international diversity and remained predominantly local; they hired only Indian faculty and trained only domestic talent.</li>
<li>The lack of international faculty and students in Indian elite institutions is one reason for the poor rankings of Indian institutions.</li>
<li>NEP has enabled mechanisms for Indian HEIs, such as IITs, to venture out and open international campuses across the world. This will not only increase their international footprint but also improve their perception globally.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>The new National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, is a good policy as it aims at making the education system holistic, flexible, multidisciplinary, aligned to the needs of the 21st century. The intent of policy seems to be ideal in many ways but it is the implementation where lies the key to success.</p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #fbfff7;">
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><em><strong>Drishti Mains Question</strong></em></span></p>
<p>Discuss the issues faced by Higher Education Institutions in India and examine how National Education Policy would bring the transformation in Indian higher education.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-education-policy-and-higher-education'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Factoring Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2021',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/role-of-rajya-sabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Rajya Sabha</strong></a> has passed the<strong> Factoring Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2021</strong> to bring changes in the legislation aimed at helping the <strong><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/micro-small-and-medium-enterprises-msme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)</a> sector.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It has incorporated many suggestions from the <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/year-end-review-2019-ministry-of-micro-small-and-medium-enterprises" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>UK Sinha Committee.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Factoring business</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Factoring business is a business where an entity acquires the receivables of another entity for an amount. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Note that <strong>credit facilities provided by a bank against the security of receivables</strong> are not considered as factoring business.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factor</strong> can be a <strong>bank, a registered non-banking financial company or any company registered under the <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-the-companies-amendment-bill-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Companies Act.</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Receivables</strong> is the total amount that is owed or yet to be paid by the customers (referred as the debtors) to the assignor for the use of any goods, services or facility.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Key Provisions of the Bill:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Change in the Definitions:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It amends the definitions of <strong>"receivables", "assignment", and "factoring business"</strong> to bring them at par with international definitions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Relaxation to NBFCs&rsquo; Factoring Threshold:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The bill <strong>seeks to amend the Factoring Regulation Act, 2011 to widen the scope of entities</strong> which can engage in factoring business.</li>
<li>The current law which gave the Reserve Bank of India authority to allow non-bank finance companies to remain in factoring business only if it was their principal business. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>That is, <strong>more than half of assets were to be deployed and income earned from factoring business.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> Bill removes this threshold</strong> and opens up the opportunity in this business to more non-bank lenders at a time small businesses are facing financial stress.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>TReDS to Register Charges:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Bill states that where <strong>trade receivables are financed through Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS),</strong> the details regarding transactions should be filed with the <strong>Central Registry by the concerned TReDS, on behalf of the factor.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>TReDS is an <strong>electronic platform for facilitating financing of trade receivables of MSMEs.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>RBI to Regulate:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It empowers <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/important-institutions-national-institution-reserve-bank-of-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)</strong></a> to make<strong> regulations for granting registration certificates to a factor, filing of transaction details</strong> with the Central Registry and all other matters.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>No time-bound Registration:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It<strong> removes the 30-day time period for the factors to register the details of every transaction</strong> entered by them. The registering authority for such transactions is the Central Registry setup under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/co-operative-banks-under-sarfaesi-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, 2002.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Allowing non-NBFC factors and other entities</strong> to undertake factoring is expected to <strong>increase the supply of funds</strong> available to small businesses.</li>
<li>This may<strong> result in bringing down the cost of funds and enable greater access</strong> to the credit-starved small businesses, ensuring timely payments against their receivables.</li>
<li>MSMEs will get the <strong>easier liquidity</strong> which will help in their operation. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MSMEs are facing difficulty due to <strong>delay in receivables and this bill will help in ensuring smoother working capital cycle and healthier cash flow.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It will <strong>liberalise the restrictive provisions in the Act</strong> and at the same time ensure that a strong regulatory/oversight mechanism is put in place through the RBI.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>UK Sinha Committee:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Reserve Bank had set up an eight-member expert committee under the leadership of the former chairman of <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-sebi" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI),</strong></a> UK Sinha to review the framework for the MSME sector, in 2019.</li>
<li>It has made recommendations with regard to amendments in MSME Development Act, strengthening of financial delivery mechanism, improving marketing support, encouraging technology adoption and strengthening of cluster development support for MSMEs etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amid-din-parliament-passes-bill-to-open-up-factoring-sector-help-msmes-7429002/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/factoring-regulation-amendment-bill-2021'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'NEET’s All India Quota',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Union Health Ministry has announced<strong> 27% <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/reservation-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reservation</a> for the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/progress-report-of-commission-for-sub-categorisation-of-obcs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Other Backward Classes (OBCs)</a></strong> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/states-prerogative-to-provide-10-reservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>10% quota for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)</strong></a> in the <strong>All India Quota (AIQ) scheme</strong> for undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) medical/dental courses from 2021-22 onwards.</p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About All India Quota (AIQ) Scheme:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The<strong> AIQ was introduced in 1986</strong> under the directions of the Supreme Court (SC) to provide for <strong>domicile-free merit-based opportunities</strong> to students from any State to aspire to study in a medical college located in another State. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It comprises <strong>15% of UG seats and 50% of PG seats in government medical colleges.</strong></li>
<li>Remaining chunk of the seats in state medical/dental colleges is <strong>reserved for students domiciled in their respective states.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In January, 2007, in <em><strong>Abhay Nath v University of Delhi and Others,</strong></em> the SC directed that reservation of <strong>15% for Scheduled Castes</strong> and<strong> 7.5% for Scheduled Tribes</strong> be introduced in the AIQ.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Until 2007, no reservation was implemented within the All India Quota for medical admission.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When the <strong>Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act became effective in 2007,</strong> providing for uniform 27% reservation to the OBCs, the scheme was implemented in all the Central Educational Institutions.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>However, this was <strong>not extended to the AIQ seats of State medical and dental colleges.</strong></li>
<li>The 10% EWS quota under the <strong>Constitution (One Hundred And Third Amendment) Act, 2019,</strong> too, has been implemented in central educational Institutions, but not in the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) AIQ for state institutions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Now, after this decision, the Reservation for the OBC and EWS categories within the AIQ will be offered in medical colleges from the current academic year.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This decision will help thousands of students under the given categories.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627640029_image6.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627640029_image6.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="450" caption="false" /></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About NEET:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-testing-agency-postpones-neet-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET)</strong></a> is the entrance examination for entry to all undergraduate and postgraduate medical and dental courses in the country.</li>
<li>Until 2016, the <strong>All India Pre-Medical Test (AIPMT)</strong> was the national-level entrance examination for medical colleges.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>While state governments used to hold separate entrance tests for seats that were not contested at an all-India level.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In 2016, the Supreme Court upheld the newly inserted section<strong> 10-D of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-medical-commission-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indian Medical Council Act, 1956</a></strong> which provides for a uniform entrance examination to all medical educational institutions at undergraduate level and postgraduate level in Hindi, English and various other languages.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Now, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-medical-commission-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Indian Medical Council Act, 1956</strong></a> stands repealed after it has been replaced by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-medical-commission-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Medical Commission Act, 2019</strong></a> that came into existence on 8<sup>th</sup> August 2019.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is conducted by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-testing-agency" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Testing Agency (NTA).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/education/obc-ews-quota-medical-course-modi-7428622/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: IE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/neet-s-all-india-quota'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'New Initiatives for Education Sector',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Prime Minister launched<strong> multiple initiatives in the education sector</strong> at a conference, to mark the completion of one year of reforms under the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-education-policy-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Education Policy 2020</strong></a> which aims at making<strong> India a global knowledge superpower.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Prime Minister also noted the role played by portals like<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/classes-in-distance-mode" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA)</strong></a> and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-10th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM)</strong></a> in online education during the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/comprehensive-action-plan-for-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>pandemic.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Academic Bank of Credit:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is <strong>envisaged as a digital bank</strong> that holds the <strong>credit earned by a student</strong> in any course. It is <strong>a major instrument for facilitating multidisciplinary and holistic education.</strong> It will provide <strong>multiple entry and exit options</strong> for students in <strong>Higher education.</strong></li>
<li>It will make the youth <strong>future-oriented and open the way for an <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a> -driven economy.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Engineering in Regional Languages:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>14 engineering colleges in<strong> eight States</strong> are going to start engineering studies in five Indian languages: <strong>Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi and Bangla.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This emphasis on mother tongue as the medium of instruction will<strong> instil confidence in the students from poor, rural and tribal backgrounds.</strong></li>
<li>In a recent survey, the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/initiatives-of-aicte" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> All India Council of Technical Education</strong></a> (AICTE) discovered that <strong>42% of the students surveyed nationally, favoured pursuing Engineering in regional languages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The<strong> AICTE</strong> is creating a <strong>database of resources to allow colleges to offer more programmes in regional languages</strong> and developed a tool to translate engineering content into<strong> 11 languages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Vidya Pravesh &amp; SAFAL:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Vidya Pravesh, a <strong>three month play based school preparation module for Grade 1</strong> students will be released along with<strong> SAFAL</strong> (Structured Assessment For Analyzing Learning Levels), <strong>a competency based assessment framework for Grades 3, 5 and 8 in CBSE schools.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Digital Education Architecture (NDEAR):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will help in<strong> building up a new education ecosystem that will create a digital foundation leading to self-governance</strong> of all parties involved, particularly states and the Centre.</li>
<li>It lets <strong>educationists do evaluation based on talents and abilities,</strong> helping students understand their area of specialties that can be utilised in their future profession.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>National Education Technology Forum (NETF):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will provide independent<strong> evidence-based advice to central and state government agencies</strong> on technology-based interventions. A <strong>special focus will be on improving technology access</strong> at the grassroot education level.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Schools will be required to <strong>have skilled professionals.</strong> In addition, <strong>schools will have to hire qualified candidates</strong> to teach emerging technological skills to students.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Once the forum is set up, <strong>school-wise information will be sought on how technology is being used</strong> for imparting academic content and what steps are being taken to enhance research.</li>
<li>It will be <strong>funded by the government</strong> but at a later stage, <strong>private funding and support from industry bodies would be invited.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>NISHTHA 2.0:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will provide <strong>training to teachers as per their needs</strong> and they will be able to give their suggestions to the department. It will have <strong>68 modules including 12 generic and 56 subject-specific modules</strong> and will cover around <strong>10 lakh teachers.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/nishtha-teachers-training-programme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NISHTHA</strong> </a>is the largest teachers&rsquo; training programme, first of its kind in the world to motivate and equip teachers to encourage and foster critical thinking in students.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sign Language as a Subject:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Indian sign language,<strong> for the first time, has been accorded the status of language subject.</strong> Students will be able to study it as a language also.</li>
<li>There are more than 3 lakh students who need sign language for their education. This will give a boost to Indian sign language and will help the <strong>divyang people.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Related Previous Initiatives</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/digital-education-learning-amid-the-pandemic" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-7th-august-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rashtriya Ucchatar Shiksha Abhiyan</a> (RUSA).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/prime-minister-s-research-fellows-pmrf-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prime Minister's Research Fellowship</a> (PMRF).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/scheme-for-promotion-of-academic-and-research-collaboration-sparc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research Collaboration</a> (SPARC).</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/samagra-shiksha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-educational-alliance-for-technology-neat-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NEAT</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pragyata-guidelines-on-digital-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PRAGYATA</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mid-day-meal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mid Day Meal Scheme</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/Implementation-of-Section-12-1c-of-the-RTE-Act-A-Progress-Report" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Right To Education (RTE) Act, 2009</a>.</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/performance-of-beti-bachao-beti-padhao-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Beti Bachao Beti Padhao</a>.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740401" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/new-initiatives-for-education-sector'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Near-Surface Shear Layer of the Sun',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, <strong>Indian astronomers</strong> from <strong>Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES),</strong> and <strong>Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,</strong> have for the<strong> first time given the theoretical explanation</strong> of the existence of a <strong>near-surface shear layer (NSSL)</strong> in the Sun.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>ARIES</strong> is an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About Near-Surface Shear Layer (NSSL):</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Apart from differentiation rotation between equator and poles, the helioseismology has revealed that the Sun has a <strong>Near-Surface Shear Layer (NSSL).</strong></li>
<li>The NSSL is the region very close to the visible solar surface, where there is a change in the rotation profile of the Sun.</li>
<li>This layer exists very close to the solar surface, <strong>within which the angular velocity decreases rapidly with radius.</strong></li>
<li>This NSSL is thought to play a significant role in defining the nature of large-scale convective patterns that drive the Sun's magnetism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Angular velocity:</strong> It is the time rate at which an object rotates, or revolves, about an axis, or at which the angular displacement between two bodies changes.</li>
<li><strong>Helioseismology:</strong> It is a technique of using sound waves to peek inside the Sun.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Findings of the Study:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In their study, they have used an equation called the <strong>thermal wind balance equation.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It explains how the slight difference in temperature between solar poles and equator, called <strong>thermal wind,</strong> is balanced by the <strong>centrifugal force appearing due to solar differential rotation.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Understanding NSSL is crucial for the study of<strong> several solar phenomena</strong> like sunspot formation, solar cycle, and it will also help in understanding such phenomena in other stars.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About Differential Rotation of the Sun:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It was long known that the Sun has <strong>Differential rotation,</strong> which means different parts of the Sun<strong> rotate at different speeds.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Sun<strong> rotates faster at the equator than at the poles.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Over time, the Sun's differential rotation rates <strong>cause its magnetic field to become twisted and tangled.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The<strong> "tangles" in the magnetic</strong> <strong>field</strong> lines can produce very, very strong <strong>localized magnetic fields.</strong></li>
<li>These localised magnetic fields on the surface of the Sun are active regions where <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sunspots" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>sunspots</strong></a> occur.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sunspots are areas that appear dark on the surface of the Sun (photosphere). They appear dark because they are cooler than other parts of the Sun&rsquo;s surface.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, these active regions often generate <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sunspots" target="_blank" rel="noopener">solar storms</a>: solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627638102_image5.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627638102_image5.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="550" height="309" /></strong></a></p>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740238" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/near-surface-shear-layer-of-the-sun'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'Kendu Leaf',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, several children were seen collecting<strong> kendu (Tendu) leaves</strong> in Odisha&rsquo;s Kalahandi district.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627637312_image4.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627637312_image4.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="432" height="243" /></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>About:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Kendu leaf is called the <strong>green gold of Odisha.</strong> It is a nationalised product like <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/beema-bamboo-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>bamboo</strong></a> and sal seed. It is one of the <strong>most important non-wood forest products in Odisha.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Botanical name of the Tendu (Kendu) leaf is<strong> Diospyros Melanoxylon.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The leaves are used to<strong> wrap bidis, a popular smoke among the locals. </strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>States Producing Kendu Leaves:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The states producing bidi leaves in India comprises mainly <strong>Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat and Maharashtra.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Odisha is the third-largest producer</strong> of kendu leaf, after Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Uniqueness:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Uniqueness of Odisha's Tendu (kendu) leaf is <strong>in processed form</strong> whereas the <strong>rest of the states in India produce in Phal Form.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>In processed form the Kendu leafs are graded into different qualities that are <strong>Grade I to Grade IV</strong> as per the specification of <strong>color, texture, size and body condition of the leaf</strong> and packets will be done by taking Five Kilograms as a Bundle.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Medicament:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Traditional medical practitioners use these tiny fruits of Kendu to<strong> treat <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-malaria-day-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">malaria</a>, diarrhoea and dysentery.</strong></li>
<li>Due to their antimicrobial properties, the leaves are applied on cuts and bruises as well.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Source of Livelihood:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Kendu leaves are the major source for tribal villages, since it is the most prominent <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/joint-communication-for-tribal-communities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Minor Forest Produce</strong></a> of the state.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>MFP includes all non-timber forest produce of plant origin and includes bamboo, canes, fodder, leaves, gums, waxes, dyes, resins and many forms of food including nuts, wild fruits, honey, lac, tusser etc.</li>
<li>They form a major portion of their food, fruits, medicines and other consumption items and also provide cash income through sales.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Major Part in Odisha&rsquo;s Forest Revenue:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Of Odisha&rsquo;s total forest <strong>revenue of Rs 868 million in 1990-2000,</strong> kendu leaves alone <strong>account for Rs 635 million.</strong></li>
<li>The annual production of bidi leaf in Odisha is <strong>around 4.5-5 lakh a quintal,</strong> which is <strong>about 20% of the county&rsquo;s annual production.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concern:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Low Wage:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Children working at kendu leaf collection centres often step in <strong>during April-May every year.</strong> They mostly engaged in plucking, drying, collecting, etc. They are paid extremely low wages for the work.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Exploitation of Children:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Children below 14 years can not be engaged as workers and between 14-18 years can only be engaged in non hazardous sectors.</li>
<li>In such a scenario they are exploited.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To free this sector from <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/world-malaria-day-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>child labour</strong></a>, more stringent laws are needed. Parents and children need to be sensitised about child rights.</li>
<li>Besides the child protection system viz. childline, district child protection unit, child welfare committee etc. would have to be more vigil and proactive in ensuring rights to children.</li>
<li>Since the kendu leaf is a significant part of the forest economy of rural societies, there needs to be the deregulation of minor forest products so that tribal and rural people can exercise their rights on MFP.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/economy/kendu-leaf-trade-stringent-laws-needed-to-keep-children-out-78183" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kendu-leaf'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Sutlej River Pollution',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>The pollution in river Sutlej has posed serious health threats to the people living around the <strong>Indira Gandhi Canal.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-national-institutions/national-green-tribunal-ngt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></a> has directed Punjab and Rajasthan governments to submit quarterly compliance reports to <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/jal-shakti-mantralaya" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jal Shakti ministry</strong></a> about remedial action being taken to curb the inflow of effluent discharge into the <strong>Satluj</strong> and <strong>Beas.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Source of Sutlej&rsquo;s Pollution:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Three Major Sources Polluting the Buddha Nallah: Buddha Nallah (Tributary)</strong> is a major source of pollution in the river Sutlej.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Untreated sewage waste</strong> from Ludhiana city sewage treatment plants (STP).</li>
<li>Untreated industrial effluents from <strong>dyeing units and outlets</strong> that directly release sewage and industrial waste into the stream.</li>
<li><strong>Small-scale industries</strong> like units on<strong> electroplating, hosiery, steel rolling mills,</strong> etc mainly contribute to the wastewater in the nallah.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>High Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD):</strong> Buddha Nullah contributes about 16,672 kilogram a day of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/analysis-of-water-in-ulsoor-lake" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>BOD</strong></a> <strong>load</strong> and <strong>East Bein (a rivulet in Doaba in Punjab)</strong> contributes about 20,900 kg/day of BOD load.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The more organic matter there is (e.g., in sewage and polluted bodies of water), the greater the BOD; and the greater the BOD, the lower the amount of dissolved oxygen available for higher animals such as fishes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Leather Industry:</strong> Another<strong> seasonal rivulet, Chitti Bein</strong> and its <strong>sub-drain, Kala Sanghian drain,</strong> in the Jalandhar district are equally responsible for high pollution in the Sutlej river.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The untreated discharge from Jalandhar&rsquo;s leather goods industry is one of the major reasons behind Chitti Bein&rsquo;s pollution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Component of Pollutants:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Traces of<strong> chromium</strong> and<strong> arsenic</strong> can be found in the Sutlej after the confluence of Buddha Nullah.</li>
<li>Prevalence of <strong>mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium</strong> and <strong>selenium</strong> in more than permissible limits (MPL) in the groundwater and surface water in and around drains like Buddha Nallah, Chitti Bein and Kala Sanghian.</li>
<li><strong>Heavy metals</strong> and <strong>pesticides</strong> were also detected in fodder, vegetable, milk, urine and blood samples.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Impact on Indira Gandhi Canal:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Indira Gandhi Canal</strong> is the<strong> longest canal</strong> in the country.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It starts from <strong>Harike Barrage,</strong> a few kilometres below the confluence of the Satluj and Beas rivers in Punjab, flows through Ludhiana and terminates in the <strong>Thar Desert</strong> in northwest Rajasthan.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The canal is a <strong>source of drinking and irrigation</strong> in the north and western Rajasthan.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It provides water to 1.75 crore people living in 7,500 villages across eight districts in the state.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The water in the Indira Gandhi canal has apparently turned black due to the presence of pollutants in it.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The pollution has caused several health complications among people such as skin diseases, gastroenteritis, indigestion and loss of eyesight.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Sutlej River</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ancient name of Sutlej River is <strong>Zaradros</strong> (Ancient Greek)<strong> Shutudri or Shatadru</strong> (Sanskrit).</li>
<li>It is the longest of the five tributaries of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/60-years-of-indus-water-treaty" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus River</strong></a> that give the Punjab (meaning &ldquo;Five Rivers&rdquo;) its name. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj are main tributaries of Indus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It rises on the north slope of the Himalayas in <strong>Lake La&rsquo;nga</strong> in <strong>southwestern Tibet.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Flowing northwestward and then west-southwestward through Himalayan gorges, it enters and crosses Himachal Pradesh before beginning its flow through the Punjab plain near Nangal.</li>
<li>Continuing southwestward in a broad channel, it receives the Beas River (and forms 65 miles (105 km) of the India-Pakistan border before entering Pakistan and flowing another 220 miles (350 km) to join the Chenab River west of Bahawalpur. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Sutlej River meets the Beas River in <strong>Harike in the Ferozpur district before entering Pakistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The combined rivers then form the Panjnad, the link between the Five Rivers and the Indus.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/luhri-stage-i-hydro-electric-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Luhri Stage-I Hydro Electric Project</strong></a> is located on River Satluj in Shimla and Kullu districts of Himachal Pradesh.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627634663_image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627634663_image1.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" caption="false" /></a></p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/amp/sutlej-river-pollution-millions-on-verge-of-health-risks-ngt-raises-alarm-78163" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: DTE</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sutlej-river-pollution'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'GS Foundation Classroom Course',
		'catname' => 'Prelims',
		'desc' => '<h3 style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>GS Foundation Classroom Course</strong></span></h3>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: #73a9ff;"><i>(Online Classes till lockdown is in place)</i></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Mode: Classroom*</strong><br />*For now, live online classes will be provided from the studio - till offline classes are permitted.</p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Live Online Classes will be conducted via Drishti Learning App which can be installed from the Google Play Store for free.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Daily live class on Drishti Learning App as per Batch Timings (2:30 hours class, 6 days a week)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Team: </strong>Team of best teachers led by Dr. Vikas Divyakirti.</p>
<ul>
<li>Teachers will be using Interactive Panels to make classes more engaging with the help of images, infographics, flowcharts, videos, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Course Size</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>400+ classes of 1000+ hours. Coverage of complete syllabus - from basic to advanced level.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center; background-color: #d14747; padding: 20px;"><span style="font-size: 18px; color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; <span style="color: #ffff00;"><strong>Standard Fees: ₹ 1,70,000/-</strong></span> | <span style="color: #ffff00;"><strong>After Discount Fees: ₹ 1,50,000/-</strong></span> | <span style="color: #ffff00;"><strong>Installment Fees: ₹ 1,60,000/-</strong></span></span></p>
<p><strong>Course Validity : </strong>3 years from the beginning of the course.</p>
<ul>
<li>If a student misses a class (online/offline), the classes will be made available the same day on Drishti Learning App. These classes can be watched unlimited number of times, for up to 3years.</li>
</ul>
<p>Apart from classes, the following are included as a part of your Course -</p>
<ul>
<li>CSAT Classes</li>
<li>Hard copy of Study Material &ndash; home delivery of notes till the time lockdown is in place.
<ul>
<li>Booklets of notes for each subject/module</li>
<li>6 books of Prelims Practice Series - contains questions asked in previous years of various civil services related competitive examinations.</li>
<li>5 books of Mains Capsule Series &ndash; Paper-wise coverage of Entire Syllabus of Mains Examination in Question &amp; Answer Format.</li>
<li>A Handbook of Select Essays for Civil Services Examination</li>
<li>UPSC CSE (Mains) Previous Years' Solved Papers 2013-19</li>
<li>UPSC CSE Prelims Previous Years' Solved Papers</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Online Prelims Test Series for 3 years &ndash; with the option to convert it to offline tests, by visiting any of Drishti&rsquo;s 4 centres. Total 30x3=90 Tests (75 Tests of General Studies and 15 Tests of CSAT)</li>
<li>Focus on answer writing practice with 24 Mains Tests. Evaluation and feedback by team of Experts.</li>
<li>Regular Doubt Clearing Sessions &ndash; online sessions with main Faculty till the time lockdown is in place.</li>
<li>Online Current Affairs Crash Course for Prelims for 3 years</li>
<li>Online Current Affairs Crash Course for Mains for 3 years</li>
<li>Weekly Current Affairs Classes (after Prelims)</li>
<li>Drishti Current Affairs Magazine (monthly) for 3 Years - home delivery till the time lockdown is in place.</li>
<li>Personal Mentorship in any of the following modes &ndash;
<ul>
<li>At the Centre</li>
<li>Via Zoom Sessions</li>
<li>Through WhatsApp Messages</li>
<li>Over call.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Dedicated Batch Coordinator for one-stop solution for all issues related to the Course</li>
</ul>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/prelims/gs-foundation-classroom-course'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'International Tiger Day',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, at the virtual meeting celebrating<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tiger-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> International Tiger Day (29<sup>th</sup> July)</strong></a>, Prime Minister of India reiterated India&rsquo;s commitment to ensuring safe habitats for its tigers and nurturing tiger-friendly eco systems.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Also, at this meeting, <strong>14 Tiger Reserves in India</strong> received the <strong>accreditation of the Global Conservation Assured|Tiger Standards (CAITS).</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Conservation Status of Tiger:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wild-life-protection-act-implementation-and-failure" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972</strong></a>: Schedule I</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/iucn-red-list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</strong> </a><strong>Red List:</strong> Endangered.</li>
<li><a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/cites" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)</strong></a>: Appendix I.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance of Tiger Conservation:</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tiger conservation is a<strong> symbol of conservation of forests.</strong></li>
<li>The tiger is a unique animal which plays a <strong>pivotal role in the health and diversity of an ecosystem.</strong></li>
<li>It is <strong>a top predator</strong> which is at the apex of the food chain and <strong>keeps the population of wild ungulates (primarily large mammals) in check.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Thus, Tiger helps in maintaining the <strong>balance between prey herbivores and the vegetation upon which they feed.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Therefore, Tiger Conservation is not just about saving a beautiful animal. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It is about making sure that<strong> we live a little longer as the forests</strong> are known to provide <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/natural-capital-accounting-and-valuation-of-the-ecosystem-services-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ecological services</strong></a> <strong>like clean air, water, pollination, temperature regulation etc.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, the significance of Tiger conservation can be reflected by the<strong> Status of Leopards, Co-predators and Megaherbivores-2018&rsquo; report.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>According to the report, the overall leopard population in the tiger range landscape of India in 2018 was estimated at 12,852.</li>
<li>This is a <strong>significant increase</strong> from the 2014 figure that was 7,910 in forested habitats of 18 tiger bearing states of the country.</li>
<li>The report is a testimony to the fact that conservation of tigers leads to the conservation of the entire ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tiger Conservation Projects in India:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-importance-of-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Project Tiger 1973</strong></a>: Project Tiger is <strong>a Centrally Sponsored Scheme</strong> of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) launched in 1973. It provides havens for tigers in the country&rsquo;s national parks.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-tiger-conservation-authority" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a>: It is a statutory body under the MoEFCC and was established in 2005 following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>India&rsquo;s Tiger Conservation Status:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>India is home to over <strong>70% of the tiger population globally.</strong></li>
<li>India is home to <strong>51 tiger reserves</strong> spread across 18 states and the last<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tiger-census-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> tiger census of 2018</strong> </a>showed a rise in the tiger population.</li>
<li>India achieved the target of doubling the tiger population <strong>four years ahead of schedule (2022)</strong> of the<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tiger-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> St. Petersburg Declaration</strong></a> on tiger conservation.</li>
<li>India&rsquo;s strategy of tiger conservation attaches topmost importance to<strong> involving local communities.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627633558_image3.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627633558_image3.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" width="630" height="584" /></strong></a></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Conservation Assured | Tiger Standards (CA|TS):</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>CA|TS</strong> has been agreed upon as an accreditation tool by the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-tiger-day" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>global coalition of Tiger Range Countries (TRCs)</strong></a> and has been developed by tiger and protected area experts. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>There are currently <strong>13 tiger range countries -</strong> India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>CA|TS is a <strong>set of criteria</strong> which allows tiger sites to check if their management will lead to successful tiger conservation.</li>
<li>It was officially launched in 2013.</li>
<li>The <strong>Global Tiger Forum (GTF),</strong> an international NGO working on tiger conservation, and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/living-planet-report-wwf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Wildlife Fund India</strong> </a>are the two implementing partners of the <strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority</strong> for CATS assessment in India.</li>
<li>14 Tiger Reserves which have been accredited are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/awards-for-tiger-conservation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Manas</a>, Kaziranga </strong>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-11-march-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Orang Tiger Reserve</strong></a> in Assam,</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/satpura-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Satpura</a>, <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/kanha-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kanha </a></strong>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/panna-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Panna Tiger Reserve</strong></a> in Madhya Pradesh,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pench-tiger-reserve-maharashtra" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pench Tiger Reserve </strong></a>in Maharashtra,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/conservation-of-vultures" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Valmiki Tiger Reserve </strong></a>in Bihar,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/dudhwa-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Dudhwa Tiger Reserve</strong></a> in Uttar Pradesh,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/sundarban-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Sunderbans Tiger Reserve </strong></a>in West Bengal,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/important-facts-for-prelims-19th-november-2018" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Parambikulam Tiger Reserve</strong></a> in Kerala,</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bandipur-tiger-reserve-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Bandipur Tiger Reserve </strong></a>of Karnataka</li>
<li><strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/mudumalai-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mudumalai</a>&nbsp;</strong>and<a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pulayar-community-and-anamalai-tiger-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> Anamalai Tiger Reserve</strong></a> in Tamil Nadu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740353" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/international-tiger-day'
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'AERA Amendment Bill, 2021',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<h3>Why in News</h3>
<p>Recently, the Lok Sabha passed the <strong><a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-aera-amendment-bill-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India</a> (AERA) Amendment Bill, 2021.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It was <strong>first introduced in March 2021</strong> and subsequently referred to a <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/parliamentary-committee-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>parliamentary standing committee</strong></a> <strong>on transport, tourism and culture,</strong> which approved it without any changes.</li>
<li>It seeks to amend the <strong>Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act, 2008.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627632788_pasted%20image 0.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/1627632788_pasted image 0.png" width="500" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong></a></p>
<h3>Key Points</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Major Provisions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It proposes to <strong>amend the definition of major airport</strong> to include a group of airports.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The 2008 Act designates an airport as a <strong>major airport if it has an annual passenger traffic of at least 35 lakh.</strong></li>
<li>The central government <strong>may also designate any airport as a major airport by a notification.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Tariff:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will allow AERA to<strong> regulate tariff and other charges for aeronautical services</strong> for not just major airports with annual passenger traffic of more than 35 lakh, but also a group of airports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Profitable Clubbing:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The government will be <strong>able to club profitable and non-profitable airports</strong> as a combination/package to bidders to make it a viable combination for investment under <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/ppp-investment-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>PPP (Public-Private Partnership)</strong></a> mode.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Significance:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It will <strong>help in expanding the air connectivity</strong> to relatively remote areas and as a result, expediting the <strong><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/udan-4-1#:~:text=About%20UDAN%20Scheme%3A,develop%20the%20regional%20Aviation%20market." target="_blank" rel="noopener">UDAN regional connectivity scheme</a>.</strong></li>
<li>It will <strong>encourage development of smaller airports.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Concern:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Lack of clarity in the bill on the <strong>criterion for deciding which airports will be clubbed together</strong> to qualify under &lsquo;a group of airports&rsquo; definition, whether it will be the passenger traffic of more than 3.5 million or some other factors too.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Background:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Initially, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/wings-india-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Airports Authority of India (AAI)</strong> </a>was <strong>running and managing the airports.</strong> After some time, a change was made in the civil aviation policy as some private players were also given airports to run. The reason behind this was to provide consumers with great services.</li>
<li>Typically, <strong>airports run the risk of becoming a monopoly because cities usually have one civilian airport</strong> which controls all aeronautical services in that area.</li>
<li>To <strong>ensure that private airport operators do not misuse their monopoly, the need for an independent tariff regulator</strong> in the airport sector was felt.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>About:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India Act, 2008 (AERA Act) was passed which set up the AERA as a <strong>statutory body.</strong></li>
<li>It was set up, keeping in mind that the <strong>country needs to have an independent regulator</strong> who has transparent rules and can take care of the interests of the service providers as well as that of the consumers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Functions:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The AERA <strong>regulates tariffs and other charges</strong> (development fee and passenger service fee) <strong>for aeronautical services</strong> (air traffic management, landing and parking of aircraft, ground handling services) at major airports.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-proceedings-lok-sabha-passes-two-bills-without-debate/article35609874.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
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