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Gandhian Ideologies

What is Gandhian ideology? Gandhian ideology is the set of religious and social ideas adopted and developed by Mahatma Gandhi, first during his...

05 Aug 2019 Paper 4
Sustainable Plantations

This article is based on “How plantation sector can turn ‘near organic’” that appeared in The Hindu BusinessLine on 3...

03 Aug 2019 News Editorials
Farmland Fragmentation

Download...

03 Aug 2019 GS Paper III
Census 2021

The next census of India to be conducted in 2021 with March 1, 2021 as the reference date, except for the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal...

03 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Accused Can be Ordered to Give Voice Samples

The Supreme Court has ruled that a judicial magistrate can order an accused to give his voice samples even against his consent in the course of a...

03 Aug 2019 News Analysis
National Medical Commission Bill

This article is based on “National Medical Commission is no cure-all, many important questions remain” which appeared in The Indian...

02 Aug 2019 News Editorials
Intellectual Property Rights

For...

02 Aug 2019 Paper 3
Increasing the Strength of SC Judges

The Union Cabinet of India has approved increasing the strength of judges in the Supreme court. The Cabinet has taken a decision to increase the...

02 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Deciphering Indus Script

According to the research paper titled ‘Interrogating Indus inscription to unravel their mechanism of meaning conveyance’, the Indus...

02 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Global Honour for Indian Scientist

Atish Dabholkar, a theoretical physicist from India, known for his research on string theory and quantum black holes, has been appointed as the next...

02 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Multi-cropping

A recent study conducted by the Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) has highlighted the importance of multi-cropping system. In multi...

02 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves

The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has released a study titled “Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves in India: A Value+...

02 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Criminalising Triple Talaq

This article is based on “Power, not justice” which appeared in The Indian Express on 1 August 2019. It critically analyses the...

01 Aug 2019 News Editorials
Policy Watch - One Nation One Ration Card

One Nation One Ration Card Scheme which will allow portability of food security benefits will be available across the country from 1st July, 2020....

01 Aug 2019 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions
Cabinet Approves Nutrient Based Subsidy Rates

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved the proposal of the Department of Fertilizers for fixation of NBS rates for Phosphatic...

01 Aug 2019 News Analysis
India is Now 7th Largest Economy

According to the data compiled by the World Bank, the United Kingdom and France have toppled India from the position of the fifth-largest economy in...

01 Aug 2019 News Analysis
Komodo Dragon

Recently, the Indonesian government ordered to relocate the residents of an island in eastern Indonesia called the island of Komodo in a bid to...

01 Aug 2019 News Analysis
United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements

The Union Cabinet has approved the signing of the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements (UNISA) by India. United...

01 Aug 2019 News Analysis
The Lacuna in Urban Planning

This article is based on “Cities At Crossroads: A better blueprint for the city” that appeared in The Indian Express on 31st July 2019....

31 Jul 2019 News Editorials
The Code on Wages Bill

Recently, the Lok Sabha has passed the Code on Wages Bill, 2019. The Code on Wages Bill was earlier introduced in Lok Sabha in 2017 and was...

31 Jul 2019 News Analysis

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			'title' => 'Gandhian Ideologies',
			'catname' => 'Paper 4',
			'desc' => '<h3>What is Gandhian ideology?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gandhian ideology is the set of religious and social ideas adopted and developed by Mahatma Gandhi, first during his period in South Africa from 1893 to 1914, and later in India.</li>
<li>Gandhian philosophy is not only simultaneously political, moral and religious, it is also traditional and modern, simple and complex. It embodies numerous Western influences to which Gandhiji was exposed, but is <strong>rooted in ancient Indian culture</strong> harnessing universal moral &amp; religious principles.</li>
<li>The philosophy exists on several planes - the spiritual or religious, moral, political, economic, social, individual and collective. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The spiritual or religious element, and God, are at its core.</li>
<li>Human nature is regarded as fundamentally virtuous.</li>
<li>All individuals are believed to be capable of high moral development, and of reform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gandhian ideology emphasises not on idealism, but on <strong>practical idealism.</strong></li>
<li>Gandhian philosophy is a <strong>double-edged weapon.</strong> Its objective is to transform the individual and society simultaneously, in accordance with the principles of truth and non-violence.</li>
<li>Gandhiji developed these ideologies from various inspirational sources vis <strong>Bhagvad Geeta,</strong> Jainism, Buddhism, Bible, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Tolstoy, John Ruskin among others. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tolstoy's book <strong>'The Kingdom of God is within you'</strong> had a deep influence on Mahatma Gandhi.</li>
<li>Gandhiji paraphrased Ruskin's book <strong>'Unto this Last' </strong>as<strong> 'Sarvodaya'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These ideas have been further developed by later "Gandhians", most notably, in India by, Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan and outside of India by Martin Luther King Jr. and others.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Gandhian Ideologies</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Truth and nonviolence:</strong> They are the twin cardinal principles of Gandhian thoughts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Gandhi ji, truth is the relative truth of truthfulness in word and deed, and the absolute truth - the ultimate reality. This <strong>ultimate truth is God (as God is also Truth)</strong> and <strong>morality</strong> - the moral laws and code - <strong>its basis.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nonviolence,</strong> far from meaning mere peacefulness or the absence of overt violence, is understood by Mahatma Gandhi to <strong>denote active love</strong> - the pole opposite of violence, in every sense. Nonviolence or love is regarded as the highest law of humankind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Satyagraha:</strong> Gandhi ji called his overall method of nonviolent action Satyagraha. It means the exercise of the purest soul-force against all injustice, oppression and exploitation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a method of securing rights by personal suffering and not inflicting injury on others.</li>
<li>The origin of Satyagraha can be found in the Upanishads, and in the teachings of Buddha, Mahavira and a number of other other greats including Tolstoy and Ruskin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sarvodaya-</strong> Sarvodaya is a term meaning<em><strong> 'Universal Uplift'</strong></em> or <em><strong>'Progress of All'.</strong></em> The term was first coined by Gandhi ji as the title of his translation of <strong>John Ruskin's</strong> tract on political economy, <em><strong>"Unto This Last".</strong></em></li>
<li><strong>Swaraj-</strong> Although the word swaraj means self-rule, Gandhi ji gave it the content of an integral revolution that encompasses all spheres of life.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Gandhi ji, swaraj of people meant the sum total of the swaraj (self-rule) of individuals and so he clarified that for him swaraj meant freedom for the meanest of his countrymen. And in its fullest sense, swaraj is much more than freedom from all restraints, it is self-rule, self-restraint and could be equated with moksha or salvation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trusteeship-</strong> Trusteeship is a <strong>socio-economic philosophy</strong> that was propounded by Gandhi ji. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides a means by which the wealthy people would be the trustees of trusts that looked after the welfare of the people in general.</li>
<li>This principle reflects Gandhi ji&rsquo;s spiritual development, which he owed partly to his deep involvement with and the study of theosophical literature and the Bhagavad Gita.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swadeshi</strong> The word swadeshi derives from Sanskrit and is a conjunction of two Sanskrit words. &lsquo;Swa&rsquo; means self or own and &lsquo;desh&rsquo; means country. So swadesh means one's own country. Swadeshi, the adjectival form, means of one&rsquo;s own country, but can be loosely translated in most contexts as self-sufficiency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Swadeshi is the <strong>focus on acting within and from one's own community,</strong> both politically and economically.</li>
<li>It is the interdependence of community and self-sufficiency.</li>
<li>Gandhi ji believed this would lead to independence (swaraj), as British control of India was rooted in control of her indigenous industries. Swadeshi was the key to the independence of India, and was represented by the charkha or the spinning wheel, the &ldquo;center of the solar system&rdquo; of Mahatma Gandhi&rsquo;s <strong>constructive program.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance in Today&rsquo;s Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ideals of truth and nonviolence, which underpin the whole philosophy, are relevant to all humankind, and are considered as universal by the Gandhians.</li>
<li>More than ever before, Mahatma Gandhi's teachings are valid today, when people are trying to find solutions to the rampant greed, widespread violence, and runaway consumptive style of living.</li>
<li>The Gandhian technique of mobilising people has been successfully employed by many oppressed societies around the world under the leadership of people like <strong>Martin Luther King in the United States, Nelson Mandela in South Africa, </strong>and <strong>Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar,</strong> which is an eloquent testimony to the continuing relevance of Mahatma Gandhi.</li>
<li><strong>Dalai Lama said,</strong> "We have a big war going on today between world peace and world war, between the force of mind and force of materialism, between democracy and totalitarianism." It is precisely to fight these big wars that the Gandhian philosophy needed in contemporary times.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><em>In my life, I have always looked to Mahatma Gandhi as an inspiration, because he embodies the kind of transformational change that can be made when ordinary people come together to do extraordinary things." -Barack Obama</em></p>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gandhian ideologies shaped the creation of institutions and practices where the<strong> voice and perspective of everyone can be articulated, tested and transformed.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>According to him, democracy provided the weak with the same chance as the strong.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Functioning on the basis of voluntary cooperation and dignified &amp; peaceful co-existence was replicated in several other modern democracies. Also, his emphasis on political tolerance and religious pluralism holds relevance in contemporary Indian politics.</li>
<li>Truth, nonviolence, Sarvodaya and Satyagraha and their significance constitute Gandhian philosophy and are the four pillars of Gandhian thought.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper4/gandhian-ideologies-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
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		(int) 1 => [
			'title' => 'Sustainable Plantations',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/how-plantation-sector-can-turn-near-organic/article28805012.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;How plantation sector can turn &lsquo;near organic&rsquo;&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Hindu BusinessLine on 3 August 2019. It talks about the sustainability of Plantations.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. It is a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown on a large area. It was introduced by the Europeans in colonies situated in tropical countries.</p>
<p>In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. are the important plantation crops. However environmental and man-made excesses of the input-intensive Green Revolution has made plantations unsustainable.</p>
<h3>Why the current model of Plantation is unsustainable?</h3>
<p>Plantation agriculture is characterised by features like large estates or plantations, high capital investment, single crop specialisation, labour intensive etc., but it adversely affects the environment. For example:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The biggest negative impact is due to the change in land use.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the 150-200 years, the forest was cleared to develop commercial crops, and that too dominated by mono-cropping.</li>
<li>This has lead to the loss of productivity and biodiversity of the region.</li>
<li>Further, the plantations are converted into resorts, health cities or housing complexes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The plantation is India is motivated by the Green Revolution, which heavily relies on the use of inorganic fertilizers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This leads to problems like deterioration of soil fertility, water pollution due to run-off etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These negative effects further get aggravated due to heavy rains, floods and landslides- fallouts of climate change.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How to make plantations sustainable?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For environmentally sustainable agriculture in India, a new approach based on the prudent application of inputs and optimal use of <strong>Nitrate Reductase</strong> can be utilized.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nitrate Reductase&rsquo; Principle</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nitrate Reductase is an <strong>enzyme</strong> that is secreted in the<strong> root zone</strong> to denote that plant is ready to absorb the nutrients derived out of the nitrogenous format.</li>
<li>It furthers absorption of zinc sulphate, boron, magnesium sulphate and manganese, which are essential micronutrients to ward off infections such as blister blight and tea mosquito attack.</li>
<li>This enzyme is synchronised with the<strong> sunshine hours.</strong> It is supposed to remain active for<strong> two hours</strong> a day.</li>
<li><strong>By synchronising the use of nitrogenous fertiliser with the secretion of the enzyme, the use of fertilizers can be minimised and a near-organic form of cultivation can be achieved.</strong></li>
<li>Thereby the abuse of nitrogenous fertilisers can be contained.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rather than planting community selling land to real estate developers, the plantation sector can take up pisciculture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Pisciculture, mini earthen dams can be created. These earthen dams can be a source of additional income to the planters.</li>
<li>Since the regions in India dominated by plantations are located in the seismologically disturbed area.</li>
<li>So for the construction of permission from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) has to be taken.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Precision Farming techniques like drip irrigation and fertigation, along with the use of technologies like artificial intelligence should be used in plantation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The plantation sector in India suffers from lack of long-term policies or distorted policies since Independence, climate change, increasing labour and input costs, the need to improve yield, the necessity of growers to focus on value addition and unavailability of both skilled &amp; unskilled labour.</li>
<li>Comprehensive and integrated government policy is needed that focuses on value-addition of existing crops, inter-cropping of high-value crops, the introduction of the concept of integrated farming and ecotourism in plantations.</li>
<li>The policy should also encourage increase in the revenue and employment opportunities from unit area of plantation through different ecologically sustainable vocations and other activities like inter-cropping, integrated farming activities, harnessing of non-renewable energy sources, fruit processing etc.</li>
</ul>
<p>Plantation agriculture is very important for an agrarian country like India, but unsustainable plantations will lead to an environmental disaster. Hence, the government should address the ills of the plantations and while promoting sustainable practices in plantations keeping in mind the menace of global warming.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" height="83">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; background-color: #d3f5db; border-color: #001aff;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Drishti input</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Plantation agriculture is very important for an agrarian country like India, but unsustainable plantations will lead to an environmental disaster. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sustainable-plantations'
		],
		(int) 2 => [
			'title' => 'Farmland Fragmentation',
			'catname' => 'GS Paper III',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/pdf/farmland-fragmentation.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/pdf/farmland-fragmentation.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
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			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/infographics/info-paper3/farmland-fragmentation'
		],
		(int) 3 => [
			'title' => 'Census 2021',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The next census of India to be conducted in 2021 with March 1, 2021 as the reference date, except for the states of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Census 2021 <strong>will be conducted in 18 languages out of the 22 scheduled languages (under 8<sup>th</sup> schedule) and English,</strong> while Census 2011 was in 16 of the 22 scheduled languages declared at that time.</li>
<li>It also <strong>will introduce a code directory</strong> to streamline the process</li>
<li>The option of &ldquo;Other&rdquo; under the gender category will be changed to <strong>&ldquo;Third Gender&rdquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There were roughly 5 lakh people under "other" category in 2011.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For the first time in the 140 year history of census in India, data is proposed to be collected through a mobile app by enumerators and they will receive an additional payment as an incentive.</li>
<li><strong>The Census data would be available by the year 2024-25</strong> as the entire process would be conducted digitally and data crunching would be quicker.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Data from the Census 2011 is still being released. <strong>E.g.:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2011-census-data-on-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dataset on migration was published recently.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issue of Caste Data Collection</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in 2018, the Ministry of Home Affairs had declared that the Other Backward Class (OBC) category would be included in the Census 2021.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the Registrar-General of India (RGI) has said that only SC/ST will be included as the unreliable nature of caste data collection decreases the credibility of the results.<strong> E.g.:</strong> A person belonging to the Yadav caste writes Yadu, Yaduvanshi, etc. in the form; there is no standardisation. People sometimes even confuse caste with gotra.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The 2011 caste data, collected as part of the Socio Economic Caste Census (SECC), is yet to be released by the Centre.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even a committee formed under former vice-chairman of NITI Aayog, Arvind Panagariya to find a way to publish the 2011 Socio-economic and Caste Census data failed to provide any tangible outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The last caste-based census was conducted by the British in 1931.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Census</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The census provides information on size, distribution and socio-economic, demographic and other characteristics of the country's population.</li>
<li><strong>'Rig-Veda' reveals</strong> that some kind of population count was maintained during 800-600 BC in India.</li>
<li><strong>Arthashastr by 'Kautilya' written in the 3<sup>rd</sup> Century BC</strong> prescribed the collection of population statistics as a measure of state policy for taxation.</li>
<li>During the regime of the <strong>Mughal king Akbar, the administrative report 'Ain-e-Akbari'</strong> included comprehensive data pertaining to population, industry, wealth and many other characteristics.</li>
<li>A systematic and modern population census, in its present form was conducted non synchronously between 1865 and 1872 in different parts of the country.</li>
<li>However, <strong>the first synchronous census in India was held in 1881</strong>. Since then, censuses have been undertaken uninterruptedly once every ten years.</li>
<li>India's last census was carried out in<strong> 2011 when the country's population stood at 121 crore</strong>. The Indian Census is one of the largest administrative exercises undertaken in the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/census-may-skip-caste-count/article28801333.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021'
		],
		(int) 4 => [
			'title' => 'Accused Can be Ordered to Give Voice Samples',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court has ruled that <strong>a judicial magistrate</strong> can order an <strong>accused</strong> to give his voice <strong>samples even against his consent</strong> in the course of a <strong>criminal investigation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court has issued this order under <strong>Article 142</strong> of the Constitution of India.</li>
<li>It called upon the Parliament to make requisite changes in the Code of Criminal Procedure to provide for the same and till that happens, the magistrate will have the power to order the same.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>87<sup>th</sup> Report of the Law Commission of India</strong> describes a voiceprint as a <strong>&ldquo;visual recording of voice&rdquo;.</strong> Voiceprints resemble fingerprints, in that each person has a distinctive voice with characteristic features dictated by vocal cavities and articulates.</li>
<li>In a past judgment, the court said that the making of such far-reaching interpretations in the Criminal Procedure Code &ndash; which is silent on whether a court can order a person to give voice sample to police &ndash; should be best left to the legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The court also observed that the <strong>fundamental right to privacy (Article 21)</strong> cannot be construed as absolute and must bow down to compelling public interest.</li>
<li>The court did not give any direct observation on <strong>Article 20 (3)</strong> of the Constitution which protects an accused from being compelled to be a witness against himself.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, with this order, a person can be compelled to give his voice sample during the criminal investigation.</li>
<li>The <strong>Chief Justice compared a voice sample</strong> with other impressions like <strong>specimen handwriting, or impressions of his fingers, palm or foot collected by police during the investigation.</strong> By themselves, these impressions or the handwriting do not incriminate the accused person, or even tend to do so.</li>
<li>A voice sample will be taken for the <strong>reason of comparison with other voices</strong> in order to see if they match and are of the same person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 142</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong> Article 142 provides <strong>discretionary power</strong> to the Supreme Court as it states that the Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make <strong>such order</strong> as is necessary <strong>for doing complete justice</strong> in any cause or matter pending before it.</li>
<li><strong>Constructive Application:</strong> In the early years of the evolution of Article 142, the general public and the lawyers both lauded the Supreme Court for its efforts to bring complete justice to various deprived sections of society or to protect the environment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Cleansing of Taj Mahal</strong> and <strong>justice to many undertrials</strong> is a result of the invocation of this article only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>Union Carbide case,</strong> relating to the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy, the <strong>Supreme Court placed itself above the laws made by the Parliament</strong> or the legislatures of the States by saying that, to do complete justice, it <strong>could even override the laws made by Parliament.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in the&nbsp;<em><strong>Supreme Court Bar Association v. Union of India,</strong></em> the Supreme Court stated that <strong>Article 142 could not be used to supplant</strong> the existing law, but only to <strong>supplement the law.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cases of Judicial Overreach:</strong> In recent years, there have been several judgments of the Supreme Court wherein it has been <strong>foraying into areas which had long been forbidden to the judiciary by reason of the doctrine of &lsquo;separation of powers&rsquo;,</strong> which is part of the basic structure of the Constitution. One such example is:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The ban on the sale of alcohol along national and state highways:</strong> While the notification by the central government prohibited liquor stores along National Highways only, the Supreme Court put in place a ban on a distance of 500 metres by invoking Article 142.</li>
<li>Additionally, and in the absence of any similar notification by any of the State governments, the court extended the ban to State highways as well.</li>
<li>Such judgments have <strong>created uncertainty about the discretion</strong> vested in the court to invoke Article 142 where even fundamental rights of individuals are being ignored.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Way Forward</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Supreme Court needs to introspect</strong> on whether the use of Article 142 as an independent source of power should be regulated by strict guidelines.</li>
<li>Another option is that <strong>all cases invoking Article 142 should be referred to a Constitution Bench of at least five judges</strong> so that this exercise of discretion may be the outcome of five independent judicial minds operating on matters having such far-reaching impact on the lives of people.</li>
<li>In all cases where the court invokes Article 142, the government should bring out a white paper to study the beneficial as well as the negative effects of the judgment after a period of six months or so from its date.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/accused-can-be-ordered-to-give-voice-sample-sc/articleshow/70506253.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accused-can-be-ordered-to-give-voice-samples'
		],
		(int) 5 => [
			'title' => 'National Medical Commission Bill',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/health-care-is-ailing-aiims-neet-exam-doctors-protest-nmc-bill-5870681/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;National Medical Commission is no cure-all, many important questions remain&rdquo;</a> which appeared in The Indian Express on 2 August 2019. It critically analyses the National Medical Commission Bill, 2019.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the National Medical Commission Bill, 2019 was passed by the parliament. The bill sets up the National Medical Commission (NMC) which will act as an umbrella regulatory body in the medical education system.</p>
<p>Also, the NMC will subsume the MCI and will regulate medical education and practice in India. Apart from this, it also provides for the reforms in the medical education system.</p>
<h3>What are the issues in MCI?</h3>
<p>The Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 established The Medical Council of India (MCI) which till now is responsible for regulating medical education and practice.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, over the years, MCI has been marred by several issues regarding its <strong>regulatory role, composition, allegations of corruption, and lack of accountability</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2009, the Yashpal Committee and the National Knowledge Commission recommended separating the regulation of medical education and medical practice.</li>
<li>MCI is an elected body where its members are elected by medical practitioners themselves, i.e., the regulator is elected by the regulated.</li>
<li><strong>This creates a conflict of interest.</strong></li>
<li>MCI is solely dominated by doctors: Since medical education is a diverse stream, MCI should include diverse stakeholders such as public health experts, social scientists, and health economists.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For example, in the United Kingdom, the General Medical Council (the counterpart of MCI), consists of 12 medical practitioners and 12 lay members (such as community health members, administrators from local government).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per MCI regulations, a college is required to be inspected 25 times to get final recognition. This establishes an <strong>Inspector Raj</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient Features of the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill <strong>establishes the National Medical Commission (NMC)</strong> at union level and directs states to establish State Medical Councils, within three years of the passage of the Bill.</li>
<li>The NMC will consist of <strong>25 members</strong> partly nominated by the central government.</li>
<li><strong>Functions of the National Medical Commission will include:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Regulating medical institutions and medical professionals</li>
<li>Assessing the requirements of healthcare-related human resources and infrastructure</li>
<li>Ensuring compliance by the State Medical Councils</li>
<li>Framing guidelines for determination of fees for up to 50% of the seats in private medical institutions and deemed universities</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Bill sets up autonomous boards under the supervision of the NMC.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Under-Graduate Medical Education Board (UGMEB) and the Post-Graduate Medical Education Board (PGMEB).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These will be responsible for formulating standards, curriculum, guidelines, and granting recognition to medical qualifications at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Medical Assessment and Rating Board (MARB)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will levy monetary penalties on medical institutions which fail to maintain the minimum standards as laid down by the UGMEB and PGMEB.</li>
<li>It will also grant permission for establishing a new medical college, starting any postgraduate course, or increasing the number of seats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Ethics and Medical Registration Board:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It maintains a National Register of all licensed medical practitioners and regulates professional conduct.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community Health Provider:</strong> Under the Bill, the NMC may grant limited <strong>license to certain mid-level practitioners</strong> connected with the modern medical profession to practice medicine.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These mid-level medical practitioners may prescribe specified medicines in primary and preventive healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Qualifying examinations:</strong> There will be a uniform <strong>National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test</strong> (NEET) for admission to under-graduate and post-graduate super-speciality medical education in all medical institutions regulated.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bill proposes a common final year undergraduate examination, the National Exit Test, for the students graduating from medical institutions to obtain the license for the practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages of National Medical Commission Bill, 2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NMC has the potential to link the disease burden and the specialties being produced.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the UK, for example, it is the government that lays down how many specialists of which discipline need to be produced, which the British Medical Council then adheres to.</li>
<li>In India, the MCI has so far been operating independently. This gap can be bridged by the NMC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>By introducing qualifying exams like NEET and NEXT, NMC can instill <strong>uniformity in the standard of competence</strong> and skills.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can reduce the burden of taking multiple exams, ensure a minimum level of knowledge in science, and reduce corruption by restricting student admission to those qualifying these exams.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The State Medical Council will act as a <strong>grievance redressal body</strong> for any complaints relating to professional or ethical misconduct against a registered medical practitioner.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will protect the interest of the patients and checks the corrosive impact of the process of <strong>commercialisation of medical services</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The differential pricing of medical education can benefit the economically weaker sections of society.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NMC will have a final say in the <strong>determination of fees for up to 50% of the seats</strong> in private medical institutions and deemed universities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NMC can encourage and incentivise innovation and promote research by laying down rules that make research a prerequisite in medical colleges.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The composition of the members of NMC which are to be nominated by the Union government can possibly lead to <strong>favouritism and bureaucratic interference</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The extensive discretionary powers that the Bill provides to government reduce the accountability of NMC and make <strong>it virtually an advisory body</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The NMC Bill provides for licensing of 3.5 lakhs non-medical persons to practise modern medicine. However, the term <strong>Community Health Provider has been vaguely defined</strong>.</li>
<li>The capping of the fees of 50% of seats in private medical colleges is dubbed to be <strong>anti-poor</strong>, as the remaining 50% of seats which is called the management quota, will witness a high rise in fees.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can deny admission to poor students on 50% seats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>India has suffered from the problem of inappropriately trained doctors of varying quality since a very long time. Decades back, the Mudaliar Committee Report (1959) pointed out that doctors had neither the skills nor the knowledge to handle primary care and infectious diseases that were a high priority concern at the time. In recent times, the excessive reliance on a battery of diagnostic tests is reflective of commercial considerations and weak knowledge.</p>
<p>While NMC can help in improving the medical education and practice in the country, the government must thoroughly focus on addressing much bigger issues like Antibiotic resistance, crunch in public expenditure in health etc.</p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-medical-commission-bill'
		],
		(int) 6 => [
			'title' => 'Intellectual Property Rights',
			'catname' => 'Paper 3',
			'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/909Intellectual%20Property Rights (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/909Intellectual Property Rights (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.jpg" width="387" height="1280" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/intellectual-property-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener">For TTP</a></em></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/intellectual-property-rights-mind-map'
		],
		(int) 7 => [
			'title' => 'Increasing the Strength of SC Judges',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union Cabinet of India has approved increasing the strength of judges in the Supreme court.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cabinet has taken a decision to increase the strength (an increase of 10%) from 31 to 34 judges including the Chief Justice of India (CJI).</li>
<li>The Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act, 1956 was last amended in 2009 to increase the judge's strength from 25 to 31 (including the CJI).</li>
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/full-strength-of-sc-judges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 124(1)</strong></a> of the Constitution of India, the strength of the Supreme Court is fixed by the law made by the Parliament.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rising Pendency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Between 2006 and 2018 (up to April), there has been an 8.6% rise in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/wish-list-for-judiciary">pendency</a> of cases across all courts.</li>
<li>Pendency before Supreme Court increased by 36%, High Courts by 17%, and subordinate courts by 7%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Disposal Rate:</strong> The disposal rate has stayed between 55% to 59% in the Supreme Court, at 28% in the High Courts, and at 40% in the subordinate courts.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 124(1)</strong> states that there shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief Justice of India and, until Parliament by law prescribes a large number, of not more than seven other judges.</li>
<li><strong>Article 124(2)</strong> states that every judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such number of the judges of Supreme Court and of the High Courts (in states).</li>
<li>The Parliament is competent to increase the number of judges if it deems necessary.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-increasing-strength-of-supreme-court-judges-from-31-to-34/article28773734.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increasing-the-strength-of-sc-judges'
		],
		(int) 8 => [
			'title' => 'Deciphering Indus Script',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the research paper titled <strong>&lsquo;Interrogating Indus inscription to unravel their mechanism of meaning conveyance&rsquo;,</strong> the Indus inscriptions <strong>can be compared to the structured messages</strong> found on stamps, coupons, tokens and currency coins of modern times.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indus inscriptions have not been deciphered due to the absence of bilingual texts, extreme brevity of the inscriptions, and ignorance about the language(s) encoded by Indus script.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The majority of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley inscriptions</strong></a> were written <strong>logo graphically</strong> (by using word signs) and not by <strong>using phonograms</strong> (speech sounds units), claims a recent research paper published in Palgrave Communications, a Nature group journal.</li>
<li>The paper mainly focuses on understanding how Indus inscriptions conveyed meanings, rather than on deciphering what they conveyed.</li>
<li>The inscribed seals and tablets were <strong>used in some administrative operation</strong> that controlled the commercial transactions of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation.</li>
<li>According to paper, though many ancient scripts use <strong>rebus methods</strong> to generate new words, the inscriptions found on the Indus seals and tablets have not used rebus as the mechanism to convey meaning.</li>
<li>The researcher also rejected the popular hypothesis that the seals were inscribed with Proto-Dravidian or Proto-Indo-European names of the seal-owners.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rebus Method</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A common perception among some scholars is that the Indus script is logo-syllabic, where one symbol can be used as a word sign at one time and as a syllable-sign at another.</li>
<li>This method, where a word-symbol also gets sometimes used only for its sound value, is called the rebus principle. <strong>E.g.:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The pictures of a honey bee can be combined with a leaf to signify the word &ldquo;belief&rdquo; (bee+leaf).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/new-research-could-show-the-way-to-deciphering-indus-script/article28787527.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deciphering-indus-script'
		],
		(int) 9 => [
			'title' => 'Global Honour for Indian Scientist',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p><strong>Atish Dabholkar,</strong> a <strong>theoretical physicist</strong> from India, known for his research on <strong>string theory</strong> and <strong>quantum black holes,</strong> has been appointed as the next director of the Italy-based <strong>International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dabhokar will succeed <strong>Fernando Quevedo</strong> from November 2019.</li>
<li>He is the second Indian appointed to the post in ICTP history after <strong>Katepalli Sreenivasan,</strong> who was Quevedo&rsquo;s predecessor.</li>
<li>Dabholkar is currently the head of the High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics section of ICTP based in <strong>Trieste, north-east Italy.</strong></li>
<li>He is also the winner of the 2006 <strong>Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award</strong> for Science and Technology.</li>
<li>He completed his school education in Kolhapur district of Maharashtra and did his graduation from IIT, Kanpur, and earned a PhD in theoretical physics from Princeton University.</li>
<li>Until 2010, he was a professor of theoretical physics at <strong>Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai,</strong> and has been a visiting professor at Stanford University and a visiting scientist at <strong>CERN.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Centre for Theoretical Physics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) was founded in 1964 by the late Nobel Laureate <strong>Abdus Salam.</strong></li>
<li>Its mandate is to <strong>provide education and skills to scientists from developing countries for their</strong> productive careers.</li>
<li><strong>It</strong> has helped in<strong> stemming the scientific brain drain</strong> from the developing world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>String Theory</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an attempt to combine the <strong>quantum mechanics</strong> (body of scientific laws that describe the behavior of photons, electrons and other particles that make up the universe) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/einstein-was-right:-astronomers-confirm-key-theory-of-relativity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Albert Einstein's theory of relativity</strong></a> &mdash; with an overarching framework that can explain all of physical reality.</li>
<li>It tries to do so by positing that particles are actually <strong>one-dimensional,</strong> string-like entities whose vibrations determine the particles' properties, such as their mass and charge.</li>
</ul>
<h3>European Organization for Nuclear Research</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is the <strong>European Organization founded in 1954 for Nuclear Research.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to provide a unique range of particle accelerator facilities that enable world-class research in <strong>fundamental physics.</strong></li>
<li>It operates the world&rsquo;s largest and most powerful particle accelerator i.e <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/upgrade-at-cern" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Large Hadron Collider (LHC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Theoretical Physics</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the development of mathematical formalisms and computational protocols for describing all aspects of objects found in the world around us and their interaction.</li>
<li>This can involve both providing models for understanding empirical results or constructing self-logical theories for explaining phenomena beyond current experiments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The award is named after the founder Director of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/membrane-to-clean-toxic-effluents" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research (CSIR) India,</strong></a> the late Dr (Sir) Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and is known as the &lsquo;Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize for Science and Technology&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The Prize is given each year for outstanding contributions to science and technology.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/honour-for-kolhapur-born-scientist/article28777827.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-honour-for-indian-scientist'
		],
		(int) 10 => [
			'title' => 'Multi-cropping',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>A recent study conducted by the <strong>Centre for Economic and Social Studies</strong> (CESS) has highlighted the importance of multi-cropping system.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In multi cropping system, farmers grow <strong>two or more crops</strong> on farmland in one calendar year (unlike mono-cropping, that involves planting only one crop on a field). It includes inter-cropping, mixed-cropping and relay cropping.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Intercropping:</strong> Is growing two or more crops simultaneously in a definite cropping pattern.</li>
<li><strong>Relay cropping:</strong> Relay cropping involves growing of two or more crops on the same field with the planting of the second crop after the first one has reached its reproductive stage.</li>
<li><strong>Mixed intercropping:</strong> It involves growing more than one crop simultaneously <strong>without any distinct row arrangement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Multi cropping system is common in <strong>tropical regions</strong> having more rainfall, higher temperatures, and a longer growing season.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economical Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Higher Productivity:</strong> Multiple cropping system is seen as a way to maximize land productivity in a small area by improving the intensity of land and labor use for better profit and stabilizing farm income.</li>
<li><strong>Fodder Stock:</strong> Growing multicrops or polycrops ensures enough fodder stocks for cattles.</li>
<li><strong>Food Security:</strong> In multi-cropping system, even if one or two crops fail, farmers still be able to harvest other crops to guarantee food throughout the year.</li>
<li><strong>Multiple Uses:</strong> Crops don&rsquo;t just yield grains but also fodder and fuelwood.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Agronomic Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pest Management:</strong> Growing a variety of crops together minimizes pest problems and makes efficient use of soil nutrients, water, and land.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Leguminous (crops having roots that are able to make soil nitrogen available to other plants), when intercropped with other crops, particularly those that require plenty of nitrogen (e.g. young maize plants and sorghum), results into efficient use of soil nutrients.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weed Management:</strong> It helps to suppress weeds, as weeds find it difficult to grow alongside some crops.</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable crop production</strong> <strong>systems:</strong> This reduces the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Centre for Economic and Social Studies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) was established as an autonomous research Centre in 1980.</li>
<li>Later in 1986 it was recognized as a national institute by the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) (Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India).</li>
<li>The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) has been registered under Section 6(1) (a) of the <strong>Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act 1976.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/multi-cropping-has-economical-and-agronomic-benefits/article28785706.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/multi-cropping'
		],
		(int) 11 => [
			'title' => 'Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a> has released a study titled <strong>&ldquo;Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves in India: A Value+ Approach&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study, authored by the <strong>Centre for Ecological Services Management</strong> at the <strong>Indian Institute of Forest Management (Bhopal),</strong> estimated the <strong>economic valuation, based on ecosystem services, of ten tiger reserves</strong> in the country. The ten Tiger Reserves are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Anamalai (Tamil Nadu),</li>
<li>Bandipur (Karnataka),</li>
<li>Dudhwa (Uttar Pradesh),</li>
<li>Melghat (Maharashtra),</li>
<li>Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam (Andhra Pradesh/ Telangana),</li>
<li>Pakke (Arunachal Pradesh),</li>
<li>Palamau (Jharkhand),</li>
<li>Panna (Madhya Pradesh),</li>
<li>Similipal (Odisha), and</li>
<li>Valmiki (Bihar)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> The objective behind the report is to enhance tiger conservation by highlighting the holistic economic benefits of protected areas.</li>
<li><strong>Approach:</strong> The <strong>Value+ approach</strong> was used in the study, where the <strong>&ldquo;VALUE&rdquo; represents</strong> all the <strong>benefits in monetary terms</strong> for those services where monetary economic valuation is possible and derived based on the available knowledge, tools and methods. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The &ldquo;+&rdquo; represents</strong> all those benefits <strong>for which economic valuation is currently not possible</strong> on account of lack of accepted methodologies, knowledge, available technology, current resources and/or understanding of the system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ecosystem Services and Tiger Reserves</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ecosystems Services can be defined as <strong>benefits in terms of goods or services provided by nature</strong> which are of fundamental <strong>importance to human well-being,</strong> for health, livelihoods, and survival.</li>
<li>In the context of natural resource development, Tiger Reserves are the primary repositories of forests and other natural ecosystems.</li>
<li>A range of <strong>ecosystem services emanate from tiger reserves</strong> such as Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) provisioning, employment generation, carbon sequestration, biological control, habitat for species, genepool protection, gas regulation, pollination, fuelwood, fodder grazing, watershed protection, increased soil fertility, physical and mental well being, spiritual tourism etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economic Value of Tiger Reserves</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study findings indicate that the natural ecosystems in the Tiger Reserves (TRs) provide adequate resources to humans in the range of Rs. 1643-7042 crore.</li>
<li><strong>TRs offer protection from disease, predators, and parasites,</strong> which is an avoided cost in the range of Rs. 7.7 crore to Rs. 24.15 crore.</li>
<li>They also help in maintaining a benign physical and chemical environment for amenable living conditions by providing necessary infrastructure and ecosystem services worth Rs. 2567-8260 crore.</li>
<li>The tiger reserves play a <strong>significant role in the lives of local communities</strong> and conserve a range of traditional values apart from providing recreation and leisure. Thus the socio-cultural fulfilment benefits from these TRs range from 0.3 crore to 62.144 crore.</li>
<li>They conserve ecosystems and natural assets worth Rs. 15310-98530 crore.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ecosystem services should be kept as a focal area</strong> in Tiger management.</li>
<li>Comprehensive analysis of ecosystem services may result in establishing partnerships with relevant stakeholders, effective policies and mechanisms for incentivizing conservation.</li>
<li><strong>Adequate investment in natural capital</strong> contained in tiger reserves is essential to ensure the flow of ecosystem services in the future.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<p>The Indian Institute of Forest Management is an autonomous institute of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, established in 1982.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bandipur-is-worth-a-staggering-6405-cr/article28788664.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-valuation-of-tiger-reserves'
		],
		(int) 12 => [
			'title' => 'Criminalising Triple Talaq',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/triple-talaq-bill-passed-in-parliament-pm-modi-bjp-5867634/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Power, not justice&rdquo;</a> which appeared in The Indian Express on 1 August 2019. It critically analyses the criminalization of Triple Talaq.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Parliament has passed the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2019, thereby criminalizing the practice of instant Triple Talaq.</p>
<p>The Supreme Court in <strong>Shayara Bano</strong> case (2017) had declared the practise of Triple Talaq (talaq-e-biddat) as unconstitutional.</p>
<p>However, the penal provision of the bill i.e. a Muslim husband declaring instant Triple Talaq can be imprisoned for up to three years is alleged to be disproportionate for a civil offence.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is Talaq-e-biddat?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If a man belonging to the religion of Islam pronounces <strong>talaq thrice</strong> either orally or in written form to his wife, then the <strong>divorce is considered immediate and irrevocable.</strong></li>
<li>The only way to reconcile the marriage is through the practice of <strong>nikah halala,</strong> which requires the woman to get remarried, consummate the second marriage, get divorced, observe the three-month iddat period and return to her husband.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Some key features of the Triple Talaq Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is applicable in whole of India but it is not extended to the State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir.</li>
<li>Any pronouncement of &ldquo;talaq&rdquo; by a Muslim husband to his wife in any manner, spoken or written, will be void and illegal.</li>
<li>Any Muslim husband who communicates the &ldquo;talaq&rdquo; orally or in writing may face<strong> punishment up to three years in jail.</strong> The punishment may be also extended.</li>
<li>If a Muslim man pronounces &ldquo;talaq&rdquo; to his wife, then the woman and her children are entitled to receive an <strong>allowance for subsistence.</strong> Such an amount can be determined by a Judicial Magistrate of the First Class.</li>
<li>A Muslim woman is entitled to the custody of her minor children even if her husband has pronounced &ldquo;talaq&rdquo; to her.</li>
<li>The <strong>offence is also compoundable</strong> (i.e. the parties may arrive at a compromise), if the Muslim woman insists for the same and the Magistrates allows certain terms and conditions which he may determine.</li>
<li>A person accused of this offence cannot be granted bail unless an application is filed by the accused after a hearing in the presence of the Muslim woman (on whom talaq is pronounced) is conducted and the Magistrate is satisfied with the reasonable grounds for granting bail.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the issues in Triple Talaq Bill?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Divorce is a civil matter and making Triple Talaq a criminal offence is disproportionate to criminal jurisprudence.</strong></li>
<li>The Supreme Court declared Triple Talaq as invalid and did not ask the government to make it a penal offence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Supreme Court by holding that Triple Talaq is unconstitutional implied that mere utterance of Talaq thrice does not result in the dissolution of marriage, rather it remains intact.</strong></li>
<li><strong>However, by criminalising Triple Talaq the law presumes marriage has ended and for that Muslim man shall be punished.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Thereby criminalizing the Triple Talaq goes against the spirit of the Supreme Court judgement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, if the husband is imprisoned, how he can pay maintenance allowance to wives and children.</li>
<li>Also similar to<strong> misuse of Indian Penal Code section 498A</strong> (Dowry Harassment) which led to harassment of the affected men, the penal provision in Triple Talaq can be subject to such harassment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why the government criminalized the Triple Talaq?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Triple Talaq was held to be <strong>violative of Article 14 (the right to equality),</strong> which is held by the Supreme Court from Shah Bano case 1986 to Shayara Bano case in 2017.</li>
<li>The Government held that <strong>473 cases of Triple Talaq</strong> have taken place even after two years of judgement pronounced by the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>The law has been placed as a deterrent to eradicate social evils. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Untouchability was abolished by the Constitution, but the continued practise of untouchability forced Parliament to enact the Untouchability (Offences) Act in 1955 and later renaming it as Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1976.</li>
<li>To eliminate atrocities faced by women in domestic space parliament enacted:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Dowry Prohibition Act in 1961</li>
<li>Prevention of domestic violence Act 2005</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Triple Talaq is banned in more than 20 Islamic countries including Pakistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Terming Triple Talaq as unconstitutional as<strong> a step towards establishing uniform civil code (Enshrined in Article 44 of directive principle of state policy),</strong> but criminalising it goes against the ethos of Fundamental rights i.e. article 25 and 26 the freedom of religion.</p>
<p>Triple Talaq has led to the subjugation of Muslim women even after 72 years of independence but its <strong>solution must come through coexistence rather than coercion.<br /><br /></strong></p>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0303;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #ff0000; border-color: #ff0000;">
<td style="width: 509px; background-color: #d9feff;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #000080;">Drishti input</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Divorce is a civil matter and making Triple Talaq a criminal offence is disproportionate to criminal jurisprudence. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/criminalising-triple-talaq'
		],
		(int) 13 => [
			'title' => 'Policy Watch - One Nation One Ration Card',
			'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
			'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Syw40lRX_s0" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation One Ration Card Scheme</strong></a> which will allow <strong>portability of food security benefits</strong> will be available across the country from <strong>1<sup>st</sup> July, 2020.</strong> This means poor migrant workers will be able to buy subsidized rice and wheat from any ration shop in the country.</p>
<h3>Highlights of the Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme is all about <strong>inter-state portability of ration cards.</strong> It enables the beneficiaries who are taking food grains under the Public Distribution System (PDS) to access the same benefits if they happen to migrate from one part of the country to the other, in a seamless manner.</li>
<li>India has been computerising its PDS operations for quite a few years. This scheme of inter state portability is a logical progression to the next level of enabling seamless public services under the PDS, throughout the country.</li>
<li>The government is going to launch the scheme on a pilot basis in August by having four states in two clusters namely Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Maharashtra and Gujarat.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These states have fully computerized their PDS operations and are fully on board to affect this transition to inter state portability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>How important is this scheme for migrant labourers in the country?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Historically, India has had food security benefit schemes which have domicile based access.</strong></li>
<li>45.36 crore people or <strong>37% of the population is that of migrant labourers.</strong> The scheme is therefore important for anyone who is going to move from one place to the other.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It happens that when one moves from one place to the other (for e.g. a government employee being transferred from one place to another), it takes about<strong> two to three months to get a ration card</strong> at that next place and then further more time to start getting commodities against the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>After the implementation of the scheme, it would be ensured that a migrant is able to access the benefits which is due to him in any part of the country.</strong> This would be ensured on the basis of <strong>Aadhaar authentication</strong> and a validated data.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How important is the scheme for curbing corruption?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prior to the announcement of the scheme, the government embarked on <strong>weeding out bogus ration cards.</strong> In fact, in the last five years, the government has managed to delete nearly 3 crore duplicate and bogus ration cards. This also helped the government in cleaning up the data of the PDS.</li>
<li>In One Nation One Ration Card Scheme, the fundamental prerequisite is <strong>deduplication</strong> so that it is ensured that the same person does not figure as a beneficiary in two different locations of the country.</li>
<li>With the help of the scheme, the government would be able to <strong>rightly target the beneficiaries</strong> to provide them with the foodgrains under the PDS. The scheme is <strong>linked with Aadhaar and biometrics,</strong> this removes most possibilities of corruption.</li>
<li>The government is creating <strong>a central data repository</strong> to get all the details of ration card which are being maintained by states so that the repository acts as a clearing house or a server to do the cross checking on the basis of Aadhaar authentication. This ensures that there is no corruption or duplication of the benefits that are being passed on to the beneficiaries. The government will ensure all these things with the help of technology.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How the government is ensuring food security in the country?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government is <strong>covering nearly 81 crore people</strong> of the country under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) based on the 2011 census.</li>
<li>Under the NFSA, the government is covering some of the most vulnerable sections namely the <strong>antyodaya families</strong> who get 35 kgs/month as a family and<strong> the priority households</strong> where the members of the family get 5 kgs/month of food grains.</li>
<li>The government is also ensuring enough food stock in the country.</li>
<li>Distributing food grains is a joint responsibility of central and state governments. It has been made very clear to all the states that <strong>no genuine beneficiary should be turned back only for the reason of not possessing Aadhaar.</strong></li>
<li>The government has other mechanisms through which the beneficiaries can prove their bonafides and take the benefits.</li>
<li>One Nation One Ration scheme will further help in <strong>adding to the nutritional values</strong> of the poor consumers.</li>
<li>The scheme will <strong>add to the integration of the country</strong> as wherever a person goes, he will be able to get food grains at that place.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How the government will ensure the implementation of the scheme?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Within a particular state, there will be an<strong> intra state portability.</strong> There are ten states which are fully ready for the same. These are: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Telangana and Tripura.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In these ten states, 100% PoS machines have been arranged for green distribution and all PDS shops have been connected to the internet.</li>
<li>It has been seen on the ground that a beneficiary within such a state can go freely and take PDS rations from other shop i.e. apart from the shop that is nominated for him.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Building on this intra state portability, the government is <strong>building clusters on pilot basis</strong> so that inter state portability is ensured within a limited number of states.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Depot Online System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The government is planning to integrate PDS with Depot Online System.</strong></li>
<li>Integrating with the help of technology, the depots which have stocks and distribution activities is logical, to ensure that one has a complete blueprint of the transaction system that goes in the area of PDS.</li>
<li><strong>There is a need to keep a track on the inventory that is being received and distributed from the depots,</strong> so that one is able to integrate the total supply chain of the PDS beginning from the delivery of the food grains to the state agencies by FCI to the delivery to a customer.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since the scheme is based on technology, the government may face some <strong>technical challenges</strong> during the implementation of the scheme.</li>
<li>Few regional parties have expressed apprehensions on bearing the <strong>cost of additional ration cards.</strong> This is a matter which is to be settled between the states and the Government of India.</li>
<li>One of the apprehensions mentioned by few states is the <strong>cost of additional food grain to be supplied to the migrant workers.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the whole system is based on the entitlements mandated under the NFSA and this prevents the charges of additional cost. Beneficiaries will continue to pay the same issue prices that are fixed under the NFSA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The food security scheme under the NFSA costs more than Rs 1 lakh crore per year. It is very expensive but is highly needed. There is a need to ensure that subsidized food grains ultimately go to the person or the family that is entitled to.</li>
<li>The One Nation One Ration Card should also include access to health and other things.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At the principal level, within the government, there is broad consensus on having a unified kind of service delivery system based on technology and identity.</li>
<li>A unified service platform combining all the citizen centric services on the basis of few parameters of identity and other indicators of technology, is the need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><em>With One Nation One Ration Card Scheme, the focus of the government is on improving efficiency and delivery of services.</em></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-one-nation-one-ration-card'
		],
		(int) 14 => [
			'title' => 'Cabinet Approves Nutrient Based Subsidy Rates',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Cabinet <strong>Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA)</strong> has approved the proposal of the <a href="http://fert.nic.in/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Fertilizers</strong></a> for fixation of NBS rates for <strong>Phosphatic and Potassic (P&amp;K) Fertilizers</strong> for the year 2019-20.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Chaired by the Prime Minister,</strong> CCEA lays down the priorities for <strong>public sector investment</strong> and considers specific proposals for investment of not less than specific levels<strong> (Rs. 3 Billion at present)</strong> as revised from time to time.</li>
<li>It has a <strong>mandate to review economic trends on a continuous basis,</strong> as also the problems and prospects, with a view to evolving a consistent and integrated economic policy framework for the country.</li>
<li>It also <strong>directs and coordinates all policies and activities in the economic field</strong> including<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> foreign investment</strong></a> that require policy decisions at the highest level.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The approved rates for NBS will be Rs 18.90 per kg for <strong>N (Nitrogen),</strong> Rs 15.21 per kg for <strong>P (Phosphorus),</strong> Rs 11.12 per kg for <strong>K (Potash)</strong> and Rs 3.56 per kg for <strong>S (Sulphur).</strong></li>
<li>The expected expenditure for release of subsidy on P&amp;K Fertilizers during 2019-20 will be Rs. 22875.50 crore.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government provides<strong> fertilizers, Urea and 21 grades of P&amp;K fertilizers</strong> to farmers at subsidized prices through fertilizer manufacturers/importers.</li>
<li>In accordance to its <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/agricultural-distress-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>farmer friendly approach,</strong></a> the Govt is committed to ensure the availability of P&amp;K fertilizers to farmers on affordable price.</li>
<li>The subsidy on P&amp;K fertilizers is being governed by <strong>NBS Scheme</strong> from 2010.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is being <strong>implemented from April 2010</strong> by the Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals &amp; Fertilizers.</li>
<li>Under NBS, a <strong>fixed amount of subsidy decided on an annual basis,</strong> is provided on each grade of subsidized Phosphatic &amp; Potassic (P&amp;K) fertilizers depending on its nutrient content.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>NBS Analysis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NBS scheme, was <strong>sought to deregulate subsidy on non-urea fertilizers</strong> and expected to <strong>reduce the subsidy burden</strong> substantially.</li>
<li>While the NBS certainly did not lead to any decline in subsidy on fertilizer, it did lead to <strong>worsening of soil nutrient quality, along with shortages and price increases</strong> in all three types of major nutrients, namely Nitrogenous, Phosphoric and Potassic.</li>
<li>An undesirable outcome has been the <strong>change in fertilizer mix.</strong> As against the recommended Nitrogen (N): Phosphorous (P): Potassium (K) ratio of 4:2:1, the NPK ratio in 2013-14 was 8.2:3.2:1.</li>
<li>The <strong>environmental damage</strong> caused by the inappropriate use of fertilizers is certainly a matter of serious concern in many states.</li>
<li>Considering that fertilizer subsidy is the<strong> second-biggest subsidy</strong> after food subsidy, the inaction on the part of the government is not only worrying for the <strong>fiscal health</strong> of the economy but also detrimental to the <strong>soil health</strong> of the country.</li>
<li>Since fertilizer prices follow the trend in international petroleum prices, the only way to reduce the subsidy bill is to <strong>reduce the dependence on imports and increase domestic production.</strong></li>
<li>While <strong>rationalizing fertilizer subsidy</strong> across nutrients may be the short-term and immediate solution to the problem, the need of the hour is to have a policy framework that incentivizes domestic production of fertilizers.</li>
<li>The bigger challenge is to <strong>change the pattern of fertilizer use.</strong> This not only involves<strong> revamping and re-energizing the extension services</strong> but also changing the NBS suitably to remove the price distortion caused by it.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192400" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-nutrient-based-subsidy-rates'
		],
		(int) 15 => [
			'title' => 'India is Now 7th Largest Economy',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>According to the data compiled by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a>, the <strong>United Kingdom and France have toppled India from the position of the fifth-largest economy in 2018.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier data had shown that India became the sixth-largest economy by pushing France to the seventh place. Later, India went on to become the fifth-largest economy in 2017, even ahead of UK.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2017, India&rsquo;s economic size stood at <strong>$2.65 trillion,</strong> followed by the UK at $2.64 trillion and France at $2.59 trillion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, this status was short-lived as the UK&rsquo;s economy grew to $2.82 trillion and the French economy expanded to $2.78 trillion in 2018, against India&rsquo;s $2.73 trillion.</li>
<li>These fluctuations can be attributed to<strong> the differences in the growth rate of these economies.</strong> India&rsquo;s economy grew at a mere 3.01 percent in dollar terms in 2018 as against 15.72 percent in 2017.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On the other hand, the UK&rsquo;s economy grew 6.81 percent in 2018, against a contraction of 0.75 percent in 2017. The French economy, too expanded by 7.33 percent against 4.85 percent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Economists attributed slower growth of India&rsquo;s economy in dollar terms in 2018 against 2017, to a movement of the Indian rupee against the dollar.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rupee appreciated 3 percent in 2017, while it depreciated 5 percent the following year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has planned to increase its economic size to $5 trillion by 2024-25. For this, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey</strong></a> estimated that India would have to grow by 12 percent at current prices a year.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/636image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/636image1.jpg" width="522" height="263" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/at-2-73-trn-india-s-economy-pushed-to-7th-spot-uk-france-march-ahead-119073101851_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-is-now-7th-largest-economy'
		],
		(int) 16 => [
			'title' => 'Komodo Dragon',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Indonesian government ordered to relocate the residents of an island in eastern Indonesia called the island of Komodo in a bid to conserve rare Komodo dragons.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This eviction has been ordered with a view for the recovery of the reptiles and the Komodo National Park (the only habitat for the world&rsquo;s largest lizard species).</li>
<li>The recovery effort of this national park was needed due to the deterioration caused by excessive tourism.</li>
<li>However, shutting down of such ecological sites is not the right approach unless it is an ecological emergency as the relocation of the residents may lead to loss of livelihood.</li>
<li>Instead, the system could be revamped to build local communities into the revenue generation process and manage tourism flows.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Komodo Dragon</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Komodo dragon is the <strong>largest living species of lizard.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/296image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/296image2.jpg" width="274" height="154" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>They are listed as<strong> Vulnerable by the IUCN.</strong></li>
<li>Komodo dragons hunt and prey including invertebrates, birds, and mammals.</li>
<li>
<p>Comparison of Komodo&rsquo;s venom with Snake&rsquo;s venom:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>
<p>It is claimed that Komodo's have a venomous bite, which has been shown to secrete an anticoagulant.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>
<p>An anticoagulant is a compound that prevents the victim's blood from clotting, causing it to bleed to death.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Snake venoms are composed of a complex collection of toxins, enzymes, and non-toxic substances. It can be classified into<strong> three main types: Neurotoxins, Hemotoxins, and Cytotoxins.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Neurotoxins</strong> are chemical substances that are<strong> poisonous to the nervous system.</strong> Neurotoxins work by disrupting chemical signals (neurotransmitters) sent between neurons. <strong>E.g.: King Cobra</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hemotoxins</strong> are<strong> blood poisons</strong> that disrupt <strong>normal blood coagulation processes.</strong> They work by causing <strong>Red Blood Cells (RBCs) to burst open</strong>, by interfering with blood clotting factors, and by causing tissue death and organ damage. <strong>E.g.: Vine snake</strong></li>
<li><strong>Cytotoxins</strong> are poisonous substances that <strong>destroy body cells</strong>. Cytotoxins lead to the death of most or all of the cells in a tissue or organ.&nbsp;<strong>E.g.:&nbsp;</strong><strong>Puff adders, Mozambique spitting cobras</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cytotoxins help to partially digest the prey before it is even eaten.</li>
<li>Cytotoxins are<strong> usually specific to the type of cell</strong> they impact. E.g.: <strong>Cardiotoxins</strong> are cytotoxins that <strong>damage heart cells.</strong> <strong>Mycotoxins</strong> target and<strong> dissolve muscle cells.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
			'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
			'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/komodo-dragon'
		],
		(int) 17 => [
			'title' => 'United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>The Union Cabinet has approved the signing of the <strong>United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements</strong> (UNISA) by India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements</strong> is scheduled to be signed at <strong>Singapore</strong> on 7<sup>th</sup> August, 2019, or at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Until the adoption of the convention, the often-cited challenge to the use of <strong>mediation</strong> was the lack of an <strong>efficient</strong> and <strong>harmonized</strong> framework for <strong>cross-border enforcement</strong> of settlement agreements resulting from mediation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In response to this need, the convention has been developed and adopted by the General Assembly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The United Nations General Assembly</strong> adopted the <strong>United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation</strong> ("the Convention") on 20<sup>th</sup> December 2018.</li>
<li>The General Assembly authorized that the convention will open for signature on 7<sup>th</sup> August 2019 in Singapore and will be known as the <strong>"Singapore Convention on Mediation"</strong> (the Convention).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Signing of the convention will boost the confidence of the investors and shall provide a positive signal to <strong>foreign investors</strong> about India's commitment to adhere to international practice on <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/alternative-dispute-resolution-adr-mechanisms-paper-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives to Promote ADR Mechanisms</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>New Delhi International Arbitration Centre (NDIAC) Bill, 2019, seeks to establish a <strong>New Delhi International Arbitration Centre</strong> (NDIAC) as a <strong>statutory body.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier, the Committee chaired by Justice B.N. Srikrishna<strong> ("Srikrishna Report")</strong> to review the <strong>institutionalization of arbitration in India</strong> had recommended the establishment of NDIAC.</li>
<li>NDIAC will conduct arbitration, mediation and conciliation proceedings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Commercial Courts Act, 2015,</strong> has been further amended and legislative exercise to further replace the <strong>Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996</strong> with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/niti-aayog-organises-workshop-on-arbitration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2018</strong></a> is currently underway.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bill-for-quick-resolution-of-commercial-disputes-passed-in-lok-sabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts (Amendment) Bill,</strong></a> 2018 has been passed by Lok Sabha to resolve commercial disputes worth Rs 3 lakh or more.</li>
<li>Several measures have been taken by the Ministry of Law and Justice to introduce <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-need-for-an-online-dispute-resolution-mechanism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Online Dispute Resolution</strong></a> mechanism.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UNISA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Convention has been designed to become an essential instrument in the facilitation of <strong>international trade</strong> and in the promotion of <strong>mediation</strong> as an alternative and effective method of resolving <strong>trade disputes.</strong></li>
<li>It also contributes to strengthening access to <strong>justice,</strong> and to the <strong>rule of law.</strong></li>
<li>The Convention defines two additional grounds upon which a court may, on its own motion, refuse to grant relief. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Those grounds relate to the fact that a dispute would not be capable of settlement by mediation or would be contrary to public policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Convention ensures that a settlement reached by parties becomes <strong>binding </strong>and<strong> enforceable</strong> in accordance with a simplified and streamlined procedure.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1580971" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		(int) 18 => [
			'title' => 'The Lacuna in Urban Planning',
			'catname' => 'News Editorials',
			'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/urban-planning-infrastructure-metropolitan-city-gdp-development-5864860/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Cities At Crossroads: A better blueprint for the city&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Indian Express on 31<sup>st</sup> July 2019. It talks about issues in urban planning that leads to the miserable state of Indian cities.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>Metropolitan regions are the engines of growth and gateways to the national and global economies. As in 2016, the 300 largest metropolitan regions in the world contributed nearly 50% of the global GDP. According to this new United Nations estimates Delhi is projected to become the most populous city in the world around 2028 and India is expected to add the largest number of urban dwellers by 2050.</p>
<p>Over 34% of India&rsquo;s current population lives in urban areas, risen by 3% since 2011. By some estimates, India&rsquo;s urban population could increase to 814 million by 2050. And yet, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-transforming-indian-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian cities</strong></a> are driven by poverty and poor infrastructure, the primary reason for this is <strong>lack of metropolitan planning,</strong> which is not synchronized with development strategy.</p>
<h3>Why are the issues in India's Urban planning?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One primary problem is the <strong>ambiguity in the definition of urban.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term <strong>&ldquo;metropolitan area&rdquo;</strong> is defined unambiguously in the Constitution as an area <strong>having a population of over one million,</strong> consisting of two or more municipalities or panchayats or other contiguous areas that may span over multiple districts.</li>
<li>The Central government considers a settlement as urban if it has an urban local government, a minimum population of 5,000; over 75% of its (male) population working in non-agricultural activities; and a population density of at least 400 per sq. km</li>
<li><strong>However, urban development comes under State governments,</strong> with the Governor notifying an area as urban.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This notification leads to the creation of an urban local government or municipality, classifying the area as a &ldquo;statutory town&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Also, the Constitution provides considerable discretion to state governments in determining the administrative boundaries of metropolitan areas.</li>
<li>However, many States consider such &ldquo;census towns&rdquo; as rural and establish governance through a rural local government or panchayat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With such ambiguity in the definition of the urban area, <strong>it leads to a lack of synergy in urban policymaking.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In India the urban planning and spatial planning (integrated land use and transport) are not integrated,</strong> this leads to the significant deterioration in the quality of public services and ease of living.</li>
<li>Metropolitan regions are being <strong>created by default and not by design.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Current urban centres are established without paying attention to the need to create a unified market, especially the labour market, which would forge strong economic linkages between the core city and the periphery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are 53 urban agglomerations in India with a population of one million and above, but these agglomerations spread across various states.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With different rules and regulations regarding land, transport across the states, this severely affects infrastructure development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>74<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act, 1992,</strong> mandated the setting up of Metropolitan Planning Committees (MPC) in all metropolitan areas
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Draft Development Plans must be coordinated with spatial planning, sharing of resources, development of infrastructure and environmental conservation.</li>
<li>However, MPCs remained a non-starter as states showed little interest in their establishment.</li>
<li>There are <strong>no examples of any MPC carrying through a Draft Development Plan</strong> via state government approval, financing and implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a range of institutions such as municipalities, and other parastatals such as state water and sewerage Boards, due to these <strong>overlapping functional jurisdictions,</strong> they find little coordination amongst them.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since there is no regional/metropolitan planning in India and metropolitan governance structures are fragmented, public transport and environmental conservation are in a poor state.</p>
<p><strong>It is reflected on &ldquo;Smart City&rsquo; front, where over 90 &lsquo;Smart Cities&rsquo; have identified 2,864 projects, but only 148 projects are completed and over 70% of the projects still remain at various stages of preparation.</strong></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National urban policy framework 2018</strong> seeks to rebuild Indian cities around clusters of human capital, instead of considering them simply as an agglomeration of land use.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a welcome transition.</li>
<li>It also focuses on land policy reforms, granting urban local bodies the freedom to raise financing and enforce local land usage norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transportation planning</strong> plays a major role in ensuring sustainable and balanced regional development through inter-city and rural-urban connectivity.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Regional Rapid Transit System</strong> planned for Delhi-NCR under the National Capital Regional Transport Corporation (NRCT) that can immensely improve connectivity between Delhi and far-flung areas such as Meerut, Alwar and Panipat, can spur economic growth in the region.</li>
<li>This transit-oriented development can lead not only to <strong>decongesting growth centres</strong> but also <strong>strengthening labour markets</strong> and <strong>building rural-urban linkages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-living-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Ease of Living Index&rdquo;</strong></a> launched in September 2018 has been a transformative initiative of the urban ministry to help cities assess their liveability.</li>
<li>India spends about $17 per capita annually on urban infrastructure projects, against a global benchmark of $100 and China&rsquo;s $116.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For providing financial autonomy to the cities the <strong>potential of property tax</strong> must be utilized.</li>
<li>Further <strong>Municipal bonds</strong> backed by sovereign guarantee must be floated by the large cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Union Cabinet has approved the creation of Rs 60,000-crore <strong>National Urban Housing Fund</strong> to finance the government&rsquo;s Housing for All programme, which aims to build 12 million affordable housing units in urban areas by 2022. This is a step in the right direction.</li>
<li>The policy should be drafted that aims at tackling the rehabilitation and resettlement of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/India%E2%80%99s-failure-to-address-its-urban-slum-problem" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>people living in slums.</strong></a></li>
<li>The National Green Tribunal direction for carrying out the capacity assessment of ecologically sensitive and geologically fragile areas must be expedited.</li>
<li>Finally, there is a need to <strong>frame a systemic policy to deal with urban migration.</strong></li>
<li>India has been among the fastest-growing economies in the world for more than two decades. This has brought about the structural transformation of the economy such that the share of agriculture in GDP has declined to 14% and that of services has increased to 58%. <strong>But this structural transformation must involve spatial transformation.</strong><br /><br /></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ff0000;">
<td style="width: 531px; border-style: dotted; background-color: #f7f3da;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />Indian urban centres are driven by poverty and poor infrastructure, the primary reason for this is lack of metropolitan planning, which is not synchronized with development strategy. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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		(int) 19 => [
			'title' => 'The Code on Wages Bill',
			'catname' => 'News Analysis',
			'desc' => '<p>Recently, the <strong>Lok Sabha</strong> has passed the <strong>Code on Wages Bill, 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Code on Wages Bill was earlier introduced in Lok Sabha in 2017 and was referred to the <strong>Parliamentary Standing Committee</strong> which submitted its report in December 2018. However, owing to the dissolution of 16th Lok Sabha, the Bill lapsed.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Article 43 of the Constitution of India</strong> states that the state shall endeavor to secure by suitable legislation or economic organization or in any other way to all <strong>workers a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life</strong> and full enjoyment of pleasure and social and cultural opportunities.</li>
<li>Under the Constitution of India, <strong>Labour is a subject in the Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule</strong> where both the Central &amp; State Governments are competent to enact legislation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To<strong> streamline the definition of wages</strong> as present labour laws consist of 12 different definition of wages which is the major cause of litigation and inefficiency in the implementation of labour laws.</li>
<li>The definition has been simplified and is expected to<strong> reduce litigation and will entail at a lesser cost of compliance</strong> for an employer.</li>
<li>An establishment will also be benefited as the number of registers, returns, forms, etc., not only can be electronically filed and maintained, but it is envisaged that through rules, <strong>not more than one template will be prescribed.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bill aims to <strong>transform the old and obsolete labour laws</strong> into more accountable and transparent ones and seeks to pave the way for the introduction of minimum wages and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rebooting-labour-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>labour reforms in the country.</strong></a></li>
<li>It regulates the wages and bonus payments in all employments where any industry, trade, business, or manufacturing is being carried out.</li>
<li>The bill <strong>subsumes</strong> the following<strong> four labour laws:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Payment of Wages Act, 1936</li>
<li>The Minimum Wages Act, 1948</li>
<li>The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965</li>
<li>The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It universalizes the provisions of minimum wages and timely payment of wages to all employees irrespective of the sector and wage ceiling and seeks to <strong>ensure "Right to Sustenance" for every worker</strong> and intends to increase the legislative protection of minimum wage.</li>
<li>It has been ensured in the bill that employees getting <strong>monthly salary</strong> shall get the salary <strong>by 7<sup>th</sup> of next month,</strong> those working on a <strong>weekly basis shall get the salary on the last day</strong> of the week and <strong>daily wagers should get it on the same day.</strong></li>
<li>The provisions of the bill will apply to all the employees.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At present, the provisions of both the Minimum Wages Act and Payment of Wages Act apply on workers <strong>below a particular wage ceiling</strong> <strong>working in Scheduled Employments</strong> only.</li>
<li>Many unorganized sector workers like agricultural workers, painters, persons working in restaurants and dhabas, chowkidars, etc. who were out of the ambit of minimum wages will get legislative protection of minimum wages after the bill becomes an Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Central Government is empowered to <strong>fix the floor wages</strong> by taking into account the living standards of workers. It may set different floor wages for<strong> different geographical areas.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The minimum wages decided by the central or state governments must be higher than the floor wage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wages</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the bill, <strong>wages</strong> include salary, allowance, or any other component expressed in monetary terms. This does not include bonus payable to employees or any traveling allowance, among others.</li>
<li><strong>MInimum Wage:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organisation</strong></a> defines it as &ldquo;the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract&rdquo;. Or, the minimum wage includes the<strong> bare needs of life like food, shelter, and clothing.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Living Wage:</strong> It is the wage needed to provide the <strong>minimum income necessary</strong> to pay for basic needs based on the cost of living in a specific community. In addition to bare needs, a &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; <strong>includes education, health, insurance, etc. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Fair Wage:</strong> A &lsquo;fair wage&rsquo; is a<strong> mean</strong> between &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; and &lsquo;minimum wage&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It simplifies the methodology to fix minimum wage by <strong>doing away with the &ldquo;type of employment&rdquo; as one criterion.</strong> The minimum wage fixation would<strong> primarily be based on geography and skills.</strong></li>
<li>In order to <strong>ensure transparency and accountability,</strong> the bill seeks to reform the inspection regime by <strong>introducing web based random computerised inspection scheme,</strong> <strong>jurisdiction-free inspections</strong>, calling of information electronically, the composition of fines, etc.</li>
<li>To streamline the claims of workers, the limitation period for filing claims for minimum wages, bonus, equal remuneration has been raised to 3 years.</li>
<li>It prohibits gender discrimination in matters related to wages and recruitment of employees for the same work or work of similar nature.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It seeks to<strong> reduce compliance costs</strong> for employers.</li>
<li>It is expected to <strong>reduce litigation</strong> as it streamlines the definition of wages.</li>
<li>It will <strong>substantially reduce the number of minimum wages</strong> in the country from the existing more than 2000 rates of minimum wages.</li>
<li>This would ensure that <strong>every worker gets a minimum wage</strong> which will also be accompanied by an increase in the purchasing power of the worker thereby giving a fillip to growth in the economy.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1580782" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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		'title' => 'Gandhian Ideologies',
		'catname' => 'Paper 4',
		'desc' => '<h3>What is Gandhian ideology?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gandhian ideology is the set of religious and social ideas adopted and developed by Mahatma Gandhi, first during his period in South Africa from 1893 to 1914, and later in India.</li>
<li>Gandhian philosophy is not only simultaneously political, moral and religious, it is also traditional and modern, simple and complex. It embodies numerous Western influences to which Gandhiji was exposed, but is <strong>rooted in ancient Indian culture</strong> harnessing universal moral &amp; religious principles.</li>
<li>The philosophy exists on several planes - the spiritual or religious, moral, political, economic, social, individual and collective. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The spiritual or religious element, and God, are at its core.</li>
<li>Human nature is regarded as fundamentally virtuous.</li>
<li>All individuals are believed to be capable of high moral development, and of reform.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gandhian ideology emphasises not on idealism, but on <strong>practical idealism.</strong></li>
<li>Gandhian philosophy is a <strong>double-edged weapon.</strong> Its objective is to transform the individual and society simultaneously, in accordance with the principles of truth and non-violence.</li>
<li>Gandhiji developed these ideologies from various inspirational sources vis <strong>Bhagvad Geeta,</strong> Jainism, Buddhism, Bible, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Tolstoy, John Ruskin among others. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Tolstoy's book <strong>'The Kingdom of God is within you'</strong> had a deep influence on Mahatma Gandhi.</li>
<li>Gandhiji paraphrased Ruskin's book <strong>'Unto this Last' </strong>as<strong> 'Sarvodaya'.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These ideas have been further developed by later "Gandhians", most notably, in India by, Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan and outside of India by Martin Luther King Jr. and others.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Major Gandhian Ideologies</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Truth and nonviolence:</strong> They are the twin cardinal principles of Gandhian thoughts.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Gandhi ji, truth is the relative truth of truthfulness in word and deed, and the absolute truth - the ultimate reality. This <strong>ultimate truth is God (as God is also Truth)</strong> and <strong>morality</strong> - the moral laws and code - <strong>its basis.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Nonviolence,</strong> far from meaning mere peacefulness or the absence of overt violence, is understood by Mahatma Gandhi to <strong>denote active love</strong> - the pole opposite of violence, in every sense. Nonviolence or love is regarded as the highest law of humankind.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Satyagraha:</strong> Gandhi ji called his overall method of nonviolent action Satyagraha. It means the exercise of the purest soul-force against all injustice, oppression and exploitation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a method of securing rights by personal suffering and not inflicting injury on others.</li>
<li>The origin of Satyagraha can be found in the Upanishads, and in the teachings of Buddha, Mahavira and a number of other other greats including Tolstoy and Ruskin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Sarvodaya-</strong> Sarvodaya is a term meaning<em><strong> 'Universal Uplift'</strong></em> or <em><strong>'Progress of All'.</strong></em> The term was first coined by Gandhi ji as the title of his translation of <strong>John Ruskin's</strong> tract on political economy, <em><strong>"Unto This Last".</strong></em></li>
<li><strong>Swaraj-</strong> Although the word swaraj means self-rule, Gandhi ji gave it the content of an integral revolution that encompasses all spheres of life.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Gandhi ji, swaraj of people meant the sum total of the swaraj (self-rule) of individuals and so he clarified that for him swaraj meant freedom for the meanest of his countrymen. And in its fullest sense, swaraj is much more than freedom from all restraints, it is self-rule, self-restraint and could be equated with moksha or salvation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Trusteeship-</strong> Trusteeship is a <strong>socio-economic philosophy</strong> that was propounded by Gandhi ji. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It provides a means by which the wealthy people would be the trustees of trusts that looked after the welfare of the people in general.</li>
<li>This principle reflects Gandhi ji&rsquo;s spiritual development, which he owed partly to his deep involvement with and the study of theosophical literature and the Bhagavad Gita.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Swadeshi</strong> The word swadeshi derives from Sanskrit and is a conjunction of two Sanskrit words. &lsquo;Swa&rsquo; means self or own and &lsquo;desh&rsquo; means country. So swadesh means one's own country. Swadeshi, the adjectival form, means of one&rsquo;s own country, but can be loosely translated in most contexts as self-sufficiency.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Swadeshi is the <strong>focus on acting within and from one's own community,</strong> both politically and economically.</li>
<li>It is the interdependence of community and self-sufficiency.</li>
<li>Gandhi ji believed this would lead to independence (swaraj), as British control of India was rooted in control of her indigenous industries. Swadeshi was the key to the independence of India, and was represented by the charkha or the spinning wheel, the &ldquo;center of the solar system&rdquo; of Mahatma Gandhi&rsquo;s <strong>constructive program.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Relevance in Today&rsquo;s Context</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The ideals of truth and nonviolence, which underpin the whole philosophy, are relevant to all humankind, and are considered as universal by the Gandhians.</li>
<li>More than ever before, Mahatma Gandhi's teachings are valid today, when people are trying to find solutions to the rampant greed, widespread violence, and runaway consumptive style of living.</li>
<li>The Gandhian technique of mobilising people has been successfully employed by many oppressed societies around the world under the leadership of people like <strong>Martin Luther King in the United States, Nelson Mandela in South Africa, </strong>and <strong>Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar,</strong> which is an eloquent testimony to the continuing relevance of Mahatma Gandhi.</li>
<li><strong>Dalai Lama said,</strong> "We have a big war going on today between world peace and world war, between the force of mind and force of materialism, between democracy and totalitarianism." It is precisely to fight these big wars that the Gandhian philosophy needed in contemporary times.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><em>In my life, I have always looked to Mahatma Gandhi as an inspiration, because he embodies the kind of transformational change that can be made when ordinary people come together to do extraordinary things." -Barack Obama</em></p>
</div>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Gandhian ideologies shaped the creation of institutions and practices where the<strong> voice and perspective of everyone can be articulated, tested and transformed.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>According to him, democracy provided the weak with the same chance as the strong.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Functioning on the basis of voluntary cooperation and dignified &amp; peaceful co-existence was replicated in several other modern democracies. Also, his emphasis on political tolerance and religious pluralism holds relevance in contemporary Indian politics.</li>
<li>Truth, nonviolence, Sarvodaya and Satyagraha and their significance constitute Gandhian philosophy and are the four pillars of Gandhian thought.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="/mind-map/gs-paper4/gandhian-ideologies-mind-map" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>For Mind Map</em></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper4/gandhian-ideologies'
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'title' => 'Sustainable Plantations',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>This article is based on <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/how-plantation-sector-can-turn-near-organic/article28805012.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;How plantation sector can turn &lsquo;near organic&rsquo;&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Hindu BusinessLine on 3 August 2019. It talks about the sustainability of Plantations.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. It is a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown on a large area. It was introduced by the Europeans in colonies situated in tropical countries.</p>
<p>In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. are the important plantation crops. However environmental and man-made excesses of the input-intensive Green Revolution has made plantations unsustainable.</p>
<h3>Why the current model of Plantation is unsustainable?</h3>
<p>Plantation agriculture is characterised by features like large estates or plantations, high capital investment, single crop specialisation, labour intensive etc., but it adversely affects the environment. For example:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The biggest negative impact is due to the change in land use.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Over the 150-200 years, the forest was cleared to develop commercial crops, and that too dominated by mono-cropping.</li>
<li>This has lead to the loss of productivity and biodiversity of the region.</li>
<li>Further, the plantations are converted into resorts, health cities or housing complexes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The plantation is India is motivated by the Green Revolution, which heavily relies on the use of inorganic fertilizers.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This leads to problems like deterioration of soil fertility, water pollution due to run-off etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>These negative effects further get aggravated due to heavy rains, floods and landslides- fallouts of climate change.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How to make plantations sustainable?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>For environmentally sustainable agriculture in India, a new approach based on the prudent application of inputs and optimal use of <strong>Nitrate Reductase</strong> can be utilized.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Nitrate Reductase&rsquo; Principle</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Nitrate Reductase is an <strong>enzyme</strong> that is secreted in the<strong> root zone</strong> to denote that plant is ready to absorb the nutrients derived out of the nitrogenous format.</li>
<li>It furthers absorption of zinc sulphate, boron, magnesium sulphate and manganese, which are essential micronutrients to ward off infections such as blister blight and tea mosquito attack.</li>
<li>This enzyme is synchronised with the<strong> sunshine hours.</strong> It is supposed to remain active for<strong> two hours</strong> a day.</li>
<li><strong>By synchronising the use of nitrogenous fertiliser with the secretion of the enzyme, the use of fertilizers can be minimised and a near-organic form of cultivation can be achieved.</strong></li>
<li>Thereby the abuse of nitrogenous fertilisers can be contained.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Rather than planting community selling land to real estate developers, the plantation sector can take up pisciculture.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For Pisciculture, mini earthen dams can be created. These earthen dams can be a source of additional income to the planters.</li>
<li>Since the regions in India dominated by plantations are located in the seismologically disturbed area.</li>
<li>So for the construction of permission from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) has to be taken.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Precision Farming techniques like drip irrigation and fertigation, along with the use of technologies like artificial intelligence should be used in plantation.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The plantation sector in India suffers from lack of long-term policies or distorted policies since Independence, climate change, increasing labour and input costs, the need to improve yield, the necessity of growers to focus on value addition and unavailability of both skilled &amp; unskilled labour.</li>
<li>Comprehensive and integrated government policy is needed that focuses on value-addition of existing crops, inter-cropping of high-value crops, the introduction of the concept of integrated farming and ecotourism in plantations.</li>
<li>The policy should also encourage increase in the revenue and employment opportunities from unit area of plantation through different ecologically sustainable vocations and other activities like inter-cropping, integrated farming activities, harnessing of non-renewable energy sources, fruit processing etc.</li>
</ul>
<p>Plantation agriculture is very important for an agrarian country like India, but unsustainable plantations will lead to an environmental disaster. Hence, the government should address the ills of the plantations and while promoting sustainable practices in plantations keeping in mind the menace of global warming.<br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" height="83">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%; border-style: dotted; background-color: #d3f5db; border-color: #001aff;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Drishti input</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Plantation agriculture is very important for an agrarian country like India, but unsustainable plantations will lead to an environmental disaster. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/sustainable-plantations'
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'title' => 'Farmland Fragmentation',
		'catname' => 'GS Paper III',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="/pdf/farmland-fragmentation.pdf" target="_blank" class="downloadbtn" rel="noopener">Download PDF</a><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 700px; border: none; left: 0; top: 0;" src="//docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://www.drishtiias.com/pdf/farmland-fragmentation.pdf&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en&amp;embedded=true&amp;hl=en" title="Embedded Document"></iframe></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/infographics/info-paper3/farmland-fragmentation'
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'title' => 'Census 2021',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The next census of India to be conducted in 2021 with March 1, 2021 as the reference date, except for the states of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Census 2021 <strong>will be conducted in 18 languages out of the 22 scheduled languages (under 8<sup>th</sup> schedule) and English,</strong> while Census 2011 was in 16 of the 22 scheduled languages declared at that time.</li>
<li>It also <strong>will introduce a code directory</strong> to streamline the process</li>
<li>The option of &ldquo;Other&rdquo; under the gender category will be changed to <strong>&ldquo;Third Gender&rdquo;.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>There were roughly 5 lakh people under "other" category in 2011.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For the first time in the 140 year history of census in India, data is proposed to be collected through a mobile app by enumerators and they will receive an additional payment as an incentive.</li>
<li><strong>The Census data would be available by the year 2024-25</strong> as the entire process would be conducted digitally and data crunching would be quicker.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Data from the Census 2011 is still being released. <strong>E.g.:</strong> The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/2011-census-data-on-migration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>dataset on migration was published recently.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Issue of Caste Data Collection</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier in 2018, the Ministry of Home Affairs had declared that the Other Backward Class (OBC) category would be included in the Census 2021.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the Registrar-General of India (RGI) has said that only SC/ST will be included as the unreliable nature of caste data collection decreases the credibility of the results.<strong> E.g.:</strong> A person belonging to the Yadav caste writes Yadu, Yaduvanshi, etc. in the form; there is no standardisation. People sometimes even confuse caste with gotra.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The 2011 caste data, collected as part of the Socio Economic Caste Census (SECC), is yet to be released by the Centre.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Even a committee formed under former vice-chairman of NITI Aayog, Arvind Panagariya to find a way to publish the 2011 Socio-economic and Caste Census data failed to provide any tangible outcome.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The last caste-based census was conducted by the British in 1931.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Census</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The census provides information on size, distribution and socio-economic, demographic and other characteristics of the country's population.</li>
<li><strong>'Rig-Veda' reveals</strong> that some kind of population count was maintained during 800-600 BC in India.</li>
<li><strong>Arthashastr by 'Kautilya' written in the 3<sup>rd</sup> Century BC</strong> prescribed the collection of population statistics as a measure of state policy for taxation.</li>
<li>During the regime of the <strong>Mughal king Akbar, the administrative report 'Ain-e-Akbari'</strong> included comprehensive data pertaining to population, industry, wealth and many other characteristics.</li>
<li>A systematic and modern population census, in its present form was conducted non synchronously between 1865 and 1872 in different parts of the country.</li>
<li>However, <strong>the first synchronous census in India was held in 1881</strong>. Since then, censuses have been undertaken uninterruptedly once every ten years.</li>
<li>India's last census was carried out in<strong> 2011 when the country's population stood at 121 crore</strong>. The Indian Census is one of the largest administrative exercises undertaken in the world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/census-may-skip-caste-count/article28801333.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Source: TH</a></strong></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/census-2021'
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'title' => 'Accused Can be Ordered to Give Voice Samples',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Supreme Court has ruled that <strong>a judicial magistrate</strong> can order an <strong>accused</strong> to give his voice <strong>samples even against his consent</strong> in the course of a <strong>criminal investigation.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Supreme Court has issued this order under <strong>Article 142</strong> of the Constitution of India.</li>
<li>It called upon the Parliament to make requisite changes in the Code of Criminal Procedure to provide for the same and till that happens, the magistrate will have the power to order the same.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>87<sup>th</sup> Report of the Law Commission of India</strong> describes a voiceprint as a <strong>&ldquo;visual recording of voice&rdquo;.</strong> Voiceprints resemble fingerprints, in that each person has a distinctive voice with characteristic features dictated by vocal cavities and articulates.</li>
<li>In a past judgment, the court said that the making of such far-reaching interpretations in the Criminal Procedure Code &ndash; which is silent on whether a court can order a person to give voice sample to police &ndash; should be best left to the legislature.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The court also observed that the <strong>fundamental right to privacy (Article 21)</strong> cannot be construed as absolute and must bow down to compelling public interest.</li>
<li>The court did not give any direct observation on <strong>Article 20 (3)</strong> of the Constitution which protects an accused from being compelled to be a witness against himself.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, with this order, a person can be compelled to give his voice sample during the criminal investigation.</li>
<li>The <strong>Chief Justice compared a voice sample</strong> with other impressions like <strong>specimen handwriting, or impressions of his fingers, palm or foot collected by police during the investigation.</strong> By themselves, these impressions or the handwriting do not incriminate the accused person, or even tend to do so.</li>
<li>A voice sample will be taken for the <strong>reason of comparison with other voices</strong> in order to see if they match and are of the same person.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Article 142</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Definition:</strong> Article 142 provides <strong>discretionary power</strong> to the Supreme Court as it states that the Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make <strong>such order</strong> as is necessary <strong>for doing complete justice</strong> in any cause or matter pending before it.</li>
<li><strong>Constructive Application:</strong> In the early years of the evolution of Article 142, the general public and the lawyers both lauded the Supreme Court for its efforts to bring complete justice to various deprived sections of society or to protect the environment.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Cleansing of Taj Mahal</strong> and <strong>justice to many undertrials</strong> is a result of the invocation of this article only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the <strong>Union Carbide case,</strong> relating to the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy, the <strong>Supreme Court placed itself above the laws made by the Parliament</strong> or the legislatures of the States by saying that, to do complete justice, it <strong>could even override the laws made by Parliament.</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, in the&nbsp;<em><strong>Supreme Court Bar Association v. Union of India,</strong></em> the Supreme Court stated that <strong>Article 142 could not be used to supplant</strong> the existing law, but only to <strong>supplement the law.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cases of Judicial Overreach:</strong> In recent years, there have been several judgments of the Supreme Court wherein it has been <strong>foraying into areas which had long been forbidden to the judiciary by reason of the doctrine of &lsquo;separation of powers&rsquo;,</strong> which is part of the basic structure of the Constitution. One such example is:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The ban on the sale of alcohol along national and state highways:</strong> While the notification by the central government prohibited liquor stores along National Highways only, the Supreme Court put in place a ban on a distance of 500 metres by invoking Article 142.</li>
<li>Additionally, and in the absence of any similar notification by any of the State governments, the court extended the ban to State highways as well.</li>
<li>Such judgments have <strong>created uncertainty about the discretion</strong> vested in the court to invoke Article 142 where even fundamental rights of individuals are being ignored.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Way Forward</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Supreme Court needs to introspect</strong> on whether the use of Article 142 as an independent source of power should be regulated by strict guidelines.</li>
<li>Another option is that <strong>all cases invoking Article 142 should be referred to a Constitution Bench of at least five judges</strong> so that this exercise of discretion may be the outcome of five independent judicial minds operating on matters having such far-reaching impact on the lives of people.</li>
<li>In all cases where the court invokes Article 142, the government should bring out a white paper to study the beneficial as well as the negative effects of the judgment after a period of six months or so from its date.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/accused-can-be-ordered-to-give-voice-sample-sc/articleshow/70506253.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: ToI</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/accused-can-be-ordered-to-give-voice-samples'
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'title' => 'National Medical Commission Bill',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/health-care-is-ailing-aiims-neet-exam-doctors-protest-nmc-bill-5870681/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;National Medical Commission is no cure-all, many important questions remain&rdquo;</a> which appeared in The Indian Express on 2 August 2019. It critically analyses the National Medical Commission Bill, 2019.</p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the National Medical Commission Bill, 2019 was passed by the parliament. The bill sets up the National Medical Commission (NMC) which will act as an umbrella regulatory body in the medical education system.</p>
<p>Also, the NMC will subsume the MCI and will regulate medical education and practice in India. Apart from this, it also provides for the reforms in the medical education system.</p>
<h3>What are the issues in MCI?</h3>
<p>The Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 established The Medical Council of India (MCI) which till now is responsible for regulating medical education and practice.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>However, over the years, MCI has been marred by several issues regarding its <strong>regulatory role, composition, allegations of corruption, and lack of accountability</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2009, the Yashpal Committee and the National Knowledge Commission recommended separating the regulation of medical education and medical practice.</li>
<li>MCI is an elected body where its members are elected by medical practitioners themselves, i.e., the regulator is elected by the regulated.</li>
<li><strong>This creates a conflict of interest.</strong></li>
<li>MCI is solely dominated by doctors: Since medical education is a diverse stream, MCI should include diverse stakeholders such as public health experts, social scientists, and health economists.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>For example, in the United Kingdom, the General Medical Council (the counterpart of MCI), consists of 12 medical practitioners and 12 lay members (such as community health members, administrators from local government).</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>As per MCI regulations, a college is required to be inspected 25 times to get final recognition. This establishes an <strong>Inspector Raj</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Salient Features of the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Bill <strong>establishes the National Medical Commission (NMC)</strong> at union level and directs states to establish State Medical Councils, within three years of the passage of the Bill.</li>
<li>The NMC will consist of <strong>25 members</strong> partly nominated by the central government.</li>
<li><strong>Functions of the National Medical Commission will include:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Regulating medical institutions and medical professionals</li>
<li>Assessing the requirements of healthcare-related human resources and infrastructure</li>
<li>Ensuring compliance by the State Medical Councils</li>
<li>Framing guidelines for determination of fees for up to 50% of the seats in private medical institutions and deemed universities</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Bill sets up autonomous boards under the supervision of the NMC.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Under-Graduate Medical Education Board (UGMEB) and the Post-Graduate Medical Education Board (PGMEB).</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>These will be responsible for formulating standards, curriculum, guidelines, and granting recognition to medical qualifications at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels respectively.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Medical Assessment and Rating Board (MARB)</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It will levy monetary penalties on medical institutions which fail to maintain the minimum standards as laid down by the UGMEB and PGMEB.</li>
<li>It will also grant permission for establishing a new medical college, starting any postgraduate course, or increasing the number of seats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Ethics and Medical Registration Board:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>It maintains a National Register of all licensed medical practitioners and regulates professional conduct.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Community Health Provider:</strong> Under the Bill, the NMC may grant limited <strong>license to certain mid-level practitioners</strong> connected with the modern medical profession to practice medicine.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These mid-level medical practitioners may prescribe specified medicines in primary and preventive healthcare.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Qualifying examinations:</strong> There will be a uniform <strong>National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test</strong> (NEET) for admission to under-graduate and post-graduate super-speciality medical education in all medical institutions regulated.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Bill proposes a common final year undergraduate examination, the National Exit Test, for the students graduating from medical institutions to obtain the license for the practice.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Advantages of National Medical Commission Bill, 2019</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NMC has the potential to link the disease burden and the specialties being produced.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In the UK, for example, it is the government that lays down how many specialists of which discipline need to be produced, which the British Medical Council then adheres to.</li>
<li>In India, the MCI has so far been operating independently. This gap can be bridged by the NMC.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>By introducing qualifying exams like NEET and NEXT, NMC can instill <strong>uniformity in the standard of competence</strong> and skills.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It can reduce the burden of taking multiple exams, ensure a minimum level of knowledge in science, and reduce corruption by restricting student admission to those qualifying these exams.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The State Medical Council will act as a <strong>grievance redressal body</strong> for any complaints relating to professional or ethical misconduct against a registered medical practitioner.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This will protect the interest of the patients and checks the corrosive impact of the process of <strong>commercialisation of medical services</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The differential pricing of medical education can benefit the economically weaker sections of society.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>NMC will have a final say in the <strong>determination of fees for up to 50% of the seats</strong> in private medical institutions and deemed universities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NMC can encourage and incentivise innovation and promote research by laying down rules that make research a prerequisite in medical colleges.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Concerns</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The composition of the members of NMC which are to be nominated by the Union government can possibly lead to <strong>favouritism and bureaucratic interference</strong>.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The extensive discretionary powers that the Bill provides to government reduce the accountability of NMC and make <strong>it virtually an advisory body</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The NMC Bill provides for licensing of 3.5 lakhs non-medical persons to practise modern medicine. However, the term <strong>Community Health Provider has been vaguely defined</strong>.</li>
<li>The capping of the fees of 50% of seats in private medical colleges is dubbed to be <strong>anti-poor</strong>, as the remaining 50% of seats which is called the management quota, will witness a high rise in fees.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>This can deny admission to poor students on 50% seats.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<p>India has suffered from the problem of inappropriately trained doctors of varying quality since a very long time. Decades back, the Mudaliar Committee Report (1959) pointed out that doctors had neither the skills nor the knowledge to handle primary care and infectious diseases that were a high priority concern at the time. In recent times, the excessive reliance on a battery of diagnostic tests is reflective of commercial considerations and weak knowledge.</p>
<p>While NMC can help in improving the medical education and practice in the country, the government must thoroughly focus on addressing much bigger issues like Antibiotic resistance, crunch in public expenditure in health etc.</p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/national-medical-commission-bill'
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'title' => 'Intellectual Property Rights',
		'catname' => 'Paper 3',
		'desc' => '<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/909Intellectual%20Property Rights (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/909Intellectual Property Rights (Mind Map)_Artboard 1.jpg" width="387" height="1280" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><a href="/to-the-points/paper3/intellectual-property-rights" target="_blank" rel="noopener">For TTP</a></em></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/mind-map/gs-paper3/intellectual-property-rights-mind-map'
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'title' => 'Increasing the Strength of SC Judges',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union Cabinet of India has approved increasing the strength of judges in the Supreme court.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Cabinet has taken a decision to increase the strength (an increase of 10%) from 31 to 34 judges including the Chief Justice of India (CJI).</li>
<li>The Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act, 1956 was last amended in 2009 to increase the judge's strength from 25 to 31 (including the CJI).</li>
<li>As per the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/full-strength-of-sc-judges" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Article 124(1)</strong></a> of the Constitution of India, the strength of the Supreme Court is fixed by the law made by the Parliament.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Rising Pendency:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Between 2006 and 2018 (up to April), there has been an 8.6% rise in the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/wish-list-for-judiciary">pendency</a> of cases across all courts.</li>
<li>Pendency before Supreme Court increased by 36%, High Courts by 17%, and subordinate courts by 7%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Low Disposal Rate:</strong> The disposal rate has stayed between 55% to 59% in the Supreme Court, at 28% in the High Courts, and at 40% in the subordinate courts.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Article 124(1)</strong> states that there shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief Justice of India and, until Parliament by law prescribes a large number, of not more than seven other judges.</li>
<li><strong>Article 124(2)</strong> states that every judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such number of the judges of Supreme Court and of the High Courts (in states).</li>
<li>The Parliament is competent to increase the number of judges if it deems necessary.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-increasing-strength-of-supreme-court-judges-from-31-to-34/article28773734.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/increasing-the-strength-of-sc-judges'
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'title' => 'Deciphering Indus Script',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the research paper titled <strong>&lsquo;Interrogating Indus inscription to unravel their mechanism of meaning conveyance&rsquo;,</strong> the Indus inscriptions <strong>can be compared to the structured messages</strong> found on stamps, coupons, tokens and currency coins of modern times.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Indus inscriptions have not been deciphered due to the absence of bilingual texts, extreme brevity of the inscriptions, and ignorance about the language(s) encoded by Indus script.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Findings</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The majority of the <a href="/to-the-points/paper1/indus-valley-civilization" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indus Valley inscriptions</strong></a> were written <strong>logo graphically</strong> (by using word signs) and not by <strong>using phonograms</strong> (speech sounds units), claims a recent research paper published in Palgrave Communications, a Nature group journal.</li>
<li>The paper mainly focuses on understanding how Indus inscriptions conveyed meanings, rather than on deciphering what they conveyed.</li>
<li>The inscribed seals and tablets were <strong>used in some administrative operation</strong> that controlled the commercial transactions of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation.</li>
<li>According to paper, though many ancient scripts use <strong>rebus methods</strong> to generate new words, the inscriptions found on the Indus seals and tablets have not used rebus as the mechanism to convey meaning.</li>
<li>The researcher also rejected the popular hypothesis that the seals were inscribed with Proto-Dravidian or Proto-Indo-European names of the seal-owners.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Rebus Method</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>A common perception among some scholars is that the Indus script is logo-syllabic, where one symbol can be used as a word sign at one time and as a syllable-sign at another.</li>
<li>This method, where a word-symbol also gets sometimes used only for its sound value, is called the rebus principle. <strong>E.g.:</strong><br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The pictures of a honey bee can be combined with a leaf to signify the word &ldquo;belief&rdquo; (bee+leaf).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/new-research-could-show-the-way-to-deciphering-indus-script/article28787527.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/deciphering-indus-script'
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'title' => 'Global Honour for Indian Scientist',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p><strong>Atish Dabholkar,</strong> a <strong>theoretical physicist</strong> from India, known for his research on <strong>string theory</strong> and <strong>quantum black holes,</strong> has been appointed as the next director of the Italy-based <strong>International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Dabhokar will succeed <strong>Fernando Quevedo</strong> from November 2019.</li>
<li>He is the second Indian appointed to the post in ICTP history after <strong>Katepalli Sreenivasan,</strong> who was Quevedo&rsquo;s predecessor.</li>
<li>Dabholkar is currently the head of the High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics section of ICTP based in <strong>Trieste, north-east Italy.</strong></li>
<li>He is also the winner of the 2006 <strong>Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award</strong> for Science and Technology.</li>
<li>He completed his school education in Kolhapur district of Maharashtra and did his graduation from IIT, Kanpur, and earned a PhD in theoretical physics from Princeton University.</li>
<li>Until 2010, he was a professor of theoretical physics at <strong>Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai,</strong> and has been a visiting professor at Stanford University and a visiting scientist at <strong>CERN.</strong></li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>International Centre for Theoretical Physics</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) was founded in 1964 by the late Nobel Laureate <strong>Abdus Salam.</strong></li>
<li>Its mandate is to <strong>provide education and skills to scientists from developing countries for their</strong> productive careers.</li>
<li><strong>It</strong> has helped in<strong> stemming the scientific brain drain</strong> from the developing world.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>String Theory</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is an attempt to combine the <strong>quantum mechanics</strong> (body of scientific laws that describe the behavior of photons, electrons and other particles that make up the universe) and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/einstein-was-right:-astronomers-confirm-key-theory-of-relativity" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Albert Einstein's theory of relativity</strong></a> &mdash; with an overarching framework that can explain all of physical reality.</li>
<li>It tries to do so by positing that particles are actually <strong>one-dimensional,</strong> string-like entities whose vibrations determine the particles' properties, such as their mass and charge.</li>
</ul>
<h3>European Organization for Nuclear Research</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is the <strong>European Organization founded in 1954 for Nuclear Research.</strong></li>
<li>It aims to provide a unique range of particle accelerator facilities that enable world-class research in <strong>fundamental physics.</strong></li>
<li>It operates the world&rsquo;s largest and most powerful particle accelerator i.e <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/upgrade-at-cern" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Large Hadron Collider (LHC).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Theoretical Physics</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is the development of mathematical formalisms and computational protocols for describing all aspects of objects found in the world around us and their interaction.</li>
<li>This can involve both providing models for understanding empirical results or constructing self-logical theories for explaining phenomena beyond current experiments.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The award is named after the founder Director of the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/membrane-to-clean-toxic-effluents" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research (CSIR) India,</strong></a> the late Dr (Sir) Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and is known as the &lsquo;Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize for Science and Technology&rsquo;.</li>
<li>The Prize is given each year for outstanding contributions to science and technology.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/honour-for-kolhapur-born-scientist/article28777827.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/global-honour-for-indian-scientist'
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'title' => 'Multi-cropping',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>A recent study conducted by the <strong>Centre for Economic and Social Studies</strong> (CESS) has highlighted the importance of multi-cropping system.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>In multi cropping system, farmers grow <strong>two or more crops</strong> on farmland in one calendar year (unlike mono-cropping, that involves planting only one crop on a field). It includes inter-cropping, mixed-cropping and relay cropping.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>Intercropping:</strong> Is growing two or more crops simultaneously in a definite cropping pattern.</li>
<li><strong>Relay cropping:</strong> Relay cropping involves growing of two or more crops on the same field with the planting of the second crop after the first one has reached its reproductive stage.</li>
<li><strong>Mixed intercropping:</strong> It involves growing more than one crop simultaneously <strong>without any distinct row arrangement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Multi cropping system is common in <strong>tropical regions</strong> having more rainfall, higher temperatures, and a longer growing season.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economical Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Higher Productivity:</strong> Multiple cropping system is seen as a way to maximize land productivity in a small area by improving the intensity of land and labor use for better profit and stabilizing farm income.</li>
<li><strong>Fodder Stock:</strong> Growing multicrops or polycrops ensures enough fodder stocks for cattles.</li>
<li><strong>Food Security:</strong> In multi-cropping system, even if one or two crops fail, farmers still be able to harvest other crops to guarantee food throughout the year.</li>
<li><strong>Multiple Uses:</strong> Crops don&rsquo;t just yield grains but also fodder and fuelwood.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Agronomic Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Pest Management:</strong> Growing a variety of crops together minimizes pest problems and makes efficient use of soil nutrients, water, and land.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Leguminous (crops having roots that are able to make soil nitrogen available to other plants), when intercropped with other crops, particularly those that require plenty of nitrogen (e.g. young maize plants and sorghum), results into efficient use of soil nutrients.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Weed Management:</strong> It helps to suppress weeds, as weeds find it difficult to grow alongside some crops.</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable crop production</strong> <strong>systems:</strong> This reduces the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Centre for Economic and Social Studies</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) was established as an autonomous research Centre in 1980.</li>
<li>Later in 1986 it was recognized as a national institute by the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) (Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India).</li>
<li>The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) has been registered under Section 6(1) (a) of the <strong>Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act 1976.</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/multi-cropping-has-economical-and-agronomic-benefits/article28785706.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BL</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/multi-cropping'
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'title' => 'Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/status-of-conservation-of-tigers" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)</strong></a> has released a study titled <strong>&ldquo;Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves in India: A Value+ Approach&rdquo;.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study, authored by the <strong>Centre for Ecological Services Management</strong> at the <strong>Indian Institute of Forest Management (Bhopal),</strong> estimated the <strong>economic valuation, based on ecosystem services, of ten tiger reserves</strong> in the country. The ten Tiger Reserves are: <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Anamalai (Tamil Nadu),</li>
<li>Bandipur (Karnataka),</li>
<li>Dudhwa (Uttar Pradesh),</li>
<li>Melghat (Maharashtra),</li>
<li>Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam (Andhra Pradesh/ Telangana),</li>
<li>Pakke (Arunachal Pradesh),</li>
<li>Palamau (Jharkhand),</li>
<li>Panna (Madhya Pradesh),</li>
<li>Similipal (Odisha), and</li>
<li>Valmiki (Bihar)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Objective:</strong> The objective behind the report is to enhance tiger conservation by highlighting the holistic economic benefits of protected areas.</li>
<li><strong>Approach:</strong> The <strong>Value+ approach</strong> was used in the study, where the <strong>&ldquo;VALUE&rdquo; represents</strong> all the <strong>benefits in monetary terms</strong> for those services where monetary economic valuation is possible and derived based on the available knowledge, tools and methods. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The &ldquo;+&rdquo; represents</strong> all those benefits <strong>for which economic valuation is currently not possible</strong> on account of lack of accepted methodologies, knowledge, available technology, current resources and/or understanding of the system.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Ecosystem Services and Tiger Reserves</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Ecosystems Services can be defined as <strong>benefits in terms of goods or services provided by nature</strong> which are of fundamental <strong>importance to human well-being,</strong> for health, livelihoods, and survival.</li>
<li>In the context of natural resource development, Tiger Reserves are the primary repositories of forests and other natural ecosystems.</li>
<li>A range of <strong>ecosystem services emanate from tiger reserves</strong> such as Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) provisioning, employment generation, carbon sequestration, biological control, habitat for species, genepool protection, gas regulation, pollination, fuelwood, fodder grazing, watershed protection, increased soil fertility, physical and mental well being, spiritual tourism etc.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Economic Value of Tiger Reserves</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The study findings indicate that the natural ecosystems in the Tiger Reserves (TRs) provide adequate resources to humans in the range of Rs. 1643-7042 crore.</li>
<li><strong>TRs offer protection from disease, predators, and parasites,</strong> which is an avoided cost in the range of Rs. 7.7 crore to Rs. 24.15 crore.</li>
<li>They also help in maintaining a benign physical and chemical environment for amenable living conditions by providing necessary infrastructure and ecosystem services worth Rs. 2567-8260 crore.</li>
<li>The tiger reserves play a <strong>significant role in the lives of local communities</strong> and conserve a range of traditional values apart from providing recreation and leisure. Thus the socio-cultural fulfilment benefits from these TRs range from 0.3 crore to 62.144 crore.</li>
<li>They conserve ecosystems and natural assets worth Rs. 15310-98530 crore.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Suggestions</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Ecosystem services should be kept as a focal area</strong> in Tiger management.</li>
<li>Comprehensive analysis of ecosystem services may result in establishing partnerships with relevant stakeholders, effective policies and mechanisms for incentivizing conservation.</li>
<li><strong>Adequate investment in natural capital</strong> contained in tiger reserves is essential to ensure the flow of ecosystem services in the future.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<p>The Indian Institute of Forest Management is an autonomous institute of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, established in 1982.</p>
</div>
<p><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bandipur-is-worth-a-staggering-6405-cr/article28788664.ece" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: TH</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/economic-valuation-of-tiger-reserves'
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'title' => 'Criminalising Triple Talaq',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/triple-talaq-bill-passed-in-parliament-pm-modi-bjp-5867634/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Power, not justice&rdquo;</a> which appeared in The Indian Express on 1 August 2019. It critically analyses the criminalization of Triple Talaq.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>Recently, the Parliament has passed the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2019, thereby criminalizing the practice of instant Triple Talaq.</p>
<p>The Supreme Court in <strong>Shayara Bano</strong> case (2017) had declared the practise of Triple Talaq (talaq-e-biddat) as unconstitutional.</p>
<p>However, the penal provision of the bill i.e. a Muslim husband declaring instant Triple Talaq can be imprisoned for up to three years is alleged to be disproportionate for a civil offence.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>What is Talaq-e-biddat?</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>If a man belonging to the religion of Islam pronounces <strong>talaq thrice</strong> either orally or in written form to his wife, then the <strong>divorce is considered immediate and irrevocable.</strong></li>
<li>The only way to reconcile the marriage is through the practice of <strong>nikah halala,</strong> which requires the woman to get remarried, consummate the second marriage, get divorced, observe the three-month iddat period and return to her husband.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Some key features of the Triple Talaq Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is applicable in whole of India but it is not extended to the State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir.</li>
<li>Any pronouncement of &ldquo;talaq&rdquo; by a Muslim husband to his wife in any manner, spoken or written, will be void and illegal.</li>
<li>Any Muslim husband who communicates the &ldquo;talaq&rdquo; orally or in writing may face<strong> punishment up to three years in jail.</strong> The punishment may be also extended.</li>
<li>If a Muslim man pronounces &ldquo;talaq&rdquo; to his wife, then the woman and her children are entitled to receive an <strong>allowance for subsistence.</strong> Such an amount can be determined by a Judicial Magistrate of the First Class.</li>
<li>A Muslim woman is entitled to the custody of her minor children even if her husband has pronounced &ldquo;talaq&rdquo; to her.</li>
<li>The <strong>offence is also compoundable</strong> (i.e. the parties may arrive at a compromise), if the Muslim woman insists for the same and the Magistrates allows certain terms and conditions which he may determine.</li>
<li>A person accused of this offence cannot be granted bail unless an application is filed by the accused after a hearing in the presence of the Muslim woman (on whom talaq is pronounced) is conducted and the Magistrate is satisfied with the reasonable grounds for granting bail.</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are the issues in Triple Talaq Bill?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Divorce is a civil matter and making Triple Talaq a criminal offence is disproportionate to criminal jurisprudence.</strong></li>
<li>The Supreme Court declared Triple Talaq as invalid and did not ask the government to make it a penal offence.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li><strong>The Supreme Court by holding that Triple Talaq is unconstitutional implied that mere utterance of Talaq thrice does not result in the dissolution of marriage, rather it remains intact.</strong></li>
<li><strong>However, by criminalising Triple Talaq the law presumes marriage has ended and for that Muslim man shall be punished.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Thereby criminalizing the Triple Talaq goes against the spirit of the Supreme Court judgement.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Further, if the husband is imprisoned, how he can pay maintenance allowance to wives and children.</li>
<li>Also similar to<strong> misuse of Indian Penal Code section 498A</strong> (Dowry Harassment) which led to harassment of the affected men, the penal provision in Triple Talaq can be subject to such harassment.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Why the government criminalized the Triple Talaq?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Triple Talaq was held to be <strong>violative of Article 14 (the right to equality),</strong> which is held by the Supreme Court from Shah Bano case 1986 to Shayara Bano case in 2017.</li>
<li>The Government held that <strong>473 cases of Triple Talaq</strong> have taken place even after two years of judgement pronounced by the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>The law has been placed as a deterrent to eradicate social evils. For example:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Untouchability was abolished by the Constitution, but the continued practise of untouchability forced Parliament to enact the Untouchability (Offences) Act in 1955 and later renaming it as Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1976.</li>
<li>To eliminate atrocities faced by women in domestic space parliament enacted:<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>The Dowry Prohibition Act in 1961</li>
<li>Prevention of domestic violence Act 2005</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Triple Talaq is banned in more than 20 Islamic countries including Pakistan.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Terming Triple Talaq as unconstitutional as<strong> a step towards establishing uniform civil code (Enshrined in Article 44 of directive principle of state policy),</strong> but criminalising it goes against the ethos of Fundamental rights i.e. article 25 and 26 the freedom of religion.</p>
<p>Triple Talaq has led to the subjugation of Muslim women even after 72 years of independence but its <strong>solution must come through coexistence rather than coercion.<br /><br /></strong></p>
<table border="1" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: dotted; border-color: #ff0303;">
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #ff0000; border-color: #ff0000;">
<td style="width: 509px; background-color: #d9feff;">
<p><em><strong><span style="color: #000080;">Drishti input</span><br /><br /></strong></em>Divorce is a civil matter and making Triple Talaq a criminal offence is disproportionate to criminal jurisprudence. Comment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/criminalising-triple-talaq'
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'title' => 'Policy Watch - One Nation One Ration Card',
		'catname' => 'Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Discussions',
		'desc' => '<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Syw40lRX_s0" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/one-nation-one-ration-card-scheme" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>One Nation One Ration Card Scheme</strong></a> which will allow <strong>portability of food security benefits</strong> will be available across the country from <strong>1<sup>st</sup> July, 2020.</strong> This means poor migrant workers will be able to buy subsidized rice and wheat from any ration shop in the country.</p>
<h3>Highlights of the Scheme</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The scheme is all about <strong>inter-state portability of ration cards.</strong> It enables the beneficiaries who are taking food grains under the Public Distribution System (PDS) to access the same benefits if they happen to migrate from one part of the country to the other, in a seamless manner.</li>
<li>India has been computerising its PDS operations for quite a few years. This scheme of inter state portability is a logical progression to the next level of enabling seamless public services under the PDS, throughout the country.</li>
<li>The government is going to launch the scheme on a pilot basis in August by having four states in two clusters namely Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Maharashtra and Gujarat.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These states have fully computerized their PDS operations and are fully on board to affect this transition to inter state portability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>How important is this scheme for migrant labourers in the country?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Historically, India has had food security benefit schemes which have domicile based access.</strong></li>
<li>45.36 crore people or <strong>37% of the population is that of migrant labourers.</strong> The scheme is therefore important for anyone who is going to move from one place to the other.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It happens that when one moves from one place to the other (for e.g. a government employee being transferred from one place to another), it takes about<strong> two to three months to get a ration card</strong> at that next place and then further more time to start getting commodities against the same.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>After the implementation of the scheme, it would be ensured that a migrant is able to access the benefits which is due to him in any part of the country.</strong> This would be ensured on the basis of <strong>Aadhaar authentication</strong> and a validated data.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How important is the scheme for curbing corruption?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Prior to the announcement of the scheme, the government embarked on <strong>weeding out bogus ration cards.</strong> In fact, in the last five years, the government has managed to delete nearly 3 crore duplicate and bogus ration cards. This also helped the government in cleaning up the data of the PDS.</li>
<li>In One Nation One Ration Card Scheme, the fundamental prerequisite is <strong>deduplication</strong> so that it is ensured that the same person does not figure as a beneficiary in two different locations of the country.</li>
<li>With the help of the scheme, the government would be able to <strong>rightly target the beneficiaries</strong> to provide them with the foodgrains under the PDS. The scheme is <strong>linked with Aadhaar and biometrics,</strong> this removes most possibilities of corruption.</li>
<li>The government is creating <strong>a central data repository</strong> to get all the details of ration card which are being maintained by states so that the repository acts as a clearing house or a server to do the cross checking on the basis of Aadhaar authentication. This ensures that there is no corruption or duplication of the benefits that are being passed on to the beneficiaries. The government will ensure all these things with the help of technology.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How the government is ensuring food security in the country?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The government is <strong>covering nearly 81 crore people</strong> of the country under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) based on the 2011 census.</li>
<li>Under the NFSA, the government is covering some of the most vulnerable sections namely the <strong>antyodaya families</strong> who get 35 kgs/month as a family and<strong> the priority households</strong> where the members of the family get 5 kgs/month of food grains.</li>
<li>The government is also ensuring enough food stock in the country.</li>
<li>Distributing food grains is a joint responsibility of central and state governments. It has been made very clear to all the states that <strong>no genuine beneficiary should be turned back only for the reason of not possessing Aadhaar.</strong></li>
<li>The government has other mechanisms through which the beneficiaries can prove their bonafides and take the benefits.</li>
<li>One Nation One Ration scheme will further help in <strong>adding to the nutritional values</strong> of the poor consumers.</li>
<li>The scheme will <strong>add to the integration of the country</strong> as wherever a person goes, he will be able to get food grains at that place.</li>
</ul>
<h3>How the government will ensure the implementation of the scheme?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Within a particular state, there will be an<strong> intra state portability.</strong> There are ten states which are fully ready for the same. These are: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Telangana and Tripura.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In these ten states, 100% PoS machines have been arranged for green distribution and all PDS shops have been connected to the internet.</li>
<li>It has been seen on the ground that a beneficiary within such a state can go freely and take PDS rations from other shop i.e. apart from the shop that is nominated for him.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Building on this intra state portability, the government is <strong>building clusters on pilot basis</strong> so that inter state portability is ensured within a limited number of states.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Depot Online System</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>The government is planning to integrate PDS with Depot Online System.</strong></li>
<li>Integrating with the help of technology, the depots which have stocks and distribution activities is logical, to ensure that one has a complete blueprint of the transaction system that goes in the area of PDS.</li>
<li><strong>There is a need to keep a track on the inventory that is being received and distributed from the depots,</strong> so that one is able to integrate the total supply chain of the PDS beginning from the delivery of the food grains to the state agencies by FCI to the delivery to a customer.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Challenges</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Since the scheme is based on technology, the government may face some <strong>technical challenges</strong> during the implementation of the scheme.</li>
<li>Few regional parties have expressed apprehensions on bearing the <strong>cost of additional ration cards.</strong> This is a matter which is to be settled between the states and the Government of India.</li>
<li>One of the apprehensions mentioned by few states is the <strong>cost of additional food grain to be supplied to the migrant workers.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>However, the whole system is based on the entitlements mandated under the NFSA and this prevents the charges of additional cost. Beneficiaries will continue to pay the same issue prices that are fixed under the NFSA.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The food security scheme under the NFSA costs more than Rs 1 lakh crore per year. It is very expensive but is highly needed. There is a need to ensure that subsidized food grains ultimately go to the person or the family that is entitled to.</li>
<li>The One Nation One Ration Card should also include access to health and other things.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At the principal level, within the government, there is broad consensus on having a unified kind of service delivery system based on technology and identity.</li>
<li>A unified service platform combining all the citizen centric services on the basis of few parameters of identity and other indicators of technology, is the need of the hour.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><em>With One Nation One Ration Card Scheme, the focus of the government is on improving efficiency and delivery of services.</em></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/policy-watch-one-nation-one-ration-card'
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'title' => 'Cabinet Approves Nutrient Based Subsidy Rates',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Cabinet <strong>Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA)</strong> has approved the proposal of the <a href="http://fert.nic.in/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Department of Fertilizers</strong></a> for fixation of NBS rates for <strong>Phosphatic and Potassic (P&amp;K) Fertilizers</strong> for the year 2019-20.</p>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>Chaired by the Prime Minister,</strong> CCEA lays down the priorities for <strong>public sector investment</strong> and considers specific proposals for investment of not less than specific levels<strong> (Rs. 3 Billion at present)</strong> as revised from time to time.</li>
<li>It has a <strong>mandate to review economic trends on a continuous basis,</strong> as also the problems and prospects, with a view to evolving a consistent and integrated economic policy framework for the country.</li>
<li>It also <strong>directs and coordinates all policies and activities in the economic field</strong> including<a href="/to-the-points/paper3/sectors-of-indian-economy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> foreign investment</strong></a> that require policy decisions at the highest level.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The approved rates for NBS will be Rs 18.90 per kg for <strong>N (Nitrogen),</strong> Rs 15.21 per kg for <strong>P (Phosphorus),</strong> Rs 11.12 per kg for <strong>K (Potash)</strong> and Rs 3.56 per kg for <strong>S (Sulphur).</strong></li>
<li>The expected expenditure for release of subsidy on P&amp;K Fertilizers during 2019-20 will be Rs. 22875.50 crore.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Government provides<strong> fertilizers, Urea and 21 grades of P&amp;K fertilizers</strong> to farmers at subsidized prices through fertilizer manufacturers/importers.</li>
<li>In accordance to its <a href="/to-the-points/paper3/agricultural-distress-in-india" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>farmer friendly approach,</strong></a> the Govt is committed to ensure the availability of P&amp;K fertilizers to farmers on affordable price.</li>
<li>The subsidy on P&amp;K fertilizers is being governed by <strong>NBS Scheme</strong> from 2010.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>The Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It is being <strong>implemented from April 2010</strong> by the Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals &amp; Fertilizers.</li>
<li>Under NBS, a <strong>fixed amount of subsidy decided on an annual basis,</strong> is provided on each grade of subsidized Phosphatic &amp; Potassic (P&amp;K) fertilizers depending on its nutrient content.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>NBS Analysis</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The NBS scheme, was <strong>sought to deregulate subsidy on non-urea fertilizers</strong> and expected to <strong>reduce the subsidy burden</strong> substantially.</li>
<li>While the NBS certainly did not lead to any decline in subsidy on fertilizer, it did lead to <strong>worsening of soil nutrient quality, along with shortages and price increases</strong> in all three types of major nutrients, namely Nitrogenous, Phosphoric and Potassic.</li>
<li>An undesirable outcome has been the <strong>change in fertilizer mix.</strong> As against the recommended Nitrogen (N): Phosphorous (P): Potassium (K) ratio of 4:2:1, the NPK ratio in 2013-14 was 8.2:3.2:1.</li>
<li>The <strong>environmental damage</strong> caused by the inappropriate use of fertilizers is certainly a matter of serious concern in many states.</li>
<li>Considering that fertilizer subsidy is the<strong> second-biggest subsidy</strong> after food subsidy, the inaction on the part of the government is not only worrying for the <strong>fiscal health</strong> of the economy but also detrimental to the <strong>soil health</strong> of the country.</li>
<li>Since fertilizer prices follow the trend in international petroleum prices, the only way to reduce the subsidy bill is to <strong>reduce the dependence on imports and increase domestic production.</strong></li>
<li>While <strong>rationalizing fertilizer subsidy</strong> across nutrients may be the short-term and immediate solution to the problem, the need of the hour is to have a policy framework that incentivizes domestic production of fertilizers.</li>
<li>The bigger challenge is to <strong>change the pattern of fertilizer use.</strong> This not only involves<strong> revamping and re-energizing the extension services</strong> but also changing the NBS suitably to remove the price distortion caused by it.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192400" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/cabinet-approves-nutrient-based-subsidy-rates'
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'title' => 'India is Now 7th Largest Economy',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>According to the data compiled by the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/world-bank-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>World Bank</strong></a>, the <strong>United Kingdom and France have toppled India from the position of the fifth-largest economy in 2018.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Earlier data had shown that India became the sixth-largest economy by pushing France to the seventh place. Later, India went on to become the fifth-largest economy in 2017, even ahead of UK.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In 2017, India&rsquo;s economic size stood at <strong>$2.65 trillion,</strong> followed by the UK at $2.64 trillion and France at $2.59 trillion.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, this status was short-lived as the UK&rsquo;s economy grew to $2.82 trillion and the French economy expanded to $2.78 trillion in 2018, against India&rsquo;s $2.73 trillion.</li>
<li>These fluctuations can be attributed to<strong> the differences in the growth rate of these economies.</strong> India&rsquo;s economy grew at a mere 3.01 percent in dollar terms in 2018 as against 15.72 percent in 2017.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>On the other hand, the UK&rsquo;s economy grew 6.81 percent in 2018, against a contraction of 0.75 percent in 2017. The French economy, too expanded by 7.33 percent against 4.85 percent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Economists attributed slower growth of India&rsquo;s economy in dollar terms in 2018 against 2017, to a movement of the Indian rupee against the dollar.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The rupee appreciated 3 percent in 2017, while it depreciated 5 percent the following year.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>India has planned to increase its economic size to $5 trillion by 2024-25. For this, the <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/highlights-of-economic-survey-2018-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Economic Survey</strong></a> estimated that India would have to grow by 12 percent at current prices a year.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/636image1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/636image1.jpg" width="522" height="263" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" caption="false" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/at-2-73-trn-india-s-economy-pushed-to-7th-spot-uk-france-march-ahead-119073101851_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: BS</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/india-is-now-7th-largest-economy'
	],
	(int) 16 => [
		'title' => 'Komodo Dragon',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the Indonesian government ordered to relocate the residents of an island in eastern Indonesia called the island of Komodo in a bid to conserve rare Komodo dragons.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>This eviction has been ordered with a view for the recovery of the reptiles and the Komodo National Park (the only habitat for the world&rsquo;s largest lizard species).</li>
<li>The recovery effort of this national park was needed due to the deterioration caused by excessive tourism.</li>
<li>However, shutting down of such ecological sites is not the right approach unless it is an ecological emergency as the relocation of the residents may lead to loss of livelihood.</li>
<li>Instead, the system could be revamped to build local communities into the revenue generation process and manage tourism flows.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Komodo Dragon</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Komodo dragon is the <strong>largest living species of lizard.<a href="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/296image2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="content-img" src="http://www.drishtiias.com/images/uploads/296image2.jpg" width="274" height="154" style="float: right;" caption="false" /></a></strong></li>
<li>They are listed as<strong> Vulnerable by the IUCN.</strong></li>
<li>Komodo dragons hunt and prey including invertebrates, birds, and mammals.</li>
<li>
<p>Comparison of Komodo&rsquo;s venom with Snake&rsquo;s venom:</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>
<p>It is claimed that Komodo's have a venomous bite, which has been shown to secrete an anticoagulant.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>
<p>An anticoagulant is a compound that prevents the victim's blood from clotting, causing it to bleed to death.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Snake venoms are composed of a complex collection of toxins, enzymes, and non-toxic substances. It can be classified into<strong> three main types: Neurotoxins, Hemotoxins, and Cytotoxins.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li><strong>Neurotoxins</strong> are chemical substances that are<strong> poisonous to the nervous system.</strong> Neurotoxins work by disrupting chemical signals (neurotransmitters) sent between neurons. <strong>E.g.: King Cobra</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hemotoxins</strong> are<strong> blood poisons</strong> that disrupt <strong>normal blood coagulation processes.</strong> They work by causing <strong>Red Blood Cells (RBCs) to burst open</strong>, by interfering with blood clotting factors, and by causing tissue death and organ damage. <strong>E.g.: Vine snake</strong></li>
<li><strong>Cytotoxins</strong> are poisonous substances that <strong>destroy body cells</strong>. Cytotoxins lead to the death of most or all of the cells in a tissue or organ.&nbsp;<strong>E.g.:&nbsp;</strong><strong>Puff adders, Mozambique spitting cobras</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Cytotoxins help to partially digest the prey before it is even eaten.</li>
<li>Cytotoxins are<strong> usually specific to the type of cell</strong> they impact. E.g.: <strong>Cardiotoxins</strong> are cytotoxins that <strong>damage heart cells.</strong> <strong>Mycotoxins</strong> target and<strong> dissolve muscle cells.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/komodo-dragon'
	],
	(int) 17 => [
		'title' => 'United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>The Union Cabinet has approved the signing of the <strong>United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements</strong> (UNISA) by India.</p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements</strong> is scheduled to be signed at <strong>Singapore</strong> on 7<sup>th</sup> August, 2019, or at the <a href="/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>United Nations.</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Background</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Until the adoption of the convention, the often-cited challenge to the use of <strong>mediation</strong> was the lack of an <strong>efficient</strong> and <strong>harmonized</strong> framework for <strong>cross-border enforcement</strong> of settlement agreements resulting from mediation.<br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>In response to this need, the convention has been developed and adopted by the General Assembly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The United Nations General Assembly</strong> adopted the <strong>United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation</strong> ("the Convention") on 20<sup>th</sup> December 2018.</li>
<li>The General Assembly authorized that the convention will open for signature on 7<sup>th</sup> August 2019 in Singapore and will be known as the <strong>"Singapore Convention on Mediation"</strong> (the Convention).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Benefits</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>Signing of the convention will boost the confidence of the investors and shall provide a positive signal to <strong>foreign investors</strong> about India's commitment to adhere to international practice on <a href="/to-the-points/Paper2/alternative-dispute-resolution-adr-mechanisms-paper-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Initiatives to Promote ADR Mechanisms</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>New Delhi International Arbitration Centre (NDIAC) Bill, 2019, seeks to establish a <strong>New Delhi International Arbitration Centre</strong> (NDIAC) as a <strong>statutory body.</strong> <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Earlier, the Committee chaired by Justice B.N. Srikrishna<strong> ("Srikrishna Report")</strong> to review the <strong>institutionalization of arbitration in India</strong> had recommended the establishment of NDIAC.</li>
<li>NDIAC will conduct arbitration, mediation and conciliation proceedings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>The Commercial Courts Act, 2015,</strong> has been further amended and legislative exercise to further replace the <strong>Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996</strong> with <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/niti-aayog-organises-workshop-on-arbitration" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2018</strong></a> is currently underway.</li>
<li><a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/bill-for-quick-resolution-of-commercial-disputes-passed-in-lok-sabha" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts (Amendment) Bill,</strong></a> 2018 has been passed by Lok Sabha to resolve commercial disputes worth Rs 3 lakh or more.</li>
<li>Several measures have been taken by the Ministry of Law and Justice to introduce <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-need-for-an-online-dispute-resolution-mechanism" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Online Dispute Resolution</strong></a> mechanism.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>UNISA</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Convention has been designed to become an essential instrument in the facilitation of <strong>international trade</strong> and in the promotion of <strong>mediation</strong> as an alternative and effective method of resolving <strong>trade disputes.</strong></li>
<li>It also contributes to strengthening access to <strong>justice,</strong> and to the <strong>rule of law.</strong></li>
<li>The Convention defines two additional grounds upon which a court may, on its own motion, refuse to grant relief. <br />
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Those grounds relate to the fact that a dispute would not be capable of settlement by mediation or would be contrary to public policy.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Convention ensures that a settlement reached by parties becomes <strong>binding </strong>and<strong> enforceable</strong> in accordance with a simplified and streamlined procedure.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><a href="http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1580971" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
		'postdate' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'url' => 'https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/united-nations-convention-on-international-settlement-agreements'
	],
	(int) 18 => [
		'title' => 'The Lacuna in Urban Planning',
		'catname' => 'News Editorials',
		'desc' => '<div class="border">
<p><strong>This article is based on <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/urban-planning-infrastructure-metropolitan-city-gdp-development-5864860/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&ldquo;Cities At Crossroads: A better blueprint for the city&rdquo;</a> that appeared in The Indian Express on 31<sup>st</sup> July 2019. It talks about issues in urban planning that leads to the miserable state of Indian cities.</strong></p>
</div>
<p>Metropolitan regions are the engines of growth and gateways to the national and global economies. As in 2016, the 300 largest metropolitan regions in the world contributed nearly 50% of the global GDP. According to this new United Nations estimates Delhi is projected to become the most populous city in the world around 2028 and India is expected to add the largest number of urban dwellers by 2050.</p>
<p>Over 34% of India&rsquo;s current population lives in urban areas, risen by 3% since 2011. By some estimates, India&rsquo;s urban population could increase to 814 million by 2050. And yet, <a href="/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/the-big-picture-transforming-indian-cities" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Indian cities</strong></a> are driven by poverty and poor infrastructure, the primary reason for this is <strong>lack of metropolitan planning,</strong> which is not synchronized with development strategy.</p>
<h3>Why are the issues in India's Urban planning?</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>One primary problem is the <strong>ambiguity in the definition of urban.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The term <strong>&ldquo;metropolitan area&rdquo;</strong> is defined unambiguously in the Constitution as an area <strong>having a population of over one million,</strong> consisting of two or more municipalities or panchayats or other contiguous areas that may span over multiple districts.</li>
<li>The Central government considers a settlement as urban if it has an urban local government, a minimum population of 5,000; over 75% of its (male) population working in non-agricultural activities; and a population density of at least 400 per sq. km</li>
<li><strong>However, urban development comes under State governments,</strong> with the Governor notifying an area as urban.
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>This notification leads to the creation of an urban local government or municipality, classifying the area as a &ldquo;statutory town&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Also, the Constitution provides considerable discretion to state governments in determining the administrative boundaries of metropolitan areas.</li>
<li>However, many States consider such &ldquo;census towns&rdquo; as rural and establish governance through a rural local government or panchayat.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With such ambiguity in the definition of the urban area, <strong>it leads to a lack of synergy in urban policymaking.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>In India the urban planning and spatial planning (integrated land use and transport) are not integrated,</strong> this leads to the significant deterioration in the quality of public services and ease of living.</li>
<li>Metropolitan regions are being <strong>created by default and not by design.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>Current urban centres are established without paying attention to the need to create a unified market, especially the labour market, which would forge strong economic linkages between the core city and the periphery.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There are 53 urban agglomerations in India with a population of one million and above, but these agglomerations spread across various states.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>With different rules and regulations regarding land, transport across the states, this severely affects infrastructure development.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <strong>74<sup>th</sup> Amendment Act, 1992,</strong> mandated the setting up of Metropolitan Planning Committees (MPC) in all metropolitan areas
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>These Draft Development Plans must be coordinated with spatial planning, sharing of resources, development of infrastructure and environmental conservation.</li>
<li>However, MPCs remained a non-starter as states showed little interest in their establishment.</li>
<li>There are <strong>no examples of any MPC carrying through a Draft Development Plan</strong> via state government approval, financing and implementation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>There is a range of institutions such as municipalities, and other parastatals such as state water and sewerage Boards, due to these <strong>overlapping functional jurisdictions,</strong> they find little coordination amongst them.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since there is no regional/metropolitan planning in India and metropolitan governance structures are fragmented, public transport and environmental conservation are in a poor state.</p>
<p><strong>It is reflected on &ldquo;Smart City&rsquo; front, where over 90 &lsquo;Smart Cities&rsquo; have identified 2,864 projects, but only 148 projects are completed and over 70% of the projects still remain at various stages of preparation.</strong></p>
<h3>Way Forward</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li><strong>National urban policy framework 2018</strong> seeks to rebuild Indian cities around clusters of human capital, instead of considering them simply as an agglomeration of land use.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>It is a welcome transition.</li>
<li>It also focuses on land policy reforms, granting urban local bodies the freedom to raise financing and enforce local land usage norms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transportation planning</strong> plays a major role in ensuring sustainable and balanced regional development through inter-city and rural-urban connectivity.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The <strong>Regional Rapid Transit System</strong> planned for Delhi-NCR under the National Capital Regional Transport Corporation (NRCT) that can immensely improve connectivity between Delhi and far-flung areas such as Meerut, Alwar and Panipat, can spur economic growth in the region.</li>
<li>This transit-oriented development can lead not only to <strong>decongesting growth centres</strong> but also <strong>strengthening labour markets</strong> and <strong>building rural-urban linkages.</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ease-of-living-index" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>&ldquo;Ease of Living Index&rdquo;</strong></a> launched in September 2018 has been a transformative initiative of the urban ministry to help cities assess their liveability.</li>
<li>India spends about $17 per capita annually on urban infrastructure projects, against a global benchmark of $100 and China&rsquo;s $116.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>For providing financial autonomy to the cities the <strong>potential of property tax</strong> must be utilized.</li>
<li>Further <strong>Municipal bonds</strong> backed by sovereign guarantee must be floated by the large cities.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Union Cabinet has approved the creation of Rs 60,000-crore <strong>National Urban Housing Fund</strong> to finance the government&rsquo;s Housing for All programme, which aims to build 12 million affordable housing units in urban areas by 2022. This is a step in the right direction.</li>
<li>The policy should be drafted that aims at tackling the rehabilitation and resettlement of <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/India%E2%80%99s-failure-to-address-its-urban-slum-problem" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>people living in slums.</strong></a></li>
<li>The National Green Tribunal direction for carrying out the capacity assessment of ecologically sensitive and geologically fragile areas must be expedited.</li>
<li>Finally, there is a need to <strong>frame a systemic policy to deal with urban migration.</strong></li>
<li>India has been among the fastest-growing economies in the world for more than two decades. This has brought about the structural transformation of the economy such that the share of agriculture in GDP has declined to 14% and that of services has increased to 58%. <strong>But this structural transformation must involve spatial transformation.</strong><br /><br /></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ff0000; background-color: #ff0000;">
<td style="width: 531px; border-style: dotted; background-color: #f7f3da;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Drishti input</strong></em></span><br /><br />Indian urban centres are driven by poverty and poor infrastructure, the primary reason for this is lack of metropolitan planning, which is not synchronized with development strategy. Comment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>',
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	(int) 19 => [
		'title' => 'The Code on Wages Bill',
		'catname' => 'News Analysis',
		'desc' => '<p>Recently, the <strong>Lok Sabha</strong> has passed the <strong>Code on Wages Bill, 2019.</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The Code on Wages Bill was earlier introduced in Lok Sabha in 2017 and was referred to the <strong>Parliamentary Standing Committee</strong> which submitted its report in December 2018. However, owing to the dissolution of 16th Lok Sabha, the Bill lapsed.</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Constitutional Provisions</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The<strong> Article 43 of the Constitution of India</strong> states that the state shall endeavor to secure by suitable legislation or economic organization or in any other way to all <strong>workers a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life</strong> and full enjoyment of pleasure and social and cultural opportunities.</li>
<li>Under the Constitution of India, <strong>Labour is a subject in the Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule</strong> where both the Central &amp; State Governments are competent to enact legislation.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Need</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>To<strong> streamline the definition of wages</strong> as present labour laws consist of 12 different definition of wages which is the major cause of litigation and inefficiency in the implementation of labour laws.</li>
<li>The definition has been simplified and is expected to<strong> reduce litigation and will entail at a lesser cost of compliance</strong> for an employer.</li>
<li>An establishment will also be benefited as the number of registers, returns, forms, etc., not only can be electronically filed and maintained, but it is envisaged that through rules, <strong>not more than one template will be prescribed.</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>Highlights of the Bill</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>The bill aims to <strong>transform the old and obsolete labour laws</strong> into more accountable and transparent ones and seeks to pave the way for the introduction of minimum wages and <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/rebooting-labour-reforms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>labour reforms in the country.</strong></a></li>
<li>It regulates the wages and bonus payments in all employments where any industry, trade, business, or manufacturing is being carried out.</li>
<li>The bill <strong>subsumes</strong> the following<strong> four labour laws:</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The Payment of Wages Act, 1936</li>
<li>The Minimum Wages Act, 1948</li>
<li>The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965</li>
<li>The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It universalizes the provisions of minimum wages and timely payment of wages to all employees irrespective of the sector and wage ceiling and seeks to <strong>ensure "Right to Sustenance" for every worker</strong> and intends to increase the legislative protection of minimum wage.</li>
<li>It has been ensured in the bill that employees getting <strong>monthly salary</strong> shall get the salary <strong>by 7<sup>th</sup> of next month,</strong> those working on a <strong>weekly basis shall get the salary on the last day</strong> of the week and <strong>daily wagers should get it on the same day.</strong></li>
<li>The provisions of the bill will apply to all the employees.
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>At present, the provisions of both the Minimum Wages Act and Payment of Wages Act apply on workers <strong>below a particular wage ceiling</strong> <strong>working in Scheduled Employments</strong> only.</li>
<li>Many unorganized sector workers like agricultural workers, painters, persons working in restaurants and dhabas, chowkidars, etc. who were out of the ambit of minimum wages will get legislative protection of minimum wages after the bill becomes an Act.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Central Government is empowered to <strong>fix the floor wages</strong> by taking into account the living standards of workers. It may set different floor wages for<strong> different geographical areas.</strong>
<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
<li>The minimum wages decided by the central or state governments must be higher than the floor wage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border-bg">
<p><strong>Wages</strong></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>According to the bill, <strong>wages</strong> include salary, allowance, or any other component expressed in monetary terms. This does not include bonus payable to employees or any traveling allowance, among others.</li>
<li><strong>MInimum Wage:</strong> <a href="/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/100th-anniversary-of-ilo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>International Labour Organisation</strong></a> defines it as &ldquo;the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract&rdquo;. Or, the minimum wage includes the<strong> bare needs of life like food, shelter, and clothing.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Living Wage:</strong> It is the wage needed to provide the <strong>minimum income necessary</strong> to pay for basic needs based on the cost of living in a specific community. In addition to bare needs, a &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; <strong>includes education, health, insurance, etc. </strong></li>
<li><strong>Fair Wage:</strong> A &lsquo;fair wage&rsquo; is a<strong> mean</strong> between &lsquo;living wage&rsquo; and &lsquo;minimum wage&rsquo;.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It simplifies the methodology to fix minimum wage by <strong>doing away with the &ldquo;type of employment&rdquo; as one criterion.</strong> The minimum wage fixation would<strong> primarily be based on geography and skills.</strong></li>
<li>In order to <strong>ensure transparency and accountability,</strong> the bill seeks to reform the inspection regime by <strong>introducing web based random computerised inspection scheme,</strong> <strong>jurisdiction-free inspections</strong>, calling of information electronically, the composition of fines, etc.</li>
<li>To streamline the claims of workers, the limitation period for filing claims for minimum wages, bonus, equal remuneration has been raised to 3 years.</li>
<li>It prohibits gender discrimination in matters related to wages and recruitment of employees for the same work or work of similar nature.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Impact</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type: square;">
<li>It seeks to<strong> reduce compliance costs</strong> for employers.</li>
<li>It is expected to <strong>reduce litigation</strong> as it streamlines the definition of wages.</li>
<li>It will <strong>substantially reduce the number of minimum wages</strong> in the country from the existing more than 2000 rates of minimum wages.</li>
<li>This would ensure that <strong>every worker gets a minimum wage</strong> which will also be accompanied by an increase in the purchasing power of the worker thereby giving a fillip to growth in the economy.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1580782" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Source: PIB</strong></a></p>',
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